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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR FRANCES PERKINS, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS CHARLES E. BALDWIN, Acting: Com m issioner BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES! BUREAU OF LA B O R S T A T IS T IC S / WAGES AND HOURS OF AT CCA • • • • fl|0 # DOU LABOR SERIES WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE BAKERY INDUSTRY— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS: 1931 MAY 1933 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1933 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. - - - - Price 10 cents Contents Average hours and earnings, 1931: By occupation____________________________________________________ By department, sex, and city______________________________________ By department and State_________________________________________ Classified earnings per hour, 1931, by occupation_______________________ Regular full-time hours per week, 1931_________________________________ Changes in full-time hours since July 1, 1929___________________________ Changes in wage rates since July 1, 1929_______________________________ Pay for overtime and for extra work on Sunday and holidays, 1931_____ Bonus systems________________________________________________________ Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls, 1923 to 1931___________ Importance of the industry____________________________________________ Scope and method_____________________________________________________ Occupations___________________________________________________________ General tables: T a b l e A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and percent of full time worked, 1931, by de partment, occupation, sex, and city______________________________ T a b l e B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city__________________ T a b l e C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city_________ T a b l e D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city— T a b l e E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city_________ A p p e n d i x .— Bakery terms of occupations, with definitions, and classifica tion by Bureau of Labor Statistics___________________________________ HI Page 1 3 8 10 12 13 14 17 20 21 22 25 26 27 61 70 78 86 95 BULLETIN OF THE US.BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS n o . 580 WASHINGTON m a y 1933 WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE BAKERY INDUSTRY— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS: 1931 The modem bakery produces bread, cakes and pastries, pies, or crackers, or two or more of these products. The great majority of the important establishments in the bakery industry in the United States produce bread only. Others produce one or more of the products. The most frequent combination is bread and cakes. The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics made a study of the bakery industry in 1931. The study covered 503 representative bakenes in 89 cities in 38 States and the District of Columbia, and 28,447 wage earners in the 503 bread departments and 2,792 in the 228 cake departments of these bakeries. Data were collected by the bureau from the records of the bakeries for a representative pay roll period mainly in September, October, or November. Part of the bakeries were engaged in wholesale, part in retail, and others in wholesale and retail trade. No figures are shown for the pie depart ment in this report, because of the very small proportion of the bakeries studied that had such a department and because of this departments minor importance in number of wage earners. No data were collected from any establishments the product of which was pri marily cakes or crackers. Average Hours and Earnings, 1931, by Occupation Table 1 shows that wage earners in the bread department earned an average of 54.8 cents per hour in 1931 and those in the cake depart ment earned an average of 39.9 cents per hour. Average full-time hours per week in the bread department were 54.9 and m the cake department 51.0. Average full-time earnings per week in the breaddepartment were $30.09 and in the cake department $20.35. The higher earnings and longer hours in the bread department were due to the inclusion in the figures for that department of all the “ driversalesmen.” Figures for them were included because practically all of their working hours were consumed in the delivery and sale of bread. Average full-time hours per week of driver-salesmen (58.9) were 6.1 hours per week more than in any other occupation in the bread department and 6.8 more than in any in the cake department. Their average of 56.2 cents per hour was the same as the average for dividers or scalers and rounders and higher than that of any other occupation except mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, and oven men m the bread department and cake makers in the cake department. Bread department.— The average of 58.9 full-time hours per week (shown in Table 1) for driver-salesmen is more and of 51.0 for bench hands or hand bakers is less than the average for males in any other occupation in this department except apprentices. The average of 1 I WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS 50.6 for wrappers is more and of 49.1 for helpers is less than the average for females in any other occupation. The average of 68.2 cents per hour for oven men is more and of 38.3 cents for wrappers is less than the average for males in any other occupation in the bread department except apprentices. The average of 32.3 cents per hour for packers is more and of 27.7 cents for laborers is less than the average for females in any other occupation in the department except the group of “ other employees,” the average for this group being 32.6 cents per hour. The average full-time earnings of $34.95 per week for mixers are greater and of $20.22 for wrappers are less than the average for males m any other occupation in the department except apprentices and the group of other employees. Apprentices averaged $18.21 and other employees $35.18 per week. The average of $16.18 for packers is more and of $13.91 for laborers is less than the average for females in any other occupation in the department except; the group of other employees, the average for this group being $16.17 per week. Cake department.— Figures similar to those for the bread depart ment are also shown in Table 1 for the cake department in 228 bakeries in 76 cities. There was no cake department in 275 of the 503 bakeries nor in 13 of the 89 cities covered in this report. Males were employed in this department in 227 of the 228 bakeries and females in 143. The wage earners in the cake department of 86 bakeries were all males and in 1 were all females. The number em ployed was 1,552 males, 1,240 females, or a total of 2,792. T able 1.— Average hours and earnings, 1931, by department, occupation, and sex Department, occupation, and sex Average Average Average Number Number full-time earnings full-time of estab of wage per per earnings lishments earners hours hour per week week Bread department: Receiving clerks, m^ift________________________ 308 482 Mixers, male________________________________ 398 Bench rmnrk or hand bakers, male. _ _________ 377 Dividers or scalers and rounders, male_________ 333 Molders, male_______________________________ 468 Oven men______________________________ ____ 457 Helpers, male. ____________________ ________ 17 Helpers, fem ale.______ _____________________ 388 Laborers, male __________________________ 22 Laborers, female_____________________________ 372 Wrappers, male_________________________ ____ 64 Wrappers, female__________ ____ ___ ________ 355 Packers, male____________________ _____ -........ 19 Packers, female___________________ _____ _____ 477 Driver-salesmen _____________________ _______ 70 Apprentices, male___________________________ 425 Other employees, male_______________________ 56 Other employees, female - - _____________ All occupations: 503 Male__________________________________ 137 Female________ ______________________ 503 Male and female_______________________ 1------------Cake department: 226 Cake makers, male___________________________ 5 Cake makers, female_________________________ 107 Oven men_______ ____________________ ______ 71 Finishers, male...................................................... 98 Finishers, female____________________________ 136 Helpers, male__ _____________________________ 22 Helpers, faTn^ia______________________________ 50 Wrappers and packers, m a le .________________ 109 Wrappers and packers, female_________________ All occupations: Male .................................................... . Female ______________________________ TVTftlft ft.nr| female__ . . . . . . . ______________ 227 143 228 376 1,027 2,046 740 675 1,368 2,789 65 1,534 ! 46 1,321 274 1,600 76 11,844 : 168 1 2,368 130 52.8 51.7 51.0 51.7 51.8 51.2 52.0 49.1 52.8 50.2 52.8 50.6 52.5 50.1 58.9 50.3 52.5 49.6 $0,557 .676 .659 .562 .538 .682 .431 .296 .411 .277 .383 .283 .483 .323 .562 .362 .670 .326 $29.41 34.95 33.61 29.06 27.87 34.92 22.41 14.53 21.70 13.91 20.22 14.32 25.36 16.18 33.10 18.21 35.18 16.17 27,856 591 28,447 55.0 50.1 54.9 .553 .298 .548 30.42 14.93 30.09 714 21 171 166 460 375 68 126 691 51.9 51.4 52.0 50.6 50.0 51.9 50.9 52.1 50.1 .578 .257 .535 .447 .272 .346 .272 .366 .278 30.00 13.21 27.82 22.62 13.60 17.96 13.84 19.07 13.93 1,552 1,240 2,792 51.8 50.1 51.0 .486 .275 .399 25.17 13.78 20.35 AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1931 3 In the various occupations the average full-time hours per week of males range from 50.6 for finishers to 52.1 for wrappers and packers; while those of females range from 50.0 for finishers to 51.4 for cake makers. Average earnings per hour of males range from 34.6 cents for helpers to 57.8 cents for cake makers; while those of females range from 25.7 cents for cake makers to 27.8 cents for wrappers and packers. Average full-time earnings per week of males range from $17.96 for helpers to $30 for cake makers; and those of females range from $13.21 for cake makers to $13.84 for helpers. Average Hours and Earnings, 1931, by Department, Sex, and City Average hours and earnings for each of the cities covered in this report are presented in Table 2 for all of the wage earners who were included in the bread department in each city in 1931, and also for those in the cake department in each city. The averages for each city are for each sex separately and also for both sexes combined. Bread department.— As already stated, all of the 503 bakeries in cluded in the survey had a bread department. Males were employed in this department in all of the 503 bakeries, but females were em ployed in only 137. The total number of employees was 28,447— 27,856 males and 591 females. The full-time hours per week of males averaged 55.0, those of females 50.1, and those of both sexes together 54.9. Males earned an average of 55.3 cents per hour, females 29.8 cents, and both sexes combined 54.8 cents. The full time earnings per week of males averaged $30.42, those of females $14.93, and those of both sexes combined $30.09. The average full-time hours per week of males ranged in the various cities from 48.0 for the city with the lowest to 66.0 for the one with the highest average hours per week, while those of females ranged from 40.0 to 55.0. Averages for both sexes combined ranged from 48.0 to 66.0. The average earnings per hour of males ranged by cities from 27.5 to 88.9 cents, those of females from 13.3 cents to 47.2 cents, and those of both sexes combined from 27.5 to 87.7 cents. The average full-time earnings per week of males ranged by cities from $16.83 to $42.67, those of females from $7.20 to $22.67, and those of both sexes combined from $16.83 to $42.10. Cake department.— Average full-time hours per week of males ranged in the various cities from 46.4 to 64.0, those of females from 40.0 to 62.0, and those of both sexes combined from 46.6 to 64.0. The full time hours per week of males in all cities combined averaged 51.8, those of females 50.1, and those of both sexes combined 51.0. The average earnings per hour of males ranged by cities from 25.4 to 83.0 cents, those of females from 12.4 to 48.1 cents, and those of both sexes combined from 23.2 to 63.8 cents per hour. Males in all cities combined earned an average of 48.6 cents, females 27.5 cents, and both sexes combined 39.9 cents per hour. The full-time earnings per week of males ranged by cities from $15.04 to $39.84, those of females from $7.16 to $23.10, and those of both sexes combined from $11.92 to $33.50. The full-time earnings per week of males in all cities combined averaged $25.17, those of females averaged $13.78, and those of both sexes combined $20.35. T a b l e 2 . — Average hours and earnings, 1981, by department, sex, and city BREAD DEPARTMENT City 2 1 2 1 5 2 1 3 4 5 6 3 9 4 4 4 5 7 5 5 3 3 1 4 1 1 4 1 2 3 2 1 1 5 6 3 9 4 4 4 5 7 5 5 3 3 - 299 234 753 185 (0 10 627 234 17 662 2 93 74 120 4 121 52 2,109 27 489 62 987 5 97 257 0) 35 2 201 15 390 14 290 52 822 13 138 2 153 6 145 1 55 1 37 o 22 237 191 3 208 0) 91 384 16 134 73 86 0) 159 4 810 20 242 4 107 0) 85 162 6 Male 52.8 60.8 55.9 60.1 53.5 54.3 57.1 56.4 53.8 55.5 56.7 55.1 51.7 56.3 54.9 58.2 49.2 63.0 51.9 57.0 55.3 55.7 57.7 51.7 54.3 62.1 59.2 53.3 66.0 57.5 59.1 58.4 54.0 58.0 58.3 55.0 56.9 52.7 54.2 60.7 Female 48.0 40.0 53.8 0) 47.4 47."§" 55.0 44.0 50.0 49.8 48.4 50.4 0) 51.0 48.0 49.7 53.1 53.1 52.5 50.0 (l) 54.0 54.0 0) 49.6 0) 54.0 48.0 49.0 0) 54.0 Both sexes 52.8 59.9 55.9 60.1 53.4 54.3 56.8 56.4 53.8 55.5 56.3 55.4 51.6 55.8 54.7 58.1 49.2 62.9 51.8 56.6 55.2 55.5 57.6 50.6 54.3 oi. y 58.7 53.3 66.0 57.5 58.7 58.4 54.0 57.9 58.1 54.9 56.7 52.6 54.2 60.5 Male Female $0,581 $0,292 .338 .286 .489 .293 .359 0) .523 .330 .562 .585 ’ ” ’ ."295" .425 .182 .353 .384 .398 .273 .314 .720 .592 .264 .550 .329 .326 .175 .472 0) .619 .425 .418 .551 .258 .244 .422 .319 .586 .267 .450 .302 .446 .257 .490 .430 .315 .464 .238 .241 .571 .385 0) .485 .495 .335 .364 .424 .378 0) .222 .405 .381 .560 .465 .255 .595 0) .491 .422 .259" Both sexes Male $0,579 .336 .484 .359 .520 .562 .579 .419 .353 .384 .395 .711 .576 .539 .318 .472 .619 .425 .541 .415 .571 .434 .444 .481 .430 . 312 .447 .565 .399 .485 .490 .364 .424 .379 .400 .556 .462 .593 .491 .416 $30.68 20.55 27.34 21.58 27.98 30.52 33.40 23.95 19.01 21.31 22.57 39.67 30.61 30.97 17.90 27.47 30.45 26.78 28.60 24.05 32.41 25.07 25.73 25.33 23.35 18.50 27.47 30.43 25.41 27.89 29.25 21.26 23.00 21.92 23.61 30.80 26.46 31.36 26.61 25.62 Female $14.00 11.44 15.79 0) 15.64 13.95" 10.00 12.00* 15.70 13.15 15.92 8.80 0) 21.32 12.38 12.14 16.94 14.15 15.86 12.85 (v 12.85 13.00 0) 16.62" 0) 12.00 18.29 12.50 0) 14.00 Both sexes $30.57 20.13 27.06 21.58 27.77 30.52 32.89 23.65 19.01 21.31 22.24 39.39 29.72 30.08 17.39 27.42 30.45 26.73 28.02 23.49 31.52 24.09 25.57 24.82 23.35 26! 24 30.11 26.33 27.89 28.76 21.26 23.00 21.92 23.24 30.52 26.20 31.19 26.61 25.17 DEPARTMENTS 4 2 10 19 Total CAKE 2 3 3 4 2 2 3 297 224 734 184 617 234 645 91 74 120 117 2,057 462 925 92 256 35 199 375 276 770 125 151 139 55 36 215 188 205 91 •368 134 73 85 155 790 238 106 85 156 Female AND 1 8 2 9 2 1 5 4 10 5 10 5 4 4 4 4 4 28 6 10 6 5 2 5 6 6 6 4 5 6 4 3 4 Male HOURS— BREAD 5 4 10 5 10 5 4 4 4 4 4 28 6 10 6 5 2 5 6 6 6 4 5 6 Total Average full-time hours per Average earnings per hour Average full-time earnings per week week AND Albany, N. Y _______ _____ ________ Atlanta, Ga______________________ Baltimore, M d ____________________ Birmingham, Ala_________________ Boston, Mass_____________________ Bridgeport, Conn _ . ........... „ „ Buffalo, N. Y ..................................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa_______________ Charleston, S. C_____ Charlotte, N. C ____ __________ Chattanooga, Tenn________________ Chicago, 111_____ _________________ Cincinnati, Ohio__________________ Cleveland, O h io __________________ Columbia, S. C___________________ Columbus, Ohio___________________ Covington, K y _ _ ______ Dallas, Tex _ _____________________ Denver, C o l o .____________________ Des Moines, Iowa_________________ Detroit, Mich ___________________ Dulllth, Mini?,. r i. , Erie, P a __ _____ _________________ Evansville, Ind___________________ P jii River Ms®* Fort Smith, Ark.................. .............. Grand Rapids, M ich______________ Hartford, Conn___________________ Houston, Tex_ __________________ Huntington, W. Va ____________ Indianapolis, I n d . ________________ Jacksonville, Fla _______________ Lewiston and Auburn, M e_________ Lincoln, Nebr____________________ Little Rock, Ark ______________ Los Angeles, C a l i f _- ____________ Louisville, K y _______________ Madison, Wis _______________ Manchester, N. H _- ____________Memphis. Tenn___________________ Employ- Employ ing fe males males Number of wage earners WAGES Number of establish ments 2 6 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 5 137 1 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total* 54.0 48.0 48.0 0) 47.5 0) 50.0 48.0 53.7' 52.8 0) h 0) 48.0 0) 49.3 C1) 48.0 48.0 0) 0 0) 48.0 48.0 0) P) 52.5 (1) 48.8 i 50.1 1 60.0 55.3 55.8 60.0 56.8 57.8 52.6 51.6 51.4 55.8 53.9 59.0 54.7 56.1 57.3 54.7 53.6 51.7 50.7 54.3 50.2 56.1 55.5 55.6 51.0 56.3 60.4 53.9 48.0 61.2 52.8 48.7 56.7 54.1 53.1 51.0 53.0 50.2 56.9 52.6 52.2 59.6 53.2 52.8 56.7 55.9 59. 2 56.6 57.8 54.9 .378 .506 .453 .346 .468 .343 .610 .425 .693 .478 .515 .490 .472 .518 .452 .518 .526 .468 .603 .543 .498 .491 .363 .469 .693 .562 .594 .489 .889 .275 .556 .843 .378 .556 .489 .741 .587 .755 .332 .561 .561 .445 .735 .504 .395 .490 . 339 .513 .472 .553 .376 .2719 .133 .321 .242 (9 .189 (9 .386 .285 .264 .254 h 0) .264 (*) .318 0) .472 .221 0) 0 0) .283 .354 0) 0) .311 0) .315 .298 .378 .505 .435 .346 .468 .339 .608 .423 .693 .467 .513 .490 .471 .518 .449 .518 .522 .460 .601 .542 .498 .488 .363 .463 .688 .562 .592 .488 .877 .275 .554 .842 .376 .556 .478 .741 .581 .741 .331 .561 .561 .445 .734 .499 .395 . 490 .339 .512 .462 .548 22.68 17."oo" 28.08 14.45 25.55 20.76 26.58 19.86 7.20 15.41 32.15 21.98 11.60 35.62 0) 9.00 26.86 27.81 0) 28.91 25.87 19.30 29.06 25.99 " " l i ’ 67‘ 28.33 28.19 ii'is " 24.15 13.40 30.63 V) 29.54 0) 25.00 27.55 0) 20.15 26.22 " "12. 67* 35.41 0) 31.64 36.00 15.68 26.36 0) 22.67 42.67 16.83 29.38 ia e i 41.05 0) 21.47 0) 30.08 25.92 ~~T) 37.79 31.17 13.56 37.98 17.00 18.89 (») 29.51 29.28 26.52 39.10 0) 26.61 16.33 22.40 27.39 20.07 29.09 0) 27.61 15.37 30.42 14. 93 22.68 27.93 24.27 20.76 26.58 19.59 31.98 21.83 35.62 26.06 27.65 28.91 25.76 29.06 25.73 28.33 27.98 23.78 30.47 29.43 25.00 27.38 20.15 25.74 35.09 31.64 35.76 26.30 42.10 16.83 29.25 41.01 21.32 30.08 25.38 37.79 30.79 37.20 18.83 29.51 29.28 26.52 39.05 26.35 22.40 27.39 20.07 28.98 26.70 30.09 EARNINGS, 1931 1 1 1 45.2 51.8 AND 6 1 3 ea o 55.5 56.4 60.0 56.8 57.9 52.7 51.7 51.4 56.2 54.0 59.0 54.8 56.1 57.5 54.7 _ 53.6 51.6 50.8 54.4 50.2 56.1 55.5 55.9 51.1 56.3 60.6 53.9 48.0 61.2 52.8 48.7 56.8 54.1 53.0 51.0 53.1 50.3 56.9 52.6 52.2 59.6 53.2 52.8 56.7 55.9 59.2 56.7 58.5 55.0 HOURS 4 7 7 4 4 4 10 11 30 4 2 5 4 4 4 15 12 4 5 6 3 4 4 3 2 5 11 4 5 4 4 6 5 5 4 3 6 4 4 2 5 4 6 2 4 4 4 5 6 503 AVERAGE Miami, Fla................. Milwaukee, Wis......... Minneapolis, Minn__ Mobile, Ala................ Nashua, N. H ............ Nashville, Tenn......... Newark, N. J............. New Orleans, La....... New York, N. Y ........ Norfolk, V a ............... Ogden, Utah.............. Oklahoma City, Okla. Omaha, Nebr............. Pawtucket, R. I-....... Peoria, HI................... Philadelphia, Pa____ Pittsburgh, Pa........... Portland, Me.............. Portland Oreg........... Providence, R. I........ Pueblo, Colo.............. Richmond, Va............ Roanoke, V a.............. Rockford, 111-............ Sacramento, Calif___ St. Joseph, M o ........... St. Louis, M o ............. Salt Lake City, Utah. San Francisco, Calif.. Savannah, Ga_______ Scranton, Pa......... . Seattle, Wash............. Shreveport, La........... Sioux City, Iowa........ South Bend, Ind........ Spokane, Wash.......... Syracuse, N. Y ........... Tacoma, Wash........... Tampa, Fla................ Topeka, Kans....... . Trenton, N. J............. Tulsa, Okla................ Washington, D. C___ Wheeling, W. Va....... Wichita, Kans............ Wilmington, Del........ Winston-Salem, N. C. Worcester, Mass_____ Youngstown, Ohio___ Total_________ ©1 T a b le 2.— Average hours and earnings, 1981, by department, sea;, and city— Continued CAKE DEPARTMENT ■sr 1 '.v ==:--- - " 1 . .- .....- .— Number of establish ments Number of wage earners Average full-time hours per Average earnings per hour Average full-time earnings week per week City Employ Employ ing ing fe males males Albany, N. Y ...................................... Atlanta, Qa......................................... Baltimore, M d .................................... Birmingham, Ala................................ Boston, Mass................................... . Bridgeport, Conn................................ Buffalo, N. Y .................................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa............................ Charleston, S. C.............................. . Charlotte, N. C ................................... Chattanooga, Tenn............................. Chicago, 111.......................................... Cincinnati, Ohio................................. Cleveland, Ohio.................................. Columbus, Ohio................................. Covington, K y .................................... Dallas, Tex.......................................... Denver, Colo....................................... Detroit, M ich.................................... Duluth, Minn..................................... Erie, Pa................................................ Evansville, Tnd .............. Fall River, Mass................................. Fort Smith. Ark................................ . Grand Rapids, M ich.......................... Hartford, Conn................................... Houston, Tex...................................... Huntington, W. Va.................. .......... Indianapolis, Ind................................ Jacksonville, Fla............................... Lewiston and Auburn, M e .............. Lincoln, Nebr................... ................. Little Rock, Ark................................. Los Angeles, Calif.............................. Louisville, K y..................................... Madison, Wis______ ______________ Memphis, Tenn.................................. . 3 3 6 2 6 4 2 1 2 3 1 6 3 8 3 2 1 3 3 3 4 3 2 1 3 1 3 1 6 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 2 4 3 5 2 6 2 1 2 3 1 7 2 1 1 3 2 3 2 1 3 i 5 1 2 3 2 2 2 Total 3 3 6 2 6 4 2 1 2 3 1 6 3 8 3 2 1 3 3 3 4 3 2 1 3 1 3 1 6 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 2 Male 28 20 39 5 49 26 29 13 4 17 4 60 24 68 16 7 6 38 44 3 9 13 11 3 15 5 10 0) (i) Female 22 12 37 6 49 15 3 19 67 20 95 6 0) 17 31 41 11 7 9 19 17 59 85 6 13 7 19 21 3 12 6 10 20 20 6 16 Total 50 32 76 11 98 26 44 13 7 36 4 127 44 163 22 9 23 69 85 14 16 13 11 12 34 5 27 2 144 (i) 12 23 27 39 27 3 28 Male Female 51.0 48.0 60.4 50.3 54.4 52.6 58.0 54.0 52.2 48.1 49.4 51.9 " " '4 4 .Y 52.3 54."0~ 54.0 56.0 50.5 64.0 53.4 54.0 48.0 48.0 50.6 48.8 53.6 50.3 48.0 0) 51.0 54.0 46.7 46.5 50.9 54.0 48.0 48.0 53.1 55.3 48.0 49. 6 54.0 54.0 54.0 55.0 54.0 58.5 48."6" 0) 50.7 (!) 54.0 60.9 53.6 52.4 54.6 52.0 55.0 51.5 48.0 49.8 51.0 48.0 51.3 50.9" Both sexes 49.7 56.6 53.5 55.8 50.1 49.4 49.5 52.3 54.0 53.1 64.0 53.7 48.0 49.6 52.7 48.0 53.2 46.6 52.5 48.0 54.4 48.0 48.0 54.0 54.4 54.0 51.9 60. 0 51.2 (x) 51.0 56.1 51.7 50.2 53.9 52.0 52.6 Male Female Both sexes Male Female $0.516 .257 .432 .414 .516 .508 .531 .340 .456 .302 .254 .574 .574 .540 .448 .651 .557 .590 .663 .667 .524 .505 $0.312 .243 .270 .210 .308 $0,431 .253 .357 .306 .417 .508 .472 .340 .345 .261 .254 .431 .444 .420 .410 .576 .349 .439 .535 .368 .418 .505 $14.98 12.25 14.20 11.33 14.81 ! 480 .408 .607 .452 (l) .494 0) .530 .409 .369 .633 .421 .635 .479 .171 .249 $26.31 15.55 23.50 24.00 26.94 25.10 27.56 17.77 24.63 16.91 16.25 30.65 27.55 27.32 24.01 31.23 28.41 27.55 35.80 32.00 28.98 24.24 °1 n9 25! 92 22.44 32.80 26.44 (i) 25.05 (i) 28.62 24.92 19.78 33.17 22.99 33.02 26! 35 .351 .198 .220 .283 .287 .312 .296 0) .265 .256 .368 .286 .253 .258 .266 .306 .239 .262 .465 .216 .273 ! 251 .339 .607 .346 . 558 .371 (i) .423 .343 .295 .547 .390 .635 .364 15.72" Io.67~ 11.11 15.28 13.78 15.23 14.89 0) 14.31 11.90 18.73 13.73 13.43 9.23 13.45 12.38" 13.70" "14.67" 11.90 13.36 22.32 11.08 13.90 Both sexes $21.42 14.31 19.10 17.09 20.89 25.10 23.36 17.77 18.64 13.86 16.25 23.14 21.31 20.83 21.61 27.63 18.57 20.46 28.09 17.64 22.74 24.24 ?1 09 13.55 18.44 32.80 17.96 33.50 19.00 (l) 21.57 19.26 15.25 27.46 21.02 33 02 19.15 4 3 3 4 5 6 3 1 1 3 5 6 3 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 12 11 3 11 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 2 2 1 2 1 12 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 227 2 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 228 1,552 1,240 51.8 48.0 48.0 51.2 50.2 58.6 53.5 49.5 48.4 48.7 48.4 50.1 53.2 50.8 50.6 54.0 50.3 51.9 48.4 48.0 48.2 52.8 46.8 48.0 49.3 52.7 (i) 50.1 48.0 48.0 51.0 46.6 49.8 48.0 55.0 48.6 48.0 54.0 57.0 60.0 50.8 53.3 .457 .328 .486 .303 .260 .124 .327 .171 .560 .301 .435 .148 .643 .313 .494 .279 .409 .299 .455 .232 .386 .240 .528 .260 .428 .236 .450 .284 .423 .226 .522 .312 .545 .344 .567 .300 .373 .234 .420 .229 .608 .723 .276 .465 .240 (1) .282 .212 .726 .481 .344 .510 .728 .435 .442 .268 .676 361 .391 .516 .830 .246 .394 .258 .303 .198 .304 .580 "“ ’ .’ 295" .525 .313 50.1 51.0 .486 49.9 48.0 48.0 48.0 46.8 46.1 48.0 48.0 54.0 54.0 .275 .401 .382 .232 .238 .437 .374 .583 .438 .347 .297 .314 .383 .303 .418 .318 .420 .452 .499 .329 .377 .608 .504 .421 24.68 15.74 24.69 15.09 15.04 7.67 18.31 8.86 28.56 14.45 21.04 7.16 15.02 31.38 12.92 24.30 14.35 22.09 23.21 12.53 19.57 12.20 12.50 28.50 23.11 12.74 22.77 14.03 22.00 11.68 25.21 15.13 26.16 16.51 27.67 13.97 20.00 11.93 20.71 9.17 29.09 35.14 " ""13.77" 25.11 11.52 20.53 19.18 13.61 12.73 21.63 18.10 28.39 21.20 17.38 15.80 15.95 19.36 16.36 21.03 16.50 20.33 21.70 24.05 17.37 17.63 29 09 24^85 22.19 .238 .638 .344 .510 .628 .389 .589 .391 .516 .626 .288 .253 .304 .454 .419 15.23 34.83 16.50 26.00 33.78 22.81 32.45 21.50 25.10 39.84 21.28 18.15 18.25 31.32 31.50 10.18 23.10 14.16 15.04 11.92 30.64 16.50 26 00 29^26 19.37 28.27 21.50 25*. 10 30! 05 15.55 14.41 18 25 23.06 22.36 .399 25.17 13.78 20.35 0) i1) 20.36 12.35 17.33 11.81 13,93 10.67 EARNINGS, 1931 2 3 3 5 48.0 49.8 62.0 51.8 48.0 48.4 48.0 46.3 48.0 54.0 50.8 48.0 54.0 49.4 51.7 48.5 48.0 46.5 51.0 40.0 AND 2 2 119 2 2 2 2 3 3 5 223 2 2 2 * For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. 2 54.0 50.8 57.8 56.0 51.0 48.4 48.8 49.2 54.0 51.0 50.7 54.0 54.0 50.6 52.0 48.3 48.0 48.8 53.7 49.3 48.0 48.6 54.0 (i) 54.0 48.0 48.0 51.0 46.4 51.6 48.0 55.0 48.6 48.0 54.0 60.0 60.0 54.0 60.0 HOURS Total................. 3 3 3 4 AVERAGE Milwaukee, Wis......... Minneapolis, Minn_._ Mobile, Ala................ Nashville, Tenn_____ Newark, N. J.............. New Orleans, La........ New York, N. Y ........ Norfolk, Va................. Ogden, Utah............... Oklahoma City, Okla. Omaha, Nebr.......... . Pawtucket, R. I......... Peoria, 111.................... Philadelphia, Pa........ Pittsburgh, Pa........... Portland, Me.............. Portland, Oreg........... Providence, R. I........ Richmond, Va............ Roanoke, Va_............. St. Joseph, M o........... St. Louis, M o............. Salt Lake City, Utah. Savannah, Ga............ Scranton, Pa............... Seattle, Wash............. Shreveport, La........... Sioux City, Iowa........ Spokane, Wash........... Syracuse, N. Y ........... Tacoma, Wash........... Tampa, Fla................ Trenton, N. J............. Washington, D. C___ Wheeling, W. Va____ Wichita, Kans............ Winston-Salem, N . C. Worcester, Mass......... Youngstown, Ohio._. 8 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS Average Hours and Earnings, 1931, by Department and State Average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full-time earnings per week for each sex are presented in Table 3 for a com bination of the wage earners in all occupations found in the industry in the cities covered in each State in 1931. The averages in the table for the bread department are for 1 city only in 3 States, for 1 in the District of Columbia, and for a com bination of 2 or more cities in 35 States. Those for the cake depart ment are for 1 city only in 7 States, for 1 in the District of Columbia, and for a combination of 2 or more cities in 29 States. T able 3. — Average hours and earnings, 1981, by department sex, and cities in State BREAD DEPARTM ENT Cities covered in each State Alabama: Birmingham and Mobile. _ Arkansas: Fort Smith and Little Rock. California: Los Angeles, Sacramento, and San Francisco............... ............ Colorado: Denver and Pueblo............ Connecticut: Bridgeport and Hartford Delaware: Wilmington....................... District of Columbia: Washington__ Florida: Jacksonville, Miami, and Tampa_________________________ . Georgia: Atlanta and Savannah......... Illinois: Chicago, Peoria, and Rock ford........................ ......... ................. Indiana: Evansville, Indianapolis, and South Bend.............................. . Iowa: Cedar Rapids, Des Moines, and Sioux City.................................. Kansas: Topeka and Wichita............. Kentucky: Covington and Louisville. Louisiana: New Orleans and Shreve port......................... .......................... Maine: Lewiston and Auburn, and Portland............................................. Maryland: Baltimore..........- .............. Massachusetts: Boston, Fall River, and Worcester................................... Michigan: Detroit and Grand Rapids. Minnesota: Duluth and Minneapolis. Missouri: St. Joseph and St. L ouis... Nebraska: Lincoln and Omaha.......... New Hampshire: Manchester and Nashua............. ................................ New Jersey: Newark and Trenton___ New York: Albany, Buffalo, New York, and Syracuse.......................... North Carolina: Charlotte and Wins ton-Salem....................................... . Ohio: Cincinnati, Cleveland, Colum bus, and Youngstown....................... Oklahoma: Oklahoma City and Tulsa......................... ........................ Oregon: Portland................................. Pennsylvania: Erie, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Scranton................. Rhode Island: Pawtucket and Provi dence................................... .............. South Carolina: Charleston and Co lumbia............................................... Tennessee: Chattanooga, Memphis, and Nashville.................................... Texas: Dallas and Houston:............... Utah: Ogden and Salt Lake City....... Virginia: Norfolk, Richmond, and Roanoke.......... ................................- Number of Average full Average earn Average full Num wage earners time hours ings per hour time earnings per week per week ber of estab lish ments Male Fe Fe Fe Fe male Male male Male male Male male 9 8 314 191 54 9 4 6 1,394 434 422 168 585 12 8 363 322 35 5 60.1 59.0 };0.354 $21.28 .388 $0.222 22.89 $11.99 48.0 48.0 54.0 .677 .544 .566 .490 .735 10 58.5 60.9 ‘ ‘ io.'o’ .359 .319 .286 21.00 19.43 11.44 2,290 58 55.7 49.8 .692 .310 38.54 15.44 20 562 24 56.7 50.1 .494 .300 28.01 15.03 15 6 7 521 208 273 16 50.4 4 56.0 55.3 55.9 49.6" .461 11.89 .236 25.82 .450 24.89 .483 ’ ’ .’ 255' 27.00 " l i 's o 16 484 6 52.9 48.0 .413 .219 21.85 10.51 8 10 196 734 5 19 52.6 55.9 52.8 53.8 .451 .489 .254 .293 23.72 27.34 13.40 15.79 19 10 11 16 8 901 985 522 1,018 332 11 74 65 12 4 54.3 56.1 56.2 60.0 55.6 47.5 53.4 52.1 49.3 49.5 .514 .559 .453 .590 .447 .326 .296 .276 .318 .404 27.91 31.36 25.46 35.40 24.85 15.49 15.81 14.38 15.68 20.00 7 15 174 1,016 12 55.6 52.6 48.0 .479 .602 .321 26.63 31.67 15.41 45 3,722 29 52.7 47.6 .652 .292 34.36 13.90 8 198 27 1,829 9 5 351 284 36 3,664 10 411 10 35 15 3 52.2 51.7 53.9 55.9 53.2 54.0 57.0 106 55.6 .365 48.8 59.3 50.8 25 54.4 .415 .258 .241 .541 20.81 .311 .469 .603 52.9 55.0 .520 35.34 19.92 28.12 12.38 30.51 >13.00 27.39 39.10 30.08 15.18 27.81 30.63 .265 .533 28.29 14.02 29.32 10 166 5 54.4 50.4 .338 .175 18.39 8.80 11 11 6 398 404 224 13 3 2 58.6 64.5 53.9 50.9 50.0 48.0 .390 .404 .495 .232 .417 .324 22.85 26.06 26.68 11.81 20.85 15.55 12 409 8 56.0 48.8 .465 .190 26.04 9.27 9 AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1931 T able 3. — Average hours and earnings, 1931, by department, sex, and cities in State— Continued BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued Cities covered in each State Washington: Seattle, Spokane, and Tamma West Virginia: Huntington and Wheeling................. ................ ......... Wisconsin: Madison and Milwaukee. Number of Average full Average earn Average full N um wage earners time hours ings per hour time earnings per week per week ber of estab lish Fe ments Male Fe Fe Fe male Male male Male male Male male 13 482 4 49.6 48.0 $0,804 $0,359 $39.88 5 12 200 705 4 8 54.9 55.0 52.5 45.6 .495 .520 .311 .373 $17.23 27.18 28.60 16.33 17.01 CAKE DEPARTM ENT Alabama: Birmingham and Mobile— Arkansas: Fort Smith and Little Rock.................................................. California: Los Angeles....................... Colorado: Denver.............................__ Connecticut: Bridgeport and Hart ford.................................................... District of Columbia: Washington.. „ Florida: Jacksonville and Tampa____ Georgia: Atlanta and Savannah......... Illinois: Chicago and Peoria................ Indiana: Indianapolis and Evans ville.................................................... Iowa: Cedar Rapids and Sioux City.. Kansas: Wichita.................................. Kentucky: Covington and Louisville. Louisiana: New Orleans and Shreve port.................................................... Maine: Lewiston and Auburn, and Portland............................................ Maryland: Baltimore.......................... Massachusetts: Boston, Fall River, and Worcester................................... Michigan: Detroit and Grand Rapids Minnesota: Duluth and Minneapolis. Missouri: St. Joseph and St. Louis.__ Nebraska: Lincoln and Omaha.......... New Jersey: Newark and Trenton___ New York: Albany, Buffalo, New York, and Syracuse.......................... North Carolina: Charlotte, and Wins ton-Salem.......................................... Ohio: Cincinnati, Cleveland, Colum bus, and Youngstown....................... Oklahoma: Oklahoma City................ Oregon: Portland................................. Pennsylvania: Erie, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Scranton................. Rhode Island: Pawtucket and Provi dence.................................................. South Carolina: Charleston................ Tennessee: Chattanooga, Memphis, and Nashville...... ............................. Texas: Dallas and Houston................. Utah: Ogden and Salt Lake City....... Virginia: Norfolk, Richmond, and Roanoke............................................ Washington: Seattle, Spokane, and Tacoma.............................................. West Virginia: Huntington, and Wheeling........................................... Wisconsin: Madison and Milwaukee. 5 30 12 57.8 58.0 $0,286 $0,164 $16.53 $9.51 5 2 3 10 19 38 29 20 31 53.7 52.4 46.7 51.9 48.0 46.5 .401 .633 .590 11.94 22.32 11.90 5 3 3 4 7 31 23 5 22 66 ....... 50.1 48.0 "48.6" 57.2 50.3 60.5 54.0 53.5 .526 .830 .406 .258 .561 .243 .276 9 4 1 5 72 25 3 28 50.2 51.7 60.0 53.0 54.0~ 50.5 .496 .420 .303 .476 .198 .248 24.90 21.71 18.15 25.23 13 79 85 3 8 51.5 .230 .465 .256 .246 .266 21.53 33.17 27.55 26.35 39.84 11.81 23.22 15.61 ” 12.’ 25 30.01 14.90 13.70 ”16.67 12.52 7 23 5 48.3 48.4 .419 .148 20.24 7.16 4 6 30 39 30 37 49.4 54.4 48.4 52.6 .524 .432 .311 .270 25.89 23.50 15.05 14.20 10 6 6 7 7 4 69 59 16 25 44 16 59 60 31 22 40 6 52.0 54.3 50.3 48.5 53.7 49.5 48.1 51.9 49.2 49.9 50.6 48.0 .511 .594 .518 .699 .394 .533 .306 .336 .297 .276 .240 .301 26.57 32.25 26.06 33.90 21.16 26.38 14.72 17.44 14.61 13. 77 12.14 14.45 16 133 64 50.8 46.7 .530 .308 26.92 14.38 4 21 19 56.8 50.5 .303 .220 17.21 11.11 16 1 2 112 5 23 126 13 19 50.8 51.0 48.0 48.7 54.0 48.0 .531 .455 .545 .307 .232 .344 26.97 23.21 26.16 14.95 12.53 16.51 29 354 232 51.3 50.4 .433 .239 22.21 12.05 6 2 28 4 16 3 49.9 54.0 47.3 54.0 .558 .456 .280 .198 27.84 24.63 13.24 10.67 7 4 3 31 16 28 38 34 24 56.6 55.7 54.0 51.4 51.0 48.0 .370 .484 .445 .213 .261 .284 20.94 26.96 24.03 10.95 13.31 13.63 10 34 14 50.9 46.5 .421 .244 21.43 11.35 7 32 18 47.3 47.3 .714 .436 33.77 20.62 2 6 6 32 12 26 56.0 53.8 54.0 48.0 .461 .475 .258 .328 25.82 25.56 13.93 15.74 10 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS Classified Earnings per Hour, 1931, by Occupation Table 4 shows 1931 average and classified earnings per hour for the wage earners in four specified occupations in the bread depart ment of the industry and also the distribution of such wage earners according to average earnings per hour during the pay period covered by the study. The number of wage earners in these occupations is 57 per cent of the total number covered in all occupations in the department. For a distribution of the wage earners by number in each of these occupations in each city by average earnings per hour, see Table B, page 61. Less than 1 per cent of the 1,027 mixers, the first occupation in the table, earned an average that fell within the classified group of 20 and under 25 cents per hour and 1 per cent earned an average of $1.50 or more per hour, the extremes in earnings in this occupation. The largest per cent for any group is 23 at 60 and under 70 cents per hour. T able 4.— Average and classified earnings per hour in four specified occupations in bread department, 1981 Per cent of wage earners whose earnings per hour were— Num Num Aver age ber of ber of earn estab wage 25, 30, 40, 35, 20, 45, ings Un un lish un un un un per der der undei ments earners hour der der der der 20 35 40 25 45 30 50 cents cents cents cents cents cents cents Occupation and sex Mixers, male_____________________ Bench hands or hand bakers, male. Oven men....................................... .. Driver-salesmen........................ ........ 482 398 468 477 1,027 $0,676 2,046 .659 .682 1,368 11,844 .562 (i) (*) 0) 0) I 2 t 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 5 2 2 3 6 5 7 6 10 6 6 5 11 Per cent of wage earners whose earnings per hour were— Occupation and sex Mixers, male.................................. Bench hands or hand bakers, male. Oven men...................................... Driver-salesmen............................. 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 $1, $1.10, $1.20, un un un un cents, un un un der der der un der der der der 80 90 60 70 der cents cents cents cents $1 $1.10 $1.20 $1.30 19 21 20 28 23 23 19 16 21 12 15 10 10 7 12 6 5 2 5 4 3 2 3 1 1 3 3 o: $1.30, un der $1.40 1 2 1 0) 1 1 2 0) $1.40, $1.50 un der and $1.50 over 1 2 (*) (*) 1 4 3 (») i Less than 1 per cent. Table 5 shows for the laborers of each sex included in the study of the bread department in 1931 and for the wage earners of each sex in all occupations combined in the same department the number and the per cent in each classified group of average earnings per hour. Like figures are given in Table 6 for a combination of all occupations in the cake department, but not for laborers. The average earnings per hour of 151 laborers in the bread depart ment, or 0.5 per cent of the total wage earners covered in all occu pations in this department in 1931, fell within the classified group of 40 and under 42J^ cents. CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOtJR, BY OCCUPATION 11 T able 5 . — Distribution of laborers, and of wage earners in all occupations combined, in the bread department, 1981, by classified average earnings per hour Per cent Number Classified earnings per hour All occupations Laborers Laborers All occupations Fe Total Male Fe Total Male Fe Total Male Fe Total Male male male male male 8 and nnrtar ft np.nts 1 9 and under 10 cents____ 1 10 and under 11 cents___ 1 11 and under 12 cents___ 12 and under 13 cents___ 5 13 and under 14 cents___ 14 and under 15 cents___ 4 15 and under 16 cents___ 2 16 and under 17 cents___ 10 17 and under 18 cents...... 2 18 and under 19 cents___ 13 19 and under 20 cents___ 13 20 and under 21 cents___ 18 11 21 and under 22 cents___ 22 and under 23 cents 21 23 and under 24 cents 6 24 and under 25 cents___ 13 25 and under 27K cents— 56 27^ and under 30 cents ._ 58 30 and under 32M cents __ 78 32^ and under 35 cents 101 35 and under 37H cents __ 134 37J^ and under 40 cents. . 115 40 and under 42H cents.. 150 42^ and under 45 cents. _ 126 45 and under 47H cents 154 47^ and under 50 cents. _ 46 50 and under 55 cents___ 210 55 and under 60 cents...... 84 60 and under 65 cents___ 55 24 65 and under 70 cents___ 70 and under 75 cents___ 9 11 75 and under 80 cents 2 80 and under 85 cents___ 85 and under 90 cents___ 90 and under 95 cents...... 95 cents and under $1.00 $1.00 and under $1.10-.__ $1.10 and under $1.20____ $1.20 and under $1.30....... $1.30 and under $1.40____ $1.40 and under $1.50....... $1.50 and under $1.60____ $1.60 and under $1.70____ $1.70 and under $1.80____ $1.80 and under $1.90____ $1.90 and under $2.00____ $2.00 and under $2.25____ $2.50 and under $2.75____ i Less than 1 per cent. 1 3 4 3 1 9 10 7 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 5 3 4 10 6 13 13 18 11 24 6 14 65 68 85 104 136 117 151 126 154 47 210 84 55 24 9 11 2 5 2 3 12 13 5 16 20 53 35 69 74 131 34 148 75 87 452 570 695 957 1,031 1,026 1,788 1,231 1,695 961 3,704 2,964 2,649 1,545 1,371 1,050 1,070 436 632 156 403 245 120 89 70 114 30 7 1 4 7 1 1 1 6 1 4 11 4 20 1 31 18 169 65 114 27 26 31 27 7 5 4 13 3 1 1 5 2 4 13 13 11 17 20 53 39 80 78 151 35 179 75 105 621 635 809 984 1,057 1,657 1,815 1,238 1,700 965 3,717 2,967 2,650 1,545 1,371 1,050 1,071 436 632 156 403 245 120 89 70 114 30 7 1 4 7 1 0 0 0) i 0 0) 0) 0 0 (1 (1) 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 (1) 1 4 4 5 7 9 7 10 8 10 3 13 5 3 2 1 1 0 (1) (1) 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0) 1 4 4 5 7 9 7 10 8 10 3 14 5 4 2 1 1 0 7 9 7 2 20 22 15 7 4 4 2 2 (i) 0 0) (i) 0) 1 0 0) 0) 0) (!) 0) (1) (1) 1 0) 0) 2 2 2 3 4 4 6 4 6 3 13 11 10 6 5 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 (l) 0 (l) (i) (l) 0) 0) 0 to 0) (i) 1 0 1 2 1 3 (i) 5 3 29 11 19 5 4 5 5 1 1 1 2 1 0) (i) (n (0 (i) (i) 8 (•) (1) 0) (1) (1) (1) 1 1 » 0 2 2 3 3 4 4 6 4 6 3 13 10 9 5 5 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 0 0) 0 I1) 0) 0 12 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS T a b l e 6 .— Distribution of wage earners in all occupations combined in cake depart ment, 1931, by classified average earnings pe* hour Number Per cent Classified earnings per hour Males 11 and under 12 cents............. - ................. 12 and under 13 cents.................................. 13 and under 14 cents.................................. 14 and under 15 cents.................................. 15 and under 16 cents.................................. 16 and under 17 cents.................................. 17 and under 18 cents.................................. 18 and under 19 cents.................................. 19 and under 20 cents.................................. 20 and under 21 cents............................... . 21 and under 22 cents.................................. 22 and under 23 cents.................................. 23 and under 24 cents....................... .......... 24 and under 25 cents.................................. 25 and under 27^ cents............................— 27H and under 30 cents............................... 30 and under 32^ cents...... ........................ 32H and under 35 cents.......................... . 35 and under 37M cents...... ........................ 37H and under 40 cents............................... 40 and under 42^ cents............................... 42H and under 45 cents............................... 45 and under 47M cents..... .......................... 47^ and under 50 cents.............................. 50 and under 55 cents.................................. 55 and under 60 cents............................ ...... 60 and under 65 cents.................. ............ . 65 and under 70 cents___________________ 70 and under 75 cents___________________ 75 and under 80 cents______ ____ ________ 80 and under 85 cents___________________ 85 and under 90 cents___________________ 90 and under 95 cents___________________ 95 cents and under $1___________________ $1 and under $1.10______________________ $1.10 and under $1.20___________________ $1.20 and under $1.30......... ........................ $1.30 and under $1.40......... ............... ........ $1.50 and under $1.60................................... 8 3 12 6 12 12 24 14 12 60 66 65 58 89 98 120 52 67 29 172 135 126 70 87 50 36 19 10 1 22 4 1 1 1 Total................................................... 1,552 3 1 6 Females 4 1 2 7 6 52 7 51 13 69 19 89 13 29 314 171 167 52 63 47 20 13 9 14 5 3 1,240 Total 7 2 2 13 6 60 10 63 19 81 31 113 27 41 374 237 232 no 152 145 140 65 76 29 186 140 129 70 87 50 36 19 10 1 22 4 1 1 1 IVTales 0) 0) 1 0) Total C1) (*) ([) (l) 0 (9 Females 0) l l l 2 1 1 4 4 4 4 6 6 8 3 4 2 11 9 8 5 6 3 2 1 1 1 4 1 4 1 6 2 7 1 2 25 14 13 4 5 4 2 1 1 h (i) 0) 1 0) m 2 1 3 1 4 1 1 13 8 8 4 5 5 5 2 3 1 7 5 5 0) C1) (l) W 1 m 2 3 3 2 1 1 0) h) (1) 0) (1) 0) i 2,792 * Less than 1 per cent Regular Full-Time Hours per Week, 1931 Full-time hours per week and per day of an employee are the hours as established by a regular time for beginning and quitting work on each day of the week less the regular time off dutjr at or near noon or at any other time for meals. Such hours do not include any over time for work before or after the regular period each day, nor are they reduced by the exclusion of any regular time lost by slack or shorttime work, through sickness or other disability, or for any other cause. In Table 7 are given average full-time hours per week and a per centage distribution, by full-time hours per week, of the wage earners covered in each of four specified occupations in the bread department in 1931. In arriving at the average the full-time hours per week of each wage earner in each occupation was used even though he may have worked more or less than full time during the week covered by the study of this industry. For a similar distribution by number of the wage earners covered in each of these occupations in each city, see Table C, page 70. 13 CHANGES IN FULL-TIME HOURS SINCE JULY 1, 1929 Table 7 shows that the full-time hours of 42 per cent of the mixers, 44 per cent of the bench hands or hand bakers, 45 per cent of the oven men, and only 7 per cent of the driver-salesmen were 48 per week. The full-time hours of 40 per cent of the driver-salesmen were 60 per week, as compared with only 4 per cent for each of the other occupations. T able 7. — Average and classified full-time hours per week in 4 specified occupa tions in bread department, 1931, by occupation and sex Per cent of wage earners whose full-time Aver hours per week were—* Num Num age ber of ber of full estab wage time Over Over Over lish hours 50, 48, ments earners per Under 48 under 50 under 54 48 Jfter week 54 50 60 Occupation and sex Mixers, male............... ............... ...... Bench hands or hand bakers, male— Oven men............................... ........... Driver-salesmen................................. 482 398 468 477 1,027 2,046 1,368 11,844 51.7 51.0 51.2 58.9 2 6 4 42 44 45 7 0) 3 5 3 1 0 5 5 5 1 35 28 32 27 5 5 5 3 Per cent of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were— Occupation and sex 60 Mixers, male_____________________ Bench nands or hand bakers, male.. Oven men_________________ ______ Driver-salesmen__________________ 4 4 4 40 Over 60, under 66 3 2 2 5 66 Over 66, under 70 0) 0) 0) 3 3 70 0) 0 0) 2 Over 70, under 72 0) Over 72, under 84 72 0) 0) 0) 4 84 Over 84 1 2 i Less than 1 per cent. Changes in Full-Time Hours Since July 1,1929 Only 12 of the 503 bakeries included in the 1931 study of the industry reported changes in regular full-time hours per week between July 1, 1929, and the period of the study. Table 8 shows for each of the 12 bakeries the wage earners whose hours were changed, the hours before and after the change, and the year when made. T able 8. — Changes in full-time weekly hours in IS establishments between July 1, 1929, and the period of the 19S1 study Hours per week— Num ber of estab lish ments Full-time hours 1 All shop workers________________________________ ______ _ _ _ 2 ____do________________ __________ __ ________________ _____ 1 ____ do___________________ ____ ______________ ___________________ 1 All shop workers (male)_______________________________ _________ 1 All shop workers______________________ _____ ______ ______ _______ 1 ....... do..... ............................................. ...................................................... 1 All shop workers except receiving clerks and laborers.............................. 1 Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, bench hands or hand bakers, oven men, oven men’s helpers, molders’ helpers, and pan greasers__________________________________________________ 1 Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, bench hands or hand bakers, molders, oven men, helpers, laborers, wrappers, packers, and other employees............... ................... ............................................................. 1 Bread wrappers__________________________________________________ 1 Firemen, receiving clerks, and laborers_____________________________ 156770°—38---- 2 Year of Before Alter change change change 48 48 54 48 60 54 48 54 54 60 54 54 48 52 1930 1931 1931 1931 1930 1930 1931 54 48 1930 48 48 48 54 54 54 1931 1931 1931 14 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS Changes in Wage Rates Since July 1,1929 Between July 1, 1929, and the period of the 1931 study 143, or 28 per cent of the 503 bakeries covered in this report, made one or more changes in the rates of all or a specified part of the wage earners in such establishments, as shown by Table 9, which gives the per cent or amount of change and the year in which each change was made. All the changes were decreases except in three bakeries (at begin ning of table) in which the rates were increased and in two (near end of table) in which the changes were considered as increases. T able 9. — Changes in wage rates in 14$ bakeries between July l t 1929, and the period of the 1931 study Num ber of estab lish ments Wage earners affected Mixers, oven men, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, helpers, and cooler men. Shop mechanics................................................................. Driver-salesmen................................................................. Mixers on day shift........................................................... Mixers on night shift........................................................ Bread oven men on day shift........................................... Bread oven men on night shift................ ....................... Dividers or scalers and rounders on day shift................ Dividers or scalers and rounders on night shift............... Molders on day shift........................................................ Molders on night shift—. .................................................. Bench hands or hand bakers............................................ Molders’ helpers on day shift........................................... Molders’ helpers on night shift........... ......... ................... Mixers...... ......................................................................... {Mixers’ helpers............................ ..................................... Change in wage rates, decrease Year of or increase change 19 per cent increase... 7H per cer t increase-------25 per cent increase........... 6 % per cer t increase........ . 13H per cent increase........ 33H per cent increase........ 30% per cent increase........ 33Mi per cent increase........ 36H per cent increase........ ___ do________ __________ 28 per cent increase.......... . 25 per cent increase.......... . 10H per cent increase........ 9Vi per cert increase_____ 4% per cer t increase......... 4 per cent increase............. per cert increase.......... 57A o per cent increase____ 4^4o per cent increase........ Molders................................... .......................................... 5 per cent decrease............ Bread .do. oven men................................................................ ----- do...... ......................... . Helpers............................................................................... .do.. 10 per cent decrease......... . All..do 20 per cent decrease......... . do................... $3 per wee* decrease------do................... $3 to $5 pe:- week decrease do................... $7 per wees: decrease_____ do................... 10 and 10 per cent decrease___ do__________ 15 and 10 per cent decrease___ All shop workers. 5 per cent decrease. . ___ do................... 7 per cent decrease. . do................... 7 H per cer t decrease do................... 10 per cent decrease. do................... do. do................... 5 per cent decrease.................. do................... 10 per cent decrease................. ...d o ................... 25 per cent decrease................. ...d o .................. 5 per cent decrease.................. — do................... ___ do...... ................................. ....d o ................... . .... d o ... .................................. do................... 10 per cent decrease................ .do.. 5 and 5 per cent decrease......... .do.. $2.50 per week decrease........... .do.. 10 cents pe r hour decrease....... .do.. $2 per week decrease.............. .do.. 20 per cent decrease................. fAll except driver-salesmen.. 10 and 3 pur cent decrease....... \Driver-salesmen................. . Guaranty decreased 10 and 3 per cent fAll except driver-salesmen.. 10 and 10 per cent decrease___ \Driver-salesmen................. . Guaranty decreased 10 and 10 per cent All shop workers earning over $20 per week___ 10 per cenl decrease................. All shop workers earning $31 or over per week. $1 per week decrease--............ All shop workers except cake finishers.............. 10 per cenl decrease................. All shop workers except working foremen......... All shop workers except bread wrappers........... ""'"d o r fApproximately 60 per cent of all shop workers . $2 per week decrease.. \Approximately 40 per cent of all shop workers. $1 per week decrease., Bench hands or hand bakers.............................. per ceiit decrease. 1931 1931 1930 1931 1930 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1930 1931 1930 1931 1930 1931 1929 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1930 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 CHANGES IN WAGE RATES SINCE JULY 1, 1929 T a b l e 9 . — Changes Num ber of estab lish ments in wage rates in 148 bakeries between July 19 1929, and the period of the 1981 study— Continued Wage earners affected Bench hands or hand bakers, mixers, and bread oven men. /Bench hands or hand bakers............................................. \Cake makers...................................................................... Cake finishers, and cake wrappers and packers ............... Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, and bread oven men. M ixers............................................................................... Bench hands or hand bakers............................................. Helpers................................................................................ Wrappers................................................................... ......... Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, bread oven men, mixers’ helpers. Stale bread checkers, molders, pan greasers, laborers...... Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, bread oven men, cake makers. Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, bread oven men, porters, working foremen, shop mechanics. Bench hands or hand bakers, and cake finishers.-.......... Mixers and cake makers..................................................... Helpers............................................................................... Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, bread oven men and packers. Driver-salesmen.................................................................. Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, bread oven men and helpers. Cake makers....................................................................... Cake finishers..................................................................... Cake wrappers and packers (male) _ ................................. .Janitor, cake department................................................... 'Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, wrappers, and cake makers. .Driver-salesmen.................................................................. Change in wage rates, decrease Year of or increase change $5 per week decrease. 1931 $2.60 per week decrease... $5 per week decrease____ 4 cents per hour decrease. $7 per week decrease........ 1931 1931 1931 45J4 per cent decrease. 23)4 per cent decrease . 16% per cent decrease. 41 per cent decrease. . . $2 per week decrease. _ 1931 $1 per week decrease _ 8 per cent decrease.. . 10 per cent decrease . 5 per cent decrease.— 10 per cent decrease._ 6 % per cent decrease. 10 per cent decrease.. .do.. Porters and pan greasers................................................... . [Cake finishers and cake wrappers and packers............... . Receiving clerk, shipping clerk, packers, wrappers, shop mechanics, and porters. Receiving clerk, mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, general help ers, oilers, oven firemen, and toast oven men. Bread oven men.................................................................. Working foremen................................................................ Receiving clerk, mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, oven men, shop me chanics, cake makers, and cake makers’ helpers, driversalesmen. rBread oven men, working foremen.................................... Bench hands or hand bakers.............................................. Bread oven men.................................................................. Mixers, ............................................................................... Dividers or scalers and rounders........................................ Driver-salesmen.................................................................. Foremen.............................................................................. Bench hands or hand bakers.............................................. Bread oven men.................................................................. Carpenters, maintenance men, and male porters............. Driver-salesmen................................................ ................. ..do.. 1931 1931 1931 1931 Guaranty decreased 10 per cent. 5 per cent decrease................. . 1931 6 per cent decrease___ 6 % per cent decrease.. 10 per cent decrease. 20 per cent decrease . . . 3 per cent decrease___ 1931 Commission decreased 2 per cent. /Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, molders, dividers 10 per cent decrease................. I or scalers and rounders, and oven men. /Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, molders, dividers 5 per cent decrease.. . or scalers and rounders, and bread oven men. Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, oven men, and 10 per cent decrease _ cake makers. Porters and wrappers........................................................ . 5 per cent decrease................. . Driver-salesmen.................................................................. Guaranty decreased $1.50 per ..do.. 15 Guaranty decreased $3.60 per week. $3 per week decrease--.......... . $2 per week decrease. ............ . 12*6 per cent decrease.............. 1931 1931 1931 1930 1930 1930 1931 1929 1931 $1 per week decrease. $2 per week decrease. $5 per week decrease _ $2 per week decrease. $6 per week decrease. ............ . $4 per week decrease.............. . 24 per cent decrease................. 18 per cent decrease................ . 20 per cent decrease................. $3 per week decrease............... 22% per cent decrease............. 27M per cent decrease............. 29K per cent decrease.............. 7 to 8 per cent decrease............ From guaranty of $30 per week to commission and salary. From guaranty of $30 per week to commission. From guaranty of $26 per week to commission. 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 16 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS T a b le 9 .—Changes in wage rates in 148 bakeries between July 1, 1929, and the period of the 1981 study— Continued Num ber of estab lish ments Wage earners affected Driver-salesmen.. .do.. _do_. ..do,. ,_do_. ..do.. _do.. _do_ .do.. /A ll except driver-salesmen.. \Driver-salesmen................. . /A ll except driver-salesmen. .. \Driver-salesmen................. . fAlI except driver-salesmen. \Driver-salesmen................. /A ll except driver-salesmen.. \Driver-salesmen................. . /A ll except driver-salesmen.. \Driver-salesmen ................. . /A ll except driver-salesmen.. \Driver-salesmen................. /AH except driver-salesmen__________________ ______ \Driver-salesmen on salary or 55 per cent in occupation.. /A ll except driver-salesmen............................................. . \Driver-salesmen............................................................... IAll except driver-salesmen.. (.Driver-salesmen................. . /A ll except driver-salesmen.. \Driver-salesmen................. . /A ll except driver-salesmen.. \Driver-salesmen................. . /A ll except driver-salesmen.. \Driver-salesmen................. . /A ll except driver-salesmen.. \Driver-salesmen................. . /A ll except driver-salesmen............................................. \Driver-salesmen whose weekly sales are less than $375.. Change in wage rates, or increase From guaranty of $30 per week and 6 per cent commission to 8 per cent commission only. From guarantywof $25 per week and 5 per cent commission on sales above $300, to guar anty of $15 per week and 4 per cent commission. Guaranty decreased $5 per week. Guaranty decreased, ranging from $7 50 to $9.50 per week. 2 per cent decrease................... Guaranty decreased $4 per week. From weekly guaranty of $20 and 10 per cent on sales over $200 per week to $20 and 10 per cen ; on $150 per w e e k considered an increase. Guarantj decreased $5 per week. Commission changed from 6 ;>er cent of sales over $300 per week, to 6 per cent of sales over $250 per week— considered an increase. 10 per ceiit decrease................. 5 per cenl decrease................... Commission decreased 5 per cent. 10 per cei .t decrease................. Guarantj decreased 10 per cent. 10 per cent decrease................. Guaranty decreased $5 per week. 10 per cent decrease................. Guaranty decreased $4 per week. 10 per cent decrease................ . Commission decreased 10 per cent. 10 per cent decrease.............. . Guaranty decreased $10 per week. 10 per cent decrease_________ do. _do_. Guaranty decreased 10 per cent. 15 per cent decrease................. 10 per cent decrease.................. 15 per cent decrease................. Commiss ion decreased 15 per cent. 15 per ce:it decrease................. Guaranty of $30 per week to commission and salary. 23 per ce it decrease................. Guaranty decreased 20 per cent. 20 per ce it decrease................. Guaranty decreased 20 per cent. 20 per ce it decrease................. Guaranty of $25 per week and 6 per cent commission on all sales to guaranty of $18 and 6 per cent commission on weeklj sales of under $300, guarar ty of $20 per week and 6 per cent commission on weekly sales of $300 and under $333.33, and guaranty of $22.i>0 and 6 per cent commissio i on weekly sales of $333.32 and under $375. Year of change 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1930 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1930 1930 1930 1930 1930 1930 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 17 PAY FOR OVERTIME AND FOR EXTRA WORK T a b l e 9 . — Changes Num ber of estab lish ments in wage rates in 148 bakeries between July 1, 1929, and the period of the 1931 study— Continued Wage earners affected /A ll except driver-salesmen_____ \Driver-salesmen......................... /All except driver-salesmen......... \Driver-salesmen.......................... /A ll earning $27 or over per week \A11 earning under $27 per week.. Change in wage rates, decrease Year of or increase change $2 per week decrease............... Guaranty decreased $2 per week. 10 per cent decrease................ . Commission decreased 7 H per cent. 10 per cent decrease................ . 5 per cent decrease____ _____ 1931 1931 1931 1931 1931 Pay for Overtime and for Extra Work on Sunday and Holidays, 1931 Overtime is any time worked before the regular starting time or after the regular quitting time on any day, regardless of the rate of pay for such work. Work on Sunday and on holidays is overtime or extra work only when the working schedule of a wage earner does not provide for work regularly on those days. Table 10 shows that all or a specified part of the wage earners of 121 bakeries were entitled to a higher rate of pay for overtime and for extra work on Sunday and holidays than for regular working time, and gives the number of times the regular rate or amount for each hour of such work. There was no provision for the payment of a higher rate for such work in 382 of the 503 bakeries for which wage figures are presented in this report. T able 10.— Rates of pay for overtime and for extra work on Sunday and holidays, and wage earners entitled, 1981 Times regular rate or amount for each hour of— Number of estab lish ments Wage earners entitled Extra work or overtime on— Overtime Sunday Holidays AH........................................ ___ do.................................. All except driver salesmen. ___ do.................................. .do.................................. d o ._ .............................. .do.................................. .d o. -do. $1.00 -do. All except driver salesmen and laborers.............. All except driver salesmen and wrappers............ All except driver salesmen and wrappers’ helpers................................................................ All except driver salesmen and working foremen. All except driver salesmen, wrappers, and re ceiving clerks. ................................................... /All except driver salesmen................................... \Driver salesmen.................................................... All productive labor in bread department.......... All productive labor in bread and cake depart ments................. ................................................ (<) (<) . — do.................................................................... m * For each hour over 48 per week. * For each hour over 54 per week. 1 For each hour over 48 for females, 54for males per week. * 7H cents over rate for regular working time. 18 T a b le WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS 10. — Rates of pay for overtime and for extra work on Sunday and holidays, and wage earners entitled, 1981— Continued Times regular rate or amount for each hour of— Number of estab lish ments Wage earners entitled Extra work or overtime on— Overtime Sunday All productive labor in bread and cake depart ments, and oven firemen.................................. Bench hands or hand bakers and oven men____ ----- d o ._ ................................................................. Bench hands or hand bakers, oven men, and helpers................................................................ Bench hands or hand bakers, helpers, working foremen, and cake makers................................ Bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, ana oven men............. Bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, helpers, cake makers, finishers, and cake oven men___ Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, and oven men.................................................................... Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, oven men, and helpers........................................................ Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, oven men, and cake makers................................ ............... Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, oven men, cake makers, and cake oven men............ ........ Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, oven men, cake makers, and cake makers’ helpers_______ Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, cake makers, and cake helpers............................ ..... Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, helpers, cake makers, and working foremen................... Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, and oven men______ Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, and molders................ Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, and oven men.................................................................... Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, and oven men................ ................................................ . Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, and apprentices.................................— ........... Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, and helpers- ...................................................... ....... do....................... ................................ ............ Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, and helpers................................................................ ___ do.................. .................................................. ....... do..................................................................Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, helpers, and cake makers.................................. ----- do.............................................................. — Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men. helpers, and packers.......................................... Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, helpers, packers, and working foremen........... Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, helpers, laborers, and wrappers....................... Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, helpers, cake makers, and finishers............ — Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, helpers, cake makers, finishers, cake helpers, and apprentices.................................................. Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, helpers, packers, cake makers, finishers, cake wrappers, and packers....................................... <Tor each hour over 48 per week. 1X V l] Holidays IX 1; ' 1] IX ix 2 m ix IX IX ix $0.75 $0.75 IX $0.75 ix ix 1H ix 2 2 ix 2 2 ix ix ix ix ix ix ix IX 2 ix ix ix ix ix m ix 2 2 ix ix ix m ix 2 ix •ig 1i x ‘ ift ii ix ix ix I* ix IX IX 2 IX 2 2 ix IX ix ix IX ix ix ix ix ix IX ix IX IX IX IX IX lX PAY FOR OVERTIME AND FOR EXTRA WORK T a b le 19 10. — Rates of pay for overtime and for extra work on Sunday and holidays, and wage earners entitled, 1981— Continued Times regular rate or amount for each hour of— Number of estab lish ments Wage earners entitled Extra work or overtime on— Overtime Holidays Sunday 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, help ers, cake makers, finishers, working foremen, and bread counters............................................ Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, helpers, cake makers, finishers, cake oven men, and cake helpers...................................... ........ Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, oven men, helpers, cake makers, cake packers, and working foremen... Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, oven men, helpers, and packers___ ____ _____ _____ _______ ________ Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, apprentices, and working foremen______ ______ ___ ____ _ Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, and oven m e n ......................................................... Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, oven men, helpers, and cake makers._____________ Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, and oven men_____________________________ IX IX IX IX IX IX 1M IX IX m IX ix 1X IX IX ix IX ix IX IX 2 1 2 $ 2 IX IX 1 ____do______________________________________ »iH n x 1 ....... do__I............................................................ — IX IX 1 Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, apprentices, and packers_________ IX IX 1 Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, and cake makers’ helpers................. IX 1H 1 Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, helpers, and packers. ............... ...... 1X IX 1 Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, helpers, and apprentices............. lX IX 1 Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, helpers, laborers, working foremen, and carpenters. ................................................. IX iX 1 Dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, helpers, and wrappers.............................. m IX $1.00 $1.00 /Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers................. 1 Helpers....... ......... ......................... ...................... $0.65 $0.65 Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, and oven $1.00 $1.00 1 $0.50 $0.50 Helpers........................................... .................... . Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, oven men, $1.00 $1.00 and working foremen. ....................................... 1 $0.65 $0.65 Helpers.................................................................. Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or $1.00 scalers and rounders, molders, and oven men_. $1.00 1 $0.65 $0.65 Helpers.................................................. ............... Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or $1.00 $1.00 scalers and rounders, molders, and oven men__ 1 $0.50 $0.50 Helpers................................................................. Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, $1.00 $1.00 and working foremen......................................... 1 Apprentices . . . . . . . ...... IX m Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, $1.00 $1.00 and oven men..................................................... 1 $0.65 $0.65 Helpers.................................................................. Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, 2 oven men, and packers...................................... 1 Laborers, wrappers, packers, stockmen, and helpers. .............................................................. IX 1H Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, $1.00 oven men, cake makers, and cake oven m en... 1 Helpers.................................................................. $0.65 ix $1.08 $1.08 Mixers................................................................... Bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers $1.00 $1.00 and rounders, and molders................................ 1 Apprentices..................................................... . . . $0.53 to $0.80 $0.53 to $0.80 1For each hour over 48 per week. 2 tlX IX 2 ix ix 2 IX ix $1.00 $0.65 2 2 $1.00 $0.65 2 2 2 2 2 2 $1.00 $0.65 2 vx IX $1.08 $1.00 $0.53 to $0.80 20 WAGES AND HOTJBS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS T able 10.— Rates of pay for overtime and for extra work on Sunday and holidays, and wage earners entitled, 1981— C o n t in u e d Times regular rate or amount for each hour of— Number of estab lish ments Wage earners entitled Extra work or overtime on— Overtime £ unday Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, and oven men.. ' Helpers.................................................................. Apprentices______________ _ _ ______ ___ _ Mixers............................................. ...................... Bench hands or hand bakers.................. ............ or scalers and rounders,................. ...... 1 Dividers Molders......................................................... ...... Oven m e n ............................................................ Helpers.................................................................. $0.60 $0.40 $0.50 $1.00 $0.70 to $1.00 $0.65 to $0.80 $0.70 to $0.80 $0.80 to $1.00 $0.50 to $0.70 $0.60 $0.40 $0.50 $1.00 $0.70 to $1.00 $0.(>5 to $0.80 $0.70 to $0.80 $0.* 0 to $1.00 $0.60 to $0.70 Holidays $0.60 $0.40 $0.50 $1.00 $0.70 to $1.00 $0.65 to $0.80 $0.70 to $0.80 $0.80 to $1.00 $0.50 to $0.70 Bonus Systems A bonus to a wage earner is compensation in addition to the amount earned at the basic rate of pay. Bonus systems were in operation in only 15 of the 503 bakeries included in the study of the industry. The systems provide for the payment of additional compensation to all or a specified part of the wage earners in these establishments for service, sales and collections, production, sales and bread returned, time saved, avoiding accidents, sales, or collections. Table 11 shows for each of the 15 bakeries in which bonus systems were in operation when the study was made, the kind or basis of bonus, the wage earners who could, under certain conditions, earn the bonus, and the amount of the bonus. T able Num ber of Bonus based estab on— lish ments 11.— Bonus systems in operation in 15 bakeries in 1981 Wage earners entitled to bonus Service......... All............................... Bonus earned when— A mount of or per cent of earnings paid as bonus In service 1 year or more___ 3 p 3r cent of yearly earnings a ; basic rate. $10 per week. Sales and Driver-salesmen........ . Sales and collections in week collections. amount to $500 or more. Production.. Those on production Production in week is more in bread department. than set standard. 1 pi .r cent of earnings in week for each per cent of produc tion over set standard. Production ----- do______________ Actual monthly cost per Division among productive cost per pound at basic wage rates ’wage earners, according to is less than the estimated pound. earnings in month at their cost per pound. b asic rates, of the difference between estimated cost (pounds produced in n onth times estimated cost par pound) and actual cost a', basic rates. Service......... All................................ In service 1 year or more___ \l A times weekly salary. Sales and Retail driver-salesmen Sales in week amount to $175 1 por cent of sales. bread re or more and stale bread re turned turned is 2 per cent or less than the value of bread taken out. Time saved. All in bread depart Specified unit or quantity of All time saved at regular ment except porter. work is completed in less hourly rate. than the time allotted to it. 21 EMPLOYMENT AND PAT ROLLS, 1923 TO 1931 T able 11.— Bonus systems in operation in 15 bakeries in 1981— Continued Num ber of based Wage earners entitled estab Bonus on— to bonus lish ments in specified (Production period of time is equal to foremen.. Production.. /Bread \Shipping clerk.. Accidents... Driver-salesmen. Service__ Amount of or per cent of earnings paid as bonus Bonus earned when— or more than set standard. Driver has no accidents dur ing month. In service 1 and under 2 All...................... In service 2 and under 3 Sales........... Driver-salesmen. ___ do........ ___ do......... ......... Collections. $15 per month. $10 per month. 1 $5 per month. 2 per cent of annual earnings. 3 per cent of annual earnings. In service 3 and under 4 4 per cent of annual earnings. years. In service 4 and under 5 5 per cent of annual earnings. years. In service 6 and under 20 6 per cent of annual earnings. years. In service 20 years or more— 8 per cent of annual earnings. Sales in week exceed average 5 per cent of earnings in week for 4 preceding weeks. basic rates. Sales in 1 week exceed 2,000 1 at cent for each pound over pounds. 2,000. Collections in week are not 2 per cent on collections. less than sales. .do. Index Numbers of Employment and of Pay Rolls, 1923 to 1931 Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls in the bakery industry are presented in Table 12 by months and by years from January, 1923, to December, 1931. These indexes are as published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in monthly reports on “ Trend of Employment.” In computing the indexes from the averages of employment and for pay rolls each month and year, the 1926 average was used as the base or 100 per cent. T able 12.— Index numbers of employment and of pay rollsy January, 1923 to Decemberj 1931, by month and year [Average for 1926=100.0] Index numbers of employment -lyionm 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 January.................................. February................................ March.................................... April....................................... M ay....................................... June........................................ July........................................ August................................... September.............................. October. ................................ November.............................. December.............................. 90.2 94.5 97.5 96.0 96.6 100.5 104.7 103.3 102.7 104.7 100.4 99.5 97.4 101.3 101.4 99.2 99.5 102.0 101.5 100.0 101.1 101.8 101.3 99.7 97.5 98.8 97.5 96.3 96.6 99.5 99.1 97.5 98.9 103.4 100.7 99.1 96.8 96.6 99.0 98.0 99.1 102.4 102.2 100.0 101.7 103.4 101.1 99.3 97.9 99.2 100.3 100.2 99.7 104.0 102.2 101.3 103.9 104.8 102.8 101.0 98.6 98.6 99.4 98.9 100.7 102.1 101.3 100.0 103.4 103.9 102.4 101.4 98.7 100.5 101.7 100.6 102.0 103.8 103.7 102.3 104.4 105.2 102.5 100.0 97.7 97.7 97.0 97.3 97.8 98.9 98.1 96.1 97.1 96.1 94.6 93.3 90.5 90.6 90.6 90.1 91.7 91.9 92.5 91.6 91.2 90.1 88.0 86.8 Average........................ 99.2 100.5 98.7 100.0 101.4 100.9 102.1 96.8 90.5 1930 1931 22 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS T a b l e 1 2 .— Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls, January, 1 9 2 3 , to December, 1 9 3 1 , by month and year— Contin led Index numbers of pay-roll totals jviontn 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 January. - ________________ F ebruary.________________ March____________________ April_____________________ M ay______________________ June______________________ J u ly _____________________ August. _________________ September________________ October. ________________ November________________ December_____ ____ _______ 83.6 88.6 91.3 89.2 94.2 98.2 100.9 96.7 100.3 98.5 98.8 97.3 95.5 98.6 98.6 97.5 98.1 100.0 99.9 96.6 102.1 98.1 98.6 96.8 94.9 94.6 95.6 93.9 96.9 98.8 97.3 95.6 97.4 102.1 99.0 98.9 96.7 97.5 99.1 96.8 100.6 103.0 102.1 99.2 101.5 103.0 100.8 100.1 98.1 100.7 101.5 100.9 101.8 104.6 103.0 101.8 104.4 105.0 103.4 100.9 98.9 99.9 100.7 98.1 102.0 103.2 102.2 100.7 104.0 104.2 103.0 101.7 98.5 101.3 102.2 100.7 104.7 105.9 105.3 103.9 106.5 107.1 104.3 101.7 100.0 100.3 99.2 100.0 100.4 101.6 99.8 96.9 99.2 97.0 95.1 92.4 89.6 89.5 88.9 87.5 89.7 89.7 88.8 86.7 86.7 85.1 82.7 80.4 Average................. ...... 94.8 98.4 97.1 100.0 102.2 101.6 103.5 98.5 87.1 1931 Importance of the Industry The number of establishments, average number of wage earners employed, amount of wages paid, cost of materials, value of products, and of value added by manufacture are given in Table 13 for each of the specified years from 1899 to 1929 for which such figures are avail able for the United States as a whole, and in 1929 only for each of the subdivisions for which 1931 data are presented in this report. These figures for the industry were taken from the reports of the Census of Manufactures for 1929. From them averages per wage earner of yearly wages, cost of materials, value of products, and of value added by manufacture, were computed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, as was the per cent that wages were of value added by manufacture. Average annual wages per wage earner were $1,367 in 1929, as compared with $1,373 in 1927, and ranged by years from $463 in 1899 to $1,373 in 1927. Averages by States in 1929 ranged from a low of $961 to a high of $1,773. Wages formed 35 per cent of the value added by manufacture in 1929 and ranged by years from 34 er cent in 1927 to 40 per cent in 1921. In 1929 the per cent ranged y States from a low of 27 per cent to a high of 41 per cent. E T a b le 13.— Establishments, wage earners, wages, cost 0/ materials, vaZue 0/ products, value added by manufacture, and per capita eamings9 etc., 1899 to 1929 [From United States Census of Manufactures, 1929] Amount paid in wages United States: 1899................................................................. 1904................................................................ 1909................................................................ 1914............................................................... 1919................................................................ 14,836 18,226 23,926 25,963 25,095 60,192 81,278 100,216 124,052 141,592 $27,864,024 43,172, 262 59,351,386 76,866,613 158,237,059 $95,051,952 155,988,868 238,033,663 274,257,468 713,239,411 $175,368,682 269,582,811 396,864,844 491,893,025 1,151,896,318 $80,316,730 113,593,943 158,831,181 217,635,557 438,656,907 $463 531 592 620 1,118 $1,579 1,919 2,375 2,211 5,037 $2,913 3,317 3,960 3,965 8,135 $1,334 1,398 1,585 1,754 3,098 35 38 37 35 36 1921...................................... ......................... 1923................................................ ......... 1925................................................................. 1927......................... ...................— ......... 1929......................... ....................................... 20,173 18,739 17,684 18,129 20,785 148,500 162,613 160,411 171,995 200,841 198,938,825 214,578,951 219,606,219 236,225,862 274,561,581 598,614,000 574,520,502 668,016,500 693,236,163 737,099,500 1,089,971,652 1,122,906,314 1,268,194,507 1,394,700,224 1,526,110,811 491,357,652 548,385,812 600,178,007 701,464,061 789,011,311 1,340 1,320 1,369 1,373 1,367 4,031 3,533 4,164 4,031 3,670 7,340 6,905 7,906 8,109 7,599 3,309 3,372 3,742 4,078 3,929 40 39 37 34 35 1929 Alabama.............................................. ............... Arkansas.......................... .................................... California......................... .................................... Colorado........... ...................................... .......... C onnecticut....................................................... 86 95 1,361 180 353 1,513 898 11,395 1,689 2,562 1,539,701 928,807 17,260,121 2,005,840 3,803,910 4,013,543 2,648,944 44,278,658 5,648,904 9,616,151 8,132,914 5,242,127 88,147,253 11,773,612 19,225,874 4,119,371 2,593,183 43.868,595 6,124,708 9,609,723 1,018 1,034 1,515 1,188 1,485 2,653 2,950 3,886 3,345 3,753 5,375 5,838 7,736 6,971 7,504 2,723 2,888 3,850 3,626 3,751 37 36 39 33 40 Delaware.............. ............................................... District of Columbia.................... ........... ........... Florida................................................. ............... Georgia.................................................... ............. Illinois.................................................. ................ 36 100 187 104 2,208 378 1,346 1,724 1,906 16,929 483,411 2,386,583 1,986,169 1,830,748 25,921,879 1,190,841 4,719,163 5,115,714 6,024,228 66,084,939 2,432,335 10,645,058 10,656,284 12,085,546 138,591,365 1,241,494 5,925,895 5,540,570 6,061,318 72,506,426 1,279 1,773 1,152 961 1,531 3,150 3,506 2,967 3,161 3,904 6,435 7,909 6,181 6,341 8,187 3,284 4,403 3,214 3,180 4,283 39 40 36 30 36 INDtJSTRY Indiana................................................................. Iowa........................................... ......................... Kansas....................................... ......................... Kentucky............................................................. Louisiana.............................................................. 496 404 282 171 208 5,055 3,516 1,791 1,620 2,418 6,343,609 4,048,969 2,070,708 1,965,580 2,358,284 17,817,203 12,555.460 5,671,702 5,455,492 6,800,547 34,502,346 25,016,214 11,668,039 10,205,588 13,489,311 16,685,143 12,460,754 5,996,337 4,750.096 6,688,764 1,255 1,152 1,156 1,213 975 3,525 3,571 3,167 3,368 2,812 6,825 7,115 6,515 6,300 5,579 3,301 3,544 3,348 2,932 2,766 h Cost of materials Value of products Value added by manufac ture 32 V- 35 IMPORTANCE State and year Wage earners (average for the year) OF THE Value Average Cost of Value of added Percent annual material prod by manu wages wages are of ucts per facture per per value wage wage per wage added earner earner wage earner earner Num ber of estab lish ments T a b le 13.— Establishments, wage earners, wages, cost of materials, value of products, value added by manufacture, and per capita earnings, etc., 1899 to 1929— Continued $3,674,546 12,604,024 39,664,130 36,861,421 12,619,050 $7,426,748 25,010,441 80,270,302 73,519,459 26,581,658 $3,752,202 12,406,417 40,606,172 36,658,038 13,962,608 $1,097 1,276 1,316 1,418 1,094 $3,526 3,651 3,809 3,943 3,243 $7,127 7,245 7,709 7,864 6,832 $3,601 3,594 3,900 3,921 3,588 34 36 30 711 217 9,741,689 2,432,672 699,058 11,765,100 52,771,427 26,845,902 7,237,369 2,320,340 28,319,217 135,307,182 59,233,709 16,382,507 4,343,456 57,298,063 295,199,431 32,387,807 9,145,138 2,023,116 28,978,846 159,892,249 1,273 1,129 1,246 1,629 1,566 3,509 3,360 4,136 3,921 4,015 7,743 7,606 7,742 7,933 8,759 4,234 4,246 3,606 4.012 4,744 27 35 41 33 1,291,827 18,496,979 2,090,017 2,166,436 31,180,587 3,757,223 51,605,275 6,247,674 5.580.956 81,254,270 7,229,865 103,235,031 13,222,090 10,888,264 170,608, 502 3,472,642 51,629,756 6,974,416 5,307,308 89,354,232 1,034 1,363 1,225 1,315 1,301 3,008 3,804 3,662 3,389 3,391 5,789 7,609 7,750 6,611 7,121 2,780 3,806 4,088 3,222 3,729 37 36 30 41 35 6,078,614 2,040,647 7,522,669 18,983,769 1,297 1,101 6,925 5,502 6,563 3,475 2,795 3,542 37 1,141 3,449 2,706 3,021 3,289 38 37 36 35 Missouri.........-................. Nebraska—........-.............New Hampshire................. New Jersey........................ New York......................... 3,199 7,650 2,154 561 7,223 33,704 North Carolina...... ........... Ohio.................................. Oklahoma.......................... Oregon.............................. Pennsylvania..................... 1,321 209 218 1,929 1,249 13,567 1,706 1,647 23,960 Rhode Island____________ South Carolina.................. Tennessee..... .................... Texas..................... -........ 155 46 131 587 1,749 730 2,124 5,137 2,268,416 803,956 2,126,581 5,862,247 6.032.956 1,975,490 6,416,379 16,897,278 2,508,145 12, 111, 570 4,016,137 13,939,048 35,881,047 Virginia............................. Washington____________ West Virginia_____ ___ —. Wisconsin.......................... 116 370 124 711 1,709 2,607 1,449 4,758 2,057,504 3,851,830 1,997,549 6,215,213 6,103,789 10,107,700 5,462,092 16,409,610 11,467,974 20,490,217 11,005,655 34,205, 338 5,364,185 10,382,517 5,543,563 17,795,728 1,204 1,477 1,379 1,306 3,572 3,877 3,770 3,449 6,710 7,860 7,595 7,189 3,139 3,983 3,826 3,740 3,605 4,353,168 13,645,993 25,717,361 12,071,368 1,208 3,785 7,134 3,349 AJ1 other States__________ 1,001 31 U, OxO, Ol * DEPARTMENTS $1,143,224 4,404,532 13,700,195 13,255,656 4,255,308 Value added by manufac ture CAKE 1,042 3,452 10,413 9,349 3,891 Value of products AND 133 290 1,077 745 438 Cost of materials HOURS— BREAD Amount paid in wages AND 1939 Maine___________ _____ Maryland......................... Massachusetts_____ ____ _ Michigan.......................... Minnesota______________ Wage earners (average for the year) WAGES State and year Value Average Cost of Value of added Per cent by material prod manu are of ucts per facture per per value per wage added earner earner wage earner earner Num ber of estab lish ments WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS 25 Scope and Method The study of the bakery industry in 1931 was limited to the wage earners in the bread and cake departments of representative bakeries, and to their driver-salesmen who make deliveries of bakery products to customers, make collections, and solicit orders. Wage data are presented in this report for 28,447 wage earners in the bread depart ment of 503 bakeries in 38 States and the District of Columbia and for 2,792 wage earners in the cake department in 228 of these bakeries, there being no cake department in 275. The wage data which were used in compiling the report consisted of days on which each individual wage earner worked in one week and of hours actually worked and earnings made in the week. Such data, except for a few bakeries the officials of which preferred to make transcripts for the bureau, were taken directly from the pay rolls and other records of the bakeries by agents of the bureau. Average earnings per hour of wage earners in each occupation as presented in the various tables in this report were computed by divid ing the combined earnings of all wage earners in the occupation in one week by the combined hours worked by all wage earners in the occupa tion in the week. Average full-time hours per week of all wage earners in each occupation were computed by dividing the combined full-time hours per week of all wage earners in the occupation by the number of wage earners in the occupation in one week. The full-time hours per week of each wage earner were used in arriving at this average, even though some wage earners worked more or less than full time on account of overtime, sickness, disability, or other causes. Average full-time earnings per week of wage earners in each occupa tion were computed by multiplying the average earnings per hour of all wage earners in the occupation by the average full-time hours per week. This is on the assumption that the earnings for full time would have been at the same average rate per hour as for the time that was actually worked in one week. Average actual hours worked in one week (Table A) of the wage earners in each occupation were computed by dividing the total hours worked in the week by all wage earners in the occupation, by the number of wage earners in the occupation. Average actual earnings in one week (Table A) of wage earners in each occupation were computed by dividing the total money earned in the week by all the wage earners in the occupation, by the number of wage earners in the occupation. Table 14 shows the number of wage earners in the bakery industry in each State, as reported by the United States Census of Manufac tures in 1929. It also shows the number of bread departments, cake departments, and wage earners covered by the bureau in the 1931 study. 26 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS 14.— Number of wage earners in the bakery industry in 1929, as reported by Census of Manufactures, and number of establishments and wage earners included in the study in 1931 in each State and department T able State Number of wage earners reported by United States Census Bureau in 1929 Establishments and wage earners for which data are shown for 1931 in this report Number of establish ments Number of wage earners Total Bread de partment Cake de partment Bread de partment .............. Alabama Arkansas................................... California........ ...... .................. Colorado.................... ...... ........ Connecticut............................. Delaware.............. ............... . District, nf Columbia Florida_______________ ____ _ Georgia....................... ............ Illinois...................................... Indiana.......................... ......... Iowa............... ....................... Kansas................. .......... ........ Kentucky________ ____ _____ Louisiana__________________ Maine_______ _____ _________ Maryland__________________ Massachusetts____ ____ _____ Michigan__________________ Minnesota_________________ Missouri___________________ Nebraska__________________ New Hampshire____________ New Jersey_________________ New York__________________ North Carolina_____________ Ohio ___________________ Oklahoma..________________ Oregon ___________________ Pennsylvania_______________ Rhode Island_______________ South Carolina_____________ Tennessee__________________ Texas______________________ Utah ..................................... Virginia____________________ Washington________________ Wftfit. Virginia W isconsin__________________ All other States....................... 1,513 898 11,395 1,689 2,562 378 1,346 1,724 1,906 16,929 5,055 3,516 1,791 1,620 2,418 1,042 3,452 10,413 9,349 3,891 7,650 2,154 561 7,223 33, 704 1,249 13,567 1,706 1,647 23,960 1,749 730 2,124 5,137 665 1,709 2,607 1,449 4,758 3,605 9 8 14 9 10 4 6 12 8 35 20 15 6 7 16 8 10 19 10 11 16 8 7 15 45 8 27 9 5 36 10 10 11 11 6 12 13 5 12 4 16 4 16 1 2 29 6 2 7 4 3 10 7 2 6 315 196 1,429 449 425 168 586 364 332 2,348 586 537 208 277 490 201 753 912 1,059 587 1,030 336 174 1,028 3,751 198 1, 935 351 286 3,689 412 171 411 407 226 417 486 204 713 Total............................... 200,841 503 228 28 447 5 5 2 3 5 3 3 4 7 9 4 1 5 7 4 6 10 6 6 7 7 Cake de partment 42 39 39 69 31 22 197 40 238 18 42 586 44 7 69 50 52 48 50 18 58 357 235 1,468 518 456 168 622 369 366 2,493 743 562 214 313 518 261 829 1,040 1,178 634 1,077 420 174 1,050 3,948 238 2,173 369 328 4,275 456 178 480 457 278 465 536 222 771 2,792 31,239 36 5 34 145 157 25 6 36 28 60 76 128 119 47 47 84 Occupations The specified occupations for which data are, presented in this bulletin are arranged below as nearly as possible in order of manu facture, and are defined in the Appendix (pp. 95 to 104), as are each of the occupations included in the group designated ‘ Other employees.” Bread department: Receiving clerks. Mixers. Bench hands or hand bakers. Dividers or scalers and rounders. Molders Oven men. Helpers. Laborers; Wrappers^ Packers. Bread department— Continued. Dri ver-sales men. Apprentices. Other employees. Cake department: Cake makers. Oven men. linishers. Helpers. Wrappers and packers; WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS 27 General Tables In addition to the preceding summary or text tables, five general tables are presented as follows: T a b l e A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1931, by depart ment, occupation, sex, and city. The presentation in this table in parallel columns of “Average full-time hours per week” and “Average hours actually worked in 1 week” is for the purpose of easy comparison of the hours that would have been worked in the week had all employees in the occupa tion worked no more nor less than full time, with the average hours that were actually worked in the week. One shows the full-time hours under normal conditions, while the other shows the hours actually worked in the week by all employees in the occupation in each city and in all cities combined. On page 50, the table shows that the 28,447 wage earners in the bread department of the 503 bakeries included in the study worked an average of 5.9 days in the week covered by the study; that their aver age full-time hours per week were 54.9; that they actually worked an average of 53.8 hours in the week or 98 per cent of full time; that they earned an average of 54.8 cents per hour and $29.49 in the week; that, had they worked full time at the same average per hour as was earned in the 53.8 hours, they would have earned an average of $30.09. T a b l e B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in four speci fied occupations in bread department, 1931, by city. T a b l e C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city. T a b l e D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city. T a b l e E.— Average and classified earnings in one week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city. A .— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city T able BREAD DEPARTM EN T 1 Occupation, sex, and city Receiving clerks, male: Albany, N. Y .......................... Atlanta, Ga............................. Baltimore, M d ........................ Birmingham, Ala.................— Boston, Mass.......................... Bridgeport, Conn................... Buffalo, N. Y .......................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa............... Charleston, S. C ..................... Charlotte, N. C ...................... Chattanooga, Tenn................. Num ber of estab lish ments 4 4 11 5 5 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.2 5.8 2 6.0 5 6.0 6.0 3 0 0) 3 6.0 0) (») i For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total 4 4 7 4 5 2 3 2 1 2 1 Aver age Aver Aver age Num days age Per hours cent on of ber of which full actu full time wage wage ally hours worked earn earners time worked ers worked per in week week in week 50.6 59.5 54.9 60.8 51.6 54.0 54.0 55.0 0) 58.0 0) 50.6 59.5 54.0 60.8 48.9 54.0 54.0 55.0 0) 58.0 (l) Aver age earn ings per hour 100.0 $0,481 .482 100.0 98.4 .464 100.0 .349 94.8 .630 100.0 .620 .604 100.0 .427 100.0 0) 0) 100.0 503 0) <l) Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week $24.38 28.69 25.47 21.20 32.51 33.50 32.60 23.50 29?17 <*> $24.38 28.69 25.05 21.20 30.80 33.50 32.60 23.50 0) 29.17 (»> 28 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE D35PARTMENTS T a b l e A .— Average number o f days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked , 1931, by department, occupation , sex, and city — C o n . BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued Occupation, sex, and city Receiving clerks, male—Contd. Chicago, 111............................. Cincinnati, Ohio..................... Cleveland, Ohio...................... Columbia, S. C....................... Columbus, Ohio.................... Dallas, Tex............................. Denver, Colo......................... Des Moines, Iowa............ ...... Detroit, Mich......................... Duluth, Minn.......... ........... .. Erie, Pa----------------------------Grand Rapids, M ich-----------Hartford, Conn....................... Houston, Tex......................... Huntington, W. Va................ Indianapolis, Ind................. .. Jacksonville, Fla..................... Lincoln, Nebr...........- ......... . Little Rock, Ark................. .. Los Angeles, C alif-............ . Louisville, Ky......................... Madison, Wis......................... Memphis, Tenn...................... Miami, F la ............................ Milwaukee, Wis____________ Minneapolis, Minn................. Mobile, Ala............................. Nashua, N. H ......................... Nashville, Tenn...................... Newark, N. J.......................... New Orleans, La..................... New York, N. Y ..................... Norfolk, Va................ - ........... Ogden, Utah........................... Oklahoma City, Okla............. Omaha, Nebr.......................— Pawtucket, R. I------- ---------Peoria, 111.............................. Philadelphia, Pa................... Pittsburgh, Pa......... .......... . Portland, Oreg.............. ........Providence, R. I ..................... Pueblo, Colo........................... Richmond, Va........................ Roanoke, Va........................... Rockford, 111........... - .............. Sacramento, Calif.............. . St. Joseph, M o........................ St. Louis, M o.......................... Salt Lake City, Utah.......... . San Francisco, Calif............... Savannah, Ga......................... Scranton, Pa........................... Seattle, Wash........... .............. Shreveport, La....... ............ . Sioux City, Iowa................... . Spokane, Wash....................... Syracuse, N. Y ........................ Tacoma, Wash...................... . Tampa, Fla............................. Topeka, Kans......................... Trenton, N. J.......................... Tulsa, Okla............................. Washington, D; C .................. Wheeling, W. Va.................... Wichita, Kans......................... Wilmington, Del.................... Num ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers 18 6 10 3 3 2 6 6 6 2 3 4 2 3 1 4 3 1 1 7 2 3 2 4 7 7 2 1 2 8 3 19 2 2 3 3 2 2 14 11 5 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 7 3 5 3 3 3 1 4 2 4 1 2 1 2 3 6 2 2 2 25 7 15 3 4 3 6 8 8 2 3 4 2 4 0) 4 4 8 11 2 3 2 4 10 8 3 3 2 10 4 24 4 2 3 3 2 2 21 11 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 0) 9 4 6 3 5 3 0) 4 2 5 0 2 0) 2 3 6 2 3 2 Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 5.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.8 0) 6.0 6.0 (*) 0) 5.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 0) 6.1 5.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 0) 6.2 6.0 6.0 0) 6.0 0) 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. Aver Aver age Per age of full hours actu cent full time ally hours worked time worked per in week week 49.7 49.7 50.9 52.5 55.5 52.0 49.0 57.0 52.6 51.0 58.0 55.6 54.0 62.3 0) 54.5 61.0 0) 0) 52.9 57.0 52.0 57.0 56.8 52.8 52.5 58.0 54.0 56.0 48.3 48.0 49.3 57.5 54.0 56.0 54.0 54.0 51.0 51.8 51.3 48.0 49.5 48.0 54.5 53.5 55.5 48.0 0) 55.0 54.0 48.0 59.3 51.6 51.0 0) 55.5 48.0 51.6 0) 57.0 0) 51.0 52.0 52.5 54.0 54.0 53.0 49.9 49.7 52.2 52.5 55.5 52.0 49.0 59.1 54.9 46.5 58.0 56.0 54.0 59.5 0) 54.5 61.0 0) (*) 48.9 57.0 52.0 57.0 56.8 52.8 47.3 58.0 54.0 56.0 48.3 48.0 50.0 57.5 54.0 56.0 54.0 54.0 51.0 51.6 51.3 48.2 49.5 48.0 40.8 53.5 55.5 48.0 0) 55.0 47.3 48.0 59.3 51.6 51.0 0) 55.5 48.0 51.6 0) 57.0 0) 51.0 52.0 52.5 54.0 54.7 53.0 Aver age earn ings per hour Aver Aver age age full actual time earn earn ings ings in per week week 100.4 $0.707 $35.14 $35.27 100.0 .523 26.06 26.06 102.6 .620 31. 56 32.34 100.0 .413 21. 67 21.67 100.0 .561 31.13 31.13 100.0 .503 26.17 26.17 100.0 .537 26.33 26.33 103.7 22.52 .395 23.34 104.4 .637 33. 51 35.00 91.2 .605 30.86 28.13 .439 100.0 25.43 25.43 100.7 .436 24.24 24.41 100.0 .417 22.50 22.50 95.5 .456 28.41 27.13 0) 0) 0) 0) 100.0 .665 36. 25 36.25 100.0 .418 25. 50 25.50 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 8 92.4 .596 31.53 29.11 100.0 .474 27.00 27.00 100.0 .545 28. 33 28.33 100.0 .667 38.00 38.00 100.0 .419 23.75 23.75 100.0 .608 32.10 32.10 90.1 .487 25. 57 23.02 100.0 .506 29.33 29.33 100.0 .481 26.00 26.00 100.0 .424 23.75 23. 75 100.0 .759 36. 65 36.65 100.0 .417 20.00 20.00 101.4 .699 34.92 34.46 100.0 .613 35. 25 35.25 100.0 .509 27. 50 27.50 100.0 .518 29.00 29.00 .562 100.0 30.33 30.33 100.0 .407 22.00 22.00 .569 100.0 29.00 29.00 99.6 .548 28.39 28.30 100.0 .550 28.18 28.18 100.4 22. 61 .471 22.70 100.0 .515 25.50 25.50 .594 100.0 28.50 28.50 74.9 .552 30.08 22.50 100.0 .383 20.50 20.50 100.0 .378 21.00 21.00 100.0 .578 27.75 27.75 0) 0) 0) 0) 100.0 .539 29.64 29.64 30.24 87.6 .560 26.44 100.0 .776 37.25 37.25 100.0 .363 21.55 21.55 .523 100.0 27.00 27.00 .768 39.17 39.17 100.0 0) 0) 0) 0) .459 25.50 25.50 100.0 .833 100.0 40.00 40.00 .547 28.20 28.20 100.0 0) (>) 0) (l) 100.0 .469 26.75 26.75 0) 0) 0) 0) .608 100.0 31.00 31.00 .583 30.33 30.33 100.0 32.08 .611 32.08 100.0 .417 22.50 100.0 22.50 101.3 .489 26.41 26.75 100.0 30.50 .575 30.50 29 GENERAL TABLES A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con. T a b le BREAD DEPARTMENT—Continued Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week Aver Aver age Aver Per age age full hours cent of earn actu full time ings ally hours worked time worked per per in hour week week Num ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers Receiving clerks, male—Contd. Winston-Salem, N. C ............. Worcester, Mass..................... Youngstown, Ohio.................. 2 3 3 2 3 3 6.0 6.0 6.0 60.0 54.0 54.0 60.0 54.0 54.0 Total..................................... 308 376 6.0 52.8 52.5 99.4 51.4 58.0 54.8 54.2 52.8 49.0 51.9 54.8 54.2 53.8 55.2 51.1 48.9 52.7 55.2 53.5 53.9 58.0 53.7 54.2 51.5 50.3 54.7 54.8 54.2 54.8 55.2 50.3 46.8 51.6 55.2 45.3 Occupation, sex, and city Mixers, male: 5 5 Albany, N. Y .......................... 6.0 4 9 Atlanta, Ga............................. 6.0 19 10 Baltimore, M d........................ 5.9 Birmingham, Ala.................... 5 9 6.2 10 30 5.9 Boston, Mass.......................... 5 Bridgeport, Conn................... 6 6.0 14 4 Buffalo, N. Y .......................... 5.9 Cedar Rapids, Iowa............... > 3 6 6.0 4 Charleston, S. C..................... 5 6.0 4 Charlotte, N. C ...................... 5 6.0 4 Chattanooga, Tenn.......- ........ 6 6.0 24 74 Chicago, 111.............................. 6.0 6 Cincinnati, Ohio..................... 20 5.7 10 28 Cleveland, Ohio...................... 6.1 Columbia, S. C ....................... 5 6 6.0 5 Columbus, Ohio...................... 12 6.0 1 Covington, K y........................ (0 (9 5 6.4 Dallas, Tex.............................. 11 Denver, Colo........................... 6 13 6.0 Des Moines, Iowa................... 6 11 6.0 6 Detroit, Mich................. ........ 27 6.1 4 Duluth, Minn......................... 6.1 7 5 Erie, P a.................................. 5 6.0 6 Evansville, Ind------------------8 6.0 Fall River, Mass..................... 4 6 6.0 3 Fort Smith, Ark..................... 3 6.0 Grand Rapids, Mich.............. 4 8 4.8 Hartford, Conn....................... 5 10 6.0 Houston, Tex.......................... 5 8 6.0 Huntington, W. Va................ 3 6 6.0 Indianapolis, Ind.................... 15 6.0 9 2 5 6.2 Jacksonville, Fla..................... Lewiston and Auburn, M e ... 4 6 6.0 Lincoln, Nebr......................... 4 6 6.0 Little Rock, Ark..................... 5 8 5.6 Los Angeles, Calif................... 7 30 5.7 Louisville, Ky......................... 5 9 6.0 Madison, Wis......................... 5 7 6.0 Manchester, N. H................... 3 5 6.0 Memphis, Tenn...................... 3 8 6.0 4 Miami, Fla.............................. 6 6.0 Milwaukee, Wis...................... 7 19 6.0 Minneapolis, M inn................ 7 19 6.0 4 6 Mobile, Ala............................. 6.0 Nashua, N. H ......................... 4 3 6.0 Nashville, Tenn...................... 4 7 6.1 Newark, N. J.......................... 9 19 5.9 New Orleans, La..................... 17 11 6.0 74 New York, N. Y ..................... 29 5.5 4 Norfolk, Va............................. 6 6.0 Ogden, Utah........................... 2 2 4.5 Oklahoma City, Okla............. 5 9 6.0 Omaha, Nebr.......................... 4 6.0 9 4 6 Pawtucket, R. I...................... 6.0 Peoria, 111................................ 4 7 6.0 Philadelphia, Pa..................... 50 15 6.0 Pittsburgh, Pa........................ 12 36 6.0 Portland, Me.......................... 3 6 6.0 Portland, Oreg........................ 5 9 6.0 Providence, R. I ..................... 6 11 6.0 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. 106770°—*33------- 8 0) (0 48.7 48.0 55.1 51.5 50.6 55.2 48.0 56.0 57.8 54.8 52.6 49.5 56.0 54.6 51.9 57.9 49.1 56.0 57.8 55.0 55.0 54.1 52.3 48.9 48.0 57.0 57.7 52.9 52.4 57.3 54.0 56.7 48.8 48.1 48.0 56.5 54.0 51.0 52.7 54.0 50.6 51.9 49.8 49.0 48.0 50.2 49.6 50.9 57.8 50.7 48.0 58.8 57.7 51.7 54.6 57.3 54.0 58.1 49.6 48.3 45.8 56.5 40.5 51.0 55.1 54.0 52.9 52.4 50.4 49.0 49.1 51.8 52.2 61.1 56.0 53.6 54.4 54.0 59.7 52.2 61.1 55.8 54.4 58.0 54.0 59.7 100.0 $0,475 .623 100.0 .512 100.0 Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week $28.50 33.67 27.67 $28.50 33.67 27.67 .557 29.41 29.28 104.9 100.0 98.0 100.0 97.5 102.7 105.4 100.0 100.0 101.9 100.0 98.4 95.7 97.9 100.0 84.7 .665 .389 .613 .598 .629 .762 .642 .558 .502 .454 .459 .801 .754 .685 .356 .618 34.18 22.56 33.59 32.44 33.21 37.34 33.32 30.60 27.20 24.43 25.33 40.93 36.87 36.10 19.67 33.06 35.86 22.56 32.95 32.44 32.38 38.36 35.12 30.60 27.20 24.90 25.33 40.30 35.33 35.33 19.67 28.01 108.0 103.1 101.6 106.0 102.6 104.9 102.3 100.0 100.0 100.4 .772 .766 .516 .633 .581 .532 37.60 36.77 28.43 32.60 29.40 29.37 40.63 37.93 28.87 34.56 30.13 30.81 .548 25.00 23.67 30.03 25.00 23.67 30.14 90.2 94.1 110.5 103.7 100.0 103.2 100.0 97.7 104.2 100.0 100.0 102.5 101.6 100.4 95.4 100.0 75.0 100.0 104.6 100.0 104.5 101.0 101.2 100.0 102.3 103.2 .581 .683 .586 .809 .717 .503 .370 .604 .545 .387 .569 .392 .870 .671 .914 .487 .543 .749 .507 .685 .702 .634 .717 .602 .778 .679 (0 100.0 100.0 99.6 101.5 106.6 100.0 100.0 0) .744 .446 .409 .697 .514 .562 .540 .439 .574 .430 0) 35.71 36.40 31.44 31.47 28.94 23.88 31.00 25.67 31.96 36.95 30.65 39.56 34.40 28.67 21.33 31.95 28.56 22.17 30.75 22.23 42.46 32.28 43.87 27.50 29.32 38.22 26.72 37.00 35.52 32.90 35.71 29.50 37.34 34.09 0) 36.51 36.40 31.44 31.36 29.38 25.49 31.00 25.67 28.84 34.79 33.88 41.04 34.40 29.55 21.33 31.22 29.75 22.17 30.75 22.81 43.11 32.44 41.89 27.50 22.00 38.22 28.41 37.00 37.13 33.24 36.12 29.50 38.17 35.19 30 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con. T a b le BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued Occupation, sex, and city Num ber of estab lish ments Mixers, male—Continued. Pueblo, Colo_______________ Num ber of wage earn ers 3 4 Rfahniond, 4 Roanoke, Va Rockford, Tl] 3 Sacramento, Calif__________ 2 4 St. Joseph, M o_____________ 11 St. Louis, Mo ___ 4 Salt Lake City, Utah_______ 5 San Francisco, Calif________ Savannah, (T-a ., --4 4 Scranton, Pa_______________ 6 Seattle, W ash........................ 4 Shreveport, La_____________ 5 Sioux City, Tnwa _ . 4 South Bend, Ind___________ 3 Spokane, Wash_____________ 6 Syracuse, N. Y _____________ Tacoma, Wash_____________ 4 4 TftiTipa, - - - ■2 Topeka, Kans______________ 5 Trenton, N. J______________ Tulsa, Okla......... ............ ...... 4 Washington, D. C__________ 5 Wheeling, W .V a ___________ 2 Wichita, Kans_____________ 4 Wilmington, Del..................... 4 Winston-Salem, N. C_______ 3 Worcester, Mass_____ ____ 5 4 Youngstown, Ohio__________ Total____________________ Bench hands or hand bakers, male: Albany, N. Y ______________ Atlanta, Qa________________ Baltimore, M d _____________ Birmingham, Ala___________ Boston, Mass______________ Bridgeport, Conn___________ Buffalo, N. Y .......................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa________ Charleston, S. C____________ Charlotte, N. C ....................... Chattanooga, Tenn_________ Chicago, 111________________ Cincinnati, Ohio____________ Cleveland, Ohio— ................. Columbia, S. C..... .................. Columbus, Ohio— ............... Covington, K y _____________ Dallas, Tex.............................. Denver, C olo........................ . Des Moines, Iowa................... Detroit, Mich.... ..................... Duluth, Minn ______ Erie, Pa................................... Evansville, Ind....................... Fort Smith, Ark ................. Grand Rapids, M ich.............. Hartford, Conn..... .................. Houston, T e x ______________ Huntington, W. Va................ Indianapolis, Ind___________ Jacksonville, Fla___________ Lincoln, Nebr..............- .......... Little Rock, Ark..................... Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week Aver age earn ings per hour Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week 3 9 Va 4 5 5 9 37 7 17 5 8 10 5 7 4 5 9 6 6 5 9 9 11 5 6 6 3 8 6 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.6 6.0 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.2 6.0 6.0 4.0 6.0 5.5 6.2 6.0 6.1 6.1 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 48.0 54.2 53.8 52.8 48.0 48.0 48.0 54.0 48.0 61.2 51.3 45.6 53.4 53.1 55.5 48.0 50.9 49.0 55.3 48.0 49.8 56.3 48.0 50.4 53.0 55.0 60.7 53.1 55.0 49.2 55.8 53.8 52.8 48.0 48.3 47.4 55.4 45.2 61.2 51.3 45.6 47.4 54.9 55.5 48.3 53.1 39.3 55.3 48.0 50.8 56.4 45.4 49.2 57.3 55.0 60.7 55.2 51.0 102.5 103.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.6 98.8 102.6 94.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 88.8 103.4 100.0 100.6 304.3 80.2 100.0 300.0 302.0 300.2 94.6 97.6 ]08.1 300.0 }00.0 .04.0 92.7 482 1,027 5.9 51.7 51.5 99.6 .676 34.95 34.82 5 2 10 4 7 5 3 3 4 3 2 26 5 8 6 4 2 3 6 6 5 3 5 20 7 49 12 43 25 33 9 8 7 4 250 21 67 11 7 6 7 27 14 42 11 13 10 3 18 11 8 0) 22 8 5 5 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.2 5.9 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 5.9 5.2 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.2 6.1 5.9 6.0 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.4 6.0 6.0 (l) 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 53.3 60.9 55.1 63.3 51.2 48.5 54.0 54.6 52.6 55.7 59.5 49.2 48.6 51.2 58.6 52.7 48.0 48.0 48.0 54.0 50.5 51.8 55.4 48.0 59.5 55.4 52.9 61.0 0) 53.4 60.3 60.4 54.0 55.4 60.9 52.9 60.3 50.2 46.8 51.0 54.6 52.6 53.6 59.5 47.4 43.2 49.4 58.6 47.3 41.3 48.6 46.5 54.0 49.8 51.8 53.6 48.0 59.5 38.1 52.9 60.0 (») 52.1 60.3 60.4 54.0 103.9 100.0 96.0 95.3 98.0 96.5 94.4 L00.0 100.0 96.2 100.0 96.3 88.9 96.5 100.0 89.8 86.0 101.3 96.9 100.0 98.6 100.0 96.8 100.0 100.0 68.8 100.0 98.2 0) 97.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 .541 .342 .541 .358 .636 .793 .557 .354 .352 .361 .347 .808 .765 .597 .337 .557 .763 .737 .716 .464 .629 .494 .493 .621 .336 .473 .553 .428 0) .463 .378 .320 .435 28.84 20.79 29.81 22.66 32.56 38.46 30.08 19.33 18.50 20.11 20.63 39.75 37.18 30.57 19.77 29.35 36.62 35.38 34.37 25.07 31.76 25.60 27.31 29.80 20.00 26.20 29.27 26.11 0) 24.72 22.76 19.30 23.46 29.94 20.79 28.58 21.60 31.95 37.07 28.42 19.33 18.50 19.36 20.63 38.32 33.02 29.50 19.77 26.35 31.55 35.79 33.28 25.07 31.37 25.60 26.39 29.80 20.00 18.03 29.27 25.68 0) 24.11 22.76 19.30 23.46 5 2 4 4 4 1 9 4 2 4 1 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. Aver Aver age Per age of full hours actu cent full time ally hours worked time worked per in week week $0,712 $34.18 $35.00 .651 35.28 36.39 .463 24.88 24.88 .587 31.00 31.00 1.033 49.57 49.57 .695 33.36 33.57 .876 42.05 41.53 .584 31.54 32.31 .985 47.28 44.55 .302 18.47 18.47 .607 31.13 31.13 1.153 52.58 52.58 .501 26.75 23.73 .595 31.59 32.66 .523 29.00 29.00 1.081 51.89 52.21 33.03 .649 34.49 49.44 1.009 39.67 .443 24.50 24.50 35.40 .738 35.40 .739 36.80 37.54 .515 28.99 29.07 1.162 55.78 52.78 .573 28.88 28.18 .462 24.49 26.52 .506 27.83 27.83 .396 24.00 24.00 34.30 .646 35.64 .583 32.07 29.63 31 GENERAL TABLES Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of fuU time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and — Con. T a b l e A .— BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued Occupation, sex, and d ty Num ber of estab lish ments Aver age Num days on ber of which wage wage earn earners ers worked in week Bench hands or hand bakers, male—Continued. 6 90 Los Angeles, Calif__________ 3 Louisville, K y______________ 15 4 14 Madison, Wis______________ 3 Miami, Fla ........................... 7 Milwankp.A, Wis 7 56 Minneapolis, Minn a 29 4 12 Mobile, Ala________________ NftShyillft, TVwin __ 3 13 Newark, N. J___ __________ 8 45 10 38 New Orleans, La___________ New York, N. Y ..................... 26 237 Norfolk, Va............................. 4 7 3 10 Oklahoma City, Okla_______ 2 Omaha, Nebr, _ ..... ............. 13 11 2 Pawtucket, R. I____________ 4 Peoria, 111................................ 18 13 164 Philadelphia, Pa..................... 12 Pittsburgh, Pa_____________ 81 1 Portland, Me_______________ 0) 11 4 _____________ Portland, Oreg 5 Providence, R. I____________ 15 1 Pueblo, Colo..... .................... . (*) Richmond, Va____ _________ 4 19 Roanoke, Va_______________ 2 3 Rockford, 111............................ 3 8 1 Sacramento, Calif___________ 0) _____________ St. Joseph, 3 M5o St. Louis, M o____ _________ 10 41 11 Salt Lake City, Utah.............. 4 5 30 San Francisco, Calif________ Savannah, Qa______________ 4 10 4 Scranton, Pa........................... 16 4 9 Seattle, Wash______________ 3 4 Shreveport, La____ _________ 5 19 Sioux City, Iowa................... . 4 8 South Bend, Ind__________ 1 Spokane, Wash_____________ 0) 5 22 Syracuse, N. Y ____________ Tacoma, Wash_____________ 3 10 8 Tampa, Fla............................ 3 2 5 Topeka, Kans_____________ 4 14 Trenton, N. J.......................... 2 Tulsa, Okla_______________ 3 Washington, D. C................. 6 67 1 Wheeling, W. Va.................... 0) 2 5 Wichita, Kans......................... 3 16 Wilmington, Del................... Winston-Salem, N. C ............. 3 10 4 15 Worcester, Mass...................... 6 11 Youngstown, Ohio............ ... Total. __....... ......... ............. Dividers or scalers and rounders, male: Albany, N. Y .......................... Atlanta, Ga________________ Baltimore, M d_____________ Birmingham, Ala___________ Boston, Mass______________ Bridgeport, Conn___ _______ Buffalo, N. Y .......................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa....... ........ Charleston. S. C...................... 5.7 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.3 6.0 5.9 6.2 5.9 5.8 4.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.0 5.7 6.0 0) 5.1 5.8 0) 6.0 6.0 6.0 0) 6.0 5.1 6.0 5.1 5.5 6.0 4.8 6.3 5.8 6.0 0) 5.9 4.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 0) 5.4 6.0 6.0 5.8 5.6 53.5 56.2 50.6 57.1 53.5 51.5 56.8 57.2 48.5 48.1 47.2 57.3 51.0 49.8 54.0 50.7 50.7 50.1 0) 48.0 51.2 0) 54.5 53.0 51.8 0) 48.0 48.0 54.0 48.0 62.0 51.9 45.3 52.3 51.8 55.5 0) 50.2 48.0 55.5 48.0 49.1 54.0 48.0 0) 50.4 53.1 61.2 50.0 56.2 51.3 57.5 47.9 52.7 44.9 53.3 55.9 57.7 49.5 47.5 37.2 57.3 51.0 49.8 52.4 51.8 48.7 50.2 (l) 41.8 49.5 0) 57.1 53.0 51.8 0) 48.1 42.6 55.3 40.5 56.8 52.5 35.1 52.3 49.0 55.5 0) 51.8 38.7 55.5 48.0 49.1 57.7 40.2 0) 45.9 53.1 61.2 51.4 53.2 Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week 95.9 $0,632 .480 102.3 .663 94.7 .307 92.3 .531 83.9 .508 103.5 .356 98.4 .343 100.9 .749 102.1 .524 98.8 78.8 1.049 100.0 .389 100.0 .641 100.0 .501 .531 97.0 .635 102.2 .564 96.1 .594 100.2 0) 0) .687 87.1 .651 96.7 0) 0) .544 105.0 .374 100.0 .541 100.0 0) <») .653 100.2 .803 88.8 .492 102.4 .968 84.4 .279 91.6 101.2 .500 77.5 1.132 100.0 .421 .546 94.6 100.0 .482 0) 0) .543 103.2 .907 80.6 100.0 .363 100.0 .708 .660 100.0 .521 106.9 83.8 1.160 0) 0) .427 91.1 .468 100.0 .308 100.0 .601 102.8 .505 94.7 $33.81 26.98 33.55 17.53 28.41 26.16 20.22 19.62 36.33 25.20 49.51 22.26 32.70 24.97 28.67 32.19 28.59 29.76 0) 32.98 33.33 (0 29.65 19.80 28.00 0) 31.34 38.54 26.57 46.46 17.30 25.95 51.28 22.00 28.28 26.75 (*) 27.26 43.54 20.13 34.00 32.43 28.13 55.68 0) 21.52 24.88 18.85 30.05 28.38 $32.42 27.62 31.71 16.19 23.87 27.08 19.89 19.78 37.07 24.92 39.00 22.26 32.70 24.97 27.82 32.90 27.46 29.80 0) 28.67 32.23 0) 31.10 19.80 28.00 0) 31.37 34.22 27.18 39.25 15.85 26.25 39.74 22.00 26.77 26.75 0) 28.13 35.05 20.13 34.00 32.43 30.05 46.66 0) 19.58 24.88 18.85 30.89 26.85 398 2,046 5.6 51.0 48.0 94.1 .659 33.61 31.63 5 4 8 5 8 3 3 3 3 5 6 16 5 21 5 8 6 3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 51.4 59.0 54.9 60.0 52.9 48.0 52.5 54.7 56.3 53.2 59.0 54.6 58.0 52.9 50.9 54.1 54.7 56.3 103.5 100.0 99.5 96.7 100.0 106.0 103.0 100.0 100.0 .577 .345 .561 .400 .531 .554 .620 .402 .355 29.66 20.35 30.80 24.00 28.04 26.59 32.55 22.00 20.00 30.68 20.35 30.63 23.23 28.04 28.22 33.57 22.00 20.00 1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. Aver Aver Aver age age Per full hours cent of age actu earn time full ally ings hours worked time per worked hour per in week week 32 WAGES AND HOtfRS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and' city— Con. T able BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued Occupation, sex, and city Dividers or scalers and rounders, male—Continued. Charlotte, N. C ____________ Chattanooga, Tfirm Chioago, Til Cincinnati, Ohio Clftyp.land, Ohio Colombia, STO _ __ _ __ Columbus, Ohio_ _ r>allas, T er... Denver, Colo_______________ Des Moines, Iowa__________ Detroit, M ich____ __________ Duluth, Minn Erie, Pa___________________ TCvansvillfl, Tnd ... . Fall River, Mass___________ Fort Smith, Arlr Grand Rapids, M ich_______ TTn.rt.fnrd, CJonn __ Houston, Tex______________ Huntington, W. Va................ Indianapolis, Ind___________ Jacksonville, Fla___________ Lewiston and Auburn, M e ... Lincoln, Nebr______________ Little Rock, Ark___________ Los Angeles, Calif__________ Louisville, K y______________ Madison, Wis______________ Manchester, N. H__________ Memphis, Tenn____________ Miami, Fla________________ Milwaukee, Wis____________ Minneapolis. Minn_________ Mobile, Ala............................. Nashua, N. H ______________ Nashville, Tenn____________ Newark, N. J .......................... New Orleans, La___________ New York, N. Y ___________ Norfolk, Va............................. Ogden, Utah_______________ Oklahoma City, Okla_______ Omaha, Nebr______________ Pawtucket, R. I____________ Peoria, 111_____ ____________ Philadelphia, Pa.................... Pittsburgh, Pa_____________ Portland, Me______________ Portland, Oreg_____________ Providence, R. I____________ Pueblo, Colo____ _____ _____ Richmond, Va_____________ Roanoke, Va_______________ Rockford, 111.............. ............ Sacramento, Calif__________ St. Joseph, M o........................ St. Louis, M o.............. ........... Salt Lake City, Utah_______ San Francisco, Calif________ Savannah, Ga______________ Scranton, Pa_______________ Seattle, wash______________ Shreveport, La_____________ Sioux City, Iowa___________ South Bend, Ind___________ Spokane, Wash....................... Num ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers 3 4 14 5 8 2 5 4 6 5 6 1 2 3 4 1 4 2 4 3 6 2 4 3 4 7 4 2 3 3 4 7 6 3 3 3 7 10 17 3 2 3 4 3 3 13 10 3 5 3 2 4 4 3 2 3 10 4 5 3 4 6 3 3 2 3 3 4 49 14 14 2 7 4 8 8 15 4 2 3 6 0) 4 3 9 3 9 3 6 3 5 14 6 4 3 7 6 16 10 4 3 5 24 13 65 6 2 5 5 3 5 70 28 5 8 4 2 9 4 5 4 5 19 4 12 4 8 9 3 4 2 3 Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.1 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.0 5.5 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 0) 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.8 5.3 5.0 6.0 5.6 6.2 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.3 5.2 5.8 6.0 5.9 6.7 5.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.4 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 4.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. Aver Aver Aver Aver Aver age age Pir age age full hours age full cent of actual earn time actu full time earn ings earn ally hours worked time ings per ings woiked hour per in per in week week week 1 week 55.7 53.3 51.1 49.7 52.3 51.8 53.6 48.0 48.0 55.5 51.9 54.0 54.0 48.0 53.0 0) 55.6 50.0 60.6 56.0 53.3 57.3 54.0 60.7 54.8 52.7 52.0 52.5 48.0 56.6 57.7 53.3 52.8 56.0 54.0 58.4 49.6 48.0 48.6 55.7 54.0 51.0 51.6 54.0 51.6 51.5 49.8 49.2 48.0 49.5 48.0 54.8 53.8 51.6 48.0 48.0 48.0 54.0 48.0 60.0 51.5 44.7 52.0 54.0 54.0 48.0 55.7 53.3 46.9 43.0 50.4 51.8 46.5 52.4 48.6 51.6 53.5 54.0 49.8 49.8 53.0 0) 55.5 51.2 61.4 55.7 52.8 57.3 54.0 60.7 53.2 51.9 45.6 50.8 47.8 52.9 59.2 49.7 53.7 56.0 54.0 49.9 49.6 48.7 48.2 55.7 49.5 50.0 53.2 54.0 53.9 51.3 50.2 49.2 42.8 49.5 48.0 53.5 53.8 51.6 48.0 48.8 48.0 56.4 38.7 60.0 51.5 44.3 54.7 50.0 54.0 48.0 100.0 $0.287 $16.00 $16.00 .376 20.00 100.0 20.00 91.8 .667 34.08 31.33 86.5 .655 32.55 28.13 96.4 .602 31.48 30. 32 100.0 .203 10.50 10.50 £6.8 .523 28.03 24.32 1C9.2 .740 35.52 38.77 33.84 .705 101.3 34.26 €>3.0 .413 22.92 21.27 103.1 .573 29.74 30.65 100.0 .324 17.50 17.50 92.2 .341 18.41 16.96 103.8 .523 25.10 26.01 1(0.0 .387 20.50 20.50 0) (*) 0) 0) 99.8 .489 27.19 27.10 102.4 .623 31.15 31.87 1(1.3 21.39 .353 21.67 99.5 .441 24.70 24.53 {•9.1 25.32 .475 25.12 100.0 .317 18.17 18.17 20.43 100.0 .378 20.43 100.0 19. 33 .319 19. 33 97.1 22.85 .417 22.19 98.5 .587 30.93 30.46 87.7 .527 27.40 24.04 27.72 96.8 .528 26.82 {*9.6 .577 27.70 27.59 22.41 93.5 .396 20.98 102.6 .368 21.23 21.75 93.2 .480 25.58 23.83 101.7 25.92 .491 26.36 100.0 .366 20.50 20.50 100.0 .395 21. 33 21.33 85.4 .310 18.10 15.47 32.54 100.0 .656 32.54 101.5 .515 24.72 25.07 1)9.2 .651 31.64 31.35 100.0 .383 21.30 21.30 91.7 .440 23.76 21.76 98.0 34.22 .671 33.57 103.1 .513 26.47 27.28 .568 100.0 30.67 30.67 104.5 .574 29.62 30.92 99.6 .545 28.07 27.95 U)0.8 .610 30.38 30.66 100.0 .520 25.60 25.60 89.2 .644 30.91 27.53 100.0 .566 28.00 28.00 100.0 .666 31.96 31.96 07.6 .368 20.17 19.71 100.0 .334 17.95 17.95 .531 100.0 27.40 27.40 l')0.0 1.044 50.09 50.09 101.7 .664 31.87 32.40 m o .817 39.20 39.20 104.4 .535 28.89 30.17 80.6 .961 46.13 37.17 .234 14.05 100.0 14.05 24.38 100.0 .473 24.38 09.1 1.063 47.52 47.09 105. 2 .350 18.20 19.11 )2.6 .365 19.71 18.24 100.0 .500 27.00 27.00 49.33 m o 1.028 49.33 33 GENERAL TABLES A*— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con. T able BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued Occupation, sex, and city Num ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers Dividers or scalers and rounders, male—Continued. 4 7 Syracuse, N. Y _____________ 2 Tacoma, Wash_____________ 2 Taimpa, Fla ......... , . ....... 1 2 Kfvns ............. TnpaVa-, 3 Tr*vptr>n, N\ J __ 6 Trilsft, Olrlft _„ . 4 6 Washfpgt.riT), T>, ( ' 8 6 WhAAling W Vft 2 4 W ifhit.a, Kans 3 3 3 4 Wilmington, Del.................... Winston-Salnm, N. c ., . 3 6 4 6 Worcester, Mass ______ ___ 1 Yonngstown, Ohio 0) Total..................................... Molders, male: Albany, N. Y .......................... Atlanta, Ga________________ Baltimore, M d _____________ Birmingham, Ala___________ Boston, M ass...____________ Bridgeport, Conn___________ Buffalo, N. Y .......................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa________ Charleston, S. C____________ Charlotte, N. C ...................... C h attanooga, Tp.nn Chicago, 111________________ Cincinnati, Ohio___________ Cleveland, Ohio____________ Columbia, S. C_____________ Columbus, Ohio____________ Dallas, Tex________________ Denver, Colo___________ !___ Des Moines, Iowa__________ Detroit, Mich______________ Duluth, M inn....................... Erie, Pa.................................. Evansville, Ind_____________ Fall River, Mass......... .......... Fort Smith, Ark____________ Grand Rapids, Mich________ Hartford, Conn..................... . Houston, Tex______________ Huntington, W. Va................ Indianapolis, Ind___________ Jacksonville, Fla___________ Lewiston and Auburn, M e ... Lincoln, Nebr______________ Little Rock, Ark___________ Los Angeles, Calif__________ Louisville, K j ......................... Madison, Wis.......................... Manchester, N. H__________ Memphis, Tenn____________ Miami, Fla________________ Milwaukee, Wis____________ Minneapolis, Minn............... Mobile, Ala............................. Nashua, N. H ______________ Nashville, Tenn____________ Newark, N. J__________ ____ New Orleans, La___________ New York. N. Y ..................... Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week 6.0 6.0 0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.3 5.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 0 51.7 48.0 0 48.0 50.0 55.3 48.0 51.0 52.0 55.0 60.7 51.0 0 52.3 47.4 0 48.0 50.0 56.2 42.5 45.8 52.0 55.0 60.7 51.9 0 Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week 101.2 $0,537 $27.76 98.8 .785 37.68 0 0 0 .688- 33.00 100.0 100.0 .623 31.17 101.6 27.04 .489 88.5 1.152 55.30 89.8 .447 22.80 100.0 .406 21.10 100.0 .495 27.25 100.0 .265 16.08 101.8 .637 32.49 0 0 0 $28.09 37.23 0 33.00 31.17 27.47 48.95 20.47 21.10 27.25 16.08 33.07 0 377 740 5.9 51.7 50.7 98.1 .562 29.06 28.48 5 7 5 10 5 21 5.9 5.8 6.0 6.2 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.3 5.8 6.0 5.7 5.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 0 6.0 4.7 50.6 60.0 54.7 60.0 53.4 48.0 52.7 55.0 57.0 57.7 53.8 52.7 49.3 52.1 51.8 53.4 48.0 48.0 56.0 52.5 0 56.0 48.0 (i) 0 55.6 50.0 60.1 56.0 54.0 57.3 54.0 60.3 54.7 51.9 52.5 0 48.0 56.0 58.4 53.6 52.8 56.0 54.0 56.0 48.5 48.0 48.7 50.4 56.0 55.1 60.0 50.9 51.0 53.4 55.0 57.0 57.3 53.8 44.3 43.8 46.6 51.8 45.2 43.9 48.1 56.0 57.0 99.7 93.3 100.7 100.0 95.3 106.3 101.3 100.0 100.0 99.3 100.0 84.1 88.8 89.4 100.0 84.6 91.5 100.2 100.0 108.6 0 95.0 81.4 .579 .343 .470 .357 .475 .544 .523 .345 .281 .319 .407 .604 .640 .579 .309 .485 .743 .751 .408 .545 0 .326 .517 0 0 .479 .620 .393 .386 .436 .311 .351 .351 .404 .534 .511 0 .556 .402 .328 .455 .400 .268 .407 .321 .738 .451 .634 29.30 20.58 25.71 21.40 25.37 26.11 27.56 19.00 16.00 18.41 21.92 31.83 31.55 30.17 16.00 25.90 35.66 36.05 22.87 28.61 0 18.26 24.82 0 0 26.60 31.00 23.62 21.62 23.54 17.83 18.93 21.25 22.10 27.71 26.82 0 26.67 22.51 19.16 24.39 21.12 15.00 22.00 17.96 35.79 21.65 30.88 29.20 19.22 25.90 21.40 24.15 27.76 27.89 19.00 16.00 18.29 21.92 26.75 28.40 26.97 16.00 21.94 32.58 36.13 22.87 31.08 4 6 5 8 3 3 2 2 3 4 7 5 8 2 5 4 3 5 9 2 2 3 6 38 18 16 2 10 7 4 9 22 5 6 1 3 2 1 1 4 2 3 3 6 2 4 3 4 6 4 1 3 3 4 7 6 3 2 4 6 7 17 0 (i) 0 3 3 4 3 7 3 10 3 6 4 7 20 4 0 3 6 5 19 10 4 2 4 18 9 45 0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 0 6.0 5.3 6.2 5.6 5.7 6.0 6.5 6.0 5.8 6.0 6.0 1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. Aver Aver Aver age Per age age full hours cent of earn actu full time ally ings time hours worked per worked hour per in week week 0) 53.2 39.1 0 0) 55.6 50.0 60.7 55.7 53.1 57.3 54.0 60.3 51.8 52.3 52.5 0 48.0 50.3 61.2 46.5 50.4 56.0 54.0 56.0 48.3 48.5 49.4 0) 0 100.0 100.0 101.0 99.5 98.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.7 100.8 100.0 0 100.0 89.8 104.8 86.8 95.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.6 101.0 101.4 0) 17.31 20.20 0 0 26.60 31.00 23.86 21.52 23.19 17.83 18.93 21.25 20.94 27.88 26.82 0 26.67 20.17 20.08 21.10 20.12 15.00 22.00 17.96 35.66 21.89 31.34 34 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS A. — Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average fulltime and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1931, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con. T able BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued Occupation, sex, and city Molders, male—Continued. Norfolk, V a_-_-...................... Ogden, Utah....... ............... . Oklahoma City, Okla............. Omaha, Nebr....................— Pawtucket, E. I............ ......... Peoria, 111___________ ____ — Philadelphia, Pa..................... Pittsburgh, Pa______ _______ Portland, Me____ _________ Portland, Oreg............ ........... Providence, R. I____________ Pueblo, Colo______ _________ Richmond, Va_____ ________ Roanoke, Va........................... Rockford, Til___ ____ _______ Sacramento, Calif......... ......... St. Joseph, M o....................... St. Louis, M o....... ................. Salt Lake City, Utah............. San Francisco, C a l i f - .......... Savannah, G a .~ .................... Scranton, Pa______ _________ Seattle, W ash-----------------------Shreveport, La....... ......... ...... Sioux City, Iowa.................... South Bend, Ind.................... Spokane, Wash............. ......... Syracuse, N. Y _____________ Tacoma, Wash....... ............... Tampa, Fla________________ Topeka, Kans............ ............ Trenton, N. J ............ ............ Tulsa, Okla.............. .............. Washington, D. C__________ Wheeling, W. Va___________ Wichita, Kans______ _______ Wilmington, Del.................... Winston-Salem, N. C............. Worcester, Mass..................... Youngstown, Ohio.................. Total__________ _________ Oven men: Albany, N. Y .......................... Atlanta, Ga............................. Baltimore, M d........................ Birmingham, Ala................. Boston, Mass.......................... Bridgeport, Conn................... Buffalo, N. Y __...................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa............... Charleston, S. C..... ................ Charlotte, N. C ................... ... Chattanooga, Tenn.......... ...... Chicago, 111.............................. Cincinnati, O h io................... Cleveland, Ohio...................... Columbia, S. C....................... Columbus, Ohio..................... Covington, K y........................ Dallas, Tex.............................. Denver, Colo......................... . Des Moines, Iowa................... Detroit, Mich......................... Duluth, Minn......................... Num ber of estab lish ments 3 2 3 3 2 1 11 10 3 5 3 1 4 4 2 2 2 9 2 5 2 4 5 3 2 1 2 4 1 1 2 2 4 6 2 3 2 3 4 1 Aver age Num days on ber of which wage wage earn earners ers worked in week 4 4 5 4 3 6.0 5.8 5.6 6.0 6.0 0) 53 28 8 7 4 0) 0) (*) 6 4 2 4 4 23 3 14 2 8 10 4 3 C1) 0) 0) 4 6 3 5 6 8 4 3 4 3 6 3 6.0 5.7 6.0 5.6 6.0 5.8 6.0 6.0 5.0 5.5 5.7 5.0 5.3 6.0 6.0 4.9 6.0 6.0 0) 5.0 6.0 0) (l) 56.8 54.0 51.0 51.0 54.0 V) 51.5 50.4 49.5 48.0 49.5 C1) 56.8 54.0 48.3 54.3 54.0 (0 52.4 48.3 49.5 44.2 49.6 (») 54.3 53.8 54.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 54.0 48.0 58.0 51.5 44.4 51.0 54.0 52.3 53.8 54.0 40.0 44.8 46.6 45.7 42.4 58.0 51.5 36.8 51.0 47.3 0) 0) 48.0 52.3 (l) 0) 40.0 55.7 (l) 0) Aver age earn ings per hour 100.0 $0,386 100.0 .444 94.7 .655 106.1 .500 100.0 .494 0) 0) .483 L01.7 95.8 .527 100.0 .518 92.1 .691 100.2 .540 (*) 96.3 100.0 100.0 82.9 93.3 97.1 84.6 88.3 100.0 100.0 82.9 100.0 87.6 (*) 83.3 106.5 0) 0) C1) .431 .251 .398 .883 .665 .805 .446 .965 .191 .388 1.028 .400 .399 0) .977 .513 0) 0) Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week $21.93 23.96 33.41 25.50 26.67 0) 24.87 26.56 25.63 33.17 26.73 0) 23.40 13.50 21.50 42.38 31.92 38.64 24.08 46.32 11.08 20.00 45.64 20.38 21.55 0) 46.90 26.83 0) $21.93 23.96 31.64 27.10 26.67 (0 25.30 25.43 25.63 30.57 26.80 0) 22.60 13.50 21.50 35.31 29.75 37.47 20.37 40.92 11.08 20.00 37.76 20.38 18.76 0) 39.04 28.39 0) 0) 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.3 48.0 50.4 55.3 48.0 51.0 56.0 53.5 60.7 51.0 54.0 48.0 50.4 55.3 45.1 44.6 56.0 53.5 60.7 51.5 45.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 94.0 87.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.0 83.5 .688 .583 .495 1.152 .462 .423 .407 .241 .514 .451 (0 33.00 29.40 27.42 55.30 23.56 23.70 21.75 14.67 26.21 24.35 33.00 29.40 27.42 52.00 20.61 23.70 21.75 14.67 26.48 20.33 333 675 5.8 51.8 50.1 96.7 .538 27.87 26.94 5 4 10 5 10 4 4 2 3 3 4 28 6 10 5 5 2 4 6 6 6 4 12 9 31 10 54 7 14 3 5 5 9 106 20 39 7 8 3 6 20 12 29 8 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.1 5.4 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 50.5 58.9 55.1 61.0 53.2 49.7 51.4 55.0 56.6 56.2 53.4 50.3 50.1 51.7 54.4 53.3 48.0 49.3 48.0 55.0 51.2 51.0 52.5 58.9 52.9 59.2 48.3 50.1 54.3 55.0 56.6 58.2 53.4 46.4 49.7 50.1 54.4 46.8 48.0 48.0 47.9 54.2 47.3 51.0 104.0 100.0 96.0 97.0 90.8 100.9 105.6 100.0 100.0 103.6 100.0 92.2 99.2 96.9 100.0 87.8 100.0 97.4 99.8 98.5 92.4 100.0 .607 .342 .579 .351 .541 .879 .587 .455 .382 .354 .413 .842 .720 .641 .326 .569 .851 .780 .744 .427 .627 .531 30.65 20.11 31.90 21.41 28.78 43.69 30.17 25.00 21.60 19.89 22.06 42.35 36.07 33.14 17.71 30.33 40.87 38.45 35.71 23.49 32.10 27.06 31.88 20.11 30.65 20.77 26.15 44.09 31.87 25.00 21.60 20.62 22.06 39.09 35.81 32.10 17.71 26.62 40.87 37.42 35.59 23.14 29.67 27.06 1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. Aver Aver age Per age full hours cent of full time actu ally hours worked time w irked per in week week 35 GENERAL TABLES A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con. T able BREAD DEPARTM EN T-Continued Occupation, sex, and city Oven men—Continued. Erie, Pa___________________ F.vansville, T n d ............ . Fall River, Mass___________ Fo^t- STnit-h, Ark drand Rapids, Mir»h Hartford, Conn_____________ Houston, T ex............. ....... Huntington, W, Va Indianapolis, Tnd, Jacksonville, Fla___________ Lewiston and Auburn, M e ... Lincoln, Nebr______________ Little Rock, Ark___________ T-ns Angelas, Calif Louisville, K y______________ Madison, Wis____________ MftTlohestftr, N- H Memphis, Tenn _ Miami, Fla________________ Milwaukee, Wis____________ Minneapolis, Minn_________ Mobile, Ala_________________ Nashua, N. H ______________ Nashville, Tenn____________ Newark, N. J______________ New Orleans, La___________ New York, N. Y ................. . Norfolk, Va____ ..__________ Ogden, Utah_______________ Oklahoma City, Okla_______ Omaha, Nebr______________ Pawtucket, R. I _______ ____ Peoria, 111_________________ Philadelphia, Pa___________ Pittsburgh, Pa____________ Portland, Me______________ Portland, Oreg_____________ Providence, R. I ___________ Pueblo, Colo______________ Richmond, Va_____________ Roanoke, Va_______________ Rockford, 111_______________ Sacramento, Calif__________ St. Joseph, M o_____________ St. Louis, M o_____ ________ Salt Lake City, Utah.______ San Francisco, Calif________ Savannah, Ga______________ Scranton, Pa_______________ Seattle, Wash______________ Shreveport, La_____________ Sioux City, Iowa___________ South Bend, Tnd____________ Spokane, Wash_____________ Syracuse, N. Y _____________ Tacoma, Wash_____________ Tampa, Fla__________ _____ Topeka, Kans______________ Trenton, N. J ______________ Tulsa. Okla ........................... Washington, D. C ..... ............ Wheeling, W. Va.................... Wichita, Kans_______________ Wilmington. Del_____ ____ Winston-Salem, N. C........ . Num ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers 4 6 3 2 4 4 5 3 8 3 2 4 4 5 6 4 2 6 9 9 5 14 7 4 5 7 33 9 5 5 4 3 3 4 7 7 4 1 4 10 11 30 4 1 4 4 4 4 15 12 4 5 5 3 4 4 3 2 3 11 4 5 4 4 6 3 4 2 3 6 4 3 2 5 3 6 2 4 4 3 6 7 7 5 31 19 7 3 6 43 34 150 10 (,)7 8 9 7 88 52 11 13 14 4 13 6 4 3 6 52 8 37 4 7 12 3 8 3 4 12 7 6 5 10 6 20 4 8 11 4 Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.8 5.6 6.0 5.3 5.7 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.0 6.0 5.2 6.0 (l) 5.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.0 5.8 6.0 6.0 4.7 6.0 5.7 6.0 5.3 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.9 4.7 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.0 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 * For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. Aver Aver Aver age age Per age full hours cent of earn actu full time ings ally hours worked time per worked hour per in week week 55.2 48.0 52.5 59.3 55.1 50.7 60.8 57.6 55.3 59.4 54.0 59.2 55.2 52.9 51.7 49.3 48.0 57.0 58.4 53.4 52.4 57.1 54.0 56.2 48.3 48.0 47.8 52.0 0) 51.0 52.5 54.0 50.6 51.8 50.4 49.6 48.0 50.6 48.0 53.7 53.7 52.5 48.0 48.0 48.0 54.0 48.0 60.8 50.9 44.0 52.0 53.3 53.0 48.0 51.2 48.0 55.0 48.0 50.0 54.0 48.0 51.0 53.3 54.5 60.5 52.6 49.2 52.5 59.3 52.1 50.7 62.0 57.2 56.9 60.6 54.0 59.2 53.1 53.4 50.9 51.8 42.7 57.9 59.4 47.4 53.2 57.1 54.0 57.8 48.9 48.4 42.2 57.0 0) 45.4 56.3 54.0 54.7 51.3 49.7 49.6 47.6 48.9 40.0 52.9 53.7 52.5 37.3 48.6 47.2 56.8 42.2 60.8 50.9 42.3 52.0 48.7 53.0 44.0 51.4 36.0 55.0 48.0 51.6 54.0 44.0 48.0 53.3 53.8 60.5 95.3 $0.582 .782 102.5 .473 100.0 .342 100.0 .517 94.6 100.0 .713 102.0 .475 99.3 .501 102.9 .515 .383 102.0 .444 100.0 .483 100.0 96.2 .466 100.9 .669 .613 98.5 .797 105.1 89.0 .686 .514 101.6 .360 101.7 .570 88.8 .542 101.5 .423 100.0 .488 100.0 .382 102.8 .874 101.2 100.8 .626 .941 88.3 109.6 .431 0) 0) .739 89.0 107.2 .529 . 613 100.0 .728 108.1 99.0 .649 98.6 .665 .588 100.0 99.2 .761 96.6 .730 83.3 .699 98.5 .583 100.0 .348 100.0 .600 77.7 1.021 101.3 .692 98.3 .883 105.2 .443 87.9 1.025 100.0 .263 100.0 . 545 96.1 1.175 100.0 .481 91.4 .593 100.0 .481 91.7 1.138 100.4 .632 75.0 .963 100.0 .358 100.0 .750 103.2 .675 100.0 .565 91.7 1.208 94.1 .573 100.0 .472 98.7 .525 100.0 .372 Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week $32.13 37.54 24.85 20.25 28.49 36.11 28.88 28.86 28.48 22.75 24.00 28.60 25. 72 35. 39 31.69 39.29 32.93 29.30 21.02 30.44 28.40 24.14 26.33 21.47 42.21 30.05 44.98 22.41 0) 37.69 27. 77 33.11 36.84 33.62 33. 52 29.18 36. 53 36.94 33.55 31.31 18.70 31.50 49.01 33.22 42.38 23.92 49.20 15.95 27. 71 51.70 25.00 31.61 25.00 54.62 32.36 46.22 19.67 36.00 33.75 30.50 57.98 29.22 25.12 28.61 22.50 $30.57 38.44 24.85 20.25 26.95 36.11 29.44 28.63 29.29 23.22 24.00 28.60 24.73 35.70 31.22 41.28 29.31 29.75 21.36 27.03 28.80 24.14 26.33 22.10 42.69 30.26 39.68 24.55 0) 33.53 29.73 33.11 39.83 33.30 33.04 29.18 36.23 35.68 27.98 30.84 18.70 31.50 38.12 33.61 41.73 25.15 43.30 15.95 27.71 49.66 25.00 28.86 25.00 50.08 32.49 34.63 19 67 36.00 34.85 30.50 53.15 27.50 25.12 28 27 22.50 36 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and c^i/— Con. T a b l e A .— BREAD DEPARTM EN T-Continued Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week Aver Aver age Per age cont of full hours actu full time ally hours worked time ■worked per in week week Num ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers Oven men—Continued. Worcester, Mass__. ________ Youngstown, Ohio 5 6 13 9 6.0 6.0 50.3 56.7 51.3 56.7 Total.................................... 468 1,368 5.8 51.2 49.4 5.7 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.8 6.0 5.8 6.0 6.0 5.2 6.0 6.0 5.2 5.9 5.7 5.7 6.0 4.9 5.1 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.6 6.0 5.9 5. 7 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.8 5.8 6.0 5.8 5.3 5.7 5.4 5.5 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.4 6.0 6.0 4.9 6.0 5.2 5.8 5.8 6.0 5.8 5.1 5.6 49.6 59.7 55.1 59.4 50.7 48.8 53.4 55.0 55.0 55.9 56.5 51.5 50.0 52.0 54.7 53.8 48.0 52.1 48.0 54.4 51.8 50.3 54.7 48.5 51.4 54.5 55.0 51.0 61.3 56.3 51.9 62.2 54.0 62.0 54.3 53.2 53.0 48.3 48.0 56.6 56.4 53.3 52.2 59.2 54.0 57.6 49.2 48.1 48.4 53.6 54.0 51.0 51.3 54.0 50.4 51.8 50.5 49.3 48.0 49.9 fi> 51.8 60.1 54.5 55.8 49.9 50.8 53.6 55.0 55.0 48.7 56.5 47.4 44.9 49.2 51.7 45.6 48.0 42.3 41.5 53.2 51.1 49.7 51.0 49.4 51.4 54.5 50.2 51.0 60.2 51.9 48.9 62.2 54.0 62.0 38.5 53.4 53.9 51.2 42.4 52.5 51.6 46.1 48.4 58.8 54.0 57.5 50.2 49.0 44.6 54.2 57.0 42.3 51.8 45.3 50.8 50.5 50.5 47.6 41.3 46.4 Occupation, sex, and d ty Helpers, male: Albany, N. Y ...................... Atlanta., Ga ■RaHimnrft, Md _ Birmingh?vm, Ala... ______ Boston, Mass_____ _________ "Bridgeport, <~5onn...r ....... Buffalo, N. Y ..... . . .... Cedar Rapids, Iowa________ Charleston, S. C____________ Chattanooga, Tp.nn Cftinagn, Til _ _ _ - Cleveland, Ohio__________ _ Columbia, S. C............. ......... Columbus, Ohio____________ Covington, K y_____________ Dallas, Tex___________ _____ Denver, Colo_______________ Des Moines, Iowa__________ Detroit, Mich______________ Duluth, M in n , . Erie, P a __________________ Evansville, Ind ___________ Fall River, Mass___________ Fort Smith, Ark____________ Grand Rapids, Mich_______ Hartford, Conn_____________ Houston, Tex______________ Huntington, W. Va_________ Indianapolis, Ind___________ Jacksonville, F la.......... ......... Lewiston and Auburn, M e— Lincoln, Nebr______________ Little Rock, Ark___________ Los Angeles, Calif__________ Louisville, K y______________ Madison, Wis______________ Manchester, N. H __________ Memphis, Tp.nn____________ Miami, Fla________________ Milwaukee, Wis____________ Minneapolis, M in n ___________ Mobile, Ala________________ Nashua, N. H ______________ Nashville, Tenn____________ Newark, N. J______________ New Orleans, La___________ New York, N. Y ......... ........... Norfolk, Va________________ Ogden, Utah_______________ Oklahoma City, Okla_______ Omaha, Nebr______________ Pawtucket, R. I____________ Peoria, 111_________________ Philadelphia, Pa___________ Pittsburgh, Pa_____________ Portland, Me______________ Portland, Oreg_____________ Providence, R. I____________ Pueblo, C olo.................... — 5 4 10 5 9 5 4 2 3 3 4 ?4 6 10 5 5 2 5 6 6 6 4 5 4 2 2 4 5 5 3 7 4 4 1 3 7 5 5 3 3 4 7 7 3 3 4 8 10 29 4 2 5 4 4 3 15 12 4 5 6 1 35 34 93 32 51 23 29 8 7 9 13 222 53 77 9 29 5 15 21 15 91 16 18 13 7 2 20 16 24 13 21 19 14 3 4 81 15 13 7 20 14 78 56 21 26 14 70 51 296 17 3 11 20 31 10 188 119 19 21 34 0) 0) *For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total, © Aver age earn ings per hour Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week 102.0 $0.658 .464 100.0 $33.10 26.27 $33.78 26.27 96.5 .682 34.92 33.67 104.5 100.7 98.9 93.9 98.4 104.2 100.4 100.0 100.0 87.1 100.0 92.0 89.8 94.6 94.5 84.8 100.0 81.2 86.5 97.8 98.6 98.8 93.2 101.9 100.0 100.0 91.3 100.0 98.2 92.2 94.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 70.9 100.4 101.7 106.0 88.3 92.8 91.5 86.5 92.7 99.3 100.0 99.8 102.0 101.9 92.1 101.1 105.6 82.9 101.0 83.9 100.8 97.5 100.0 96.6 86.0 93.0 .469 .223 .384 .235 .492 .483 .442 .270 .255 .228 .290 .519 .501 .438 .187 .398 .413 .329 .446 .297 .509 .355 .284 .294 .364 .183 .387 .444 .324 .283 .396 .232 .317 .280 .277 .438 .419 .475 .365 .331 .230 .404 .347 .219 .326 .227 .517 .321 .597 .318 .443 .436 .400 .366 .297 .451 .372 .463 .491 .443 0 23.26 13.31 21.16 13.96 24.94 23.57 23.60 14.88 14.00 12.75 16.38 26.73 25.05 22.78 10.23 21.41 19.80 17.14 21.41 16.16 26.37 17.86 15. 53 14.26 18. 71 10.00 21.29 22.63 19.86 15.93 20.55 14.42 17.09 17.33 15.04 23.30 22.21 22.94 17.52 18.73 12.97 21.53 18.11 12.96 17.60 13.08 25.44 15.44 28.89 17.04 23.92 22.24 20.52 19.76 14.97 23.36 18.81 22.83 23.57 22.11 24.32 13.41 20.96 13.15 24.53 24.58 23.71 14.88 14.00 11.10 16.38 24.59 22.47 21.51 9.67 18.15 19.80 13.94 18.49 15. 79 26.04 17.63 14. 50 14.50 18. 71 10.00 19.41 22.63 19. 54 14. 71 19.39 14.42 17.09 17.33 10.68 23.36 22.57 24 34 15.50 17.36 11.88 18.62 16.78 12.87 17.60 13.05 25.95 15.73 26.59 17.23 25.22 18.43 20.71 16.58 15.07 22.77 18.81 22.03 20.31 20.55 0) C1) C1) 37 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e A .— Average number of days on which wage earners worked , average fu ll time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1931, by department, occupation , sex , and city — C o n . BREAD DEPARTMENT—Continued Occupation, sex, and city Helpers, male—Continued. Richmond, Va_____________ Va Rockford, 111____ ____ ______ Sacramento, Calif St. Joseph, M o_____________ fit- Tennis, Mn _ .... . Salt Lake City, Utah............. San Francisco, Calif________ Savannah, Ga..... ................. Scranton, Pa ......... .. . Seattle, Wash______________ Shreveport, La_____________ fiioil* City, Tnwa South Bend, Ind_______ ____ fipnkanft, Wash .. . Syracuse, N. Y _____________ Tacoma, Wash „ Tampa, ... . r - r ^ Tr>pftka, TTans _ _ .. _ . . Trenton, N. J______________ Tulsa, Okla________________ Washington, D. C__________ Wheeling, W . Va___________ Wichita, kaha______________ Wilmington, Del___________ Winston-Salem, N. C______ _ Worcester, Mass____________ Youngstown, Ohio__________ Total__ _ - - ___ Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week Aver Aver age Per age cent of full hours actu full time ally hours worked time worked per in week week Num ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers 4 3 3 2 5 11 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 3 5 2 4 1 2 4 6 2 4 4 4 5 4 31 7 10 6 12 62 10 32 14 24 16 19 15 8 8 28 3 18 3 5 11 68 14 9 14 6 22 17 5.5 6.0 6.0 4.5 6.6 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.6 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.4 5.7 5.4 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.0 5.4 54.0 53.0 52.8 48.0 48.0 50.5 54.0 48.0 61. 5 52.0 45.4 51.6 52.8 53.3 48.0 52.1 48.0 54.9 48.0 49.6 56.2 55.2 51.0 52.7 52.7 61.0 51.0 55.1 50.1 53.0 52.8 36.0 46.2 49.3 54.0 45.8 58.5 52.0 45.5 51.6 52.3 53.3 45.8 51.9 45.2 54.9 48.0 49.6 50.6 45.7 45.2 51.5 51.2 61.0 51.7 47.9 457 2,789 5.8 52.0 49.6 95.4 0) 0 0) 0 6.0 5.5 5.2 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 4.7 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 44.0 54.0 48.0 0) 0 0 0) 0 54.0 0 0 0 0 0 44.0 50.1 41.6 0 0 0 0 (i) 41.1 0 0 0 Aver age earn ings per hour Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week $17.87 12.29 18.50 24.34 21.22 28.28 18.73 32.83 10.70 16.58 32.73 12.89 16.90 13.19 29.42 22.72 28.32 13.50 18.67 26.80 19.11 32.35 19.99 17.39 18.60 12.17 23.21 20.00 $16.58 12.29 18.50 18.25 20.41 27.59 18.73 31.36 10.19 16.58 32.82 12.89 16.74 13.19 28.06 22.61 26.67 13.50 18.67 26.80 17.18 26.79 17.74 17.00 18.07 12.17 23.55 17.39 .431 22.41 21.35 0 0 100.0 92.8 86.7 0) 0 0) 0 0) 76.1 (i) 0 0 0) 0) .273 .251 .314 0) 0 (l) 0 0) .259 0) 0) 0) 0) 12.00 13.55 15.07 0) 0) 0 0) 0) 13.99 0) 0 0) 0) 0) 12.00 12.57 13.08 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 10.65 0) 0) 0) 92.8 $0.331 100.0 .232 .350 100.0 75.0 .507 .442 96.3 .560 97.6 100.0 .347 95.4 .684 .174 95.1 100.0 .319 100.2 .721 100.0 .250 .320 99.1 100.0 .248 95.4 .613 99.6 .436 94.2 .590 100.0 .246 .389 100.0 100.0 .540 .340 90.0 .586 82.8 88.6 .392 97.7 .330 97.2 .353 100.0 .199 101.4 .455 86.9 .363 Helpers, female: Albany, N. Y ______________ Boston, Mass______________ Chattanooga, Tenn_________ Cincinnati, Ohio___________ Cleveland, Ohio____________ Detroit, Mich______________ Duluth, Minn______________ Indianapolis, Ind___________ Little Rock, Ark___________ Los Angeles, Calif__________ Minneapolis, Minn_________ Pittsburgh, Pa_____________ Richmond, Va_____________ Wheeling, W. Va.................... 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 Total____________________ 17 65 5.4 49.1 43.7 89.0 .296 14.53 12.92 4 3 8 2 5 4 4 1 2 3 3 27 5 10 4 5 16 17 29 5 31 7 33 5 4 10 12 138 36 48 6 15 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.4 5.3 5.3 6.0 6.2 6.0 6.2 5.8 5.6 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.7 51.4 59.9 51.6 65.2 49.9 54.0 53.6 56.2 54.0 56.7 58.5 53.0 60.8 51.9 52.8 55.6 51.4 59.9 51.6 65.2 42.8 47.6 54.6 56.2 54.0 59.2 56.5 50.4 51.4 51.4 52.8 63.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 85.8 88.1 101.9 100.0 100.0 104.4 96.6 95.1 101.2 99.0 100.0 95.9 .479 .228 .373 .236 .495 .430 .488 .349 .245 .229 .233 .453 .418 .459 .160 .369 24.59 13.68 19.26 15.40 24.70 23.22 26.16 19.60 13.25 12.98 13.63 24.01 21.23 23.82 8.42 20.52 24.59 13.68 19.26 15.40 21.18 20.48 26.64 19.60 13.25 13.57 13.15 22.84 21.47 23.57 8.42 19.67 Laborers, male: Albany, N. Y ______________ Atlanta, Ga________________ Baltimore, M d _____________ Birmingham, Ala___________ Boston, Mass______________ Bridgeport, Conn___________ Buffalo, N. Y .......................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa________ Charleston, S. C____________ Charlotte, N. C____________ Chattanooga, Tenn_________ Chicago, 111________________ Cincinnati, Ohio___________ Cleveland, Ohio____________ Columbia, S. C_____________ Columbus, Ohio...................... 4 4 l35 (i) 0) (i) 0 (i) 0 0) 6 iFor less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. 38 WAGES AND H0T7RS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con. T able BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued Occupation, sex, and city Num ber of estab lish ments Laborers, male—Continued. Covington, K y_____________ Aver age Num days on ber of which wage wage earn earners ers worked in week 2 _ Dallas,5 Tax 5 Denver, Colo_______________ 5 Des Moines, Iowa__________ 6 Detroit, Mich______________ Duluth, Minn , 2 5 3 17 24 12 53 3 7 8 4 1 « 4 17 Hartford, Dnnn 3 8 13 6 Houston, T e x _____________ 3 6 TnrHanapnlis, Tnd _ _ 26 9 3 8 5 4 Lincoln, Nebr______________ 4 9 Little Rock, Ark___________ 34 Los Calif 7 4 18 Louisville, K y______________ 3 3 Madison, Wis______________ 3 16 Memphis, Tenn____________ 5 2 Miami, F l a „ ______________ 20 6 Milwaukee, Wis __________ 14 Minneapolis, Minn_________ 6 2 14 Mobile, .... ..................... 7 3 Nashville. T e n n ___________ 9 38 Newark, N. J______________ 11 5 New Orleans, La___________ 121 New York, N. Y ____ ____ __ 27 1 Norfolk, Va_...................... . 0) _____________ Ogden,1 Utah 4 4 21 Oklahoma City, Okla_______ 4 19 Omaha, Nebr______________ 2 3 Pawtucket, R. I ____________ 11 4 Peoria, 111............................. 14 152 Philadelphia, Pa__............ . Pittsburgh, Pa_____________ 12 68 5 13 Portland, O reg____________ 5 11 Providence, R. I ___________ 2 3 Pueblo, Colo _____________ 1 4 Richmond, Va_____________ 4 5 Roanoke, Va_______________ 2 3 Rockford, 111 ______________ 2 6 Sacramento, Calif__________ 4 9 St. Joseph, M o_____________ 11 43 St. Louis, M o______________ 4 13 Salt Lake City, Utah.............. 5 San Francisco, Calif________ 27 3 Savannah, Ga______________ 6 4 17 Scranton, Pa__ ____________ 4 12 Seattle, Wash...... ................... 5 2 Shreveport, La_____________ 5 Sioux City, Iowa___________ 10 1 South Bend, Ind..................... 0) 2 Spokane, Wash_____________ 13 4 10 Syracuse, N. Y _____________ 4 5 Tacoma, Wash............ ........... Tampa, Fla........................... 2 6 4 Topeka, Kans......................... 2 3 4 Trenton, N. J.... .............. ...... 11 4 Tulsa, Okla___________ ____ 41 Washington, D. C............... ... 6 2 Wheeling, W. Va.................... 8 4 Wichita, Kans___ _________ 9 Wilmington, Del___________ 3 8 3 4 Winston-Salem, N. C............. 6.0 6.1 5.9 6.1 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 0) 5.6 6.0 5.6 6.2 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.8 6.0 5.6 5.4 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 5.9 0) 4.8 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.5 6.3 5.3 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.6 6.0 6.3 0) 4.5 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 * For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. Aver Aver age Per age full hours cent of full time actu ally time hours worked worked per in week week 50.0 56.7 49.3 53.5 51.5 52.0 55.7 48.0 0) 55.8 54.0 60.8 58.0 54.6 58.0 61.2 56.7 52.6 55.7 52.0 56.3 58.4 54.0 53.6 58.1 56.7 48.8 49.1 49.7 0) 54.0 54.6 53.5 54.0 53.5 52.6 52.4 48.0 49.6 50.0 55.0 53.2 61.0 51.0 57.3 53.9 53.1 48.0 59.5 52.0 47.5 50.4 54.6 0) 48.0 51.0 48.0 54.0 51.0 51.5 54.4 52.8 54.0 55.7 52.3 61.0 50.0 55.6 47.8 53.5 52.9 52.0 55.7 48.0 (») 51.7 54.0 56.3 59.7 53.5 58.0 61.2 56.7 52.0 53.5 52.7 52.9 53.0 49.0 53.8 58.1 56.7 46.6 49.1 50.0 0) 42.8 50.7 53.5 54.5 54.3 52.4 51.9 46.5 45.5 55.0 48.3 53.2 61.0 51.0 56.7 55.1 49.8 45.9 59.5 52.0 42.0 50.4 54.6 0) 35.7 52.4 48.0 54.0 51.0 51.5 54.4 50.6 54.0 55.7 52.3 61.0 Aver age earn ings per hour Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week 100.0 $0.380 $19.00 $19.00 .286 16.22 98.1 15.89 .421 97.0 20.76 20.16 .354 18.96 100.0 18.96 102.7 .503 25.90 26.64 100.0 .410 21.33 21.33 100.0 .369 20.55 20.55 100.0 .409 19.63 19.63 0) 0) 0) 0) 92.7 .375 20.93 19.39 100.0 .519 28.00 28.00 92.6 .283 17.21 15.92 102.9 .354 20.53 21.13 98.0 .380 20.75 20.32 100.0 .213 12.38 12.38 100.0 .299 18.30 18.30 100.0 .277 15.69 15.69 .451 23.72 98.9 23.45 19.44 96.1 .349 18.68 101.3 .506 26.31 26.67 94.0 .307 17.28 16.21 90.8 13.90 .238 12.60 90.7 22.57 .418 20.44 100.4 .379 20.31 20.39 12.54 100.0 .216 12.54 .241 100.0 13.69 13.69 95.5 .533 26.01 24.81 13.74 100.0 .280 13.74 100.6 25.84 .520 25.97 C1) G) (>) 0) 79.3 .429 23.17 18.33 92.9 .337 18.40 17.07 100.0 .360 19.27 19.27 100.9 .445 24.03 24.25 101.5 .377 20.17 20.45 99.6 .398 20.93 20.82 23.37 23.14 99.0 .446 96.9 .435 20.88 20.21 20.34 91.7 .410 18.65 .409 20.45 110.0 22.50 87.8 .347 19.09 16.75 100.0 .233 12.40 12.40 21.33 100.0 21.33 .350 100.0 .503 25.67 25.67 .314 99.0 17.99 17.78 .392 21.13 102.2 21.56 .321 17.05 93.8 15.97 95.6 .606 29.09 27.85 100.0 .149 8.85 8.85 .311 16.18 100.0 16.18 88.4 .613 29.12 25.73 100.0 .353 17.80 17.80 100.0 .365 19.93 19.93 0) 0) 0 <l) 74.4 .510 24.48 18.16 22.44 102.7 .440 23.04 100.0 .500 24.00 24.00 100.0 .228 12.33 12.33 100.0 .397 20.25 20.25 100.0 23.75 23.75 .461 100.0 .363 19.73 19.73 .435 22.02 95.8 22.97 100.0 .440 23.75 23.75 100.0 .338 18.83 18.83 100.0 .344 18.00 18.00 100.0 .186 11.38 11.38 39 GENERAL TABLES Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1931, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con. T a b l e A ,— BEEAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued -a Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week Aver Aver Aver age Per age age cent of earn full hours actu full time ings ally hours worked time per worked hour per in week week Num ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers Laborers, male—Continued. Worcester, Mass..................... Youngstown, Ohio................. 2 3 4 5 6.3 6.0 55.0 54.0 55.0 54.0 Occupation, sex, and city Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week 100.0 $0,445 100.0 .406 $24.50 21.90 $24.50 21.90 Total..................................... 388 1,534 5.8 52.8 51.6 97.7 .411 21.70 21.24 Laborers, female: Baltimore, M d ........................ Chicago, 111________________ Cleveland, Ohio-----------------Detroit, M ich....... .................. Madison, W is....... .................. Milwaukee, W is........ ............ Minneapolis, Minn................. Nashville, Tenn....... .............. Norfolk, Va..................... ........ Portland, Me....................... . . Portland, Oreg................... . Sacramento, Calif. ................. St. Louis, M o......... ............... Syracuse, N. Y ....... ................ Washington, D. C....... ........... Worcester, Mass____________ Youngstown, O h io ................ 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 5 10 3 6.0 6.0 5.0 0) 0 0) 6.0 6.0 6.0 0) 0 0 6.0 0 0 0 0 51.6 54.0 48.7 0) 51.6 55.6 40.3 0) 0 52.8 54.0 45.0 0) 0 0 48.0 (1} 0 0 0 .287 .272 .310 0 0 0 .284 .133 .187 0 0 0 .306 0 0 0 0 14.80 14.69 15.10 0 0) 0 15.00 7.20 8.40 0 0 0 14.67 P> 0 0 0 14.80 15.17 12.50 0 52.8 54.0 45.0 0 0) 0 48.0 0 P> 0 0) 100.0 103.0 82.8 0) 0 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0 0 0 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15.00 7.20 8.40 0 0 0) 14.67 0 W 0 0 Total.................... ................ 22 46 5.9 50.2 50.0 99.6 .277 13.91 13.82 Wrappers, male: Albany, N. Y --------------------Atlanta, Ga________________ Baltimore, M d ................. — Birmingham, Ala---------------Boston, Mass---------------------Bridgeport, Conn........ ........... Buffalo, N. Y ______________ Cedar Rapids, Iowa------------Charleston, S. C------- ---------Charlotte, N. C ...................... Chattanooga, Tenn-------------Chicago, 111------------------------Cincinnati, Ohio................. Cleveland, O h io............. ...... Columbia, S. C------------ -----Columbus, Ohio.......... ........... Covington, K y ..... ............... Dallas, Tex__________ ______ Denver, Colo.........- ................ Des Moines, Iowa__________ Detroit, M ich......................... Duluth, Minn........................ Erie, Pa.................................. Evansville, Ind....................... Fall River, Mass.................... Fort Smith, Ark..................... Grand Rapids, M ich.............. Hartford, Conn___. ................ Houston, Tex.......................... Huntington, W. Va................ Indianapolis, Ind.................... Jacksonville, Fla..................... Lewiston and Auburn, M e ... Lincoln, Nebr......................... Little Rock, Ark..................... Los Angeles, Calif................... Louisville, K y ......................... Madison, W is......................... Manchester, N. H................... 4 4 7 5 9 4 4 3 2 3 4 17 5 9 3 5 1 5 4 5 4 2 4 3 3 1 4 4 4 3 4 2 3 4 3 5 4 2 3 10 10 30 8 45 13 30 6 6 10 7 67 32 23 6 17 6.0 6.0 5.5 6.0 5.4 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 4.8 5.9 5.5 5.6 0 6.4 5.5 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 0) 5.5 6.0 5.1 6.0 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 5.6 6.0 5.5 5.3 48.3 58.2 54.7 60.5 53.1 53.5 54.0 54.8 54.0 50.4 55.1 52.4 52.1 50.9 56.3 55.2 0 65.5 48.0 54.2 51.3 48.0 56.3 50.6 52.0 0 54.0 54.6 62.9 57.0 55.6 52.7 54.0 53.4 54.0 52.1 54.9 54.0 48.0 48.3 58.2 49.3 57.0 48.5 53.5 57.5 54.8 54.0 50.8 55.1 51.9 41.8 50.4 51.8 47.4 0 68.5 43.8 54.8 51.6 48.0 56.0 50.6 52.0 0 48.6 54.6 53.1 57.0 53.5 52.7 54.0 53.4 55.4 50.2 54.5 52.9 42.3 100.0 100.0 90.1 94.2 91.3 100.0 106.5 100.0 100.0 100.8 100.0 99.0 80.2 99.0 92.0 85.9 0 104.6 91.3 101.1 100.6 100.0 99.5 100.0 100.0 0 90.0 100.0 84.4 100.0 96.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.6 96.4 99.3 98.0 88.1 .429 .305 .365 .287 .431 .418 .441 .407 .256 .274 .315 .495 .407 .494 .167 .355 0 .234 .311 .276 .487 .328 .323 .322 .400 0 .444 .434 .303 .461 .428 .313 .363 .239 .305 .483 .328 .472 .378 20.70 17. 75 19.97 17.36 22.89 22.38 23.81 22.33 13.83 13.81 17.36 25.94 21.20 25.14 9.40 19.60 0 15.33 14.93 14.96 24.98 15.75 18.18 16.29 20.80 0 23.98 23.70 19.06 26.25 23.80 16.50 19.61 12.75 16.47 25.16 18.01 25.49 18,14 20.70 17.75 18.00 16.35 20.87 22.38 25.35 22.33 13.83 13.91 17.36 25.71 17.02 24.87 8.67 16.81 0 16.07 13.61 15.11 25.09 15.75 18.11 16.29 20.80 0 21.60 23.70 16.06 26.25 22.90 16.50 19.61 12.75 16.89 24.26 17.89 24.94 16.00 0 0 0 5 3 5 0) 0) 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 19 14 29 35 4 8 7 3 0 8 10 15 4 11 6 7 10 7 32 14 4 7 ]For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. V V) 40 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS T a b le A,— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation,, sex, and city— Con. BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued Num ber of estab lish ments Occupation, sex, and city Wrappers, male—Continued. iCfAmphis, Ten™ Miami, Fla MilwRufreft, Wis MiriTiAftpnlis, M inn _...._ ... Mobile, Ala............................. Nashua, N, TT Nashville, Tp.nn Newark, N. J_________ _____ New Orleans, La___________ New York, N. Y ..................... Norfolk, Va________________ Ogden, Utah., ........ ............ Oklahoma City, Okla_______ Omaha, Nebr Pawtucket, R. I____________ Peoria, 111__________________ Philadelphia, Pa ................. Pittsburgh, Pa___ ____ _____ Portland, Me______________ Portland, Oreg_____________ Providence, R. I ___________ Pueblo, Colo_______________ Richmond, Va_____________ Roanoke, Va_______________ Rockford, 111-......................... Sacramento, Calif__________ St. Joseph, M o_____________ St. Louis, M o______________ Salt Lake City, Utah............. San Francisco, Calif________ Savannah, Ga______________ Scranton, Pa_______________ Seattle, Wash______________ Shreveport, La_____________ Sioux City, Iowa _________ South Bend, Ind___________ Spokane, Wash_____________ Syracuse, N. Y _____________ Tacoma, Wash_____________ Tampa, Fla________________ Topeka, ICans______________ Trenton, N. J______________ Tulsa, Okla____ ___________ Washington, D. C__________ Wheeling, W. Va___________ Wichita, Kans______________ Wilmington, Del___________ Winston-Salem, N. C _______ Worcester, Mass____________ Youngstown, Ohio__________ Total____________________ Wrappers, female: Baltimore, M d _____________ Boston, Mass______________ Buffalo, N. Y .......................... Chicago, 111________________ Cincinnati, Ohio___________ Cleveland, Ohio____________ Columbia, S. C_____________ Dallas, T e x ._____ ___ Denver, Colo_____ _________ Des Moines, Iow a..________ Detroit, M ich_______- ______ Duluth. Minn......................... 3 4 5 5 2 1 4 5 10 12 3 2 4 4 3 3 8 10 4 5 4 3 4 4 2 2 Aver age Num days on ber of which wage wage earn earners ers worked in week 4.4 6.0 3 9 10 7 11 16 2 17 7 7 13 4 6.0 6.0 372 1,321 5.8 52.8 51.2 97.0 .383 20.22 19.60 1 1 1 6 3 3 6.0 6.0 6.0 54.0 48.0 48.0 48.3 49.1 49.7 50.4 0) 48.0 50.0 53.3 54.0 54.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 42.1 45.8 50.4 (0 42.9 50.0 48.2 54.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.4 85.7 92.2 100.0 0) 89.4 100.0 90.4 100.0 .272 .292 .306 .305 .266 .325 .175 0) .248 .243 .299 .263 14.67 14.00 14.67 14.73 13.06 16.15 8.80 0 11.90 12.17 15.94 14.18 14.67 14.00 14.67 14.66 11.22 14.88 8.80 0) 10.61 12.17 14.40 14.18 3 5 3 3 5 2 2 2 3 4 4 1 4 2 3 5 5 2 5 2 1 3 3 3 1 16 7 9 4 8 15 35 16 13 5 (0 14 12 26 11 6.0 5.4 5.9 6.0 6.1 5.8 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.1 5.7 6.0 0) 5.4 6.0 5.6 6.0 * For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. 100.2 $0,340 $19.48 $19.53 )7.9 .249 14.14 13.88 .411 94.3 21.78 20.61 100.0 .331 17.70 17.70 100.0 .260 15.33 15.33 100.0 .407 22.00 22.00 100.5 .283 16.13 16.19 .425 20.70 100.8 20.83 98.1 .233 11.21 10.97 99.4 .473 23.93 23.79 96.7 .372 21.24 20.56 .339 87.6 18.31 16.00 96.6 .375 22.01 21.28 95.0 .329 17.24 16.39 100.0 .376 20.29 20.29 100.0 .318 16.80 16.80 97.0 .374 18.96 18.43 101.9 .329 16.98 17.29 100.0 .474 23.30 23.30 301.3 .443 21.26 21.55 100.8 17.68 .355 17.80 97.3 .276 13.52 13.14 91.0 .307 16.70 15.19 100.0 .242 13.10 13.10 .321 ]00.0 17.36 17.36 .404 19.39 67.1 13.01 .332 18.06 100.2 18.09 95.8 .330 18.05 17.28 90.9 .320 17.28 15.73 .774 90.8 37.15 33.75 .183 300.0 11.10 11.10 .374 300.0 19.29 19.29 96.7 .486 23.33 22.55 .308 15.58 95.7 14.94 ; 03.2 .381 20.31 20.95 00.0 .369 20.50 20.50 89.6 .614 29.47 26.42 22.28 21.73 97.5 .436 17.86 82.7 .372 14.73 94.6 .229 12.37 11.72 .00.0 18.20 .353 18.20 100.0 26.00 .523 26.00 101.0 .358 21.01 21.23 97.6 .539 27.11 26.45 .396 19.00 100.0 19.00 96.8 .278 14.90 14.43 .384 100.0 20.43 20.43 too. 0 .237 14.36 14.36 100.0 22.69 .455 22.69 15.94 16.06 100.6 .332 5.0 6 57.4 55.6 50.0 53.4 59.0 54.0 57.3 49.1 47.2 50.3 55.2 47.3 56.7 49.8 54.0 52.8 49.2 52.6 49.2 48.6 50.2 47.7 49.5 54.1 54.0 32.2 54.5 52.4 49.1 43.6 60.5 51.6 Aver Aver age age full actual time earn earn ings ings in per week week 4 5 5.9 5.9 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.3 6.1 5.5 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.2 5.7 5.4 6.0 6.0 4.1 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.4 6.0 6.0 5.8 5.7 6.0 Aver age earn ings per hour 57.3 56.8 53.0 53.4 59.0 54.0 57.0 48.7 48.1 50.6 57.1 54.0 58.7 52.4 54.0 52.8 50.7 51.6 49.2 48.0 49.8 49.0 54.4 54.1 54.0 48.0 54.4 54.7 54.0 48.0 60.5 51.6 48.0 50.6 53.3 55.5 48.0 51.1 48.0 54.0 51.6 49.7 58.7 50.3 48.0 53.6 53.1 60.6 49.8 48.0 11 4 3 4 4 10 8 21 10 6 5 8 27 35 91 10 4 15 19 7 10 59 40 10 13 12 6 12 8 7 9 11 54 11 18 8 14 Aver Aver age Per age full hours cent of fill time actu ally time hours worked worked per in week week 46.4 48.4 55.0 55.5 43.0 49.8 39.7 51.1 51.6 49.7 59.3 49.1 48.0 51.9 53.1 60.6 49.8 48.3 41 GENERAL TABLES Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con. T a b l e A .— BREAD DEPARTM ENT—Continued Num ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers Wrappers, female—Continued. Evansville, Tnd . Grfwd Rapids, Mich __ _ Hartford, Conn...... ........ Indianapolis, Tnd Little Rock, Ark___________ Los Angeles, Calif__________ Minneapolis, Minn Newark, N. J______________ N©w Orlpfvns, La _ _ New York, N. Y .................... Norfolk, Va_____________ . . . Pittsburgh, Pa_____________ ■Rockford, Til __ St. Louis, Mo______________ fiqn Franmsrn, Calif South Bend, Tnd, Syracuse, N. Y _____________ Tacoma, Wash__ Taippft, F la. , . _ . Wheeling, W. Va___________ Youngstown, Ohio__.............. 2 4 1 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 20 3 7 Total................................... . Occupation, sex, and city Packers, male: Albany, N. Y .......................... Atlanta, Ga________________ Baltimore, M d _____________ Birmingham, Ala___ _______ Boston, Mass______________ Bridgeport, Conn___________ Buffalo, N. Y .......................... Charleston, S. C........ ............. Charlotte, N. C ____________ Chattanooga, Tenn................. Chicago, 111............. ................ Cincinnati, Ohio...... ........... . Cleveland, Ohio..................... Columbia, S. C_____________ Columbus, Ohio__________ Dallas, Tex________________ Denver, Colo_______________ Des Moines, Iowa__________ Detroit, Mich______________ Duluth, M in n ________________ Erie, Pa___________________ Evansville, Tnd_____________ . Fall River, Mass___________ Fort Smith, Ark____________ Grand Rapids, M ich________ Hartford, Conn_______ _____ Houston, Tex__- __________ Huntington, W. Va_________ Indianapolis, Tnd_____________ Jacksonville, Fla___________ Lewiston and Auburn, M e ... Lincoln, Nebr______________ Little Rock, Ark..................... Los Angeles, Calif__________ Louisville, K y_____________ Madison, Wis______________ Manchester, N. H __________ Memphis, Tenn—__________ Miami,-Fla_______ _______ _ Milwaukee, Wis____________ Minneapolis, Minn................. Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week 19 g 5 0) (l) 16 0) 4 7 0 7 (l) (l) 0) 9 6.0 4.9 6.0 6.0 0) 4.9 5.9 3.1 6.0 0) 0) 5.4 0) 4.0 6.0 0) 6.0 0) 0) 0) 5.9 50.4 54.0 54.0 48.0 0) 48.0 51.2 48.0 48.0 0) 0) 54.0 0) 51.0 48.0 0) 48.0 (0 (0 0) 49.3 50.4 42.5 54.0 48.0 0) 39.0 50.7 24.1 48.0 (i) (i) 44.5 0) 36.5 48.0 0) 48.0 0) 0) 0) 48.3 64 274 5.6 50.6 46.4 91.7 4 4 9 4 6 4 3 2 2 2 20 5 9 1 16 9 23 10 46 13 43 2 6 3 95 33 41 3 13 10 17 13 38 10 6 4 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.5 5.7 5.0 5.4 6.0 5.2 6.0 6.0 5.4 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.7 5.4 6.0 6.0 52.7 62.9 54.4 64.6 51.9 54.5 54.0 54.0 59.0 49.3 52.5 50.9 52.0 49.5 55.6 63.2 52.2 53.5 52.7 60. 0 56.0 51.0 52.7 62.4 53.0 65.1 49.7 44.3 49.9 54.0 50.7 49.3 51.6 46.3 52.3 49.5 49.5 61.5 50.3 51.1 46.1 54. 0 56.0 51.0 100.0 99.2 97.4 100.8 95.8 81.2 92.4 100.0 85.9 100.0 98.3 91.0 100.6 100.0 89.0 97.3 96.4 95.5 87.5 90.0 100.0 100.0 5 4 6 5 4 1 3 3 1 1 4 2 2 3 4 2 3 2 4 7 5 1 3 3 2 5 7 (i) 0) 15 11 4 5 16 9 5 5 13 58 16 3 4 14 5 43 21 0) 0) 5.2 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.8 5.5 5.6 6.0 6.0 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.6 1 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. Aver Aver age Aver age Per age full hours cent of earn actu full time ally ings hours worked time per per worked hour in week week 0) 0) 56.2 54.8 61.5 57.6 59.0 60.4 54.0 60.0 56.4 53.0 53.4 54.0 48.0 56.8 62.8 53.6 53.1 C1) (i) 48.8 53.3 61.5 57.6 59.8 60.4 54.0 60.0 57.5 50.2 52.2 56.8 48.0 52.5 56.3 47.3 50.4 100.0 $0,270 .236 78.7 .241 100.0 100.0 .307 0) 0) 81.3 .375 99.0 .275 50.2 .350 100.0 .242 0) 0) (i) 0) .252 82.4 0) 0) .331 71.6 .463 100.0 0) 0) .250 100.0 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) (9 .298 98.0 0) 0) 86.8 97.3 100.0 100.0 101.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 102.0 94.7 97.8 105.2 100.0 92.4 89.6 88.2 94.9 Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week $13.60 12.74 13.00 14.71 0) 18.00 14.08 16.80 11.60 0) (i) 13.61 0) 16.88 22.20 0) 12.00 0) 0) (0 14.69 $13.60 10.02 13.00 14.71 0) 14.63 13.94 8.45 11.60 0) 0) 11.21 0) 12.08 22.20 0) 12.00 .283 14.32 13.10 .491 .330 .460 .225 .484 .464 .509 .343 .291 .324 .566 .435 .475 .236 .495 .371 .415 .401 .558 .377 .448 .537 25.84 20.76 25.02 14.54 25.12 25.29 27.49 18.50 17.17 16.00 29.72 22.14 24.70 11.67 27. 52 23.45 21.66 21.45 29.41 22.62 25.08 27.38 25.84 20.61 24.38 14.66 24.05 20.53 25.44 18.50 14.75 16.00 29.22 20.15 24.85 11.67 24.49 22.83 20.89 20.50 25.75 20.38 25.08 27.38 0) 0 21.54 28.61 29.38 22.60 25.53 17.19 21.06 19.90 17.82 23.96 22.80 31.70 28.75 17.47 15.10 22.58 20.89 0) 0) .441 .537 .478 .392 .427 .284 .390 .332 .310 .479 .437 .558 .599 .333 .268 .477 .414 0) 0) 24.78 29.43 29.38 22.60 25.19 17.19 21.06 19.90 17.48 25.39 23.34 30.13 28.75 18.91 16.83 25.57 21.98 V/ 0) 14.36 42 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con. T able BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued Occupation, sex, and city Packers, male—Continued. Mobile, Ala............................. Nashvillfi, Tenn Newark, N. J______________ New Orleans, Ta New York, N. Y ..................... Norfolk, Va............................. Ogden, Utah_______________ Olrlnhnma City, Okl»_ Omaha, Nebr_____________ _ Pawtucket, R. I ____________ Peoria, 111................................ Philadelphia, _ Pittsburgh, Pa__ ___________ Portland, Me______________ Portland, Oreg_____________ Pueblo, Colo_______________ ‘RichTnoTid, Va _____ Roanoke, Va_______________ Rockford, 111............................ Sacramento, Calif__________ St. Joseph, M o_____________ St. Louis, M o______________ Salt Lake City, Utah_______ San Francisco, C a lif._______ Savannah, Qa______________ Scranton, Pa_______________ Seattle, Wash______________ Shreveport, La. _ __________ Sioux City, Iowa___________ South Bend, Ind___________ Spokane, __________ Syracuse, N. Y _____________ Tacoma, Wash_____________ Tampa, Fla.............. ...... ........ Topeka, Kans. ____________ Trenton, N. J______________ Tulsa, Okla___ ____________ Washington, D. C.................. Wheeling, W. V a . _________ Wichita, Kans..... .............. .... Wilmington, Del............ ........ Worcester, Mass____________ Youngstown, Ohio.................. Num ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers 2 3 9 10 22 2 2 2 4 4 3 14 10 3 5 4 3 4 2 2 2 2 U 4 4 2 2 6 2 3 1 W a s2h .. 6 2 1 2 4 4 6 2 2 2 4 2 Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week Aver Aver age Per age cent of full hours actu full time ally hours worked time worked per in week week 4 6 54 19 141 4 5 7 19 7 7 193 67 13 14 9 5 16 2 3 9 6 40 15 58 5 6 13 2 9 0) 8 22 4 3 5 10 7 43 8 6 6 10 5 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.2 5.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.4 6.0 6.0 4.1 6.0 5.8 6.0 5.6 6.0 6.0 5.6 6.0 6.1 0) 4.5 6.0 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.1 5.4 6.5 6.0 6.0 5.0 57.5 57.3 49.2 48.1 51.2 55.0 54.0 55.7 51.2 55.7 52.3 51.7 51.4 48.5 48.0 48.0 50.4 54.5 53.5 54.0 48.0 53.0 50.2 54.0 48. 0 59.0 50.0 48.0 54.0 52.7 0) 48.0 52.5 48.0 54.0 52.8 49.6 61.1 53.4 51.8 54.0 53.0 49.8 54.0 57.5 56.7 48.1 48.1 52.3 55.0 44.2 45.7 51.2 55.7 52.3 51.4 50.7 48.5 49.1 48.0 52.3 49.1 53.5 54.0 32.9 53.0 49.1 54.0 45.0 59.0 50.0 45.8 56.5 57.8 0) 35.7 52.5 44.6 54.0 52.8 49.6 58.1 54.3 46.1 58.5 53.0 49.8 46.1 Aver age earn ings per hour Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week 100.0 $0,322 $18.50 $18.50 99.0 .272 15.59 15.41 97.8 .505 24.85 24.33 100.0 19.94 .415 19.94 102.1 29.18 .570 29.80 100.0 .457 25.13 25.13 81.» .501 27.05 22.14 82.0 .465 25.90 21.28 100.0 .488 24.97 24.97 100.0 .503 28.00 28.00 100.0 .464 24.29 24.29 99.4 23.11 .447 23.01 98.(1 .416 21.38 21.11 100.0 .575 27.88 27.88 . .512 24.58 25.14 100.0 .595 28.56 28.56 103.8 .418 21.07 21.85 90. 1 .433 23.60 21.26 100.0 .467 25.00 25.00 100.0 .448 24.17 24.17 68.5 .452 21.70 14.85 100.0 .410 21.75 21. 75 97.8 .552 27.71 27.06 100. 0 .439 23.70 23.70 93. 7 .816 39.17 36.73 100.0 .210 12.37 12. 37 100. 0 .500 25.00 25.00 95. t .577 27.70 26.45 104. > .391 21.11 22.09 109. 7 .407 21.45 23.50 (0 0) 0) 0) 74. i .692 33.22 24.71 100. 3 .471 24.70 24. 70 92. 9 .578 27.74 25.81 100. 0 .420 22.67 22.67 100. 0 .357 18.85 18.85 100. 0 .512 25.40 25.40 22.24 95. 1 .364 21.15 101. 7 .478 25.53 25.95 89. 0 .455 23.57 21.00 108. 3 .448 24.19 26.23 100. 0 .399 21.17 21.17 100. 0 .489 24. 35 24.35 .472 85.4 25.49 21.76 102 Total..................................... 355 1,600 5.8 52.5 50.9 97.0 .483 25.36 24.58 Packers, female: Baltimore, M d_____________ Cleveland, Ohio.................... . Detroit, Mich................... ...... Grand Rapids, Mich________ Los Angeles, Calif__________ Louisville, K y______________ Minneapolis, Minn_________ Newark, N. J______________ Ogden, Utah_______________ St. Louis, M o______________ San Francisco, C alif.............. Scranton, Pa_______________ Seattle, Wash______________ Tacoma, Wash_____________ Wheeling, W. Va.... ................ 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 16 0) 10 0) 16 4 (0 4 7 3 0) (i) 0) 6.0 5.8 5.4 0) 6.0 (l) 5.6 6.0 <*) 5.3 6.0 3.3 0) 0) 0) 54.0 48.0 52.9 (*) 48.0 0) 50.6 48.0 0) 48.0 48.0 48.0 0) 0) 0) 54.0 44.4 46.1 (9 45.8 0) 47.2 48.0 0) 41.4 48.0 26.7 <») 0) (1) 100.0 92. 5 87.1 (0 95. 4 <*) 93. 3 100.0 0 86.3 100.0 55.6 (0 0) 0) .233 .342 .320 (l) .377 0) .278 .292 0) .295 .482 .221 (i) 0) 0) 12.60 16.42 16.93 0) 18.10 0) 14.07 14.00 0) 14.16 23.13 10.61 0) 0) 0) 12.60 15.19 14.78 0) 17.26 0) 13.11 14.00 <*) 12.21 23.13 5.89 (i) (l) 0) Total..................................... 19 76 5.6 50.1 46.3 92.4 .323 16.18 14.93 1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. 43 GENERAL TABLES A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per weekt average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1931, by department, occupation sex, and city— Con. T able B R EAD DE PA RTM E N T—Continued Occupation, sex, and city Driver-salesmen: ' Albany, N. Y .......................... Atlanta, G a, B altim ore, Md _ ___ B irm in gham , Ala ____ __ Boston, Mass______________ Bridgeport, Conn______ ____ Buffalo, N. Y .......................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa________ Charleston, S. C.......... —........ Charlotte, N. C____________ Chattanooga, Tenn_________ Chicago, IU.l............ .............. Cincinnati, Ohio___________ Cleveland, Ohio____________ Columbia, S. C________ ____ C oln m h u s, O h io. ,. Covington, K y _____________ Dallas, Tex_____ _____ _____ Denver, Colo_______________ Des Moines, Iowa__________ Detroit, M ich______________ Duluth, Minn......................... Erie, Pa................................... Evansville, Ind_____________ Fall River, Mass___________ Fort Smith, Ark____________ Grand Rapids, Mich________ Hartford, C o n n ..__________ Houston, T e x _____________ Huntington, W. Va................ Indianapolis, Ind___________ Jacksonville, Fla___________ Lewiston and Auburn, M e .. Lincoln, Nebr________ _____ Little Rock, Ark____ _______ Los Angeles, Calif__________ Louisville, K y______________ Madison, Wis______________ Manchester, N. H__________ Memphis, Tenn____________ Miami, Fla______ ____ _____ Milwaukee, W is ___________ Minneapolis, M in n ___________ Mobile, Ala............................. Nashua, N. H ....... ......... ........ Nashville, Tenn____________ Newark, N. J_________ _____ New Orleans, La___________ New York, N. Y ..................... Norfolk, Va............................. Ogden, Utah........................... Oklahoma City, Okla_______ Omaha, Nebr______________ Pawtucket, R. I____________ Peoria, 111__________________ Philadelphia, Pa __________ Pittsburgh, Pa_____________ Portland, Me______________ Portland, Oreg_____________ Providence, R. I ____________ Pueblo, Colo_______________ Richmond, Va_____________ Roanoke, Va_______________ Rockford, 111____ __________ Sacramento, Calif__________ St. Joseph, M o........................ Num ber of estab lish ments Aver age Aver Aver age Aver Num days Per age on age ber of which full hours of earn actu cent full wage wage time ally ings earn earners hours worked time worked per ers worked per in hour week week in week 139 5 4 107 10 367 5 73 5 226 5 99 4 355 4 35 2 24 4 51 3 46 27 825 6 149 464 10 5 32 5 107 2 13 5 77 6 145 6 109 6 293 4 43 5 58 6 63 4 23 3 14 3 92 4 96 6 83 3 33 8 163 3 52 4 21 4 28 5 70 7 315 4 107 5 36 3 44 3 48 4 52 7 237 7 155 4 44 4 42 4 47 449 10 11 118 26 1,000 4 55 2 14 5 72 4 95 4 51 64 4 943 15 12 505 2 47 5 135 6 119 3 17 4 79 22 3 3 26 2 31 5 46 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.1 5.9 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.4 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6. 0 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.0 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. 54.6 62.0 57.0 59.0 55.9 59.3 60.0 58.9 52.5 55.3 58.5 62.1 54.6 60.8 55.2 63.0 50.8 75.3 56.5 6tt 6 61.2 64.1 60.8 55.4 56.6 67.3 63.9 54.0 73.2 58.5 64.6 57.1 54.9 56.2 62 5 58.2 60.2 57.3 60.0 69.6 62.4 58.8 62.3 64.3 60.0 59.4 55.9 59.2 55. 2 58.0 54.0 67.8 58.5 59.3 65.3 58.6 57.0 55.3 53.8 59.2 52.9 59.1 59.7 60.6 56.5 66.1 54.5 62.4 56.3 59.5 58.0 58.2 59.9 58.9 52.5 55.3 57.5 62.6 52.9 60.4 55.2 61.2 54.5 73.9 56.0 60.6 60.2 63.7 61.7 54.0 56.9 62.1 64.4 53.6 73.0 59.3 61.4 55.8 54.9 56.2 64.6 56.7 60.1 63.3 60.0 71.0 62.2 59.3 61.5 64.1 60.0 60.6 57.5 59.2 55.2 57.1 54.0 70.3 57.2 57.6 64.5 58.2 55.5 54.7 50.8 59.0 53.1 60.0 56.5 61.0 56.2 65.9 99.8 $0.611 100.6 .375 98.8 .513 100.8 .409 103.8 .503 98.3 .494 99.8 .608 100.0 .467 100.0 .406 100.0 .479 98.3 .465 100.8 .791 96.9 .644 99.3 .529 100.0 .423 97.1 .457 107.3 .569 98.1 .393 99.1 .507 100.0 .458 98.4 .589 99.4 .420 101.5 .469 97. 5 .472 100.5 .428 92.3 .327 100.8 .468 99.3 .574 99.7 .380 101.4 .521 95.0 .490 97.7 .451 100.0 .488 100.0 .414 103.4 .382 97. 4 . 554 99.8 .440 110.5 .544 100. 0 . 447 102.0 .451 99.7 .458 100.9 .496 98.7 . 432 99.7 .407 .551 100.0 102 0 .375 102.9 .577 100.0 .393 100.0 .650 98.4 .562 100. 0 .576 .424 103.7 97.8 .483 97.1 .516 98.8 .392 99.3 .530 97.4 .547 98.9 .384 94 4 .619 .552 99.7 100.4 .487 101.5 .556 94.6 .419 100.7 .486 99.5 .686 .400 99.7 Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week $33.36 23.25 29.24 24.13 28.12 29.29 36.48 27.49 21.32 26.48 27.20 49.12 35.16 32.16 23.36 28.79 28.91 29.59 28.65 27.80 36.05 26.92 28. 52 26.15 24.22 22.01 29.91 31.00 27.82 30.48 31.65 25.75 26.80 23.25 23.88 32. 24 26. 49 31.17 26.82 31.39 28.58 29.16 26.91 26.17 33.06 22. 28 32.25 23. 27 35.88 32.60 31.11 28.75 28.26 30.60 25.60 31.06 31.18 21.24 33.30 32.68 25.76 32 86 25.01 29.45 38.76 26.44 $33.28 23.36 28.89 24.29 29.19 28.78 36.44 27.49 21.32 26.48 26.73 49.50 34.07 31.93 23.36 27.94 31.00 29.01 28 40 27.80 35.45 26.76 28.92 25.48 24.33 20.33 30.14 30.77 27.72 30.88 30.09 25.16 26.80 23.25 24 67 31.39 26.45 34.38 26.82 31.98 28.51 29.43 26.58 26. 09 33.06 22.71 33.18 23. 27 35.88 32.07 31.11 29.76 27.62 29.76 25. 26 30.81 30.36 20.98 31.44 32.57 25.85 33.31 23.68 29.64 38.55 26.36 44 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation sex, and city— Con. T a b le BREAD D EPARTM EN T—Continued Occupation, sex, and d ty Driver-salesmen—Continued. St. Louis, M o.......................... Salt Lake City, Utah............. Ran Franfiififin, Calif Savannah, Qa______________ Seattle, Wash______________ Shreveport, La. ____________ Simix City, Tnwa_. South Bend, Ind___________ fipolrarift, Wash .... _ Syracuse, N. Y _____________ Tacorna, Wash Tarn pa, Fla ... _ _ Topeka, Kans_____ _ Tulsa, ovia .... Washington, D. C__________ Wheeling, W. Va............ ........ Wichita, Kans_____________ Wilmington, Del___________ Winston-Salem, N. C_______ Worcester, Mass _________ Youngstown, Ohio__________ Total..................................... Apprentices, male: Baltimore, M d_____________ Boston, Mass______________ Bridgeport, Conn___________ Cedar Rapids, Iowa________ Charleston, S. C____________ Chicago, 111........ Cincinnati, Ohio___________ Cleveland, Ohio____________ Columbia, S. C_____________ Dallas, Texas______________ Denver, Colo_______________ Des Moines, Iowa__________ T>nlntb, Minn „ Erie, Pa___________________ Evansville, Ind_____________ Fall River, Mass___________ Houston, Texas ___________ Indianapolis, Ind___________ Lincoln, Nebr_____- ________ Los Angeles, Calif__________ Madison, Wis______________ Miami, Fla_______ ____ ____ Milwaukee, Wis____________ Minneapolis, Minn _______ Newark, N. J______________ New Orleans, La___________ Norfolk, Va............................. Pawtucket, R. I____________ Peoria, 111__________________ Philadelphia, Pa..................... Pittsburgh, Pa_____________ Portland, Oreg_____________ Providence, R. I___ - _______ Pueblo, Colo__ ____________ Richmond, Va_____________ St. Joseph, M o_____________ Salt Lake City, U tah ______ Seattle, Wash______________ Spokane. Wash....................... Num ber of estab lish ments Aver age days Num on ber of which wage wage earn earners ers worked in week Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week 100.6 $0. 562 $40.63 $40.83 •)9.4 .565 30.51 30.35 45.12 *)9.6 .940 44.90 .334 1)0.0 20.78 20.78 .656 35.42 09.8 35.32 )6.9 .863 44 27 42.87 .365 24 56 100.6 24 70 100. 0 .692 38.71 38. 71 96.9 .560 28.78 27.87 3& 48 94 9 .681 36.50 100.0 .626 33.97 33.97 .757 40.58 95.7 38.82 20.84 128.1 .345 26.69 32.58 32. 58 100.0 .558 29.06 100.0 .532 29. 06 102.4 .435 27.75 28.42 39.44 97.8 .708 38.58 .537 29. 21 99.3 28.99 24 33 100.0 .399 24 33 .538 32.25 100.0 32.25 .437 99.5 24.95 24.85 .481 99.2 29.77 29.50 .462 27.81 99.3 27.62 397 63 228 32 133 133 38 52 18 38 205 34 40 23 78 69 249 46 54 68 29 118 109 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6. 0 6. 0 6.0 6.1 6. 0 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6. 0 6. 0 5.9 6.0 5. 7 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 72.3 54.0 48.0 62.1 54.0 51. 3 67. 3 56.0 51. 4 56.5 54.3 53.6 60.4 58.3 54.6 63.8 55. 7 54.4 60.9 60.0 57.1 61.9 60.2 72.7 53.7 47.8 62.1 53.9 49.7 67.7 56. 0 49.8 53.6 543 51.3 77.4 58.3 54 6 65.3 54.5 54.0 60.9 60.0 56.8 61.4 59.8 477 11,844 6.0 58.9 58.7 99.7 .562 33.10 33.02 7 8 6 4 8 6.0 5.6 6.0 O) 0 6.0 5.9 .316 .418 .292 0) (i) .406 .395 0) 0 .401 .468 .254 .292 .259 .346 0) (l) .262 .246 .457 0 .162 (i) 0 0 .351 .267 0 0 .249 .392 0 .193 .463 0 0 .309 .812 .640 17.19 20.40 15.48 (l) 0 19.50 18.96 0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 0) 0 6.0 6.0 6.0 52.9 45.4 53.5 0) (i) 48.0 47.0 O) 0) 48.0 47.7 54.0 48.0 51.1 48.0 0 0 54.8 57.0 54.0 0 54.0 0 0 0 48.0 50.0 (0 (i) 50.5 48.0 0 42.8 45.8 0 0 54.0 45.0 48.0 97.2 93.0 100.9 0) 0 100.0 97.9 (,)4 19 13 2 4 5 m 0 3 2 3 54.4 48.8 53.0 0) 0 48.0 48.0 0 0 48.0 48.0 54.0 48.0 54.0 48.0 (l) (i) 52.7 57.0 54.0 0) 54.0 0) 0 (0 48.0 50.0 0) (1) 50.0 48.0 0 49.2 48.0 0 0 54.0 45.0 48.0 16.70 18.98 15.64 0) 0 19.50 18.54 0) 0 19.25 22.35 13.69 14.00 13.22 16.60 0) 0 14.36 14.00 24.67 0 8.75 m 0 16.83 13.33 0) 0 12.59 18.80 0 8.28 21.24 0 0) 16.67 36.55 30.70 11 4 5 3 4 6 4 5 4 3 6 4 4 2 5 4 6 2 4 4 3 5 6 3 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 0 0) W2 (1) 1) (1) 4 3 (i) 0) 8 10 3 0 (i) 3 2 3 (l) *0 0) 0 0 6.0 6.0 0) 0 6.0 6.0 0 5.2 5.7 0 0 6.0 6.0 6.0 1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. Aver Aver Aver age le r age age of earn full hours actu cent full time ings ally hours worked time per worked hour per in week week 0) 0 ]00.0 99.4 :oo.o :oo.o 94.6 :oo.o 0) 0 :l04.0 100.0 100.0 0 100.0 m (1) 100.0 100.0 0 (1) 101.0 100.0 0) 87.0 95.4 0 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 (1) 0) 19.25 22.46 13.69 14.00 13.99 16.60 0) 0 13.81 14.00 24.67 (1) 8.75 0 0 0 16.83 13.33 0 0 12.45 18.80 0 9.50 22.22 0 0 16.67 36.55 30.70 45 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e A ,— Average number of days on which wage earners worked , average full time and actual hours and earnings per weekf average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation , sex , and city — C o n . BREAD DEPARTMENT—Continued Num ber of estab lish ments Occupation, sex, and city Apprentices, male—Continued. Tacoma, Wash_____________ Topeka, Kans______________ Trenton, N. J______________ Washington, T ),f! ____ Wilmington, T)a1 Worcester, M ass________ __ 1 1 2 4 1 1 __ 70 Tntftl ___ Other employees, male: 5 Albany, N. Y .......................... Atlanta, Ga. _„ __ 4 Baltimore, Md __ _ . __ 9 3 Birmingham, Ala 8 Boston, Mass______________ 5 Bridgeport, Conn Buffalo, N. Y ......................... 4 3 Cedar Rapids, IoWa________ 2 Charleston, S. C _________ 2 Charlotte, N. C ____________ 2 Chattanooga, Tenn_________ Chicago, 111________________ 24 Cincinnati, Ohio___________ 6 Cleveland, Ohio____________ 10 Columbia, S. C_____________ 3 5 Columbus, Ohio____________ 1 Covington, K y_____________ 5 Dallas, Tex_________ ______ Denver, Colo_______________ 6 6 Des Moines, Iowa__________ 6 Detroit, Mich______________ Duluth, Minn 4 5 Erie, Pa__________________ 4 Evansville, Ind_____________ 2 Fall River, Mass___________ 1 Fort Smith, Ark____________ 4 Grand Rapids, Mich_______ Hartford, Conn........ .............. 4 Houston, Tex _____________ 6 TTnnt.ingt.nn, W. Va_________ 3 9 Indianapolis, I n d __________ 2 Jacksonville, Fla..................... Lewiston and Auburn, Me___ 3 2 Lincoln, Nebr______________ 4 Little Rock, Ark___________ 7 Los Angeles, Calif ________ Louisville, Ky___.......... ......... 5 5 Madison, Wis______________ 3 Manchester, N. H __________ 3 Memphis, Tenn____________ 2 Miami, Fla________________ 7 Milwaukee, Wis____________ 7 Minneapolis, Minn_________ 2 Mobile, Ala............................. 1 Nashua, N. H ______________ 4 ____________ Nashville, Tenn 10 Newark, N. J______________ 6 New Orleans, La___________ New York. N. Y ................... 25 2 Norfolk, Va............................. Ogden, Utah_______________ 2 5 Oklahoma City, Okla_______ 4 Omaha, Nebr_______ _____ 4 Pawtucket, R. I____________ 2 Peoria, 111................................ 14 Philadelphia, Pa..................... Num ber of wage earn ers (i) 0 (l) 2 7 0 Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week 0 0 6.0 6.0 0 (1) 0 0 48.0 48.0 (i) 0 0) 0 48.0 49.4 0) 0 (i) (i) 0 0 100.0 $0.521 102.9 .542 0 0 0 0 Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week 0) 0) $25.00 26.02 0 0 (i) 0 $25.00 26.81 (*) 0 168 5.9 50.3 49.3 98.0 .362 18.21 17.87 28 7 49 10 36 23 72 8 4 8 6 164 51 92 4 27 3 19 57 23 117 14 19 9 3 3 19 9 20 11 54 10 4 8 20 69 23 6.1 6.0 5.9 6.4 5.9 5.7 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.5 6.5 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.4 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.0 5.8 5.8 6.2 6.0 5.9 6.0 0 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.3 6.0 6.2 6.0 6.0 6.0 52.4 59.1 55.9 63.0 53.2 51.4 53.7 54.5 54.0 57.8 54.7 51.5 51.5 51.7 54.5 56.6 48.0 56.8 50.2 55.1 51.9 47.0 57.2 49.3 50.0 60.0 57.3 52.7 60.0 56.7 55.6 59.0 54.0 60.5 58.0 52.3 54.6 50.2 48.0 57.2 64.8 52.3 52.9 57.0 0 56.0 50.3 48.0 48.9 53.3 54.0 54.3 54.3 56.2 52.8 52.4 52.7 59.1 55.4 62.5 52.1 49.3 53.2 54.5 54.0 57.8 54.7 51.1 52.2 51.0 54.5 52.9 48.0 56.1 49.3 54.3 54.7 47.0 57.2 49.8 50.0 60.0 53.2 52.7 61.7 56.7 53.0 59.0 54.0 60.5 56.8 52.4 54.7 53.1 46.8 55.4 64.8 52.7 52.0 57.0 100.5 100.0 99.1 99.2 97.9 95.9 99.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.2 101.4 98.6 100.0 93.5 100.0 98.8 98.2 98.5 105.4 100.0 100.0 101.0 100.0 100.0 92.8 100.0 102.8 100.0 95.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 97.9 100.2 100.2 105.8 97.5 96.9 100.0 100.8 98.3 100.0 .739 .470 .498 .439 .658 .853 .673 .477 .352 .338 .556 .750 .668 .729 .330 .593 .938 .501 .661 .584 .676 .688 .564 .598 .733 .294 .554 .749 .468 .717 .653 .361 .537 .510 .577 .692 .678 .748 .635 .540 .488 .717 .615 .565 0 .553 .816 .608 .876 .694 .607 .665 .559 .680 .549 .642 38.72 27.79 27.84 27.66 35.01 43.84 36.14 26.00 19.00 19.53 30.42 38.63 34.40 37.69 18.00 33.56 45.00 28.46 33.18 32.18 35.08 32.36 32.25 29.48 36.67 17.67 31.74 39.44 28.08 40.68 36.31 21.30 29.00 30.88 33.47 36.19 37.02 37.55 30.48 30.89 31.67 37.50 32.53 32.20 0 30.97 41.04 29.18 42.84 37.00 32.78 36.11 30.35 38.18 29.00 33.64 38.98 27.79 27.56 27.46 34.25 42.04 35.79 26.00 19.00 19.53 30.42 38.31 34.88 37.22 18.00 31.34 45.00 28.11 32.57 31.71 36.96 32.36 32.25 29.75 36.67 17.67 29.44 39.44 28.85 40.68 34.61 21.30 29.00 30.88 32.77 36.29 37.08 39.69 29.74 29.91 31.67 37.79 31.99 32.20 0 30.11 40.68 29.18 42.33 37.00 28.88 35.58 30.78 38.18 29.00 33.46 U 5 18 6 47 45 5 0 6 50 14 164 6 7 28 33 22 5 144 1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total 156770°— 33------- 4 Aver Aver Aver age Per age age cent of earn full hours actu full time ings ally time hours worked per worked hour per in week week 0) 54.4 49.9 48.0 48.3 53.3 47.6 53.5 55.0 56.2 52.8 52.2 (0 97.1 99.2 100.0 98.8 100.0 88.1 98.5 101.3 100.0 100.0 99.6 46 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1931, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con. T a b l e A .— BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued Num ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week Other employees, male—Coctd. Pittsburgh, Pa-------------------Portland, Me.......................... Portland, Oreg........................ Providence, R. I.................. . Pueblo, Colo........................... Richmond, Va..................... . Roanoke, Va........................... Rockford, 111........................... Sacramento, Calif................... St. Joseph, M o................. ...... St. Louis, M o--------------------Salt Lake City, Utah............. San Francisco, Calif............... Savannah, Ga......................... Scranton, Pa........................... Seattle, Wash................... ...... Shreveport, La-------------------Sioux City, Iowa.............. — South Bend, Ind................... . Spokane, Wash................... . Syracuse, N. Y ................. — Tacoma, Wash------------- -----Tampa, Fla........................... Topeka, Kans...................... . Trenton, N. J--------------------Tulsa, Okla......... ................ . Washington, D. C.................. Wheeling, W .V a .................... Wichita, Kans......................... Wilmington, Del.................... Winston-Salem, N. C_______ Worcester, Mass— ............... Youngstown, Ohio.................. 12 3 5 5 2 2 4 2 2 5 11 4 4 3 4 6 4 5 4 3 6 3 2 2 2 4 6 2 4 3 3 4 2 74 3 34 13 11 3 4 9 11 18 107 23 33 5 15 39 26 14 4 13 31 10 4 5 15 16 41 10 12 20 4 9 12 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.9 5.4 6.0 6.0 5.2 5.7 6.1 6.0 5.2 5.8 5.1 6.5 6.0 6.1 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.8 5.9 6.0 5.4 5.8 51.1 52.0 48.0 52.2 50.2 53.5 53.8 56.2 48.0 52.4 53.4 54.0 48.0 61.6 51.7 47.3 51.9 53.3 55.5 48.8 52.5 48.0 54.5 51.6 51.3 57.0 52.0 52.8 56.3 52.1 57.0 52.4 54.0 51.2 52.0 49.6 53.2 53.0 53.5 48.8 56.2 48.0 52.4 52.3 53.0 43.7 61.6 51.7 41.1 49.4 53.3 55.5 42.1 51.6 41.1 56.8 51.6 52.1 56.3 50.7 52.8 51.9 52.1 57.0 47.8 52.3 Total..................................... 425 2,368 5.9 52.5 52.0 1 0) 0) 1 10 6.0 3 6.0 1 1 0) 0) 3 5 5.8 14 2 6.0 1 0) 0) 4 7 6.0 2 7 5.4 2 7 6.0 1 0) <9 1 (0 1 0) 0) 1 (l) <9 3 8 6.0 2 2 6.0 1 0) (9 1 0) 0) 1 0) 0) 1 0) 0) 7 5.1 3 1 (0 1 h (0 2 6.0 2 6.0 6 1 1 6 5.7 1 6 6.0 3 3 6.0 1 3 6.0 2 2 6.0 'F o r less than 3 wage earners, d ata incltuded iii total. 0) 40.0 57.0 0) 48.0 47.1 0) 52.3 48.9 48.0 0) 0) (!) 0) 42.0 57.0 0) 45.8 46.7 (0 53.1 44.3 48.0 (0 (0 0) 0) 50.3 59.8 0) 0) 0) 0) 40.9 0) 0) 50.0 54.0 45.1 54.0 50.0 48.0 50.5 Occupation, sex, and city Other employees, female: Albany, N. Y ......... ............... Atlanta, Ga............................. Baltimore, M d ........................ Birmingham, Ala.................. Boston, Mass.......................... Buffalo, N. Y ........................ Cedar Rapids, Iowa------------Chicago, 111.............................. Cincinnati, Ohio..................... Cleveland, Ohio..................... Columbus, Ohio.................. . Dallas, Tex............................. Denver, Colo......................... . Des Moines, Iowa................. . Detroit, Mich...................... . Erie, P a.................................. Evansville, Ind....................... Fort Smith, Ark..................... Grand Rapids, Mich.............. Houston, Tex.......................... Indianapolis, Ind.................... Lincoln, Neor......................... Little Rock, Ark..................... Louisville, K y ........................ Memphis, Tenn...................... Milwaukee, Wis....... .............. Minneapolis, Minn................. Omaha, Nebr.......................... Peoria, 111................................ Pittsburgh, Pa........................ Aver Aver age Aver age Por age full hours cen; of earn actu time full ally ings hours worked tine per per worked hour in week week h 53.3 52.5 0) 0) 0) 0) 51.7 0) 0) 50.0 54.0 48.0 54.0 50.0 48.0 51.0 Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week 100.2 $0,705 $36.03 $36.10 .564 29.33 100.0 29.33 10:$. 3 .624 29.95 30.93 10 u 9 .598 31.22 31.82 10.'). 6 .532 26.71 28.22 100.0 .611 32.67 32.67 90.7 .695 37.39 33.88 100.0 .530 29.78 29.78 100.0 .773 37.09 37.09 100.0 .613 32.14 32.14 .664 r .9 35.46 34.73 98.1 .535 28.89 28.36 9 .0 .849 40.75 37.13 100.0 .498 30.68 30.68 100.0 .675 34.89 34.89 80.9 .818 38.69 33. 61 9.'.. 2 .480 24.91 23. 71 100.0 .714 38.07 38.07 100.0 .725 40.25 40.25 80.3 .915 44.65 38.50 98.3 .689 36.17 35.52 85.6 .774 37.15 31.79 104.2 .461 25.12 26.19 100.0 .717 37.00 37.00 10:. 6 .503 25.80 26.19 98.8 .554 31.58 31.20 .856 97.5 44.51 43.40 m o .580 30.65 30.65 25.84 91'. 2 .459 23.82 100.0 .543 28.28 28.28 100.0 .338 19.25 19.25 91.2 .758 39.72 36. 22 9(. 9 .715 38.61 37.39 9J.0 .670 35.18 34.84 (K 0) .286 .439 0) .317 .293 (0 .420 .268 .399 0) (9 (9 11.44 25.00 (9 15.22 13.80 (9 21.97 13.11 19.14 (9 (9 (0 (9 20. 31 15.86 (0 0) (9 (9 19.39 (9 (0 14.50 14.00 17.86 16.47 19.30 13.67 19.79 (9 12.00 25.00 (9 14. 51 13.69 (9 22.31 11.86 19.14 (9 0) 0) (0 19.17 18.07 0) 0) (l) 0) 15.33 10P.0 10(.0 o: 9*. 4 9L2 o: 101.5 9C.6 10C.0 o: o: o! 94.4 113.9 o: o: (K « 79.1 o; o: 100.0 100.0 94.0 10C.0 100.0 100.0 99.0 <9 .381 .302 (9 (9 (9 .375 (9 0) .290 .259 .372 .305 .386 .285 .388 V) 0) 14.50 14.00 16.78 16.47 19.30 13.67 19.60 47 GENERAL TABLES T a b l e A . — Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent o f full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city — C o n . BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued Occupation, sex, and city Num ber of estab lish ments Other employees, female—Contd. Portland, Me . ... Providence, R. I ___________ Rockford, 111_______________ St. Louis, M o...... ......... ......... Salt Lake City, Utah_______ Shreveport, La_____________ Tacoma, Wash_____________ Youngstown, Ohio____ 2 x 1 1 1 X x x Total................................... . 56 All employees, male: Albany, N. Y .......................... Atlanta, Ga __ ..... ..... Baltimore, Md Birmingham, Ala________ _ Boston, Mass______________ Bridgeport, Conn___________ Buffalo, N. Y ........................ . Cedar Rapids, Iowa________ Charleston, S. C____________ Charlotte, N. C ................... . Chattanooga, Tenn_________ Chicago, 111.............................. Cincinnati, Ohio..................... Cleveland, Ohio...................... Columbia, S. C....................... Columbus, Ohio______ _____ Covington, K y_____________ Dallas, Tex.......... ................... Denver, Colo_________ _____ Des Moines, Iow a................. Detroit, Mich......... .............. Duluth, Minn..... ................... Erie, Pa................................. Evansville, Ind_____________ Fall River, M a ss.................. Fort Smith, A rk .................. Grand Rapids, M ich ............ Hartford, Conn_____________ Houston, Tex_______ _____ Huntington, W. V a .......... . Indianapolis, Ind________ Jacksonville, Fla___________ Lewiston and Auburn, Me___ Lincoln, Nebr........................ Little Rock, Ark.................. Los Angeles, Calif................... Louisville, K y......................... Madison, Wis....... .............. Manchester, N. H ._....... ........ Memphis, Tenn...................... Miami, Fla.............................. Milwaukee, Wis_______ ____ Minneapolis, Minn................. Mobile, Ala............................. Nashua, N. H___.................... Nashville, Tenn...................... Newark, N. J....................... . New Orleans, La.................... New York, N. Y .................... Norfolk, Va............................ Ogden, Utah........................... Oklahoma City, Okla............. Omaha, Nebr.......................... Aver age Aver Aver age Num days Per age on cent of ber of which full hours actu full wage wage time ally earn earners hours worked time worked ers worked per in week week in week 4 100.0 $0.257 (i) 0 (i) (i) 0 0 (l) 0 0 (l) 0 0 77.1 .335 6 52.5 (l) 0) (i) 0 (J) 0 48.0 (i) 0 0 0) 0 37.0 130 5.8 49.6 47.9 96.6 5 ?97 4 ?24 734 10 5 184 617 10 5 234 4 645 4 91 4 74 4 120 4 117 28 2,057 6 462 925 10 6 92 5 256 2 35 5 199 6 375 6 276 o 770 4 125 5 151 6 139 4 55 36 3 215 4 5 188 6 205 3 91 368 10 134 4 73 4 4 85 5 155 790 7 5 238 5 106 3 85 3 156 4 125 7 599 397 7 4 130 4 89 4 125 849 10 11 367 30 2,408 4 133 2 49 5 193 4 » 247 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.1 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.1 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.7 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 5.6 5.9 6.0 52.8 60.8 55.9 60.1 53.5 54.3 57.1 56.4 53.8 55.5 56.7 55.1 51.7 56.3 54.9 58.2 49.2 63.0 51.9 57.0 55.3 55.7 57.7 51.7 54.3 62.1 59.2 53.3 66.0 57.5 59.1 58.4 54.0 58.0 58.3 55.0 56.9 52.7 54.2 60.7 60.0 55.5 56.4 60.0 56.8 57.9 52.7 51.7 51.4 56.2 54.0 59.0 54.8 53.3 60.9 54.9 59.1 52.5 53.1 56.9 56.4 53.8 54.8 56.1 54.3 48.9 55.4 54.3 53.9 49.4 61.9 50.8 56.8 55.2 55.1 57.2 51.1 54.4 58.7 66.0 53.1 64.9 57.2 57.0 58.1 54.0 58.0 58.9 53.7 56.7 55.3 52.8 59.4 58.8 52.6 55.3 69.8 56.8 58.1 53.5 51.7 49.6 56.1 50.0 58.0 54.5 100.9 100.2 98.2 98.3 98.1 97.8 99.7 100.0 100.0 98.7 98.9 98.5 94.6 98.4 98.9 92.6 100.4 98.3 97.9 99.6 99.8 98.9 99.1 98.8 100.2 94.5 94.6 99.6 98.3 99.5 96.4 99.5 100.0 100.0 101.0 97.6 99.6 104.9 97.4 97.9 98.0 94.8 98.0 99.7 100.0 100.3 101.5 100.0 96.5 99.8 92.6 98.3 99.5 i For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. 52.5 6.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.0 0 (l) 0 0 (l) 0 (i) Aver age earn ings per hour Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week $13.50 0 0 0 0 0 (i) 16.08 $13.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 12.39 .326 16.17 15.62 .581 .338 .489 .359 .523 .562 .585 .425 .353 .384 .398 .720 .592 .550 .326 .472 .619 .425 .551 .422 .586 .450 .446 .490 .430 .315 .464 .571 .385 .485 .495 .364 .424 .378 .405 .560 .465 .595 .491 .422 .378 .506 .453 .346 .468 .343 .610 .425 .693 .478 .515 .490 .472 30.68 20.55 27.34 21.58 27.98 30.52 33.40 23.95 19.01 21.31 22.57 39.67 30.61 30.97 17.90 27.47 30.45 26.78 28.60 24.05 32.41 25.07 25.73 25.33 23.35 19.56 27.47 30.43 25.41 27.89 29.25 21.26 23.00 21.92 23.61 30.80 26.46 31.36 26.61 25.62 22.68 28.08 25.55 20.76 26.58 19.86 32.15 21.98 35.62 26.86 27.81 28.91 25.87 30.97 20.57 26.81 21.26 27.46 29.87 33.32 23.95 19.01 21.03 22.32 39.11 28.96 30.48 17.69 25.43 30.60 26.34 27.99 23.97 32.32 24.80 25.53 25.06 23.39 18.47 25.98 30.27 25.00 27.73 28.25 21.12 23.00 21.92 23.82 30.08 26.38 32.85 25.93 25.05 22.24 26.59 25.06 20.70 26.58 19.95 32.66 21.98 34.38 26.82 25.77 28.43 25.73 48 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con. T able BREAD DEPARTM ENT—Continued Occupation, sex, and city Num ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week Aver Aver age Per age full hours cent of actu full time ally hours worked time worked per in week week All employees, male—Continued. 4 Pawtucket, R. I__................... 156 ......... ................. . Peoria,4111 149 Philadelphia, Pa _______ 15 2,133 Pittsburgh, P a .. _____ 12 1,119 Portland, M e______ . , 4 123 Portland, Orfig,................. _ 5 284 Providence, R. I ..................... 6 255 Pueblo, Colo........................... 3 59 Richmond, Va. __________ 4 205 4 71 Roanoke, V a............ ............ Rockford, 111........................... 3 84 2 92 Sacramento, Calif 5 St. Joseph, M o......... .............. 134 U St, Louis, M o „....................... 884 Salt Lake City, Utah_______ 4 175 San Francisco, Calif--....... . 5 512 Savannah, Ga_________ ____ 4 98 Scranton, Pa......... ........... ...... 4 261 Seattle, Wash______________ 6 284 Shreveport, La_____________ 5 117 5 Sioux City, Iowa......... ........... 154 South Bend, I n d ................... 4 55 Spokane, Wash....................... 3 no Syracuse, N. Y _____________ 6 372 4 Tacoma, Wash.................... . 88 4 104 Tampa, Fla________________ 2 73 Topeka, Kans................. ........ 5 Trenton, N. J„_..................... 167 4 Tulsa, Okla........... ................. 158 Washington, D. C.................. 6 585 WheelingjJVV. Va— ............... 2 109 4 135 Wichita, Kans.......... .............. Wilmington, Del___________ 4 168 4 Winston-Salem, N. C_______ 78 Worcester, Mass______ _____ 5 229 6 186 Youngstown, Ohio__________ 5.8 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.0 5.4 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.9 6.0 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.4 5.9 5.6 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.8 56.1 57.5 54.7 53.6 51.6 50.8 54.4 50.2 56.1 55.5 55.9 51.1 56.3 60.6 53.9 48.0 61.2 52.8 48.7 56.8 54.1 53.0 51.0 53.1 50.3 56.9 52.6 52.2 59.6 53.2 52.8 56.7 55.9 59.2 56.7 57.9 53.7 57.7 54.2 53.4 51.1 48.6 53.5 50.0 55.1 54.2 56.1 46.5 56.0 60.1 53.2 45.6 60.2 52.8 46.0 56.1 53.7 52.5 45.9 53.2 45.3 63.3 52.1 52.4 59.8 50.2 50.9 56.3 5o.7 59.1 56.5 56.1 503 27,856 5.9 55.0 54.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 0 5.9 6.0 0 6.0 6.0 5.3 5.4 6.0 0 6.0 5.4 6.0 5.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 0 4.9 6.0 0 5.6 0 total. 48.0 40.0 53.8 0 47.4 47.3 0 44.0 50.0 49.8 48.4 50.4 0 51.0 48.0 49.7 53.1 53.1 52.5 50.0 0 54.0 54.0 0) 49.6 0 48.0 42.0 53.8 0 46.3 46.9 (i) 44.0 50.2 43.9 43.3 50.4 0 46.4 43.2 49.7 48.0 53.1 59.8 50.0 0 43.1 54.0 0 44.9 0 \ Total................................— All employees, female: Albany, N. Y ...................... . Atlanta, Ga________________ Baltimore, M d_____________ Birmingham, Ala.................... Boston, Mass______________ Buffalo, N. Y ................... — Cedar Rapids, Iowa............... Chattanooga, Tenn_________ Chicago, 111______ ____ _____ Cincinnati, Ohio............... . Cleveland, Ohio—.........- ........ Columbia, S. C................ ...... Columbus, Ohio..................... Dallas, Tex_________ _______ Denver, Colo_______________ Des Moines, Iowa__________ Detroit, Mich______________ Duluth, Minn., . Erie, Pa___________________ Evansville, Ind_____________ Fort Smith, Ark____________ Grand Rapids, Mich_______ Hartford, Conn_____________ Houston, Tex...... .................. Indianapolis, Ind.................... 1 Lincoln, Nebr......................... 2 1 2 1 5 2 1 1 8 2 9 2 1 2 3 3 4 2 2 3 1 4 1 1 2 10 19 0 10 17 (\ 52 27 62 5 0 2 15 14 52 13 2 6 0 22 3 % t li 0 i For less than 3 wage earners, data included in Aver age earn ings per hour Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week 95.7 $0.518 .452 100.3 .518 99.1 .526 99.6 .468 99.0 95.7 .603 .543 98.3 .498 99.6 .491 98.2 97.7 .363 .469 100.4 .693 91.0 .562 99.5 .594 99.2 98.7 .489 .889 95.0 98.4 .275 .556 100.0 .843 94.5 .378 98.8 99.3 .556 .489 99.1 .741 90.0 100.2 .587 .755 90.1 .332 111.2 .561 99.0 100.4 .561 .445 100.3 94.4 .735 .504 96.4 .395 99.3 .490 99.6 .339 99.8 .513 99.6 .472 96.9 $29.06 25.99 28.33 28.19 24.15 30.63 29.54 25.00 27.55 20.15 26.22 35.41 31.64 36.00 26.36 42.67 16.83 29.38 41.05 21.47 30.08 25.92 37.79 31.17 37.98 18.89 29.51 29.28 26.52 39.10 26.61 22.40 27.39 20.07 29.09 27.33 $27.82 26.06 28.10 28.08 23.95 29.26 29.01 24.89 27.02 19.68 26.29 32.18 31.50 35.70 26.01 40.50 16.55 29.38 38.81 21.22 29.84 25.69 34.04 31.25 34.22 20.99 29.23 29.40 26.60 36.94 25.65 22.20 27.27 20.06 29.02 26.51 .553 30.42 29.82 .292 100.0 .286 105.0 .293 100.0 0 0 97.7 .330 99.2 .295 0 0 100.0 .273 .314 100.4 88.2 .264 .329 89.5 100.0 .175 0 0 91.1 .418 90.0 .258 .244 100.0 90.4 .319 .267 100.0 .302 113.9 .257 100.0 0 0 79.8 * .238 .241 100.0 (i) 0 .335 90.5 0 0 14.00 11.44 15.79 0 15.64 13.95 0 12.00 15.70 13.15 15.92 8.80 0 21.32 12.38 12.14 16.94 14.15 15.86 12.83 0 12.85 13.00 0 16.62 0 14.00 12.00 15.79 0 15.26 13.86 0 12.00 15.78 11.59 14.25 8.80 0 19.38 11.17 12.14 15.30 14.15 18.07 12.83 0 10.25 13.00 0 15.04 0 98.2 49 GENERAL TABLES A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con. T able BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued Occupation, sex, and city Num ber of estab lish ments Aver age Aver Aver age Num days Per age on cent of ber of which full hours full wage wage time actu ally earn earners hours worked time worked ers worked per in week week in week All employees, female—Contd. Little Rock, Ark..................... 2 4 Los Angeles, Calif__________ 3 20 Tmn'svillp., Ky 4 2 1 Madison, W is,..... . <9 Memphis, Tfinn ,....... 1 6 Milwaukee, Wis 2 7 Minneapolis, Minn 6 52 Nashville, Tenn 1 3 Newark, N. J____ ____ _____ 2 12 5 New Orleans, T,a................ 2 1 New York, N. Y .................... (9 1 6 Norfolk, Va........................ Ogden, U tah...... 1 (9 Omaha, Nebr... 3 3 Peoria, Til 1 3 Pittsburgh, Pa_____ ____ ___ 4 20 Portland, Me_________ _____ 3 5 1 Portland, Oreg ... (9 1 cl) Providence, R. I____________ 1 Richmond, Va................ ........ (1) 1 Rockford, 111........................ 3 1 (9 Sacramento, Calif__________ 6 St. Louis, M o______________ 12 1 (9 Salt Lake City, Utah_______ San Francisco, Calif............... 3 14 1 Scranton, Pa_______________ 3 1 (9 Seattle, Wash__..................... 1 Shreveport, La........................ (9 1 South Bend, Ind........... ......... (1) 2 9 Syracuse, N. Y ____________ 2 3 Tacoma, W ash...................... 1 (l) Tampa. Fla________________ 1 Washington, D. C.................. (9 2 Wheeling, W. Va— ............ . 4 1 Worcester, Mass____________ (9 Youngstown, Ohio__________16 Total ______ ___________ All employees, male and female: Albany, N. Y ......... ............... Atlanta, Qa________________ Baltimore, M d_____________ Birmingham, Ala.................... Boston, Mass______________ ■Rridgennrt, Cnnn _ Buffalo, N. Y .......................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa............... Charleston, S. C__................. Charlotte, N. C__ ____ _____ Chattanooga, Tenn_________ Chieagn, J11 ___ Cincinnati, Ohio___________ Cleveland, Ohio____________ Columbia, S. C_____________ Columbus, Ohio____________ Covington, K y _____________ Dallas, Tex.................. ........ Denver, Colo_______________ Des Moines, Iowa__________ Detroit, M ich______________ Dijlijth, Minn Erie, Pa_________ __________ Evansville, Ind............. ......... Fall River, Mass________ __ Fort Smith, Ark...................... 6.0 5.6 6.0 54.0 48.0 49.0 6.0 5.7 5.7 6.0 4.1 6.0 54.0 45.2 51.8 54.0 48.0 48.0 (9 <9 6.0 (9 6.0 6.0 5.4 6.0 0) 9 <9 6.0 0) 100.0 94.7 94.8 100.0 66.9 100.0 .259 .376 .279 .133 .321 .242 14.00 17.00 14.45 7.20 15.41 11.60 47.5 100.0 . 189 9.00 14.00 16.09 13.70 7.20 10.30 11.60 0) 9.00 100.0 100.0 83.2 100.0 .386 .285 .264 .254 19.30 13.67 14.18 13.40 19.30 13.67 11.80 13.40 (9 (9 (9 (9 <9 (9 (9 (9 48.0 6.0 6.0 0) 48.0 48.0 0) 4.5 52.5 55.6 48.8 (9 54.0 42.8 49.1 54.0 32.1 48.0 (9 48.0 48.0 0) (l) $12.00 16.48 12.50 (9 6.0 3.3 0) (i) (9 $12.00 18.29 12.50 <9 49.3 (9 100.0 $0,222 90.2 .381 .255 100.0 (9 50.0 48.0 53.7 52.8 0) 0) (i) (l) Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week 54.0 43.3 49.0 (9 47.5 o. 1 50.0 48.0 44.7 52.8 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 9 (9 (9 (9 (l) (9 (9 48.0 100.0 .264 12.67 12.67 42.0 85.2 .318 15.68 13.37 100.0 55.6 .472 .221 (9 (l) (9 (9 (9 (9 22.67 10.61 22.67 5.89 13.56 17.00 12.41 48.0 26.7 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 48.0 48.0 100.0 100.0 .283 .354 40.0 76.2 .311 13.56 17.00 (1) <9 16.33 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 <9 (9 (9 (9 <9 (9 (9 (9 (9 90.2 .315 15.37 13.85 44.0 (9 (9 (9 137 591 5.6 50.1 46.7 93.2 .298 14.93 13.93 5 4 10 5 10 5 4 4 4 4 4 28 6 10 6 5 2 5 6 6 6 4 5 6 4 3 299 234 753 185 627 234 662 93 74 120 121 2,109 489 987 97 257 35 201 390 290 822 138 153 145 55 37 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.1 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.7 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.8 6.0 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 52.8 59.9 55.9 60.1 53.4 54.3 56.8 56.4 53.8 55.5 56.3 55.4 51.6 55.8 54.7 58.1 49.2 62.9 51.8 56.6 55.2 55.5 57.6 51.6 54.3 61.9 53.3 60.1 54.8 59.2 52.4 53.1 56.7 56.4 53.8 54.8 55.7 54.2 48.7 54.6 54.1 53.9 49.4 61.8 50.5 56.4 54.7 54.9 57.3 51.1 54.4 58.6 101.0 100.3 98.0 98.5 98.1 97.8 99.8 100.0 100.0 98.7 98.9 97.8 94.4 97.8 98.9 92.8 100.4 98.3 97.5 99.6 99.1 98.9 99.5 99.0 100.2 94.7 .579 .336 .484 .359 .520 .562 .579 .419 .353 .384 .395 .711 .576 .539 .318 .472 .619 .425 .541 .415 .571 .434 .444 .481 .430 .312 30.57 20.13 27.06 21.58 27.77 30.52 32.89 23.65 19.01 21.31 22.24 39.39 29.72 30.08 17.39 27.42 30.45 26.73 28.02 23.49 3L52 24.09 25.57 24.82 23.35 19.31 30.86 20.21 26.53 21.25 27.26 29.87 32.82 23.65 19.01 21.03 21.98 38.53 28.00 29.46 17.23 25.41 30.60 26.27 27.34 23.40 31.24 23.80 25.43 24.56 23.39 18.30 * For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. (9 Aver age earn ings per hour 50 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS T a b l e A *— Average number of days on which wage earnen worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent o f full time worked , 1931, by department, occupation , sex, a n d c # /— C o n . 2 BREAD DEPA RTM E N T—Continued Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week Aver Aver age age Per full hours oe-it of actu full time ally hours worked t:me w<>rked per in week week Num ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers All employees, male and female— Continued. Grand RApids, Mio.h _ 4 5 Hartford, Conn r . _ 6 Houston, Tex______________ 3 Huntington, W. Va................ Indianapolis, Tnd_ 10 Jacksonville, Fla___________ 4 Lewiston and Auburn, M e ... 4 Lincoln, Nebr _ 4 5 Little Rock, Ark___________ 7 Los Angeles, Calif__________ Louisville, TCy 5 Madison, Wis 5 Manchester, N. H __________ 3 Memphis, Tenn_ 3 Miami, Fla 4 Milwaukee, Wis 7 Minneapolis, Minn ... 7 4 Mobile, Ala________________ Nashua, M. H _ 4 4 Nashville, Tenn____________ Newark, N. J______________ 10 11 New Orleans, La___________ New York, N. Y .................... 30 4 Norfolk, Va__....... ................. Ogden, Utah...... ......... .......... 2 Oklahoma City, Okla_______ 5 4 Omaha, Nebr______________ 4 Pawtucket, R. I____________ 4 Peoria, 111____ _____ ________ Philadelphia, Pa __________ 15 Pittsburgh, Pa_____________ 12 4 Portland, Me.......................... Portland, Oreg_____________ 5 6 Providence, R. I ___________ Pueblo, Colo_______________ 3 4 Richmond, Va_____________ 4 Roanoke, Va_______________ Rockford, 111...... ................. 3 Sacramento, Calif__________ 2 5 St. Joseph, M o_____________ 11 St. Louis, M o______________ 4 Salt Lake City, Utah_______ San Francisco, Calif.. .......... . 5 Savannah, Ga....... ................. 4 4 Scranton, Pa_______________ ...................... . Seattle, 6 5 Shreveport, La_____________ 5 Sioux City, Iowa__________ 4 South Bend, Ind ___________ 3 Spokane, Wash....................... Syracuse, N. Y ........................ a 4 Tacoma, Wash_____________ 4 Tampa, Fla.... ........................ Topeka, Kans______________ 2 Trenton, N. J...... .................. 5 Tulsa, Okla_____ ____ _____ _ 4 Washington, D. C__________ 6 Wheeling, W. Va.................... 2 Wichita, Kans............... ......... 4 Wilmington, Del___________ 4 Winston-Salem, N. C _______ 4 Worcester, Mass____________ 5 Youngstown, Ohio__________ 6 237 191 206 91 384 134 73 86 159 810 242 107 85 162 125 606 449 130 89 128 861 372 2,409 139 50 193 250 156 152 2,133 1,139 128 286 256 59 207 71 87 93 134 896 176 526 98 264 Wash 285 118 154 57 no 381 91 105 73 167 158 586 113 135 168 78 230 202 5.6 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 5.6 5.9 6.0 5.8 6.0 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.0 5.4 6.0 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.9 6.0 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.4 5.9 5.6 5.9 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.7 5.8 5.8 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.8 58.7 53.3 65.9 57.5 58.7 58.4 54.0 57.9 58.1 54.9 56.7 52.6 54.2 60.5 60.0 55.3 55.8 60.0 56.8 57.8 52.6 51.6 51.4 55.8 53.9 59.0 54.7 56.1 57.3 54.7 53.6 51.7 50.7 54.3 50.2 56.1 55.5 55.6 51.0 56.3 60.4 53.9 48.0 61.2 52.8 48.7 56.7 54.1 53.1 51.0 53.0 50.2 56.9 52.6 52.2 59.6 53.2 52.8 56.7 55.9 59.2 56.6 57.8 54.8 53.1 64.8 57.2 56.5 58.1 54.0 57.9 58.8 53.5 56. 6 55.2 52.8 59.2 58.8 52.5 54.6 59.8 56.8 58.0 53.2 51.7 49.6 55.7 50.1 58.0 54.4 53.7 57.5 54.2 53.2 51.2 48.6 53.3 50.0 55.0 54.2 55.8 46.5 56.0 59.8 53.1 45.6 60.2 52.5 46.0 56.0 53.7 52.6 45.9 53.1 45.4 63.2 52.1 52.4 59.8 50.2 50.5 56.3 55.7 59.1 56.5 55.2 503 28,447 5.9 54.9 53.8 Occupation, sex, and city Total..................................... Aver age earn ings per hour 93.4 $0.447 .565 99.6 98.3 .385 .485 99.5 96.3 .490 .364 99.5 .424 100.0 .379 100.0 101.2 .400 .556 97.4 .462 99.8 .593 104.9 97.4 .491 97.9 .416 .378 98.0 .505 94.9 .435 97.8 .346 99.7 .468 100.0 100.3 .339 .608 301.1 .423 100.2 .693 96.5 99.8 .467 92.9 .513 98.3 .490 .471 99.5 95.7 .518 100.3 .449 .518 99.1 .522 99.3 .460 99.2 .601 95.9 .542 98.2 .498 99.6 .488 98.0 .363 97.7 300.4 .463 .688 91.2 .562 99.5 .592 99.0 .488 98.5 95.0 .877 98.4 .275 .554 99.4 94.5 .842 98.8 .376 .556 99.3 99.1 .478 .741 90.0 00.2 .581 .741 90.4 .331 : 11.1 99.0 .561 :oo.4 .561 : oo. 3 .445 .734 94.4 95.6 .499 99.3 .395 99.6 .490 99.8 .339 .512 99.8 .462 95.5 98.0 .548 Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week $26.24 $24.52 30.11 30.00 25.37 24.97 27.89 27.73 28.76 27.70 21.26 21.12 23.00 23.00 21.92 21.92 23.24 23.53 30. 52 29.75 26.20 26.15 31.19 32.71 26.61 25.93 25.17 24.64 22.68 22. 24 27.93 26.47 24.27 23.75 20.76 20.70 26.58 26. 58 19.59 19. 66 31.98 32.34 21.83 21.85 35.62 34.37 26.06 26.05 27.65 25.74 28.91 28.43 25.76 25. 65 29.06 27.82 25. 73 25.81 28.33 28.10 27.98 27.79 23. 78 23.54 30.47 29.18 29.43 28.92 25.00 24.89 27. 38 26.86 20.15 19.68 25.72 25.82 35.04 31.96 31.64 31.50 35.76 35.40 26.30 25.91 42.13 40.02 16.83 16.55 29.25 29.11 41.01 38.74 21. 32 21.09 30.08 29.84 25.38 25.14 37.79 34.04 30.79 30.83 37.20 33.65 18.83 20.94 29.51 29.23 29.28 29.40 26. 52 26.60 39.05 36.89 26. 35 25.18 22.40 22.20 27.39 27.27 20.07 20.06 28.98 28.95 26.70 25.50 30.09 29.49 51 GENERAL TABLES A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981 y by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con. T able CAKE DEPARTM EN T Occupation, sex, and d ty Cake makers, male: Albany, N. Y __...................... Atlanta, Ga__........................Baltimore, M d........................ Birmingham, A la ._ .............. Boston, Mass....................... .. Bridgeport, Conn................... Buffalo, N. Y .......................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa................ Charleston, S. C.................. .. Charlotte, N. C ................... . . Chattanooga, Tenn................ Chicago, HI............................ Cincinnati, Ohio..................... Cleveland, O hio..................... Columbus, Ohio..... ................ Covington, K y........................ Dallas, Tex......................... Denver, Colo.......... .............. . Detroit, M ic h ....................... Duluth, Minn....................... Erie, Pa................................... Evansville, Ind....................— Fall River, Mass....... ........... . Fort Smith, Ark..................... Grand Rapids, Mich............ Hartford, Conn..................... Houston, Tex...... ................ . Huntington, W. V a .............Indianapolis, Ind.................... Jacksonville, Fla_................. . Lewiston and Auburn, M e ... Lincoln, Nebr......................... Little Rock, Ark..................... Los Angeles, Calif......... ......... Louisville, K y......................... Madison, Wis.......................... Memphis, Tenn.................... . Milwaukee, Wis.................... . Minneapolis, Minn................. Mobile, Ala............................. Nashville, Tenn...................... Newark, N. J__...................... New Orleans, La..................... New York, N. Y ..................... Norfolk, Va__......................... Ogden, Utah........................... Oklahoma City, Okla.......... . Omaha, Nebr__...................... Pawtucket, R. I ...................... Peoria, 111...... .......................... Philadelphia, Pa_................... Pittsburgh, Pa........................ Portland, M e.......................... Portland, Oreg........................ Providence, R. I . ................... Richmond, Va_...................... Roanoke, Va........................... St. Joseph, M o........................ St. Louis, M o.......................... Salt Lake City, Utah.............. Savannah, Ga......................... Scranton, Pa........................... Seattle, Wash...... ................... Shreveport, La........................ Sioux City, Iowa.................... Spokane, Wash.......... ............ Num ber of estab lish ments 3 3 6 2 6 4 2 1 2 3 1 6 3 8 3 2 1 3 3 3 4 3 2 1 3 1 3 1 6 1 1 4 4 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 4 2 5 6 3 1 1 3 2 1 12 11 3 2 4 2 4 3 4 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 Aver age Num days on ber of which wage wage earn earners ers worked in week 12 5 13 2 28 10 22 0 0 0 2 8 32 14 29 6 3 3 14 30 3 6 3 2 10 3 4 0 27 0) 0 10 4 6 5 2 5 16 8 5 8 3 5 25 5 3 0 12 2 3 88 53 12 10 9 5 4 3 10 6 0 9 6 2 8 9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.8 5.4 6.0 0) 6.0 6.0 0 6.0 5.5 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 0) 6.0 6.0 6.0 0) 4.9 0 0 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.6 6.0 4.8 5.4 6.0 6.0 5.6 5.7 6.0 5.5 5.6 6.0 0) 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.4 5.9 6.0 5.8 6.0 5.0 6.0 0 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 * For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. Aver Aver Aver age Per age age full hours cent of earn full time actu ings ally hours worked time worked per per hour in week week 52.5 58.8 54.1 57.0 51.2 49.8 51.8 0 54.0 55.4 0 52.9 48.0 50.5 53.0 48.0 50.0 48.0 54.0 48.0 56.0 48.0 51.0 0 55.0 54.0 58.8 0 50.9 0 0 60.8 55.0 51.0 53.2 51.0 55.8 54.0 49.5 57.6 55.8 50.0 48.4 49.2 50.4 54.0 0 51.0 54.0 54.0 51.6 51.8 48.5 48.0 50.0 53.1 50.0 48.0 48.0 54.0 0 54.0 48.0 48.0 51.0 46.0 52.5 58.8 54.1 57.0 49.0 45.0 46.7 0 54.0 56.9 0 53.9 44.2 48.6 52.9 48.0 50.0 48.3 50.1 48.0 58.6 48.5 51.0 0) 57.7 54.0 60.0 0 42.1 0 0 60.8 55.0 45.8 48.9 51.0 43.6 45.6 51.6 57.6 54.8 47.3 48.4 45.2 50.4 57.7 0 51.0 54.0 54.0 48.6 51.2 48.9 43.2 50.3 53.1 50.0 47.5 45.4 56.5 0 52.0 48.0 48.0 51.0 46.0 100.0 $0.591 .369 100.0 .552 100.0 .632 100.0 95.7 .545 90.4 .676 .543 90.2 0 0) .620 100.0 102.7 .355 0 0 .682 101.9 92.1 .663 96.2 .625 .568 99.8 .838 100.0 .707 100.0 .724 100.6 .704 92.8 100.0 .667 104.6 .609 .769 101.0 100.0 .637 0) 0 104.9 .416 100.0 .735 .532 102.0 0 0 82.7 .517 0 0) 0 0 100.0 .459 .432 100.0 .758 89.8 91.9 .575 100.0 .735 .526 78.1 84.4 .498 104.2 .545 .431 100/0 .393 98.2 .789 94.6 100.0 .716 91.9 .681 100.0 .529 106.9 .467 0 0 100.0 .480 100.0 .750 .522 100.0 94.2 .505 .491 98.8 100.8 .516 90.0 .618 .665 100.6 100.0 .614 100.0 .638 .737 99.0 .803 94.6 104.6 .565 0 0) 96.3 .303 100.0 .777 100.0 .427 100.0 .598 100.0 .789 Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week $31.04 21.70 29.86 36.00 27.90 33.66 28.13 0 33.50 19.67 0 36.08 31.82 31.56 30.10 40.21 35.33 34.75 38.02 32.00 34.10 36. 91 32.50 0 22.88 39.67 31.28 0 26.32 0 0 27.90 23.75 38.66 30.59 37.50 29.35 26.89 26.98 24.80 21.93 39.45 34.65 33.51 26.65 25.22 0 24.50 40.50 28.17 26.06 25.43 25.03 29.66 33.25 32.60 31.88 35.38 38.54 30.51 0 16.36 37.29 20.50 30.50 36.28 $31.04 21.70 29.86 36.00 26.72 30.43 25.37 0 33.50 20.18 0 36.74 29.29 30.35 30.05 40.21 35.33 34.94 35.27 32.00 35.65 37.31 32.50 0) 23.97 39.67 31.88 0 21.78 0 0 27.90 23.75 34.76 28.14 37.50 22.95 22.70 28.08 24.80 21. 50 37. 33 34.65 30.76 26.65 26.92 0 24.50 40.50 28.17 24.55 25.16 25.21 26.68 33.45 32.60 31.88 35.00 36.43 31.93 0 15.78 37.29 20.50 30.50 36.2S 52 WAGES AND SOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENT^ Average number of days on which wage earners workedt average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con. T a b l e A .— CAKE DEPARTMENT—Continued Occupation, sex, and city Cake makers, male—Continued. Syracuse, N. Y ........................ Tacoma, Wash........................ Tampa, Fla............................. Trenton, N. J........................ . Washington, D. C.................. Wheeling, W. Va.................... Wichita, Kans......................... Winston-Salem, N. C............. Worcester, Mass..................... Youngstown, Ohio................. Total.................................... Cake makers, female: Boston, Mass.......................... Lincoln, Nebr......................... Los Angeles, Calif................... Pittsburgh, Pa........................ Scranton, Pa........................... Total.................................... Oven men: Albany, N. Y .......................... Atlanta, Ga............................. Baltimore, M d........................ Birmingham, A la................... Boston, Mass.......................... Bridgeport, Conn................... Buffalo, N. Y . ...................... . Cedar Rapids, Iowa............... Charleston, S. C..... ................ Charlotte, N. C ...... ................ Chattanooga, Tenn................. Chicago, 111............................. Cincinnati, Ohio..................... Cleveland, Ohio...................... Columbus, Ohio...................... Covington, K y ....................... Denver, Colo........................... Detroit, M ich......................... Erie, Pa................................Evansville, Ind....................... Fall River, Mass.................... Fort Smith, Ark..................... Grand Rapids, M ich.............. Hartford, Conn....................... Houston, Tex.......................... Indianapolis, Ind.................... Lewiston and Auburn, M e ... Louisville, K y....................... . Memphis, Tenn...................... Milwaukee, Wis...................... Minneapolis, Minn................. Mobile, Ala............................. Nashville, Tenn...................... Newark. N. J.......................... New Orleans, La................. . Norfolk, Va............................. Ogden, Utah........................... Oklahoma City, Okla............. Omaha, Nebr.......................... Pawtucket, R. I—................... Philadelphia, Pa..................... Pittsburgh, Pa........................ Portland, Me.......................... Num ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers 5 14 Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week 5.4 51.9 46.6 2 6 .0 55.0 46.6 5 48.0 2 2 55.0 6.5 48.8 2 6 .0 48.8 5 11 3 48.0 11 0) 06) .0 48.0 00) 0 0 0 0 0 054.0 ) 6.0 21 0 36 06 2 .0 54.0 60.0 60.0 226 714 11 35 11 011 1 0) 5 21 2 33 3 3 14 0 56 21 2 1 8 211 0 2 11 0 5 012 28 1 02 3 2 95 0 111 0 0 1 w 1 0 21 0 2 3 8 21 0 2 2 2 2 22 2 2 2 11 8 3 1 3 11 0 3 1 0293 6 6 143 2 5.8 51.9 49.8 6 50.0 6.0 .0 48.0 05.8 54.0 0 0) 0) 052.0 ) 0) 51.4 50.4 5.9 6.0 6 .0 50.0 59.3 6 .0 53.8 05.8 53.0 0) 6.0 48.0 0) 0 0 06.0 57.0 0 06.0 54.0 06.0 51.5 0) 6.5 54.0 0 06.0 48.0 6.0 54.0 0 0) v) 0 0 0 W 0 6.0 57.5 5.1 50.8 0 05.5 ) 55.5 6 .0 55.5 6.0 .0 54.0 6 51.0 6.0 59.0 8 86.0 48.0 0 0) 0 0 06.0 52.0 0) 0) 06.0 50.3 5.9 52.1 6.0 48.0 1For less than 3 wage earners, data incl uded inl total. Aver Aver age Per age full hours of actu cect full time ally hours worked time worked per in week week 50.0 48.0 50.0 59.3 53.8 051.8 48.0 0857.0 ) 052.8 ) 0 ) 46.2 67.3 048.2 ) 52.0 Aver age earn ings per hour 89.8 $0.541 {’7.1 .840 .482 .639 110 00 0.0 .0 ICO. 0 0 0 (') 11C( 0 0.0 .0 £■6.0 1( 0.0 ICO. 0 O £6.3 () 8.1 100.0 ICO. 0 £ 1C0.0 O £7.7 100.0 0 1C0.0 () £7.8 () 89.7 124.6 () 100.4 £6.3 () () 95.4 1019 $28.08 40.32 26.50 31.20 48.55 $25.17 39.16 26.50 31.20 48.55 1.011 0(0 0 0 0 0 0) 36.67 0 36.67 0 .679 .511 30.67 30.67 .578 30.00 28.83 .363 .283 18.17 13.60 C) 10.48 18.17 13.60 .257 13.21 12.92 .643 .323 .449 .593 .698 0 32.17 19.17 24.13 ) 31.43 33.50 32.17 19.17 24.13 ) 30.70 33.50 S3 .259 0 0 .550 0 .590 .545 0) .711 0 0 29.70 0 30.39 29.43 0 34.13 .696 37.58 .556 .530 .407 17.48 28.24 ) 31.75 21.75 30.02 27.03 24.00 0 .194 0) 0 0) 0 0 0 j s0) () 0 () 0 064.3 111.8 .304 81.5 .556 41.4 ) 050.5 (91.0 0) .572 100.0 .392 55.5 51.5 53.5 59.0 Aver Aver age age full actual time earn earn ings ings in per week week 100.0 0 048.0 1800.0 .535 8 () 0 P> 0 052.0 ) 8 1800.0 .462 0 O 049.6 ) .490 98.6 50.3 .450 196.5 00.0 .556 48.0 1 0 0 14.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ) 25.67 24.00 0 24.35 23.45 26.67 0 0 10.07 ) 0 8 0 0 29.01 0 27.26 36.65 0 34.29 36.18 0 0 0 0 0 ) 19.50 23.01 0 28.90 14.75 21.75 28.61 28.38 24.00 8 0 0 0 24.00 0 24.31 25.67 22.63 26.67 53 GENERAL TABLES T A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con. able CAKE DEPARTMENT—Continued Occupation, sex, and city Oven men—Continued. Portland, Oreg..................... Providence, R. I................... Roanoke, Va........................ St. Louis, Mo...................... Salt Lake City, Utah............ Scranton, Pa........................ Seattle, Wash__................... Spokane, Wash.................... Syracuse, N. Y..................... Washington, D. C................ Wheeling, W. Va.................. Worcester, Mass................... Youngstown, Ohio............... Total................................ Finishers, male: Albany, N. Y ..... ................. Baltimore, Md._................. Boston, Mass....................... Bridgeport, Conn................. Buffalo, N. Y....................... Chicago, 111.............................. Cincinnati, O h io--................. Cleveland, Ohio...................... Columbus, Ohio..................... Denver, Colo....................... Detroit, Mich...................... Evansville, Ind....................... Fall River, Mass.................... Houston, Tex.......................... Indianapolis, Ind.................... Lewiston and Auburn, M e ... Little Rock, Ark.................. Los Angeles, Calif................... Louisville, Ky...................... Milwaukee, Wis................... Mobile, Ala......................... Newark, N. J....................... New Orleans, La.................... New York, N. Y .................. Norfolk, Va......................... Ogden, Utah........................ Omaha, Nebr.......................... Pawtucket, R. I ................... Philadelphia, Pa.................. Pittsburgh, Pa........................ Portland, Me....................... Portland, Oreg........................ Providence, R. I..................... Richmond, Va...................... St. Louis, M o .......................... Salt Lake City, Utah............ Scranton, Pa........................... Seattle, Wash.......................... Shreveport, La........................ Spokane, Wash....................... Syracuse, N. Y..................... Trenton, N. J...................... Washington, D. C................ Wheeling, W. Va.................. Winston-Salem, N. C............ Total-............................... Num ber of estab lish ments 21 1 2 2 21 1 3 1 1 Num ber of wage earn ers (9 8 3 2 2 2 2 Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week 6 6.0 .0 4.5 6.0 .0 6 (9 8 6.0 (9 (9 (9 (9 2 2 6.0 1 3 (9 107 2 21 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 21 1 2 171 7 (9 21 1 1 12 11 22 5 2 2 1 1 2 21 11 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 71 3 10 (9 (9 (9 (9 4 1 1 1 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 5 5 4 2 4 2 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 34 3 7 (9 P) (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 6.0 6.0 (9 6.0 (9 5.8 6 .0 (9 (9 6 .0 6.0 .0 6 5.8 (9 5.0 6.0 (9 6 .0 5.3 (9 6.0 (9 4 7 (9 5.9 3 2 6 <9 3 166 48.0 54.0 54.0 40.5 54.0 54.0 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 52.0 50.0 54.0 48.9 (9 54.0 48.6 (9 6.0 5.0 6.0 (9 \9 (9 5.8 (9 6.0 (9 (9 5.9 25.00 (9 50.6 97.3 .535 27.82 48.9 100.0 .399 45.0 49.8 83.3 102.5 .500 .414 90.9 .552 100.0 .492 .278 (9 46.9 51.5 54.0 (9 (9 44.2 48.0 59.5 49.8 54.0 (9 (9 54.8 50.3 (9 (9 (9 102.2 (9 (9 92.1 100.0 103.5 199.6 00.0 I1) 101.5 88.2 (9 (9 56.0 (9 (9 48.0 (9 (9 (9 100.0 (9 (9 100.0 (9 39.2 50.1 54.0 47.6 48.0 48.0 72.6 102.5 100.0 96.9 48.0 48.0 (9 100.0 100.0 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 48.0 54.0 yi 44.5 56.3 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 44.7 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 50.6 49.4 (9 52.8 48.0 48.5 (9 (9 (9 19.50 (9 (9 20.12 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 8 (9 27.04 19.50 (9 27.00 22.50 20.61 28.48 25.85 24.80 15.00 25.36 15.00 (9 (9 28.22 16.25 33.81 (9 (9 (9 (9 .588 .339 .588 .442 .472 25.50 25.96 16.25 35.00 21.99 25.50 .679 .480 36.67 27.36 37.25 24.17 .304 17.00 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 22.10 (9 (9 (9 (9 .526 25.25 17.00 W (9 25.25 .416 .245 .370 .420 .458 .560 22.46 11.98 16.29 12.31 (9 (9 (9 20.00 20.62 22.00 26.86 (9 100.0 .625 30.00 92.7 104.3 (9 .822 .348 (9 (9 (9 (9 (1) (9 27.62 (9 (9 25.00 (9 (9 (9 (9 (9 $29.00 40.00 36.12 34.00 27.75 .463 (9 (9 Aver age actual earn ings in week 42.82 34.00 27.75 (9 (9 56.0 (9 (9 (9 100.0 54.0 (9 54.0 57.0 (9 (9 $29.00 40.00 29.75 (9 48.0 48.0 57.5 50.0 54.0 100.0 100.0 $0.604 .833 (9 (9 .892 84.4 .630 110 0 .0 00.0 .514 .595 (9 50.4 54.0 (9 Aver Aver age full age earn time ings earn ings per per hour week 92.8 (9 6.0 (9 46.4 (9 51.6 54.0 48.9 54.0 49.1 48.0 48.0 * For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total, 48.0 .48.0 (9 48.0 6.0 6.0 (9 Aver age Per hours cent of actu full ally time worked worked in week 48.0 48.0 6.0 (9 4.3 6.0 6.0 (l) 5 Aver age full time hours per week (l) v/ v) (9 39.46 18.79 (9 (9 (i) (9 (9 20.00 19.99 22.00 26.86 (9 30.00 (9 36.59 19.62 (9 ?9 v) (9 .370 19.54 (9 (9 101.0 1.050 (9 (9 (9 (9 50.40 Q} 50.93 .447 22.62 22.09 84.7 97.6 (9 (9 16.52 (9 (9 (9 54 T WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS A . — Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1931, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con. able C A K E D E P A R T M E N T -C o n tin u e d i Occupation, sex, and city Finishers, female: Albany, N. Y .......................... Atlanta, Qa............................. Baltimore, M d ........................ Birmingham, Ala.................... Boston, Mass.......................... Buffalo, N. Y ........................ Charlotte, N. C ...................... Chicago, 111.............................. Cincinnati, Ohio..................... Cleveland, Ohio............ ......... Columbus, Ohio...................... Covington, K y........................ Dallas, Tex.............................. Denver, Colo......................... Detroit, M ich......................... Duluth, Minn......................... Erie, Pa.................... ............ . Fort Smith, Ark................ . Grand Rapids, M ich....... — Houston, Tex................ ......... Indianapolis, Ind------ ---------Lincoln, Nebr......................... Little Rock, Ark_____ ______ Los Angeles, Calif-----------Memphis, Tenn.................... . Milwaukee, Wis------- -------Minneapolis, Minn-------------Mobile, Ala....... ..................... Nashville, Tenn...................... Newark, N. J.......................... New Orleans, La................. — Norfolk, V a........... „ .............. Ogden, Utah____ __________ Oklahoma City, Okla............. Omaha, Nebr......................... Peoria, 111................................ Pittsburgh, Pa........................ Portland, Me.......................... Portland, Oreg...................... . Providence, R. I..................... Richmond, Va......................... Roanoke, Va........................... St. Louis, M o ......................... Scranton, Pa.......................... Seattle, Wash.......................... Spokane, Wash....................... Syracuse, N. Y ........................ Tacoma, Wash........................ Wheeling, W. Va.................... Wichita, Kans......................... Worcester, Mass..................... Youngstown, Ohio................. Total..................................... Helpers, male: Albany, N. Y ......................... Atlanta, Ga............................. Baltimore, M d ........................ Birmingham, Ala.................... Boston, Mass.......................... Buffalo, N. Y ......... ............... Cedar Rapids, Iowa..... ......... Charleston, S. C..................... Charlotte, N. C ...................... Chicago, 111..... ...................... . Num ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers 1 2 2 2 4 2 22 1 6 21 1 3 2 21 1 3 1 5 22 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 11 1 7 1 11 11 1 11 1 1 21 10 98 2 2 4 2 2 2 11 3 3 7 15 4 125 5 13 8 32 5 <9 7 17 14 5 3 3 5 9 225 141 10 13 16 2 131 5 3 3 5 24 5 86 (9 (9 (9 <9 (9 9 4 9 3 3 2 3 3 7 (9 460 Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week 5.6 5.6 (9 48.0 50.0 49.6 50.0 48.0 44.8 49.2 54.0 48.0 49.3 50.4 (9 54.0 45.3 50.1 48.0 54.0 54.0 54.0 48.0 50.0 51.6 49.0 48.0 49.0 48.0 49.0 62.0 51.5 48.0 48.4 45.0 48.0 54.0 51.5 54.0 51.3 (9 48.0 (9 52.5 (9 (9 48.0 (9 48.0 42.0 48.0 54.2 54.0 48.0 (9 44.6 50.0 49.6 50.0 43.8 44.5 45.6 44.0 45.5 39.5 47.9 (9 39.4 48.0 42.2 48.0 46.8 47.3 48.3 47.1 40.6 51.6 49.0 45.8 46.4 45.2 44.6 62.0 48.6 48.0 48.8 39.0 40.3 47.6 51.5 50.4 48.0 (9 47. 7 (9 55.5 (9 <9 40.0 (9 33.7 33.3 48.0 45.2 54.0 41.1 <9 5.7 50.0 46.1 50.0 60.7 54.6 57.0 53.4 54.0 55.0 (9 56.8 54.8 50.0 60.7 54.0 57.0 50.7 48.2 55.0 (9 42.5 55.9 6.0 5.6 6 .0 5.9 6 .0 5.6 5.8 6 .0 5.1 5.6 (9 4.9 5.9 5.7 6 6.0 .0 6 .0 5.4 5.9 5.0 6.0 6 .0 5.8 5.6 5.7 5.3 65.6.0 6 .0 6 .0 4.3 5.7 6 6.0 .0 5.6 5.8 (9 6.0 6.0 <9 (9 5.7 (9 4.3 4.7 6.0 5.3 6 .0 6.0 6 6.0 .0 6 .0 5.6 3 6.0 5 6.0 (9 (9 6 4.5 15 6.0 3 6 2 10 14 1 For less than 3 wage earners, date included in total. Aver Aver age Per age of full hours actu cent fill time ally hours worked time worked per in week week Aver age earn ings per hour Aver Aver age age full actual time earn earn ings ings in per week week $0,324 $15.55 $14.45 1102.9 0 0 .0 .254 12.71 12.71 0 0 .0 12.89 100.0 .260 .220 12.89 11 .0 0 11.0 0 01.3 .304 14.59 13.30 09.3 .383 17.16 17.05 .241 02.7 116.04 1.86 10.99 81.5 .297 04.8 80.1 05.0 (9 73.0 106.0 84.2 13.08 13.75 12.80 14.36 (9 85.6 (9 .302 .324 .300 (9 .284 .242 .385 .279 .257 .194 .268 .263 .260 .198 .265 .484 .301 .331 .305 .124 .163 .347 .148 .258 .320 .242 .234 .226 .232 (9 .361 (9 .190 (9 (9 .276 (9 .438 .280 .385 .245 .198 .293 <9 92.2 .272 13.60 12.53 .375 .209 .288 .246 .406 .491 .320 (9 .228 .379 18.75 12.67 15.72 14.00 18.75 12.67 15.54 14.00 20.58 23.67 17.60 (9 9.70 21.14 186.7 00.0 87.6 89.4 08.1 81.2 ( ( 05.4 94.7 04.2 £ ICO. 0 04.4 ICO. 0 ICO. 86.7 84.0 110.0 0.0 1.0 8 88.1 1C0.0 £3.3 £3.6 O S9.4 () 105.7 () () 83.3 o 70.2 79.3 100.0 183.4 00.0 100 0.0 .0 10 93.9 10). 0 91.9 80. 3 10).0 (9 71.8 10 2.0 14.50 15.97 15.12 (9 15.34 10.96 19.29 13.40 13.88 10.48 14.47 12.62 13.00 11.20 11.59 16.25 13.40 12.04 9.16 12.94 12.41 10.56 10.20 10.20 12.96 12.96 23.23 14.75 15.89 14.95 7.67 .39 16.67 7.16 11.61 15.36 13.07 12.04 11.76 18.50 13.28 10.67 14.06 (9 22.19 13.97 14.96 13.59 7.67 7.93 16.67 7.20 10.06 12.89 11.53 12.04 11.41 11.15 (9 17.22 (9 10.57 (9 (9 11.06 (9 14.73 9.33 18.50 11.06 10.67 12.07 (9 8 12.20 11.90 (9 17.33 (9 9.98 (9 (9 13.25 (9 21.02 21.68 26.51 17.60 (9 12.95 20.77 55 GENERAL TABLES A .— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1931, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con. T able CAKE DEPARTM EN T—Continued Occupation, sex, and city Num ber of estab lish ments Aver age Num days on ber of which wage wage earn earners ers worked in week Helpers, male—Continued. Cincinnati, Ohio Cleveland, Ohio____________ Cnlnmhns, Ohio _ Hnvingtnn, TTy “Dallas, Tex Denver, Colo_______________ Detroit, M ich______________ 6 3 5 241 2 2 1 33 23 10 1 c) 77 2 Evansville, Tnd 1 Fall T?.ivp.r, Mass f}rftnd "Rapids, Mir.h . 21 0) 3 Houston, Tex____ _________ 1 0 0)) 4 Tndianapnlis, Tnd _ 2 Lewiston and Auburn, M e ... 1 0) 3 3 Lincoln, Nebr______________ 9 2 Little Hock, Ark___________ 9 2 Los Angeles, Calif_____ Lnnisvillfi, iKTy g 3 Madison, W is______________ 111 0) 93 Memphis, T e n n __ ______ Milwaukee, Wis____________ 1 3 Minneapolis, M in n ._______ 23 5 Mobile, Ala________________ Nashville, Tenn____________ 1 0) 5 Newark, N. J______________ 4 8 New Orleans, La_______ ___ Norfolk, Va................ ............. ) 11 0 Ogden, Utah_______________ 1 0) 3 Oklahoma City, Okla_______ Omaha, Nebr______________ 3 1 0) 9 Peoria, 111__________________ 9 Philadelphia, Pa......... - ......... 56 7 Pittsburgh, Pa_____________ 1 0)27 Portland, Me______________ 2 Portland, Oreg...................... 6 11 8 Providence, R. I____________ Richmond, Va_____________ 0 ) 3 4 Roanoke, Va_______________ 2 2 St. Joseph, M o_____________ 3 St. Louis, M o __________ ___ 4 2 4 Salt Lake City, Utah_______ 2 Scranton, Pa_______________ 11 0)10 Seattle, Wash______________ Shreveport, La_____________ 0) 4 3 Sioux City, Iowa___________ 3 2 Spokane, Wash_____________ 4 Syracuse, N. Y ___________ 103 2 Tacoma, Wash_____________ 21 2 Tampa, Fla_____________ __ Trenton, N. J______________ 0) 2 Washington, D. C.......... ........ 1 (l) 5 Wichita. Trans_____________ Winston-Salem, N. C........ 11 Worcester, Mass............ ........ Total..................................... 136 8 375 89.0 $0,383 95.3 .413 95.9 .380 .417 74.6 .365 .374 95.8 .403 86.7 ) ) 79.8 .293 ) ) 79.9 .391 ) ) ) ) .472 72.0 ) ) .245 90.8 .247 65.5 .500 92.8 .337 ) ) .377 93.3 .369 105.0 .318 .203 92.7 .235 ) ) .281 ) ) ) ) .358 104.5 .342 ) ) .378 99.6 98.5 .266 ) ) 101.5 .409 .365 ) ) .264 .417 77.9 .637 67.6 .382 88.3 ) ) ) ) .333 83.3 .480 91.5 .359 .410 .300 ) ) .502 ) ) ) ) 0) 06) .0 5.0 5.8 6.0 6.5 06).0 0) 0) 0) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.7 51.9 49.3 95.0 (0 0 0 ) 47.6 050.8 ) 01 44.3 51.7 ) a) 0 ) 0) .284 99.2 0 ) 0) 94.1 88.8 .252 .345 95.7 .249 0i) (l)i 5.4 42.7 48.2 51.8 48.0 38.8 41.4 46.8 ) 38.3 ) 43.8 ) Aver age earn ings per hour 48.0 50.6 54.0 48.0 52.0 43.2 54.0 ) 48.0 ) 54.8 ) ) 49.0 ) 61.3 49.0 53.3 56.9 ) 54.0 54.0 54.0 57.2 54.8 ) 48.8 ) ) 51.0 51.3 ) 50.4 52.7 ) 48.0 48.0 ) 45.8 48.0 48.0 54.0 54.0 ) ) 51.0 48.0 49.2 48.0 55.0 ) 48.0 ) ) ) 5.3 5.9 6 .0 6 .0 6 .0 5.2 100.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (0 0 35.3 0 ) 61.3 1000.0 44.5 0 0 0 0 0 06) .0 0 5.9 6 6.0 .0 0 ) 00.0 54.0 10 50.4 56.7 57.2 100.0 50.8 0 ) 00.0 48.8 10 0 0 ) 053.3 ) 0 51.3 100.0 0 050.2 ) 51.9 0 ) 0 48.7 100.0 48.0 0 ) 00.0 45.8 10 48.0 1 00.0 37.4 0 06) .0 04.7 ) 0 ) 04.5 ) 06).0 5.5 4.2 5.6 5.6 06).0 0) 06) .0 6.0 06).0 5.9 06) .0 6.0 05.5 ) 6 .0 4.5 4.0 5.3 Helpers, female: Albany, N. Y ______________ ) ) U Boston, Mass______________ 5.9 Buffalo, N. Y .......................... ) ) 7 Chicago. Ill____________ ____ 3 16 Cleveland, Ohio.................... 5.7 Detroit, M ich................. ........ Erie, Pa___________________ ) ) Fort Smith. Ark...................... (i) 1 0 0 2 11 0 06.0 2 1 0 6 06.0 1 i For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. Aver Aver age Per age hours cent of full full time actu ally time hours worked worked per in week week 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 48.0 ) 54.0 49.9 54.0 ) 34.9 52.8 36.5 47.7 ) ) 51.0 40.0 45.0 48.0 55.0 ) 48.3 ) ) ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week $18.38 20.90 20.52 $16.34 19.90 19.64 16.16 21.76 ) 14.06 ) 21.43 ) ) 23.13 ) 15.00 15.49 18.86 ) 11.24 ) 17.15 ) ) 16.65 ) 15.00 19.18 ) 20.33 19.93 17.17 11.60 17.78 ) 20.33 18.60 18.00 11.60 11.92 ) 13.69 ) ) 19.08 17.53 ) 18.99 13.82 ) 19.93 17.50 ) 12.08 2 0.00 20.00 18.98 14.16 0 0 0 0 0 12.10 26.65 0 12.88 0) 13.69 0 0)) 18.26 17. 53 0) 19.05 14.02 0) 19.63 17.50 0) 12.08 2 0.00 30.58 0 0 0 0 0 11.0 0 17.44 0 .210 11.34 0 0 0 0)) 0 17.00 100.0 0 23.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.00 23.82 13.93 10.00 0 0)) 17.00 110 00 0.0 .0 0 100.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 .346. 20.63 17.66 19.67 16.50 ) 24.10 ) ) ) 0 0 0 0 19.20 16.12 19.67 16.50 ) 24.24 ) ) ) 17.96 17.05 0 0 ) 13.63 ) 13.61 17.22 13.45 (i) 0 0 ) 13.52 ) 12.78 15.26 12.85 ) * 0 56 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS T a b l e A *— Average n u m b e r of days o n w hi c h w a g e earners w o r k e d , average full time a n d actual hours a n d earnings per w e e k f average earnings per h o u r , a n d per cent of full time w o r k e d , 1981, by department , occupation , sex , a n d city— C o n . CAKE DEPARTM EN T—Continued Occupation, sex, and city Aver age Num Num days on ber of ber of which estab wage lish earn ments ers earners worked in week Helpers, female—Continued. Grand Rapids, M ich........... Lewiston and Auburn, M e. Little Rock, Ark................. Louisville, K y ...................... Milwaukee, Wis.......... ........ Minneapolis, Minn.............. Philadelphia, Pa.................. Scranton, Pa........................ Wheeling, W. Va................. Aver age Per hours cent of actu full time ally hours worked time worked per in week week Aver- Aver age earn ings per hour 54.0 35.7 $0,246 Total.. Wrappers and packers, female: Albany, N. Y ..................... Atlanta, Ga........................ Baltimore, M d ............ ...... Birmingham, Ala............... Boston, Mass...................... Buffalo, N. Y .......................... Charleston, S. C................. Charlotte, N. C .................. Chicago, HI......................... Cincinnati, Ohio...... ......... Cleveland, Ohio....... ......... Columbus, Ohio_________ Dallas, Tex......................... 5.5 50.9 45.3 $9.0 .272 13.84 12.34 52.0 62.0 54.5 100.0 .481 .185 .483 25.00 11.50 26.33 25.00 11.50 26.33 14.25 14.25 0 ) 58.4 100.00 100. l) 023 9 3 14 47 12 13.00 16.00 .366 19.07 18.81 .307 14.74 11.60 15.15 14.29 11.60 13.30 15.12 15.22 10.67 14.25 15.09 10.67 9.91 13.42 11.44 10.10 52.1 51.3 98.5 48.0 46.6 50.8 48.0 5.9 6 .0 50.8 54.7 5.5 0 05.8 48.0 6.0 44.9 6.0 54.0 5.5 5.9 5.3 4.9 13.00 16.00 045.3 51.9 5 19.54 0 0 .580 0 0 .396 0 .500 0 0 0 0) 19.76 19.00 0 0 19.78 18.67 8 22 51.0 54.0 48.0 48.1 0 45.2 44.6 54.0 46.6 47.1 41.5 34.9 liX). .244 .296 107.0 (K). 0 .228 .277 87.8 004.2 .315 0 09.3 100.0 01.4 87.2 86.5 72.6 .339 .198 .213 .285 .276 .289 0 27.84 00 0 24.00 0 24.00 00 (0 10.86 15.39 13.25 13.90 010 04.9 54.0 0 038.7 071.7 .252 0 13.61 0 47 8 (0 20.77 0 11.40 09.50 0 25.93 0 0 19.54 0 8 .366 0 .412 53.2 54.0 11 8 0 0 12.60 0 27.67 0 0 18.00 ) .163 0 5.9 0 0 0 12.60 0 0 27.67 0 0 18.00 0 0 23.19 0 11.40 0 9.50 0 0•)3.1 0 110)0.0 000.0 1100.0 100.0 0 00 116.1 0U3.8 044.7 0 049.3 048.0 126 0 0 8 50 $4.73 7.29 12.14 0 051.0 1)0.0 .279 0) 048.0 1)0.0 .263 0 1% )0.0 .512 54.0 0 0 0 0 048.0 10X). 0 .375 00 0 0 ) 0 00 0 00 045.9 089.5 .452 0). 0 .238 0 048.0 I'M 1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. $13.28 48.0 54.0 Wrappers and packers, male: Albany, N. Y ................... Atlanta, Ga...................... Baltimore, M d................. Boston, Mass................... Bridgeport, Conn__........ Buffalo, N. Y ................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa......... Charlotte, N. C ____ ____ Chattanooga, Tenn.......... Chicago, 111....................... Cincinnati, O h io ............ Cleveland, Ohio............... Denver, Colo.................... Detroit, Mich................... Fall River, Mass.............. Grand Rapids, Mich....... Hartford, Conn................ Indianapolis, Ind............. Los Angeles, Calif............ Louisville, Ky__............... Memphis, Tenn............... Mobile, Ala...................... New Orleans, La............. New York, N. Y .............. Norfolk, Va...................... Peoria, 111-....................... Philadelphia, Pa.............. Pittsburgh, Pa................. Portland, Oreg................. Richmond, Va. ............... Roanoke, Va__................. St. Louis, M o__............... Scranton, Pa___............... Spokane, Wash................ Syracuse, N. Y ................. Trenton, N. J................... Washington, D. C.......... . Total- Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week 0 $73 G e n e ra l ta b le s 57 T a b l e A . — Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sea;, and city— Con. CAKE DEPARTM EN T—Continued Occupation, sex, and city Wrappers and packers, female— Continued. Denver, Colo........................... Detroit, Mich......................... Duluth, Minn......................... Erie, Pa................................... Fort Smith j Ark..................... Grand Rapids, Mich............ . Houston, Tex__...................... Indianapolis, Ind___________ Lewiston ana Auburn, Me__ Little Rock, A rk._............... . Los Angeles, Calif................... Louisville, K y......................... Memphis, Tenn...................... Milwaukee, Wis.................... . Minneapolis, Minn................. Nashville, Tenn...................... Newark, N. J__...................... New York, N. Y ................... . Norfolk, Va_........................... Ogden, Utah......................... Oklahoma City, Okla............. Omaha, N ebr......................... Pawtucket, R. I...................... Peoria, 111-.............................. Philadelphia, Pa__................. Pittsburgh, Pa__.................... Portland, Me.......................... Portland, Oreg........................ Providence, R. I__............... . Richmond, Va....................... Roanoke, Va........................ St. Louis, M o......................... Salt Lake City, Utah............. Scranton, Pa.............. ............ Seattle, Wash.......................... Spokane, Wash.................... . Syracuse, N. Y .................... . Tacoma, Wash........................ Washington, D. C.................. Wheeling, W. Va.................... Worcester, Mass.................. . Youngstown, Ohio__________ Total................................... . All employees, male: Albany, N. Y .......................... Atlanta, Ga............................. Baltimore, M d............ .......... Birmingham, Ala.................... Boston, Mass.......................... Bridgeport, Conn.................... Buffalo, N. Y .......................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa____ ____ Charleston, S. C...................... Charlotte, N. C ...................... Chattanooga, Tenn................ Chicago, 111.............................. Cincinnati, Ohio..................... Cleveland, Ohio...................... Columbus, Ohio...................... Covington, K y........................ Dallas, Tex.............................. Denver, Colo........................... Detroit, Mich.......................... Num ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week 3 14 2 2 1 5.7 5.3 .0 6 11 0 4 <6 9 6 .0 21 8 4.9 3.8 8 3 6.0 1 634 4.5 2 5.9 2 158 4.8 11 6 5 3.8 5.5 4 4.7 2 12 5.5 6 3 1 113 5.7 5.3 3 5.8 11 0 8 04.4 11 168 6.0 .0 6 6 .0 11 87 6 5.6 3 61 5.8 22 5.8 4 3 23 5.7 2 10 6 .0 2 7 6 11 0 0 .0 <9 9 21 <4.9 3 2 5 5.6 2 29 5.9 2 4 6.0 2 7 4.9 4 16 6.0 111 0136 <95.7 5.6 11 33 6 .0 6.0 3 109 3 3 6 2 6 4 2 1 2 3 1 6 3 8 3 2 1 3 3 691 28 2 0 39 5 49 26 29 13 4 17 4 60 24 68 16 7 6 38 44 5.4 6.0 6.0 6 .0 6 .0 5.7 5.8 6.0 6 .0 6 .0 5.5 6.0 6 .0 5.4 5.9 6 .1 6 .0 6 .0 5.8 5.7 * For less than 3 wage earners, data included ini total. Aver Aver age Per age fuH- hours cent of actu full time ally hours worked time worked per in week week 48.0 50.6 48.0 (9 54.0 54.0 48.0 52.1 48.0 51.3 48.0 52.0 54.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 48.0 48.0 (9 48.0 54.0 48.0 48.0 54.0 49.3 52.4 48.3 48.0 46.3 (9 (9 50.0 48.0 48.0 48.0 46.3 46.9 (9 45.3 37.2 48.0 (9 47.6 33.0 38.5 33.4 48.0 36.7 37.2 28.8 49.5 36.7 46.0 49.8 42.6 46.0 (9 34.9 46.3 48.0 48.0 49.4 40.9 50.9 45.8 48.0 46.3 (9 (9 38.2 44.8 47.0 48.0 35.6 45.5 (9 45.4 51.3 37.5 48.0 50.1 42.4 51.0 60.4 54.4 58.0 52.2 49.4 51.9 52.3 54.0 56.0 64.0 53.4 48.0 50.6 53.6 48.0 51.0 46.7 54.0 51.0 60.4 54.1 58.0 49.9 48.0 47.2 52.3 54.0 51.6 64.0 53.7 43.4 48.2 54.7 48.0 44.4 46.1 50.0 48.0 54.0 48.0 48.0 Aver age earn ings per hour Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week 94.4 $0,275 .403 .292 $13.20 20.39 14.00 $12.47 14.98 14.00 .160 .233 .250 .268 .333 .266 .414 .218 .229 .322 .310 .179 .250 .313 8.64 12.58 7.61 7.69 9.63 8.97 16.00 9.78 15.38 6.28 11.33 11.82 14.25 8.91 10.67 14.38 73.5 10 0.0 (9 88.1 61.1 80.2 64.1 10 0.0 71.5 77.5 55.4 91.7 76.5 92.0 95.8 88.8 95.8 (9 72.7 85.7 (9 (9 00 0.0 .0 1191.5 0 .295 .225 .267 .260 .242 .284 100.0 100.0 .314 .329 .299 76.4 93.3 97.9 .276 .240 83.0 97.1 94.8 (9 (9 .220 (9 (9 (9 12.00 13.96 16.00 13.65 19.87 11.34 12.37 15.46 15.50 9.31 115.02 2.00 (9 14.16 12.15 12.83 12.50 13.07 14.00 11.53 15.17 15.80 13.82 (9 (9 (9 (9 10.30 10.39 12.83 12.50 11.98 11.63 11.2 1 14.39 15.80 13.82 0 0 97.0 .266 13.80 11.52 9.60 23.50 20.09 12.48 95.0 78.1 100.0 .246 .275 .300 .328 11.81 14.85 14.40 15.73 11.15 14.11 11.25 15.73 84.6 .278 13.93 11.78 .516 .257 .432 .414 .516 .508 .531 .340 .456 .302 .254 .574 .574 .540 .448 .651 .557 .590 .663 26.31 15.55 23.50 24.00 26.94 25.10 27.56 17.77 24.63 16.91 16.25 30.65 27.55 27.32 24.01 31.23 28.41 27.55 35.80 26.31 15.55 23.38 24.00 25.76 24.40 25.10 17.77 24.63 15.61 16.25 30.84 24.93 26.03 24.51 31.23 24.75 27.19 33.13 .2 00 .490 176.9 00.0 .434 0 94.6 100.0 199.4 00.0 195.6 00.0 97.2 90.9 100.0 192.1 00.0 100.0 190.4 00.6 95.3 00 2.0 .1 110 87.1 98.7 92.6 (9 (9 10.55 10.73 9.42 23.50 15.47 12.11 (9 58 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS T a b l e A . — Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con. CAKE DEPARTM ENT—Continued Occupation, sex, and city All employees, male—Continued. Duluth, Minn......................... Erie, Pa................................... Evansville, Ind....................... Fall River, Mass.................... Fort Smith, Ark..... ................ Grand Rapids, Mich.............. Hartford, Conn....................... Houston, Tex......................... Huntington, W. Va................ Indianapolis, Ind.................... Jacksonville, Fla..................... Lewiston and Auburn, M e ... Lincoln, Nebr......................... Little Rock, Ark.................... Los Angeles, Calif................. . Louisville, K y_____________ Madison, Wis......................... Memphis, Tenn...................... Milwaukee, W is.................... Minneapolis, Minn................ Mobile, Ala............................. Nashville, Tenn...................... Newark, N. J......................... New Orleans, La___________ New York, N. Y .................... Norfolk, Va............................. Ogden, Utah......... ................. Oklahoma City, Okla........... Omaha, Nebr........ ................. Pawtucket, R. I..................... Peoria, 111................................ Philadelphia, Pa..................... Pittsburgh, Pa........................ Portland, Me.......................... Portland, Oreg........................ Providence, R. I..................... Richmond, Va____ _____ ___ Roanoke, Va........................... St. Joseph, M o...................... St. Louis, M o______________ Salt Lake City, Utah............. Savannah, Ga......... ............... Scranton, Pa........................... Seattle, Wash___ -....... ........... Shreveport, La_____ _______ Sioux City, Iowa.................... Spokane, Wash....................... Syracuse, N. Y .................... . Tacoma, Wash........................ Tampa, Fla............................. Trenton, N. J........... ...... ....... Washington, D. C.................. Wheeling, W. Va.......... ......... Wichita, Kans...................... Winston-Salem, N. C............. Worcester, Mass.................... Youngstown, Ohio................. TotalAll employees, female: Albany, N. Y ......... Atlanta, Ga........... . Baltimore, M d___ Birmingham, Ala.. Boston, Mass_____ Buffalo, N. Y _____ Num ber of estab lish ments Num ber of wage earn ers Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week 6 .0 48.0 6 .0 6 .0 55.3 48.0 21 131 6 .0 49.6 5.7 54.0 3 15 5.7 55.0 13 105 6.0 58.5 54.0 6 .0 1 0 0 0 6 11 0)59 05.1 50.7 0 6 6.0 60.9 54.0 4 13 6 .0 4 5.9 7 53.6 19 2 5.0 52.4 3 2 1 5.6 54.6 2 3 6 .0 52.0 2 1 2 5.5 55.0 29 3 5.6 54.0 3 13 6 .0 50.8 3 25 6 .0 57.8 4 15 5.7 56.0 2 5.8 6 51.0 5 19 6 .0 48.4 6 36 5.6 48.8 3 5.4 49.2 11 110 5.5 0 54.0 5 6 .0 51.0 3 31 6 .0 50.7 21 6 6 6 .0 54.0 .0 6 54.0 1112 223 6 .0 50.6 99 6 .0 3 24 6 .0 52.0 48.3 2 5.7 23 48.0 4 2 2 6 .0 48.8 3 13 6 .0 53.7 4 1 1 5.7 49.3 3 5 6 .0 48.0 4 5.0 48.6 21 2180 5.6 54.0 0 ) 0 ) 0) 2 23 5.6 54.0 2 9 6 .0 48.0 2 3 142 6 6.0 .0 48.0 51.0 3 3 4 3 5 2 2 2 3 11 21 2 227 2 2 6 2 3 5 3 9 13 15 40 8 140 23 4 3 4 9 4 1, 552 212 2 37 6 49 15 48.0 58.5 42.4 49.6 49.5 54.6 54.0 60.7 0 43.4 052.0 6 .0 6.0 6 .0 6 .0 5.3 6 .0 6 .0 6.0 .0 6 46.4 51.6 48.0 55.0 48.6 48.0 54.0 60.0 60.0 54.0 60.0 60.9 52.3 42.2 50.6 53.8 49.9 48.0 53.0 57.8 54.1 49.7 48.4 45.4 47.4 51.6 50.1 51.0 54.0 53.2 49.0 51.2 48.4 46.1 49.0 53.7 49.3 47.7 43.9 51.7 ) 50.5 48.0 48.0 51.0 44.8 47.0 47.1 55.0 48.6 47.8 43.1 60.0 60.0 55.6 60.0 5.8 51.8 49.9 5.8 6 .0 5.6 6 .0 5.9 6 .0 48.0 50.3 52.6 54.0 48.1 44.8 45.8 50.3 48.7 54.0 45.7 44.6 5.8 5.7 *For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. Aver Aver Average Per age cent of fuH- hours actu fuU time ally ings time hours worked per worked per in hour week week 0 100.0 105.8 88.3 100.0 91.7 99.3 100.0 103.7 ). 667 .524 .505 .425 .480 .408 .607 .452 085. .6 .494 0 0 0 96.3 .530 Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week $32.00 28.98 24.24 21.09 25.92 22.44 32.80 26.44 $32.00 30.62 21.42 21.09 23.75 22.28 32.80 27.45 ) 21.43 0 0 0 27.58 0 28.62 25.05 24.92 19.78 33.17 22.99 33.02 26.35 24.68 24.69 15.04 18.31 28.56 21.04 31.38 24.30 22.09 23.21 19.57 28.50 23.11 22.77 100.0 .409 .369 .633 .421 .635 .479 .457 .486 .260 .327 .560 .435 .643 .454 .409 .455 .386 .528 .428 .450 .423 .522 .545 .567 .373 .420 .608 .723 .465 ) .282 .726 .344 .510 .728 .442 .676 .391 .516 .830 .394 .303 .304 .580 .525 15.23 34.83 16.50 26.00 33.78 22.81 32.45 21.50 25.10 39.84 21.28 18.15 18.25 31.32 31.50 14.22 34.83 16.50 26.00 32.64 20.78 31.85 21.50 25.10 39.65 16.99 18.15 18.25 32.24 31.50 •6.3 .486 25.17 24.25 95.3 92.6 .312 .243 .270 95.0 99.6 .308 .351 14.98 12.25 14.20 11.33 14.81 15.72 14.26 12.25 13.13 11.33 14.10 15.66 100.0 97.6 80.5 92.7 103.5 90.7 88.9 104.3 100.0 96.6 97.5 100.0 93.0 96.3 95.6 98.2 100.6 100.0 98.5 96.8 98.5 100.2 96.0 100.4 110 .0 00 0.0 99.4 90.3 94.6 ) 93.5 0 0 110 0.0 10 00 0.0 .0 96.6 91.1 98.1 100.0 100.0 99.6 79.8 10 0.0 10 0.0 103.0 100.0 100.0 .210 22.00 25.21 26.16 27.67 20.00 20.71 29.09 35.14 25.11 0 24.92 19.29 26.70 21.30 34.20 23.90 21.94 25.80 15.04 17.69 27.83 21.04 29.21 23.43 21.08 22.80 19.68 28.50 22.78 22.07 21.65 25.27 25.10 27.78 20.00 20.71 29.00 31.75 24.06 0 59 GENERAL TABLES Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earning s per weekt average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and ciJy— Con. T a b l e A .— CAKE DEPARTM EN T—Continued Occupation, sex, and city All employees, female—Contd. Charleston, S. C..................... Charlotte, N. C____________ Chicago, 111.............. Cincinnati, Ohio...... ... . Cleveland, O h io.................... Columbus, Ohio— ................. Covington, K y_____________ Dallas, Tex............................. Denver, Colo..... ..................... Detroit, Mich......................... Duluth, Minn........................ Erie, Pa............... ............ ...... Fort Smith, Ark..................... Grand Rapids, Mich___......... Houston, Tex________ _____ _ Indianapolis, Ind— ........... Lewiston and Auburn, M e ... Lincoln, Nebr________ __ .. Little Rock, Ark..................... Los Angeles, Calif.................. Louisville, K y......................... Memphis, Tenn..... ................ Milwaukee, Wis________ ___ Minneapolis, Minn................. Mobile, Ala.... ........................ Nashville, Tenn..................... Newark, N. J___ ______ ____ New Orleans, La............ ........ New York, N. Y ................. Norfolk, Va............................. Ogden, Utah........................... Oklahoma City, Okla......... __ Omaha, Nebr_________ ____ _ Pawtucket, R. I ____________ Peoria, 111_________________ Philadelphia, Pa................... . Pittsburgh, Pa........................ Portland, M e..................... Portland, Oreg____________ _ Providence, R. I..................... Richmond, V a........................ Roanoke, Va......... ................. St. Louis, M o...................... . Salt Lake City, Utah.......... . Scranton, Pa_______ ____ ___ Seattle Wash_______________ Spokane, Wash..... .............. . Syracuse, N. Y ........................ Tacoma, Wash................... . Washington, D. C.................. Wheeling, W. Va.................... Wichita, Kans......................... Worcester, Mass___ Youngstown, Ohio__________ Total................................. All employees, male and female: Albany, N. Y .......................... Atlanta, Ga...... ...................... Baltimore, M d _________ Birmingham, Ala.................. Boston, Mass______________ Bridgeport, Conn.................... Buffalo, N. Y ___ __________ Cedar Rapids, Iowa............... Charleston, S. C..................... Charlotte, N. C ...................... Chattanooga, Tenn................. Num ber of estab lish ments 1 2 3 1 7 21 1 3 3 3 21 1 5 21 3 2 2 2 4 3 1 3 2 2 3 111 3 11 3 130 22 2 1 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 11 1 21 3 Num ber of wage earn ers 3 19 67 2 0 95 6 <l) 17 31 41- 11 7 9 19 17 85 16 0 2 0 20 6 16 26 20 6 22 6 5 g 4 19 13 30 8 12 63 119 24 19 6 .0 5.5 6 .0 5.7 6.0 54.0 46.3 46.9 43.1 38.0 48.5 ) 39.0 46.8 41.1 48.0 48.4 47.6 32.7 43.1 35.3 48.0 49.8 40.1 42.5 32.0 47.6 41.1 46.0 62.0 49.2 45.3 48.8 46.0 41.8 35.8 46.8 50.8 48.0 49.8 41.1 48.9 46.2 47.8 46.5 53.0 40.0 38.6 44.8 45.1 48.0 35.1 43.6 48.0 45.4 49.9 54.0 40.1 48.0 5.5 50.1 44.1 5.9 49.7 56.6 53.5 55.8 50.1 49.4 49.5 52.3 54.0 53.1 64.0 48.7 56.6 51.5 55.8 47.8 48.0 46.3 52.3 54.0 48.8 64.0 .1 0 6 6.0 .0 6.0 3.8 5.4 4.6 6 .0 6 .0 6 .0 5.4 4.2 5.6 5.2 5.5 6 .0 5.7 5.7 6 .0 5.8 4.8 4.6 6.0 .0 6 6.0 5.6 5.8 5.8 5.7 6 6.0 .0 6 .0 5.0 10 19 6.0 6 .0 5.7 5 43 5 3 1132 3 10 5 1,240 3 3 50 32 76 11 98 26 44 13 7 36 4 5.0 5.6 5.8 4.7 5.8 5.6 6 .0 5.8 6 .0 5.8 5.8 6.0 .0 6 6 .0 5.5 6.0 1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. Aver Aver age Aver age Per age full hours cent of earn actu full time ally ings time hours worked per per worked hour in week week 54.0 50.5 54.0 48.0 48.8 50.3 ) 54.0 46.5 50.9 48.0 53.1 54.0 54.0 48.0 51.5 48.0 49.8 51.0 48.0 51.3 50.9 48.0 49.8 62.0 51.8 48.0 48.4 48.0 46.3 48.0 54.0 50.8 48.0 54.0 49.4 51.7 48.5 48.0 46.5 51.0 40.0 49.9 48.0 48.0 48.0 46.8 46.1 48.0 48.0 54.0 54.0 48.0 48.0 5.9 5.6 5 5.7 ) 4.9 5.8 5.6 8 6 242 143 6 2 6 4 21 23 1 Aver age days on which wage earners worked in week 0 0 Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week 191.7 00.0 $0.198 $10.67 .2 20 11.11 86.9 .283 15.28 89.7 77.9 96.4 ) 72.2 .287 .312 .296 ) .265 .256 .368 .286 .253 .171 .249 .258 .266 .306 .239 .262 .465 .216 .273 .328 .303 . 124 .171 .301 . 148 .313 .279 .299 .232 .240 .260 .236 .284 .226 .312 .344 .300 .234 .229 .276 .240 0 0 180.7 00.6 191.1 00.0 8 8.1 60.6 89.8 1168.5 0 00 0.0 .0 78.6 88.5 62.4 93.5 85.6 92.4 195.0 00.0 94.4 195.8 00.8 90.3 74.6 86.7 110 00 0.0 .0 92.2 83.2 94.6 95.3 99.6 100.0 177.4 00.0 103.9 93.3 94.0 175.0 00.0 94.6 194.6 00.0 92.4 183.5 00.0 100.0 88.0 98.0 196.3 00.0 195.4 00.0 97.2 93.5 00 0.0 .0 1191.9 0 100.0 13.78 15.23 14.89 ) 14.31 11.90 18.73 13.73 13.43 9.23 13.45 12.38 13.70 14.67 11.90 13.36 22.32 11.08 13.90 15.74 15.09 7.67 0 8.86 14.45 7.16 15.02 12.92 14. 35 12.53 114.37 1.88 0) 10.33 11.99 15.10 13.73 12.28 8.15 8.14 11.10 9.38 14.67 11.90 10.48 19.80 6.90 12.98 13.47 13.93 7.67 8.42 13.67 7.20 14.38 11.67 10.71 10.83 12.20 12.50 12.20 12.50 12.74 14.03 11.68 15.13 .435 .268 .361 .246 .258 .198 .295 .313 16.51 13.97 11.93 9.17 13.77 11. 52 10.18 23.10 20.36 12.35 17.33 11.81 13.93 10.67 14.16 15.04 .275 13.78 .431 .253 .357 .306 .417 .508 .472 .340 .345 .261 .254 21.42 14.31 19.10 17.09 20.89 25.10 23.36 17.77 18.64 13.86 16.25 .212 .481 $10.67 10.19 13.29 12.36 11.75 11.70 11.06 14.42 16.47 13.97 12.38 9.17 110.73 0.66 9.58 23.10 15.25 11.67 17.33 11.15 12.85 10.67 11.83 15.04 12.11 21.01 14.31 18.39 17.09 19.93 24.40 217.77 1.88 18.64 12.75 16.25 60 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS A . — Average number o f days on which wage earners worked, average full time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1931, by department, occupation, sex, and city — C o n . T a b le El- ........ 1 CAKE DEPARTM EN T—Continued ..— „ Occupation, sex, and city All employees, male and female— Continued. Chicago, 111.............................. Cincinnati, Ohio..................... Cleveland, Ohio................... Columbus, Ohio..................... Covington, K y........................ Dallas, Tex.............................. Denver, Colo........................... Detroit, Mich.... ..................... Duluth, Minn......................... Erie, Pa................................... Evansville, Ind..................... . Fall River, Mass..................... Fort Smith, Ark..................... Grand Rapids, Mich.............. Hartford, Conn....................... Houston, Tex........................ . Huntington, W. V a................ Indianapolis, Ind....... ............ Jacksonville, Fla.................... Lewiston and Auburn, M e__ Lincoln, Nebr..................... . Little Rock, Ark................. . Los Angeles, Calif................... Louisville, K y......................... Madison, Wis......................... Memphis, Tenn...................... Milwaukee, Wis..................... Minneapolis, Minn................. Mobile, Ala............................. Nashville, Tenn.................... Newark, N. J.......................... New Orleans, La.................... New York, N. Y .................... Norfolk, Va............................. Ogden, Utah........................... Oklahoma City, Okla............ Omaha, Nebr.......................... Pawtucket, R. I...................... Peoria, ................................ Philadelphia, Pa.............. Pittsburgh, Pa...................... . Portland, M e.......................... Portland, Oreg........................ Providence, R. I ..................... Richmond, Va........................ Roanoke, Va........................... St. Joseph, M o........................ St. Louis, M o.......................... Salt Lake City, Utah............. Savannah, Ga......................... Scranton, Pa........................... Seattle, Wash.......................... Shreveport, La........................ Sioux City, Iowa.................... Spokane, Wash.................. . Syracuse, N. Y ........................ Tacoma, Wash........................ Tampa, Fla............................. Trenton, N. J......................... Washington, D. C .................. Wheeling, W. Va.................... Wichita, Kans......................... Winston-Salem, N. C ............ Worcester, Mass..................... Youngstown, Ohio................. 111 Total..................................... Num ber of estab lish ments 6 8 3 2 1 3 3 3 3 4 3 Aver age Num days on ber of which wage wage earn earners ers worked in week 127 44 163 22 9 23 69 85 14 16 13 6 .0 5.5 5.4 6 6.0 .0 6 6.0 .0 6 .0 5.9 6.6 6 6.0 .0 5.8 6.0 53.7 48.0 49.6 52.7 48.0 53.2 46.6 52.5 48.0 54.4 48.0 49.6 54.0 54.4 54.0 51.9 ) 51.2 ) 51.0 56.1 61.7 50.2 53.9 52.0 52.6 51.2 49.8 58.6 53.5 49.5 48.4 48.7 48.4 50.1 53.2 50.8 50.6 54.0 50.3 51.9 48.4 48.0 48.2 62.8 46.8 48.0 49.3 52.7 ) 50.1 48.0 48.0 51.0 46.6 49.8 48.0 55.0 48.6 48.0 64.0 57.0 60.0 50.8 53.3 5.7 51.0 5.2 5.8 5.6 6.0 .0 6 6 .0 21 1112 5.9 6.0 34 3 6 .0 1 275 4.6 3 5.6 16 0144 ) 04.8 ) 0 11 0)12 06) .0 0 6.0 23 4 27 5.9 4 39 5.2 2 5.3 3 27 .0 2 283 6 5.5 2 55 5.4 4 2310 5.5 3 6.0 3 4 5.8 1242 5.7 25 37 6 .0 44 5.6 6 14 5.2 3 4.9 11 29 6.0 .0 18 61 6 3 6 .0 21 14 18 5.7 6.9 1121 286 218 5.9 5.9 48 3 5.9 2 42 30 6.0 .0 4 6 3 19 5.5 4 16 6.0 5 3 42 5.0 4 21 23 5.6 ) 0 6.7 2 0)6146 06 .0 2 .0 2 142 6 6.0 3 3 5 2 2 2 3 11 21 2 228 25 59 11 13640 16 6 4 19 9 2,792 5.4 5.7 >fo x less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. Aver Aver age age Per full hours cent of !Ull time actu ally hours worked time per worked in week week 50.1 43.3 42.3 53.0 48.0 40.4 46.4 45.7 48.0 54.1 42.4 49.6 48.1 42.4 54.0 49.6 ) 38.6 () 50.0 56.1 43.2 42.3 46.5 53.8 48.6 44.7 46.0 58.6 51.2 47.5 48.5 45.5 45.8 41.2 47.7 50.9 50.6 50.9 47.3 50.0 47.3 46.9 48.3 53.4 46.8 47.7 41.1 50.2 ) 47.0 48.0 48.0 51.0 40.9 45.9 47.4 55.0 48.6 46.9 48.2 67.0 60.0 47.4 53.3 0 1 0 47.3 Aver age earn ings per hour Aver Aver age age full time actual earn earn ings ings in per week week 93.3 $0. 431 $23.14 $21.58 21.31 19.21 90.2 .444 17.78 85.3 .420 20.83 21.75 .410 21.61 27.63 LOO. 0 .576 27.63 14.09 18.57 .349 75.9 20.36 .439 20.46 99.6 24.44 28.09 .535 87.0 17.64 17.64 .368 LOO. 0 22.60 99.4 .418 22.74 21.42 24.24 88.3 .505 21.09 .425 21.09 12.05 13.55 89.1 .251 14.38 18.44 77.9 .339 32.80 .607 32.80 17.15 17.96 95.6 .346 ) ) ) ) .371 75.4 19. CO 14.31 (l) 0) ) (*) .423 21.57 21.13 98.0 .343 19.26 19.26 12.76 .295 15.25 83.6 .547 27.46 23.14 84.3 18.10 .390 86.3 34.20 103. 5 .635 33.02 19.15 17.66 .364 92.4 .401 20.53 17.94 87.3 13.93 92.4 .303 15.09 13.61 13.61 .232 12.73 12.18 .238 95.7 21.63 20.75 .437 96.0 .374 18.10 18.16 26.51 93.4 .583 28.39 20.07 94.6 .438 82.2 .347 17.38 14.28 14.15 15.80 89.7 .297 15.95 16.00 .314 19.36 .383 19.36 .303 16.36 15.42 94.3 .418 21.03 19.78 94.0 .318 16.50 15.87 96.3 20.33 19.84 97.7 .420 21.70 .452 97.7 24.05 24.09 .499 17.37 .329 17.59 .377 17.63 17.63 .608 29.09 29.00 99.4 20.71 .504 24.85 83.4 .421 22.19 21.16 95.3 ) ) .238 11.92 11.19 93.8 30.64 30.64 .638 .344 16.50 16.50 26.00 .510 26.00 25.68 .628 29.26 87.8 17.84 19.37 92.2 .389 .589 28.27 27.89 98.8 21.50 .391 21.50 25.10 .516 25.10 .626 30.05 29.36 97.7 .288 15.55 13.89 89.3 14.41 .253 14.41 .304 18.25 18.25 .454 21.49 23.06 93.3 22.36 22.36 .419 100.6 100.0 100.0 0 0 0 100.0 0 0 21.02 100.0 100.2 21.20 110 00 0.2 .0 21.20 110 001.1 .2 100.0 0 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 <0 0 100 0.0 .0 10 10 100 0.0 .0 100.0 92.7 .399 20.35 18.86 T able B .— Average and classified earnings per hour in four specified occupations in bread department, 1981, by dty * *— oOXi,9SI A Number of wage earners whose earnings per hour were— 88 Occupation, sex, and city 111 5 4 10 5 10 5 4 3 4 4 4 24 5 $0.665 9 .389 19 .613 9 .598 30 .629 .762 14 .642 5 .558 5 .502 5 .454 6 .459 74 .801 .754 28 .685 .356 .618 ) ) .772 13 .766 .516 27 .633 7 .581 5 .532 .744 .446 3 .409 .548 .697 .514 .562 15 .540 5 .439 .574 .430 .581 30 .683 _____ ___ 1 10 120 1 .1 0 1.20 $1 1 1 1 6 20 10 5 6 5 1 0112 1 0 5 6 11 6 6 4 5 8 6 4 6 3 4 8 5 10 5 8 3 6 9 2 4 6 4 6 5 8 7 4 1 3 6 1 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. 20 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 11 1 21 2 11 1 2 2 3 11 11 1 2 1 21* 31 1 4 1 2 1 6 1 9 8 112 2 5 3 1 2 2 1 6 1 6 130 4 8 1 1 4 2 7 1 173 2 21 1 7 2 3 3 3 2 7 1 1 3 11 5 5 14 2 3 3 7 2 6 11 31 13 5 6 21 1 ii 21 2 23 25 2 1 3 1 8 11 5 3 7 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 TABLES 1 20 GENERAL Mixers, male: Albany, N. Y ............................... Atlanta, Ga___________________ Baltimore, M d ____ ____________ Birmingham, Ala______________ Boston, Mass____ ________ ___ Bridgeport, Conn______________ Buffalo, N. Y .................. ............. Cedar Rapids, Iowa___________ Charleston, S. C_______________ Charlotte, N. C ____ ___________ Chattanooga, Tenn____________ Chicago, _________ - _________ ' Cincinnati, Ohio______________ leveland, Ohio_______________ Columbia, S. C________________ Columbus, Ohio_______________ Covington, K y ________________ Dallas, Tex___________________ Denver, Colo__________________ Des Moines, Iowa...................... Detroit, M ich_________________ Duluth, Minn_........................ .... Erie, Pa______________________ Evansville, Ind________________ Fall River, Mass______________ Fort Smith, Ark........._•____ ____ Grand Rapids, M ich................... Hartford, Conn________________ Houston, Tex_________________ Huntington, "W. Va____________ Indianapolis, Ind______________ Jacksonville, Fla.......................... Lewiston and Auburn, M e......... Lincoln, N ebr.—____ __________ Little Rock, Ark______________ Los Angeles, Calif_____ ________ Num ber of estab ber of earnings , 30, 35, 50, 40, 60, 70, 80, 90 per Under under wage $ . , $ . , $1.30, $1.40, $1.50 45J under under under under iW er under under under under lish cents, under under under under and 30 35 40 ments earners hoar cents 25 50 45 70 80 60 90 under under $ $ $1.30 $1.40 $1.50 over cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents 1 62 T a b l e B . — Average and classified earnings per hour in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city— Continued Occupation, sex, and city 4 4 3 2 4 141 5 4 4 6 4 7 19 17 74 a 2 9 9 6 7 50 36 6 9 il 3 9 4 5 5 9 37 7 17 5 6 4 8 150 5 7 2 2 1 1 2 2 4 1 3 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 2 21 21 6 5 1 1 2 3 3 1 8 6 1 2 9 3 2 3 1 1 112 32 21 2 2 13 21 10 2 2 2 71 4 11 211 3 1 4 13 23 7 8 13 21 42 9 1 11 c 31 1 21 4 3 2 1 4 1 2 1 1 11 1 2 4 3 1 2 5 5 4 1 1 1 1 13 3 2 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 8 2 1 28 9 3 5 3 3 2 1 1 4 7 12 DEPARTMENTS 12 3 5 6 3 19 19 21 1 11 2 21 2 1 CAKE 4 4 4 15 8 6 $0,586 .809 .717 .503 .370 .604 .545 .387 .569 .392 .870 .671 .914 .487 .543 .749 .507 .685 .702 .634 .717 .602 .778 .679 .712 .651 .463 .587 1.033 .695 .876 .584 .985 .302 .607 1.153 .501 .595 AND 1 11 29 4 2 5 g 7 5 1 1 10 120 1 .1 $1 0 1.20 HOURS— BREAD Milwaukee Wis Minneapolis Minn Mobile Ala Nashua N H Nashville Tenn Newark N J New Orleans La New York N Y Norfolk Va Ogden Utah Oklahoma City Okla Omaha Nebr Pawtucket R T Peoria 111 Philadelphia, Pa Pittsburgh Pa Portland, M b Portland, Oreg Providence, K. ___ ____ Pueblo, Colo Richmond, Va Roanoke ,Va Rockford HI Sacramento, Calif - St Joseph M o St Louis Mo Salt Lake City Utah San Francisco Calif SAVAnnfth flo Scranton Pa Seattle, Wash _ Shreveport La Sioux City, Iowa.......................... g 5 3 3 4 7 7 4 3 4 9 20 AND Mixers, male—Continued. 20 WAGES Number of wage earners whose earnings per hour were— Num Average ber of ber of earnings 90 80, 60, 50, 35, , 30, estab wage 25, $ , $ . , $ . , $1.30, $1.40, $1.50 per Under under under under under under under under unaer undfer under cents, under lish earners hour under under under under and 90 under $ 70 80 60 50 40 45 30 35 25 ments $ $1.30 $1.40 $1.50 over cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents South Bend, Ind......... Spokane, Wash............ Syracuse, N. Y ............ Tacoma, Wash............ Tampa, Fla................. Topeka, Kans.............. Trenton, N. J .............. Tulsa. Okla.................. Washington, D. O....... Wheeling, W. Va........ Wichita, Kans............. Wilmington, Del......... Winston-Salem, N. C . Worcester, Mass.......... Youngstown, Ohio___ Total.. 6 4 4 2 5 4 5 2 4 4 3 5 4 482 5 2 140 2 26 5 8 6 4 2 3 6 6 5 6 6 5 9 1915 6 6 3 8 6 1,027 20 7 49 1432 25 33 9 8 7 4 250 21 67 117 6 7 27 14 42 1131 10 2 18 3 4 4 1 1 4 8 1 0)22 9 4 8 2 5 3 5 5 * For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. TABLES 7 5 3 3 4 3 4 5 9 GENERAL Bench hands or hand bakers, male: Albany, N. Y .............................. Atlanta, Ga................................. Baltimore, M d ............................ Birmingham, Ala........................ Boston, Mass. Bridgeport, Conn.. J^U UOIU) N . 'X ___ ________ Buffalo, Cedar Rapids, Iowa........... Charleston, S. C .................... ...... Charlotte, N. C .................. Chattanooga, Tenn............ Chicago, 111......................... Cincinnati, Ohio__............ Cleveland, Ohio................. Columbia, S. C................... Columbus, Ohio................. Covington, K y _____ _____ Dallas, Tex.......................... Denver, Colo................. . Des Moines, Iowa.............. Detroit, M ich................ . Duluth, Minn..................... Erie, Pa............................... Evansville, Ind................... Fort Smith, Ark................. Grand Rapids, M ich......... Hartford, Conn................... Houston, Tex...................... Huntington, W. Va........ . Indianapolis, Ind......... ...... Jacksonville, F l a - ..._____ Lincoln, Nebr____ _______ 4 3 and classified earnings per hour in four specified occupations in bread department, 1981, by city— Continued 4 6 3 4 3 7 6 8 10 26 4 3 1 2 0 8 2 9 2 1 10 11 1 4 2 3 1 08 0 3 140 11 5 4 10 4 4 3 5 4 2 6 21 1 21 2 2 1 2 1 3 4 11 1 2 9 1 6 61 10 6 1 1 3 8 1 2 1 47 29 4 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 4 3 3 1 1 4 3 1 1 9 4 6 30 6 3 5 24 17 1 6 6 8 6 1 2 7 5 71 2 1 28 2, 22 7 1 3 7 7 11 2 1 0 3 5 1 56 13 9 2520 31 1 1 25 55 3 1 10 5 2 3 5 2 4 1 20 20 6 11 5 2 1 1 1 1 4 2 9 1 2 2 43 1 7 1 1 3 142 14 43 80 11 1 1 DEPARTMENTS 4 5 12 1 CAKE 2 2 121 4 13 $0,435 .632 .480 .663 .307 .531 .508 .356 13 .343 45 .749 38 .524 237 1.049 7 .389 .641 13 .501 .531 18 .635 164 .564 81 .594 ) (,)n .687 15 .651 (VJ <\> 19 .544 3 .374 .541 ) ) 5 .653 41 .803 .492 .968 30 .279 16 .500 9 1.132 4 .421 .546 19 .482 AND 4 3 5 90 15 14 7 56 29 HOURS— BREAD 1 10 1 20 1.20 1 .1 0 $1 20 AND Bench hands or hand bakers, male— Continued. Little Rock, Ark- ____________ Lns Angelas, Calif . ............... Lnniavillft, TTy TVTariisrm, Wi<? , . Miami, Fla „ ^ __ Milwaukee, Wis _ Minneapolis, Minn ____ _____ Mobile, Ala ________________ Nashville, Tenn _ Newark, N. J ___ ____ - _____ New Orleans, L a . ___ __ _____ New York, N. Y .......................... Norfolk, Va .............. Oklahoma City, O k la _________ Omaha, Nebr Pawtucket, R. I - __ _ _ _ Peoria, 111 ______________ _____ Philadelphia, Pa . ___ Pittsburgh, Pa __ - __________ Portland, Me Portland, Oreg __ ___ Providence. R. I_______________ Pueblo, C olo.. _______________ Richmond, Va ________________ Roanoke, Va _- - _ Rockford, 111 ___ _____ __ Sacramento, Calif St. Joseph, M o _____________ St. Louis, M o _____________ Salt Lake City, U ta h ................ San Francisco, C a lif_______Savannah, Q-a Scranton, Pa ______ Seattle, Wash _______________ Shreveport, La _________ __ Sioux City, Iowa______________ South Bend, Ind____ __________ Number of wage earners whose earnings per hour were— Num Num Average ber of ber of earnings 60, 50, 80, 90 35, 30, estab wage . , $ . , $1.30, $1.40, $1.50 per Under under under under under uncfer under under under umler under cents, un<fer $ lish earners hour under under under under and 40 60 70 80 90 undei $ 45 50 35 30 ments 25 $1.30 $1.40 $1.50 over $ cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents WAGES Occupation, sex, and city 64 T a b l e B . — Average 1 9 13 2 2 2 2 2 . Spokane, Wash............ Syracuse, N. Y ............ Tacoma, Wash............ Tampa, Fla.................. Topeka, Kans.............. Trenton, N. J.............. Tulsa, Okla................. Washington, D. O____ Wheelmg,W . Va......... Wichita, Kans............. Wilmington, Del......... Winston-Salem, N. C_. Worcester, Mass.......... Youngstown, Ohio___ Total— 1 5 3 3 2 4 2 6 1 2 3 3 4 6 398 0) 0 22 10 8 5 14 3 67 5 16 10 15 11 2,046 TABLES 1 GENERAL Oven men: Albany, N. Y ____________ 12 5 Atlanta, Qa................ ........ 9 4 Baltimore, M d ___________ 31 10 Birmingham, Ala_________ 10 5 Boston, Mass.___________ 54 10 Bridgeport, Conn________ 4 7 Buffalo, N. Y ..................... 14 4 Cedar Rapids, Iowa______ 3 2 Charleston, S. C _________ 5 3 Charlotte, N. C .................. 5 3 Chattanooga, Tenn_______ 4 9 Chicago, 111......................... 106 28 Cincinnati, Ohio_________ 20 6 Cleveland, Ohio__________ 39 10 Columbia, S. C__________ 5 7 Columbus, Ohio__________ 5 8 Covington, K y ___________ 3 2 Dallas, Tex______________ 4 6 Denver, Colo.___________ 20 6 Des Moines, Iowa________ 12 6 Detroit, M ich____________ 29 6 Duluth, Minn________ _ 4 8 Erie, Pa_________________ 4 5 Evansville, Ind__________ 6 6 Fall River, Mass_________ 3 4 Fort Smith, Ark................. 2 2 Grand Rapids, M ich____ 4 6 Hartford, Conn__________ 4 9 Houston, Tex____________ 5 9 Huntington, W. Va_______ 3 5 Indianapolis, Ind................ 14 8 Jacksonville, Fla_________ ______ 3 7 Lewiston and Auburn, M e_____ 4 2 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. and classified earnings per hour in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city— Continued 33 9 5 7 7 5 31 19 7 3 6 43 34 150 2 11 3 4 5 4 13 14 4 13 1 .360 .570 .542 .423 .488 .382 .874 .626 .941 .431 P) .739 .529 .613 .728 . 649 .665 .588 .761 . 730 .699 .583 .348 .600 2 i 1 6 .021 6 1.692 .883 52 8 .443 4 3 37 4 1.025 .263 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 6 2 1 1 1 1 2 21 1 1 21 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 17 9 4 21 1 8 18 1 1 11 2 5 4 1 8]1 3 1 1 2 i 1 25 14 5 4 3 9 3 1 3 1 1 10 1 11 61 4 3 1 3 16 7 2 1 1 11 25 13 4 3 33 36 24 4 3 3 4 1 1 1 2 28 ji 242 1 5 2 2 1 1 3 12 1 2 4 21 1 3 3 11 1 3 9 4 1 41 1 2 1 1 4 2 42 1 10 3 7 8 4 2 2 13 12 1 DEPARTMENTS 5 3 4 4 3 .6 86 .514 1 CAKE 10 (,)7 4 8 4 9 4 7 8 8 15 12 52 4 11 5 1 $0,483 .466 .669 .613 .797 AND 1 4 110 1 30 4 1 4 5 6 HOURS— BREAD Manchester, N H Memphis, Tenn Miami, Fla Milwsokes Wis Minneapolis Minn Mobile Ala * Nashua N H Nashville Tenn Newark, N J New Orleans, La New York, N Y Norfolk Va Ogden Utah Oklahoma City, Okla Omaha Nebr Pawtucket, R X Peoria 111 Philadelphia, Pa Pittsburgh, Pa - _______ Portland, Mo Portland, Oreg Providence, R. I Pueblo, Colo Richmond, Va Roanoke Va Rockford 111 Sacramento, Calif St Joseph Mo St Louis Mo Salt Lake City, Utah San Francisco, Calif Savannah, Ga............................... 4 4 7 5 4 3 3 4 7 7 4 1 10 120 1 .1 0 1.20 $1 2 20 AND Oven men—Continued. Number of wage earners whose earnings per hour were— Num Num Average ber of ber of earnings 90 m 80, 50, 35. 30, estab wage $ . , $ . , $1.30, $1.40, $1.50 per Under under under under * ' under under under undfer under cents, under under lish under under under under and 90 under under 80 60 50 70 45 40 35 30 ments earners hour cents 25 $1.30 $1.40 $1.50 over $ $ cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents WAGES Occupation, sex, and city 66 T a b l e B . — Average Scranton, Pa........ ........ ................ Seattle, Wash............................... Shreveport, La........... ................. Sioux City, Iowa......................... South Bend, Ind.......................... Spokane, Wash............................. Syracuse, N. Y .............. - ............. Tacoma, Wash........... : ................ Tampa, Fla................................... Topeka, Kans........................ ...... Trenton, N. J............................... Tulsa, Okla__............................... Washington, D. C........................ WheelingjW. Va.......................... Wichita, Kans.............................. Wilmington, Del.......................... Winston-Salem, N. C.................. Worcester, M ass.......................... Youngstown, Ohio....................... 468 1,368 .682 5 4 139 107 367 73 226 99 355 35 24 51 46 825 149 464 32 107 13 77 145 109 293 43 58 63 . 23 14 92 96 .611 .375 .513 .409 .503 .494 .608 .467 .406 .479 .465 .791 .644 .529 .423 .457 .569 .393 .507 .458 .589 .420 .469 .472 .428 .327 .468 .574 4 4 3 5 6 150 5 5 4 4 2 4 3 27 6 10 5 5 2 5 6 6 6 4 5 6 4 3 3 4 1372 8 3 142 7 6 5 10 26 0 4 8 11 1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. 1 1 1 2 1 1 7 17 3 10 8 2 6 3 1 112 22 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 7 3 6 6 2 5 2 4 21 1 4 5 1 2 1 1 2 26 3 1 1 2 46 1 2 2 3 2 83 1 1 3 5 33 5 3 6 121 9 16 3 2 2 5 5 11 2 1 11 3 3 1 1 11 12 3 1 70 6 17 43 1 1 35 59 1 24 39 2 44 12 147 31 3 17 1 51 42 44 3 140 1 0 5 5 1 6 4 24 8 5 101 211 11 2 23 27 46 48 2 7 12 11 26 0 2430 19 0 2111 508 4 6 2 8 2 0 24 25 1 6 10 19 5 7 9 7 4 3 25 1 2 5 7 9 14 15 9 1 1 21 3 1 4 4 2 4 2 2 1 2 a 268 256 1 211 54 3 180 4 84 24 28 19 41 1 12 8 38 14 a 10111 89 41 1 4 2 2 110 107 19 244 15 82 36 174 107 201 5 3 5 32 a 2 9 2 32 2 0 8 5 14 8 91 1 0 2 40 11 9 2 2 16 1 4a 2 2 1 3 37 212 0 43 13 8 1 2 1 11 1 2 4 1 2 2 a 1 i 8 12 1 158 63 9 4 4 21 16 321 2 8 11 1 18 1 4 1 1 4 82 36 4 49 35 17 1 x 3 3 1 28 1 2 2 TABLES 4 13 9 .545 1.175 .481 .593 .481 1.138 .632 .963 .358 .750 .675 .565 1.208 .573 .472 .525 .372 .658 .464 6 3 4 2 3 6 4 3 2 5 3 6 2 GENERAL Total_______________ ________ iver-salesmen: Albany, N. Y ............................... Atlanta, Ga................................... Baltimore, M d ............................. Birmingham, Ala..... ................... Boston, M ass.............................. Bridgeport, Conn ....... ............... Buffalo, N. Y ............................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa..................... Charleston, S. C........................... Charlotte, N. C ............................ Chattanooga, T en n .................... Chicago, 111.................................. Cincinnati, Ohio........ ................. Cleveland, Ohio........................... Columbia, S. C............................. Columbus, Ohio........................... Covington, Ky__.......................... Dallas, Tex................................... Denver, Colo................................ Des Moines, Iow a.—................... Detroit, M ich.......................... . Duluth, Minn............................... Erie, P a........................................ Evansville, Ind............................. Fall River, Mass.......................... Fort Smith, A rk........... .............. Grand Rapids, M ich................... Hartford, Conn............................. 4 1 1 1 1 9. i o <1 22 26 31 46 .424 .483 .516 .392 .530 .547 .384 .619 .552 .487 .556 .419 .400 7 1 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 1 21 20 2 1 2 3 213 193 16 9 26 2 6 25 4 17 . 2 39 10 2 0 15 9 1 10 8 9~ 26 21 1912 14 3 12 1 139 25 19 1 101 1 ___6 2 1 5 7 1 172 7 1 1 2 5 6 1131 18 2 2 3 55 3 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 3 6 6 15 7 29 23 5 4 17 1 141 170 3 13 53 38 217 27 4 1162 16 9 8 10 37 30 9 5 4 15 16 36 29 4 2 8 20 34 29 6 41 121 112 1 2 3 6 107 72 14 4 12 7 6 2 7 166 0 45 26 35 5 1 8 26 7 5 222 139 17 7 313 325 6 9 12 2 13 41 1 4 18 4 1 14 3 3 13 5 2 2 11 17 1 208 10 4 3 5 112 1 273 40 23 3 6 173 19 945 23 15 18 139 11 129 ” 515" 98 35 103 30 12 1523 85 431 5 13 32 2 31 37 11 2 8 20 2 1831 43 19 4 4 6 12 32 242 172 11 5 7 5 1 10 2 7 6 20 9 3 1 71 3 1 14 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 5 3 70 15 4 14 16 5 5 6 1 7 4 4 2 1 2 8 2 1 2 1 4 1 6 5 2 11 1 2 1 DEPARTMENTS 72 95 51 64 943 505 47 135 119 17 79 2 CAKE 14 $0,380 .521 .490 .451 .488 .414 .382 .554 .440 .544 .447 .451 .458 .496 .432 .407 .551 .375 .577 .393 .650 .562 AND 163 52 21 28 70 315 107 36 44 48 52 237 155 44 42 47 449 118 1,000 55 HOUBS— BREAD 1 10 120 1 .1 0 1.20 $1 20 AND Driver-salesmen—Continued. Houston, Tex...................... Huntington, W. Va_______ Indianapolis, Ind_________ Jacksonville, Fla........ ......... Lewiston and Auburn, Me. Lincoln, Nebr..................... Little Rock, Ark........... ..... Los Angeles, Calif.............. . Louisville, K y .................... Madison, W is._................. . Manchester, N. H .............. Memphis, Tenn................. Miami, Fla......................... Milwaukee, W is......... ....... Minneapolis, Minn_______ Mobile, Ala......................... Nashua, N. H ...................... Nashville, Tenn................. . Newark, N. J...................... New Orleans, La................ New York, N. Y ................ Norfolk, Va......................... Ogden, Utah....................... Oklahoma City, Okla........ . Omaha, Nebr....................... Pawtucket, R. I ................. . Peoria, 111_____ ____ _____ _ Philadelphia, Pa................ . Pittsburgh, Pa_____ ______ Portland, M e...................... Portland, Oreg................... . Providence, R. I............. Pueblo, Colo....................... Richmond, Va.................... . Roanoke, Va........................ Rockford, 111................ I . . . . Sacramento, Calif................ St. Joseph, M o ___________ Number of wage earners whose earnings per hour were— Num Num Average ber of ber of earnings 80, 90 60, 50, 70, 40, estab wage 30, $ . , $ . , $1.30, $1.40, $1.50 per Under u ^ e r under under under under un<fer under under under under cents, under under lish under under under and 90 under $ 80 60 70 45 50 30 35 40 ments earners hour cents 25 $1.30 $1.40 $1.50 over $ cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents WAGES Occupation, sex, and city and classified earnings per hour in four specified occupations in bread department, 1981, by city— Continued 68 T a b l e B . — Average Total_____________ TABLES GENEKAL St. Louis, M o ............. Salt Lake City, Utah. San Francisco, Calif.. Savannah, Ga....... — Scranton, Pa.............. Seattle, W a sh ........... Shreveport, La........... Sioux City, Iowa....... South Bend, Ind........ Spokane, Wash.......... Syracuse, N. Y ........... Tacoma, Wash........... Tampa, Fla____ ____ Topeka, K a n s.......... Trenton, N. J_______ Tulsa, Okla................ Washington, D. C___ Wheeling, W. Va....... Wichita, Kans______ Wilmington, Del....... Winston-Salem, N. C. Worcester, Mass____ Youngstown, O h io ... O CD T able C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1981, by city 5 9 19 9 30 4 3 4 4 4 24 6 2 4 4 5 7 5 5 3 3 4 7 5 8 6 3 8 10 8 6 15 5 6 6 8 30 9 7 5 8 6 3 6 5 5 1 2 1 1 32 17 6 1130 10 4 8 2 3 2 25 4 4 6 5 2 Over 50, under 54 2 1 4 54 1 4 3 1 12 60 2 24 1 9 1 1 22 2 40 3 1 22 2 12 0 3 Over 54, under 60 4 1 1 7 7 6 6 1 31 1 2321 3 4 66 Over 66, 66 under 70 70 Over 70, under 72 72 3 1 2 2 1 1 9 14 3 4 2 1 1 Over 60, under 2 2 1 1 5 4 4 2 3 3 4 2 3 Over 72, under 84 84 I Over 84 2 2 3 3 2 DEPARTMENTS 4 3 4 5 5 3 9 6 74 2 0 28 6 12 C1) 11 0 13 11 27 50 CAKE 4 5 5 5 5 1 2 48 AND 16 0 5 5 1 5 6 6 6 6 14 51.4 58.0 54.8 54.2 52.8 49.0 51.9 54.8 54.2 53.8 55.2 51.1 48.9 52.7 55.2 53.5 ) 48.7 48.0 55.1 51.5 50.6 55.2 48.0 56.0 57.8 54.8 52.2 61.1 56.0 53.6 54.4 54.0 59.7 55.0 54.1 52.3 48.9 48.0 57.0 57.7 Un der 48 HOURS— BREAD 5 4 10 5 10 5 Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were— Over 48, under 50 AND Mixers, male: Albany, N. Y__....................................... Atlanta, Ga.............................................. Baltimore, M d........................... ............ Birmingham, Ala.................................... Boston, Mass........................................... Bridgeport, Conn.................................... Buffalo, N. Y ........................................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa................................ Charleston, S. C ...................................... Charlotte, N. C....................................... Chattanooga, Tenn............................... . Chicago, 111.............................................. Cincinnati, Ohio..................................... Cleveland, O h io .................................... Columbia, S. C ....................................... Columbus, Ohio...................................... Covington, K y ........................................ Dallas, Tex.............................................. Denver, Colo........................................... Des Moines, Iowa................................... Detroit, Mich.......................................... Duluth, M inn......................................... Erie, P a.__.............................................. Evansville, Ind....................................... Fall River, Mass..................................... Fort Smith, Ark____ ______ Grand Rapids, Mich.............................. Hartford, Conn....................................... Houston, Tex............................. ............. Huntington, W. Va................................. Indianapolis, Ind. .................................. Jacksonville, Fla..................................... Lewiston and Auburn, Me..................... Lincoln, Nebr.......................................... Little Rock, Ark..................................... Los Angeles, Calif— ............................... Louisville, K y..................... ................... Madison, Wis.......................................... Manchester, N. H ................................... Memphis, Tenn...................................... Miami, Fla....................................... ...... Num ber of em ploy ees M WAGES Occupation, sex, and city Num ber of estab lish ments Aver age full time hours per week 6 4 7 19 17 74 6 2 6 7 9 9 50 36 6 9 11 3 9 4 5 5 9 37 7 17 5 8 10 5 7 4 5 9 6 6 5 9 9 11 5 6 482 1,027 1 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. 52.9 52.4 57.3 54.0 56.7 48.8 48.1 48.0 56.5 54.0 51.0 52.7 54.0 50.6 51.9 49.8 49.0 48.0 50.2 48.0 54.2 53.8 52.8 48.0 48.0 48.0 54.0 48.0 61.2 51.3 45.6 53.4 53.1 55.5 48.0 50.9 49.0 55.3 48.0 49.8 56.3 48.0 50.4 53.0 55.0 60.7 53.1 55.0 51.7 TABLES Total......................... . 19 19 GENERAL Milwaukee, W is.......... Minneapolis, M in n ... M obile, Ala................. Nashua, N . H .............. Nashville, T en n _____ Newark, N . J .............. N ew Orleans, L a......... N ew York, N . Y _____ Norfolk, V a................. Ogden, U tah............... Oklahoma C ity, Okla Omaha, N eb r............. Pawtucket, R . I _____ Peoria, 111.................... Philadelphia, Pa........ Pittsburgh, Pa............ Portland, M e .............. Portland, Oreg............ Providence, R . I ........ Pueblo, C olo............... R ichm ond, V a ............ Roanoke, V a............... Rockford, 111............... Sacramento, Calif____ St. Joseph, M o ........... St. Louis, M o ............. Salt Lake C ity, Utah. San Francisco, C alif.. Savannah, Q a............. Scranton, Pa............... Seattle, W ash............. Shreveport, L a ........... Sioux C ity, Iow a......... South Bend, In d ........ Spokane, Wash.......... . Syracuse, N . Y ______ Tacom a, W ash______ Tam pa, Fla................. . Topeka, Kans............. . Trenton, N . J............. . Tulsa, Okla................. . Washington, D . C ___ Wheeling, W . V a ____ W ichita, Kans............ . W ilm ington, D el......... Winston-Salem, N . C. Worcester, Mass........ . Youngstown, Ohio___ C.— Average and classified fuU-time hours per week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1981, by city— Continued 8 7 4 250 21 11 7 27 14 42 11 11 8 0)22 8 5 5 90 15 14 7 56 0 Over , under 50 48 50 2 Over 50, under 54 2 8 8 2 23 2 7 «?50 23 33 4 3 3 1 2 3 Over 54 192 19 31 55 2 1 3642 3 under 60 27 241 10 7 14 9 1 5 2 2 8 8 5 7 66 Over 66, 66 under 70 70 Over 70, under 72 72 4 33 5 1 2 3 6 4 1 4 2 2 3 14 14 7 10 2 Over 60, under 9 3 67 60 3 1 5 49 2 6 4 2 3 13 1 82 2 6 Over 72, under 84 84 Over 84 2 4 8 4 1 2 1 1 DEPARTMENTS 13 in 3 18 48 CAKE 6 7 Un der 48 AND 67 53.3 60.9 55.1 63.3 51.2 48.5 54.0 54.6 52.6 55.7 59.5 49.2 48.6 51.2 58.6 52. 7 48.0 48.0 48.0 54.0 50.5 51.8 55.4 48 n 59.5 55.4 52.9 61.0 ) 53.4 60.3 60.4 54.0 53.5 56.2 50.6 57.1 53.5 Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were— HOURS— BREAD 20 7 49 12 43 25 33 9 Aver age full time hours per week AND Bench hands or hand bakers, male: Albany, N. Y .............................. Atlanta, Ga__________________ Baltimore; M d............................ Birmingham, Ala........................ Boston, Mass................ ............. Bridgeport, Conn........................ Buffalo, N. Y .............................. Cedar Rapids, Iowa___________ Charleston, S. C ....................... . Charlotte, N. C ........................... Chattanooga, Ten..... ........... ...... Chicago, 111.................................. Cincinnati, Ohio.............. ........... Cleveland, Ohio____ ____ _____ Columbia, S. C ......... ...............— Columbus, Ohio____________ Covington, K y............................ Dallas, Tex.................................. Denver, Colo............................... Des Moines, Iowa.... .................. Detroit, M ich........................... Duluth, M inn........... .................. Erie, Pa........................................ Evansville, Ind.................... ...... Fort Smith, Ark______________ Grand Rapids, M ich................... Hartford, Conn..................... ...... Houston, Tex............................... Huntington, W. Va------ ----------Indianapolis, Ind_________ ____ Jacksonville, Fla--------------------Lincoln, Nebr-------- ---------------Little Rock, Ark......................... Los Angeles, Calif....................... Louisville, K y ____ ____ - ........— Madison, Wis.............................. Miami, Fla.............. ................... Milwaukee, Wis.......................... Num ber of em ploy* WAGES Occupation, sex, and city Num ber of estab lish ments 72 T able Minneapolis, Minn__. Mobile, Ala_________ Nashville, Tenn........ . Newark, N. J............ . New Orleans, La....... . New York, N. Y ........ . Norfolk, Va................. Oklahoma City, Okla Omaha, Nebr............ . Pawtucket, R. I _____ Peoria, 111.................... Philadelphia, Pa....... . Pittsburgh, Pa.......... . Portland, M e.............. Portland, Oreg.......... . Providence, R. I ....... . Pueblo, Colo............... Richmond, V a .......... . Roanoke, Va............... Rockford, 111.............. . Sacramento, Calif___ St. Joseph, M o........... St. Louis, M o............. Salt Lake City, Utah. San Francisco, Calif... Savannah, Qa............. Scranton, Pa............... Seattle, Wash............ . Shreveport, La.......... . Sioux City, Iowa____ South Bend, Ind____ Spokane, Wash......... . Syracuse, N. Y ........... Tacoma, Wash............ Tampa, Fla................. Topeka, Kans............. Trenton, N. J............. Tulsa, Okla_________ Washington, D. C ___ Wheeling, W. Va........ Wichita, Kans__......... Wilmington, Del........ Winston-Salem, N. C. Worcester, Mass......... Youngstown, Ohio___ Total........................ 6 4 3 18 0 26 4 3 2 2 4 13 121 4 5 1 2 3 1 3 140 4 5 4 4 4 3 5 4 29 12 13 45 38 237 7 1130 118 1 164 81 0)11 0 15 0)19 0 3 8 (0 0) 5 48.0 41 48.0 54.0 11 48.0 30 1160 62.0 51.9 9 4 19 1 0)282 18 0 2 5 4 14 2 3 6 67 12 0) 5 3 16 3 1 0 4 6 15 11 5 3 3 398 2,046 2For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. 51.5 56.8 57.2 48.5 48.1 47.2 57.3 51.0 49.8 54.0 50.7 50.7 50.1 ) 48.0 51.2 ) 54.5 53.0 51.8 45.3 52.3 51.8 55.5 0) 50.2 48.0 55.5 48.0 49.1 54.0 48.0 <>) 50.4 53.1 61.2 50.0 56.2 51.0 T able C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city— Continued 20 29 8 5 6 2 6 9 9 5 14 7 4 5 6 33 9 5 7 7 under 50 7 5 Over 54 1 3 7 3 47 2 8 1 2 2 2 44 6 59 13 15 Over 50, under 54 6 4 1 3 2 3 50 3 3 5 20 142 6 1 21 4 2 6 10 13 3 1 3 3 1 1 2 5 i ] 3 2 66 2 2 1 1 272 1 31 2 Over 66, 66 under Over 70 70 70, under 72 72 2 1 1 3 4 6 3 3 3 1 2 Over 72, under 84 84 Over 84 4 3 4 1 Over 60, under 3 2 1 4 4 5 4 3 7 2 20 60 7 24 5 6 4 under 60 1 5 4 1 1 DEPARTMENTS 4 Over 48 CAKE 20 12 Un der 48 AND 39 7 8 3 6 50.5 58.9 55.1 61.0 53.2 49.7 51.4 55.0 56.6 56.2 53.4 50.3 50.1 51.7 54.4 53.3 48.0 49.3 48.0 55.0 51.2 51.0 55.2 48.0 52.5 59.3 55.1 50.7 60.8 57.6 55.3 59.4 54.0 59.2 55.2 52.9 51.7 49.3 48.0 57.0 Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were— HOURS— BREAD 12 9 31 10 54 7 14 3 5 5 9 106 Aver age full time hours per week AND Oven men: Albany, N. Y ...................... Atlanta, Qa......................... Baltimore, M d.................... Birmingham, Ala................ Boston, Mass...................... Bridgeport, Conn............... Buffalo, N. Y . . . ................. Cedar Rapids, Iowa........... Charleston, S. C ................. Charlotte, N. C___............. Chattanooga, Tenn............ Chicago, 111......................... Cincinnati, Ohio................. Cleveland, O hio................ Columbia, S. C ................... Columbus, Ohio................. Covington, K y .................. Dallas, Tex.......................... Denver, Colo....................... Des Moines, Iowa............... Detroit, Mich...................... Duluth, Minn..................... Erie, Pa.......... .................... Evansville, Ind................... Fall River, Mass................. Fort Smith, Ark................. Grand Rapids, Mich.......... Hartford, Conn................... Houston, Tex...................... Huntington, W. Va______ Indianapolis, Ind_ _............ Jacksonville, Fla................. Lewiston and Auburn, Me. Lincoln, Nebr..................... Little Rock, Ark................. Los Angeles, Calif.............. Louisville, K y ..................... Madison, Wis..................... Manchester, N. H _............ Memphis, T e n n ..,............ lish ments Num ber of em ploy- WAGES Occupation, sex, and city Num ber of 10 W 7 8 9 7 88 62 11 13 14 4 13 468 1,3 1 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. 68.4 63.4 52.4 57.1 54.0 56.2 48.3 48.0 47.8 52.0 ) 51.0 52.5 54.0 50.6 51.8 50.4 49.6 48.0 50.6 48.0 53.7 53.7 52.5 48.0 48.0 48.0 54.0 48.0 60.8 50.9 44.0 52.0 53.3 53.0 48.0 51.2 48.0 55.0 48.0 50.0 54.0 48.0 51.0 53.3 54.5 60.5 50.3 56.7 5 5 3 29 0 51.2 3 4 34 33 106 1 2 11 7 2 4 4 19 28 7 3 37 1 3 4 1 2 1 2 4 3 9 2 2 4 5 22 0 2 8 6 6 1 3 2 37 70 1 5 3 8 3 3 1 5 1 6 2 5 2 1 3 3 5 5 4 2 6 5 5 5 619 2 4 2 7 11 2 4 5 7 52 3 9 3 31 16 3 27 8 13 8 4 1 3 6 52 8 26 14 1 TABLES Total___ ____ _____ 5 31 19 7 3 6 43 34 160 GENERAL Miami, Fla................. Milwaukee, Wis......... Minneapolis, M in n ... Mobile, Ala................. Nashua, N. H _______ Nashville, Tenn_____ Newark, N. J............ New Orleans, La........ New York, N. Y ....... . Norfolk, Va................. Ogden, Utah.............. . Oklahoma City, Okla. Omaha, Nebr.............. Pawtucket, R. I _____ Peoria, 111................... . Philadelphia, Pa....... . Pittsburgh, Pa............ Portland, M e.............. Portland, Oreg.......... . Providence, R. I ......... Pueblo, Colo.............. . Richmond, Va______ Roanoke, Va__............ Rockford, 111............ Sacramento, Calif....... St. Joseph, M o........... St. Louis, M o............ . Salt Lake City, Utah. San Francisco, Calif... Savannah, Ga............. Scranton, Pa.............. . Seattle, Wash............ . Shreveport, La__....... . Sioux City, Iowa....... . South Bend, Ind....... . Spokane, Wash......... . Syracuse, N. Y ........... Tacoma, Wash........... Tampa, Fla................. Topeka, Kans............ . Trenton, N. J............ . Tulsa, Okla................. Washington, D. C ___ Wheeling, W. V a____ Wichita, Kans............ Wilmington, Del....... . Winston-Salem, N. C. Worcester, Mass......... Youngstown, Ohio___ 435 1 4 66 51 29 3 2 C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city— Continued 10 6 77 58. 52. 55. 58. 62. 54. 60. 55. 63. 50. 75. 56. 60. 61. 64. 60. 55. 56. 67. 63. 54. 73. 58. 64. 57. 54. 56. 62. 58. 60. 57. 60. Over 50, under 54 50 5 14 15 8 1 40 12 40 16 5 Over 54 under 60 7 105 24 131 7 20 9 5 3 24 60 130 37 12 16 14 9 85 355 28 9 19 398 3 304 19 63 Over 66, 66 under 7 22 96 8 8 3 18 7 4 60 17 136 28 30 107 46 30 85 18 45 39 65 74 12 1010 0 44 165 19 3 i 6 72 Over 72, under 84 84 127 21 13 6 30 20 1007 12 59 21 22 13 12 14 9 53 1 under 72 30 8 14 25 63 32 3 Over 70 70 1 26 1 16 18 5 15 38 8 149 4 85 20 141 66 200 10 6 1 Over 60, under 60 Over 84 1 20 8 41 18 7 5 17 17 12 29 40 20 29 20 4 41 DEPARTMENTS 28 70 315 107 36 44 48 48 CAKE 21 Un der 48 AND 14 92 96 83 33 163 52 Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were— Over 48, under 50 HOURS— BREAD 139 107 367 73 226 99 355 35 24 51 46 825 149 464 32 107 13 77 145 109 293 43 58 63 23 Aver age full time hours per week AND Driver-salesmen: Albany, N. Y ...................... Atlanta, Q a.................... .... Baltimore, M d.................... Birmingham, Ala............... Boston, Mass...................... Bridgeport, Conn................ Buffalo, N. Y ...................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa............ Charleston, S. C ................. Charlotte, N. C................... Chattanooga, Tenn............. Chicago, 111.......................... Cincinnati, Ohio................. Cleveland, Ohio.................. Columbia, S. C ................... Columbus, Ohio.................. Covington, K y .................... Dallas, Tex.......................... Denver, Colo....................... Des Moines, Iowa............... Detroit, Mich____________ Duluth, Minn..................... Erie, Pa............... ............... Evansville, Ind................... Fall River, Mass................. Fort Smith, Ark................. Grand Rapids, Mich.......... Hartford, Conn................... Houston, Tex...................... Huntington, W. Va....... . Indianapolis, Ind................ Jacksonville, Fla................. Lewiston and Auburn, Me. Lincoln, Nebr............... ...... Little Rock, Ark................ Los Angeles, Calif-....... ---Louisville, K y .................... Madison, Wis...................... Manchester, N. H .............. Memphis, Tenn__............... Num ber of em ploy- WAGES Occupation, sex, and d ty Num ber of estab lish ments 76 T able 111 111 52 237 155 44 42 47 449 118 110 1 26 1,00550 4 2 14 5 4 4 4 15 12 2 5 6 3 4 3 3 2 1415 5 3 4 6 4 5 4 3 6 25 4 6 2 4 4 4 4 3 5 6 477 72 95 51 64 943 505 47 135 119 17 79 22 26 31 46 397 63 228 32 133 133 38 52 18 38 205 34 40 23 78 69 249 46 54 68 29 118 109 11,844 62.4 58.8 62.3 64.3 60.0 59.4 55.9 59.2 55.2 58.0 54.0 67.8 58.5 59.3 65.3 58.6 57.0 55.3 53.8 59.2 52.9 59.1 59.7 60.6 56.5 6 6.1 72.3 37 14 6 142 3 11 3 5 88 55 291 28 484 13 2 6 18 14 54.0 48.0 62.1 54.0 51.3 67.3 56.0 51.4 56.5 l_____ 54.3 53.6 60.4 58.3 54.6 63.8 55.7 54.4 60.9 60.0 57.1 61.9 60.2 58.9 37 328 241 37 4 4 78 9 8 8 12 4 18 4 7 63 228 94 133 5 9 33 4 6 2 610 6 65 70 6 39 21 7 835 177 20 51 43 20 5 140 3,196 42 41 152 27 8 1 12 118 2 55 50 19 6 19 5 23 26 17 57 10 30 107 67 5 9 13 9 13 46 30 12 1160 2 2 74 34 3 5 36 60 5 58 45 24 554 260 32 2 23 ” 369" 44 2 2 32 6 4 44 13 8 1161 18 58 46 97 67 8 10 16 11 22 6 3 24 6 4 22 41 90 314 4,765 6 38 7 2 32 32 3 30 37 17 TABLES 4 7 7 4 4 4 GENERAL Miami, Fla................. Milwaukee, W is......... Minneapolis, M in n ... Mobile, Ala................. Nashua, N. H __1____ Nashville, Tenn........ . Newark, N. J ............ . New Orleans, La....... . New York, N. Y ....... . Norfolk, Va................. Ogden, Utah............. . Oklahoma City, Okla. Omaha, Nebr............ . Pawtucket, R. I ........ . Peoria, ................... . Philadelphia, Pa....... . Pittsburgh, Pa............ Portland, M e.............. Portland, Oreg......... . Providence, R. I ....... . Pueblo, Colo.............. . Richmond, Va............ Roanoke, Va._............ Rockford, ....... ....... Sacramento, Calif___ St. Joseph, M o............ St. Louis, M o...........Salt Lake City, Utah. San Francisco, Calif— Savannah, Ga............ . Scranton, Pa............. . Seattle, Wash............ . Shreveport, La.......... . Sioux City, Iowa....... . South Bend, Ind....... . Spokane, Wash......... . Syracuse, N. Y .......... . Tacoma, Wash.......... . Tampa, Fla................. Topeka, Kans............ . Trenton, N. J............ . Tulsa, Okla................. Washington, D. C ___ Wheeling, W. V a____ Wichita, Kans............ Wilmington, Del____ Winston-Salem, N. C. Worcester, Mass......... Youngstown, Ohio___ Total....................... . 57 12 625 356 368 270 21 419 218 95 6 «<! D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1981, by city 78 T able 1 1 4 3 4 4 4 24 2 4 4 5 7 5 5 3 6 74 20 28 16 2 (*) 1131 0 11 27 7 5 8 6 3 18 0 8 6 15 5 6 6 8 30 9 7 5 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 3 2 2 5 2 1 11 13 2120 6 21 4 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 8 3 1 41 2 4 3 2 3 1 32 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 4 5 1 1 211 6 1 16 2 61 2 1 3 6 1 1 1 1 2 1 7 14 1 3 1 3 4 1 2 1 2 2 2 11 11 5 2 2 2 5 2 2 1 2 11 7 2 6 1 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 7 2 3 2 61 2 3 11 92 2 1 6 4 4 3 2 31 1 3 1 3 1 1 2 5 2 1 1 1 2 51 1 1 11 2 i 1 5 2 2 3 3 3 21 12 43 1 3 DEPARTMENTS 6 4 3 4 5 5 3 9 5 5 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 CAKE 4 5 6 14 53.9 58.0 53.7 54.2 51.5 50.3 54.7 54.8 54.2 54.8 55.2 50.3 46.8 51.6 55.2 45.3 ) 52.6 49.5 56.0 54.6 51.9 57.9 49.1 56.0 67.8 55.0 52.2 61.1 55.8 54.4 58.0 54.0 59.7 49.6 50.9 57.8 50.7 48.0 AND 16 0 5 5 1 5 6 6 6 5 9 19 9 30 HOURS— BREAD 5 4 10 1550 Over 60, un 72 Over 72 der hrs. hrs. 72 hrs. AND Mixers, male: Albany, N. Y ..................... Atlanta, Qa........................ Baltimore, M d ................... Birmingham, Ala............... Boston, Mass...................... Bridgeport, Conn............... Buffalo, N. Y ..................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa........... Charleston, S. C................. Charlotte, N. C .................. Chattanooga, Tenn............ Chicago, 111..... .................... Cincinnati, Ohio................ Cleveland, Ohio................. Columbia, S. C................... Columbus, Ohio................. Covington, K y ................... Dallas, Tex......................... Denver, Colo...................... Des Moines, Iowa.............. Detroit, M ich..................... Duluth, Minn.................... Erie, Pa............................... Evansville, Ind................... Fall River, Mass................ Fort Smith, Ark_............... Grand Rapids, Mich......... Hartford, Conn................... Houston, Tex.................. — Huntington, W. Va........... Indianapolis, Ind................ Jacksonville, Fla................ Lewiston and Auburn, Me Lincoln, Nebr..................... Little Rock, Ark................ Los Angeles, Calif.............. Louisville, K y.................... Madison, W is ................... Manchester, N. H ............. Over 55, un 60 der hrs. 60 hrs. WAGES Occupation, sex, and city Aver Number of employees who during week worked— age Num Num Over hours Over Over Over Over Over ber of ber of actu Un 16, 24, 32, 44, 40, 45, 48, 50, 54, estab em un un un 40 un ally un 44 un 45 un der 48 un 54 un 55 50 der der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der lish ploy 16 der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. 24 32 40 ments ees worked 44 in his. hrs. hrs. hrs. 50 45 48 54 55 week hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. 8 6 19 19 6 4 7 19 17 74 6 <*> 9 9 6 7 50 36 6 9 11 3 9 4 5 5 9 37 7 17 5 8 10 5 7 4 5 9 6 6 5 9 9 11 5 6 6 3 8 6 1,027 58.8 57.7 51.7 54.6 57.3 54.0 58.1 49.6 48.3 45.8 56.5 0) 51.0 55.1 54.0 52.9 52.4 50.4 49.0 49.1 51.8 49.2 55.8 53.8 52.8 48.0 48.3 47.4 55.4 45.2 61.2 51.3 45.6 47.4 54.9 55.5 48.3 53.1 39.3 55.3 48.0 50.8 56.4 45.4 49.2 57.3 55.0 60.7 55.2 51.0 51.5 1 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. 2 1 3 7 9 1 5 1 3 2 1 4 2 2 1 2 5 13 15 20 1 1 1 2 1 8 3 4 7 9 3 4 1 2 6 3 4 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 5 1 1 2 3 1 9 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 2 1 4 6 14 1 18 1 13 1 20 1 1 3 3 3 1 33 2 1 10 1 2 1 1 11 1 1 1 3 5 6 1 16 5 1 1 1 2 2 1 4 6 1 3 1 1 41 43 1 5 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 4 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 6 3 2 1 1 118 3 2 199 1 3 1 1 1 4 6 3 1 260 1 1 3 2 3 11 5 4 1 2 1 15 1 1 5 6 7 3 6 2 1 1 4 3 2 4 1 1 3 9 20 5 2 7 2 TABLES 3 4 7 7 4 3 4 9 11 29 4 2 5 4 4 4 15 12 3 5 6 3 4 4 3 2 4 11 4 5 4 4 6 4 5 4 3 6 4 4 2 5 4 5 2 4 4 3 5 4 482 GENERAL Memphis, Tenn......... . Miami, Fla................... Milwaukee, Wis.......... Minneapolis, Minn— Mobile, Ala........... ...... Nashua, N. H ............ Nashville, Tenn........... Newark, N. J............... New Orleans, La......... New York, N. Y ......... NorfolkjVa...... ........... Ogden, Utah................ Oklahoma City, Okla. Omaha, Nebr............... Pawtucket, R. I ........... Peoria, 111..................... Philadelphia, Pa.......... Pittsburgh, Pa............. Portland, M e............... Portland, Oreg............. Providence, R. I.......... Pueblo, Colo................ Richmond, Va............. Roanoke, V a................ Rockford, 111____ ____ Sacramento, Calif____ St. Joseph, M o............. St. Louis, M o.............. Salt Lake City, Utah.. San Francisco, C alif... Savannah, Qa.............. Scranton, Pa................ Seattle, Wash............... Shreveport, La............. Sioux City, Iowa......... South Bend, Ind......... Spokane, Wash............ Syracuse, N. Y ............ Tacoma, Wash............. Tampa, Fla.................. Topeka, Kans.............. Trenton, N. J............... Tulsa. Okla__.............. Washington, D. C....... Wheeling, W. V a........ Wichita, Kans..... ........ Wilmington, Del......... Winston-Salem, N. C__ Worcester, Mass.......... Youngtsown, Ohio___ Total.......................... 1 1 1 3 1 12 18 86 2 1 2 2 1 1 44 87 1 2 co and classified hours actually worked in one week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1981, by city— Contd. Occupation, sex,-and city 7 5 3 3 4 3 43 25 33 9 8 7 4 250 2 1 67 117 6 7 1131 2 10 3 4 18 4 1 1 4 1 0282 0 9 4 2 855 4 6 90 3 15 3 5 5 4 14 2 2 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 21 201 7 4 3 11 1 21 21 10 7 2 1 1 1 5 18 5 8 2 1 1 3 5 6 11 1 2 4 1 101 1 2 2 1 2 1 3 4 14 1 2 2 18 2 134 1111 1 2 2 8 8 2 1 16 3 8 8 111 42 7 3 2 1 21 101 41 142 5 1 3 1 0 1 2 3 2 3 1 1 5 4 1 1 18 1371 21 4 7 5 2 1 2 21 3 2 3 24 9 5 2 1 21 11 1 2 11 5 11 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 2 3 2 4 3 7 1 1 2 13 1 1 2 2 3 9 4 4 3 1 2 5 11 1 4 1 2 9 44 6 5 2 31 1 6 5 2 3 3 1 3 5 1 DEPARTMENTS 27 14 42 55.4 60.9 52.9 60.3 50.2 46.8 51.0 54.6 52.6 53.6 59.5 47.4 43.2 49.4 58.6 47.3 41.3 48.6 46.5 54.0 49.8 51.8 53.6 48.0 59.5 38.1 52.9 60.0 ) 52.1 60.3 60.4 54.0 51.3 57.5 47.9 CAKE 2 26 856 4 2 3 6 6 5 20 12 7 49 AND 25 140 HOURS— BREAD Bench hands or hand bakers, male: Albany, N. Y _______________ Atlanta, Ga .. Baltimore, M d _____ _______ "Birmingham, Ala Boston, Mass________________ •Bridgeport., Conr> Buffalo, N. Y ................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa __ _____ Charleston, S. C Charlotte, N. C _ _ Chattanooga, Tenn Chicago, 111 ________________ Cincinnati, Ohio Cleveland, Ohio ____ _ _ _ Columbia, S. C Columbus, Ohio ____ Covington, K y Dallas, Tex Denver, Colo Des Moines Iowa Detroit Mich Duluth, Minn Erie. Pa Evansville, Ind Fort Smith, Ark Grand Rapids, Mich Hartford, Conn Houston, Tex Huntington, W Va Indianapolis, Ind Jacksonville Fla Lincoln, Nebr Little Rock, Ark _ _ _ Los Angeles, Calif ____ _ Louisville Ky Madison, Wis................ ........... Over 60, un 72 Over 72 der hrs. hrs. 72 hrs. AND 1 Over 55, un 60 der hrs. 60 hrs. WAGES 1 Number of employees who during week worked— Aver age Num Num hours Over Over Over Over Over Over ber of ber of actu 16, 24, 32, 54, Un un 45, 48, 50, 40, 44, estab em un 40 un ally 54 un un un 44 un 45 55 48 50 der der un lish ploy worked der der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. un der hrs. ments ees 16 24 32 40 in 55 54 44 45 48 50 hrs. week hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. 80 T a b l e D . — Average 6 4 3 18 0 26 4 3 2 2 4 13 121 4 5 1 2 3 1 1430 4 5 4 4 4 3 5 4 1 5 3 3 7 56 29 12 13 45 38 237 7 1130 1181 164 81 ) 52.7 44.9 53.3 55.9 57.7 49.5 47.5 37.2 57.3 51.0 49.8 52.4 51.8 48.7 50.2 ) 41.8 49.5 ) 57.1 53.0 51.8 ) 48.1 42.6 55.3 40.5 56.8 52.5 35.1 52.3 49.0 55.5 ) 51.8 38.7 55.5 48.0 49.1 57.7 40.2 ) 45.9 53.1 61.2 51.4 53.2 011 0 15 0)19 0 83 0) 5 0 41 11 30 10 16 9 4 19 8 22 0 10 8 5 (*) 2 2 143 6 1 0)67 0 2 5 3 16 3 1 0 4 6 1151 4 m 2,046 48.0 *For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total* 3 10 1 2 4 5 2 1 25 1 1 1 19 77 3 3 4 3 1 1 2 41 11 1 2 1 2 1 1 4 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 3 2 3 3 1 8 3 15 14 2 1 1 1 6 1 1 2 37 39 108 84 54 56 8 13 1 31 1 21 61 8 184 2 1 2 35 14 2 2 36 3 4 27 3 6 32 2 1 9 46 3 12 17 9 9 1 1 0 9 4 10 7 1 5 2 1 1 163 2 17 32 4 "ii" 7 11 16 15 3 38 4 1 2 3 3 2 5 6 2 1 2 13 2 5 1 3 1 2 4 9 7 8—7 1 12 10 1 4 3 7 2 4 17 11 8 2 2 2 1 96 2 1 3 6 5 10 4 1 1 2 21 5 2 2 1 10 5 4 1 1 1 4 2 1 5 22 71 547 70 87 196 298 18 19 163 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 3 7 2 1 4 3 1 7 TABLES Total. 3 7 GENERAL Miami, Fla.............. .... Milwaukee, Wis______ Minneapolis, Minn___ Mobile, Ala............. .... Nashville, Tenn______ Newark, N. J.......... .... New Orleans, La_____ New York, N. Y ......... Norfolk, V a.................. Oklahoma City, Okla. Omaha, Nebr............... Pawtucket, R. I ........... Peoria, H I................. Philadelphia, Pa.......... Pittsburgh, Pa............. Portland, M e............... Portland, Oreg............. Providence, R. I .......... Pueblo, Colo................ Richmond, Va.......... Roanoke, V a........ ........ Rockford, HI........... . Sacramento, Calif........ St. Joseph, M o............. St. Louis, M o............... Salt Lake City, Utah.. San Francisco, Calif— Savannah, Ga.............. Scranton, Pa_________ Seattle, Wash............... Shreveport, La........— Sioux City, Iowa......... South Bend, Ind......... Spokane, Wash............ Syracuse, N. Y ............ Tacoma, Wash_______ Tampa, Fla.................. Topeka, Kans.............. Trenton, N. J............... Tulsa, Okla.................. Washington, D. C ....... Wheeling, W. Va_____ Wichita, Kans............. Wilmington, Del......... Winston-Salem, N. C_. Worcester, Mass........ . Youngstown, Ohio___ 4 1 2 1 4 1 31 7 4 59 91 4 2 00 and classified hours actually worked in one week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city— Contd. 82 T a b l e D . — Average 1 3 4 28 4 5 3 8 3 2 4 4 7 5 4 3 9 5 14 7 4 5 6 33 9 5 7 3 1 3 4 1 21 2 1 1 1 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 2 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 5 3 3 2 41 1 5 7 9 2 3 1 2 1 1 5 7 4 23 8 1 1 3 2 4 2 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 2 4 4 2 2 38 121 11 42 7 4 2 2 12 5 1 1 i 3 1 6 3 2 2 3 3 6 4 1 14 1 2 4 8 4 3 5 1 4 4 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 4 5 4 21 23 3 11 1 3 4 1 2 4 1 x 3 1 1 3 1 111 i 5 7 13 1 i 2 2 1 2 11 1 3 3 DEPARTMENTS 6 3 2 4 20 39 7 8 3 6 212 0 29 85 6 4 2 6 9 3 1 1 CAKE 4 4 10 54 7 14 3 5 5 9 106 52.5 58.9 52.9 59.2 48.3 50.1 54.3 55.0 56.6 58.2 53.4 46.4 49.7 50.1 54.4 46.8 48.0 48.0 47.9 54.2 47.3 51.0 52.6 49.2 52.5 59.3 52.1 50.7 62.0 57.2 56.9 60.6 54.0 59.2 53.1 53.4 50.9 51.8 42.7 AND 6 10 5 5 2 4 6 6 6 12 9 31 HOUBS— BREAD 5 1045 140 4 2 3 Over 60, un 72 Over 72 der hrs. hrs. 72 hrs. AND Oven men: Albany, N. Y ............................ Atlanta, Ga............................... Baltimore, M d .......................... Birmingham, Ala.................... . Boston, Mass............................ Bridgeport, Conn...................... Buffalo, N. Y ............................ Cedar Rapids, Iowa................. Charleston, S. C ....................... Charlotte, N. C ........................ Chattanooga, Tenn................... Chicago, 111..... .......................... Cincinnati, Ohio....................... Cleveland, Ohio........................ Columbia, S. C ......................... Columbus, Ohio....................... Covington, K y .......................... Dallas, Tex................................ Denver, Colo............................. Des Moines, Iowa..................... Detroit, M ich............................ Duluth, Minn........................... Erie, Pa..................................... Evansville, Ind......................... Fall River, Mass....................... Fort Smith, Ark....................... Grand Rapids, M ich........... . Hartford, Conn......................... Houston, Tex........................... Huntington, W. V a.................. Indianapolis, Ind...................... Jacksonville, Fla...................... Lewiston and Auburn, M e___ Lincoln, Nebr........................... Little Rock, A rk....................... Los Angeles, Calif..................... Louisville, K y........................... Madison, W is............................ Manchester, N. H ............ ........ Over 55, un 60 der hrs. 60 hrs. WAGES Occupation, sex, and city Number of employees who during week worked— Aver age Num Num hours Over Over Over Over Over Over ber of ber of actu Un 16, 24, 32, 44, 40, 45, 48, 50, 64, un un un 40 un estab em ally der un 44 un 45 48 un un 54 50 un 55 der der hrs. der hrs. der lish ploy 16 der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. 24 ments ees worked 32 40 in i 44 hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. 45 48 54 50 55 week hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. 7 5 31 19 7 3 6 43 34 150 10 0) 7 8 9 7 88 52 11 13 14 4 13 6 4 3 1.3 2 0 1 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 -----1 3 2 42 2 3 1 2 1 3 32 1 1 5 25 21 2 6 1 2 2 10 31 6 21 152 4 3 33 1 2 2 4 1 3 1 5 2 3 2 1 9 3 1 2 1 1 5 3 12 2 1 2 1 23 1 162 4 30 14 1 1 131 12 3 8 3 I 4 4 5 1 1 1 5 * 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 2 3 1 f 3 2 5 1 1 13 16 121 4 11 5 2 1 2 1 15 1 1 16 1 3 3 1 3 1 2 7 21 2 1 2 4 1 i 2 1 1 3 2 1 2 5 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 1 5 5 2 3 1 2 21 1 8 3 1 1 6 2 1 2 1 2 6 52 3 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 1 1 3 2 1 3 6 1 1 1 2 10 3 3 3 10 16 38 73 32 34 2 5 19 34 350 74 45 129 5 247 17 22 100 4 53 63 5 TABLES 468 57.9 59.4 47.4 53.2 57.1 54.0 57.8 48.9 48.4 42.2 57.0 ) 45.4 56.3 54.0 54.7 51.3 49.7 49.6 47.6 48.9 40.0 52.9 53.7 52.5 37.3 48.6 47.2 56.8 42.2 60.8 50.9 42.3 52.0 48.7 53.0 44.0 51.4 36.0 55.0 48.0 51.6 54.0 44.0 48.0 53.3 53.8 60.5 51.3 56.7 49.4 GENERAL , Tenn. Miami, Fit Milwaukee, Wis.......... Minneapolis, Minn___ Mobile, Ala.................. Nashua, N. H .............. Nashville, Tenn........... Newark, N. J............... New Orleans, L a......... New York, N. Y ......... Norfolk, V a.................. Ogden, Utah................ Oklahoma City, Okla. Omaha, Nebr............... Pawtucket, R. I ........... Peoria, 111..................... Philadelphia, Pa.......... Pittsburgh, Pa............. Portland, M e............... Portland, Oreg............. Providence, R. I.......... Pueblo, Colo................ Richmond, Va............. Roanoke, V a................ Rockford, 111..............._ Sacramento, Calif........ St. Joseph, M o ............. St. Louis, M o .............. Salt Lake City, Utah— San Francisco, C alif... Savannah, Qa.............. Scranton, P a................ Seattle, Wash............... Shreveport, La............. Sioux City, Iowa......... South Bend, Ind ......... Spokane, Wash............ Syracuse, N. Y ............ Tacoma, Wash............. Tampa, Fla.............. . Topeka, Kans.............. Trenton, N. J .............. Tulsa, Okla.................. Washington, D. C ....... Wheeling, W. Va......... Wichita, Kans.............. Wilmington, Del......... Winston-Salem, N. C__ Worcester, Mass.......... Youngstown, Ohio___ Total.......................... 00 CO 10.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city— Contd. 84 T able 1 5 5 4 4 2 4 3 27 3 3 4 6 3 8 3 4 4 5 7 4 5 3 21 28 70 315 107 36 44 1 10 6 1 72 1 5 21 14 105 24 195 130 8 98 9 5 4 3 15 1 1 6 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 8 1 6 3 --------- ----- --------- --------- --------- 1 1 1 1 12 2 1 1 3 24 8 14 7 1 2 40 14 67 1 2 1 67 290 43 16 53 11 1 1 40 1 12 11 2 20 2 11 4 1 1 84 1 26 1 252 11 51 6 7 7 1 4121 16 2 216 6 7 6 ..... ....... O 1 2 "*23 1 94 2 5 5 1 8 7 19 2 15 18 5 15 3 12 41 7121 311 1 3 36 1 1 .......... 80 353 28 9 19 11 8 303 241 19 43 1 50 13 289 5 64 15 81 14 16 15 16 1 1 50 66 1 35 2 22 2 132 26 7 6 3 1 19 58 17 ” " 62 84 ----- 17 .......... .. 104 30 46 7 18 62 32 3 3 136 97 19 44 —- 42 7 31 5 33 2 2 2 8 1 39 15 2 47 13 14 41 28 13 15 2 DEPARTMENTS 6 4 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 11 2 CAKE 4 5 54.5 62.4 56.3 59.5 58.0 58.2 59.9 58.9 52.5 55.3 57.5 62.6 52.9 60.4 55.2 61.2 54.5 73.9 56.0 60.6 60.2 63.7 61.7 54.0 56.9 62. 64.4 53.6 73.0 59.3 61.4 55.8 54.9 56.2 64.6 56.7 60.1 63.3 60.0 AND 16 0 5 5 2 5 6 6 6 139 107 367 73 226 99 355 35 24 51 46 825 149 464 32 107 13 77 145 109 293 43 58 63 23 14 92 96 83 33 163 52 HOURS— BREAD 5 4 150 Over 60, un 72 Over 72 der hrs. hrs. 72 hrs. AND Driver-salesmen: Albany, N. Y ..................... . Atlanta, Ga_____ ________ Baltimore, M d ................... . Birmingham, Ala_________ Boston, Mass............ .......... Bridgeport, Conn_________ Buffalo, N. Y ....................... Cedar Rapids, Iowa______ Charleston, S. C__. ............ Charlotte, N. C .................. Chattanooga, Tenn_______ Chicago, 111......................... Cincinnati, O h io ,............. Cleveland, Ohio................. Columbia, S. C__________ Columbus, Ohio................. Covington, K y _____ _____ Dallas, Tex......................... Denver, Colo__................... Des Moines, Iowa.............. Detroit, M ich.................... Duluth, Minn......... ........... Erie, P a.............................. Evansville, Ind_____ ____ Fall River, Mass........... ..... Fort Smith, Ark_________ Grand Rapids, M ich......... Hartford, Conn................... Houston, Tex...................... Huntington, W. Va______ Indianapolis, Ind................ Jacksonville, Fla__............ Lewiston and Auburn, Me. Lincoln, Nebr..................... Little Rock, Ark_________ Los Angeles, Calif-----------Louisville, K y._................. Madison, W is..................... Manchester, N. H ............. Over 55, un 60 der hrs. 60 hrs. WAGES Occupation, sex, and city Number of employees who during week worked— Aver age Num Num hours Over Over Over Over Oven Over ber of ber of actu Un 16, 24, 32, 44, 54, 48, 50, 40, un un 40 un estab em 44 un 45 un 48 un 50 un 54 un 55 ally der un der der der hrs. lish ploy worked der der hrs. der der der hrs. der hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. 16 24 32 40 ments ees 54 50 55 in i 44 45 48 hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. week hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. 6 3 4 3 2 115 4 5 3 4 6 4 5 4 3 6 25 4 6 2 4 4 4 4 3 5 48 52 237 155 44 42 47 449 118 1,000 55 14 72 95 51 64 943 505 47 135 119 17 79 22 26 31 46 397 63 228 32 133 133 38 52 18 38 205 34 40 23 78 69 249 46 54 6 8 29 118 109 477 11,844 6 71.0 62.2 59.3 61.5 64.1 60.0 60.6 57.5 59.2 55.2 57.1 54.0 70.3 57.2 57.6 64.5 58.2 55.5 54.7 50.8 59.0 53.1 60.0 56.5 61.0 56.2 65.9 72.7 53.7 47.8 62.1 53.9 49.7 67.7 56.0 49.8 53.6 54.3 51.3 77.4 58.3 54.6 65.3 54.5 54.0 60.9 60.0 56.8 61.4 59.8 58.7 ,. 1 1 ?, 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 5 1 1 4 1 ? 5 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 1 3 3 11 6 ' 1 1 3 3 1 1 12 1 11 17 46 1 45 3 1 21 1 33 4 5 1 1 1 37 1 3 2 11 158 2 1 7 14 47 53 2 2 4 3 5 229 28 425 1 14 22 47 6 39 317 213 36 4 1 4 3 3 2 8 1 2 4 1 1 4 1 1 4 43 1 3 2 26 1 3 5 1 5 5 32 12 4 ” 42’ 25 2 129 18 5 325 42 1 41 43 23 539 14 161 10 2 13 106 1 2 26 1 21 21 10 23 1 1 41 1 1 1 88 1 1 32 1 1 11 5 1 1 48 459 1 17 13 1 4 2 3 4 2 9 52 1 1 1 14 62 5 8 177 33 12 25 2 53 13 11 5 172 1314 2 1 121 9 3 33 16 1 1 3 191 3 2 8 10 65 6 6 74 3 6 6 1 3 6 1 5 2 3 30 12 8 70 5 19 1 21 3 1 38 48 113 31 42 3 30 37 2 1 22 6 1 19 2 41 89 5 56 51 861 82 157 303 2,856 23 80 4 19 53 45 36 16 1 3 17 34 30 2 1 12 79 66 61 12 5 1 22 3 24 16 57 37 7 1 12 5 3 13 16 83 1 21160 19 20 2 12 1 4 1 16 1 29 3 24 4 13 TABLES 3 4 7 7 4 4 4 10 11 26 4 2 5 4 4 4 15 12 2 5 GENERAL Memphis, Tenn_____ Miami, Fla................. Milwaukee, Wis......... Minneapolis, M inn... Mobile, Ala................ Nashua, N. H ............. Nashville, Tenn......... Newark, N. J............. New Orleans, La____ New York, N. Y ........ Norfolk, Va................. Ogden, Utah............... Oklahoma City, Okla. Omaha, Nebr............. Pawtucket, R. I ......... Peoria, 111.................... Philadelphia, Pa........ Pittsburgh, Pa........... Portland, M e.............. Portland, Oreg........... Providence, R. I........ Pueblo, Colo............... Richmond, Va_._....... Roanoke, Va............... Rockford, 111............... Sacramento, Calif___ St. Joseph, M o........... St. Louis, M o........... . Salt Lake City, Utah. San Francisco, Calif.. Savannah, Qa............. Scranton, Pa............... Seattle, Wash_______ Shreveport, La........... Sioux City, Iowa____ South Bend, Ind........ Spokane, Wash.......... Syracuse, N. Y ........... Tacoma, Wash........... Tampa, Fla................ Topeka, Kans............. Trenton, N. J............. Tulsa, Okla................ Washington, D. C___ Wheeling, W. Va....... Wichita, Kans............ Wilmington, Del........ Winston-Salem, N. C. Worcester, Mass......... Youngstown, O h io ... Total........................ 15 6 55 12 454 4,092 1,701 245 700 00 Cl E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city 5 4 105 10 5 4 3 4 4 4 24 4 5 6 2 4 4 5 7 5 5 3 6 74 2280 6 12 0) 11 1131 27 7 5 8 6 3 8 108 6 15 5 6 6 8 30 9 7 5 1 1 1 1 1 0 31.00 25.67 28.84 34.79 33.88 41.04 34.40 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 $100 $100 3 2 21 1 11 1 4 1 1 .... 1 1 .... 11 22 1 1 3 1 "T 11 1 3 1 2 3 4 3 1 21 21 2 21 3 ... 3 3 2 11 1 "I 1 1 2 5 3 2 5 2 8 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 7 8 g 1 2 9 4 4 2 1 2 3 6 15 .... 6 1 11 3 2 4 1 1 21 211 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 4 5 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 2 32 1 4 1 1 5 2 1342 1131 1 1 13 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 11 5 4 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 28 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 x DEPARTMENTS 4 3 4 5 5 3 9 6 14 5 5 5 $35.86 22.56 32.95 32.44 32.38 38.36 35.12 30.60 27.20 24.90 25.33 40.30 35.33 35.33 19.67 28.01 ) 40.63 37.93 28.87 34.56 1 30.13 30.81 36.51 25. CO 23.67 30.14 36.40 31.44 31.36 29.38 25.49 20 22 $20 $22 CAKE 16 05 5 1 5 6 6 6 5 9 19 9 30 1 1 AND HOURS— BREAD 0 1 1 . . .3. 111 2 2 1 3 8 1 1 11 1 2 i i 1 . . .1. ..111 1 i" 2 2 1 1 5 1 1 2 3 2 2 1 3 1 "I" 1 2 2 3 1 6 8 10 12 $6 $8 $10 $12 AND Mixers, male: Albany, N. Y ................ Atlanta, Ga......... .......... Baltimore, M d .............. Birmingham, Ala.......... Boston, Mass................ Bridgeport, C onn ......... Buffalo, N. Y _ _ ............ Cedar Rapids, Iowa___ Charleston, S. ............ Charlotte, N. C ............ Chattanooga, Tenn ...... Chicago, 111.................... Cincinnati, Ohio__....... Cleveland, Ohio............ Columbia, S. C............. Columbus, Ohio......... Covington, K y .............. Dallas, Tex.................... Denver, Colo................. Des Moines, Iowa......... Detroit, M ich................ Duluth, M inn.............. Erie, Pa.......................... Evansville, Ind.............. Fall River, Mass........... Fort Smith, Ark............ Grand Rapids, M ich ... Hartford, Conn.............. Houston, Tex................ Huntington, W. Va___ Indianapolis, Ind........... Jacksonville ,Fla_......... Lewiston and Auburn, M e............................... Lincoln, Nebr................ Little Rock, Ark........... Los Angeles, Calif......... Louisville, K y ............... Madison, W is................ Manchester, N. H _____ 1 Aver Number of employees whose earnings in week were— age Num Num earn ber of ber of ings ac estab em tually Un $4, $ , $ , $ , $ , $14, $16, $18, $ , $ , $24, $26, $28, $30, $32, $34, $36, $38, $40, $45, $50, $55, $60, $70, $80, $90, lish ploy der un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and re ments ees ceived $4 der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over $14 $16 $18 $24 $26 $28 $30 $32 $34 $36 $38 $40 $45 $50 $55 $60 $70 $80 $90 in i week WAGES Occupation, sex, and city 86 T able 8 6 19 19 6 4 7 19 17 74 6 2 9 9 6 7 50 36 6 9 11 3 9 4 5 5 9 37 7 17 5 8 10 5 7 4 5 9 6 6 5 9 9 11 5 6 6 3 8 6 1,027 29.55 21.33 31.22 29.75 22.17 30.75 22.81 43.11 32.44 41.89 27.50 22.00 38.22 28.41 37.00 37.13 33.24 36.12 29.50 38.17 35.19 35.00 36.39 24.88 31.00 49.57 33.57 41.53 32.31 44.55 18.47 31.13 52.58 23.73 . . . . 32.66 29.00 52.21 34.49 39.67 24.50 35.40 37.54 • 29.07 52.78 28.18 26.52 27.83 24.00 35.64 29.63 34.82 i For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. 2 1 211 2 6 3 1 1 1 1 .... 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1_L 1 2M - t4 45 2 3 11 21 21 2 1 2 1 1 2 .... 8 2 2 9 5 1 1 4 1 21 1 1 11 5 21 13 1 111 6 113 51 1 2 1 1 25 . . .1. 2 1 2 3 2 2 . . . . 1 ” 2’ 1 1 3 2 10 1 . . . . 1 3 1 1 7 5 " Y 10 17 6 . . . . 1 2 .... 6 1 2 2 3 31 4 4 .... 2 1 1 5 4 1 "2 1 2 1 2 1 12 1 12 . . . . 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 6 25 6 3 1 3 1 7 7 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 4 2 1 1 21 . . . . 1 11 . . . . 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 5 1 1 3 2 4 1 1 1 2 .... 1 1 1 1 2 .... 1 .... 1 1 ~~2 1 1 2 1 1 1 .... 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 21 21 21 1 21 1 2 1 1 1 1 21 1 . . . . 21 1 8 14 1 0 29 6 8 60 59 123 100 127 77 78 127 68 _6 33 16 1 1 5 22 ( TABLES 3 4 7 7 4 3 4 9 11 29 4 2 5 4 4 4 15 12 3 5 6 3 4 4 3 2 4 11 4 5 4 4 6 4 5 4 3 6 4 4 2 5 4 5 2 4 4 3 5 4 482 GENERAL Memphis, Tenn......... Miami, Fla............... . Milwaukee, Wis....... Minneapolis, M inn.. Mobile, Ala.............. Nashua, N. H ........... Nashville, Tenn....... Newark, N. J__....... New Orleans, L a___ New York, N. Y____ Norfolk, Va_.................. Ogden, Utah.................. Oklahoma City, Okla Omaha, Nebr............. Pawtucket, R. I......... . Peoria, 111....................... Philadelphia, Pa.......... Pittsburgh, Pa............. Portland, M e............... Portland, Oreg............. Providence, R. I.......... Pueblo, Colo................ Richmond, Va............. Roanoke, Va_ . ............. Rockford, 111................ Sacramento, Calif........ St. Joseph, M o............. St. Louis, M o............... Salt Lake City, Utah. _ San Francisco, C alif... Savannah, Qa.............. Scranton, Pa................ Seattle, Wash............... Shreveport, La............. Sioux City, Iowa......... South Bend, Ind......... Spokane, Wash............ Syracuse, N. Y ............ Tacoma, Wash............. Tampa, Fla.................. Topeka, Kans.............. Trenton, N. J............... Tulsa. Okla__________ Washington, D. C ....... Wheeling, W. Va........... Wichita, Kans............... Wilmington, Del........... Winston-Salem, N. C . . Worcester, Mass....... Youngstown, O hio.. Total...................... 1 1 13 1 — - __ 1 ....... 00 T able E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city— Continued Occupation, sex, and city 2 26 5 4 250 2 1 67 117 6 7 27 14 42 13 10 3 218.03 0.00 1 4 11881 29.27 1 0) 25.68 0) 2g2 24.11 9 4 22.76 2 5 19.30 4 23.46 6 905 32.42 1 1 2 4 4 4 3 15 27.62 1 11 1 2 n 1 2 7 1 1 2 4 4 1 2 6 7 7 5 5 3 1 21 1 101 8 92 52 16" 7 " ' 4" 11 " T 1 1 1 7 17 20 19 13 54 32 6 8 4 71 931 55 73 1 4 1 2 21 5 1 6 16 1 1 ” 2’ 2 3 3 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 11 311 . . .1. 1 2 2 4 "~2 7 11 2 1 1 4 .... 1 4 21 . . 5. . 2 3 1 1 4 6 41 1 3 3 2 3 15 5 3 3 4 1 2 1 21 1 5 1 38 2 14 4 8 8 4 3 11 11 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 6 301 16 14 2 4 6 DEPARTMENTS 5 5 8 7 1 1 51 ' T 2 1 6 2 5 1 2 2 2 2 1 31 1 4 2 42 r "I 2 1 2 11 i 1 2 -_i_ 1 11 1 7 1 3 1 1 1 2 3 3 12 1 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 31 1 1 1 ? CAKE 8 2 3 6 6 5 g 4 43 26 33 9 $29.94 20.79 28.5g 21.60 31.95 37.07 28.42 19.33 18.50 19.36 20.63 38.32 33.02 29.50 19.77 26.35 31.55 35.79 33.28 25.07 31.37 25. GO 26.39 29.80 AND 7 5 3 3 4 3 20 12 7 49 $100 HOURS— BREAD Birmingham Ala Boston, Mass Bridgeport Conn Buffalo, N* Y ................ Cedar Rapids, Iowa___ P. hQf1fistnn S n Charlotte N C Chattanooga Tenn Chicago 111 Cincinnati Ohio Cleveland Ohio fJnln mbift fi f! Columbus Ohio Covington K y Dallas Tex ■ Denver Colo T>ac MninM Tnwa TVTiph Tinliiili \Thiu Erie P& Evansville Ind TTnrt Stnitli Arlr Grand Rapids, M ich__ Hartford Conn Houston, Tex................ Huntington, W. Va___ Indianapolis Ind Jacksonville Fla Lincoln Nebr Little Rock Ark T.ns AnfffllftS Calif Louisville, K y________ 5 2 10 4 $100 AND Bench hands or hand bak ers, male: Albany, N. Y _________ 20 22 $20 $22 6 8 10 12 $6 $8 $10 $12 WAGES 1 Number of employees whose earnings in week were— Aver age Num Num earn ber of ber of ings ac estab em tually Un $4, $ , $ , $ , $ , $14, $16. $18, $ , $ , $24, $26, $28, $30, $32, $34, $36, $38, $40, $45, $50, $55, $60, $70, $80, $90, un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and lish ploy re der un der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over ments ees ceived $4 der $24 $26 $28 $30 $32 $34 $36 $38 $40 $45 $50 $55 $60 $70 $80 $90 $14 $16 $18 in i week 00 398 14 7 56 29 12 13 45 38 237 7 10 13 11 18 164 81 0) 11 15 0) 19 3 14 3 67 ) 5 16 10 15 11 31.71 16.19 23.87 27.08 19.89 19.78 37.07 24.92 39.00 22.26 32.70 24.97 27.82 32.90 27.46 29.80 0) 28.67 32.23 0) 31.10 19.80 28.00 (l) 31.37 34.22 27.18 39.25 15.85 26.25 39.74 22.00 26.77 26.75 ) 28.13 35.05 20.13 34.00 32.43 30.05 46.66 ) 19.58 24.88 18.85 30.89 26.85 2,046 31.63 8 0) 5 41 11 30 10 16 9 4 19 ?, 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 5 1 1 4 2 3 8 6 5 1 5 1 1 "T 6 4 1 1 9 5 5 4 2 1 1 1 4 2 2 4 4 1 16 5 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 4 2 ? 10 5 2 3 14 12 4 1 i 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 i" 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 .... 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 2 11 10 1 1 12 20 8 34 3 37 2 1 2 2 3 1 1 57 84 1 4 2 5 3 2 28 2 1 4 20 64 1 4 "T 1 1 1 3 5 32 1 1 6 3 9 12 4 1 3 1 .... 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 9 1 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 " ’ 3 1 2 1 37 9 8 1 1 7 4 2 5 4 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 "2 1 6 6 12 2 1 4 4 12 4 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 4 1 " " 7 21 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 6 5 1 2 2 28 98 179 159 128 235 215 161 141 114 134 114 23 42 .... 2 1 2 1 1 3 1 3 16 1 5 1 12 3 4 4 3 1 2 3 2 19 5 3 4 5 1 3 2 14 ’ 24" 35 38 4 11 3 25 1 3 3 1 4 2 1 3 4 1 5 1 1 1 1 8 0)92 0 10 85 0 3 9, *For less than 3 wage earners, data included in totals ?. 5 1 1 1 4 1 TABLES Total................... ........ 4 3 7 6 4 3 8 10 26 4 3 2 2 4 13 12 1 4 5 1 4 2 3 1 3 10 4 5 4 4 4 3 5 4 1 5 3 3 2 4 2 6 1 2 3 3 4 6 GENERAL Madison, Wis_________ Miami, Fla___________ Milwaukee, Wis............ Minneapolis, Minn....... Mobile, Ala.................... Nashville, Tenn............ Newark, N. J............— New Orleans, La______ New York, N. Y ........... Norfolk, V a ................... Oklahoma City, Okla. _ Omaha, Nebr__............ Pawtucket, R . I_______ Peoria, 111....................... Philadelphia, Pa______ Pittsburgh, Pa........... . Portland, M e................. Portland, Oreg........... Providence, R. I ______ Pueblo, Colo.................. Richmond, Va............... Roanoke, V a.................. Rockford, 111.................. Sacramento, Calif.......... St. Joseph, M o .............. St. Louis, M o ................ Salt Lake City, U tah... San Francisco, Calif___ Savannah, Ga.............. . Scranton, Pa.................. Seattle, Wash................ Shreveport, L a.............. Sioux City, Iowa........... South Bend, Ind........... i Spokane, Wash.............. Syracuse, N. f .............. Tacoma, Wash________ Tampa, F la ................... Topeka, Kans................ Trenton, N. J................ Tulsat Okla.................. Washington, D. C....... . Wheeling, W. Va.......... Wichita, Kans............... Wilmington, Del........... Winston-Salem, N. C._ Worcester, Mass............ Youngstown, Ohio........ 4 3 6 1 2 4 1 23 5 00 CD Average and classified actual earnings in one week in Jour specified occupations in bread department, 1981, by city— Continued Number of employees whose earnings in 20 6 12 6 22. 39. 35. 32. 17. 26. 40. 37. 35. 23. 29. 27. 30. 38. 24. 20. 1 1 9 9 5 14 7 22 4 5 6 33 9 5 7 24.00 28.60 24.73 35.70 31.22 41.28 29.31 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 1 3 4 1 11 11 1 1 1 21 11 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 3 4 4 9 4 8 24 4 2 ” 9’ 74 143 43 8 3 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 14 1 1 2 5 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 i 2 "2 1 2 5 3 5 1 1 1 6 1 12 3 1 4 5 $70, un der $80 2 .... 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 4 4 1 1 3 2 2 5 3 1 1 2 1 3 $60, un der $70 $100 $80, $90, un un and der der over $90 $100 7 1 2 DEPARTMENTS 29 8 5 6 4 o 1 2 1 1 6 1 5 6 1 2 2 1 11 21 13 4 2 71 3 6 6 1 4 1 2 81 3 6 1 11 2 1 1 1 1 1 11 11 51 1 2 2 $55, un der $60 CAKE 20 3 1 21 11 42 1 321 2 2 5 1 112 2 11 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 i 1 1 31 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 $50, un der $55 AND 39 7 8 3 $31. 20. 30. 20. 26. 44. 31. 25. 21. 20. $45, un der $50 HOURS— BREAD 12 9 31 10 54 7 14 3 5 5 9 106 20 22 $20 $22 6 8 10 12 $6 $8 $10 $12 AND 1 Oven men: Albany, N. Y ........... Atlanta, Ga.............. Baltimore, M d ......... Birmingham, Ala___ Boston, Mass---------Bridgeport, Conn___ Buffalo, N. Y ______ Cedar Rapids, Iowa___ Charleston, S. C -----Charlotte, N. C ___ _ Chattanooga, Tenn_. Chicago, 111............... Cincinnati, Ohio----Cleveland, Ohio....... Columbia, S. C ............. Columbus, Ohio....... Covington, K y ......... Dallas, Tex............... Denver, Colo............ Des Moines, Iow a ... Detroit, M ich........... Duluth, Minn.......... Erie, Pa....... ............. Evansville, Ind........ Fall River, Mass----Fort Smith, Ark....... Grand Rapids, M ich ... H artford, Conn.......... Houston, Tex............. Huntington, W. Va___ Indianapolis, Ind......... Jacksonville, Fla-------Lewiston and Auburn, M e............................. Lincoln, N e b r ............ Little Rock, Ark......... Los Angeles, Calif....... Louisville, K y.............. Madison, W is............. Manchester, N. H....... 1week were— Num Num earn ber of ber of ings ac $4, $ , $ , $ , $ , $14, $16, $18, $ , $ , $24, $26, $28, $30, $32, $34, $36, $38, $40. estab em tually Un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der lish ployre ceived $4 ments $24 $26 $28 $30 $32 $34 $36 $38 $40 $45 $14 $16 $18 in week WAGES Occupation, sex, and city 90 T a b l e E .— 29.75 21.36 27.03 28.80 24.14 26.33 22.10 42.69 30.26 39.68 24.55 0) 33.53 29.73 33.11 39.83 33.30 33.04 29.18 36.23 35.68 27.98 30.84 18.70 31.50 38.12 33.61 41.73 25.15 43.30 15.95 27.71 49.66 25.00 28.86 25.00 50.08 32.49 34.63 19.67 36.00 34.85 30.50 53.15 27.50 25.12 28.27 22.50 83.78 26.27 33.67 j 1 —J i 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 ” 1" 1 5 1 2 2 1 2 "T 1 3 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 4 72 1 11 11 31 2 1 11 1 2 1 1 1 ____ 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 6 1 3 8 13 1 17 13 1 26 2 46 2 1 1 60 "2 32 ’ ’ 92 1 76 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 21 10 2 3 9 18 7 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 4 2 4 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 i 4 2 32 7 33 19 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 10 1 1 1 1 2 1 "’ I" 6 2 2 4 2 7 2 7 3 4 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 35 4 11 1 1 11 1 5 8 2 2 1 6 1 1 1 3 1 9 5 63 27 38 14 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 • 1 1 1 1 96 149 122 128 2 1 1 17 2 1 1 2 16 1 12 14 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 "T 2 2 12 7 1 1 31 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 ” 4* 4 1 8 8 4 2 1 1 1 .... 1 9 1 1 1 1 8 4 1 "T 1 1 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total. 1 1 TABLES 3 7 4 8 7 31 7 19 4 7 1 3 4 6 10 43 11 34 30 150 4 10 1 0) 4 7 4 8 4 9 4 7 15 88 12 52 4 11 5 13 14 5 4 3 4 13 4 6 4 3 2 3 3 6 11 52 4 8 37 5 4 4 4 7 12 6 3 3 4 8 2 3 4 3 12 6 4 7 3 6 2 5 5 10 3 6 6 20 2 4 4 8 4 11 4 3 13 5 9 6 468 1.368 GENERAL Memphis, Tenn— Miami, Fla............. Milwaukee, Wis__ Minneapolis, Minn. Mobile, Ala........... . Nashua, N. H ......... Nashville, Tenn___ Newark, N. J.......... New Orleans, L a ... New York, N. Y ... Norfolk, Ya_.......... Ogden, Utah........... Oklahoma City, Okla. _ Omaha, Nebr............. Pawtucket, R. I......... Peoria, 111.................... Philadelphia. Pa........ Pittsburgh, Pa............ Portland, M e________ Portland, Oreg........... Providence, R. I _____ Pueblo, Colo.............. Richmond, Va............ Roanoke, Va............... Rockford, 111............... Sacramento, Calif____ St. Joseph, M o ......... St. Louis, M o............. Salt Lake City, Utah_ San Francisco, Calif___ Savannah, Qa............. Scranton, Pa............... Seattle, Wash............. Shreveport, La........... Sioux City, Iowa........ South Bend, Ind........ Spokane, Wash______ Syracuse, N. Y ........... Tacoma, Wash........... Tampa, Fla................ Topeka, Kans............. Trenton, N. J............. Tulsa, Okla................ Washington, D. C___ Wheeling, W. Va....... Wichita, Kans_______ Wilmington, Del........ Winston-Salem, N. C. Worcester, Mass_____ Youngstown, Ohio___ Total........................ . 1 2 . 1 85 3 79 200 6 CO E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1981, by city— Continued Occupation, sex, and city 21 28 70 315 107 36 26.80 23.25 24.67 31.39 26.45 34.38 2 4 3 27 5 10 5 5 2 5 56 6 4 5 6 11 3 ? 1 3 ? 1 1 2 140 " i1" 1161 6 1 1 14 8 1 2 5 2 1 3 16 7 7 55 24 56 44 3 40 6 2 9 3 46 8 9 2 4 3 9 1 27 29 2 3 2 8 6 9 3_ 7 3 2 3 4 8 10 1 1 5 17 6 3 11 2 11 6 18 16 32 § ’ 8 3 6 "~7_ 10 3 7 5 6 2 3 1 2 2 1 3 2 8 1 2 1 2 6 1 3 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 i ...J .... 3 1 5 2 2 2 4 2 7 3 3 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 1 4 4 4 8 1 "I" 3 9 3 9 9 3 2 27 2 9 1 "I" 5 13 14 12 10 9 4 4 7 2 28 24 2 2 2 4 9 4 1 2 4 5 3 3 4 33 53 21 9 6 8 1ft1 1 3 11 18 44 6 3 " * 29 5 18 7 1 19 14 9 2 1 1 9 20 32 4 13 2 "i" 3 13 2 5" 14 18 1 16 19 2 13 35 25 26 3 4 5 47 23 11 14 3 12 101 2 27 108 " " ’ 19’ 1 6 ’ "is" 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 .... 6 4 6 75 26 "17* 19 10 10 8 10 5 4 2 6 30 41 32 28 40 23 42 31 10 1 1 5 6 3 6 4 10 2 1 7 1 106 ’ 54" 1 1 34 7 2 3 3 15 15 10 1 22 28 17 14 2 3 3 7 4 27 8 7 11 i<T 24 5 5 1 7 19 25 7 19 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 4 30 3 51 3 1 1 1 35 76 22 8 10 53 34 27 31 1 1 1 5 8 2 4~ 2 2 3 13 4 7 2 1 6 6 31 72 20 81 1 1 2 2 4 11 7 2 10 1 2 2 16" "!§ ' 6 1 6 6 4 1 5 64 ~30" 1 6 5 2 1 374 8 3 2 3 1 1 30 1 1 11 3 5 1 762 5 14 5 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 3 7 11 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 8 1 5 7 §" 3 1 4 1 13 2 4 7 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 DEPARTMENTS 4 4 5 7 4 5 5 5 4 4 ?, CAKE $33.28 23.36 28.89 24.29 29.19 28.78 36.44 27.49 21.32 26.48 26.73 49.50 34.07 31.93 23.36 27.94 31.00 29.01 28.40 27.80 35.45 26.76 28.92 25.48 24.33 20.33 30.14 30.77 27. 72 30.88 30.09 25.16 AND 3 3 4 6 3 8 3 139 107 367 73 226 99 355 35 24 51 46 825 149 464 32 107 13 77 145 109 293 43 58 63 23 14 92 96 83 33 163 52 HOUKS— BREAD Boston,^Mass Bridgeport, Conn Buffalo, N. Y ._ ............ Cedar Rapids, Iowa___ Charleston, S. C Charlotte, N. C ............. Chattanooga, Tenn Chicago, HI.................... Cincinnati, Ohio Cleveland, Ohio Columbia, S C Columbus, Ohio Covington K y Dallas, Tex Denver, Colo Des Moines Iowa Detroit, Mich Duluth, Minn Erie, Pa - ___________ Evansville, Ind Fall River, Mtwsa Fort Smith, Ark Grand Rapids, M ic h ... Hartford, Conn _ __ Houston, Tex................. Huntington, W. Va___ Indianapolis, I n d _____ Jacksonville, Fla Lewiston and Auburn, Me Lincoln, Nebr Little Rock, Ark Los Angeles, Calif_____ Louisville, K y Madison, W is_________ 5 4 10 5 $100 $100 AND 1 Driver-salesmen: Albany, N. Y _________ Atlanta, Ga ___ — __ "Rfiltimnrp., Md 20 22 $20 $22 6 8 10 12 $6 $8 $10 $12 WAGES 1 Aver Number of employees whose earnings in week were— age Num Num 1 ber of ber of ings ac estab em tually Un $4, $ , $ , $ , $ , $14, $16, $18, $ , $ , $24, $26, $28, $30, $32, $34, $36, $38, $40, $45, $50, $55, $60, $70, $80, $90, un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and un un un un un un un un un un lish ploy re ceived der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over ments ees $4 $24 $28 $30 $32 $34 $36 $38 $40 $45 $50 $55 $60 $70 $80 $90 $14 $18 $26 $16 in week 92 T able 5 2 1 ___ 1 __ _ 156770°— 33------------- 7 1,000 55 14 72 95 51 64 943 505 47 135 119 17 79 22 26 31 46 397 63 228 32 133 133 38 52 18 38 205 34 40 23 78 54 68 29 118 109 477 11,844 26.82 31.98 28.51 29.43 26.58 26.09 33.06 22.71 33.18 23.27 35.88 32.07 31.11 29.76 27.62 29.76 25.26 30.81 30.36 20.98 31.44 25.85 33.31 23.68 29.64 38.55 26.36 40.83 30.35 44.90 20.78 35.32 42.87 24.70 38.71 27.87 36.50 33.97 38.82 26.69 32.58 29.06 28.42 38.58 28.99 24.33 32.25 24.85 29.50 27.62 33.02 1 1 7! 1 4 1 1 1 1 2 11 3 2 5 3 10 1 42 11 2 4 1 1 11 ?1 34 32 1 32.57 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 __ 2 1 6 11 1 2 8 1 1 1 2 1 2 6 1 5 1 9 2 4 1 1 3 15 3 5 2 2 42 2 6 10 r 4 3 3 22 12 38 5 9 11 20 25 2 2 91 2 57 4 6 5 ~T 4 2 7 9 13 20 5 19 13 8 22 6 21 2 2 11 2 4 14 4 2 6 2 1 2 1 6 297 6 5 ii" 6 4 10 121 7 14 25 16 77 1 5 5 101 134 1 1 1 1 23 2 1 4 4 7 2 1 3 5 4 3 1 7 7 3 3 3 1 8 2 1 1 3 1 3 20 9 7 1 "I" 1 4 1 5 4 2 3 3 3 3 6 13 2 2 1 2 4 1 10 3 1 2 2 1 __ 24 1 27 48 85 128 195 501 391 22 1 7 4 10 4 11 4 20 1 2 5 21 7 10 6 3 351 8 8 4 2 4 2 2 30 24 16 11 8 9 18 3 1 2 129 262 141 53 4 3 1 7 2 17 1 1 7 1 5 3 212 2 255 9139 522 69 ’ 44’ 33 44 11 1 6 3 1 19 49 177 117 159 107 135 133 42 4 g 6 2 2 3 5 1 11 1 ~12~ 4 4 36 2 3 2 2 2 15 7 4 1 5 24 1 3 6 1 2 2 15 1 2 4 2 2 16 2 47 120~379 74 '70" 25 24’ 38 13 63 60 61 30 46 21 15 33 20 15 1 1 " Y 19 38 ’ 12" "l7" 8 4 2 2 15 17 14 10 11 5 4 7 1 2 1 2 2 5 10 4 5 4 5 7 7 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 5 2 2 1 2 16 7 5 1 5 6 2 "T 40 13 12 3 88 160 58" 1 2 26 16 2 3 1 | 1 9 1 3 200 2 I" 5 7 10 11 6 7 11 25 9 1 3 1 8 34 13 11 __ I__ 3 2 2 1 1 3 6 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 5 2 6 1 3 1 17 9 10 1 1 3 1 1 1 4 7 11 1 1 4 4 1 2 1 6 3 36 76 9 8 3 4 6 2 1 16 2 1 22 5 1 1 8 2 1 1 1 7 6 7 3 9 3 3 29 12 8 10 6 10 22 17 40 1 1 1 1 30 7 24 1 1 1 17 10 13 12 22 3 2 5 1 2 11 1 3 28 1 "I" 1 1 3 10 25 146 21 13 I 1 10 ~"o 13 8 2 21 1 1 19 3 3 1 7 4 3 2 2 29 2 1 1 7 13 6 15 11 25 22 "’ " ’ 16" i 4 1 2 14 2 1 27 17 10 2 3 1 1411 682 907 1875 812 900 639 680 942 602 886 47 5 5 1JL 18 TABLES 44 48 52 237 155 44 42 47 449 118 GENERAL Manchester, N. H __ Memphis, Tenn....... Miami, Fla..... .......... Milwaukee, Wis....... Minneapolis, M inn.. Mobile, Ala.............. Nashua, N. H ______ Nashville, Tenn....... Newark, N. J -.......... New Orleans, La----New York, N. Y_.__ Norfolk^Va.................... Ogden, Utah____ _____ Oklahoma City, Okla_ Omaha, Nebr............... Pawtucket, R. I .......... Peoria, 111..................... Philadelphia, Pa_........ Pittsburgh, Pa............. Portland, M e............... Portland, Oreg......... Providence, R . I _____ Pueblo, Colo_________ Richmond, V a............. Roanoke, V a................ Rockford, Hl_.............. Sacramento, Calif........ St. Joseph, M o ............ St. Louis, M o.............. Salt Lake City, Utah.. San Francisco, Calif. __ Savannah, Qa.............. Scranton, Pa................ Seattle, Wash________ Shreveport, L a............ Sioux City, Iowa......... South Bend, Ind ......... Spokane, Wash............ Syracuse, N. Y ............ Tacoma, Wash............. Tampa, Fla.................. Topeka, Kans.............. Trenton, N . J.............. Tulsa. O k la ................ Washington, D. C....... Wheeling, W. Va......... Wichita, Kans.............. Wilmington, D el......... Winston-Salem, N. C .._ Worcester, Mass____ Youngstown, Ohio__ Total........... ........... 5 3 1 1 1 5 2 2 3 5 1 5 5 . 41 9 OO Appendix Bakery Terms of Occupations, with Definitions, and Classification by Bureau of Labor Statistics BREAD DEPARTM ENT A learner, under contract for a specified number of years, performing the work of various bakery occupations under supervision of a journeyman baker. A ssistan t forem an A workman in a supervisory capacity, who also performs actual productive work. (working). Assistant mixer______ Assists the mixer in dumping dough from mixing machine into dough trough; punches and kneads dough in the trough by hand and dumps it into chute leading to ma chine or make-up room. Assistant stock clerk. Assists receiving clerk in keeping records of incoming ma terials and stock on hand; also trucks materials in and out of stock room. Assistant wrapper (See Wrapper foreman, working)_______________ ____ _ foreman (working). Belt man..................... Works in wrapping department at end of belt or conveyor which carries bread from oven to wrapping room, re moves each loaf of bread from conveyor and places it on bread racks to cool before wrapping. Belt man's helper___ Pushes racks, on which bread has been placed for cooling, to wrapping table. Bench baker’s helper.. (See Bench hand’s or hand baker’s helper).............. .......... do. Bench hand’s helper.. Bench hand or hand Kneads or pounds dough used in making rye or Vienna bread or rolls; divides dough into pieces of weight re baker. quired for loaves of bread or for rolls; rounds, rolls, and molds these pieces into shape, making them ready for oven bread pans, and places them in pans for baking. (This worker is so called because he performs his work by hand at a bench or table.) Bench hand’s or hand Supplies bench hands or hand bakers with empty bread pans; racks the dough-filled pans and shoves them into baker’s helper.......... steam-proofing room. Blender.. Tends power-driven blending machine which mixes or blends different kinds of flour to secure the required mixture. The blender opens the bags and dumps the flour into the machine, or operates a slide which releases the flour from the storage bins on the floor above allowing it to pass through a chute into the machine. May be assisted by helpers. Bread made from the blend or mix ture of two or more kinds of flour (each of which makes good bread) is usually more desirable than bread made from any one of the grades. Assists the blender by placing bags of flour conveniently Blender’s helper.. near for use and helps dump them into the hopper of the machine. Box maker or repairer. Makes and repairs crates and boxes in which bread is packed and shipped. Box repairer___ (See Box maker or repairer)..............................................— Dumps bread from oven pans as they come out of oven, Bread dumper. places empty pans on belt conveyor for return to cleaning room, and frequently places the bread on racks for cool ing before being wrapped. Bread dumper’s help Places baked loaves of bread on the cooling rack, and, after they are cooled, pushes the rack into the wrapping room. er. Bread dumper and (See Bread dumper)............................................................... racker. Bread icer................... (See Icer, rolls)......................... ............................................ Bread packer.............. (See Packer)......................................................................... . Bread packer’s helper. (See Packer’s helper).................................................- ......... Bread racker............... Places the baked bread, after it has been dumped out of the pans, on racks or a slow-moving conveyor for cooling. After it is sufficiently cooled, shoves rack to the wrapping room. Bread slicer, automat Feeds loaves of bread into the machine, watches its opera-* tion and straightens loaves that are not going through ic. properly. Each loaf is automatically sliced, wrapped, and sealed as it passes through the machine. Apprentice.. Apprentices. Other employees. Helpers. Other employees. Do. Do. Helpers. Do. Do. Bench hands or hand bakers. Helpers. Other employees. Do. Do. Do. Helpers. Do. Do. Other employees. Packers. Helpers. Do. Wrappers. 95 96 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS BREAD DEPARTM ENT—Continued Bread slicer, hand___ Cabinet man............... Cabinet man’s helper. Cabinet proofer. C arm an.............. Carpenter.. C hecker.... Cleaner, floors.—. Cleaner, pans— Collector (route) _ C onveyor m an........... Conveyor man's help er. Cooling-machine op erator. Feeds loaf of bread into a machine which is operated by hand. Another employee wraps and seals each sliced loaf by hand as it comes from the machine. Picks up pieces of dough as they fall from the rourding machine to a table or stand, and places them in the crawers of the proofing cabinet. Assists cabinet man in opening and closing drawers, load ing the dough on movable racks, and pushing the racks over to the molder. (See Cabinet man)......................... ...................................... Unloads cars or trucks of bakery stock, such as flour, sagar, salt, milk, lard, and other bread or cake ingredients, and stores them in warehouse under direction of receiving clerk. Repairs and makes changes in woodwork structure of bakery; also constructs and repairs shipping boxes. Checks the record showing kind and quantity of bnkery products that are taken out by the driver-salesme n for delivery to customers on their routes. (See Laborer)....................... ............................................... (See Pan cleaner; also Machine pan cleaner and washer)___ Visits the customers and collects for the sales of bakery products that are delivered by the driver-salesmen who make no collections. CSee Belt man)............................................................ .......... (See Belt man’s helper)......................................................... Other employees. D o. Helpers. Other employees* D o. D o. D o. Laborers. Helpers. Other employees. D o. Helpers. Places loaves of bread in automatic cooling machine, 'ehich Other employees. is a long open machine fitted with slowly moving con veyors on which the bread passes backward and forward several times for cooling before it is finally conves ed to the room for wrapping and packing. Crate maker........ ....... (See Box maker or repairer).................................................. D o. Crate repairer............. .......do..................................................................................... D o. Cut-off dough m an .... (See Dough cut-off man)....................................................... Helpers. Divider’s and mold- (See Divider’s or scaler’s and rounder’s helper)................... er’s helper. D ivider or scaler and rounder. Sets dividing or scaling machine for desired weight of loaf of bread; turns on and off power that operates machine and occasionally weighs scaled pieces of dough to ascertain whether machine is working correctly. In modern bakeries the divider or scaler also tends the rounding machine. Pieces of dough are automatically dropped from divider onto a conveyor which carries them to the rounding machine where they are rolled and rounded; they then drop from the rounding machine into backets or cups of a conveyor, or sometimes on a belt conveyor, and carried through a suspended overhead proofer. Proofing is the bakery term for the raising process Divider’s or scaler’s Assists the divider or scaler and rounder m any capacity required around machines, such as cleaning and keeping and rou n d er’ s them in perfect operating condition. helper. Cuts dough in troughs in the mixing room, into convenient Dough cut-off man__ sized pieces and dumps these pieces into the chute leading to the machine or make-up room. (See Dough puncher)........................................................... Dough kneader. Puts the molded dough into bread pans, and places the Dough panner.. dough-filled pans on racks. Punches down and kneads dough in the dough troughs Dough puncher before it is dumped down the chute leading to tie ma chine or make-up room. Picks up pieces of dough from the conveyor leading to the D ough twister.. molding machine and twists them by hand to desired de sign and then places them in oven pans for baking. The bread is called “ twist bread.” Drawplate oven m an. (See Oven man)..................................................................... Pushes racks of panned dough from proofing room to the Drawplate oven man’s oven; takes pans of baked bread from the oven man and helper. dumps bread onto a slowly moving conveyor or places it on racks for cooling; and places empty pans on racks or conveyor for return to cleaners. Travels over a specified route or territory delivering orders, Driver-salesman _ collecting for sales, and soliciting new business. Jn a few bakeries the work of the driver is delivering only, and another employee collects for the sales. Travels over route with driver-salesman; assists him in D river-salesm an’ s loading his truck and delivering bakery goods to cus helper. tomers. (See Dumper, traveling oven; also Bread dumper)_______ Dumper, bread. (See Roll dumper)--------- . . . ___________________________ Dumper, ro lls ... Dividers or scalers and rounders. Helpers. D o. D o. D o. D o. Other employees. Oven men. Helpers. Driver-salesmen. Other employees. Helpers. 97 APPENDIX---- TERMS AND DEFINITIONS BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued Dumper, t r a v e lin g oven. Dumper’s helper.. Electrician............ Elevator man. Engineer, machinery repair. Engineer, temperature. Feeder, traveling oven. Fireman, oven............ Flour blender.............. Flour blender’s helper. Flour dumper_____ Flour sifter.. Foreman, assistant.. Foreman (working).. Gas man. Stands at back of traveling oven, dumps bread from the Helpers. pans onto conveyor belt which carries it to cooling racks, and places empty pans on another conveyor which returns them to cleaning room. (See Bread dumper’s helper)......................... ..................... Do. Installs and repairs electric apparatus and maintains wir Other employees. ing system for lights and electric motor-power machin ery throughout the bakery. Operates elevator used to hoist bakery stock, such as flour, Do. sugar, etc., and other freight, from unloading dock to stock-room department. Repairs and maintains plant bakery equipment other than Do. electric motor-power machinery. (See Temperature engineer)................................. ............... Do. (See Traveling oven man’s helper) .............. ....................... Helpers. (See Oven fireman)................................................. .............. Other employees. (See Blender)........................................ ........................ ....... Do. (See Blender’s helper).......................................................... Do. Opens sacks of flour and dumps them directly into the Do. blending machine or into bins just above it, from which the blender draws the flour into the blending machine. Do. Operates power-driven sifting machine, usually in connec tion with the blending machine from which the blended flour is conveyed by an automatic lift. The sifting is done to remove pieces of cord or string, lint, splinters, or any other foreign substance from the flour which, after being sifted, is carried by automatic machinery to storage bins usually located directly above the mixing room. (See Assistant foreman, working)......................................... Do. A workman in a supervisory capacity, who performs actual Do. roductive work; frequently, with the assistance of a elper, does the work of a journeyman at any one of the several bakery machines. Fills oil and fuel receptacles of the bread delivery trucks Do. with oil and gasoline before each trip is made by driver- General a l l - r o u n d helper. E Is a helper who has no specific duties, but assists at any one of the machines or in any other position in the plant where his services are required. General bakery helper. (See General all-round helper).................. ......................... . General helper............ ----- do................................................................................... . G en era l m ach in e (See Machine hand’s helper)................................................ helper. Greaser....................... (See Pan greaser; also Machine pan cleaner and greaser). Hand baker............... . (See Bench hand or hand baker)............................. ......... Helpers. Do. Do. Do. Do. Bench hands or hand bakers. Hand baker’s helper... (See Bench hand’s or hand baker’s helper)........................ . Helpers. Helpers............ .......... This group includes those who assist the mixers, place empty oven pans conveniently for use by the bench hands or machine molders, set pans filled with dough on racks, shove the racks into the steam-proofing room and from there to ovens; assist oven men in loading and un loading dough or bread on and off peel, place pans of dough on traveling oven conveyer at the “ feed end” of oven under supervision of traveling-oven man, or catch pans of bread as they come from ‘ ‘ delivery ” end of oven, dump bread from pans; and do other work of a similar character about the bakery. (See Icer, rolls)................................. .................................... Other employees. leer, bread. Tends icing machine which deposits a thin layer of icing Icer, rolls__ Do. on the rolls as they pass on a conveyer under the aper tures of the machine. This work is also often done by hand, the icing being spread on with a broad-bladed knife. Icing maker.. Feeds sugar, eggs, and other ingredients in proper order Do. and quantity into a power-driven mixing machine, which beats the materials into a preparation known as icing, which is used on bread or rolls. Icing maker’s helper— Places ingredients used in the preparation of icings con Helpers. veniently at hand for the icing maker, and takes the prepared icings to the bread icer. (See Laborer)............................................. ........................... Laborers. Janitor................ Kneader, dough.. (See Dough puncher)........ .................................................... Helpers. Labeler............... Places union labels on loaves of bread in union shops, and Other employees. in other shops, attaches a trade-mark seal on loaves of wrapped bread to secure the wrapping at a point where edges of the oiled paper are brought together. Laborer............ Performs unskilled work, such as cleaning and sweeping Laborers. floors, unloading supplies, and other general commonlabor jobs around the plant. (See Truck loader)................................................................. Other employees. Loader, trucks.. 98 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS BREAD DEPARTM ENT—Continued Uses cotton waste to clean and oil machine equipment and keep it in running condition; may also supply oil and grease cups of machinery with lubricants. A helper not assigned to a specific machine, but who assists Machine hand’s helper. at any of the machines where his services are required. (See Mixer)............................................................................ Machine mixer-----Machine molder.......... (See Molder).............................................................. ........... (See Molder’s helper)........................................................... M achine molder’ s helper. Machine pan cleaner Tends a machine which in one operation scrapes the dried crusts which form in the bread pans during process of and greaser. baking and greases the pans. This machine, ltt.e the machine pan cleaner and washer, is equipped with re volving brushes shaped to the size of pans used in the bakery. Machine pan cleaner Tends a machine equipped with fast revolving brashes, formed to fit the bread pans, which in one operation cleans and washer. out the crust and washes the pans. Machinist................... Sets up and adjusts the bakery machinery which is operated by the machine men. Also repairs machinery and other operating equipment. Assists the machinist in the installation and adjustment of Machinist’s helper— machinery, working under his supervision. M achinist foreman Supervises work done by machinists and mechanics, and also performs considerable of the machinery installation (working). and repair work. Mechanic.................... (See Machinist)................................................................... Mechanic’s helper...... (See Machinist’s helper)....................................................... Mechanic fo r e m a n (See Machinist foreman, working)....... ...................... ......... (working). Mill operator— .......... (See Blender)......................................................................... Mixer......................... . Weighs or measures, according to formula, flour, water, salt, milk, sugar, lard, malt, yeast, and other ingredients that form a batch of dough, dumps them into the mixing machine, closes it, turns on and off the power that oper ates the mixer, and after the batch is mixed opens the machine and dumps the dough into a trough. In baker ies in which there are no mixer helpers or apprentices employed, the mixer also punches down and kneads the dough, and dumps the dough into the chutes leading to the make-up or machine room. (See Mixer’s helper).................. ................................ ........... Mixer’s assistant.. Assists the mixer in dumping the dough from the mixing Mixer's helper___ machine into the troughs; punches and kneads the dough in the troughs and dumps it into the chute leading to machine or make-up room. Mixing machine oper (See Mixer)............................................................................ ator. Mixing machine oper (See Mixer’s helper).............................................................. ator’s helper. Molder_____________ Tends molding machine which is used to give pieces of dough the desired shape for loaves of bread, also watches the pieces of dough as they fall from the automatic proofer into the molding machine, and as they drop from the molding machine into baking pans, and properly places those pieces which do not fall into correct position in the pans. In bakeries not equipped with automatic proofers, or with conveyors that carry the pieces of dough from the rounding machine to the molding machine, the molder feeds, by hand, pieces of dough into the molding machine and after molding picks them up and places them in bak ing pans. Places empty bread pans conveniently at hand for the Molder’s helper. molders, and the dough-filled pans on racks, ther shoves the loaded racks into the steam-proofing room. Oils motors, conveyors, and other bakery-plant mac hinery, Oiler................... by keeping grease cups and oil sockets on shafting, pul leys, etc., of machinery filled with lubricants. Takes orders from customers by telephone; makes up the Order clerk.......... orders, and wraps and packs them for delivery. This group includes all occupations in the industry other Other employees. than the selected ones. Each occupation had too few workers in number to warrant separate tabulation, and is defined and arranged alphabetically in this glossary. (See Dumper, traveling oven)....... ...................................... Oven dumper. Works under supervision of the traveling-oven man, places Oven feeder... pans of dough on the apron or conveyor of traveling oven which carries them slowly through the oven. Oven feeder’s helper... Pushes racks of dough-filled pans to the oven an 1 places them conveniently for the oven feeder. Oven feeder, traveling (See Oven feeder)................................................................. . oven. Machine cleaner......... Other employees. Helpers. Mixers. Molders. Helpers. Other employees. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Mixers. Helpers. Mixers. Helpers. Molders. Helpers. Other employees. Do. Do. Helpers. Do. Da 99 APPENDIX---- TEEMS AND DEFINITIONS BREAD DEPARTM ENT—Continued Bakery term Oven fireman.. Oven man. Oven man’s helper___ Oven man, drawplate. Oven man, peel_____ Oven man, traveling.. Packer......................... Packer’s helper.. Packer boy........ Packing-box maker... Packing-box repairer. Painter____________ Pan catcher. Pan cleaner. Pan greaser.. Pan racker.................. Pan setter................... Pan washer................. Peel-oven man........... Peel-oven man’s helper Pipe fitter.................. Plant repairer______ Proofer, cabinet____ Proofer, steam room. Proofer’s helper____ Puncher, dough........ Racker, bread........... Racker, pans............. Raisin cleaner........... Definition Starts and maintains fires under ovens. If ovens are equip ped with oil or gas burners, his duties are to keep the burn ers clean and free of any obstruction to the flow of gas or oil. Where coal or coke is used as a fuel he sho\ els it into the furnaces. Oven men are divided into 3 groups: (1) “ Drawplate-oven men,” who work at drawplate ovens, pull out the baking plate, load it with pans of dough, shove the loaded plate into the oven and, after the bread has been baked, pull the plate out of the oven and remove the baked loaves. (2) “Peel-oven men,” who use a thin spadelike imple ment with a long handle known as a peel; a pan of dough is placed on the spade end of the peel by the helper; the oven man shoves the end of the peel with the pan into the oven and pulls the peel from under the pan, leaving pan in the oven, and when the bread is baked, shoves the peel under the pan and pulls it out of the oven. (3) **Traveling-oven men,” so called because of operation of oven, who work at a conveyor or traveling oven where the pans of dough are carried by mechanical conveyors into an oven where they are baked as they pass slowly through it; the oven men regulate temperature of the ovens and speed of the conveyors, and are assisted by helpers who place pans of dough on the conveyor at front of oven and remove the pans of baked bread as they come from the back of the oven. (See Bread dumper, Bread racker, Oven feeder, and Dumper, traveling oven; also Peel-oven man’s helper and Traveling-oven man’s helper.) (See Oven man).................. ................................................. .do. -do.. Makes up orders of bakery products for driver-salesmen, or for shipment from the bakery, and places them on racks or in baskets or shipping boxes. Supplies packers with baskets or shipping boxes, and after they are filled, trucks them to the delivery truck loader or shipping room. Performs light work such as running errands about the packing department and placing empty cartons,' etc., conveniently for packers. (See Box maker or repairer)......... ......................... .do. Uses a hand brush or spray gun to paint woodwork and equipment about the bakery. Removes empty bread pans from the conveyor as they are returned from bread dumpers, and racks them for deliv ery to the pan cleaners and greasers. Uses a scraper to remove dried crusts which form in the oven pans during process of baking. (See also Machine pan cleaner and washer.) Uses a composition specially prepared to grease bread pans to prevent dough from sticking during the process of baking; places pans on racks which he shoves over to the molder or places them on a conveyor for delivery to the molder. (See also Machine pan cleaner and greaser.) (See Molder’s helper)............................................................ (See Pan catcher).................................................................. Uses a wet cloth to wash by hand the bread pans.............. (See Oven m an)................................................................. Shoves racks of dough-filled pans from steam-proofing room to the ovens; removes the pans from the racks and places them on the peel for the oven man. When the baked bread is pulled out of the o\en by the oven man, dumps bread from the pans onto a table to be racked for cooling or onto a slowly moving conveyor leading to the wrapping room. (See Steam fitter).................................................................. (See Machinist, Steam fitter, Carpenter, etc.)............ ....... (See Cabinet man)............ ................................................... (See Steam-room proofer)...................................................... (See Steam-room proofer’s helper)........................................ (See Dough puncher).......................... - ................................ (See Bread racker).............. ...................................... ........... (See Molder’s helper)..................................... ...................... Washes and sorts by hand the raisins used for bread dou^h, and picks out imperfect ones, stems, or other foreign substance. Classified by bureau under— Other employees. Oven men. Helpers. Oven men. Do. Do. Packers. Helpers. Other employees. Do. Do. Do. Helpers. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Oven men. Helpers. Other employees. Do. Do. Do. Heljgrs. Do! Do. Other employees. 100 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued Bakery term Receiving clerk. Relief-machine hand_. Relief-machine hand’s helper. Relief man.................. Repairer, boxes........... Repairer, crates.......... Repairer, general......... Roll dumper............... Roll maker. Rolls icer. Rounder. Rounder’s helper. Route boss.......... Rye-bread baker......... Rye-bread baker’s helper. Salesman..................... Salesman’s helper-----Scaler.......................... Scaler’s helper............. Shift foreman (work ing). Shipping clerk...........- Sifter, flour.................. Slicer, automatic......... Slicer, hand............... . Special-delivery driver Stale-bread man. Stale-bread man’s helper. Steam fitter................. Steam-room proofer.. . Steam-room proofer’s helper. Stock clerk.................. Stock clerk’s helper... Straw boss................... Supply man. Sweeper....... Definition Receives incoming bakery stock, such as flour, sugar, salt, milk, lard, and other bread and cake ingredients; chocks invoices, issues stock and keeps a record of the different materials in stock. In bakeries where there is no com mon labor employed, dumps flour into the hopper or chute leading to the blending machine, cleans empty sacks, and sweeps and cleans storeroom. A skilled operator who substitutes for a regular hand at any of the bread or cake making machines. (See Mixer’s helper, Divider’s or scaler’s and rounder’s helper, and Molder’s helper.) (See Relief-machine hand).................................................... (See Box maker or repairer).................................................. ____do................................................................................... (See Carpenter, Machinist, and Steam fitter)_____ ______ Turns pans bottom side up to dump baked rolls from the pans as they are removed by oven men or as they auto matically come out of the back of traveling oven. Performs all work from the preparation of dough tc the baking of rolls. This worker is found only in bakeries which specialize in the production of rolls, and where there is no division of the work. (See Icer, rolls)............ ............ ................................... ......... Picks up pieces of dough as they fall from the dividing or scaling machine to a stand or table and drops them onto rounding machine to be rolled or rounded. Rounders are not found in bakeries which use conveyors to carry pieces of dough from dividing or scaling machines to rounding machine. (See Divider’s or scaler’s and rounder’s helper)....... .......... Lays out routes or territory of the driver-salesmen, goes over the various routes to see that customers are being properly served, and changes routes as necessity arises. (See Bench hand or hand baker)........................................ . Classified by bureau Under- Receiving clerks. Other employees. Helpers. Other employees. Do. Do. Do. Helpers. Other employees. Do. Dividers or scalers and rounders. Helpers. Other employees. Bench hands or hand bakers. (See Bench hand’s or hand baker’s helper).......................... Helpers. (See Driver-salesman)..... ...................................................... Driver-salesmen. (See Driver-salesman’s helper)............................................. Other employees. (See Divider or scaler and rounder...................................... Dividers or scalers (See Divider’s or scaler’s and rounder’s helper)........ .......... Supervises duties of workmen on his respective shift, where there is a day and night force, and regularly performs actual productive work. Makes up orders, packs product in cases, bills shipments to out-of-town customers, supervises tagging and load ing of same, and maintains records pertaining to these shipments. (See Flour sifter).................... ............................................... (See Bread slicer, automatic)................................................ (See Bread slicer, hand)................. .......................... .......... Delivers special orders that come to the bakery after regu lar driver-salesmen have started on their routes. Also delivers bakery goods to driver-salesmen while ob their routes, so that they will not have to return to the bakery for reloading. Receives from driver-salesmen bread that has not been sold; checks it against the stock taken out and cred: ts the driver-salesmen with amount of returned stock. Handles stale bread in the stale-bread room by placing it in proper place for future disposition. Cuts, fits, and joins steam pipes in connection with manu facturing equipment and building maintenance. Regulates temperature of steam-proofing room or box and determines when the raised dough is ready to be delivered to the baking ovens. Assists the steam-box or steam-room proofer in properly placing dough racks in the steam room, and shoves loaded racks in and out of the steam room. Works under supervision of the receiving clerk, trucks stock into the storage room or warehouse, places ic in its proper place, issues materials on order, and performs other work of a like character. Assists stock clerk in unloading incoming stock;; from trucks and cars and in handling materials in stock room. Works with porters supervising as well as performiag reg ular duties with them in sweeping and otherwise keep ing the plant in a clean condition. (See Stock clerk).................... .............................................. (See Laborer)......................................................................... and rounders. Helpers. Other employees. Packers. Other employees. Wrappers. Other employees. Do. Do. Helpers. Other employees. Do. Helpers. Other employees. Do. Do. Do. Laborers. 101 APPENDIX---- TEEMS AND DEFINITIONS BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued Take-off, conveyor___ Removes loaves of bread from conveyors in the wrapping room, the bread having been cooled on its journey from the ovens. Temperature engineer. Regulates temperature of the different departments by keeping it at a uniform degree in accordance with the requirements of each. TinsmithUses hand tools to repair bread and cake oven pans........... Feeds slices of bread to the toasting machine and after they Toaster--are properly toasted, removes them from the machine and wraps them in oiled or waxed paper. T r a v e l i n g - o v e n (See Traveling-oven man’s helper).................................. — dumper. Traveling-oven feeder. ___ do........................................................... ......................... Traveling-oven man— (See Oven man)..................................................................... Traveling-oven man’s Shoves racks of dough-filled pans from proofing room to oven, conveniently for the oven men and assists in load helper. ing the pans of dough onto the oven conveyor; removes pans of baked bread at the back of the oven and dumps the bread out of the pans onto cooling conveyor, then places pans on another conveyor for return to cleaners. Tray man.................... In bakeries where oven bread pans are placed on trays for baking, helpers place the filled pans of dough on trays for the oven man. Truck loader............... Assists driver-salesmen in loading their trucks with bakery products for delivery to customers. Utility man............... Is a workman without any specific job, performing various kinds of work throughout the bakery. Vienna bread baker— (See Bench hand or hand baker)......................................... Vienna bread baker’s helper. Warehouseman......... . Washer, pans.............. Working foreman___ Wrapper, automatic.. Wrapper, hand__ Wrapper’s helper.. W rapper (worl ’ forem an (See Bench hand’s or hand baker’s helper)......................... Helpers. Other employees. Do. Do. Helpers. Do. Oven men. Helpers. Do. Other employees. Do. Bench hands or hand bakers. Helpers. Has charge of store room; places and stores raw materials Other employees. such as flour, sugar, sirup, etc., in the storage room or warehouse; maintains records of stock received, quanti ties delivered to workmen, and stock on hand. (See Pan washer).................................................................. Helpers. (See Foreman, working)......................... ............................ Other employees. Feeds loaves of bread into the machine, watches its opera Wrappers. tion, and straightens loaves that are not going through properly. Each loaf is automatically wrapped and sealed as it passes through the machine. Some machines are also equipped with an automatic slicing device. (See also Bread slicer, automatic.) Places each loaf of bread on a sheet of paper of specific size, Other employees. and wraps and seals it by hand. Removes loaves of wrapped bread from the back of wrap Helpers. ping machine, and places them on trucks which are pushed to packing room. Supervises work of wrappers and performs some actual Other employees. productive work in connection with operation of the wrapping machine. CAKE DEPARTM ENT Assistant foreman (working). Batter depositor......... Batter mixer.. Batter scaler. Batter scaler’s helper.. Bun panner................. A workman in a supervisory capacity, who also performs actual productive work. This machine is operated by 2 men; 1 places the empty pans under the batter-depositing device, and the other regulates the quantity of batter to be poured into the cake pans and removes the filled pans and places them on racks. (See Cake maker).................................................................. Weighs or scales occasionally the filled cake pans, as batter is dropped into them from depositor or scaling machine, to determine whether the machine is working correctly. Supplies the batter scaler with empty cake pans and places the filled pans on a rack and pushes it over to the oven. Places rounded and molded pieces of bun dough, as they come from the molding machine, in cake pans for baking. (See Dumper)............................ ................. ........................ (See Finisher, hand)............................................................. (See Finisher, machine)................................. ........... ........... (See Finisher’s helper).......................................................... (See Cake maker)_____________ _______________________ (See Cake maker’s helper)_____ _______________________ Cake dumper............. Cake icer, hand.......... Cake icer, machine.... Cake icer’s helper....... Cake-ingredient mixer. Cake-ingredient mix er’s helper. Cake-ingredient scaler. (See Ingredient scaler)................................................... Other employees. Cake makers. Do. Do. Helpers. Do. Do. Finishers. Do. Helpers. Cake makers. Helpers. Other employees. 102 W AGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS CAKE DEPARTM E N T-C ontinued Cake maker.. Measures or weighs according to formula the essential mate rials used in the preparation of cake, such as flour, sugar, eggs, milk, etc., when this work is not done by the in gredient scaler, and feeds them in the proper order and quantities into a power-driven mixing machine. The mixture of these materials is called batter, which when thoroughly mixed, is transferred to the depositor or scal ing machine. Cake maker’s helper... Supplies the cake maker with cake ingredients and empty cake pans, and after the pans are filled with batter p laces them on racks and shoves them over to the oven. Cake mixer................. (See Cake maker).................................................................. Cake-oven man.......... (See Oven man)........................................................... ......... Cake-oven man’s (See Oven man’s helper)............................................. ......... helper. Cake packer................ (See Wrapper and packer).......................................... .......... Cake makers. Helpers. Cake makers. Oven men. Helpers. Wrappers and pack ers. (See Pan cleaner)_............... ..................................... ......... Helpers. (See Pan greaser)................................................................... Do. (See Pan liner)............................................................. ......... Do. (See Pan washer).......................... ....................................... Do. (See Peeler)...................... ........................................... ......... Do. (See Wrapper and packer).._______ ____ _____ __________ Wrappers and pack ers. (See Laborer).................................. ............ ........................ Laborers. (See Pan cleaner)..................... ............................ ............... Helpers. (See Cake maker)........................................... .................... . Cake makers. (See Cake maker’s helper)............................ ......... ........... . Helpers. (See Doughnut-machine operator).......... ............................. Cake makers. (See Doughnut-machine operator’s helper).......................... Helpers. (See Batter depositor)............................................................ Cake makers. Feeds sweetened dough into hopper of automatic machine Do. which stamps out the doughnuts, drops them into molten fat to fry, and then dumps them into a basket to cool and drain before wrapping and packing. Doughnut - machine Removes doughnuts from basket into which they have Helpers. been dumped from out of the machine and delivers them operator’s helper. to the wrappers and packers. Driver-salesman_____ Travels over a specified route or territory delivering orders Driver-salesmen. of bakery products, collects for sales, and solicits new business. D r iv e r-sa le sm a n ’ s Travels, over routes with driver-salesman; assists him in Other employees. loading his truck and delivering bakery goods to th) cus helper. tomers. Dumps cakes from oven pans after cooling, onto a conveyor Helpers. Dumper........... or table around which the wrappers and packers or finishers perform their work. Breaks eggs by hand into a machine which beats and pre Other employees. Egg breaker___ pares them for use in cake batter or icing for finishing cakes. Installs and repairs electric apparatus and maintain? wiring Electrician....... Do. system for lights and electric motor-power machinery throughout the bakery. Uses a flat broad-bladed knife by hand to put the icing Finishers. Finisher, hand. smoothly and quickly on each cake. The filling is like wise spread over the several cake layers during the build ing up of layer cake. Tends an icing-spreading machine which deposits u thin Finisher, machine.. Do. layer of icing on cakes as they pass on a conveyor under apertures of the machine, and likewise may spread filling over the several cake layers for building up a layer cake. Takes the icing from the mixing or beating machines to the Helpers. Finisher’s helper. finisher, and places the finished cakes on racks or convey ors for delivery to wrappers and packers. (See Oven fireman)................................................................ Other employees. Fireman, ovens. Opens sacks of flour and dumps them into the hopper of a Flour sifter........ Do. ower-driven sifting machine, and tends the machine to lsure its proper operation. The sifting is done to remove pieces of cord, string, lint, splinters, and any other for eign substance from the flour. In some bakeries the flour is blended before being sifted. Foreman, working----- A workman in a supervisory capacity who performs ictual Do. roductive work; frequently, with the assistance of a elper, does the work of a journeyman at any one of the several bakery machines Fried-cake maker____ (See Doughnut-machine operator)....................................... Cake makers. Fried-cake maker’s (See Doughnut-machine operator’s helper)......................... Helpers. helper. General cake maker’s A helper, without a specific job, who performs such v; ork as Do. washing, cleaning, and racking pans and placing the helper. racks conveniently at hand for the cake makers an<I oven men. (See Pan greaser)................................................................... Greaser. Do. Cake-pan cleaner........ Cake-pan greaser........ Cake-pan liner............ Cake-pan washer........ Cake peeler...........— Cake wrapper and packer. Cleaner, floors............. Cleaner, pans.............. Cookie maker............. Cookie maker’s helper. Cruller maker_______ Cruller maker’s helper. Depositor, batter........ D oughnut-m achine operator. E E 103 APPENDIX---- TERMS AND DEFINITIONS CAKE D E PARTM EN T—Continued. (See Sugar grinder)......................................... ...................... A workman in a supervisory position who also is employed in actual productive work. In small bakeries he per forms the work of a cake maker. Helper................. Cleans and greases pans and makes them ready for the cake maker to pour in the batter; also places filled pans on racks and shoves the racks to the oven ana places them conveniently at hand for the oven men. Icer, cakes........... (See Finisher, hand, and Finisher, machine)........................ leer’s helper____ (See Finisher’s helper) _ ........................................................ Icing beater......... (See Icing maker).................................................................Icing maker......... Feeds sugar, eggs, and other ingredients in proper order and quantity into a power-driven mixing machine, which beats the materials into a preparation known as icing, used on cakes by finishers. This work is done in accord ance with a specific formula. Icing maker’s helper.. Places ingredients used in the preparation of icings con veniently at hand for the icing maker and takes prepared icings to the finishing room. Icing mixer............... (See Icing maker''.................................................................. Icing mixer’s helper. (See Icing maker’s helper)..................................................... Ingredient scaler----Weighs or measures, according to formula, ingredients as eggs, flour, sugar, milk, etc., used in making batches of cake batter or icing for cakes. Ingredient scaler’ s Assists ingredient scaler by placing conveniently at hand helper. the several component parts which are to be weighed or measured for the mixture. Laborer....................... Performs unskilled work, such as cleaning and sweeping floors, unloading supplies, and other general commonlabor jobs around the plant. Liner, pans................. (See Pan liner)....................................................................... Machinist.................. . Sets up and adjusts the bakery machinery which is oper ated by the machine men. Also repairs machinery and other operating equipment. Machinist’s helper Assists machinist in the installation and adjustment of machinery, working under his supervision. Mixer, batter____ (See Cake maker).................................................................. Mixer, icing.......... (See Icing maker).................................................................. Other employees This group includes all occupations in the industry other than the selected ones. Each occupation had too few workers in number to warrant separate tabulation and is defined and arranged alphabetically in this glossary. Oven fireman....... Starts and maintains fires under ovens. If ovens are equip ped with oil or gas burners, his duties are to keep the burners clean and free of any obstruction to the flow of gas or oil. Where coal or coke is used as a fuel, he shovels it into the furnaces. Oven man. Places pans of cake batter in the oven with a shorthanded peel, and when the cakes are baked, pulls the pans from the oven and places them on racks to cool. Modem bakeries are equipped with rotary ovens. This type of oven instead of having an endless traveling belt or brick hearth has a device which rotates like a merry-go-round. The oven man stands in front of the oven and places pans filled with batter by hand on the revolving disc and re moves the pans when the cake is baked. Oven man's helper.... Places racks of batter-filled pans conveniently for oven man and pushes racks of baked cakes to wrappers and packers. Packer_____________ (See Wrapper and packer).................................................... Grinder, sugar__ Head cake maker. Pan cleaner................. Pan greaser................. Pan liner..................... Pan paperer................ Pan scraper............... . Pan washer................. Paper peeler.............. . Pastry maker............ . Pastry maker’s helper. Pastry mixer............... Pastry mixer’s helper. Peeler.......................... Pipefitter.................. Scrapes and cleans pans to remove cake crusts that formed during the process of baking, turns them bottom up to permit the loosened crusts to fall out, thus making them ready for greasing. Greases by hand with a mop of cloth dipped in a specially prepared composition to the bottom and rim of the pans to prevent the baked cake from sticking. Places in the bottom and around the rim of each pan a layer of thin waxed paper, making them ready for cake batter which is poured in by the cake maker or depositor. (See Pan liner)....................................................................... (See Pan cleaner)................................................................... Uses a wet cloth to wash and thoroughly cleanse cake pans. (See Peeler)............................................................................ (See Cake maker).................................................................. (See Cake maker’s helper).................... ........................... . . . (See Cake maker)................................... ............................ (See Cake maker’s helper)..................................................... Removes by hand the paper pan lining which adhered to cake while baking, after cake has been dunfped from oven pans. (See Steam fitter).................................................................... Other employees. Do. Helpers. Finishers. Helpers. Other employees. Do. Helpers. Other employees. Helpers. Other employees. Helpers. Laborers. Helpers. Other employees. Do. Cake makers. Other employees. Do. Do. Oven men. Helpers. Wrappers and pack ers. Helpers. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Cake makers. Helpers. Cake makers. Helpers. Other employees. 104 WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS CAKE DEPARTM EN T—Continued. Raisin cleaner— Receiving clerk _ Scaler, batter............ Scaler, ingredients__ Scaler’s helper_____ Scraper, pans______ Shipping clerk......... Sifter, flour............... Steam fitter.............. Stock clerk............... Sugar grinder----Sirup man................ Washer, pans........... Wax paper liner....... W orking foreman— Wrapper and packer. Washes and sorts by hand the raisins used for cake batter and picks out imperfect ones, stems, or other foreign sub stance. Receives incoming bakery stock, such as flour, sugar, ssJt, eggs, milk, lard, and other cake ingredients; checks in voices, issues stock, and keeps a record of the different materials in stock; in bakeries where no common labor is employed in stock room, handles incoming and out going sacks of flour and other ingredients. (See Batter scaler)................................................................ . (See Ingredient scaler)......................................................... . (See Ingredient scaler’s helper)..................... ......... ............ (See Pan cleaner)................ ................................................ . Makes up orders, packs product in cases, bills shipments to out-of-town customers, supervises tagging and loading of same, and maintains records pertaining to these ship ments. (See Flour sifter)...................................................... .......... Cuts, fits, and joins steam pipes in connection with manu facturing equipment and building maintenance. Works under supervision of receiving clerk, trucks stock into the storage room or warehouse, places it in its proper place, issues materials on order, and performs other work of a like character. Feeds and tends a machine which grinds sugar into a pul verized state. Looks after the storing of sirup and draws off the quantity and kind desired by the ingredient scaler or the cake maker. (See Pan washer)................................................................. . (See Pan liner)....................................................................... (See Foreman, working)...................................................... . Takes one cake at a time and wraps it in waxed paper, places the label on the package, and places several wrap ped cakes in a box, stamps the name of the cake on the container and sends them to the stock room. Other employees. Do. Cake makers. Other employees. Helpers. Do. Other employees. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Helpers. Do. Other employees. Wrappers and pack* LIST OF BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS The following is a list of all bulletins of the Bureau of Labor Statistics published since July, 1912, except that in the case of bulletins giving the results of periodic surveys of the bureau only the latest bulletin on any one subject is here listed. A complete list of the reports and bulletins issued prior to July, 1912, as well as the bulletins published since that date, will be furnished on application. Bulletins marked thus (*) are out of print. Conciliation and arbitration (including strikes and lockouts). ♦No. 124. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York. [1913.] ♦No. 133. Report of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade on its inquiry into industrial agreements. [1913.] No. 139. Michigan copper district strike. [1914.] ♦No. 144. Industrial court of the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City. [1914.] ♦No. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New York City. ♦No. 191. ♦No. 198. No. 233. No. 255. No. 283. No. 287. ♦No. 303. No. 322. No. 341. No. 402. No. 468. No. 481. Cooperation. No. 313. No. 314. No. 437. No. 531. C< ve bargaining in the anthracite-coal industry. [1916.1 Collective agreements in the men's clothing industry. [1916.] Operation of the industrial disputes investigation act of Canada. [1918.] Joint industrial councils in Great Britain. [1919.] History of the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board, 1917 to 1919. National War Labor Board: History of its formation, activities, etc. [1921J Use of Federal power in settlement of railway labor disputes. [1922.] ' Kansas Court of Industrial Relations. [1923.] Trade agreement in the silk-ribbon industry of New York City. [1923.] Collective bargaining by actors. [1926.] Trade agreements, 1927. Joint industrial control in the book and job printing industry. [1928.] Consumers’ cooperative societies in the United States in 1920. Cooperative credit societies (credit unions) in America and in foreign countries. [1922.] Cooperative movement in the United States in 1925 (other than agricultural). Consumers’, credit, and productive-cooperative societies, 1929. Employment and unemployment. ♦No. 109. Statistics of unemployment and the work of employment offices in the United States. [1913. ♦No. 172. Unemployment in New York City, N. Y. [1915.] ♦No. 183. Regularity of employment in the women’s ready-to-wear garment industries. [1915.] ♦No. 195. Unemployment in the United States. [1916.] ♦No. 196. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, held in Minneapolis, Minn., January 19 and 20,1916. ♦No. 202. Proceedings of the conference of Employment Managers’ Association of Boston, Mass. held May 10,1916. No. 206. The British system of labor exchanges. [1916.] ♦No. 227. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., April 2 and 3,1917. ♦No. 235. Employment system of the Lake Carriers’ Association. [1918.] ♦No. 241. Public employment offices in the United States. [1918.] ♦No. 247. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Rochester, N. Y ., May 9-11,1918. ♦No. 310. Industrial unemployment: A statistical study of its extent and causes. [1922.] No. 409. Unemployment in Columbus, Ohio, 1921 to 1925. No. 542. Report of the Advisory Committee on Employment Statistics. [1931.] No. 544. Unemployment-benefit plans in the United States and unemployment insurance in foreign countries. [1931.] No. 553. Fluctuations in employment in Ohio, 1914 to 1929. No. 555. Social and economic character of unemployment in Philadelphia, April, 1930. No. 574. Technological changes and employment in the United States Postal Service. [1932.] Foreign labor laws. ♦No. 142. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries. [1914.] No. 494. Labor legislation of Uruguay. [1929.] No. 510. Labor legislation of Argentina. [1930.] No. 529. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the Latin American countries. [1930.] No. 549. Labor legislation of Venezuela. [1931.] No. 554. Labor legislation of Paraguay. [1931.] No. 559. Labor legislation of Ecuador. [1931.] No. 569. Labor legislation of Mexico. [1932.] Housing. ♦No. 158. No. 263. No. 295. No. 545. Government aid to home owning and housing of working people in foreign countries. Housing by employers in the United States. [1920.] Building operations in representative cities, 1920. Building permits in the principal cities of the United States in [1921 to] 1930. [1914.] industrial accidents and hygiene. ♦No. 104. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain-enameled sanitary ware factories. [1912.] No. 120. Hygiene of painters trade. [1913.] ♦No. 127. Dangers to workers from dusts and fumes, and methods of protection. [1913.] ♦No. 141. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead. [1914.] ♦No. 157. Industrial accident statistics. [1915.] ♦No. 165. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries. [1914.] ♦No. 179. Industrial poisons used in the rubber industry. [1915.] No. 188. Report of British departmental committee on the danger in the use of lead in the painting of buildings. [1916.] ♦No. 201. Report of the committee on statistics and compensation insurance costs of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. [1916.] No. 209. Hygiene of the printing trades. [1917.] ♦No. 219. Industrial poisons used or produced in the manufacture of explosives. [1917.] No. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munition factories. [1917.1 No. 230. Industrial efficiency and fatigue in British munition factories. [1917.] (I) Industrial accidents and hygiene—Continued. *No. *No. No. ♦No. 231. 234. 236. 249. ♦No. 251. No. 256. No. 267. No. 276. ♦No. 280. ♦No. 291. No. 293. No. 298. No. 306. No. 392. No. 405. No. 427. No. 428. No. No. No. No. No. 460. 466. 488. 490. 507. Mortality from respiratory diseases in dusty trades (inorganic dusts). [1918. The safety movement in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1917. Effects of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters. [1918.] Industrial health and efficiency. Final report of British Health of Munitions Workers Committee. [1919.] Preventable death in the cotton-manufacturing industry. [1919.] Accidents and accident prevention in machine building. [1919.] Anthrax as an occupational disease. [1920.] Standardization of industrial accident statistics. [1920.] Industrial poisoning in making coal-tar dyes and dye intermedia -es. [1921.] Carbon monoxide poisoning. [1921.] The problem of dust phthisis in the granite-stone industry. [1922.] Causes and prevention of accidents in the iron and steel industry, 1910-1919. Occupation hazards and diagnostic signs: A guide to impairments to be looked for in hazard ous occupations. [1922.] Survey of hygienic conditions in the printing trades. [1925.] Phosphorus necrosis in the manufacture of fireworks and in the preparation of phosphorus. [1926.] Health survey of the printing trades, 1922 to 1925. Proceedings of the Industrial Accident Prevention Conference, held at Washington, D. C., July 14-16, 1926. A new test for industrial lead poisoning. [1928.] Settlement for accidents to American seamen. [1928.] Deaths from lead poisoning, 1925-1927. Statistics of industrial accidents in the United States to the end of 1927. Causes of death, by occupation. [1930.] Industrial relations and labor conditions. No. ♦No. No. ♦No. No. No. No. No. No. 237. 340. 349. 361. 380. 383. 384. 399. 534. Industrial unrest in Great Britain. [1917.] Chinese migrations, with special reference to labor conditions. [1923.] Industrial relations in the West Coast lumber industry. [1923.] Labor relations in the Fairmont (W. Va.) bituminous-coal field. [1924.] Postwar labor conditions in Germany. [1925.] Works council movement in Germany. [1925.] Labor conditions in the shoe industry in Massachusetts, 1920-1924. Labor relations in the lace and lace-curtain industries in the United States. Labor conditions in the Territory of Hawaii, 1929-1930. [1925. Labor laws o f the United States (including decisions o f courts relating to labor) No. No. No. No. No. No. •No. No. 211. 229. 285. 321. 343. 370. 408. 548. Labor laws and their administration in the Pacific States. [1917.] Wage payment legislation in the United States. [1917.] Minimum wage laws of the United States: Construction and operation. [1921.] Labor laws that have been declared unconstitutional. [1922.] Laws providing for bureaus of labor statistics, etc. [1923.] Labor laws of the United States with decisions of courts relating thereto. [1925.] Laws relating to payment of wages. [1926.] Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1929-1930. N o. 552. Labor legislation, 1930. Proceedings o f annual conventions o f the Association o f Governmental Officials in Industry o f the United States and Canada. (Name changed In 1928 from Association o f Governmental Labor Officials o f the United States and Canada.) ♦No. 266. No. 307. ♦No. 323. ♦No. 352. ♦No. 389. ♦No. 411. ♦No. 429. ♦No. 455. ♦No. 480. No. 508. No. 530. No. 563. No. 577. Seventh, Seattle, Wash., July 12-15,1920. Eighth, New Orleans, La., May 2-6,1921. Ninth, Harrisburg, Pa., May 22-26, 1922. Tenth, Richmond, Va., May 1-4,1923. Eleventh, Chicago, 111., May 19-23,1924. Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 13-15,1925. Thirteenth, Columbus, Ohio, June 7-10,1926. Fourteenth, Paterson, N. J., May 31 to June 3, 1927. Fifteenth, New Orleans, La., May 21-24, 1928. Sixteenth, Toronto, Canada, June 4-7,1929. Seventeenth, Louisville, Ky., May 20-23,1930. Eighteenth, Boston, Mass., May 18-22,1931. Nineteenth, Columbus, Ohio, September 26-29,1932. Proceedings o f annual meetings o f the International Association o f Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. No. 210. No. 248. No. 264. ♦No. 273. No. 281. No. 304. No. 333. •No. 359. No. 385. No. 395. No. 406. No. 432. No. 456. •No. 485. No. 511. No. 536. No. 564. Third, Columbus, Ohio, April 25-28,1916. Fourth, Boston, Mass., August 21-25,1917. Fifth, Madison, Wis., September 24r-27,1918. Sixth, Toronto, Canada, September 23-26,1919. Seventh, San Francisco, Calif., September 20-24,1920. Eighth, Chicago, 111., September 19-23,1921. Ninth, Baltimore, M d., October 9-13,1922. Tenth, St. Paul, Minn., September 24-26,1923. Eleventh, Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 26-28,1924. Index to proceedings, 1914-1924. Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 17-20,1925. Thirteenth, Hartford, Conn., September 14-17,1926. Fourteenth, Atlanta, Ga., September 27-29,1927. Fifteenth, Paterson, N. J., September 11-14,1928. Sixteenth, Buffalo, N. Y., October 8-11,1929. Seventeenth, Wilmington, Del., September 22-26,1930. Eighteenth, Richmond, Va., October 5-8,1931. Proceedings o f annual meetings o f the International Association o f Public Employment Services. No. 192. First, Chicago, December 19 and 20,1913; second, Indianapolis, September 24 and 25,1914; third, Detroit, July 1 and 2,1915. ♦No. 220. Fourth, Buffalo, N. Y., July 20 and 21,1916. No. 311. Ninth, Buffalo, N. Y ., September 7-9,1921. No. 337. Tenth, Washington, D. C., September 11-13, 1922. (H) Proceedings o f annual meetings o f the International Association o f Public Employment Services— Con. Commissions— Continued. No. No. No: No. No. No. 355. 400. 414. 478. 501. 538. Eleventh, Toronto, Canada, September 4-7, 1923. Twelfth Chicago, 111., May 19-23,1924. Thirteenth, Rochester, N. Y., September 15-17, 1925. Fifteenth, Detroit, Mich., October 26-28,1927. Sixteenth, Cleveland, Ohio, September 18-21, 1928. Seventeenth, Philadelphia, September 24-27, 1929; eighteenth, Toronto, Canada, Sep tember 9-12, 1930. Productivity o f labor. No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.] No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923. No. 407. Labor cost of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry. [1926.] ♦No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925. No. 441. Productivity of labor in the glass industry. [ 1927.] No. 474. Productivity of labor in merchant blast furnaces. [1928.] No. 475. Productivity of labor in newspaper printing. 11929.] No. 550. Cargo handling and longshore labor conditions. 11932.] Retail prices and cost o f living. ♦No. 121. ♦No. 130. ♦No. 164. No. 170. No. 357. No. 369. No. 495. Safety codes. No. 336. No. 350. ♦No. 351. No. 375. ♦No. 382. No. 410. ♦No. 430. No. 447. No. 451. No. 463. No. 509. No. 512. No. 519. No. 527. No. 556. No. 562. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. [1913.] Wheat and flour prices, from fanner to consumer. [1913.] Butter prices, from producer to consumer. 11914.1 Foreign food prices as affected by the war. [1915.J Cost of living in the United States. [1924.] The use of cost-of-living figures in wage adjustments [1925.] Retail prices, 1890 to 1928. Safety code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries. Rules governing the approval of headlighting devices for motor vehicles. Safety code for the construction, care, and use of ladders. Safety code for laundry machinery and operations. Code of lighting school buildings. Safety code for paper and pulp mills. Safety code for power presses and foot and hand presses. Safety code for rubber mills and calendars. Safety code for forging and hot-metal stamping. Safety code for mechanical power-transmission apparatus—first revision. Textile safety code. Code for identification of gas-mask canisters. Safety code for woodworking plants, as revised 1930. Safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels, as revised 1930. Code of lighting: Factories, mills, and other work places. (Revision of 1930.) Safety codes for the prevention of dust explosions. Vocational and workers’ education. ♦No. 159. ♦No. 162. ♦No. 199. No. 271 No. 459. Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory schoo Jexperiment. 11915.] Vocational education survey of Richmond, Va. [1915.] Vocational education survey of Minneapolis, Minn. [1917.] Adult working-class education in Great Britain and the United States. [1920.] Apprenticeship in building construction. [1928.] Wages and hours o f labor. ♦No. 146. Wages and regularity of employment and standardization of piece rates in the dress and waist industry of New York City. [1914.] Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry. [1914.] Wages and hours of labor in the clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1907 to 1913. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1914. Street-railway employment in the United States. [1917.] Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1915: With a glossary of occupations. ♦No. 225. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1915. No. 265. Industrial survey in selected industries in the United States, 1919. No. 297. Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry, 1920. No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. 11924.] No. 358 Wages and hours of labor in the automobile-tire industry, 1923. No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923. No. 365. Wages and hours of labor in the paper and pulp industry. 1923. No. 407. Labor cost of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry. [1926.] ♦No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925. No. 416. Hours and earnings in anthracite and bituminous coal mining, 1922 and 1924. No. 484. Wages and hours of labor of common street laborers, 1928. No. 499. History of wages in the United States from colonial times to 1928. No. 502. Wages and hours of labor in the motor-vehicle industry, 1928. No. 504. Wages and hours of labor in the hosiery and underwear industries, 1907 to 1928. No. 514. Pennsylvania Railroad wage data. From Report of Joint Fact Finding Committee in the wage negotiations in 1927. No. 516. Hours and earnings in bituminous-coal mining, 1929. No. 523. Hours and earnings in the manufacture of airplanes and aircraft engines, 1929. No. 525. Wages and hours of labor in the Portland cement industry, 1929. No. 532. Wages and hours of Jabor in the cigarette manufacturing industry, 1930. No. 533. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1930. No. 534. Labor conditions in the Territory of Hawaii, 1929-1930. No. 537. Wages and hours of labor in the dyeing and finishing of textiles, 1930. No. 539. Wages and hours of labor in cotton-goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1930. No. 546. Wages and hours in rayon and other synthetic textile manufacturing, 1930. No. 547. Wages and hours of labor in the cane-sugar refining industry, 1930. No. 557. Wages and hours of labor in the men’s clothing industry, 1911 to 1930. No. 560. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber industry in the United States, 1930. No. 566. Union scales of wages and hours of labor, May 15,1931. No. 567. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1931. ♦No. 147. No. 161. No. 163. ♦No. 190. No. 204. No. 218. (H I) Wages and hours of labor—Continued. No. 668. No. 570. No. 571. No. 573. No. 575. No. 576. No. 578. No. 579. Wages and hours of labor in the manufacture of silk and rayon Koods, 1931. Wages and hours of labor in foundry and machine shops, 193J. Wages and hours of labor in the furniture industry, 1910 to 1931. Wage?, and hours of labor in metalliferous mines, 1924 and 1931. Wages and hours of labor in air transportation, 1931. Wages and hours of labor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, 1931. Wages and hours of labor in gasoline-filling stations and motor-vehicle repair garages, 1981. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1910 to 1932. Welfare work. ♦No. 123. No. 222. *No. 250. No. 458. Employers’ welfare work. [1913.] Welfare work in British munition factories. [1917.] Welfare work for employees in industrial establishments in the United States. Health and recreation activities in industrial establishments, 1&26. [1919.] W holesale prices. *No. 284. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries. No. 453. Revised index numbers of wholesale prices, 1923 to July, 1927. No. 572. Wholesale prices, 1931. [1921.] W omen and children In industry. ♦No. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected industries in the District of Columbia. [1913.] ♦No. 117. Prohibition of night work of young persons. [1913.] ♦No. 118. Ten-hour maximum working-day for women and young persons. [1913.] No. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin. [1913.] ♦No. 122. Employment of women in power laundries in Milwaukee. [1913.] ♦No. 160. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments and garment factories. [1914.] ♦No. 167. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries. [1915.] ♦No. 175. Summary of the report on condition of woman and child wage earners in the United States. [1915.] ♦No. 176. Effect of minimum-wage determinations in Oregon. [1915.] ♦No. 180. The boot and shoe industry in Massachusetts as a vocation for women. [1915.] ♦No. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail st ores of Boston, Mass. [1916.] No. 193. Dressmaking as a trade for women in Massachusetts. [1916.] No. 215. Industrial experience of trade-school girls in Massachusetts. [J917.] ♦No. 217. Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in diminishing the necessity of industrial employ ment of women and children. [1917.] ♦No. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Great Britain during the war. [1917.] No. 253. Women in the lead industries. [1919.] No. 467. Minimum wage legislation in various countries. [1928.] No. 558. Labor conditions of women and children in Japan. [1931.] W orkm en's insurance and compensation (including laws relating thereto). ♦No. ♦No. ♦No. No. ♦No. •No. 101. 102. 103. 107. 165. 212. ♦No. 243. No. 301. No. 312. No. 379. No. 477. No. 496. No. 529. Care of tubeiculous wage earners in Germany. 11912.] British national insurance act, 1911. Sickness and accident insurance law in Switzerland. [1912.] Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany. [1913.] Compensation for accidents to employees of the United States. [1914.] Proceedings of the conference on social insurance called by thw International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Washington, D. C., December 5-9,1916. Workmen’s compensation legislation in the United States and foreign countries, 1917and 1918. Comparison of workmen’s compensation insurance and administration. [1922.] National health insurance in Great Britain, 1911 to 1921. Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws of the United States as of January 1,1925. Public-service retirement systems. United States and Europe. [1929.] Workmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada as of January 1,1929. (With text of legislation enacted in 1927 and 1928.) Workmen’s compensation legislation of the Latin American countries. [1930.] Miscellaneous series. ♦No. 174. Subject index of the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to May 1,1915. No. 208. Profit sharing in the United States. [1916.] No. 242. Food situation in central Europe, 1917. No. 254. International labor legislation and the society of nations. [1919.] No. 268. Historical survey of international action affecting labor. [1920.1 No. 282. Mutual relief associations among Government employees in Washington, D . C. [1921.] No. 319. The Bureau of Labor Statistics: Its history, activities, and organization. [1922.] No. 326. Methods of procuring and computing statistical information of the Bureau of Labor Statis tics. 11923.] No. 342. International Seamen’s Union of America: A study of its history and problems. [1923.] No. 346. Humanity in government. [1923.] No. 372. Convict labor in 1923. No. 386. Cost of American almshouses. 11925.] No. 398. Growth of legal-aid work in the United States. [1926.] No. 401. Family allowances in foreign countries. [1926.] No. 461. Labor organizations in Chile. [1928.] No. 462. Park recreation areas in the United States. [1928.] No. 465. Beneficial activities of American trade-unions. [1928.] No. 479. Activities and functions of a State department of labor. [1928. No. 483. Conditions in the shoe industry in Haverhill, Mass., 1928. No. 489. Care of aged persons in United States. 11929.] No. 505. Director of homes for the aged in the United States. 11929.] No. 506. Handbook of American trade-unions. 1929 edition. No. 518. Personnel research agencies: 1930 edition. No. 541. Handbook of labor statistics: 1931 edition. No. 558. Labor conditions of women and children in Japan. [1931.] No. 561. Public old-age pensions and insurance in the United States and foreign countries. [1932.] No. 565. Park recreation areas in the United States, 1930. (IV)