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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
FRANCES PERKINS, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
CHARLES E. BALDWIN, Acting: Com m issioner

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES!
BUREAU OF LA B O R S T A T IS T IC S /
WAGES

AND

HOURS

OF

AT

CCA

• • • • fl|0 # DOU
LABOR

SERIES

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR
IN THE BAKERY INDUSTRY—
BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS:
1931

MAY 1933

UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1933

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C.




-

-

-

-

Price 10 cents




Contents
Average hours and earnings, 1931:
By occupation____________________________________________________
By department, sex, and city______________________________________
By department and State_________________________________________
Classified earnings per hour, 1931, by occupation_______________________
Regular full-time hours per week, 1931_________________________________
Changes in full-time hours since July 1, 1929___________________________
Changes in wage rates since July 1, 1929_______________________________
Pay for overtime and for extra work on Sunday and holidays, 1931_____
Bonus systems________________________________________________________
Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls, 1923 to 1931___________
Importance of the industry____________________________________________
Scope and method_____________________________________________________
Occupations___________________________________________________________
General tables:
T a b l e A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked,
average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average
earnings per hour, and percent of full time worked, 1931, by de­
partment, occupation, sex, and city______________________________
T a b l e B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in four specified
occupations in bread department, 1931, by city__________________
T a b l e C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in four
specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city_________
T a b l e D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week
in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city—
T a b l e E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in four
specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city_________
A p p e n d i x .— Bakery terms of occupations, with definitions, and classifica­
tion by Bureau of Labor Statistics___________________________________




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14
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70
78
86
95




BULLETIN OF THE

US.BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
n o . 580

WASHINGTON

m a y 1933

WAGES AND HOURS OF LABOR IN THE BAKERY INDUSTRY—
BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS: 1931
The modem bakery produces bread, cakes and pastries, pies, or
crackers, or two or more of these products. The great majority
of the important establishments in the bakery industry in the United
States produce bread only. Others produce one or more of the
products. The most frequent combination is bread and cakes.
The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics made a study of the
bakery industry in 1931. The study covered 503 representative
bakenes in 89 cities in 38 States and the District of Columbia, and
28,447 wage earners in the 503 bread departments and 2,792 in the
228 cake departments of these bakeries. Data were collected by
the bureau from the records of the bakeries for a representative pay­
roll period mainly in September, October, or November. Part of
the bakeries were engaged in wholesale, part in retail, and others in
wholesale and retail trade. No figures are shown for the pie depart­
ment in this report, because of the very small proportion of the
bakeries studied that had such a department and because of this
departments minor importance in number of wage earners. No data
were collected from any establishments the product of which was pri­
marily cakes or crackers.

Average Hours and Earnings, 1931, by Occupation
Table 1 shows that wage earners in the bread department earned
an average of 54.8 cents per hour in 1931 and those in the cake depart­
ment earned an average of 39.9 cents per hour. Average full-time
hours per week in the bread department were 54.9 and m the cake
department 51.0. Average full-time earnings per week in the breaddepartment were $30.09 and in the cake department $20.35. The
higher earnings and longer hours in the bread department were due
to the inclusion in the figures for that department of all the “ driversalesmen.” Figures for them were included because practically
all of their working hours were consumed in the delivery and sale of
bread. Average full-time hours per week of driver-salesmen (58.9)
were 6.1 hours per week more than in any other occupation in the
bread department and 6.8 more than in any in the cake department.
Their average of 56.2 cents per hour was the same as the average for
dividers or scalers and rounders and higher than that of any other
occupation except mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, and oven
men m the bread department and cake makers in the cake department.
Bread department.— The average of 58.9 full-time hours per week
(shown in Table 1) for driver-salesmen is more and of 51.0 for bench
hands or hand bakers is less than the average for males in any other
occupation in this department except apprentices. The average of




1

I

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

50.6 for wrappers is more and of 49.1 for helpers is less than the
average for females in any other occupation.
The average of 68.2 cents per hour for oven men is more and of
38.3 cents for wrappers is less than the average for males in any other
occupation in the bread department except apprentices. The average
of 32.3 cents per hour for packers is more and of 27.7 cents for laborers
is less than the average for females in any other occupation in the
department except the group of “ other employees,” the average for
this group being 32.6 cents per hour.
The average full-time earnings of $34.95 per week for mixers are
greater and of $20.22 for wrappers are less than the average for males
m any other occupation in the department except apprentices and the
group of other employees. Apprentices averaged $18.21 and other
employees $35.18 per week. The average of $16.18 for packers is
more and of $13.91 for laborers is less than the average for females
in any other occupation in the department except; the group of other
employees, the average for this group being $16.17 per week.
Cake department.— Figures similar to those for the bread depart­
ment are also shown in Table 1 for the cake department in 228
bakeries in 76 cities. There was no cake department in 275 of the
503 bakeries nor in 13 of the 89 cities covered in this report. Males
were employed in this department in 227 of the 228 bakeries and
females in 143. The wage earners in the cake department of 86
bakeries were all males and in 1 were all females. The number em­
ployed was 1,552 males, 1,240 females, or a total of 2,792.
T able

1.— Average hours and earnings, 1931, by department, occupation, and sex
Department, occupation, and sex

Average Average Average
Number Number full-time
earnings full-time
of estab­ of wage
per per
earnings
lishments earners hours
hour per
week
week

Bread department:
Receiving clerks, m^ift________________________
308
482
Mixers, male________________________________
398
Bench rmnrk or hand bakers, male. _ _________
377
Dividers or scalers and rounders, male_________
333
Molders, male_______________________________
468
Oven men______________________________ ____
457
Helpers, male. ____________________ ________
17
Helpers, fem ale.______ _____________________
388
Laborers, male
__________________________
22
Laborers, female_____________________________
372
Wrappers, male_________________________ ____
64
Wrappers, female__________ ____ ___ ________ 355
Packers, male____________________ _____ -........
19
Packers, female___________________ _____ _____
477
Driver-salesmen _____________________ _______
70
Apprentices, male___________________________
425
Other employees, male_______________________
56
Other employees, female
- - _____________
All occupations:
503
Male__________________________________
137
Female________ ______________________
503
Male and female_______________________
1------------Cake department:
226
Cake makers, male___________________________
5
Cake makers, female_________________________
107
Oven men_______ ____________________ ______
71
Finishers, male......................................................
98
Finishers, female____________________________
136
Helpers, male__ _____________________________
22
Helpers, faTn^ia______________________________
50
Wrappers and packers, m a le .________________
109
Wrappers and packers, female_________________
All occupations:
Male
.................................................... .
Female ______________________________
TVTftlft ft.nr| female__ . . . . . . . ______________




227
143
228

376
1,027
2,046
740
675
1,368
2,789
65
1,534 !
46
1,321
274
1,600
76
11,844 :
168 1
2,368
130

52.8
51.7
51.0
51.7
51.8
51.2
52.0
49.1
52.8
50.2
52.8
50.6
52.5
50.1
58.9
50.3
52.5
49.6

$0,557
.676
.659
.562
.538
.682
.431
.296
.411
.277
.383
.283
.483
.323
.562
.362
.670
.326

$29.41
34.95
33.61
29.06
27.87
34.92
22.41
14.53
21.70
13.91
20.22
14.32
25.36
16.18
33.10
18.21
35.18
16.17

27,856
591
28,447

55.0
50.1
54.9

.553
.298
.548

30.42
14.93
30.09

714
21
171
166
460
375
68
126
691

51.9
51.4
52.0
50.6
50.0
51.9
50.9
52.1
50.1

.578
.257
.535
.447
.272
.346
.272
.366
.278

30.00
13.21
27.82
22.62
13.60
17.96
13.84
19.07
13.93

1,552
1,240
2,792

51.8
50.1
51.0

.486
.275
.399

25.17
13.78
20.35

AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1931

3

In the various occupations the average full-time hours per week of
males range from 50.6 for finishers to 52.1 for wrappers and packers;
while those of females range from 50.0 for finishers to 51.4 for cake
makers. Average earnings per hour of males range from 34.6 cents
for helpers to 57.8 cents for cake makers; while those of females
range from 25.7 cents for cake makers to 27.8 cents for wrappers
and packers. Average full-time earnings per week of males range
from $17.96 for helpers to $30 for cake makers; and those of females
range from $13.21 for cake makers to $13.84 for helpers.

Average Hours and Earnings, 1931, by Department, Sex,
and City
Average hours and earnings for each of the cities covered in this
report are presented in Table 2 for all of the wage earners who were
included in the bread department in each city in 1931, and also for
those in the cake department in each city. The averages for each
city are for each sex separately and also for both sexes combined.
Bread department.— As already stated, all of the 503 bakeries in­
cluded in the survey had a bread department. Males were employed
in this department in all of the 503 bakeries, but females were em­
ployed in only 137. The total number of employees was 28,447—
27,856 males and 591 females. The full-time hours per week of
males averaged 55.0, those of females 50.1, and those of both sexes
together 54.9. Males earned an average of 55.3 cents per hour,
females 29.8 cents, and both sexes combined 54.8 cents. The full­
time earnings per week of males averaged $30.42, those of females
$14.93, and those of both sexes combined $30.09.
The average full-time hours per week of males ranged in the various
cities from 48.0 for the city with the lowest to 66.0 for the one with
the highest average hours per week, while those of females ranged
from 40.0 to 55.0. Averages for both sexes combined ranged from
48.0 to 66.0.
The average earnings per hour of males ranged by cities from 27.5
to 88.9 cents, those of females from 13.3 cents to 47.2 cents, and those
of both sexes combined from 27.5 to 87.7 cents.
The average full-time earnings per week of males ranged by cities
from $16.83 to $42.67, those of females from $7.20 to $22.67, and those
of both sexes combined from $16.83 to $42.10.
Cake department.— Average full-time hours per week of males ranged
in the various cities from 46.4 to 64.0, those of females from 40.0 to
62.0, and those of both sexes combined from 46.6 to 64.0. The full­
time hours per week of males in all cities combined averaged 51.8,
those of females 50.1, and those of both sexes combined 51.0.
The average earnings per hour of males ranged by cities from 25.4
to 83.0 cents, those of females from 12.4 to 48.1 cents, and those of
both sexes combined from 23.2 to 63.8 cents per hour. Males in all
cities combined earned an average of 48.6 cents, females 27.5 cents,
and both sexes combined 39.9 cents per hour.
The full-time earnings per week of males ranged by cities from
$15.04 to $39.84, those of females from $7.16 to $23.10, and those of
both sexes combined from $11.92 to $33.50. The full-time earnings
per week of males in all cities combined averaged $25.17, those of
females averaged $13.78, and those of both sexes combined $20.35.




T a b l e 2 . — Average

hours and earnings, 1981, by department, sex, and city
BREAD DEPARTMENT

City

2
1
2
1
5

2

1

3
4
5
6
3
9
4
4
4
5

7
5

5
3
3

1
4
1
1
4
1
2
3
2
1
1

5

6
3
9
4
4
4
5

7
5
5

3
3

-

299
234
753
185
(0
10
627
234
17
662
2
93
74
120
4
121
52
2,109
27
489
62
987
5
97
257
0)
35
2
201
15
390
14
290
52
822
13
138
2
153
6
145
1
55
1
37
o
22
237
191
3
208
0)
91
384
16
134
73
86
0)
159
4
810
20
242
4
107
0)
85
162
6

Male
52.8
60.8
55.9
60.1
53.5
54.3
57.1
56.4
53.8
55.5
56.7
55.1
51.7
56.3
54.9
58.2
49.2
63.0
51.9
57.0
55.3
55.7
57.7
51.7
54.3
62.1
59.2
53.3
66.0
57.5
59.1
58.4
54.0
58.0
58.3
55.0
56.9
52.7
54.2
60.7

Female
48.0
40.0
53.8
0)
47.4
47."§"
55.0
44.0
50.0
49.8
48.4
50.4
0)
51.0
48.0
49.7
53.1
53.1
52.5
50.0

(l)

54.0
54.0

0)

49.6
0)

54.0
48.0
49.0

0)

54.0

Both
sexes
52.8
59.9
55.9
60.1
53.4
54.3
56.8
56.4
53.8
55.5
56.3
55.4
51.6
55.8
54.7
58.1
49.2
62.9
51.8
56.6
55.2
55.5
57.6
50.6
54.3
oi. y
58.7
53.3
66.0
57.5
58.7
58.4
54.0
57.9
58.1
54.9
56.7
52.6
54.2
60.5

Male

Female

$0,581
$0,292
.338
.286
.489
.293
.359
0)
.523
.330
.562
.585 ’ ” ’ ."295"
.425
.182
.353
.384
.398
.273
.314
.720
.592
.264
.550
.329
.326
.175
.472
0)
.619
.425
.418
.551
.258
.244
.422
.319
.586
.267
.450
.302
.446
.257
.490
.430
.315
.464
.238
.241
.571
.385
0)
.485
.495
.335
.364
.424
.378
0)
.222
.405
.381
.560
.465
.255
.595
0)
.491
.422
.259"

Both
sexes

Male

$0,579
.336
.484
.359
.520
.562
.579
.419
.353
.384
.395
.711
.576
.539
.318
.472
.619
.425
.541
.415
.571
.434
.444
.481
.430
. 312
.447
.565
.399
.485
.490
.364
.424
.379
.400
.556
.462
.593
.491
.416

$30.68
20.55
27.34
21.58
27.98
30.52
33.40
23.95
19.01
21.31
22.57
39.67
30.61
30.97
17.90
27.47
30.45
26.78
28.60
24.05
32.41
25.07
25.73
25.33
23.35
18.50
27.47
30.43
25.41
27.89
29.25
21.26
23.00
21.92
23.61
30.80
26.46
31.36
26.61
25.62

Female
$14.00
11.44
15.79
0)
15.64
13.95"
10.00
12.00*
15.70
13.15
15.92
8.80
0)
21.32
12.38
12.14
16.94
14.15
15.86
12.85
(v

12.85
13.00
0)

16.62"
0)

12.00
18.29
12.50
0)

14.00

Both
sexes
$30.57
20.13
27.06
21.58
27.77
30.52
32.89
23.65
19.01
21.31
22.24
39.39
29.72
30.08
17.39
27.42
30.45
26.73
28.02
23.49
31.52
24.09
25.57
24.82
23.35
26! 24
30.11
26.33
27.89
28.76
21.26
23.00
21.92
23.24
30.52
26.20
31.19
26.61
25.17

DEPARTMENTS

4

2
10
19

Total

CAKE

2
3
3
4
2
2
3

297
224
734
184
617
234
645
91
74
120
117
2,057
462
925
92
256
35
199
375
276
770
125
151
139
55
36
215
188
205
91
•368
134
73
85
155
790
238
106
85
156

Female

AND

1
8
2
9
2
1

5
4
10
5
10
5
4
4
4
4
4
28
6
10
6
5
2
5
6
6
6
4
5
6
4
3
4

Male

HOURS— BREAD




5
4
10
5
10
5
4
4
4
4
4
28
6
10
6
5
2
5
6
6
6
4
5
6

Total

Average full-time hours per Average earnings per hour Average full-time earnings
per week
week

AND

Albany, N. Y _______ _____ ________
Atlanta, Ga______________________
Baltimore, M d ____________________
Birmingham, Ala_________________
Boston, Mass_____________________
Bridgeport, Conn
_ . ........... „ „
Buffalo, N. Y .....................................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa_______________
Charleston, S. C_____
Charlotte, N. C ____ __________
Chattanooga, Tenn________________
Chicago, 111_____ _________________
Cincinnati, Ohio__________________
Cleveland, O h io __________________
Columbia, S. C___________________
Columbus, Ohio___________________
Covington, K y
_ _ ______
Dallas, Tex _ _____________________
Denver, C o l o .____________________
Des Moines, Iowa_________________
Detroit, Mich ___________________
Dulllth, Mini?,.
r i. ,
Erie, P a __ _____ _________________
Evansville, Ind___________________
P jii River Ms®*
Fort Smith, Ark.................. ..............
Grand Rapids, M ich______________
Hartford, Conn___________________
Houston, Tex_ __________________
Huntington, W. Va ____________
Indianapolis, I n d . ________________
Jacksonville, Fla
_______________
Lewiston and Auburn, M e_________
Lincoln, Nebr____________________
Little Rock, Ark
______________
Los Angeles, C a l i f _- ____________
Louisville, K y
_______________
Madison, Wis
_______________
Manchester, N. H _- ____________Memphis. Tenn___________________

Employ- Employ­
ing fe­
males
males

Number of wage earners

WAGES

Number of establish­
ments

2
6
1
2
2
1
1
1
3
1
4
3
1
1
1
1
1

1
2
2
1

1
2

1
5
137

1 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total*




54.0
48.0
48.0
0)
47.5
0)
50.0
48.0
53.7'
52.8
0)
h
0)
48.0
0)
49.3
C1)
48.0
48.0
0)
0
0)
48.0
48.0
0)

P)
52.5

(1)
48.8 i
50.1 1

60.0
55.3
55.8
60.0
56.8
57.8
52.6
51.6
51.4
55.8
53.9
59.0
54.7
56.1
57.3
54.7
53.6
51.7
50.7
54.3
50.2
56.1
55.5
55.6
51.0
56.3
60.4
53.9
48.0
61.2
52.8
48.7
56.7
54.1
53.1
51.0
53.0
50.2
56.9
52.6
52.2
59.6
53.2
52.8
56.7
55.9
59. 2
56.6
57.8
54.9

.378
.506
.453
.346
.468
.343
.610
.425
.693
.478
.515
.490
.472
.518
.452
.518
.526
.468
.603
.543
.498
.491
.363
.469
.693
.562
.594
.489
.889
.275
.556
.843
.378
.556
.489
.741
.587
.755
.332
.561
.561
.445
.735
.504
.395
.490
. 339
.513
.472
.553

.376
.2719
.133
.321
.242
(9
.189
(9
.386
.285
.264
.254
h
0)
.264
(*)
.318
0)
.472
.221
0)
0
0)
.283
.354
0)

0)
.311

0)
.315
.298

.378
.505
.435
.346
.468
.339
.608
.423
.693
.467
.513
.490
.471
.518
.449
.518
.522
.460
.601
.542
.498
.488
.363
.463
.688
.562
.592
.488
.877
.275
.554
.842
.376
.556
.478
.741
.581
.741
.331
.561
.561
.445
.734
.499
.395
. 490
.339
.512
.462
.548

22.68
17."oo"
28.08
14.45
25.55
20.76
26.58
19.86
7.20
15.41
32.15
21.98
11.60
35.62
0)
9.00
26.86
27.81
0)
28.91
25.87
19.30
29.06
25.99 " " l i ’ 67‘
28.33
28.19
ii'is "
24.15
13.40
30.63
V)
29.54
0)
25.00
27.55
0)
20.15
26.22 " "12. 67*
35.41
0)
31.64
36.00
15.68
26.36
0)
22.67
42.67
16.83
29.38
ia e i
41.05
0)
21.47
0)
30.08
25.92 ~~T)
37.79
31.17
13.56
37.98
17.00
18.89
(»)
29.51
29.28
26.52
39.10
0)
26.61
16.33
22.40
27.39
20.07
29.09
0)
27.61
15.37
30.42
14. 93

22.68
27.93
24.27
20.76
26.58
19.59
31.98
21.83
35.62
26.06
27.65
28.91
25.76
29.06
25.73
28.33
27.98
23.78
30.47
29.43
25.00
27.38
20.15
25.74
35.09
31.64
35.76
26.30
42.10
16.83
29.25
41.01
21.32
30.08
25.38
37.79
30.79
37.20
18.83
29.51
29.28
26.52
39.05
26.35
22.40
27.39
20.07
28.98
26.70
30.09

EARNINGS, 1931

1
1
1

45.2
51.8

AND

6
1
3

ea o
55.5
56.4
60.0
56.8
57.9
52.7
51.7
51.4
56.2
54.0
59.0
54.8
56.1
57.5
54.7 _
53.6
51.6
50.8
54.4
50.2
56.1
55.5
55.9
51.1
56.3
60.6
53.9
48.0
61.2
52.8
48.7
56.8
54.1
53.0
51.0
53.1
50.3
56.9
52.6
52.2
59.6
53.2
52.8
56.7
55.9
59.2
56.7
58.5
55.0

HOURS

4
7
7
4
4
4
10
11
30
4
2
5
4
4
4
15
12
4
5
6
3
4
4
3
2
5
11
4
5
4
4
6
5
5
4
3
6
4
4
2
5
4
6
2
4
4
4
5
6
503

AVERAGE

Miami, Fla.................
Milwaukee, Wis.........
Minneapolis, Minn__
Mobile, Ala................
Nashua, N. H ............
Nashville, Tenn.........
Newark, N. J.............
New Orleans, La.......
New York, N. Y ........
Norfolk, V a ...............
Ogden, Utah..............
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Omaha, Nebr.............
Pawtucket, R. I-.......
Peoria, HI...................
Philadelphia, Pa____
Pittsburgh, Pa...........
Portland, Me..............
Portland Oreg...........
Providence, R. I........
Pueblo, Colo..............
Richmond, Va............
Roanoke, V a..............
Rockford, 111-............
Sacramento, Calif___
St. Joseph, M o ...........
St. Louis, M o .............
Salt Lake City, Utah.
San Francisco, Calif..
Savannah, Ga_______
Scranton, Pa......... .
Seattle, Wash.............
Shreveport, La...........
Sioux City, Iowa........
South Bend, Ind........
Spokane, Wash..........
Syracuse, N. Y ...........
Tacoma, Wash...........
Tampa, Fla................
Topeka, Kans....... .
Trenton, N. J.............
Tulsa, Okla................
Washington, D. C___
Wheeling, W. Va.......
Wichita, Kans............
Wilmington, Del........
Winston-Salem, N. C.
Worcester, Mass_____
Youngstown, Ohio___
Total_________

©1

T a b le

2.— Average hours and earnings, 1981, by department, sea;, and city— Continued
CAKE DEPARTMENT

■sr 1

'.v

==:--- -

" 1 . .-

.....- .—
Number of establish­
ments

Number of wage earners

Average full-time hours per Average earnings per hour Average full-time earnings
week
per week

City
Employ­ Employ­
ing
ing fe­
males
males
Albany, N. Y ......................................
Atlanta, Qa.........................................
Baltimore, M d ....................................
Birmingham, Ala................................
Boston, Mass................................... .
Bridgeport, Conn................................
Buffalo, N. Y ....................................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa............................
Charleston, S. C.............................. .
Charlotte, N. C ...................................
Chattanooga, Tenn.............................
Chicago, 111..........................................
Cincinnati, Ohio.................................
Cleveland, Ohio..................................
Columbus, Ohio.................................
Covington, K y ....................................
Dallas, Tex..........................................
Denver, Colo.......................................
Detroit, M ich....................................
Duluth, Minn.....................................
Erie, Pa................................................
Evansville, Tnd
..............
Fall River, Mass.................................
Fort Smith. Ark................................ .
Grand Rapids, M ich..........................
Hartford, Conn...................................
Houston, Tex......................................
Huntington, W. Va.................. ..........
Indianapolis, Ind................................
Jacksonville, Fla...............................
Lewiston and Auburn, M e ..............
Lincoln, Nebr................... .................
Little Rock, Ark.................................
Los Angeles, Calif..............................
Louisville, K y.....................................
Madison, Wis______ ______________
Memphis, Tenn.................................. .




3
3
6
2
6
4
2
1
2
3
1
6
3
8
3
2
1
3
3
3
4
3
2
1
3
1
3
1
6
1
1
4
4
2
3
2
2

4
3
5
2
6
2
1
2
3
1
7
2
1
1
3
2
3
2
1
3
i
5
1
2
3
2
2
2

Total

3
3
6
2
6
4
2
1
2
3
1
6
3
8
3
2
1
3
3
3
4
3
2
1
3
1
3
1
6
1
1
4
4
2
3
2
2

Male

28
20
39
5
49
26
29
13
4
17
4
60
24
68
16
7
6
38
44
3
9
13
11
3
15
5
10
0)
(i)

Female

22
12
37
6
49
15
3
19
67
20
95
6
0)

17
31
41
11
7
9
19
17

59

85

6
13
7
19
21
3
12

6
10
20
20
6
16

Total

50
32
76
11
98
26
44
13
7
36
4
127
44
163
22
9
23
69
85
14
16
13
11
12
34
5
27
2
144
(i)
12
23
27
39
27
3
28

Male

Female

51.0
48.0
60.4
50.3
54.4
52.6
58.0
54.0
52.2
48.1
49.4
51.9 " " '4 4 .Y
52.3
54."0~
54.0
56.0
50.5
64.0
53.4
54.0
48.0
48.0
50.6
48.8
53.6
50.3
48.0
0)
51.0
54.0
46.7
46.5
50.9
54.0
48.0
48.0
53.1
55.3
48.0
49. 6
54.0
54.0
54.0
55.0
54.0
58.5
48."6"

0)

50.7
(!)
54.0
60.9
53.6
52.4
54.6
52.0
55.0

51.5
48.0
49.8
51.0
48.0
51.3
50.9"

Both
sexes
49.7
56.6
53.5
55.8
50.1
49.4
49.5
52.3
54.0
53.1
64.0
53.7
48.0
49.6
52.7
48.0
53.2
46.6
52.5
48.0
54.4
48.0
48.0
54.0
54.4
54.0
51.9
60. 0
51.2
(x)
51.0
56.1
51.7
50.2
53.9
52.0
52.6

Male

Female

Both
sexes

Male

Female

$0.516
.257
.432
.414
.516
.508
.531
.340
.456
.302
.254
.574
.574
.540
.448
.651
.557
.590
.663
.667
.524
.505

$0.312
.243
.270
.210
.308

$0,431
.253
.357
.306
.417
.508
.472
.340
.345
.261
.254
.431
.444
.420
.410
.576
.349
.439
.535
.368
.418
.505

$14.98
12.25
14.20
11.33
14.81

! 480
.408
.607
.452
(l)
.494
0)
.530
.409
.369
.633
.421
.635
.479

.171
.249

$26.31
15.55
23.50
24.00
26.94
25.10
27.56
17.77
24.63
16.91
16.25
30.65
27.55
27.32
24.01
31.23
28.41
27.55
35.80
32.00
28.98
24.24
°1 n9
25! 92
22.44
32.80
26.44
(i)
25.05
(i)
28.62
24.92
19.78
33.17
22.99
33.02
26! 35

.351
.198
.220
.283
.287
.312
.296
0)
.265
.256
.368
.286
.253

.258
.266
.306
.239
.262
.465
.216
.273

! 251
.339
.607
.346
. 558
.371
(i)
.423
.343
.295
.547
.390
.635
.364

15.72"
Io.67~
11.11
15.28
13.78
15.23
14.89
0)
14.31
11.90
18.73
13.73
13.43
9.23
13.45
12.38"
13.70"
"14.67"
11.90
13.36
22.32
11.08
13.90

Both
sexes
$21.42
14.31
19.10
17.09
20.89
25.10
23.36
17.77
18.64
13.86
16.25
23.14
21.31
20.83
21.61
27.63
18.57
20.46
28.09
17.64
22.74
24.24
?1 09
13.55
18.44
32.80
17.96
33.50
19.00

(l)

21.57
19.26
15.25
27.46
21.02
33 02
19.15

4
3
3
4

5
6
3
1
1
3

5
6
3
1
1
3

2

2

2

1
12
11
3

11
3

4
3
4
3
4

4
3
4
3
4

2

2

1

2

1

12

1

2

3
1
1
1

2
2

227

2

2

3
1
1
1

2
2

228

1,552

1,240

51.8

48.0
48.0

51.2
50.2
58.6
53.5
49.5
48.4
48.7
48.4
50.1
53.2
50.8
50.6
54.0
50.3
51.9
48.4
48.0
48.2
52.8
46.8
48.0
49.3
52.7
(i)
50.1
48.0
48.0
51.0
46.6
49.8
48.0
55.0
48.6
48.0
54.0
57.0
60.0
50.8
53.3

.457
.328
.486
.303
.260
.124
.327
.171
.560
.301
.435
.148
.643
.313
.494
.279
.409
.299
.455
.232
.386
.240
.528
.260
.428
.236
.450
.284
.423
.226
.522
.312
.545
.344
.567
.300
.373
.234
.420
.229
.608
.723
.276
.465
.240
(1)
.282
.212
.726
.481
.344
.510
.728
.435
.442
.268
.676
361
.391
.516
.830
.246
.394
.258
.303
.198
.304
.580 "“ ’ .’ 295"
.525
.313

50.1

51.0

.486

49.9
48.0
48.0
48.0
46.8
46.1
48.0
48.0
54.0
54.0

.275

.401
.382
.232
.238
.437
.374
.583
.438
.347
.297
.314
.383
.303
.418
.318
.420
.452
.499
.329
.377
.608
.504
.421

24.68
15.74
24.69
15.09
15.04
7.67
18.31
8.86
28.56
14.45
21.04
7.16
15.02
31.38
12.92
24.30
14.35
22.09
23.21
12.53
19.57
12.20
12.50
28.50
23.11
12.74
22.77
14.03
22.00
11.68
25.21
15.13
26.16
16.51
27.67
13.97
20.00
11.93
20.71
9.17
29.09
35.14 " ""13.77"
25.11
11.52

20.53
19.18
13.61
12.73
21.63
18.10
28.39
21.20
17.38
15.80
15.95
19.36
16.36
21.03
16.50
20.33
21.70
24.05
17.37
17.63
29 09
24^85
22.19

.238
.638
.344
.510
.628
.389
.589
.391
.516
.626
.288
.253
.304
.454
.419

15.23
34.83
16.50
26.00
33.78
22.81
32.45
21.50
25.10
39.84
21.28
18.15
18.25
31.32
31.50

10.18
23.10

14.16
15.04

11.92
30.64
16.50
26 00
29^26
19.37
28.27
21.50
25*. 10
30! 05
15.55
14.41
18 25
23.06
22.36

.399

25.17

13.78

20.35

0)

i1)

20.36
12.35
17.33
11.81
13,93
10.67

EARNINGS, 1931

2

3
3
5

48.0
49.8
62.0
51.8
48.0
48.4
48.0
46.3
48.0
54.0
50.8
48.0
54.0
49.4
51.7
48.5
48.0
46.5
51.0
40.0

AND

2
2

119

2

2
2
2

3
3
5

223

2

2
2

* For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




2

54.0
50.8
57.8
56.0
51.0
48.4
48.8
49.2
54.0
51.0
50.7
54.0
54.0
50.6
52.0
48.3
48.0
48.8
53.7
49.3
48.0
48.6
54.0
(i)
54.0
48.0
48.0
51.0
46.4
51.6
48.0
55.0
48.6
48.0
54.0
60.0
60.0
54.0
60.0

HOURS

Total.................

3
3
3
4

AVERAGE

Milwaukee, Wis.........
Minneapolis, Minn_._
Mobile, Ala................
Nashville, Tenn_____
Newark, N. J..............
New Orleans, La........
New York, N. Y ........
Norfolk, Va.................
Ogden, Utah...............
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Omaha, Nebr.......... .
Pawtucket, R. I.........
Peoria, 111....................
Philadelphia, Pa........
Pittsburgh, Pa...........
Portland, Me..............
Portland, Oreg...........
Providence, R. I........
Richmond, Va............
Roanoke, Va_.............
St. Joseph, M o...........
St. Louis, M o.............
Salt Lake City, Utah.
Savannah, Ga............
Scranton, Pa...............
Seattle, Wash.............
Shreveport, La...........
Sioux City, Iowa........
Spokane, Wash...........
Syracuse, N. Y ...........
Tacoma, Wash...........
Tampa, Fla................
Trenton, N. J.............
Washington, D. C___
Wheeling, W. Va____
Wichita, Kans............
Winston-Salem, N . C.
Worcester, Mass.........
Youngstown, Ohio._.

8

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

Average Hours and Earnings, 1931, by Department and State
Average full-time hours per week, earnings per hour, and full-time
earnings per week for each sex are presented in Table 3 for a com­
bination of the wage earners in all occupations found in the industry
in the cities covered in each State in 1931.
The averages in the table for the bread department are for 1 city
only in 3 States, for 1 in the District of Columbia, and for a com­
bination of 2 or more cities in 35 States. Those for the cake depart­
ment are for 1 city only in 7 States, for 1 in the District of Columbia,
and for a combination of 2 or more cities in 29 States.
T able 3. — Average hours and earnings, 1981, by department sex, and cities

in State
BREAD DEPARTM ENT

Cities covered in each State

Alabama: Birmingham and Mobile. _
Arkansas: Fort Smith and Little Rock.
California: Los Angeles, Sacramento,
and San Francisco............... ............
Colorado: Denver and Pueblo............
Connecticut: Bridgeport and Hartford
Delaware: Wilmington.......................
District of Columbia: Washington__
Florida: Jacksonville, Miami, and
Tampa_________________________ .
Georgia: Atlanta and Savannah.........
Illinois: Chicago, Peoria, and Rock­
ford........................ ......... .................
Indiana: Evansville, Indianapolis,
and South Bend.............................. .
Iowa: Cedar Rapids, Des Moines,
and Sioux City..................................
Kansas: Topeka and Wichita.............
Kentucky: Covington and Louisville.
Louisiana: New Orleans and Shreve­
port......................... ..........................
Maine: Lewiston and Auburn, and
Portland.............................................
Maryland: Baltimore..........- ..............
Massachusetts: Boston, Fall River,
and Worcester...................................
Michigan: Detroit and Grand Rapids.
Minnesota: Duluth and Minneapolis.
Missouri: St. Joseph and St. L ouis...
Nebraska: Lincoln and Omaha..........
New Hampshire: Manchester and
Nashua............. ................................
New Jersey: Newark and Trenton___
New York: Albany, Buffalo, New
York, and Syracuse..........................
North Carolina: Charlotte and Wins­
ton-Salem....................................... .
Ohio: Cincinnati, Cleveland, Colum­
bus, and Youngstown.......................
Oklahoma: Oklahoma City and
Tulsa......................... ........................
Oregon: Portland.................................
Pennsylvania: Erie, Philadelphia,
Pittsburgh, and Scranton.................
Rhode Island: Pawtucket and Provi­
dence................................... ..............
South Carolina: Charleston and Co­
lumbia...............................................
Tennessee: Chattanooga, Memphis,
and Nashville....................................
Texas: Dallas and Houston:...............
Utah: Ogden and Salt Lake City.......
Virginia: Norfolk, Richmond, and
Roanoke.......... ................................-




Number of Average full­ Average earn­ Average full­
Num­ wage earners time hours ings per hour time earnings
per week
per week
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments Male
Fe­
Fe­
Fe­
Fe­
male Male male Male male Male male
9
8

314
191

54
9
4
6

1,394
434
422
168
585

12
8

363
322

35

5

60.1
59.0

};0.354
$21.28
.388 $0.222 22.89

$11.99

48.0
48.0
54.0

.677
.544
.566
.490
.735

10

58.5
60.9 ‘ ‘ io.'o’

.359
.319

.286

21.00
19.43

11.44

2,290

58

55.7

49.8

.692

.310

38.54

15.44

20

562

24

56.7

50.1

.494

.300

28.01

15.03

15
6
7

521
208
273

16

50.4

4

56.0
55.3
55.9

49.6"

.461
11.89
.236 25.82
.450
24.89
.483 ’ ’ .’ 255' 27.00 " l i 's o

16

484

6

52.9

48.0

.413

.219

21.85

10.51

8
10

196
734

5
19

52.6
55.9

52.8
53.8

.451
.489

.254
.293

23.72
27.34

13.40
15.79

19
10
11
16
8

901
985
522
1,018
332

11
74
65
12
4

54.3
56.1
56.2
60.0
55.6

47.5
53.4
52.1
49.3
49.5

.514
.559
.453
.590
.447

.326
.296
.276
.318
.404

27.91
31.36
25.46
35.40
24.85

15.49
15.81
14.38
15.68
20.00

7
15

174
1,016

12

55.6
52.6

48.0

.479
.602

.321

26.63
31.67

15.41

45

3,722

29

52.7

47.6

.652

.292

34.36

13.90

8

198

27

1,829

9
5

351
284

36

3,664

10

411

10

35
15
3

52.2
51.7
53.9
55.9
53.2

54.0

57.0
106

55.6

.365
48.8

59.3
50.8
25

54.4

.415
.258
.241

.541

20.81
.311

.469
.603
52.9

55.0

.520

35.34
19.92
28.12
12.38
30.51 >13.00
27.39
39.10

30.08

15.18

27.81
30.63
.265

.533

28.29

14.02

29.32

10

166

5

54.4

50.4

.338

.175

18.39

8.80

11
11
6

398
404
224

13
3
2

58.6
64.5
53.9

50.9
50.0
48.0

.390
.404
.495

.232
.417
.324

22.85
26.06
26.68

11.81
20.85
15.55

12

409

8

56.0

48.8

.465

.190

26.04

9.27

9

AVERAGE HOURS AND EARNINGS, 1931

T able 3. — Average hours and earnings, 1931, by department, sex, and cities

in State— Continued
BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Cities covered in each State

Washington: Seattle, Spokane, and
Tamma
West Virginia: Huntington and
Wheeling................. ................ .........
Wisconsin: Madison and Milwaukee.

Number of Average full­ Average earn­ Average full­
N um­ wage earners time hours ings per hour time earnings
per week
per week
ber of
estab­
lish­
Fe­
ments Male Fe­
Fe­
Fe­
male Male male Male male Male male

13

482

4

49.6

48.0 $0,804 $0,359 $39.88

5
12

200
705

4
8

54.9
55.0

52.5
45.6

.495
.520

.311
.373

$17.23

27.18
28.60

16.33
17.01

CAKE DEPARTM ENT
Alabama: Birmingham and Mobile—
Arkansas: Fort Smith and Little
Rock..................................................
California: Los Angeles.......................
Colorado: Denver.............................__
Connecticut: Bridgeport and Hart­
ford....................................................
District of Columbia: Washington.. „
Florida: Jacksonville and Tampa____
Georgia: Atlanta and Savannah.........
Illinois: Chicago and Peoria................
Indiana: Indianapolis and Evans­
ville....................................................
Iowa: Cedar Rapids and Sioux City..
Kansas: Wichita..................................
Kentucky: Covington and Louisville.
Louisiana: New Orleans and Shreve­
port....................................................
Maine: Lewiston and Auburn, and
Portland............................................
Maryland: Baltimore..........................
Massachusetts: Boston, Fall River,
and Worcester...................................
Michigan: Detroit and Grand Rapids
Minnesota: Duluth and Minneapolis.
Missouri: St. Joseph and St. Louis.__
Nebraska: Lincoln and Omaha..........
New Jersey: Newark and Trenton___
New York: Albany, Buffalo, New
York, and Syracuse..........................
North Carolina: Charlotte, and Wins­
ton-Salem..........................................
Ohio: Cincinnati, Cleveland, Colum­
bus, and Youngstown.......................
Oklahoma: Oklahoma City................
Oregon: Portland.................................
Pennsylvania: Erie, Philadelphia,
Pittsburgh, and Scranton.................
Rhode Island: Pawtucket and Provi­
dence..................................................
South Carolina: Charleston................
Tennessee: Chattanooga, Memphis,
and Nashville...... .............................
Texas: Dallas and Houston.................
Utah: Ogden and Salt Lake City.......
Virginia: Norfolk, Richmond, and
Roanoke............................................
Washington: Seattle, Spokane, and
Tacoma..............................................
West Virginia: Huntington, and
Wheeling...........................................
Wisconsin: Madison and Milwaukee.




5

30

12

57.8

58.0 $0,286 $0,164 $16.53

$9.51

5
2
3

10
19
38

29
20
31

53.7
52.4
46.7

51.9
48.0
46.5

.401
.633
.590

11.94
22.32
11.90

5
3
3
4
7

31
23
5
22
66

.......

50.1
48.0 "48.6"
57.2
50.3
60.5
54.0
53.5

.526
.830
.406
.258
.561

.243
.276

9
4
1
5

72
25
3
28

50.2
51.7
60.0
53.0

54.0~
50.5

.496
.420
.303
.476

.198
.248

24.90
21.71
18.15
25.23

13
79
85
3
8

51.5

.230
.465
.256
.246

.266

21.53
33.17
27.55

26.35
39.84
11.81
23.22
15.61 ” 12.’ 25
30.01
14.90
13.70
”16.67
12.52

7

23

5

48.3

48.4

.419

.148

20.24

7.16

4
6

30
39

30
37

49.4
54.4

48.4
52.6

.524
.432

.311
.270

25.89
23.50

15.05
14.20

10
6
6
7
7
4

69
59
16
25
44
16

59
60
31
22
40
6

52.0
54.3
50.3
48.5
53.7
49.5

48.1
51.9
49.2
49.9
50.6
48.0

.511
.594
.518
.699
.394
.533

.306
.336
.297
.276
.240
.301

26.57
32.25
26.06
33.90
21.16
26.38

14.72
17.44
14.61
13. 77
12.14
14.45

16

133

64

50.8

46.7

.530

.308

26.92

14.38

4

21

19

56.8

50.5

.303

.220

17.21

11.11

16
1
2

112
5
23

126
13
19

50.8
51.0
48.0

48.7
54.0
48.0

.531
.455
.545

.307
.232
.344

26.97
23.21
26.16

14.95
12.53
16.51

29

354

232

51.3

50.4

.433

.239

22.21

12.05

6
2

28
4

16
3

49.9
54.0

47.3
54.0

.558
.456

.280
.198

27.84
24.63

13.24
10.67

7
4
3

31
16
28

38
34
24

56.6
55.7
54.0

51.4
51.0
48.0

.370
.484
.445

.213
.261
.284

20.94
26.96
24.03

10.95
13.31
13.63

10

34

14

50.9

46.5

.421

.244

21.43

11.35

7

32

18

47.3

47.3

.714

.436

33.77

20.62

2
6

6
32

12
26

56.0
53.8

54.0
48.0

.461
.475

.258
.328

25.82
25.56

13.93
15.74

10

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

Classified Earnings per Hour, 1931, by Occupation
Table 4 shows 1931 average and classified earnings per hour for
the wage earners in four specified occupations in the bread depart­
ment of the industry and also the distribution of such wage earners
according to average earnings per hour during the pay period covered
by the study. The number of wage earners in these occupations is
57 per cent of the total number covered in all occupations in the
department. For a distribution of the wage earners by number in
each of these occupations in each city by average earnings per hour,
see Table B, page 61.
Less than 1 per cent of the 1,027 mixers, the first occupation in
the table, earned an average that fell within the classified group of
20 and under 25 cents per hour and 1 per cent earned an average of
$1.50 or more per hour, the extremes in earnings in this occupation.
The largest per cent for any group is 23 at 60 and under 70 cents per
hour.
T able

4.— Average and classified earnings per hour in four specified occupations
in bread department, 1981
Per cent of wage earners whose earnings
per hour were—
Num­ Num­ Aver­
age
ber of ber of earn­
estab­ wage
25,
30,
40,
35,
20,
45,
ings Un­ un­
lish­
un­ un­ un­ un­
per
der der undei
ments earners hour
der der
der
der
20
35
40
25
45
30
50
cents cents
cents cents cents cents cents

Occupation and sex

Mixers, male_____________________
Bench hands or hand bakers, male.
Oven men....................................... ..
Driver-salesmen........................ ........

482
398
468
477

1,027 $0,676
2,046
.659
.682
1,368
11,844
.562

(i)
(*)
0)
0)

I
2
t
2

1
1
1

1
3
2
5

2
2
3
6

5
7
6
10

6
6
5
11

Per cent of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—
Occupation and sex

Mixers, male..................................
Bench hands or hand bakers, male.
Oven men......................................
Driver-salesmen.............................

50,
60,
70,
80,
90
$1, $1.10, $1.20,
un­ un­ un­ un­ cents, un­
un­ un­
der der
der un­
der
der
der
der
80
90
60
70
der
cents cents cents cents $1 $1.10 $1.20 $1.30
19
21
20
28

23
23
19
16

21
12
15
10

10
7
12
6

5
2
5
4

3
2
3
1

1
3
3
o:

$1.30,
un­
der
$1.40

1
2
1
0)

1
1
2
0)

$1.40, $1.50
un­
der and
$1.50 over

1
2
(*)
(*)

1
4
3
(»)

i Less than 1 per cent.

Table 5 shows for the laborers of each sex included in the study
of the bread department in 1931 and for the wage earners of each sex
in all occupations combined in the same department the number and
the per cent in each classified group of average earnings per hour.
Like figures are given in Table 6 for a combination of all occupations
in the cake department, but not for laborers.
The average earnings per hour of 151 laborers in the bread depart­
ment, or 0.5 per cent of the total wage earners covered in all occu­
pations in this department in 1931, fell within the classified group of
40 and under 42J^ cents.




CLASSIFIED EARNINGS PER HOtJR, BY OCCUPATION

11

T able 5 . — Distribution of laborers, and of wage earners in all occupations combined,

in the bread department, 1981, by classified average earnings per hour
Per cent

Number
Classified earnings per
hour

All occupations

Laborers

Laborers

All occupations

Fe­ Total Male Fe­ Total Male Fe­ Total Male Fe­ Total
Male male
male
male
male
8 and nnrtar ft np.nts
1
9 and under 10 cents____
1
10 and under 11 cents___
1
11 and under 12 cents___
12 and under 13 cents___
5
13 and under 14 cents___
14 and under 15 cents___
4
15 and under 16 cents___
2
16 and under 17 cents___
10
17 and under 18 cents......
2
18 and under 19 cents___
13
19 and under 20 cents___
13
20 and under 21 cents___
18
11
21 and under 22 cents___
22 and under 23 cents
21
23 and under 24 cents
6
24 and under 25 cents___
13
25 and under 27K cents— 56
27^ and under 30 cents ._
58
30 and under 32M cents __
78
32^ and under 35 cents
101
35 and under 37H cents __ 134
37J^ and under 40 cents. . 115
40 and under 42H cents.. 150
42^ and under 45 cents. _ 126
45 and under 47H cents
154
47^ and under 50 cents. _
46
50 and under 55 cents___
210
55 and under 60 cents......
84
60 and under 65 cents___
55
24
65 and under 70 cents___
70 and under 75 cents___
9
11
75 and under 80 cents
2
80 and under 85 cents___
85 and under 90 cents___
90 and under 95 cents......
95 cents and under $1.00
$1.00 and under $1.10-.__
$1.10 and under $1.20____
$1.20 and under $1.30.......
$1.30 and under $1.40____
$1.40 and under $1.50.......
$1.50 and under $1.60____
$1.60 and under $1.70____
$1.70 and under $1.80____
$1.80 and under $1.90____
$1.90 and under $2.00____
$2.00 and under $2.25____
$2.50 and under $2.75____
i Less than 1 per cent.




1

3

4

3
1
9
10
7
3
2
2
1
1

1
1
5
3
4
10
6
13
13
18
11
24
6
14
65
68
85
104
136
117
151
126
154
47
210
84
55
24
9
11
2

5
2
3
12
13
5
16
20
53
35
69
74
131
34
148
75
87
452
570
695
957
1,031
1,026
1,788
1,231
1,695
961
3,704
2,964
2,649
1,545
1,371
1,050
1,070
436
632
156
403
245
120
89
70
114
30
7
1
4
7
1

1
1
6
1
4
11
4
20
1
31
18
169
65
114
27
26
31
27
7
5
4
13
3
1

1

5
2
4
13
13
11
17
20
53
39
80
78
151
35
179
75
105
621
635
809
984
1,057
1,657
1,815
1,238
1,700
965
3,717
2,967
2,650
1,545
1,371
1,050
1,071
436
632
156
403
245
120
89
70
114
30
7
1
4
7
1

0

0

0)
i
0

0)
0)
0
0
(1
(1)
1
0
1
1
1
1
2
(1)
1
4
4
5
7
9
7
10
8
10
3
13
5
3
2
1
1
0

(1)
(1)
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0)
1
4
4
5
7
9
7
10
8
10
3
14
5
4
2
1
1
0

7

9

7
2
20
22
15
7
4
4
2
2

(i)
0
0)
(i)
0)
1
0
0)
0)
0)
(!)
0)
(1)
(1)
1
0)
0)
2
2
2
3
4
4
6
4
6
3
13
11
10
6
5
4
4
2
2
1
1
1
(l)
0
(l)
(i)
(l)
0)
0)
0

to

0)
(i)
1
0
1
2
1
3
(i)
5
3
29
11
19
5
4
5
5
1
1
1
2
1
0)

(i)
(n
(0
(i)
(i)
8
(•)
(1)
0)
(1)
(1)
(1)

1
1

»

0

2
2
3
3
4
4
6
4
6
3
13
10
9
5
5
4
4
2
2
1
1
1

0

0)
0
I1)
0)
0

12

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

T a b l e 6 .—

Distribution of wage earners in all occupations combined in cake depart­
ment, 1931, by classified average earnings pe* hour
Number

Per cent

Classified earnings per hour
Males
11 and under 12 cents............. - .................
12 and under 13 cents..................................
13 and under 14 cents..................................
14 and under 15 cents..................................
15 and under 16 cents..................................
16 and under 17 cents..................................
17 and under 18 cents..................................
18 and under 19 cents..................................
19 and under 20 cents..................................
20 and under 21 cents............................... .
21 and under 22 cents..................................
22 and under 23 cents..................................
23 and under 24 cents....................... ..........
24 and under 25 cents..................................
25 and under 27^ cents............................—
27H and under 30 cents...............................
30 and under 32^ cents...... ........................
32H and under 35 cents.......................... .
35 and under 37M cents...... ........................
37H and under 40 cents...............................
40 and under 42^ cents...............................
42H and under 45 cents...............................
45 and under 47M cents..... ..........................
47^ and under 50 cents..............................
50 and under 55 cents..................................
55 and under 60 cents............................ ......
60 and under 65 cents.................. ............ .
65 and under 70 cents___________________
70 and under 75 cents___________________
75 and under 80 cents______ ____ ________
80 and under 85 cents___________________
85 and under 90 cents___________________
90 and under 95 cents___________________
95 cents and under $1___________________
$1 and under $1.10______________________
$1.10 and under $1.20___________________
$1.20 and under $1.30......... ........................
$1.30 and under $1.40......... ............... ........
$1.50 and under $1.60...................................

8
3
12
6
12
12
24
14
12
60
66
65
58
89
98
120
52
67
29
172
135
126
70
87
50
36
19
10
1
22
4
1
1
1

Total...................................................

1,552

3
1
6

Females
4
1
2
7
6
52
7
51
13
69
19
89
13
29
314
171
167
52
63
47
20
13
9
14
5
3

1,240

Total
7
2
2
13
6
60
10
63
19
81
31
113
27
41
374
237
232
no
152
145
140
65
76
29
186
140
129
70
87
50
36
19
10
1
22
4
1
1
1

IVTales
0)
0)
1
0)

Total

C1)

(*)
([)

(l)

0
(9

Females

0)

l
l
l
2
1
1
4
4
4
4
6
6
8
3
4
2
11
9
8
5
6
3
2
1
1

1
4
1
4
1
6
2
7
1
2
25
14
13
4
5
4
2
1
1

h

(i)
0)

1

0)
m

2
1
3
1
4
1
1
13
8
8
4
5
5
5
2
3
1
7

5
5

0)
C1)

(l)
W 1
m

2

3
3
2
1
1
0)

h)
(1)
0)
(1)
0)

i

2,792

* Less than 1 per cent

Regular Full-Time Hours per Week, 1931
Full-time hours per week and per day of an employee are the hours
as established by a regular time for beginning and quitting work on
each day of the week less the regular time off dutjr at or near noon
or at any other time for meals. Such hours do not include any over­
time for work before or after the regular period each day, nor are they
reduced by the exclusion of any regular time lost by slack or shorttime work, through sickness or other disability, or for any other
cause.
In Table 7 are given average full-time hours per week and a per­
centage distribution, by full-time hours per week, of the wage earners
covered in each of four specified occupations in the bread department
in 1931. In arriving at the average the full-time hours per week of
each wage earner in each occupation was used even though he may
have worked more or less than full time during the week covered by
the study of this industry. For a similar distribution by number of
the wage earners covered in each of these occupations in each city,
see Table C, page 70.




13

CHANGES IN FULL-TIME HOURS SINCE JULY 1, 1929

Table 7 shows that the full-time hours of 42 per cent of the mixers,
44 per cent of the bench hands or hand bakers, 45 per cent of the
oven men, and only 7 per cent of the driver-salesmen were 48 per
week. The full-time hours of 40 per cent of the driver-salesmen were
60 per week, as compared with only 4 per cent for each of the other
occupations.
T able 7. — Average and classified full-time hours per week in 4 specified occupa­

tions in bread department, 1931, by occupation and sex
Per cent of wage earners whose full-time
Aver­
hours per week were—*
Num­ Num­
age
ber of ber of full­
estab­ wage time
Over
Over
Over
lish­
hours
50,
48,
ments earners per Under
48 under
50 under
54
48
Jfter
week
54
50
60

Occupation and sex

Mixers, male............... ............... ......
Bench hands or hand bakers, male—
Oven men............................... ...........
Driver-salesmen.................................

482
398
468
477

1,027
2,046
1,368
11,844

51.7
51.0
51.2
58.9

2
6
4

42
44
45
7

0)

3
5
3
1

0

5
5
5
1

35
28
32
27

5
5
5
3

Per cent of wage earners whose full-time hours per week were—
Occupation and sex
60

Mixers, male_____________________
Bench nands or hand bakers, male..
Oven men_________________ ______
Driver-salesmen__________________

4
4
4
40

Over
60,
under
66
3
2
2
5

66

Over
66,
under
70

0)
0)

0)
3

3

70

0)
0
0)

2

Over
70,
under
72

0)

Over
72,
under
84

72

0)
0)
0)

4

84

Over
84

1

2

i Less than 1 per cent.

Changes in Full-Time Hours Since July 1,1929
Only 12 of the 503 bakeries included in the 1931 study of the
industry reported changes in regular full-time hours per week
between July 1, 1929, and the period of the study. Table 8 shows
for each of the 12 bakeries the wage earners whose hours were
changed, the hours before and after the change, and the year when
made.
T able 8. — Changes in full-time weekly hours in IS establishments between July

1, 1929, and the period of the 19S1 study
Hours per
week—

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Full-time hours

1 All shop workers________________________________ ______ _ _ _
2 ____do________________ __________ __ ________________ _____
1 ____ do___________________ ____ ______________ ___________________
1 All shop workers (male)_______________________________ _________
1 All shop workers______________________ _____ ______ ______ _______
1 ....... do..... ............................................. ......................................................
1 All shop workers except receiving clerks and laborers..............................
1 Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, bench hands or
hand bakers, oven men, oven men’s helpers, molders’ helpers, and
pan greasers__________________________________________________
1 Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, bench hands or hand bakers,
molders, oven men, helpers, laborers, wrappers, packers, and other
employees............... ................... .............................................................
1 Bread wrappers__________________________________________________
1 Firemen, receiving clerks, and laborers_____________________________

156770°—38---- 2




Year of
Before Alter change
change change
48
48
54
48
60
54
48

54
54
60
54
54
48
52

1930
1931
1931
1931
1930
1930
1931

54

48

1930

48
48
48

54
54
54

1931
1931
1931

14

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

Changes in Wage Rates Since July 1,1929
Between July 1, 1929, and the period of the 1931 study 143, or 28
per cent of the 503 bakeries covered in this report, made one or more
changes in the rates of all or a specified part of the wage earners in
such establishments, as shown by Table 9, which gives the per cent
or amount of change and the year in which each change was made.
All the changes were decreases except in three bakeries (at begin­
ning of table) in which the rates were increased and in two (near end
of table) in which the changes were considered as increases.
T able 9. — Changes in wage rates in 14$ bakeries between July l t 1929, and the

period of the 1931 study
Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Wage earners affected

Mixers, oven men, dividers or scalers and rounders,
molders, helpers, and cooler men.
Shop mechanics.................................................................
Driver-salesmen.................................................................
Mixers on day shift...........................................................
Mixers on night shift........................................................
Bread oven men on day shift...........................................
Bread oven men on night shift................ .......................
Dividers or scalers and rounders on day shift................
Dividers or scalers and rounders on night shift...............
Molders on day shift........................................................
Molders on night shift—. ..................................................
Bench hands or hand bakers............................................
Molders’ helpers on day shift...........................................
Molders’ helpers on night shift........... ......... ...................
Mixers...... .........................................................................
{Mixers’
helpers............................ .....................................

Change in wage rates, decrease Year
of
or increase
change

19 per cent increase...

7H per cer t increase-------25 per cent increase...........
6 % per cer t increase........ .
13H per cent increase........
33H per cent increase........
30% per cent increase........
33Mi per cent increase........
36H per cent increase........
___ do________ __________
28 per cent increase.......... .
25 per cent increase.......... .
10H per cent increase........
9Vi per cert increase_____
4% per cer t increase.........
4 per cent increase.............
per cert increase..........
57A o per cent increase____
4^4o per cent increase........
Molders................................... .......................................... 5 per cent decrease............
Bread
.do. oven men................................................................ ----- do...... ......................... .
Helpers...............................................................................
.do..
10 per cent decrease......... .
All..do­
20 per cent decrease......... .
do...................
$3 per wee* decrease------do...................
$3 to $5 pe:- week decrease
do...................
$7 per wees: decrease_____
do...................
10 and 10 per cent decrease___
do__________
15 and 10 per cent decrease___
All shop workers.
5 per cent decrease. .
___ do...................
7 per cent decrease. .
do...................
7 H per cer t decrease
do...................
10 per cent decrease.
do...................
do.
do...................
5 per cent decrease..................
do...................
10 per cent decrease.................
...d o ...................
25 per cent decrease.................
...d o ..................
5 per cent decrease..................
— do...................
___ do...... .................................
....d o ...................
. .... d o ... ..................................
do...................
10 per cent decrease................
.do..
5 and 5 per cent decrease.........
.do..
$2.50 per week decrease...........
.do..
10 cents pe r hour decrease.......
.do..
$2 per week decrease..............
.do..
20 per cent decrease.................
fAll except driver-salesmen..
10 and 3 pur cent decrease.......
\Driver-salesmen................. .
Guaranty decreased 10 and 3
per cent
fAll except driver-salesmen..
10 and 10 per cent decrease___
\Driver-salesmen................. .
Guaranty decreased 10 and 10
per cent
All shop workers earning over $20 per week___
10 per cenl decrease.................
All shop workers earning $31 or over per week.
$1 per week decrease--............
All shop workers except cake finishers..............
10 per cenl decrease.................
All shop workers except working foremen.........
All shop workers except bread wrappers...........
""'"d o r
fApproximately 60 per cent of all shop workers .
$2 per week decrease..
\Approximately 40 per cent of all shop workers.
$1 per week decrease.,
Bench hands or hand bakers..............................
per ceiit decrease.




1931
1931

1930

1931
1930
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1930
1931
1930
1931
1930
1931
1929
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1930
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931

CHANGES IN WAGE RATES SINCE JULY 1, 1929
T a b l e 9 . — Changes

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

in wage rates in 148 bakeries between July 19 1929, and the
period of the 1981 study— Continued

Wage earners affected

Bench hands or hand bakers, mixers, and bread oven
men.
/Bench hands or hand bakers.............................................
\Cake makers......................................................................
Cake finishers, and cake wrappers and packers ...............
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, and bread oven
men.
M ixers...............................................................................
Bench hands or hand bakers.............................................
Helpers................................................................................
Wrappers................................................................... .........
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, bread oven men,
mixers’ helpers.
Stale bread checkers, molders, pan greasers, laborers......
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, bread oven men,
cake makers.
Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, bread
oven men, porters, working foremen, shop mechanics.
Bench hands or hand bakers, and cake finishers.-..........
Mixers and cake makers.....................................................
Helpers...............................................................................
Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, bread
oven men and packers.
Driver-salesmen..................................................................
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers
and rounders, bread oven men and helpers.
Cake makers.......................................................................
Cake finishers.....................................................................
Cake wrappers and packers (male) _ .................................
.Janitor, cake department...................................................
'Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, wrappers, and cake
makers.
.Driver-salesmen..................................................................

Change in wage rates, decrease Year
of
or increase
change

$5 per week decrease.

1931

$2.60 per week decrease...
$5 per week decrease____
4 cents per hour decrease.
$7 per week decrease........

1931
1931
1931

45J4 per cent decrease.
23)4 per cent decrease .
16% per cent decrease.
41 per cent decrease. . .
$2 per week decrease. _

1931

$1 per week decrease _
8 per cent decrease.. .
10 per cent decrease .
5 per cent decrease.—
10 per cent decrease._
6 % per cent decrease.
10 per cent decrease..

.do..
Porters and pan greasers................................................... .
[Cake finishers and cake wrappers and packers............... .
Receiving clerk, shipping clerk, packers, wrappers, shop
mechanics, and porters.
Receiving clerk, mixers, bench hands or hand bakers,
dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, general help­
ers, oilers, oven firemen, and toast oven men.
Bread oven men..................................................................
Working foremen................................................................
Receiving clerk, mixers, bench hands or hand bakers,
dividers or scalers and rounders, oven men, shop me­
chanics, cake makers, and cake makers’ helpers, driversalesmen.
rBread oven men, working foremen....................................
Bench hands or hand bakers..............................................
Bread oven men..................................................................
Mixers, ...............................................................................
Dividers or scalers and rounders........................................
Driver-salesmen..................................................................
Foremen..............................................................................
Bench hands or hand bakers..............................................
Bread oven men..................................................................
Carpenters, maintenance men, and male porters.............
Driver-salesmen................................................ .................

..do..




1931
1931
1931
1931

Guaranty decreased 10 per
cent.
5 per cent decrease................. .

1931

6 per cent decrease___
6 % per cent decrease..
10 per cent decrease.
20 per cent decrease . . .
3 per cent decrease___

1931

Commission decreased 2 per
cent.
/Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, molders, dividers 10 per cent decrease.................
I or scalers and rounders, and oven men.
/Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, molders, dividers 5 per cent decrease..
. or scalers and rounders, and bread oven men.
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, oven men, and 10 per cent decrease _
cake makers.
Porters and wrappers........................................................ . 5 per cent decrease................. .
Driver-salesmen.................................................................. Guaranty decreased $1.50 per

..do..

15

Guaranty decreased $3.60 per
week.
$3 per week decrease--.......... .
$2 per week decrease. ............ .
12*6 per cent decrease..............

1931
1931
1931
1930
1930
1930
1931
1929
1931

$1 per week decrease.
$2 per week decrease.
$5 per week decrease _
$2 per week decrease.

$6 per week decrease. ............ .
$4 per week decrease.............. .
24 per cent decrease.................
18 per cent decrease................ .
20 per cent decrease.................
$3 per week decrease...............
22% per cent decrease.............
27M per cent decrease.............
29K per cent decrease..............
7 to 8 per cent decrease............
From guaranty of $30 per week
to commission and salary.
From guaranty of $30 per week
to commission.
From guaranty of $26 per week
to commission.

1931
1931

1931

1931
1931
1931
1931
1931

16

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

T a b le

9 .—Changes in wage rates in 148 bakeries between July 1, 1929, and the
period of the 1981 study— Continued

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Wage earners affected

Driver-salesmen..

.do..

_do_.
..do,.
,_do_.
..do..
_do..

_do_

.do..
/A ll except driver-salesmen..
\Driver-salesmen................. .
/A ll except driver-salesmen. ..
\Driver-salesmen................. .
fAlI except driver-salesmen.
\Driver-salesmen.................
/A ll except driver-salesmen..
\Driver-salesmen................. .
/A ll except driver-salesmen..
\Driver-salesmen ................. .
/A ll except driver-salesmen..
\Driver-salesmen.................
/AH except driver-salesmen__________________ ______
\Driver-salesmen on salary or 55 per cent in occupation..
/A ll except driver-salesmen............................................. .
\Driver-salesmen...............................................................
IAll except driver-salesmen..
(.Driver-salesmen................. .
/A ll except driver-salesmen..
\Driver-salesmen................. .
/A ll except driver-salesmen..
\Driver-salesmen................. .
/A ll except driver-salesmen..
\Driver-salesmen................. .
/A ll except driver-salesmen..
\Driver-salesmen................. .
/A ll except driver-salesmen.............................................
\Driver-salesmen whose weekly sales are less than $375..




Change in wage rates,
or increase

From guaranty of $30 per week
and 6 per cent commission
to 8 per cent commission
only.
From guarantywof $25 per week
and 5 per cent commission
on sales above $300, to guar­
anty of $15 per week and 4
per cent commission.
Guaranty decreased $5 per
week.
Guaranty decreased, ranging
from $7 50 to $9.50 per week.
2 per cent decrease...................
Guaranty decreased $4 per
week.
From weekly guaranty of $20
and 10 per cent on sales over
$200 per week to $20 and 10
per cen ; on $150 per w e e k considered an increase.
Guarantj decreased $5 per
week. Commission changed
from 6 ;>er cent of sales over
$300 per week, to 6 per cent
of sales over $250 per week—
considered an increase.
10 per ceiit decrease.................
5 per cenl decrease...................
Commission decreased 5 per
cent.
10 per cei .t decrease.................
Guarantj decreased 10 per
cent.
10 per cent decrease.................
Guaranty decreased $5 per
week.
10 per cent decrease.................
Guaranty decreased $4 per
week.
10 per cent decrease................ .
Commission decreased 10 per
cent.
10 per cent decrease.............. .
Guaranty decreased $10 per
week.
10 per cent decrease_________
do.
_do_.
Guaranty decreased 10 per
cent.
15 per cent decrease.................
10 per cent decrease..................
15 per cent decrease.................
Commiss ion decreased 15 per
cent.
15 per ce:it decrease.................
Guaranty of $30 per week to
commission and salary.
23 per ce it decrease.................
Guaranty decreased 20 per
cent.
20 per ce it decrease.................
Guaranty decreased 20 per
cent.
20 per ce it decrease.................
Guaranty of $25 per week and
6 per cent commission on all
sales to guaranty of $18 and
6 per cent commission on
weeklj sales of under $300,
guarar ty of $20 per week and
6 per cent commission on
weekly sales of $300 and
under $333.33, and guaranty
of $22.i>0 and 6 per cent commissio i on weekly sales of
$333.32 and under $375.

Year
of
change

1931

1931

1931
1931
1931
1931
1931

1931

1930
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1930
1930
1930
1930
1930
1930
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931
1931

17

PAY FOR OVERTIME AND FOR EXTRA WORK
T a b l e 9 . — Changes

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

in wage rates in 148 bakeries between July 1, 1929, and the
period of the 1931 study— Continued

Wage earners affected

/A ll except driver-salesmen_____
\Driver-salesmen.........................
/All except driver-salesmen.........
\Driver-salesmen..........................
/A ll earning $27 or over per week
\A11 earning under $27 per week..

Change in wage rates, decrease Year
of
or increase
change

$2 per week decrease...............
Guaranty decreased $2 per
week.
10 per cent decrease................ .
Commission decreased 7 H per
cent.
10 per cent decrease................ .
5 per cent decrease____ _____

1931
1931
1931
1931
1931

Pay for Overtime and for Extra Work on Sunday and
Holidays, 1931
Overtime is any time worked before the regular starting time or
after the regular quitting time on any day, regardless of the rate of
pay for such work. Work on Sunday and on holidays is overtime or
extra work only when the working schedule of a wage earner does not
provide for work regularly on those days.
Table 10 shows that all or a specified part of the wage earners of
121 bakeries were entitled to a higher rate of pay for overtime and for
extra work on Sunday and holidays than for regular working time,
and gives the number of times the regular rate or amount for each
hour of such work. There was no provision for the payment of a
higher rate for such work in 382 of the 503 bakeries for which wage
figures are presented in this report.
T able 10.— Rates of pay for overtime and for extra work on Sunday and holidays,

and wage earners entitled, 1981
Times regular rate or amount for each hour
of—
Number
of estab­
lish­
ments

Wage earners entitled

Extra work or overtime on—
Overtime
Sunday

Holidays

AH........................................
___ do..................................
All except driver salesmen.
___ do..................................
.do..................................
d o ._ ..............................
.do..................................
.d o.
-do.
$1.00
-do.
All except driver salesmen and laborers..............
All except driver salesmen and wrappers............
All except driver salesmen and wrappers’
helpers................................................................
All except driver salesmen and working foremen.
All except driver salesmen, wrappers, and re­
ceiving clerks. ...................................................
/All except driver salesmen...................................
\Driver salesmen....................................................
All productive labor in bread department..........
All productive labor in bread and cake depart­
ments................. ................................................
(<)
(<)
. — do....................................................................
m
* For each hour over 48 per week.
* For each hour over 54 per week.
1 For each hour over 48 for females, 54for males per week.
* 7H cents over rate for regular working time.




18
T a b le

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

10.
— Rates

of pay for overtime and for extra work on Sunday and holidays,
and wage earners entitled, 1981— Continued
Times regular rate or amount for each hour
of—

Number
of estab­
lish­
ments

Wage earners entitled

Extra work or overtime on—
Overtime
Sunday

All productive labor in bread and cake depart­
ments, and oven firemen..................................
Bench hands or hand bakers and oven men____
----- d o ._ .................................................................
Bench hands or hand bakers, oven men, and
helpers................................................................
Bench hands or hand bakers, helpers, working
foremen, and cake makers................................
Bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers
and rounders, molders, ana oven men.............
Bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers
and rounders, molders, oven men, helpers,
cake makers, finishers, and cake oven men___
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, and oven
men....................................................................
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, oven men,
and helpers........................................................
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, oven men,
and cake makers................................ ...............
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, oven men,
cake makers, and cake oven men............ ........
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, oven men,
cake makers, and cake makers’ helpers_______
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, cake
makers, and cake helpers............................ .....
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, helpers,
cake makers, and working foremen...................
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers
or scalers and rounders, and oven men______
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers
or scalers and rounders, and molders................
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers
or scalers and rounders, molders, and oven
men....................................................................
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers
or scalers and rounders, molders, and oven
men................ ................................................ .
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers
or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men,
and apprentices.................................— ...........
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers
or scalers and rounders, molders, oven men,
and helpers- ......................................................
....... do....................... ................................ ............
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or
scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, and
helpers................................................................
___ do.................. ..................................................
....... do..................................................................Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or
scalers and rounders, molders, oven men,
helpers, and cake makers..................................
----- do.............................................................. —
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or
scalers and rounders, molders, oven men.
helpers, and packers..........................................
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or
scalers and rounders, molders, oven men,
helpers, packers, and working foremen...........
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or
scalers and rounders, molders, oven men,
helpers, laborers, and wrappers.......................
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or
scalers and rounders, molders, oven men,
helpers, cake makers, and finishers............ —
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or
scalers and rounders, molders, oven men,
helpers, cake makers, finishers, cake helpers,
and apprentices..................................................
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or
scalers and rounders, molders, oven men,
helpers, packers, cake makers, finishers, cake
wrappers, and packers.......................................

<Tor each hour over 48 per week.




1X
V
l]

Holidays

IX
1; '

1]

IX

ix

2

m

ix

IX

IX

ix

$0.75

$0.75

IX

$0.75

ix

ix

1H

ix

2

2

ix

2

2
ix

ix

ix

ix

ix

ix

ix

IX

2

ix

ix

ix

ix

ix

m

ix

2

2

ix

ix

ix

m

ix

2

ix

•ig

1i x

‘ ift

ii

ix
ix
ix

I*
ix

IX
IX

2
IX

2
2

ix

IX

ix

ix

IX

ix

ix

ix

ix

ix

IX

ix

IX

IX

IX

IX

IX

lX

PAY FOR OVERTIME AND FOR EXTRA WORK
T a b le

19

10. — Rates of pay for overtime and for extra work on Sunday and holidays,

and wage earners entitled, 1981— Continued
Times regular rate or amount for each hour
of—
Number
of estab­
lish­
ments

Wage earners entitled

Extra work or overtime on—
Overtime
Holidays

Sunday
1

1

1
1
1
1
1

Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or
scalers and rounders, molders, oven men, help­
ers, cake makers, finishers, working foremen,
and bread counters............................................
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or
scalers and rounders, molders, oven men,
helpers, cake makers, finishers, cake oven men,
and cake helpers...................................... ........
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or
scalers and rounders, oven men, helpers, cake
makers, cake packers, and working foremen...
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or
scalers and rounders, oven men, helpers, and
packers___ ____ _____ _____ _______ ________
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or
scalers and rounders, molders, apprentices,
and working foremen______ ______ ___ ____ _
Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, and
oven m e n .........................................................
Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, oven
men, helpers, and cake makers._____________
Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders,
and oven men_____________________________

IX

IX

IX

IX

IX

IX

1M

IX

IX

m

IX

ix

1X

IX

IX

ix

IX

ix

IX

IX

2

1
2
$
2
IX
IX
1 ____do______________________________________
»iH
n x
1 ....... do__I............................................................ —
IX
IX
1 Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders,
oven men, apprentices, and packers_________
IX
IX
1 Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders,
oven men, and cake makers’ helpers.................
IX
1H
1 Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders,
oven men, helpers, and packers. ............... ......
1X
IX
1 Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders,
oven men, helpers, and apprentices.............
lX
IX
1 Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders,
oven men, helpers, laborers, working foremen,
and carpenters. .................................................
IX
iX
1 Dividers or scalers and rounders, molders, oven
men, helpers, and wrappers..............................
m
IX
$1.00
$1.00
/Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers.................
1 Helpers....... ......... ......................... ......................
$0.65
$0.65
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, and oven
$1.00
$1.00
1
$0.50
$0.50
Helpers........................................... .................... .
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, oven men,
$1.00
$1.00
and working foremen. .......................................
1
$0.65
$0.65
Helpers..................................................................
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or
$1.00
scalers and rounders, molders, and oven men_.
$1.00
1
$0.65
$0.65
Helpers.................................................. ...............
Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or
$1.00
$1.00
scalers and rounders, molders, and oven men__
1
$0.50
$0.50
Helpers.................................................................
Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders,
$1.00
$1.00
and working foremen.........................................
1
Apprentices . . . . . . .
......
IX
m
Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders,
$1.00
$1.00
and oven men.....................................................
1
$0.65
$0.65
Helpers..................................................................
Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders,
2
oven men, and packers......................................
1 Laborers, wrappers, packers, stockmen, and
helpers. ..............................................................
IX
1H
Mixers, dividers or scalers and rounders, molders,
$1.00
oven men, cake makers, and cake oven m en...
1
Helpers..................................................................
$0.65
ix
$1.08
$1.08
Mixers...................................................................
Bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or scalers
$1.00
$1.00
and rounders, and molders................................
1
Apprentices..................................................... . . . $0.53 to $0.80 $0.53 to $0.80
1For each hour over 48 per week.




2

tlX
IX
2

ix
ix
2

IX
ix

$1.00
$0.65
2
2
$1.00
$0.65
2
2
2
2
2
2
$1.00
$0.65
2

vx
IX

$1.08
$1.00
$0.53 to $0.80

20

WAGES AND HOTJBS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

T able

10.— Rates of pay for overtime and for extra work on Sunday and holidays,
and wage earners entitled, 1981— C o n t in u e d
Times regular rate or amount for each hour
of—

Number
of estab­
lish­
ments

Wage earners entitled

Extra work or overtime on—
Overtime
£ unday

Mixers, bench hands or hand bakers, dividers or
scalers and rounders, molders, and oven men..
' Helpers..................................................................
Apprentices______________
_ _ ______ ___ _
Mixers............................................. ......................
Bench hands or hand bakers.................. ............
or scalers and rounders,................. ......
1 Dividers
Molders......................................................... ......
Oven m e n ............................................................
Helpers..................................................................

$0.60
$0.40
$0.50
$1.00
$0.70 to $1.00
$0.65 to $0.80
$0.70 to $0.80
$0.80 to $1.00
$0.50 to $0.70

$0.60
$0.40
$0.50
$1.00
$0.70 to $1.00
$0.(>5 to $0.80
$0.70 to $0.80
$0.* 0 to $1.00
$0.60 to $0.70

Holidays

$0.60
$0.40
$0.50
$1.00
$0.70 to $1.00
$0.65 to $0.80
$0.70 to $0.80
$0.80 to $1.00
$0.50 to $0.70

Bonus Systems
A bonus to a wage earner is compensation in addition to the amount
earned at the basic rate of pay. Bonus systems were in operation in
only 15 of the 503 bakeries included in the study of the industry.
The systems provide for the payment of additional compensation to
all or a specified part of the wage earners in these establishments for
service, sales and collections, production, sales and bread returned,
time saved, avoiding accidents, sales, or collections.
Table 11 shows for each of the 15 bakeries in which bonus systems
were in operation when the study was made, the kind or basis of
bonus, the wage earners who could, under certain conditions, earn
the bonus, and the amount of the bonus.
T able
Num­
ber of Bonus based
estab­
on—
lish­
ments

11.— Bonus systems in operation in 15 bakeries in 1981

Wage earners entitled
to bonus

Service......... All...............................

Bonus earned when—

A mount of or per cent of
earnings paid as bonus

In service 1 year or more___ 3 p 3r cent of yearly earnings
a ; basic rate.
$10 per week.

Sales and Driver-salesmen........ . Sales and collections in week
collections.
amount to $500 or more.
Production.. Those on production Production in week is more
in bread department.
than set standard.

1 pi .r cent of earnings in week
for each per cent of produc­
tion over set standard.
Production ----- do______________ Actual monthly cost per Division among productive
cost per
pound at basic wage rates
’wage earners, according to
is less than the estimated
pound.
earnings in month at their
cost per pound.
b asic rates, of the difference
between estimated cost
(pounds produced in
n onth times estimated cost
par pound) and actual cost
a', basic rates.
Service......... All................................ In service 1 year or more___ \l
A times weekly salary.
Sales and Retail driver-salesmen Sales in week amount to $175 1 por cent of sales.
bread re­
or more and stale bread re­
turned
turned is 2 per cent or less
than the value of bread
taken out.
Time saved. All in bread depart­ Specified unit or quantity of All time saved at regular
ment except porter.
work is completed in less
hourly rate.
than the time allotted to it.




21

EMPLOYMENT AND PAT ROLLS, 1923 TO 1931
T able

11.— Bonus systems in operation in 15 bakeries in 1981— Continued

Num­
ber of
based Wage earners entitled
estab­ Bonus
on—
to bonus
lish­
ments

in specified
(Production
period of time is equal to

foremen..
Production.. /Bread
\Shipping clerk..
Accidents... Driver-salesmen.
Service__

Amount of or per cent of
earnings paid as bonus

Bonus earned when—

or more than set standard.
Driver has no accidents dur­
ing month.
In service 1 and under 2

All......................

In service 2 and under 3

Sales...........

Driver-salesmen.

___ do........

___ do......... .........

Collections.

$15 per month.
$10 per month.

1

$5 per month.
2 per cent of annual earnings.

3 per cent of annual earnings.

In service 3 and under 4 4 per cent of annual earnings.
years.
In service 4 and under 5 5 per cent of annual earnings.
years.
In service 6 and under 20 6 per cent of annual earnings.
years.
In service 20 years or more— 8 per cent of annual earnings.
Sales in week exceed average 5 per cent of earnings in week
for 4 preceding weeks.
basic rates.
Sales in 1 week exceed 2,000 1 at
cent for each pound over
pounds.
2,000.
Collections in week are not 2 per cent on collections.
less than sales.

.do.

Index Numbers of Employment and of Pay Rolls,
1923 to 1931
Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls in the bakery
industry are presented in Table 12 by months and by years from
January, 1923, to December, 1931. These indexes are as published
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in monthly reports on “ Trend of
Employment.” In computing the indexes from the averages of
employment and for pay rolls each month and year, the 1926 average
was used as the base or 100 per cent.
T able

12.— Index numbers of employment and of pay rollsy January, 1923 to
Decemberj 1931, by month and year
[Average for 1926=100.0]
Index numbers of employment

-lyionm
1923

1924

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

January..................................
February................................
March....................................
April.......................................
M ay.......................................
June........................................
July........................................
August...................................
September..............................
October. ................................
November..............................
December..............................

90.2
94.5
97.5
96.0
96.6
100.5
104.7
103.3
102.7
104.7
100.4
99.5

97.4
101.3
101.4
99.2
99.5
102.0
101.5
100.0
101.1
101.8
101.3
99.7

97.5
98.8
97.5
96.3
96.6
99.5
99.1
97.5
98.9
103.4
100.7
99.1

96.8
96.6
99.0
98.0
99.1
102.4
102.2
100.0
101.7
103.4
101.1
99.3

97.9
99.2
100.3
100.2
99.7
104.0
102.2
101.3
103.9
104.8
102.8
101.0

98.6
98.6
99.4
98.9
100.7
102.1
101.3
100.0
103.4
103.9
102.4
101.4

98.7
100.5
101.7
100.6
102.0
103.8
103.7
102.3
104.4
105.2
102.5
100.0

97.7
97.7
97.0
97.3
97.8
98.9
98.1
96.1
97.1
96.1
94.6
93.3

90.5
90.6
90.6
90.1
91.7
91.9
92.5
91.6
91.2
90.1
88.0
86.8

Average........................

99.2

100.5

98.7

100.0

101.4

100.9

102.1

96.8

90.5




1930

1931

22

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

T a b l e 1 2 .—

Index numbers of employment and of pay rolls, January, 1 9 2 3 , to
December, 1 9 3 1 , by month and year— Contin led
Index numbers of pay-roll totals

jviontn
1923

1924

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

January. - ________________
F ebruary.________________
March____________________
April_____________________
M ay______________________
June______________________
J u ly _____________________
August. _________________
September________________
October. ________________
November________________
December_____ ____ _______

83.6
88.6
91.3
89.2
94.2
98.2
100.9
96.7
100.3
98.5
98.8
97.3

95.5
98.6
98.6
97.5
98.1
100.0
99.9
96.6
102.1
98.1
98.6
96.8

94.9
94.6
95.6
93.9
96.9
98.8
97.3
95.6
97.4
102.1
99.0
98.9

96.7
97.5
99.1
96.8
100.6
103.0
102.1
99.2
101.5
103.0
100.8
100.1

98.1
100.7
101.5
100.9
101.8
104.6
103.0
101.8
104.4
105.0
103.4
100.9

98.9
99.9
100.7
98.1
102.0
103.2
102.2
100.7
104.0
104.2
103.0
101.7

98.5
101.3
102.2
100.7
104.7
105.9
105.3
103.9
106.5
107.1
104.3
101.7

100.0
100.3
99.2
100.0
100.4
101.6
99.8
96.9
99.2
97.0
95.1
92.4

89.6
89.5
88.9
87.5
89.7
89.7
88.8
86.7
86.7
85.1
82.7
80.4

Average................. ......

94.8

98.4

97.1

100.0

102.2

101.6

103.5

98.5

87.1

1931

Importance of the Industry
The number of establishments, average number of wage earners
employed, amount of wages paid, cost of materials, value of products,
and of value added by manufacture are given in Table 13 for each of
the specified years from 1899 to 1929 for which such figures are avail­
able for the United States as a whole, and in 1929 only for each of
the subdivisions for which 1931 data are presented in this report.
These figures for the industry were taken from the reports of the
Census of Manufactures for 1929. From them averages per wage
earner of yearly wages, cost of materials, value of products, and of
value added by manufacture, were computed by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics, as was the per cent that wages were of value added by
manufacture.
Average annual wages per wage earner were $1,367 in 1929, as
compared with $1,373 in 1927, and ranged by years from $463 in
1899 to $1,373 in 1927. Averages by States in 1929 ranged from a
low of $961 to a high of $1,773. Wages formed 35 per cent of the
value added by manufacture in 1929 and ranged by years from 34
er cent in 1927 to 40 per cent in 1921. In 1929 the per cent ranged
y States from a low of 27 per cent to a high of 41 per cent.

E




T a b le

13.— Establishments, wage earners, wages, cost 0/ materials, vaZue 0/ products, value added by manufacture, and per capita eamings9
etc., 1899 to 1929
[From United States Census of Manufactures, 1929]

Amount paid
in wages

United States:
1899.................................................................
1904................................................................
1909................................................................
1914...............................................................
1919................................................................

14,836
18,226
23,926
25,963
25,095

60,192
81,278
100,216
124,052
141,592

$27,864,024
43,172, 262
59,351,386
76,866,613
158,237,059

$95,051,952
155,988,868
238,033,663
274,257,468
713,239,411

$175,368,682
269,582,811
396,864,844
491,893,025
1,151,896,318

$80,316,730
113,593,943
158,831,181
217,635,557
438,656,907

$463
531
592
620
1,118

$1,579
1,919
2,375
2,211
5,037

$2,913
3,317
3,960
3,965
8,135

$1,334
1,398
1,585
1,754
3,098

35
38
37
35
36

1921...................................... .........................
1923................................................ .........
1925.................................................................
1927......................... ...................— .........
1929......................... .......................................

20,173
18,739
17,684
18,129
20,785

148,500
162,613
160,411
171,995
200,841

198,938,825
214,578,951
219,606,219
236,225,862
274,561,581

598,614,000
574,520,502
668,016,500
693,236,163
737,099,500

1,089,971,652
1,122,906,314
1,268,194,507
1,394,700,224
1,526,110,811

491,357,652
548,385,812
600,178,007
701,464,061
789,011,311

1,340
1,320
1,369
1,373
1,367

4,031
3,533
4,164
4,031
3,670

7,340
6,905
7,906
8,109
7,599

3,309
3,372
3,742
4,078
3,929

40
39
37
34
35

1929
Alabama.............................................. ...............
Arkansas.......................... ....................................
California......................... ....................................
Colorado........... ...................................... ..........
C onnecticut.......................................................

86
95
1,361
180
353

1,513
898
11,395
1,689
2,562

1,539,701
928,807
17,260,121
2,005,840
3,803,910

4,013,543
2,648,944
44,278,658
5,648,904
9,616,151

8,132,914
5,242,127
88,147,253
11,773,612
19,225,874

4,119,371
2,593,183
43.868,595
6,124,708
9,609,723

1,018
1,034
1,515
1,188
1,485

2,653
2,950
3,886
3,345
3,753

5,375
5,838
7,736
6,971
7,504

2,723
2,888
3,850
3,626
3,751

37
36
39
33
40

Delaware.............. ...............................................
District of Columbia.................... ........... ...........
Florida................................................. ...............
Georgia.................................................... .............
Illinois.................................................. ................

36
100
187
104
2,208

378
1,346
1,724
1,906
16,929

483,411
2,386,583
1,986,169
1,830,748
25,921,879

1,190,841
4,719,163
5,115,714
6,024,228
66,084,939

2,432,335
10,645,058
10,656,284
12,085,546
138,591,365

1,241,494
5,925,895
5,540,570
6,061,318
72,506,426

1,279
1,773
1,152
961
1,531

3,150
3,506
2,967
3,161
3,904

6,435
7,909
6,181
6,341
8,187

3,284
4,403
3,214
3,180
4,283

39
40
36
30
36

INDtJSTRY

Indiana.................................................................
Iowa........................................... .........................
Kansas....................................... .........................
Kentucky.............................................................
Louisiana..............................................................

496
404
282
171
208

5,055
3,516
1,791
1,620
2,418

6,343,609
4,048,969
2,070,708
1,965,580
2,358,284

17,817,203
12,555.460
5,671,702
5,455,492
6,800,547

34,502,346
25,016,214
11,668,039
10,205,588
13,489,311

16,685,143
12,460,754
5,996,337
4,750.096
6,688,764

1,255
1,152
1,156
1,213
975

3,525
3,571
3,167
3,368
2,812

6,825
7,115
6,515
6,300
5,579

3,301
3,544
3,348
2,932
2,766

h




Cost of
materials

Value of
products

Value added
by manufac­
ture

32

V-

35

IMPORTANCE

State and year

Wage
earners
(average
for the
year)

OF THE

Value
Average Cost of Value of added Percent
annual material prod­
by
manu­ wages
wages
are of
ucts per facture
per
per
value
wage
wage
per
wage
added
earner
earner
wage
earner
earner

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

T a b le

13.— Establishments, wage earners, wages, cost of materials, value of products, value added by manufacture, and per capita earnings,
etc., 1899 to 1929— Continued

$3,674,546
12,604,024
39,664,130
36,861,421
12,619,050

$7,426,748
25,010,441
80,270,302
73,519,459
26,581,658

$3,752,202
12,406,417
40,606,172
36,658,038
13,962,608

$1,097
1,276
1,316
1,418
1,094

$3,526
3,651
3,809
3,943
3,243

$7,127
7,245
7,709
7,864
6,832

$3,601
3,594
3,900
3,921
3,588

34
36
30

711
217

9,741,689
2,432,672
699,058
11,765,100
52,771,427

26,845,902
7,237,369
2,320,340
28,319,217
135,307,182

59,233,709
16,382,507
4,343,456
57,298,063
295,199,431

32,387,807
9,145,138
2,023,116
28,978,846
159,892,249

1,273
1,129
1,246
1,629
1,566

3,509
3,360
4,136
3,921
4,015

7,743
7,606
7,742
7,933
8,759

4,234
4,246
3,606
4.012
4,744

27
35
41
33

1,291,827
18,496,979
2,090,017
2,166,436
31,180,587

3,757,223
51,605,275
6,247,674
5.580.956
81,254,270

7,229,865
103,235,031
13,222,090
10,888,264
170,608, 502

3,472,642
51,629,756
6,974,416
5,307,308
89,354,232

1,034
1,363
1,225
1,315
1,301

3,008
3,804
3,662
3,389
3,391

5,789
7,609
7,750
6,611

7,121

2,780
3,806
4,088
3,222
3,729

37
36
30
41
35

6,078,614
2,040,647
7,522,669
18,983,769

1,297
1,101

6,925
5,502
6,563

3,475
2,795
3,542

37

1,141

3,449
2,706
3,021
3,289

38
37
36
35

Missouri.........-.................
Nebraska—........-.............New Hampshire.................
New Jersey........................
New York.........................

3,199

7,650
2,154
561
7,223
33,704

North Carolina...... ...........
Ohio..................................
Oklahoma..........................
Oregon..............................
Pennsylvania.....................

1,321
209
218
1,929

1,249
13,567
1,706
1,647
23,960

Rhode Island____________
South Carolina..................
Tennessee..... ....................
Texas..................... -........

155
46
131
587

1,749
730
2,124
5,137

2,268,416
803,956
2,126,581
5,862,247

6.032.956
1,975,490
6,416,379
16,897,278
2,508,145

12, 111, 570
4,016,137
13,939,048
35,881,047

Virginia.............................
Washington____________
West Virginia_____ ___ —.
Wisconsin..........................

116
370
124
711

1,709
2,607
1,449
4,758

2,057,504
3,851,830
1,997,549
6,215,213

6,103,789
10,107,700
5,462,092
16,409,610

11,467,974
20,490,217
11,005,655
34,205, 338

5,364,185
10,382,517
5,543,563
17,795,728

1,204
1,477
1,379
1,306

3,572
3,877
3,770
3,449

6,710
7,860
7,595
7,189

3,139
3,983
3,826
3,740

3,605

4,353,168

13,645,993

25,717,361

12,071,368

1,208

3,785

7,134

3,349

AJ1 other States__________




1,001

31

U, OxO, Ol *

DEPARTMENTS

$1,143,224
4,404,532
13,700,195
13,255,656
4,255,308

Value added
by manufac­
ture

CAKE

1,042
3,452
10,413
9,349
3,891

Value of
products

AND

133
290
1,077
745
438

Cost of
materials

HOURS— BREAD

Amount paid
in wages

AND

1939
Maine___________ _____
Maryland.........................
Massachusetts_____ ____ _
Michigan..........................
Minnesota______________

Wage
earners
(average
for the
year)

WAGES

State and year

Value
Average Cost of Value of added Per cent
by
material prod­
manu­
are of
ucts per facture
per
per
value
per
wage
added
earner
earner
wage
earner
earner

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

25

Scope and Method
The study of the bakery industry in 1931 was limited to the wage
earners in the bread and cake departments of representative bakeries,
and to their driver-salesmen who make deliveries of bakery products
to customers, make collections, and solicit orders. Wage data are
presented in this report for 28,447 wage earners in the bread depart­
ment of 503 bakeries in 38 States and the District of Columbia and
for 2,792 wage earners in the cake department in 228 of these bakeries,
there being no cake department in 275.
The wage data which were used in compiling the report consisted
of days on which each individual wage earner worked in one week and
of hours actually worked and earnings made in the week. Such data,
except for a few bakeries the officials of which preferred to make
transcripts for the bureau, were taken directly from the pay rolls and
other records of the bakeries by agents of the bureau.
Average earnings per hour of wage earners in each occupation as
presented in the various tables in this report were computed by divid­
ing the combined earnings of all wage earners in the occupation in one
week by the combined hours worked by all wage earners in the occupa­
tion in the week.
Average full-time hours per week of all wage earners in each
occupation were computed by dividing the combined full-time hours
per week of all wage earners in the occupation by the number of wage
earners in the occupation in one week. The full-time hours per week
of each wage earner were used in arriving at this average, even though
some wage earners worked more or less than full time on account of
overtime, sickness, disability, or other causes.
Average full-time earnings per week of wage earners in each occupa­
tion were computed by multiplying the average earnings per hour of
all wage earners in the occupation by the average full-time hours per
week. This is on the assumption that the earnings for full time would
have been at the same average rate per hour as for the time that was
actually worked in one week.
Average actual hours worked in one week (Table A) of the wage
earners in each occupation were computed by dividing the total hours
worked in the week by all wage earners in the occupation, by the
number of wage earners in the occupation.
Average actual earnings in one week (Table A) of wage earners
in each occupation were computed by dividing the total money earned
in the week by all the wage earners in the occupation, by the number of
wage earners in the occupation.
Table 14 shows the number of wage earners in the bakery industry
in each State, as reported by the United States Census of Manufac­
tures in 1929. It also shows the number of bread departments, cake
departments, and wage earners covered by the bureau in the 1931
study.




26

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

14.— Number of wage earners in the bakery industry in 1929, as reported
by Census of Manufactures, and number of establishments and wage earners
included in the study in 1931 in each State and department

T able

State

Number
of wage
earners
reported
by United
States
Census
Bureau
in 1929

Establishments and wage earners for which data are shown
for 1931 in this report
Number of establish­
ments

Number of wage
earners
Total

Bread de­
partment

Cake de­
partment

Bread de­
partment

..............
Alabama
Arkansas...................................
California........ ...... ..................
Colorado.................... ...... ........
Connecticut.............................
Delaware.............. ............... .
District, nf Columbia
Florida_______________ ____ _
Georgia....................... ............
Illinois......................................
Indiana.......................... .........
Iowa............... .......................
Kansas................. .......... ........
Kentucky________ ____ _____
Louisiana__________________
Maine_______ _____ _________
Maryland__________________
Massachusetts____ ____ _____
Michigan__________________
Minnesota_________________
Missouri___________________
Nebraska__________________
New Hampshire____________
New Jersey_________________
New York__________________
North Carolina_____________
Ohio
___________________
Oklahoma..________________
Oregon ___________________
Pennsylvania_______________
Rhode Island_______________
South Carolina_____________
Tennessee__________________
Texas______________________
Utah .....................................
Virginia____________________
Washington________________
Wftfit. Virginia
W isconsin__________________
All other States.......................

1,513
898
11,395
1,689
2,562
378
1,346
1,724
1,906
16,929
5,055
3,516
1,791
1,620
2,418
1,042
3,452
10,413
9,349
3,891
7,650
2,154
561
7,223
33, 704
1,249
13,567
1,706
1,647
23,960
1,749
730
2,124
5,137
665
1,709
2,607
1,449
4,758
3,605

9
8
14
9
10
4
6
12
8
35
20
15
6
7
16
8
10
19
10
11
16
8
7
15
45
8
27
9
5
36
10
10
11
11
6
12
13
5
12

4
16
4
16
1
2
29
6
2
7
4
3
10
7
2
6

315
196
1,429
449
425
168
586
364
332
2,348
586
537
208
277
490
201
753
912
1,059
587
1,030
336
174
1,028
3,751
198
1, 935
351
286
3,689
412
171
411
407
226
417
486
204
713

Total...............................

200,841

503

228

28 447

5
5
2
3
5
3
3
4
7
9
4
1
5
7
4
6
10
6
6
7
7

Cake de­
partment
42
39
39
69
31

22
197
40
238
18
42
586
44
7
69
50
52
48
50
18
58

357
235
1,468
518
456
168
622
369
366
2,493
743
562
214
313
518
261
829
1,040
1,178
634
1,077
420
174
1,050
3,948
238
2,173
369
328
4,275
456
178
480
457
278
465
536
222
771

2,792

31,239

36
5
34
145
157
25
6
36
28
60
76
128
119
47
47
84

Occupations
The specified occupations for which data are, presented in this
bulletin are arranged below as nearly as possible in order of manu­
facture, and are defined in the Appendix (pp. 95 to 104), as are each of
the occupations included in the group designated ‘ Other employees.”
Bread department:
Receiving clerks.
Mixers.
Bench hands or hand bakers.
Dividers or scalers and rounders.
Molders
Oven men.
Helpers.
Laborers;
Wrappers^
Packers.




Bread department— Continued.
Dri ver-sales men.
Apprentices.
Other employees.
Cake department:
Cake makers.
Oven men.
linishers.
Helpers.
Wrappers and packers;

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

27

General Tables
In addition to the preceding summary or text tables, five general
tables are presented as follows:
T a b l e A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked,
average full-time and actual hours and earnings per week, average
earnings per hour, and per cent of full time worked, 1931, by depart­
ment, occupation, sex, and city.
The presentation in this table in parallel columns of “Average
full-time hours per week” and “Average hours actually worked in
1 week” is for the purpose of easy comparison of the hours that
would have been worked in the week had all employees in the occupa­
tion worked no more nor less than full time, with the average hours
that were actually worked in the week. One shows the full-time
hours under normal conditions, while the other shows the hours
actually worked in the week by all employees in the occupation in
each city and in all cities combined.
On page 50, the table shows that the 28,447 wage earners in the
bread department of the 503 bakeries included in the study worked an
average of 5.9 days in the week covered by the study; that their aver­
age full-time hours per week were 54.9; that they actually worked an
average of 53.8 hours in the week or 98 per cent of full time; that they
earned an average of 54.8 cents per hour and $29.49 in the week;
that, had they worked full time at the same average per hour as was
earned in the 53.8 hours, they would have earned an average of $30.09.
T a b l e B.— Average and classified earnings per hour in four speci­
fied occupations in bread department, 1931, by city.
T a b l e C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in four
specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city.
T a b l e D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one
week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city.
T a b l e E.— Average and classified earnings in one week in four
specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city.
A .— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city

T able

BREAD DEPARTM EN T
1

Occupation, sex, and city

Receiving clerks, male:
Albany, N. Y ..........................
Atlanta, Ga.............................
Baltimore, M d ........................
Birmingham, Ala.................—
Boston, Mass..........................
Bridgeport, Conn...................
Buffalo, N. Y ..........................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa...............
Charleston, S. C .....................
Charlotte, N. C ......................
Chattanooga, Tenn.................

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

4
4
11
5
5

6.0
6.0
5.9
6.2
5.8
2
6.0
5
6.0
6.0
3
0
0)
3
6.0
0)
(»)
i For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total




4
4
7
4
5
2
3
2
1
2
1

Aver­
age
Aver­ Aver­
age
Num­ days
age
Per
hours cent
on
of
ber of which full­
actu­
full
time
wage wage
ally
hours worked
earn­ earners
time
worked
ers worked per
in
week week
in
week

50.6
59.5
54.9
60.8
51.6
54.0
54.0
55.0
0)
58.0
0)

50.6
59.5
54.0
60.8
48.9
54.0
54.0
55.0
0)
58.0

(l)

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

100.0 $0,481
.482
100.0
98.4
.464
100.0
.349
94.8
.630
100.0
.620
.604
100.0
.427
100.0
0)
0)
100.0
503
0)
<l)

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­ earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

$24.38
28.69
25.47
21.20
32.51
33.50
32.60
23.50
29?17
<*>

$24.38
28.69
25.05
21.20
30.80
33.50
32.60
23.50
0)
29.17
(»>

28

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE D35PARTMENTS

T a b l e A .— Average number o f days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked , 1931, by department, occupation , sex, and city — C o n .
BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

Receiving clerks, male—Contd.
Chicago, 111.............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.....................
Cleveland, Ohio......................
Columbia, S. C.......................
Columbus, Ohio.................... Dallas, Tex.............................
Denver, Colo......................... Des Moines, Iowa............ ......
Detroit, Mich.........................
Duluth, Minn.......... ........... ..
Erie, Pa----------------------------Grand Rapids, M ich-----------Hartford, Conn.......................
Houston, Tex.........................
Huntington, W. Va................
Indianapolis, Ind................. ..
Jacksonville, Fla.....................
Lincoln, Nebr...........- ......... .
Little Rock, Ark................. ..
Los Angeles, C alif-............ .
Louisville, Ky.........................
Madison, Wis.........................
Memphis, Tenn......................
Miami, F la ............................
Milwaukee, Wis____________
Minneapolis, Minn.................
Mobile, Ala.............................
Nashua, N. H .........................
Nashville, Tenn......................
Newark, N. J..........................
New Orleans, La.....................
New York, N. Y .....................
Norfolk, Va................ - ...........
Ogden, Utah...........................
Oklahoma City, Okla.............
Omaha, Nebr.......................—
Pawtucket, R. I------- ---------Peoria, 111..............................
Philadelphia, Pa................... Pittsburgh, Pa......... .......... .
Portland, Oreg.............. ........Providence, R. I .....................
Pueblo, Colo...........................
Richmond, Va........................
Roanoke, Va...........................
Rockford, 111........... - ..............
Sacramento, Calif.............. .
St. Joseph, M o........................
St. Louis, M o..........................
Salt Lake City, Utah.......... .
San Francisco, Calif...............
Savannah, Ga.........................
Scranton, Pa...........................
Seattle, Wash........... ..............
Shreveport, La....... ............ .
Sioux City, Iowa................... .
Spokane, Wash.......................
Syracuse, N. Y ........................
Tacoma, Wash...................... .
Tampa, Fla.............................
Topeka, Kans.........................
Trenton, N. J..........................
Tulsa, Okla.............................
Washington, D; C ..................
Wheeling, W. Va....................
Wichita, Kans.........................
Wilmington, Del....................

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

18
6
10
3
3
2
6
6
6
2
3
4
2
3
1
4
3
1
1
7
2
3
2
4
7
7
2
1
2
8
3
19
2
2
3
3
2
2
14
11
5
3
2
2
2
2
2
1
7
3
5
3
3
3
1
4
2
4
1
2
1
2
3
6
2
2
2

25
7
15
3
4
3
6
8
8
2
3
4
2
4
0)
4
4
8

11
2
3
2
4
10
8
3
3
2
10
4
24
4
2
3
3
2
2
21
11
5
4
2
2
2
2
2
0)
9
4
6
3
5
3
0)
4
2
5
0
2
0)
2
3
6
2
3
2

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.1
5.5
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.8
0)
6.0
6.0
(*)
0)
5.5
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.5
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
4.5
6.0
6.0
6.0
0)
6.1
5.3
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
0)
6.2
6.0
6.0
0)
6.0
0)
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0

1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




Aver­ Aver­
age
Per
age
of
full­ hours
actu­ cent
full
time
ally
hours worked time
worked
per
in
week week

49.7
49.7
50.9
52.5
55.5
52.0
49.0
57.0
52.6
51.0
58.0
55.6
54.0
62.3
0)
54.5
61.0
0)
0)
52.9
57.0
52.0
57.0
56.8
52.8
52.5
58.0
54.0
56.0
48.3
48.0
49.3
57.5
54.0
56.0
54.0
54.0
51.0
51.8
51.3
48.0
49.5
48.0
54.5
53.5
55.5
48.0
0)
55.0
54.0
48.0
59.3
51.6
51.0
0)
55.5
48.0
51.6
0)
57.0
0)
51.0
52.0
52.5
54.0
54.0
53.0

49.9
49.7
52.2
52.5
55.5
52.0
49.0
59.1
54.9
46.5
58.0
56.0
54.0
59.5
0)
54.5
61.0
0)
(*)
48.9
57.0
52.0
57.0
56.8
52.8
47.3
58.0
54.0
56.0
48.3
48.0
50.0
57.5
54.0
56.0
54.0
54.0
51.0
51.6
51.3
48.2
49.5
48.0
40.8
53.5
55.5
48.0
0)
55.0
47.3
48.0
59.3
51.6
51.0
0)
55.5
48.0
51.6
0)
57.0
0)
51.0
52.0
52.5
54.0
54.7
53.0

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­ actual
time earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

100.4 $0.707 $35.14 $35.27
100.0
.523
26.06
26.06
102.6
.620
31. 56 32.34
100.0
.413
21. 67
21.67
100.0
.561
31.13
31.13
100.0
.503
26.17
26.17
100.0
.537
26.33
26.33
103.7
22.52
.395
23.34
104.4
.637
33. 51
35.00
91.2
.605
30.86
28.13
.439
100.0
25.43
25.43
100.7
.436
24.24
24.41
100.0
.417
22.50
22.50
95.5
.456
28.41
27.13
0)
0)
0)
0)
100.0
.665
36. 25 36.25
100.0
.418
25. 50
25.50
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
8
92.4
.596
31.53
29.11
100.0
.474
27.00
27.00
100.0
.545
28. 33
28.33
100.0
.667
38.00
38.00
100.0
.419
23.75
23.75
100.0
.608
32.10
32.10
90.1
.487
25. 57
23.02
100.0
.506
29.33
29.33
100.0
.481
26.00
26.00
100.0
.424
23.75
23. 75
100.0
.759
36. 65
36.65
100.0
.417
20.00
20.00
101.4
.699
34.92
34.46
100.0
.613
35. 25
35.25
100.0
.509
27. 50
27.50
100.0
.518
29.00
29.00
.562
100.0
30.33
30.33
100.0
.407
22.00
22.00
.569
100.0
29.00
29.00
99.6
.548
28.39
28.30
100.0
.550
28.18
28.18
100.4
22. 61
.471
22.70
100.0
.515
25.50
25.50
.594
100.0
28.50
28.50
74.9
.552
30.08
22.50
100.0
.383
20.50
20.50
100.0
.378
21.00
21.00
100.0
.578
27.75
27.75
0)
0)
0)
0)
100.0
.539
29.64
29.64
30.24
87.6
.560
26.44
100.0
.776
37.25
37.25
100.0
.363
21.55
21.55
.523
100.0
27.00
27.00
.768
39.17
39.17
100.0
0)
0)
0)
0)
.459
25.50
25.50
100.0
.833
100.0
40.00
40.00
.547
28.20
28.20
100.0
0)
(>)
0)
(l)
100.0
.469
26.75
26.75
0)
0)
0)
0)
.608
100.0
31.00
31.00
.583
30.33
30.33
100.0
32.08
.611
32.08
100.0
.417
22.50
100.0
22.50
101.3
.489
26.41
26.75
100.0
30.50
.575
30.50

29

GENERAL TABLES

A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con.

T a b le

BREAD DEPARTMENT—Continued
Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

Aver­ Aver­
age
Aver­
Per
age
age
full­ hours
cent of earn­
actu­
full
time
ings
ally
hours worked time
worked per
per
in
hour
week week

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

Receiving clerks, male—Contd.
Winston-Salem, N. C .............
Worcester, Mass.....................
Youngstown, Ohio..................

2
3
3

2
3
3

6.0
6.0
6.0

60.0
54.0
54.0

60.0
54.0
54.0

Total.....................................

308

376

6.0

52.8

52.5

99.4

51.4
58.0
54.8
54.2
52.8
49.0
51.9
54.8
54.2
53.8
55.2
51.1
48.9
52.7
55.2
53.5

53.9
58.0
53.7
54.2
51.5
50.3
54.7
54.8
54.2
54.8
55.2
50.3
46.8
51.6
55.2
45.3

Occupation, sex, and city

Mixers, male:
5
5
Albany, N. Y ..........................
6.0
4
9
Atlanta, Ga.............................
6.0
19
10
Baltimore, M d........................
5.9
Birmingham, Ala....................
5
9
6.2
10
30
5.9
Boston, Mass..........................
5
Bridgeport, Conn...................
6
6.0
14
4
Buffalo, N. Y ..........................
5.9
Cedar Rapids, Iowa............... > 3
6
6.0
4
Charleston, S. C.....................
5
6.0
4
Charlotte, N. C ......................
5
6.0
4
Chattanooga, Tenn.......- ........
6
6.0
24
74
Chicago, 111..............................
6.0
6
Cincinnati, Ohio.....................
20
5.7
10
28
Cleveland, Ohio......................
6.1
Columbia, S. C .......................
5
6
6.0
5
Columbus, Ohio......................
12
6.0
1
Covington, K y........................
(0
(9
5
6.4
Dallas, Tex..............................
11
Denver, Colo...........................
6
13
6.0
Des Moines, Iowa...................
6
11
6.0
6
Detroit, Mich................. ........
27
6.1
4
Duluth, Minn.........................
6.1
7
5
Erie, P a..................................
5
6.0
6
Evansville, Ind------------------8
6.0
Fall River, Mass.....................
4
6
6.0
3
Fort Smith, Ark.....................
3
6.0
Grand Rapids, Mich..............
4
8
4.8
Hartford, Conn.......................
5
10
6.0
Houston, Tex..........................
5
8
6.0
Huntington, W. Va................
3
6
6.0
Indianapolis, Ind....................
15
6.0
9
2
5
6.2
Jacksonville, Fla.....................
Lewiston and Auburn, M e ...
4
6
6.0
Lincoln, Nebr.........................
4
6
6.0
Little Rock, Ark.....................
5
8
5.6
Los Angeles, Calif...................
7
30
5.7
Louisville, Ky.........................
5
9
6.0
Madison, Wis.........................
5
7
6.0
Manchester, N. H...................
3
5
6.0
Memphis, Tenn......................
3
8
6.0
4
Miami, Fla..............................
6
6.0
Milwaukee, Wis......................
7
19
6.0
Minneapolis, M inn................
7
19
6.0
4
6
Mobile, Ala.............................
6.0
Nashua, N. H .........................
4
3
6.0
Nashville, Tenn......................
4
7
6.1
Newark, N. J..........................
9
19
5.9
New Orleans, La.....................
17
11
6.0
74
New York, N. Y .....................
29
5.5
4
Norfolk, Va.............................
6
6.0
Ogden, Utah...........................
2
2
4.5
Oklahoma City, Okla.............
5
9
6.0
Omaha, Nebr..........................
4
6.0
9
4
6
Pawtucket, R. I......................
6.0
Peoria, 111................................
4
7
6.0
Philadelphia, Pa.....................
50
15
6.0
Pittsburgh, Pa........................
12
36
6.0
Portland, Me..........................
3
6
6.0
Portland, Oreg........................
5
9
6.0
Providence, R. I .....................
6
11
6.0
For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.
106770°—*33------- 8




0)

(0

48.7
48.0
55.1
51.5
50.6
55.2
48.0
56.0
57.8
54.8

52.6
49.5
56.0
54.6
51.9
57.9
49.1
56.0
57.8
55.0

55.0
54.1
52.3
48.9
48.0
57.0
57.7
52.9
52.4
57.3
54.0
56.7
48.8
48.1
48.0
56.5
54.0
51.0
52.7
54.0
50.6
51.9
49.8
49.0
48.0
50.2

49.6
50.9
57.8
50.7
48.0
58.8
57.7
51.7
54.6
57.3
54.0
58.1
49.6
48.3
45.8
56.5
40.5
51.0
55.1
54.0
52.9
52.4
50.4
49.0
49.1
51.8

52.2
61.1
56.0
53.6
54.4
54.0
59.7

52.2
61.1
55.8
54.4
58.0
54.0
59.7

100.0 $0,475
.623
100.0
.512
100.0

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week week

$28.50
33.67
27.67

$28.50
33.67
27.67

.557

29.41

29.28

104.9
100.0
98.0
100.0
97.5
102.7
105.4
100.0
100.0
101.9
100.0
98.4
95.7
97.9
100.0
84.7

.665
.389
.613
.598
.629
.762
.642
.558
.502
.454
.459
.801
.754
.685
.356
.618

34.18
22.56
33.59
32.44
33.21
37.34
33.32
30.60
27.20
24.43
25.33
40.93
36.87
36.10
19.67
33.06

35.86
22.56
32.95
32.44
32.38
38.36
35.12
30.60
27.20
24.90
25.33
40.30
35.33
35.33
19.67
28.01

108.0
103.1
101.6
106.0
102.6
104.9
102.3
100.0
100.0
100.4

.772
.766
.516
.633
.581
.532

37.60
36.77
28.43
32.60
29.40
29.37

40.63
37.93
28.87
34.56
30.13
30.81

.548

25.00
23.67
30.03

25.00
23.67
30.14

90.2
94.1
110.5
103.7
100.0
103.2
100.0
97.7
104.2
100.0
100.0
102.5
101.6
100.4
95.4
100.0
75.0
100.0
104.6
100.0
104.5
101.0
101.2
100.0
102.3
103.2

.581
.683
.586
.809
.717
.503
.370
.604
.545
.387
.569
.392
.870
.671
.914
.487
.543
.749
.507
.685
.702
.634
.717
.602
.778
.679

(0

100.0
100.0
99.6
101.5
106.6
100.0
100.0

0)

.744
.446
.409

.697
.514
.562
.540
.439
.574
.430

0)

35.71

36.40
31.44
31.47
28.94
23.88
31.00
25.67

31.96
36.95
30.65
39.56
34.40
28.67
21.33
31.95
28.56
22.17
30.75
22.23
42.46
32.28
43.87
27.50
29.32
38.22
26.72
37.00
35.52
32.90
35.71
29.50
37.34
34.09

0)

36.51

36.40
31.44
31.36
29.38
25.49
31.00
25.67

28.84
34.79
33.88
41.04
34.40
29.55
21.33
31.22
29.75
22.17
30.75
22.81
43.11
32.44
41.89
27.50
22.00
38.22
28.41
37.00
37.13
33.24
36.12
29.50
38.17
35.19

30

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con.

T a b le

BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Mixers, male—Continued.
Pueblo, Colo_______________

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

3
4
Rfahniond,
4
Roanoke, Va
Rockford, Tl]
3
Sacramento, Calif__________
2
4
St. Joseph, M o_____________
11
St. Louis, Mo
___
4
Salt Lake City, Utah_______
5
San Francisco, Calif________
Savannah, (T-a ., --4
4
Scranton, Pa_______________
6
Seattle, W ash........................
4
Shreveport, La_____________
5
Sioux City, Tnwa
_ .
4
South Bend, Ind___________
3
Spokane, Wash_____________
6
Syracuse, N. Y _____________
Tacoma, Wash_____________
4
4
TftiTipa,
- - - ■2
Topeka, Kans______________
5
Trenton, N. J______________
Tulsa, Okla......... ............ ......
4
Washington, D. C__________
5
Wheeling, W .V a ___________
2
Wichita, Kans_____________
4
Wilmington, Del.....................
4
Winston-Salem, N. C_______
3
Worcester, Mass_____ ____
5
4
Youngstown, Ohio__________
Total____________________

Bench hands or hand bakers,
male:
Albany, N. Y ______________
Atlanta, Qa________________
Baltimore, M d _____________
Birmingham, Ala___________
Boston, Mass______________
Bridgeport, Conn___________
Buffalo, N. Y ..........................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa________
Charleston, S. C____________
Charlotte, N. C .......................
Chattanooga, Tenn_________
Chicago, 111________________
Cincinnati, Ohio____________
Cleveland, Ohio— .................
Columbia, S. C..... ..................
Columbus, Ohio— ...............
Covington, K y _____________
Dallas, Tex..............................
Denver, C olo........................ .
Des Moines, Iowa...................
Detroit, Mich.... .....................
Duluth, Minn
______
Erie, Pa...................................
Evansville, Ind.......................
Fort Smith, Ark .................
Grand Rapids, M ich..............
Hartford, Conn..... ..................
Houston, T e x ______________
Huntington, W. Va................
Indianapolis, Ind___________
Jacksonville, Fla___________
Lincoln, Nebr..............- ..........
Little Rock, Ark.....................

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­ earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

3
9
Va
4
5
5
9
37
7
17
5
8
10
5
7
4
5
9
6
6
5
9
9
11
5
6
6
3
8
6

6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.6
6.0
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.2
6.0
6.0
4.0
6.0
5.5
6.2
6.0
6.1
6.1
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.7

48.0
54.2
53.8
52.8
48.0
48.0
48.0
54.0
48.0
61.2
51.3
45.6
53.4
53.1
55.5
48.0
50.9
49.0
55.3
48.0
49.8
56.3
48.0
50.4
53.0
55.0
60.7
53.1
55.0

49.2
55.8
53.8
52.8
48.0
48.3
47.4
55.4
45.2
61.2
51.3
45.6
47.4
54.9
55.5
48.3
53.1
39.3
55.3
48.0
50.8
56.4
45.4
49.2
57.3
55.0
60.7
55.2
51.0

102.5
103.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.6
98.8
102.6
94.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
88.8
103.4
100.0
100.6
304.3
80.2
100.0
300.0
302.0
300.2
94.6
97.6
]08.1
300.0
}00.0
.04.0
92.7

482

1,027

5.9

51.7

51.5

99.6

.676

34.95

34.82

5
2
10
4
7
5
3
3
4
3
2
26
5
8
6
4
2
3
6
6
5
3
5

20
7
49
12
43
25
33
9
8
7
4
250
21
67
11
7
6
7
27
14
42
11
13
10
3
18
11
8
0)
22
8
5
5

6.0
6.0
5.7
6.2
5.9
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.7
6.0
5.9
5.2
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.2
6.1
5.9
6.0
6.3
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
4.4
6.0
6.0
(l)
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0

53.3
60.9
55.1
63.3
51.2
48.5
54.0
54.6
52.6
55.7
59.5
49.2
48.6
51.2
58.6
52.7
48.0
48.0
48.0
54.0
50.5
51.8
55.4
48.0
59.5
55.4
52.9
61.0
0)
53.4
60.3
60.4
54.0

55.4
60.9
52.9
60.3
50.2
46.8
51.0
54.6
52.6
53.6
59.5
47.4
43.2
49.4
58.6
47.3
41.3
48.6
46.5
54.0
49.8
51.8
53.6
48.0
59.5
38.1
52.9
60.0
(»)
52.1
60.3
60.4
54.0

103.9
100.0
96.0
95.3
98.0
96.5
94.4
L00.0
100.0
96.2
100.0
96.3
88.9
96.5
100.0
89.8
86.0
101.3
96.9
100.0
98.6
100.0
96.8
100.0
100.0
68.8
100.0
98.2
0)
97.6
100.0
100.0
100.0

.541
.342
.541
.358
.636
.793
.557
.354
.352
.361
.347
.808
.765
.597
.337
.557
.763
.737
.716
.464
.629
.494
.493
.621
.336
.473
.553
.428
0)
.463
.378
.320
.435

28.84
20.79
29.81
22.66
32.56
38.46
30.08
19.33
18.50
20.11
20.63
39.75
37.18
30.57
19.77
29.35
36.62
35.38
34.37
25.07
31.76
25.60
27.31
29.80
20.00
26.20
29.27
26.11
0)
24.72
22.76
19.30
23.46

29.94
20.79
28.58
21.60
31.95
37.07
28.42
19.33
18.50
19.36
20.63
38.32
33.02
29.50
19.77
26.35
31.55
35.79
33.28
25.07
31.37
25.60
26.39
29.80
20.00
18.03
29.27
25.68
0)
24.11
22.76
19.30
23.46

5

2
4
4
4
1
9
4
2
4

1 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




Aver­ Aver­
age
Per
age
of
full­ hours
actu­ cent
full
time
ally
hours worked time
worked
per
in
week week

$0,712 $34.18 $35.00
.651
35.28
36.39
.463
24.88
24.88
.587
31.00
31.00
1.033
49.57
49.57
.695
33.36
33.57
.876
42.05
41.53
.584
31.54
32.31
.985
47.28
44.55
.302
18.47
18.47
.607
31.13
31.13
1.153
52.58
52.58
.501
26.75
23.73
.595
31.59
32.66
.523
29.00
29.00
1.081
51.89
52.21
33.03
.649
34.49
49.44
1.009
39.67
.443
24.50
24.50
35.40
.738
35.40
.739
36.80
37.54
.515
28.99
29.07
1.162
55.78
52.78
.573
28.88
28.18
.462
24.49
26.52
.506
27.83
27.83
.396
24.00
24.00
34.30
.646
35.64
.583
32.07
29.63

31

GENERAL TABLES

Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of fuU time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and
— Con.

T a b l e A .—

BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Occupation, sex, and d ty

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Aver­
age
Num­ days
on
ber of which
wage wage
earn­ earners
ers worked
in
week

Bench hands or hand bakers,
male—Continued.
6
90
Los Angeles, Calif__________
3
Louisville, K y______________
15
4
14
Madison, Wis______________
3
Miami, Fla ...........................
7
Milwankp.A, Wis
7
56
Minneapolis, Minn
a
29
4
12
Mobile, Ala________________
NftShyillft, TVwin __
3
13
Newark, N. J___ __________
8
45
10
38
New Orleans, La___________
New York, N. Y .....................
26
237
Norfolk, Va.............................
4
7
3
10
Oklahoma City, Okla_______
2
Omaha, Nebr, _ ..... .............
13
11
2
Pawtucket, R. I____________
4
Peoria, 111................................
18
13
164
Philadelphia, Pa.....................
12
Pittsburgh, Pa_____________
81
1
Portland, Me_______________
0)
11
4
_____________ Portland,
Oreg
5
Providence, R. I____________
15
1
Pueblo, Colo..... .................... .
(*)
Richmond, Va____ _________
4
19
Roanoke, Va_______________
2
3
Rockford, 111............................
3
8
1
Sacramento, Calif___________
0)
_____________ St. Joseph,
3
M5o
St. Louis, M o____ _________
10
41
11
Salt Lake City, Utah..............
4
5
30
San Francisco, Calif________
Savannah, Qa______________
4
10
4
Scranton, Pa...........................
16
4
9
Seattle, Wash______________
3
4
Shreveport, La____ _________
5
19
Sioux City, Iowa................... .
4
8
South Bend, Ind__________
1
Spokane, Wash_____________
0)
5
22
Syracuse, N. Y ____________
Tacoma, Wash_____________
3
10
8
Tampa, Fla............................
3
2
5
Topeka, Kans_____________
4
14
Trenton, N. J..........................
2
Tulsa, Okla_______________
3
Washington, D. C.................
6
67
1
Wheeling, W. Va....................
0)
2
5
Wichita, Kans.........................
3
16
Wilmington, Del...................
Winston-Salem, N. C .............
3
10
4
15
Worcester, Mass......................
6
11
Youngstown, Ohio............ ...
Total. __....... ......... .............
Dividers or scalers and rounders,
male:
Albany, N. Y ..........................
Atlanta, Ga________________
Baltimore, M d_____________
Birmingham, Ala___________
Boston, Mass______________
Bridgeport, Conn___ _______
Buffalo, N. Y ..........................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa....... ........
Charleston. S. C......................

5.7
6.0
5.3
5.4
5.3
6.0
5.9
6.2
5.9
5.8
4.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.8
6.0
5.7
6.0
0)
5.1
5.8
0)
6.0
6.0
6.0
0)
6.0
5.1
6.0
5.1
5.5
6.0
4.8
6.3
5.8
6.0
0)
5.9
4.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
0)
5.4
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.6

53.5
56.2
50.6
57.1
53.5
51.5
56.8
57.2
48.5
48.1
47.2
57.3
51.0
49.8
54.0
50.7
50.7
50.1
0)
48.0
51.2
0)
54.5
53.0
51.8
0)
48.0
48.0
54.0
48.0
62.0
51.9
45.3
52.3
51.8
55.5
0)
50.2
48.0
55.5
48.0
49.1
54.0
48.0
0)
50.4
53.1
61.2
50.0
56.2

51.3
57.5
47.9
52.7
44.9
53.3
55.9
57.7
49.5
47.5
37.2
57.3
51.0
49.8
52.4
51.8
48.7
50.2
(l)
41.8
49.5
0)
57.1
53.0
51.8
0)
48.1
42.6
55.3
40.5
56.8
52.5
35.1
52.3
49.0
55.5
0)
51.8
38.7
55.5
48.0
49.1
57.7
40.2
0)
45.9
53.1
61.2
51.4
53.2

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week week

95.9 $0,632
.480
102.3
.663
94.7
.307
92.3
.531
83.9
.508
103.5
.356
98.4
.343
100.9
.749
102.1
.524
98.8
78.8 1.049
100.0 .389
100.0 .641
100.0 .501
.531
97.0
.635
102.2
.564
96.1
.594
100.2
0)
0)
.687
87.1
.651
96.7
0)
0)
.544
105.0
.374
100.0
.541
100.0
0)
<»)
.653
100.2
.803
88.8
.492
102.4
.968
84.4
.279
91.6
101.2 .500
77.5 1.132
100.0 .421
.546
94.6
100.0 .482
0)
0)
.543
103.2
.907
80.6
100.0 .363
100.0 .708
.660
100.0
.521
106.9
83.8 1.160
0)
0)
.427
91.1
.468
100.0
.308
100.0
.601
102.8
.505
94.7

$33.81
26.98
33.55
17.53
28.41
26.16
20.22
19.62
36.33
25.20
49.51
22.26
32.70
24.97
28.67
32.19
28.59
29.76
0)
32.98
33.33
(0
29.65
19.80
28.00
0)
31.34
38.54
26.57
46.46
17.30
25.95
51.28
22.00
28.28
26.75
(*)
27.26
43.54
20.13
34.00
32.43
28.13
55.68
0)
21.52
24.88
18.85
30.05
28.38

$32.42
27.62
31.71
16.19
23.87
27.08
19.89
19.78
37.07
24.92
39.00
22.26
32.70
24.97
27.82
32.90
27.46
29.80
0)
28.67
32.23
0)
31.10
19.80
28.00
0)
31.37
34.22
27.18
39.25
15.85
26.25
39.74
22.00
26.77
26.75
0)
28.13
35.05
20.13
34.00
32.43
30.05
46.66
0)
19.58
24.88
18.85
30.89
26.85

398

2,046

5.6

51.0

48.0

94.1

.659

33.61

31.63

5
4
8
5
8
3
3
3
3

5
6
16
5
21
5
8
6
3

6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0

51.4
59.0
54.9
60.0
52.9
48.0
52.5
54.7
56.3

53.2
59.0
54.6
58.0
52.9
50.9
54.1
54.7
56.3

103.5
100.0
99.5
96.7
100.0
106.0
103.0
100.0
100.0

.577
.345
.561
.400
.531
.554
.620
.402
.355

29.66
20.35
30.80
24.00
28.04
26.59
32.55
22.00
20.00

30.68
20.35
30.63
23.23
28.04
28.22
33.57
22.00
20.00

1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
age
age
Per
full­ hours cent of age
actu­
earn­
time
full
ally
ings
hours worked
time
per
worked hour
per
in
week week

32

WAGES AND HOtfRS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and' city— Con.

T able

BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

Dividers or scalers and rounders,
male—Continued.
Charlotte, N. C ____________
Chattanooga, Tfirm
Chioago, Til
Cincinnati, Ohio
Clftyp.land, Ohio
Colombia, STO _ __
_ __
Columbus, Ohio_ _
r>allas, T er...
Denver, Colo_______________
Des Moines, Iowa__________
Detroit, M ich____ __________
Duluth, Minn
Erie, Pa___________________
TCvansvillfl, Tnd ... .
Fall River, Mass___________
Fort Smith, Arlr
Grand Rapids, M ich_______
TTn.rt.fnrd, CJonn
__
Houston, Tex______________
Huntington, W. Va................
Indianapolis, Ind___________
Jacksonville, Fla___________
Lewiston and Auburn, M e ...
Lincoln, Nebr______________
Little Rock, Ark___________
Los Angeles, Calif__________
Louisville, K y______________
Madison, Wis______________
Manchester, N. H__________
Memphis, Tenn____________
Miami, Fla________________
Milwaukee, Wis____________
Minneapolis. Minn_________
Mobile, Ala.............................
Nashua, N. H ______________
Nashville, Tenn____________
Newark, N. J ..........................
New Orleans, La___________
New York, N. Y ___________
Norfolk, Va.............................
Ogden, Utah_______________
Oklahoma City, Okla_______
Omaha, Nebr______________
Pawtucket, R. I____________
Peoria, 111_____ ____________
Philadelphia, Pa....................
Pittsburgh, Pa_____________
Portland, Me______________
Portland, Oreg_____________
Providence, R. I____________
Pueblo, Colo____ _____ _____
Richmond, Va_____________
Roanoke, Va_______________
Rockford, 111.............. ............
Sacramento, Calif__________
St. Joseph, M o........................
St. Louis, M o.............. ...........
Salt Lake City, Utah_______
San Francisco, Calif________
Savannah, Ga______________
Scranton, Pa_______________
Seattle, wash______________
Shreveport, La_____________
Sioux City, Iowa___________
South Bend, Ind___________
Spokane, Wash.......................

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

3
4
14
5
8
2
5
4
6
5
6
1
2
3
4
1
4
2
4
3
6
2
4
3
4
7
4
2
3
3
4
7
6
3
3
3
7
10
17
3
2
3
4
3
3
13
10
3
5
3
2
4
4
3
2
3
10
4
5
3
4
6
3
3
2
3

3
4
49
14
14
2
7
4
8
8
15
4
2
3
6
0)
4
3
9
3
9
3
6
3
5
14
6
4
3
7
6
16
10
4
3
5
24
13
65
6
2
5
5
3
5
70
28
5
8
4
2
9
4
5
4
5
19
4
12
4
8
9
3
4
2
3

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

6.0
6.0
6.0
5.1
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.3
6.0
5.5
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
0)
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.3
5.0
6.0
5.6
6.2
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.3
5.2
5.8
6.0
5.9
6.7
5.5
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.4
6.0
6.0
5.7
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.7
6.0
4.8
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.3
6.0
6.0
6.0

1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
Aver­
age
age
Pir
age
age
full­
hours
age
full­
cent
of
actual
earn­ time
actu­
full
time
earn­
ings
earn­
ally
hours worked time
ings
per
ings
woiked hour
per
in
per
in
week week
week
1 week

55.7
53.3
51.1
49.7
52.3
51.8
53.6
48.0
48.0
55.5
51.9
54.0
54.0
48.0
53.0
0)
55.6
50.0
60.6
56.0
53.3
57.3
54.0
60.7
54.8
52.7
52.0
52.5
48.0
56.6
57.7
53.3
52.8
56.0
54.0
58.4
49.6
48.0
48.6
55.7
54.0
51.0
51.6
54.0
51.6
51.5
49.8
49.2
48.0
49.5
48.0
54.8
53.8
51.6
48.0
48.0
48.0
54.0
48.0
60.0
51.5
44.7
52.0
54.0
54.0
48.0

55.7
53.3
46.9
43.0
50.4
51.8
46.5
52.4
48.6
51.6
53.5
54.0
49.8
49.8
53.0
0)
55.5
51.2
61.4
55.7
52.8
57.3
54.0
60.7
53.2
51.9
45.6
50.8
47.8
52.9
59.2
49.7
53.7
56.0
54.0
49.9
49.6
48.7
48.2
55.7
49.5
50.0
53.2
54.0
53.9
51.3
50.2
49.2
42.8
49.5
48.0
53.5
53.8
51.6
48.0
48.8
48.0
56.4
38.7
60.0
51.5
44.3
54.7
50.0
54.0
48.0

100.0 $0.287 $16.00 $16.00
.376
20.00
100.0
20.00
91.8
.667
34.08
31.33
86.5
.655
32.55
28.13
96.4
.602
31.48
30. 32
100.0
.203
10.50
10.50
£6.8
.523
28.03
24.32
1C9.2
.740
35.52
38.77
33.84
.705
101.3
34.26
€>3.0 .413
22.92
21.27
103.1
.573
29.74
30.65
100.0
.324
17.50
17.50
92.2
.341
18.41
16.96
103.8
.523
25.10
26.01
1(0.0
.387
20.50
20.50
0)
(*)
0)
0)
99.8
.489
27.19
27.10
102.4
.623
31.15
31.87
1(1.3
21.39
.353
21.67
99.5
.441
24.70
24.53
{•9.1
25.32
.475
25.12
100.0
.317
18.17
18.17
20.43
100.0
.378
20.43
100.0
19. 33
.319
19. 33
97.1
22.85
.417
22.19
98.5
.587
30.93
30.46
87.7
.527
27.40
24.04
27.72
96.8
.528
26.82
{*9.6
.577
27.70
27.59
22.41
93.5
.396
20.98
102.6
.368
21.23
21.75
93.2
.480
25.58
23.83
101.7
25.92
.491
26.36
100.0
.366
20.50
20.50
100.0
.395
21. 33
21.33
85.4
.310
18.10
15.47
32.54
100.0
.656
32.54
101.5
.515
24.72
25.07
1)9.2 .651
31.64
31.35
100.0
.383
21.30
21.30
91.7
.440
23.76
21.76
98.0
34.22
.671
33.57
103.1
.513
26.47
27.28
.568
100.0
30.67
30.67
104.5
.574
29.62
30.92
99.6
.545
28.07
27.95
U)0.8 .610
30.38
30.66
100.0
.520
25.60
25.60
89.2
.644
30.91
27.53
100.0
.566
28.00
28.00
100.0
.666
31.96
31.96
07.6
.368
20.17
19.71
100.0
.334
17.95
17.95
.531
100.0
27.40
27.40
l')0.0 1.044 50.09
50.09
101.7
.664
31.87
32.40
m o
.817
39.20
39.20
104.4
.535
28.89
30.17
80.6
.961
46.13
37.17
.234
14.05
100.0
14.05
24.38
100.0
.473
24.38
09.1 1.063
47.52
47.09
105. 2 .350
18.20
19.11
)2.6 .365
19.71
18.24
100.0
.500
27.00
27.00
49.33
m o 1.028
49.33

33

GENERAL TABLES

A*— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con.

T able

BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

Dividers or scalers and rounders,
male—Continued.
4
7
Syracuse, N. Y _____________
2
Tacoma, Wash_____________
2
Taimpa, Fla ......... , . .......
1
2 Kfvns
.............
TnpaVa-,
3
Tr*vptr>n, N\ J
__
6
Trilsft, Olrlft _„ .
4
6
Washfpgt.riT), T>, ( '
8
6
WhAAling W Vft
2
4
W ifhit.a, Kans
3
3
3
4
Wilmington, Del....................
Winston-Salnm, N. c ., .
3
6
4
6
Worcester, Mass ______ ___
1
Yonngstown, Ohio
0)
Total.....................................
Molders, male:
Albany, N. Y ..........................
Atlanta, Ga________________
Baltimore, M d _____________
Birmingham, Ala___________
Boston, M ass...____________
Bridgeport, Conn___________
Buffalo, N. Y ..........................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa________
Charleston, S. C____________
Charlotte, N. C ......................
C h attanooga, Tp.nn

Chicago, 111________________
Cincinnati, Ohio___________
Cleveland, Ohio____________
Columbia, S. C_____________
Columbus, Ohio____________
Dallas, Tex________________
Denver, Colo___________ !___
Des Moines, Iowa__________
Detroit, Mich______________
Duluth, M inn.......................
Erie, Pa..................................
Evansville, Ind_____________
Fall River, Mass......... ..........
Fort Smith, Ark____________
Grand Rapids, Mich________
Hartford, Conn..................... .
Houston, Tex______________
Huntington, W. Va................
Indianapolis, Ind___________
Jacksonville, Fla___________
Lewiston and Auburn, M e ...
Lincoln, Nebr______________
Little Rock, Ark___________
Los Angeles, Calif__________
Louisville, K j .........................
Madison, Wis..........................
Manchester, N. H__________
Memphis, Tenn____________
Miami, Fla________________
Milwaukee, Wis____________
Minneapolis, Minn...............
Mobile, Ala.............................
Nashua, N. H ______________
Nashville, Tenn____________
Newark, N. J__________ ____
New Orleans, La___________
New York. N. Y .....................

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

6.0
6.0
0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.3
5.5
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
0

51.7
48.0
0
48.0
50.0
55.3
48.0
51.0
52.0
55.0
60.7
51.0
0

52.3
47.4
0
48.0
50.0
56.2
42.5
45.8
52.0
55.0
60.7
51.9
0

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

101.2 $0,537 $27.76
98.8
.785
37.68
0
0
0
.688- 33.00
100.0
100.0
.623
31.17
101.6
27.04
.489
88.5 1.152
55.30
89.8
.447
22.80
100.0
.406
21.10
100.0
.495
27.25
100.0
.265
16.08
101.8
.637
32.49
0
0
0

$28.09
37.23
0
33.00
31.17
27.47
48.95
20.47
21.10
27.25
16.08
33.07
0

377

740

5.9

51.7

50.7

98.1

.562

29.06

28.48

5

7
5
10
5
21

5.9
5.8
6.0
6.2
5.7
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.3
5.8
6.0
5.7
5.1
6.0
6.0
6.1
0
6.0
4.7

50.6
60.0
54.7
60.0
53.4
48.0
52.7
55.0
57.0
57.7
53.8
52.7
49.3
52.1
51.8
53.4
48.0
48.0
56.0
52.5
0
56.0
48.0
(i)
0
55.6
50.0
60.1
56.0
54.0
57.3
54.0
60.3
54.7
51.9
52.5
0
48.0
56.0
58.4
53.6
52.8
56.0
54.0
56.0
48.5
48.0
48.7

50.4
56.0
55.1
60.0
50.9
51.0
53.4
55.0
57.0
57.3
53.8
44.3
43.8
46.6
51.8
45.2
43.9
48.1
56.0
57.0

99.7
93.3
100.7
100.0
95.3
106.3
101.3
100.0
100.0
99.3
100.0
84.1
88.8
89.4
100.0
84.6
91.5
100.2
100.0
108.6
0
95.0
81.4

.579
.343
.470
.357
.475
.544
.523
.345
.281
.319
.407
.604
.640
.579
.309
.485
.743
.751
.408
.545
0
.326
.517
0
0
.479
.620
.393
.386
.436
.311
.351
.351
.404
.534
.511
0
.556
.402
.328
.455
.400
.268
.407
.321
.738
.451
.634

29.30
20.58
25.71
21.40
25.37
26.11
27.56
19.00
16.00
18.41
21.92
31.83
31.55
30.17
16.00
25.90
35.66
36.05
22.87
28.61
0
18.26
24.82
0
0
26.60
31.00
23.62
21.62
23.54
17.83
18.93
21.25
22.10
27.71
26.82
0
26.67
22.51
19.16
24.39
21.12
15.00
22.00
17.96
35.79
21.65
30.88

29.20
19.22
25.90
21.40
24.15
27.76
27.89
19.00
16.00
18.29
21.92
26.75
28.40
26.97
16.00
21.94
32.58
36.13
22.87
31.08

4
6
5

8
3
3
2
2
3
4
7
5
8
2
5
4
3

5

9
2
2
3
6
38
18
16
2
10
7
4
9
22

5

6
1

3
2
1

1
4
2
3
3
6
2
4
3
4
6
4
1
3
3
4
7
6
3
2
4
6
7
17

0
(i)
0

3
3

4
3
7
3
10
3
6
4
7
20
4

0

3
6
5
19
10
4
2
4
18
9
45

0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0
0
6.0
5.3
6.2
5.6
5.7
6.0
6.5
6.0
5.8
6.0
6.0

1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
age
Per
age
age
full­ hours
cent of earn­
actu­
full
time
ally
ings
time
hours worked
per
worked hour
per
in
week week

0)

53.2
39.1
0
0)
55.6
50.0
60.7
55.7
53.1
57.3
54.0
60.3
51.8
52.3
52.5
0
48.0
50.3
61.2
46.5
50.4
56.0
54.0
56.0
48.3
48.5
49.4

0)

0
100.0
100.0
101.0
99.5
98.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.7
100.8
100.0
0
100.0
89.8
104.8
86.8
95.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.6
101.0
101.4

0)

17.31
20.20
0
0
26.60
31.00
23.86
21.52
23.19
17.83
18.93
21.25
20.94
27.88
26.82
0
26.67
20.17
20.08
21.10
20.12
15.00
22.00
17.96
35.66
21.89
31.34

34

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

A. — Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average fulltime and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1931, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con.

T able

BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

Molders, male—Continued.
Norfolk, V a_-_-......................
Ogden, Utah....... ............... .
Oklahoma City, Okla.............
Omaha, Nebr....................—
Pawtucket, E. I............ .........
Peoria, 111___________ ____ —
Philadelphia, Pa.....................
Pittsburgh, Pa______ _______
Portland, Me____ _________
Portland, Oreg............ ...........
Providence, R. I____________
Pueblo, Colo______ _________
Richmond, Va_____ ________
Roanoke, Va...........................
Rockford, Til___ ____ _______
Sacramento, Calif......... .........
St. Joseph, M o.......................
St. Louis, M o....... .................
Salt Lake City, Utah.............
San Francisco, C a l i f - ..........
Savannah, G a .~ ....................
Scranton, Pa______ _________
Seattle, W ash-----------------------Shreveport, La....... ......... ......
Sioux City, Iowa....................
South Bend, Ind....................
Spokane, Wash............. .........
Syracuse, N. Y _____________
Tacoma, Wash....... ...............
Tampa, Fla________________
Topeka, Kans............ ............
Trenton, N. J ............ ............
Tulsa, Okla.............. ..............
Washington, D. C__________
Wheeling, W. Va___________
Wichita, Kans______ _______
Wilmington, Del....................
Winston-Salem, N. C.............
Worcester, Mass.....................
Youngstown, Ohio..................
Total__________ _________
Oven men:
Albany, N. Y ..........................
Atlanta, Ga.............................
Baltimore, M d........................
Birmingham, Ala.................
Boston, Mass..........................
Bridgeport, Conn...................
Buffalo, N. Y __......................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa...............
Charleston, S. C..... ................
Charlotte, N. C ................... ...
Chattanooga, Tenn.......... ......
Chicago, 111..............................
Cincinnati, O h io...................
Cleveland, Ohio......................
Columbia, S. C.......................
Columbus, Ohio.....................
Covington, K y........................
Dallas, Tex..............................
Denver, Colo......................... .
Des Moines, Iowa...................
Detroit, Mich.........................
Duluth, Minn.........................

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

3
2
3
3
2
1
11
10
3
5
3
1
4
4
2
2
2
9
2
5
2
4
5
3
2
1
2
4
1
1
2
2
4
6
2
3
2
3
4
1

Aver­
age
Num­ days
on
ber of which
wage wage
earn­ earners
ers worked
in
week

4
4
5
4
3

6.0
5.8
5.6
6.0
6.0

0)
53
28
8
7
4

0)

0)

(*)

6
4
2
4
4
23
3
14
2
8
10
4
3

C1)
0)
0)

4
6
3
5
6
8
4
3
4
3
6
3

6.0
5.7
6.0
5.6
6.0

5.8
6.0
6.0
5.0
5.5
5.7
5.0
5.3
6.0
6.0
4.9
6.0
6.0

0)

5.0
6.0

0)
(l)

56.8
54.0
51.0
51.0
54.0
V)

51.5
50.4
49.5
48.0
49.5
C1)

56.8
54.0
48.3
54.3
54.0
(0
52.4
48.3
49.5
44.2
49.6
(»)

54.3
53.8
54.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
54.0
48.0
58.0
51.5
44.4
51.0
54.0

52.3
53.8
54.0
40.0
44.8
46.6
45.7
42.4
58.0
51.5
36.8
51.0
47.3

0)

0)

48.0
52.3
(l)
0)

40.0
55.7

(l)
0)

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

100.0 $0,386
100.0
.444
94.7
.655
106.1
.500
100.0
.494
0)
0)
.483
L01.7
95.8
.527
100.0
.518
92.1
.691
100.2
.540
(*)

96.3
100.0
100.0
82.9
93.3
97.1
84.6
88.3
100.0
100.0
82.9
100.0
87.6
(*)

83.3
106.5
0)
0)

C1)

.431
.251
.398
.883
.665
.805
.446
.965
.191
.388
1.028
.400
.399
0)

.977
.513
0)
0)

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­ earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

$21.93
23.96
33.41
25.50
26.67
0)
24.87
26.56
25.63
33.17
26.73
0)

23.40
13.50
21.50
42.38
31.92
38.64
24.08
46.32
11.08
20.00
45.64
20.38
21.55
0)

46.90
26.83
0)

$21.93
23.96
31.64
27.10
26.67
(0
25.30
25.43
25.63
30.57
26.80
0)

22.60
13.50
21.50
35.31
29.75
37.47
20.37
40.92
11.08
20.00
37.76
20.38
18.76
0)

39.04
28.39
0)
0)

6.0
6.0
6.0
5.5
5.3
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.3

48.0
50.4
55.3
48.0
51.0
56.0
53.5
60.7
51.0
54.0

48.0
50.4
55.3
45.1
44.6
56.0
53.5
60.7
51.5
45.1

100.0
100.0
100.0
94.0
87.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
101.0
83.5

.688
.583
.495
1.152
.462
.423
.407
.241
.514
.451

(0
33.00
29.40
27.42
55.30
23.56
23.70
21.75
14.67
26.21
24.35

33.00
29.40
27.42
52.00
20.61
23.70
21.75
14.67
26.48
20.33

333

675

5.8

51.8

50.1

96.7

.538

27.87

26.94

5
4
10
5
10
4
4
2
3
3
4
28
6
10
5
5
2
4
6
6
6
4

12
9
31
10
54
7
14
3
5
5
9
106
20
39
7
8
3
6
20
12
29
8

6.0
6.0
5.8
6.1
5.4
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.0

50.5
58.9
55.1
61.0
53.2
49.7
51.4
55.0
56.6
56.2
53.4
50.3
50.1
51.7
54.4
53.3
48.0
49.3
48.0
55.0
51.2
51.0

52.5
58.9
52.9
59.2
48.3
50.1
54.3
55.0
56.6
58.2
53.4
46.4
49.7
50.1
54.4
46.8
48.0
48.0
47.9
54.2
47.3
51.0

104.0
100.0
96.0
97.0
90.8
100.9
105.6
100.0
100.0
103.6
100.0
92.2
99.2
96.9
100.0
87.8
100.0
97.4
99.8
98.5
92.4
100.0

.607
.342
.579
.351
.541
.879
.587
.455
.382
.354
.413
.842
.720
.641
.326
.569
.851
.780
.744
.427
.627
.531

30.65
20.11
31.90
21.41
28.78
43.69
30.17
25.00
21.60
19.89
22.06
42.35
36.07
33.14
17.71
30.33
40.87
38.45
35.71
23.49
32.10
27.06

31.88
20.11
30.65
20.77
26.15
44.09
31.87
25.00
21.60
20.62
22.06
39.09
35.81
32.10
17.71
26.62
40.87
37.42
35.59
23.14
29.67
27.06

1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




Aver­ Aver­
age
Per
age
full­ hours cent of
full
time actu­
ally
hours worked
time
w irked
per
in
week week

35

GENERAL TABLES

A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con.

T able

BREAD DEPARTM EN T-Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

Oven men—Continued.
Erie, Pa___________________
F.vansville, T n d ............ .
Fall River, Mass___________
Fo^t- STnit-h, Ark
drand Rapids, Mir»h
Hartford, Conn_____________
Houston, T ex............. .......
Huntington, W, Va
Indianapolis, Tnd,
Jacksonville, Fla___________
Lewiston and Auburn, M e ...
Lincoln, Nebr______________
Little Rock, Ark___________
T-ns Angelas, Calif
Louisville, K y______________
Madison, Wis____________
MftTlohestftr, N- H
Memphis, Tenn _

Miami, Fla________________
Milwaukee, Wis____________
Minneapolis, Minn_________
Mobile, Ala_________________
Nashua, N. H ______________
Nashville, Tenn____________
Newark, N. J______________
New Orleans, La___________
New York, N. Y ................. .
Norfolk, Va____ ..__________
Ogden, Utah_______________
Oklahoma City, Okla_______
Omaha, Nebr______________
Pawtucket, R. I _______ ____
Peoria, 111_________________
Philadelphia, Pa___________
Pittsburgh, Pa____________
Portland, Me______________
Portland, Oreg_____________
Providence, R. I ___________
Pueblo, Colo______________
Richmond, Va_____________
Roanoke, Va_______________
Rockford, 111_______________
Sacramento, Calif__________
St. Joseph, M o_____________
St. Louis, M o_____ ________
Salt Lake City, Utah.______
San Francisco, Calif________
Savannah, Ga______________
Scranton, Pa_______________
Seattle, Wash______________
Shreveport, La_____________
Sioux City, Iowa___________
South Bend, Tnd____________
Spokane, Wash_____________
Syracuse, N. Y _____________
Tacoma, Wash_____________
Tampa, Fla__________ _____
Topeka, Kans______________
Trenton, N. J ______________
Tulsa. Okla ...........................
Washington, D. C ..... ............
Wheeling, W. Va....................
Wichita, Kans_______________
Wilmington. Del_____ ____
Winston-Salem, N. C........ .

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

4
6
3
2
4
4
5
3
8
3
2
4
4

5
6
4
2
6
9
9
5
14
7
4
5

7

33
9
5

5
4
3
3
4
7
7

4
1
4
10
11
30
4
1
4
4
4
4
15
12
4
5
5
3
4
4
3
2
3
11
4
5
4
4
6
3
4
2
3
6

4
3
2
5
3
6

2
4
4
3

6

7
7

5
31
19
7

3
6
43
34
150
10
(,)7
8
9
7

88
52
11
13
14
4
13
6

4
3
6

52
8
37
4
7

12
3
8
3
4
12
7
6

5
10
6
20
4
8
11
4

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.1
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.6
6.0
5.3
5.7
6.0
5.7
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.2
6.0
6.0
5.2
6.0
(l)
5.3
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.0
5.8
6.0
6.0
4.7
6.0
5.7
6.0
5.3
6.0
6.0
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.5
5.9
4.7
6.0
6.0
6.2
6.0
5.5
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.0

* For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
age
age
Per
age
full­ hours
cent of earn­
actu­
full
time
ings
ally
hours worked
time
per
worked hour
per
in
week week

55.2
48.0
52.5
59.3
55.1
50.7
60.8
57.6
55.3
59.4
54.0
59.2
55.2
52.9
51.7
49.3
48.0
57.0
58.4
53.4
52.4
57.1
54.0
56.2
48.3
48.0
47.8
52.0
0)
51.0
52.5
54.0
50.6
51.8
50.4
49.6
48.0
50.6
48.0
53.7
53.7
52.5
48.0
48.0
48.0
54.0
48.0
60.8
50.9
44.0
52.0
53.3
53.0
48.0
51.2
48.0
55.0
48.0
50.0
54.0
48.0
51.0
53.3
54.5
60.5

52.6
49.2
52.5
59.3
52.1
50.7
62.0
57.2
56.9
60.6
54.0
59.2
53.1
53.4
50.9
51.8
42.7
57.9
59.4
47.4
53.2
57.1
54.0
57.8
48.9
48.4
42.2
57.0
0)
45.4
56.3
54.0
54.7
51.3
49.7
49.6
47.6
48.9
40.0
52.9
53.7
52.5
37.3
48.6
47.2
56.8
42.2
60.8
50.9
42.3
52.0
48.7
53.0
44.0
51.4
36.0
55.0
48.0
51.6
54.0
44.0
48.0
53.3
53.8
60.5

95.3 $0.582
.782
102.5
.473
100.0
.342
100.0
.517
94.6
100.0
.713
102.0
.475
99.3
.501
102.9
.515
.383
102.0
.444
100.0
.483
100.0
96.2
.466
100.9
.669
.613
98.5
.797
105.1
89.0
.686
.514
101.6
.360
101.7
.570
88.8
.542
101.5
.423
100.0
.488
100.0
.382
102.8
.874
101.2
100.8
.626
.941
88.3
109.6
.431
0)
0)
.739
89.0
107.2
.529
. 613
100.0
.728
108.1
99.0
.649
98.6
.665
.588
100.0
99.2
.761
96.6
.730
83.3
.699
98.5
.583
100.0
.348
100.0
.600
77.7 1.021
101.3
.692
98.3
.883
105.2
.443
87.9 1.025
100.0
.263
100.0
. 545
96.1 1.175
100.0
.481
91.4
.593
100.0
.481
91.7 1.138
100.4
.632
75.0
.963
100.0
.358
100.0
.750
103.2
.675
100.0
.565
91.7 1.208
94.1
.573
100.0
.472
98.7
.525
100.0
.372

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

$32.13
37.54
24.85
20.25
28.49
36.11
28.88
28.86
28.48
22.75
24.00
28.60
25. 72
35. 39
31.69
39.29
32.93
29.30
21.02
30.44
28.40
24.14
26.33
21.47
42.21
30.05
44.98
22.41
0)
37.69
27. 77
33.11
36.84
33.62
33. 52
29.18
36. 53
36.94
33.55
31.31
18.70
31.50
49.01
33.22
42.38
23.92
49.20
15.95
27. 71
51.70
25.00
31.61
25.00
54.62
32.36
46.22
19.67
36.00
33.75
30.50
57.98
29.22
25.12
28.61
22.50

$30.57
38.44
24.85
20.25
26.95
36.11
29.44
28.63
29.29
23.22
24.00
28.60
24.73
35.70
31.22
41.28
29.31
29.75
21.36
27.03
28.80
24.14
26.33
22.10
42.69
30.26
39.68
24.55
0)
33.53
29.73
33.11
39.83
33.30
33.04
29.18
36.23
35.68
27.98
30.84
18.70
31.50
38.12
33.61
41.73
25.15
43.30
15.95
27.71
49.66
25.00
28.86
25.00
50.08
32.49
34.63
19 67
36.00
34.85
30.50
53.15
27.50
25.12
28 27
22.50

36

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and c^i/— Con.

T a b l e A .—

BREAD DEPARTM EN T-Continued
Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

Aver­ Aver­
age
Per
age
cont of
full­ hours
actu­
full
time
ally
hours worked time
■worked
per
in
week week

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

Oven men—Continued.
Worcester, Mass__. ________
Youngstown, Ohio

5
6

13
9

6.0
6.0

50.3
56.7

51.3
56.7

Total....................................

468

1,368

5.8

51.2

49.4

5.7
6.0
5.9
5.9
5.8
6.0
5.8
6.0
6.0
5.2
6.0
6.0
5.2
5.9
5.7
5.7
6.0
4.9
5.1
5.9
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.6
6.0
5.9
5. 7
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.0
4.8
5.8
6.0
5.8
5.3
5.7
5.4
5.5
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0
5.4
6.0
6.0
4.9
6.0
5.2
5.8
5.8
6.0
5.8
5.1
5.6

49.6
59.7
55.1
59.4
50.7
48.8
53.4
55.0
55.0
55.9
56.5
51.5
50.0
52.0
54.7
53.8
48.0
52.1
48.0
54.4
51.8
50.3
54.7
48.5
51.4
54.5
55.0
51.0
61.3
56.3
51.9
62.2
54.0
62.0
54.3
53.2
53.0
48.3
48.0
56.6
56.4
53.3
52.2
59.2
54.0
57.6
49.2
48.1
48.4
53.6
54.0
51.0
51.3
54.0
50.4
51.8
50.5
49.3
48.0
49.9
fi>

51.8
60.1
54.5
55.8
49.9
50.8
53.6
55.0
55.0
48.7
56.5
47.4
44.9
49.2
51.7
45.6
48.0
42.3
41.5
53.2
51.1
49.7
51.0
49.4
51.4
54.5
50.2
51.0
60.2
51.9
48.9
62.2
54.0
62.0
38.5
53.4
53.9
51.2
42.4
52.5
51.6
46.1
48.4
58.8
54.0
57.5
50.2
49.0
44.6
54.2
57.0
42.3
51.8
45.3
50.8
50.5
50.5
47.6
41.3
46.4

Occupation, sex, and d ty

Helpers, male:
Albany, N. Y ...................... Atlanta., Ga
■RaHimnrft, Md _
Birmingh?vm, Ala... ______
Boston, Mass_____ _________
"Bridgeport, <~5onn...r .......
Buffalo, N. Y ..... .
. ....
Cedar Rapids, Iowa________
Charleston, S. C____________
Chattanooga, Tp.nn
Cftinagn, Til
_

_

_ -

Cleveland, Ohio__________ _
Columbia, S. C............. .........
Columbus, Ohio____________
Covington, K y_____________
Dallas, Tex___________ _____
Denver, Colo_______________
Des Moines, Iowa__________
Detroit, Mich______________
Duluth, M in n , .
Erie, P a __________________
Evansville, Ind ___________
Fall River, Mass___________
Fort Smith, Ark____________
Grand Rapids, Mich_______
Hartford, Conn_____________
Houston, Tex______________
Huntington, W. Va_________
Indianapolis, Ind___________
Jacksonville, F la.......... .........
Lewiston and Auburn, M e—
Lincoln, Nebr______________
Little Rock, Ark___________
Los Angeles, Calif__________
Louisville, K y______________
Madison, Wis______________
Manchester, N. H __________
Memphis, Tp.nn____________
Miami, Fla________________
Milwaukee, Wis____________
Minneapolis, M in n ___________
Mobile, Ala________________
Nashua, N. H ______________
Nashville, Tenn____________
Newark, N. J______________
New Orleans, La___________
New York, N. Y ......... ...........
Norfolk, Va________________
Ogden, Utah_______________
Oklahoma City, Okla_______
Omaha, Nebr______________
Pawtucket, R. I____________
Peoria, 111_________________
Philadelphia, Pa___________
Pittsburgh, Pa_____________
Portland, Me______________
Portland, Oreg_____________
Providence, R. I____________
Pueblo, C olo.................... —

5
4
10
5
9
5

4

2
3
3
4

?4

6
10
5
5
2
5
6
6
6
4
5
4
2
2
4
5
5
3
7
4
4
1
3
7
5
5
3
3
4
7
7
3
3
4
8
10
29
4
2
5
4
4
3
15
12
4
5
6
1

35
34
93
32
51
23
29
8
7
9
13
222
53
77
9
29
5
15
21
15
91
16
18
13
7
2
20
16
24
13
21
19
14
3
4
81
15
13
7
20
14
78
56
21
26
14
70
51
296
17
3
11
20
31
10
188
119
19
21
34

0)

0)

*For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total,




©

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­ earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

102.0 $0.658
.464
100.0

$33.10
26.27

$33.78
26.27

96.5

.682

34.92

33.67

104.5
100.7
98.9
93.9
98.4
104.2
100.4
100.0
100.0
87.1
100.0
92.0
89.8
94.6
94.5
84.8
100.0
81.2
86.5
97.8
98.6
98.8
93.2
101.9
100.0
100.0
91.3
100.0
98.2
92.2
94.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
70.9
100.4
101.7
106.0
88.3
92.8
91.5
86.5
92.7
99.3
100.0
99.8
102.0
101.9
92.1
101.1
105.6
82.9
101.0
83.9
100.8
97.5
100.0
96.6
86.0
93.0

.469
.223
.384
.235
.492
.483
.442
.270
.255
.228
.290
.519
.501
.438
.187
.398
.413
.329
.446
.297
.509
.355
.284
.294
.364
.183
.387
.444
.324
.283
.396
.232
.317
.280
.277
.438
.419
.475
.365
.331
.230
.404
.347
.219
.326
.227
.517
.321
.597
.318
.443
.436
.400
.366
.297
.451
.372
.463
.491
.443
0

23.26
13.31
21.16
13.96
24.94
23.57
23.60
14.88
14.00
12.75
16.38
26.73
25.05
22.78
10.23
21.41
19.80
17.14
21.41
16.16
26.37
17.86
15. 53
14.26
18. 71
10.00
21.29
22.63
19.86
15.93
20.55
14.42
17.09
17.33
15.04
23.30
22.21
22.94
17.52
18.73
12.97
21.53
18.11
12.96
17.60
13.08
25.44
15.44
28.89
17.04
23.92
22.24
20.52
19.76
14.97
23.36
18.81
22.83
23.57
22.11

24.32
13.41
20.96
13.15
24.53
24.58
23.71
14.88
14.00
11.10
16.38
24.59
22.47
21.51
9.67
18.15
19.80
13.94
18.49
15. 79
26.04
17.63
14. 50
14.50
18. 71
10.00
19.41
22.63
19. 54
14. 71
19.39
14.42
17.09
17.33
10.68
23.36
22.57
24 34
15.50
17.36
11.88
18.62
16.78
12.87
17.60
13.05
25.95
15.73
26.59
17.23
25.22
18.43
20.71
16.58
15.07
22.77
18.81
22.03
20.31
20.55

0)

C1)

C1)

37

GENERAL TABLES

T a b l e A .— Average number of days on which wage earners worked , average fu ll­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1931, by department, occupation , sex , and city — C o n .
BREAD DEPARTMENT—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

Helpers, male—Continued.
Richmond, Va_____________
Va
Rockford, 111____ ____ ______
Sacramento, Calif
St. Joseph, M o_____________
fit- Tennis, Mn
_
.... .
Salt Lake City, Utah.............
San Francisco, Calif________
Savannah, Ga..... .................
Scranton, Pa ......... .. .
Seattle, Wash______________
Shreveport, La_____________
fiioil* City, Tnwa
South Bend, Ind_______ ____
fipnkanft, Wash
.. .
Syracuse, N. Y _____________
Tacoma, Wash „
Tampa,
... . r - r ^
Tr>pftka, TTans _ _ .. _ . .
Trenton, N. J______________
Tulsa, Okla________________
Washington, D. C__________
Wheeling, W . Va___________
Wichita, kaha______________
Wilmington, Del___________
Winston-Salem, N. C______ _
Worcester, Mass____________
Youngstown, Ohio__________
Total__ _

-

- ___

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

Aver­ Aver­
age
Per
age
cent of
full­ hours
actu­
full
time
ally
hours worked
time
worked
per
in
week week

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

4
3
3
2
5
11
4
5
4
4
4
5
4
4
3
5
2
4
1
2
4
6
2
4
4
4
5
4

31
7
10
6
12
62
10
32
14
24
16
19
15
8
8
28
3
18
3
5
11
68
14
9
14
6
22
17

5.5
6.0
6.0
4.5
6.6
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
6.0
6.0
6.1
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.6
6.0
6.1
6.0
6.0
5.4
5.7
5.4
5.8
5.8
6.0
6.0
5.4

54.0
53.0
52.8
48.0
48.0
50.5
54.0
48.0
61. 5
52.0
45.4
51.6
52.8
53.3
48.0
52.1
48.0
54.9
48.0
49.6
56.2
55.2
51.0
52.7
52.7
61.0
51.0
55.1

50.1
53.0
52.8
36.0
46.2
49.3
54.0
45.8
58.5
52.0
45.5
51.6
52.3
53.3
45.8
51.9
45.2
54.9
48.0
49.6
50.6
45.7
45.2
51.5
51.2
61.0
51.7
47.9

457

2,789

5.8

52.0

49.6

95.4

0)
0

0)
0
6.0
5.5
5.2
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
4.7
0)
0)
0)

0)
0)
44.0
54.0
48.0
0)
0
0
0)
0
54.0
0
0
0

0
0
44.0
50.1
41.6
0
0
0
0
(i)
41.1
0
0
0

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

$17.87
12.29
18.50
24.34
21.22
28.28
18.73
32.83
10.70
16.58
32.73
12.89
16.90
13.19
29.42
22.72
28.32
13.50
18.67
26.80
19.11
32.35
19.99
17.39
18.60
12.17
23.21
20.00

$16.58
12.29
18.50
18.25
20.41
27.59
18.73
31.36
10.19
16.58
32.82
12.89
16.74
13.19
28.06
22.61
26.67
13.50
18.67
26.80
17.18
26.79
17.74
17.00
18.07
12.17
23.55
17.39

.431

22.41

21.35

0
0
100.0
92.8
86.7
0)
0
0)
0
0)
76.1
(i)
0
0

0)
0)
.273
.251
.314
0)
0
(l)
0
0)
.259
0)
0)

0)
0)
12.00
13.55
15.07
0)
0)
0
0)
0)
13.99
0)
0
0)

0)
0)
12.00
12.57
13.08
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
10.65
0)
0)
0)

92.8 $0.331
100.0
.232
.350
100.0
75.0
.507
.442
96.3
.560
97.6
100.0 .347
95.4
.684
.174
95.1
100.0
.319
100.2
.721
100.0
.250
.320
99.1
100.0
.248
95.4
.613
99.6
.436
94.2
.590
100.0
.246
.389
100.0
100.0
.540
.340
90.0
.586
82.8
88.6
.392
97.7
.330
97.2
.353
100.0
.199
101.4
.455
86.9
.363

Helpers, female:
Albany, N. Y ______________
Boston, Mass______________
Chattanooga, Tenn_________
Cincinnati, Ohio___________
Cleveland, Ohio____________
Detroit, Mich______________
Duluth, Minn______________
Indianapolis, Ind___________
Little Rock, Ark___________
Los Angeles, Calif__________
Minneapolis, Minn_________
Pittsburgh, Pa_____________
Richmond, Va_____________
Wheeling, W. Va....................

1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1

Total____________________

17

65

5.4

49.1

43.7

89.0

.296

14.53

12.92

4
3
8
2
5
4
4
1
2
3
3
27
5
10
4
5

16
17
29
5
31
7
33
5
4
10
12
138
36
48
6
15

6.0
6.0
6.0
6.4
5.3
5.3
6.0
6.2
6.0
6.2
5.8
5.6
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.7

51.4
59.9
51.6
65.2
49.9
54.0
53.6
56.2
54.0
56.7
58.5
53.0
60.8
51.9
52.8
55.6

51.4
59.9
51.6
65.2
42.8
47.6
54.6
56.2
54.0
59.2
56.5
50.4
51.4
51.4
52.8
63.8

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
85.8
88.1
101.9
100.0
100.0
104.4
96.6
95.1
101.2
99.0
100.0
95.9

.479
.228
.373
.236
.495
.430
.488
.349
.245
.229
.233
.453
.418
.459
.160
.369

24.59
13.68
19.26
15.40
24.70
23.22
26.16
19.60
13.25
12.98
13.63
24.01
21.23
23.82
8.42
20.52

24.59
13.68
19.26
15.40
21.18
20.48
26.64
19.60
13.25
13.57
13.15
22.84
21.47
23.57
8.42
19.67

Laborers, male:
Albany, N. Y ______________
Atlanta, Ga________________
Baltimore, M d _____________
Birmingham, Ala___________
Boston, Mass______________
Bridgeport, Conn___________
Buffalo, N. Y ..........................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa________
Charleston, S. C____________
Charlotte, N. C____________
Chattanooga, Tenn_________
Chicago, 111________________
Cincinnati, Ohio___________
Cleveland, Ohio____________
Columbia, S. C_____________
Columbus, Ohio......................

4
4

l35
(i)
0)

(i)
0

(i)
0
0)

6

iFor less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




38

WAGES AND H0T7RS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con.

T able

BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Laborers, male—Continued.
Covington, K y_____________

Aver­
age
Num­ days
on
ber of which
wage wage
earn­ earners
ers worked
in
week

2
_
Dallas,5 Tax
5
Denver, Colo_______________
5
Des Moines, Iowa__________
6
Detroit, Mich______________
Duluth, Minn ,
2

5

3
17
24
12
53
3
7
8

4
1
«
4
17
Hartford, Dnnn
3
8
13
6
Houston, T e x _____________
3
6
TnrHanapnlis, Tnd _ _
26
9
3
8
5
4
Lincoln, Nebr______________
4
9
Little Rock, Ark___________
34
Los
Calif
7
4
18
Louisville, K y______________
3
3
Madison, Wis______________
3
16
Memphis, Tenn____________
5
2
Miami, F l a „ ______________
20
6
Milwaukee, Wis __________
14
Minneapolis, Minn_________
6
2
14
Mobile,
.... .....................
7
3
Nashville. T e n n ___________
9
38
Newark, N. J______________
11
5
New Orleans, La___________
121
New York, N. Y ____ ____ __
27
1
Norfolk, Va_...................... .
0)
_____________ Ogden,1 Utah 4
4
21
Oklahoma City, Okla_______
4
19
Omaha, Nebr______________
2
3
Pawtucket, R. I ____________
11
4
Peoria, 111............................. 14
152
Philadelphia, Pa__............ .
Pittsburgh, Pa_____________
12
68
5
13
Portland, O reg____________
5
11
Providence, R. I ___________
2
3
Pueblo, Colo _____________
1
4
Richmond, Va_____________
4
5
Roanoke, Va_______________
2
3
Rockford, 111 ______________
2
6
Sacramento, Calif__________
4
9
St. Joseph, M o_____________
11
43
St. Louis, M o______________
4
13
Salt Lake City, Utah..............
5
San Francisco, Calif________
27
3
Savannah, Ga______________
6
4
17
Scranton, Pa__ ____________
4
12
Seattle, Wash...... ...................
5
2
Shreveport, La_____________
5
Sioux City, Iowa___________
10
1
South Bend, Ind.....................
0)
2
Spokane, Wash_____________
13
4
10
Syracuse, N. Y _____________
4
5
Tacoma, Wash............ ...........
Tampa, Fla...........................
2
6
4
Topeka, Kans.........................
2
3
4
Trenton, N. J.... .............. ......
11
4
Tulsa, Okla___________ ____
41
Washington, D. C............... ...
6
2
Wheeling, W. Va....................
8
4
Wichita, Kans___ _________
9
Wilmington, Del___________
3
8
3
4
Winston-Salem, N. C.............

6.0
6.1
5.9
6.1
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
0)
5.6
6.0
5.6
6.2
5.7
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.8
6.0
5.6
5.4
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.7
6.0
5.9
0)
4.8
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.1
6.0
6.0
5.7
5.5
6.3
5.3
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.5
5.7
6.0
6.0
5.6
6.0
6.3
0)
4.5
6.1
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.7
6.0
6.1
6.0
6.0

* For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




Aver­ Aver­
age
Per
age
full­ hours cent of
full
time actu­
ally
time
hours worked
worked
per
in
week week

50.0
56.7
49.3
53.5
51.5
52.0
55.7
48.0

0)

55.8
54.0
60.8
58.0
54.6
58.0
61.2
56.7
52.6
55.7
52.0
56.3
58.4
54.0
53.6
58.1
56.7
48.8
49.1
49.7
0)
54.0
54.6
53.5
54.0
53.5
52.6
52.4
48.0
49.6
50.0
55.0
53.2
61.0
51.0
57.3
53.9
53.1
48.0
59.5
52.0
47.5
50.4
54.6
0)
48.0
51.0
48.0
54.0
51.0
51.5
54.4
52.8
54.0
55.7
52.3
61.0

50.0
55.6
47.8
53.5
52.9
52.0
55.7
48.0
(»)
51.7
54.0
56.3
59.7
53.5
58.0
61.2
56.7
52.0
53.5
52.7
52.9
53.0
49.0
53.8
58.1
56.7
46.6
49.1
50.0
0)
42.8
50.7
53.5
54.5
54.3
52.4
51.9
46.5
45.5
55.0
48.3
53.2
61.0
51.0
56.7
55.1
49.8
45.9
59.5
52.0
42.0
50.4
54.6
0)
35.7
52.4
48.0
54.0
51.0
51.5
54.4
50.6
54.0
55.7
52.3
61.0

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

100.0 $0.380 $19.00 $19.00
.286
16.22
98.1
15.89
.421
97.0
20.76
20.16
.354
18.96
100.0
18.96
102.7
.503
25.90
26.64
100.0
.410
21.33
21.33
100.0
.369
20.55
20.55
100.0
.409
19.63
19.63
0)
0)
0)
0)
92.7
.375
20.93
19.39
100.0
.519
28.00
28.00
92.6
.283
17.21
15.92
102.9
.354
20.53
21.13
98.0
.380
20.75
20.32
100.0
.213
12.38
12.38
100.0
.299
18.30
18.30
100.0
.277
15.69
15.69
.451
23.72
98.9
23.45
19.44
96.1
.349
18.68
101.3
.506
26.31
26.67
94.0
.307
17.28
16.21
90.8
13.90
.238
12.60
90.7
22.57
.418
20.44
100.4
.379
20.31
20.39
12.54
100.0
.216
12.54
.241
100.0
13.69
13.69
95.5
.533
26.01
24.81
13.74
100.0
.280
13.74
100.6
25.84
.520
25.97
C1)
G)
(>)
0)
79.3
.429
23.17
18.33
92.9
.337
18.40
17.07
100.0
.360
19.27
19.27
100.9
.445
24.03
24.25
101.5
.377
20.17
20.45
99.6
.398
20.93
20.82
23.37
23.14
99.0
.446
96.9
.435
20.88
20.21
20.34
91.7
.410
18.65
.409
20.45
110.0
22.50
87.8
.347
19.09
16.75
100.0
.233
12.40
12.40
21.33
100.0
21.33
.350
100.0
.503
25.67
25.67
.314
99.0
17.99
17.78
.392
21.13
102.2
21.56
.321
17.05
93.8
15.97
95.6
.606
29.09
27.85
100.0
.149
8.85
8.85
.311
16.18
100.0
16.18
88.4
.613
29.12
25.73
100.0
.353
17.80
17.80
100.0
.365
19.93
19.93
0)
0)
0
<l)
74.4
.510
24.48
18.16
22.44
102.7
.440
23.04
100.0
.500
24.00
24.00
100.0
.228
12.33
12.33
100.0
.397
20.25
20.25
100.0
23.75
23.75
.461
100.0
.363
19.73
19.73
.435
22.02
95.8
22.97
100.0
.440
23.75
23.75
100.0
.338
18.83
18.83
100.0
.344
18.00
18.00
100.0 .186
11.38
11.38

39

GENERAL TABLES

Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1931, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con.

T a b l e A ,—

BEEAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued
-a
Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
age
Per
age
age
cent of earn­
full­ hours
actu­
full
time
ings
ally
hours worked
time
per
worked hour
per
in
week week

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

Laborers, male—Continued.
Worcester, Mass.....................
Youngstown, Ohio.................

2
3

4
5

6.3
6.0

55.0
54.0

55.0
54.0

Occupation, sex, and city

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

100.0 $0,445
100.0
.406

$24.50
21.90

$24.50
21.90

Total.....................................

388

1,534

5.8

52.8

51.6

97.7

.411

21.70

21.24

Laborers, female:
Baltimore, M d ........................
Chicago, 111________________
Cleveland, Ohio-----------------Detroit, M ich....... ..................
Madison, W is....... ..................
Milwaukee, W is........ ............
Minneapolis, Minn.................
Nashville, Tenn....... ..............
Norfolk, Va..................... ........
Portland, Me....................... . .
Portland, Oreg................... .
Sacramento, Calif. .................
St. Louis, M o......... ...............
Syracuse, N. Y ....... ................
Washington, D. C....... ...........
Worcester, Mass____________
Youngstown, O h io ................

2
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1

5
10
3

6.0
6.0
5.0
0)
0
0)
6.0
6.0
6.0
0)
0
0
6.0
0
0
0
0

51.6
54.0
48.7
0)

51.6
55.6
40.3
0)
0
52.8
54.0
45.0
0)
0
0
48.0
(1}
0
0
0

.287
.272
.310
0
0
0
.284
.133
.187
0
0
0
.306
0
0
0
0

14.80
14.69
15.10
0
0)
0
15.00
7.20
8.40
0
0
0
14.67
P>
0
0
0

14.80
15.17
12.50

0
52.8
54.0
45.0
0
0)
0
48.0
0
P>
0
0)

100.0
103.0
82.8
0)
0
0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0
0
0
100.0
0
0
0
0

0
0
15.00
7.20
8.40
0
0
0)
14.67
0
W
0
0

Total.................... ................

22

46

5.9

50.2

50.0

99.6

.277

13.91

13.82

Wrappers, male:
Albany, N. Y --------------------Atlanta, Ga________________
Baltimore, M d ................. —
Birmingham, Ala---------------Boston, Mass---------------------Bridgeport, Conn........ ...........
Buffalo, N. Y ______________
Cedar Rapids, Iowa------------Charleston, S. C------- ---------Charlotte, N. C ......................
Chattanooga, Tenn-------------Chicago, 111------------------------Cincinnati, Ohio.................
Cleveland, O h io............. ......
Columbia, S. C------------ -----Columbus, Ohio.......... ...........
Covington, K y ..... ...............
Dallas, Tex__________ ______
Denver, Colo.........- ................
Des Moines, Iowa__________
Detroit, M ich.........................
Duluth, Minn........................
Erie, Pa..................................
Evansville, Ind.......................
Fall River, Mass....................
Fort Smith, Ark.....................
Grand Rapids, M ich..............
Hartford, Conn___. ................
Houston, Tex..........................
Huntington, W. Va................
Indianapolis, Ind....................
Jacksonville, Fla.....................
Lewiston and Auburn, M e ...
Lincoln, Nebr.........................
Little Rock, Ark.....................
Los Angeles, Calif...................
Louisville, K y .........................
Madison, W is.........................
Manchester, N. H...................

4
4
7
5
9
4
4
3
2
3
4
17
5
9
3
5
1
5
4
5
4
2
4
3
3
1
4
4
4
3
4
2
3
4
3
5
4
2
3

10
10
30
8
45
13
30
6
6
10
7
67
32
23
6
17

6.0
6.0
5.5
6.0
5.4
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
4.8
5.9
5.5
5.6
0
6.4
5.5
6.0
6.1
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
0)
5.5
6.0
5.1
6.0
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.1
5.6
6.0
5.5
5.3

48.3
58.2
54.7
60.5
53.1
53.5
54.0
54.8
54.0
50.4
55.1
52.4
52.1
50.9
56.3
55.2
0
65.5
48.0
54.2
51.3
48.0
56.3
50.6
52.0
0
54.0
54.6
62.9
57.0
55.6
52.7
54.0
53.4
54.0
52.1
54.9
54.0
48.0

48.3
58.2
49.3
57.0
48.5
53.5
57.5
54.8
54.0
50.8
55.1
51.9
41.8
50.4
51.8
47.4
0
68.5
43.8
54.8
51.6
48.0
56.0
50.6
52.0
0
48.6
54.6
53.1
57.0
53.5
52.7
54.0
53.4
55.4
50.2
54.5
52.9
42.3

100.0
100.0
90.1
94.2
91.3
100.0
106.5
100.0
100.0
100.8
100.0
99.0
80.2
99.0
92.0
85.9
0
104.6
91.3
101.1
100.6
100.0
99.5
100.0
100.0
0
90.0
100.0
84.4
100.0
96.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.6
96.4
99.3
98.0
88.1

.429
.305
.365
.287
.431
.418
.441
.407
.256
.274
.315
.495
.407
.494
.167
.355
0
.234
.311
.276
.487
.328
.323
.322
.400
0
.444
.434
.303
.461
.428
.313
.363
.239
.305
.483
.328
.472
.378

20.70
17. 75
19.97
17.36
22.89
22.38
23.81
22.33
13.83
13.81
17.36
25.94
21.20
25.14
9.40
19.60
0
15.33
14.93
14.96
24.98
15.75
18.18
16.29
20.80
0
23.98
23.70
19.06
26.25
23.80
16.50
19.61
12.75
16.47
25.16
18.01
25.49
18,14

20.70
17.75
18.00
16.35
20.87
22.38
25.35
22.33
13.83
13.91
17.36
25.71
17.02
24.87
8.67
16.81
0
16.07
13.61
15.11
25.09
15.75
18.11
16.29
20.80
0
21.60
23.70
16.06
26.25
22.90
16.50
19.61
12.75
16.89
24.26
17.89
24.94
16.00

0
0
0

5
3
5

0)
0)
0

3

0
0
0
0

0

19
14
29
35
4
8
7
3

0

8
10
15
4
11
6
7
10
7
32
14
4
7

]For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




V

V)

40

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

T a b le A,— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation,, sex, and city— Con.
BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Occupation, sex, and city

Wrappers, male—Continued.
iCfAmphis, Ten™
Miami, Fla
MilwRufreft, Wis
MiriTiAftpnlis, M inn

_...._

...

Mobile, Ala.............................
Nashua, N, TT
Nashville, Tp.nn
Newark, N. J_________ _____
New Orleans, La___________
New York, N. Y .....................
Norfolk, Va________________
Ogden, Utah., ........ ............
Oklahoma City, Okla_______
Omaha, Nebr
Pawtucket, R. I____________
Peoria, 111__________________
Philadelphia, Pa .................
Pittsburgh, Pa___ ____ _____
Portland, Me______________
Portland, Oreg_____________
Providence, R. I ___________
Pueblo, Colo_______________
Richmond, Va_____________
Roanoke, Va_______________
Rockford, 111-.........................
Sacramento, Calif__________
St. Joseph, M o_____________
St. Louis, M o______________
Salt Lake City, Utah.............
San Francisco, Calif________
Savannah, Ga______________
Scranton, Pa_______________
Seattle, Wash______________
Shreveport, La_____________
Sioux City, Iowa _________
South Bend, Ind___________
Spokane, Wash_____________
Syracuse, N. Y _____________
Tacoma, Wash_____________
Tampa, Fla________________
Topeka, ICans______________
Trenton, N. J______________
Tulsa, Okla____ ___________
Washington, D. C__________
Wheeling, W. Va___________
Wichita, Kans______________
Wilmington, Del___________
Winston-Salem, N. C _______
Worcester, Mass____________
Youngstown, Ohio__________
Total____________________
Wrappers, female:
Baltimore, M d _____________
Boston, Mass______________
Buffalo, N. Y ..........................
Chicago, 111________________
Cincinnati, Ohio___________
Cleveland, Ohio____________
Columbia, S. C_____________
Dallas, T e x ._____ ___
Denver, Colo_____ _________
Des Moines, Iow a..________
Detroit, M ich_______- ______
Duluth. Minn.........................

3
4
5
5
2
1
4
5
10
12
3
2
4
4
3
3
8
10
4
5
4
3
4
4
2
2

Aver­
age
Num­ days
on
ber of which
wage wage
earn­ earners
ers worked
in
week

4.4
6.0

3

9
10
7
11
16
2
17
7
7
13
4

6.0
6.0

372

1,321

5.8

52.8

51.2

97.0

.383

20.22

19.60

1
1
1

6
3
3

6.0
6.0
6.0

54.0
48.0
48.0
48.3
49.1
49.7
50.4
0)
48.0
50.0
53.3
54.0

54.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
42.1
45.8
50.4
(0
42.9
50.0
48.2
54.0

100.0
100.0
100.0
99.4
85.7
92.2
100.0
0)
89.4
100.0
90.4
100.0

.272
.292
.306
.305
.266
.325
.175
0)
.248
.243
.299
.263

14.67
14.00
14.67
14.73
13.06
16.15
8.80
0
11.90
12.17
15.94
14.18

14.67
14.00
14.67
14.66
11.22
14.88
8.80
0)
10.61
12.17
14.40
14.18

3
5

3
3
5
2
2
2
3
4

4
1
4
2
3
5

5

2
5
2
1
3
3

3
1

16

7
9
4
8
15

35
16
13
5
(0
14
12
26
11

6.0

5.4
5.9

6.0

6.1
5.8
6.0
5.9

6.0
6.0

5.9
5.1
5.7
6.0

0)

5.4
6.0
5.6

6.0

* For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




100.2 $0,340 $19.48 $19.53
)7.9 .249
14.14
13.88
.411
94.3
21.78
20.61
100.0
.331
17.70
17.70
100.0 .260
15.33
15.33
100.0
.407
22.00
22.00
100.5
.283
16.13
16.19
.425
20.70
100.8
20.83
98.1
.233
11.21
10.97
99.4
.473
23.93
23.79
96.7
.372
21.24
20.56
.339
87.6
18.31
16.00
96.6
.375
22.01
21.28
95.0
.329
17.24
16.39
100.0
.376
20.29
20.29
100.0
.318
16.80
16.80
97.0
.374
18.96
18.43
101.9
.329
16.98
17.29
100.0
.474
23.30
23.30
301.3
.443
21.26
21.55
100.8
17.68
.355
17.80
97.3
.276
13.52
13.14
91.0
.307
16.70
15.19
100.0
.242
13.10
13.10
.321
]00.0
17.36
17.36
.404
19.39
67.1
13.01
.332
18.06
100.2
18.09
95.8
.330
18.05
17.28
90.9
.320
17.28
15.73
.774
90.8
37.15
33.75
.183
300.0
11.10
11.10
.374
300.0
19.29
19.29
96.7
.486
23.33
22.55
.308
15.58
95.7
14.94
; 03.2
.381
20.31
20.95
00.0
.369
20.50
20.50
89.6
.614
29.47
26.42
22.28 21.73
97.5
.436
17.86
82.7
.372
14.73
94.6
.229
12.37
11.72
.00.0
18.20
.353
18.20
100.0
26.00
.523
26.00
101.0
.358
21.01
21.23
97.6
.539
27.11
26.45
.396
19.00
100.0
19.00
96.8
.278
14.90
14.43
.384
100.0
20.43
20.43
too. 0
.237
14.36
14.36
100.0
22.69
.455
22.69
15.94
16.06
100.6
.332

5.0

6

57.4
55.6
50.0
53.4
59.0
54.0
57.3
49.1
47.2
50.3
55.2
47.3
56.7
49.8
54.0
52.8
49.2
52.6
49.2
48.6
50.2
47.7
49.5
54.1
54.0
32.2
54.5
52.4
49.1
43.6
60.5
51.6

Aver­
Aver­
age
age
full­
actual
time
earn­ earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

4

5

5.9
5.9
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.8
5.3
6.1
5.5
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.9
6.0
5.9
6.2
5.7
5.4
6.0
6.0
4.1
6.0
5.7
5.5
5.4
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.7
6.0

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

57.3
56.8
53.0
53.4
59.0
54.0
57.0
48.7
48.1
50.6
57.1
54.0
58.7
52.4
54.0
52.8
50.7
51.6
49.2
48.0
49.8
49.0
54.4
54.1
54.0
48.0
54.4
54.7
54.0
48.0
60.5
51.6
48.0
50.6
53.3
55.5
48.0
51.1
48.0
54.0
51.6
49.7
58.7
50.3
48.0
53.6
53.1
60.6
49.8
48.0

11
4
3
4
4

10
8
21
10
6
5
8
27
35
91
10
4
15
19
7
10
59
40
10
13
12
6
12
8
7
9
11
54
11
18
8
14

Aver­ Aver­
age
Per
age
full­ hours cent of
fill
time actu­
ally
time
hours worked
worked
per
in
week week

46.4

48.4
55.0
55.5
43.0
49.8
39.7
51.1
51.6
49.7
59.3
49.1
48.0
51.9
53.1
60.6
49.8
48.3

41

GENERAL TABLES

Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con.

T a b l e A .—

BREAD DEPARTM ENT—Continued

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

Wrappers, female—Continued.
Evansville, Tnd .
Grfwd Rapids, Mich __ _
Hartford, Conn......
........
Indianapolis, Tnd
Little Rock, Ark___________
Los Angeles, Calif__________
Minneapolis, Minn
Newark, N. J______________
N©w Orlpfvns, La _ _
New York, N. Y ....................
Norfolk, Va_____________ . . .
Pittsburgh, Pa_____________
■Rockford, Til __
St. Louis, Mo______________
fiqn Franmsrn, Calif
South Bend, Tnd,
Syracuse, N. Y _____________
Tacoma, Wash__
Taippft, F la. , . _ .
Wheeling, W. Va___________
Youngstown, Ohio__..............

2
4
1
2
1
1
4
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
4

5
20
3
7

Total................................... .

Occupation, sex, and city

Packers, male:
Albany, N. Y ..........................
Atlanta, Ga________________
Baltimore, M d _____________
Birmingham, Ala___ _______
Boston, Mass______________
Bridgeport, Conn___________
Buffalo, N. Y ..........................
Charleston, S. C........ .............
Charlotte, N. C ____________
Chattanooga, Tenn.................
Chicago, 111............. ................
Cincinnati, Ohio...... ........... .
Cleveland, Ohio.....................
Columbia, S. C_____________
Columbus, Ohio__________
Dallas, Tex________________
Denver, Colo_______________
Des Moines, Iowa__________
Detroit, Mich______________
Duluth, M in n ________________
Erie, Pa___________________
Evansville, Tnd_____________ .
Fall River, Mass___________
Fort Smith, Ark____________
Grand Rapids, M ich________
Hartford, Conn_______ _____
Houston, Tex__- __________
Huntington, W. Va_________
Indianapolis, Tnd_____________
Jacksonville, Fla___________
Lewiston and Auburn, M e ...
Lincoln, Nebr______________
Little Rock, Ark.....................
Los Angeles, Calif__________
Louisville, K y_____________
Madison, Wis______________
Manchester, N. H __________
Memphis, Tenn—__________
Miami,-Fla_______ _______ _
Milwaukee, Wis____________
Minneapolis, Minn.................

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

19
g
5
0)
(l)
16
0)
4
7
0
7
(l)
(l)
0)
9

6.0
4.9
6.0
6.0
0)
4.9
5.9
3.1
6.0
0)
0)
5.4
0)
4.0
6.0
0)
6.0
0)
0)
0)
5.9

50.4
54.0
54.0
48.0
0)
48.0
51.2
48.0
48.0
0)
0)
54.0
0)
51.0
48.0
0)
48.0
(0
(0
0)
49.3

50.4
42.5
54.0
48.0
0)
39.0
50.7
24.1
48.0
(i)
(i)
44.5
0)
36.5
48.0
0)
48.0
0)
0)
0)
48.3

64

274

5.6

50.6

46.4

91.7

4
4
9
4
6
4
3
2
2
2
20
5
9
1

16
9
23
10
46
13
43
2
6
3
95
33
41
3
13
10
17
13
38
10
6
4

6.0
6.0
5.9
6.5
5.7
5.0
5.4
6.0
5.2
6.0
6.0
5.4
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.1
5.8
5.6
5.7
5.4
6.0
6.0

52.7
62.9
54.4
64.6
51.9
54.5
54.0
54.0
59.0
49.3
52.5
50.9
52.0
49.5
55.6
63.2
52.2
53.5
52.7
60. 0
56.0
51.0

52.7
62.4
53.0
65.1
49.7
44.3
49.9
54.0
50.7
49.3
51.6
46.3
52.3
49.5
49.5
61.5
50.3
51.1
46.1
54. 0
56.0
51.0

100.0
99.2
97.4
100.8
95.8
81.2
92.4
100.0
85.9
100.0
98.3
91.0
100.6
100.0
89.0
97.3
96.4
95.5
87.5
90.0
100.0
100.0

5

4
6
5

4
1

3
3
1
1

4
2
2
3
4
2
3
2
4
7
5
1
3
3
2
5
7

(i)
0)

15
11
4
5
16
9
5
5
13
58
16
3

4
14
5
43
21

0)
0)

5.2
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.1
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.5
5.6
6.0
6.0
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.6

1 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




Aver­ Aver­
age
Aver­
age
Per
age
full­ hours
cent of earn­
actu­
full
time
ally
ings
hours worked
time
per
per
worked hour
in
week week

0)
0)

56.2
54.8
61.5
57.6
59.0
60.4
54.0
60.0
56.4
53.0
53.4
54.0
48.0
56.8
62.8
53.6
53.1

C1)

(i)
48.8
53.3
61.5
57.6
59.8
60.4
54.0
60.0
57.5
50.2
52.2
56.8
48.0
52.5
56.3
47.3
50.4

100.0 $0,270
.236
78.7
.241
100.0
100.0
.307
0)
0)
81.3
.375
99.0
.275
50.2
.350
100.0
.242
0)
0)
(i)
0)
.252
82.4
0)
0)
.331
71.6
.463
100.0
0)
0)
.250
100.0
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
(9
.298
98.0

0)
0)

86.8
97.3
100.0
100.0
101.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.0
94.7
97.8
105.2
100.0
92.4
89.6
88.2
94.9

Aver­
Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week week

$13.60
12.74
13.00
14.71
0)
18.00
14.08
16.80
11.60
0)
(i)
13.61
0)
16.88
22.20
0)
12.00
0)
0)
(0
14.69

$13.60
10.02
13.00
14.71
0)
14.63
13.94
8.45
11.60
0)
0)
11.21
0)
12.08
22.20
0)
12.00

.283

14.32

13.10

.491
.330
.460
.225
.484
.464
.509
.343
.291
.324
.566
.435
.475
.236
.495
.371
.415
.401
.558
.377
.448
.537

25.84
20.76
25.02
14.54
25.12
25.29
27.49
18.50
17.17
16.00
29.72
22.14
24.70
11.67
27. 52
23.45
21.66
21.45
29.41
22.62
25.08
27.38

25.84
20.61
24.38
14.66
24.05
20.53
25.44
18.50
14.75
16.00
29.22
20.15
24.85
11.67
24.49
22.83
20.89
20.50
25.75
20.38
25.08
27.38
0)
0
21.54
28.61
29.38
22.60
25.53
17.19
21.06
19.90
17.82
23.96
22.80
31.70
28.75
17.47
15.10
22.58
20.89

0)
0)

.441
.537
.478
.392
.427
.284
.390
.332
.310
.479
.437
.558
.599
.333
.268
.477
.414

0)
0)

24.78
29.43
29.38
22.60
25.19
17.19
21.06
19.90
17.48
25.39
23.34
30.13
28.75
18.91
16.83
25.57
21.98

V/
0)
14.36

42

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con.

T able

BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

Packers, male—Continued.
Mobile, Ala.............................
Nashvillfi, Tenn
Newark, N. J______________
New Orleans, Ta
New York, N. Y .....................
Norfolk, Va.............................
Ogden, Utah_______________
Olrlnhnma City, Okl»_
Omaha, Nebr_____________ _
Pawtucket, R. I ____________
Peoria, 111................................
Philadelphia,
_
Pittsburgh, Pa__ ___________
Portland, Me______________
Portland, Oreg_____________
Pueblo, Colo_______________
‘RichTnoTid, Va
_____
Roanoke, Va_______________
Rockford, 111............................
Sacramento, Calif__________
St. Joseph, M o_____________
St. Louis, M o______________
Salt Lake City, Utah_______
San Francisco, C a lif._______
Savannah, Qa______________
Scranton, Pa_______________
Seattle, Wash______________
Shreveport, La. _ __________
Sioux City, Iowa___________
South Bend, Ind___________
Spokane,
__________
Syracuse, N. Y _____________
Tacoma, Wash_____________
Tampa, Fla.............. ...... ........
Topeka, Kans. ____________
Trenton, N. J______________
Tulsa, Okla___ ____________
Washington, D. C..................
Wheeling, W. V a . _________
Wichita, Kans..... .............. ....
Wilmington, Del............ ........
Worcester, Mass____________
Youngstown, Ohio..................

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

2
3
9
10
22
2
2
2
4
4
3
14
10
3
5
4
3
4
2
2
2
2
U
4
4
2
2
6
2
3
1
W a s2h ..
6
2
1
2
4
4
6
2
2
2
4
2

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

Aver­ Aver­
age
Per
age
cent of
full­ hours
actu­
full
time
ally
hours worked time
worked
per
in
week week

4
6
54
19
141
4
5
7
19
7
7
193
67
13
14
9
5
16
2
3
9
6
40
15
58
5
6
13
2
9
0)
8
22
4
3
5
10
7
43
8
6
6
10
5

6.0
6.0
5.7
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.2
5.1
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.4
6.0
6.0
4.1
6.0
5.8
6.0
5.6
6.0
6.0
5.6
6.0
6.1
0)
4.5
6.0
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.7
6.1
5.4
6.5
6.0
6.0
5.0

57.5
57.3
49.2
48.1
51.2
55.0
54.0
55.7
51.2
55.7
52.3
51.7
51.4
48.5
48.0
48.0
50.4
54.5
53.5
54.0
48.0
53.0
50.2
54.0
48. 0
59.0
50.0
48.0
54.0
52.7
0)
48.0
52.5
48.0
54.0
52.8
49.6
61.1
53.4
51.8
54.0
53.0
49.8
54.0

57.5
56.7
48.1
48.1
52.3
55.0
44.2
45.7
51.2
55.7
52.3
51.4
50.7
48.5
49.1
48.0
52.3
49.1
53.5
54.0
32.9
53.0
49.1
54.0
45.0
59.0
50.0
45.8
56.5
57.8
0)
35.7
52.5
44.6
54.0
52.8
49.6
58.1
54.3
46.1
58.5
53.0
49.8
46.1

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­ earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

100.0 $0,322 $18.50 $18.50
99.0
.272
15.59
15.41
97.8
.505
24.85
24.33
100.0
19.94
.415
19.94
102.1
29.18
.570
29.80
100.0 .457
25.13
25.13
81.»
.501
27.05
22.14
82.0
.465
25.90
21.28
100.0 .488
24.97
24.97
100.0 .503
28.00
28.00
100.0 .464
24.29
24.29
99.4
23.11
.447
23.01
98.(1 .416
21.38
21.11
100.0
.575
27.88
27.88
.
.512
24.58
25.14
100.0
.595
28.56
28.56
103.8
.418
21.07
21.85
90. 1 .433
23.60
21.26
100.0
.467
25.00
25.00
100.0
.448
24.17
24.17
68.5
.452
21.70
14.85
100.0
.410
21.75
21. 75
97.8
.552
27.71
27.06
100. 0 .439
23.70
23.70
93. 7 .816
39.17
36.73
100.0
.210
12.37
12. 37
100. 0 .500
25.00
25.00
95. t
.577
27.70
26.45
104. > .391
21.11
22.09
109. 7 .407
21.45
23.50
(0
0)
0)
0)
74. i
.692
33.22
24.71
100. 3 .471
24.70
24. 70
92. 9 .578
27.74
25.81
100. 0 .420
22.67
22.67
100. 0 .357
18.85
18.85
100. 0 .512
25.40
25.40
22.24
95. 1 .364
21.15
101. 7 .478
25.53
25.95
89. 0 .455
23.57
21.00
108. 3 .448
24.19
26.23
100. 0 .399
21.17
21.17
100. 0 .489
24. 35 24.35
.472
85.4
25.49
21.76

102

Total.....................................

355

1,600

5.8

52.5

50.9

97.0

.483

25.36

24.58

Packers, female:
Baltimore, M d_____________
Cleveland, Ohio.................... .
Detroit, Mich................... ......
Grand Rapids, Mich________
Los Angeles, Calif__________
Louisville, K y______________
Minneapolis, Minn_________
Newark, N. J______________
Ogden, Utah_______________
St. Louis, M o______________
San Francisco, C alif..............
Scranton, Pa_______________
Seattle, Wash______________
Tacoma, Wash_____________
Wheeling, W. Va.... ................

1
2
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

5
4
16
0)
10
0)
16
4
(0 4
7
3
0)
(i)
0)

6.0
5.8
5.4
0)
6.0
(l)
5.6
6.0
<*)
5.3
6.0
3.3
0)
0)
0)

54.0
48.0
52.9
(*)
48.0
0)
50.6
48.0
0)
48.0
48.0
48.0
0)
0)
0)

54.0
44.4
46.1
(9
45.8
0)
47.2
48.0
0)
41.4
48.0
26.7
<»)
0)
(1)

100.0
92. 5
87.1
(0
95. 4
<*)
93. 3
100.0
0
86.3
100.0
55.6
(0
0)
0)

.233
.342
.320
(l)
.377
0)
.278
.292
0)
.295
.482
.221
(i)
0)
0)

12.60
16.42
16.93
0)
18.10
0)
14.07
14.00
0)
14.16
23.13
10.61
0)
0)
0)

12.60
15.19
14.78
0)
17.26
0)
13.11
14.00
<*)
12.21
23.13
5.89
(i)
(l)
0)

Total.....................................

19

76

5.6

50.1

46.3

92.4

.323

16.18

14.93

1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




43

GENERAL TABLES

A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per weekt average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1931, by department, occupation sex, and city— Con.

T able

B R EAD DE PA RTM E N T—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

Driver-salesmen:
' Albany, N. Y ..........................
Atlanta, G a,
B altim ore, Md
_ ___
B irm in gham , Ala

____ __

Boston, Mass______________
Bridgeport, Conn______ ____
Buffalo, N. Y ..........................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa________
Charleston, S. C.......... —........
Charlotte, N. C____________
Chattanooga, Tenn_________
Chicago, IU.l............ ..............
Cincinnati, Ohio___________
Cleveland, Ohio____________
Columbia, S. C________ ____
C oln m h u s, O h io. ,.

Covington, K y _____________
Dallas, Tex_____ _____ _____
Denver, Colo_______________
Des Moines, Iowa__________
Detroit, M ich______________
Duluth, Minn.........................
Erie, Pa...................................
Evansville, Ind_____________
Fall River, Mass___________
Fort Smith, Ark____________
Grand Rapids, Mich________
Hartford, C o n n ..__________
Houston, T e x _____________
Huntington, W. Va................
Indianapolis, Ind___________
Jacksonville, Fla___________
Lewiston and Auburn, M e .. Lincoln, Nebr________ _____
Little Rock, Ark____ _______
Los Angeles, Calif__________
Louisville, K y______________
Madison, Wis______________
Manchester, N. H__________
Memphis, Tenn____________
Miami, Fla______ ____ _____
Milwaukee, W is ___________
Minneapolis, M in n ___________
Mobile, Ala.............................
Nashua, N. H ....... ......... ........
Nashville, Tenn____________
Newark, N. J_________ _____
New Orleans, La___________
New York, N. Y .....................
Norfolk, Va.............................
Ogden, Utah...........................
Oklahoma City, Okla_______
Omaha, Nebr______________
Pawtucket, R. I____________
Peoria, 111__________________
Philadelphia, Pa __________
Pittsburgh, Pa_____________
Portland, Me______________
Portland, Oreg_____________
Providence, R. I ____________
Pueblo, Colo_______________
Richmond, Va_____________
Roanoke, Va_______________
Rockford, 111____ __________
Sacramento, Calif__________
St. Joseph, M o........................

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Aver­
age
Aver­ Aver­
age
Aver­
Num­ days
Per
age
on
age
ber of which full­ hours
of earn­
actu­ cent
full
wage wage time
ally
ings
earn­ earners hours worked time
worked per
ers worked per
in
hour
week week
in
week

139
5
4
107
10
367
5
73
5
226
5
99
4
355
4
35
2
24
4
51
3
46
27
825
6
149
464
10
5
32
5
107
2
13
5
77
6
145
6
109
6
293
4
43
5
58
6
63
4
23
3
14
3
92
4
96
6
83
3
33
8
163
3
52
4
21
4
28
5
70
7
315
4
107
5
36
3
44
3
48
4
52
7
237
7
155
4
44
4
42
4
47
449
10
11
118
26 1,000
4
55
2
14
5
72
4
95
4
51
64
4
943
15
12
505
2
47
5
135
6
119
3
17
4
79
22
3
3
26
2
31
5
46

6.0
6.0
5.9
6.1
5.9
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.1
6.0
6.0
6.4
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6. 0
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.1
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.2
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.0
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.0

1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




54.6
62.0
57.0
59.0
55.9
59.3
60.0
58.9
52.5
55.3
58.5
62.1
54.6
60.8
55.2
63.0
50.8
75.3
56.5
6tt 6
61.2
64.1
60.8
55.4
56.6
67.3
63.9
54.0
73.2
58.5
64.6
57.1
54.9
56.2
62 5
58.2
60.2
57.3
60.0
69.6
62.4
58.8
62.3
64.3
60.0
59.4
55.9
59.2
55. 2
58.0
54.0
67.8
58.5
59.3
65.3
58.6
57.0
55.3
53.8
59.2
52.9
59.1
59.7
60.6
56.5
66.1

54.5
62.4
56.3
59.5
58.0
58.2
59.9
58.9
52.5
55.3
57.5
62.6
52.9
60.4
55.2
61.2
54.5
73.9
56.0
60.6
60.2
63.7
61.7
54.0
56.9
62.1
64.4
53.6
73.0
59.3
61.4
55.8
54.9
56.2
64.6
56.7
60.1
63.3
60.0
71.0
62.2
59.3
61.5
64.1
60.0
60.6
57.5
59.2
55.2
57.1
54.0
70.3
57.2
57.6
64.5
58.2
55.5
54.7
50.8
59.0
53.1
60.0
56.5
61.0
56.2
65.9

99.8 $0.611
100.6
.375
98.8
.513
100.8
.409
103.8
.503
98.3
.494
99.8
.608
100.0
.467
100.0
.406
100.0
.479
98.3
.465
100.8
.791
96.9
.644
99.3
.529
100.0
.423
97.1
.457
107.3
.569
98.1
.393
99.1
.507
100.0 .458
98.4
.589
99.4
.420
101.5
.469
97. 5 .472
100.5
.428
92.3
.327
100.8
.468
99.3
.574
99.7
.380
101.4
.521
95.0
.490
97.7
.451
100.0 .488
100.0 .414
103.4
.382
97. 4
. 554
99.8
.440
110.5
.544
100. 0 . 447
102.0 .451
99.7
.458
100.9
.496
98.7
. 432
99.7
.407
.551
100.0
102 0 .375
102.9
.577
100.0 .393
100.0 .650
98.4
.562
100. 0 .576
.424
103.7
97.8
.483
97.1
.516
98.8
.392
99.3
.530
97.4
.547
98.9
.384
94 4 .619
.552
99.7
100.4 .487
101.5
.556
94.6
.419
100.7
.486
99.5
.686
.400
99.7

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week week

$33.36
23.25
29.24
24.13
28.12
29.29
36.48
27.49
21.32
26.48
27.20
49.12
35.16
32.16
23.36
28.79
28.91
29.59
28.65
27.80
36.05
26.92
28. 52
26.15
24.22
22.01
29.91
31.00
27.82
30.48
31.65
25.75
26.80
23.25
23.88
32. 24
26. 49
31.17
26.82
31.39
28.58
29.16
26.91
26.17
33.06
22. 28
32.25
23. 27
35.88
32.60
31.11
28.75
28.26
30.60
25.60
31.06
31.18
21.24
33.30
32.68
25.76
32 86
25.01
29.45
38.76
26.44

$33.28
23.36
28.89
24.29
29.19
28.78
36.44
27.49
21.32
26.48
26.73
49.50
34.07
31.93
23.36
27.94
31.00
29.01
28 40
27.80
35.45
26.76
28.92
25.48
24.33
20.33
30.14
30.77
27.72
30.88
30.09
25.16
26.80
23.25
24 67
31.39
26.45
34.38
26.82
31.98
28.51
29.43
26.58
26. 09
33.06
22.71
33.18
23. 27
35.88
32.07
31.11
29.76
27.62
29.76
25. 26
30.81
30.36
20.98
31.44
32.57
25.85
33.31
23.68
29.64
38.55
26.36

44

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation sex, and city— Con.

T a b le

BREAD D EPARTM EN T—Continued

Occupation, sex, and d ty

Driver-salesmen—Continued.
St. Louis, M o..........................
Salt Lake City, Utah.............
Ran Franfiififin, Calif
Savannah, Qa______________
Seattle, Wash______________
Shreveport, La. ____________
Simix City, Tnwa_.
South Bend, Ind___________
fipolrarift, Wash .... _
Syracuse, N. Y _____________
Tacorna, Wash
Tarn pa, Fla
... _ _
Topeka, Kans_____ _
Tulsa, ovia ....
Washington, D. C__________
Wheeling, W. Va............ ........
Wichita, Kans_____________
Wilmington, Del___________
Winston-Salem, N. C_______
Worcester, Mass _________
Youngstown, Ohio__________
Total.....................................
Apprentices, male:
Baltimore, M d_____________
Boston, Mass______________
Bridgeport, Conn___________
Cedar Rapids, Iowa________
Charleston, S. C____________
Chicago, 111........
Cincinnati, Ohio___________
Cleveland, Ohio____________
Columbia, S. C_____________
Dallas, Texas______________
Denver, Colo_______________
Des Moines, Iowa__________
T>nlntb, Minn „
Erie, Pa___________________
Evansville, Ind_____________
Fall River, Mass___________
Houston, Texas ___________
Indianapolis, Ind___________
Lincoln, Nebr_____- ________
Los Angeles, Calif__________
Madison, Wis______________
Miami, Fla_______ ____ ____
Milwaukee, Wis____________
Minneapolis, Minn _______
Newark, N. J______________
New Orleans, La___________
Norfolk, Va.............................
Pawtucket, R. I____________
Peoria, 111__________________
Philadelphia, Pa.....................
Pittsburgh, Pa_____________
Portland, Oreg_____________
Providence, R. I___ - _______
Pueblo, Colo__ ____________
Richmond, Va_____________
St. Joseph, M o_____________
Salt Lake City, U tah ______
Seattle, Wash______________
Spokane. Wash.......................

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Aver­
age
days
Num­
on
ber of which
wage wage
earn­ earners
ers worked
in
week

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week week

100.6 $0. 562 $40.63 $40.83
•)9.4 .565
30.51
30.35
45.12
*)9.6 .940
44.90
.334
1)0.0
20.78
20.78
.656
35.42
09.8
35.32
)6.9 .863
44 27
42.87
.365
24 56
100.6
24 70
100. 0 .692
38.71
38. 71
96.9
.560
28.78
27.87
3& 48
94 9 .681
36.50
100.0 .626
33.97
33.97
.757
40.58
95.7
38.82
20.84
128.1
.345
26.69
32.58
32. 58
100.0 .558
29.06
100.0 .532
29. 06
102.4
.435
27.75
28.42
39.44
97.8
.708
38.58
.537
29. 21
99.3
28.99
24 33
100.0 .399
24 33
.538
32.25
100.0
32.25
.437
99.5
24.95
24.85
.481
99.2
29.77
29.50
.462
27.81
99.3
27.62

397
63
228
32
133
133
38
52
18
38
205
34
40
23
78
69
249
46
54
68
29
118
109

6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0
6. 0
6. 0
6.0
6.1
6. 0
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0
6. 0
6. 0
5.9
6.0
5. 7
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0

72.3
54.0
48.0
62.1
54.0
51. 3
67. 3
56.0
51. 4
56.5
54.3
53.6
60.4
58.3
54.6
63.8
55. 7
54.4
60.9
60.0
57.1
61.9
60.2

72.7
53.7
47.8
62.1
53.9
49.7
67.7
56. 0
49.8
53.6
543
51.3
77.4
58.3
54 6
65.3
54.5
54.0
60.9
60.0
56.8
61.4
59.8

477 11,844

6.0

58.9

58.7

99.7

.562

33.10

33.02

7
8
6
4
8

6.0
5.6
6.0
O)
0
6.0
5.9

.316
.418
.292
0)
(i)
.406
.395
0)
0
.401
.468
.254
.292
.259
.346
0)
(l)
.262
.246
.457
0
.162
(i)
0
0
.351
.267
0
0
.249
.392
0
.193
.463
0
0
.309
.812
.640

17.19
20.40
15.48
(l)
0
19.50
18.96

0
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
0)
0
6.0
6.0
6.0

52.9
45.4
53.5
0)
(i)
48.0
47.0
O)
0)
48.0
47.7
54.0
48.0
51.1
48.0
0
0
54.8
57.0
54.0
0
54.0
0
0
0
48.0
50.0
(0
(i)
50.5
48.0
0
42.8
45.8
0
0
54.0
45.0
48.0

97.2
93.0
100.9
0)
0
100.0
97.9

(,)4
19
13
2
4
5
m
0
3
2
3

54.4
48.8
53.0
0)
0
48.0
48.0
0
0
48.0
48.0
54.0
48.0
54.0
48.0
(l)
(i)
52.7
57.0
54.0
0)
54.0
0)
0
(0
48.0
50.0
0)
(1)
50.0
48.0
0
49.2
48.0
0
0
54.0
45.0
48.0

16.70
18.98
15.64
0)
0
19.50
18.54
0)
0
19.25
22.35
13.69
14.00
13.22
16.60
0)
0
14.36
14.00
24.67
0
8.75
m
0
16.83
13.33
0)
0
12.59
18.80
0
8.28
21.24
0
0)
16.67
36.55
30.70

11
4
5
3
4
6
4
5
4
3
6
4
4
2
5
4
6
2
4
4
3
5
6

3
2
3
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
3
2
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2

0
0)

W2
(1)
1)
(1)
4
3
(i)
0)
8
10
3
0
(i)
3
2
3

(l)

*0
0)
0
0
6.0
6.0
0)
0
6.0
6.0
0
5.2
5.7
0
0
6.0
6.0
6.0

1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
age
le r
age
age
of earn­
full­ hours
actu­ cent
full
time
ings
ally
hours worked time
per
worked hour
per
in
week week

0)

0

]00.0
99.4
:oo.o
:oo.o
94.6
:oo.o
0)
0
:l04.0
100.0
100.0
0
100.0
m
(1)
100.0
100.0
0
(1)
101.0
100.0
0)
87.0
95.4
0
0
100.0
100.0
100.0

(1)

0)
19.25
22.46
13.69
14.00
13.99
16.60
0)
0
13.81
14.00
24.67
(1)
8.75
0
0
0
16.83
13.33
0
0
12.45
18.80
0
9.50
22.22
0
0
16.67
36.55
30.70

45

GENERAL TABLES

T a b l e A ,— Average number of days on which wage earners worked , average full­

time and actual hours and earnings per weekf average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation , sex , and city — C o n .
BREAD DEPARTMENT—Continued

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Occupation, sex, and city

Apprentices, male—Continued.
Tacoma, Wash_____________
Topeka, Kans______________
Trenton, N. J______________
Washington, T ),f! ____
Wilmington, T)a1
Worcester, M ass________ __

1
1
2
4
1
1

__

70

Tntftl

___

Other employees, male:
5
Albany, N. Y ..........................
Atlanta, Ga. _„
__
4
Baltimore, Md __
_ . __ 9
3
Birmingham, Ala
8
Boston, Mass______________
5
Bridgeport, Conn
Buffalo, N. Y .........................
4
3
Cedar Rapids, IoWa________
2
Charleston, S. C _________
2
Charlotte, N. C ____________
2
Chattanooga, Tenn_________
Chicago, 111________________
24
Cincinnati, Ohio___________
6
Cleveland, Ohio____________
10
Columbia, S. C_____________
3
5
Columbus, Ohio____________
1
Covington, K y_____________
5
Dallas, Tex_________ ______ Denver, Colo_______________
6
6
Des Moines, Iowa__________
6
Detroit, Mich______________
Duluth, Minn
4
5
Erie, Pa__________________
4
Evansville, Ind_____________
2
Fall River, Mass___________
1
Fort Smith, Ark____________
4
Grand Rapids, Mich_______
Hartford, Conn........ ..............
4
Houston, Tex _____________
6
TTnnt.ingt.nn, W. Va_________
3
9
Indianapolis, I n d __________
2
Jacksonville, Fla.....................
Lewiston and Auburn, Me___
3
2
Lincoln, Nebr______________
4
Little Rock, Ark___________
7
Los Angeles, Calif ________
Louisville, Ky___.......... .........
5
5
Madison, Wis______________
3
Manchester, N. H __________
3
Memphis, Tenn____________
2
Miami, Fla________________
7
Milwaukee, Wis____________
7
Minneapolis, Minn_________
2
Mobile, Ala.............................
1
Nashua, N. H ______________
4
____________
Nashville, Tenn
10
Newark, N. J______________
6
New Orleans, La___________
New York. N. Y ................... 25
2
Norfolk, Va.............................
Ogden, Utah_______________
2
5
Oklahoma City, Okla_______
4
Omaha, Nebr_______ _____
4
Pawtucket, R. I____________
2
Peoria, 111................................
14
Philadelphia, Pa.....................

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

(i)
0
(l)

2
7

0

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

0
0
6.0
6.0
0
(1)




0
0
48.0
48.0
(i)
0

0)
0
48.0
49.4
0)
0

(i)
(i)
0
0
100.0 $0.521
102.9
.542
0
0
0
0

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

0)
0)
$25.00
26.02
0
0

(i)
0
$25.00
26.81
(*)
0

168

5.9

50.3

49.3

98.0

.362

18.21

17.87

28
7
49
10
36
23
72
8
4
8
6
164
51
92
4
27
3
19
57
23
117
14
19
9
3
3
19
9
20
11
54
10
4
8
20
69
23

6.1
6.0
5.9
6.4
5.9
5.7
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.5
6.5
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.9
6.0
5.4
5.7
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.7
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.0
5.8
5.8
6.2
6.0
5.9
6.0
0
6.0
5.9
6.0
5.9
6.0
5.3
6.0
6.2
6.0
6.0
6.0

52.4
59.1
55.9
63.0
53.2
51.4
53.7
54.5
54.0
57.8
54.7
51.5
51.5
51.7
54.5
56.6
48.0
56.8
50.2
55.1
51.9
47.0
57.2
49.3
50.0
60.0
57.3
52.7
60.0
56.7
55.6
59.0
54.0
60.5
58.0
52.3
54.6
50.2
48.0
57.2
64.8
52.3
52.9
57.0
0
56.0
50.3
48.0
48.9
53.3
54.0
54.3
54.3
56.2
52.8
52.4

52.7
59.1
55.4
62.5
52.1
49.3
53.2
54.5
54.0
57.8
54.7
51.1
52.2
51.0
54.5
52.9
48.0
56.1
49.3
54.3
54.7
47.0
57.2
49.8
50.0
60.0
53.2
52.7
61.7
56.7
53.0
59.0
54.0
60.5
56.8
52.4
54.7
53.1
46.8
55.4
64.8
52.7
52.0
57.0

100.5
100.0
99.1
99.2
97.9
95.9
99.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.2
101.4
98.6
100.0
93.5
100.0
98.8
98.2
98.5
105.4
100.0
100.0
101.0
100.0
100.0
92.8
100.0
102.8
100.0
95.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.9
100.2
100.2
105.8
97.5
96.9
100.0
100.8
98.3
100.0

.739
.470
.498
.439
.658
.853
.673
.477
.352
.338
.556
.750
.668
.729
.330
.593
.938
.501
.661
.584
.676
.688
.564
.598
.733
.294
.554
.749
.468
.717
.653
.361
.537
.510
.577
.692
.678
.748
.635
.540
.488
.717
.615
.565
0
.553
.816
.608
.876
.694
.607
.665
.559
.680
.549
.642

38.72
27.79
27.84
27.66
35.01
43.84
36.14
26.00
19.00
19.53
30.42
38.63
34.40
37.69
18.00
33.56
45.00
28.46
33.18
32.18
35.08
32.36
32.25
29.48
36.67
17.67
31.74
39.44
28.08
40.68
36.31
21.30
29.00
30.88
33.47
36.19
37.02
37.55
30.48
30.89
31.67
37.50
32.53
32.20
0
30.97
41.04
29.18
42.84
37.00
32.78
36.11
30.35
38.18
29.00
33.64

38.98
27.79
27.56
27.46
34.25
42.04
35.79
26.00
19.00
19.53
30.42
38.31
34.88
37.22
18.00
31.34
45.00
28.11
32.57
31.71
36.96
32.36
32.25
29.75
36.67
17.67
29.44
39.44
28.85
40.68
34.61
21.30
29.00
30.88
32.77
36.29
37.08
39.69
29.74
29.91
31.67
37.79
31.99
32.20
0
30.11
40.68
29.18
42.33
37.00
28.88
35.58
30.78
38.18
29.00
33.46

U

5
18
6
47
45
5
0
6
50
14
164
6
7
28
33
22
5
144

1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total
156770°— 33------- 4

Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
age
Per
age
age
cent of earn­
full­ hours
actu­
full
time
ings
ally
time
hours worked
per
worked hour
per
in
week week

0)

54.4
49.9
48.0
48.3
53.3
47.6
53.5
55.0
56.2
52.8
52.2

(0

97.1
99.2
100.0
98.8
100.0
88.1
98.5
101.3
100.0
100.0
99.6

46

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1931, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con.

T a b l e A .—

BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

Other employees, male—Coctd.
Pittsburgh, Pa-------------------Portland, Me..........................
Portland, Oreg........................
Providence, R. I.................. .
Pueblo, Colo...........................
Richmond, Va..................... .
Roanoke, Va...........................
Rockford, 111...........................
Sacramento, Calif...................
St. Joseph, M o................. ......
St. Louis, M o--------------------Salt Lake City, Utah.............
San Francisco, Calif...............
Savannah, Ga.........................
Scranton, Pa...........................
Seattle, Wash................... ......
Shreveport, La-------------------Sioux City, Iowa.............. —
South Bend, Ind................... .
Spokane, Wash................... .
Syracuse, N. Y ................. —
Tacoma, Wash------------- -----Tampa, Fla...........................
Topeka, Kans...................... .
Trenton, N. J--------------------Tulsa, Okla......... ................ .
Washington, D. C..................
Wheeling, W .V a ....................
Wichita, Kans.........................
Wilmington, Del....................
Winston-Salem, N. C_______
Worcester, Mass— ...............
Youngstown, Ohio..................

12
3
5
5
2
2
4
2
2
5
11
4
4
3
4
6
4
5
4
3
6
3
2
2
2
4
6
2
4
3
3
4
2

74
3
34
13
11
3
4
9
11
18
107
23
33
5
15
39
26
14
4
13
31
10
4
5
15
16
41
10
12
20
4
9
12

6.1
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.1
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.9
5.4
6.0
6.0
5.2
5.7
6.1
6.0
5.2
5.8
5.1
6.5
6.0
6.1
5.9
5.9
6.0
5.8
5.9
6.0
5.4
5.8

51.1
52.0
48.0
52.2
50.2
53.5
53.8
56.2
48.0
52.4
53.4
54.0
48.0
61.6
51.7
47.3
51.9
53.3
55.5
48.8
52.5
48.0
54.5
51.6
51.3
57.0
52.0
52.8
56.3
52.1
57.0
52.4
54.0

51.2
52.0
49.6
53.2
53.0
53.5
48.8
56.2
48.0
52.4
52.3
53.0
43.7
61.6
51.7
41.1
49.4
53.3
55.5
42.1
51.6
41.1
56.8
51.6
52.1
56.3
50.7
52.8
51.9
52.1
57.0
47.8
52.3

Total.....................................

425

2,368

5.9

52.5

52.0

1
0)
0)
1
10
6.0
3
6.0
1
1
0)
0)
3
5
5.8
14
2
6.0
1
0)
0)
4
7
6.0
2
7
5.4
2
7
6.0
1
0)
<9
1
(0
1
0)
0)
1
(l)
<9
3
8
6.0
2
2
6.0
1
0)
(9
1
0)
0)
1
0)
0)
1
0)
0)
7
5.1
3
1
(0
1
h
(0
2
6.0
2
6.0
6
1
1
6
5.7
1
6
6.0
3
3
6.0
1
3
6.0
2
2
6.0
'F o r less than 3 wage earners, d ata incltuded iii total.

0)
40.0
57.0
0)
48.0
47.1
0)
52.3
48.9
48.0
0)
0)
(!)

0)
42.0
57.0
0)
45.8
46.7
(0
53.1
44.3
48.0
(0
(0
0)
0)
50.3
59.8
0)
0)
0)
0)
40.9
0)
0)
50.0
54.0
45.1
54.0
50.0
48.0
50.5

Occupation, sex, and city

Other employees, female:
Albany, N. Y ......... ...............
Atlanta, Ga.............................
Baltimore, M d ........................
Birmingham, Ala..................
Boston, Mass..........................
Buffalo, N. Y ........................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa------------Chicago, 111..............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.....................
Cleveland, Ohio.....................
Columbus, Ohio.................. .
Dallas, Tex.............................
Denver, Colo......................... .
Des Moines, Iowa................. .
Detroit, Mich...................... .
Erie, P a..................................
Evansville, Ind.......................
Fort Smith, Ark.....................
Grand Rapids, Mich..............
Houston, Tex..........................
Indianapolis, Ind....................
Lincoln, Neor.........................
Little Rock, Ark.....................
Louisville, K y ........................
Memphis, Tenn......................
Milwaukee, Wis....... ..............
Minneapolis, Minn.................
Omaha, Nebr..........................
Peoria, 111................................
Pittsburgh, Pa........................




Aver­ Aver­
age
Aver­
age
Por
age
full­ hours
cen; of earn­
actu­
time
full
ally
ings
hours worked tine
per
per
worked hour
in
week week

h

53.3
52.5
0)
0)
0)
0)
51.7
0)
0)
50.0
54.0
48.0
54.0
50.0
48.0
51.0

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week week

100.2 $0,705 $36.03 $36.10
.564
29.33
100.0
29.33
10:$. 3 .624
29.95
30.93
10 u 9
.598
31.22
31.82
10.'). 6
.532
26.71
28.22
100.0
.611
32.67
32.67
90.7
.695
37.39
33.88
100.0
.530
29.78
29.78
100.0
.773
37.09
37.09
100.0
.613
32.14
32.14
.664
r .9
35.46
34.73
98.1
.535
28.89
28.36
9 .0
.849
40.75
37.13
100.0
.498
30.68
30.68
100.0
.675
34.89
34.89
80.9
.818
38.69
33. 61
9.'.. 2 .480
24.91
23. 71
100.0
.714
38.07
38.07
100.0
.725
40.25
40.25
80.3
.915
44.65
38.50
98.3
.689
36.17
35.52
85.6
.774
37.15
31.79
104.2
.461
25.12
26.19
100.0
.717
37.00
37.00
10:. 6
.503
25.80
26.19
98.8
.554
31.58
31.20
.856
97.5
44.51
43.40
m o
.580
30.65
30.65
25.84
91'. 2 .459
23.82
100.0
.543
28.28
28.28
100.0
.338
19.25
19.25
91.2
.758
39.72
36. 22
9(. 9
.715
38.61
37.39
9J.0

.670

35.18

34.84

(K

0)
.286
.439
0)
.317
.293
(0
.420
.268
.399
0)
(9

(9
11.44
25.00
(9
15.22
13.80
(9
21.97
13.11
19.14
(9
(9
(0
(9
20. 31
15.86
(0
0)
(9
(9
19.39
(9
(0
14.50
14.00
17.86
16.47
19.30
13.67
19.79

(9
12.00
25.00
(9
14. 51
13.69
(9
22.31
11.86
19.14
(9
0)
0)
(0
19.17
18.07
0)
0)
(l)
0)
15.33

10P.0
10(.0
o:
9*. 4
9L2
o:
101.5
9C.6
10C.0
o:
o:
o!
94.4
113.9
o:
o:

(K

«
79.1
o;
o:
100.0
100.0
94.0
10C.0
100.0
100.0
99.0

<9
.381
.302
(9
(9
(9
.375
(9
0)
.290
.259
.372
.305
.386
.285
.388

V)

0)
14.50
14.00
16.78
16.47
19.30
13.67
19.60

47

GENERAL TABLES

T a b l e A . — Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­

time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent o f full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city — C o n .
BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Other employees, female—Contd.
Portland, Me .
...
Providence, R. I ___________
Rockford, 111_______________
St. Louis, M o...... ......... .........
Salt Lake City, Utah_______
Shreveport, La_____________
Tacoma, Wash_____________
Youngstown, Ohio____

2
x
1
1
1
X
x
x

Total................................... .

56

All employees, male:
Albany, N. Y ..........................
Atlanta, Ga __ ..... .....
Baltimore, Md
Birmingham, Ala________ _
Boston, Mass______________
Bridgeport, Conn___________
Buffalo, N. Y ........................ .
Cedar Rapids, Iowa________
Charleston, S. C____________
Charlotte, N. C ................... .
Chattanooga, Tenn_________
Chicago, 111..............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.....................
Cleveland, Ohio......................
Columbia, S. C.......................
Columbus, Ohio______ _____
Covington, K y_____________
Dallas, Tex.......... ...................
Denver, Colo_________ _____
Des Moines, Iow a.................
Detroit, Mich......... ..............
Duluth, Minn..... ...................
Erie, Pa.................................
Evansville, Ind_____________
Fall River, M a ss..................
Fort Smith, A rk ..................
Grand Rapids, M ich ............
Hartford, Conn_____________
Houston, Tex_______ _____
Huntington, W. V a .......... .
Indianapolis, Ind________
Jacksonville, Fla___________
Lewiston and Auburn, Me___
Lincoln, Nebr........................
Little Rock, Ark..................
Los Angeles, Calif...................
Louisville, K y.........................
Madison, Wis....... ..............
Manchester, N. H ._....... ........
Memphis, Tenn......................
Miami, Fla..............................
Milwaukee, Wis_______ ____
Minneapolis, Minn.................
Mobile, Ala.............................
Nashua, N. H___....................
Nashville, Tenn......................
Newark, N. J....................... .
New Orleans, La....................
New York, N. Y ....................
Norfolk, Va............................
Ogden, Utah...........................
Oklahoma City, Okla.............
Omaha, Nebr..........................

Aver­
age
Aver­ Aver­
age
Num­ days
Per
age
on
cent of
ber of which full­ hours
actu­
full
wage wage time
ally
earn­ earners
hours worked time
worked
ers worked per
in
week week
in
week

4

100.0 $0.257
(i)
0
(i)
(i)
0
0
(l)
0
0
(l)
0
0
77.1
.335

6

52.5
(l)
0)
(i)
0
(J)
0
48.0

(i)
0
0
0)
0
37.0

130

5.8

49.6

47.9

96.6

5
?97
4
?24
734
10
5
184
617
10
5
234
4
645
4
91
4
74
4
120
4
117
28 2,057
6
462
925
10
6
92
5
256
2
35
5
199
6
375
6
276
o
770
4
125
5
151
6
139
4
55
36
3
215
4
5
188
6
205
3
91
368
10
134
4
73
4
4
85
5
155
790
7
5
238
5
106
3
85
3
156
4
125
7
599
397
7
4
130
4
89
4
125
849
10
11
367
30 2,408
4
133
2
49
5
193
4 » 247

6.0
6.0
5.9
6.1
5.8
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.7
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.9
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.1
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.7
5.7
6.0
5.9
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.7
6.0
5.6
5.9
6.0

52.8
60.8
55.9
60.1
53.5
54.3
57.1
56.4
53.8
55.5
56.7
55.1
51.7
56.3
54.9
58.2
49.2
63.0
51.9
57.0
55.3
55.7
57.7
51.7
54.3
62.1
59.2
53.3
66.0
57.5
59.1
58.4
54.0
58.0
58.3
55.0
56.9
52.7
54.2
60.7
60.0
55.5
56.4
60.0
56.8
57.9
52.7
51.7
51.4
56.2
54.0
59.0
54.8

53.3
60.9
54.9
59.1
52.5
53.1
56.9
56.4
53.8
54.8
56.1
54.3
48.9
55.4
54.3
53.9
49.4
61.9
50.8
56.8
55.2
55.1
57.2
51.1
54.4
58.7
66.0
53.1
64.9
57.2
57.0
58.1
54.0
58.0
58.9
53.7
56.7
55.3
52.8
59.4
58.8
52.6
55.3
69.8
56.8
58.1
53.5
51.7
49.6
56.1
50.0
58.0
54.5

100.9
100.2
98.2
98.3
98.1
97.8
99.7
100.0
100.0
98.7
98.9
98.5
94.6
98.4
98.9
92.6
100.4
98.3
97.9
99.6
99.8
98.9
99.1
98.8
100.2
94.5
94.6
99.6
98.3
99.5
96.4
99.5
100.0
100.0
101.0
97.6
99.6
104.9
97.4
97.9
98.0
94.8
98.0
99.7
100.0
100.3
101.5
100.0
96.5
99.8
92.6
98.3
99.5

i For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




52.5

6.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.0

0
(l)
0
0
(l)
0

(i)

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­ earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

$13.50
0
0
0
0
0
(i)
16.08

$13.50
0
0
0
0
0
0
12.39

.326

16.17

15.62

.581
.338
.489
.359
.523
.562
.585
.425
.353
.384
.398
.720
.592
.550
.326
.472
.619
.425
.551
.422
.586
.450
.446
.490
.430
.315
.464
.571
.385
.485
.495
.364
.424
.378
.405
.560
.465
.595
.491
.422
.378
.506
.453
.346
.468
.343
.610
.425
.693
.478
.515
.490
.472

30.68
20.55
27.34
21.58
27.98
30.52
33.40
23.95
19.01
21.31
22.57
39.67
30.61
30.97
17.90
27.47
30.45
26.78
28.60
24.05
32.41
25.07
25.73
25.33
23.35
19.56
27.47
30.43
25.41
27.89
29.25
21.26
23.00
21.92
23.61
30.80
26.46
31.36
26.61
25.62
22.68
28.08
25.55
20.76
26.58
19.86
32.15
21.98
35.62
26.86
27.81
28.91
25.87

30.97
20.57
26.81
21.26
27.46
29.87
33.32
23.95
19.01
21.03
22.32
39.11
28.96
30.48
17.69
25.43
30.60
26.34
27.99
23.97
32.32
24.80
25.53
25.06
23.39
18.47
25.98
30.27
25.00
27.73
28.25
21.12
23.00
21.92
23.82
30.08
26.38
32.85
25.93
25.05
22.24
26.59
25.06
20.70
26.58
19.95
32.66
21.98
34.38
26.82
25.77
28.43
25.73

48

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con.

T able

BREAD DEPARTM ENT—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

Aver­ Aver­
age
Per
age
full­ hours
cent of
actu­
full
time
ally
hours worked time
worked
per
in
week week

All employees, male—Continued.
4
Pawtucket, R. I__...................
156
......... ................. . Peoria,4111 149
Philadelphia, Pa
_______
15 2,133
Pittsburgh, P a ..
_____
12 1,119
Portland, M e______ . ,
4
123
Portland, Orfig,................. _
5
284
Providence, R. I .....................
6
255
Pueblo, Colo...........................
3
59
Richmond, Va. __________
4
205
4
71
Roanoke, V a............ ............
Rockford, 111...........................
3
84
2
92
Sacramento, Calif
5
St. Joseph, M o......... ..............
134
U
St, Louis, M o „.......................
884
Salt Lake City, Utah_______
4
175
San Francisco, Calif--....... .
5
512
Savannah, Ga_________ ____
4
98
Scranton, Pa......... ........... ......
4
261
Seattle, Wash______________
6
284
Shreveport, La_____________
5
117
5
Sioux City, Iowa......... ...........
154
South Bend, I n d ...................
4
55
Spokane, Wash.......................
3
no
Syracuse, N. Y _____________
6
372
4
Tacoma, Wash.................... .
88
4
104
Tampa, Fla________________
2
73
Topeka, Kans................. ........
5
Trenton, N. J„_.....................
167
4
Tulsa, Okla........... .................
158
Washington, D. C..................
6
585
WheelingjJVV. Va— ...............
2
109
4
135
Wichita, Kans.......... ..............
Wilmington, Del___________
4
168
4
Winston-Salem, N. C_______
78
Worcester, Mass______ _____
5
229
6
186
Youngstown, Ohio__________

5.8
6.0
5.9
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.9
6.0
5.4
6.0
5.8
5.8
5.7
5.9
6.0
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.4
5.9
5.6
5.9
5.9
6.0
5.9
5.7
5.8
5.8
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.8

56.1
57.5
54.7
53.6
51.6
50.8
54.4
50.2
56.1
55.5
55.9
51.1
56.3
60.6
53.9
48.0
61.2
52.8
48.7
56.8
54.1
53.0
51.0
53.1
50.3
56.9
52.6
52.2
59.6
53.2
52.8
56.7
55.9
59.2
56.7
57.9

53.7
57.7
54.2
53.4
51.1
48.6
53.5
50.0
55.1
54.2
56.1
46.5
56.0
60.1
53.2
45.6
60.2
52.8
46.0
56.1
53.7
52.5
45.9
53.2
45.3
63.3
52.1
52.4
59.8
50.2
50.9
56.3
5o.7
59.1
56.5
56.1

503 27,856

5.9

55.0

54.0

6.0
6.0
6.0
0
5.9
6.0
0
6.0
6.0
5.3
5.4
6.0
0
6.0
5.4
6.0
5.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
0
4.9
6.0
0
5.6
0
total.

48.0
40.0
53.8
0
47.4
47.3
0
44.0
50.0
49.8
48.4
50.4
0
51.0
48.0
49.7
53.1
53.1
52.5
50.0
0
54.0
54.0
0)
49.6
0

48.0
42.0
53.8
0
46.3
46.9
(i)
44.0
50.2
43.9
43.3
50.4
0
46.4
43.2
49.7
48.0
53.1
59.8
50.0
0
43.1
54.0
0
44.9
0
\

Total................................—
All employees, female:
Albany, N. Y ...................... .
Atlanta, Ga________________
Baltimore, M d_____________
Birmingham, Ala....................
Boston, Mass______________
Buffalo, N. Y ................... —
Cedar Rapids, Iowa...............
Chattanooga, Tenn_________
Chicago, 111______ ____ _____
Cincinnati, Ohio............... .
Cleveland, Ohio—.........- ........
Columbia, S. C................ ......
Columbus, Ohio.....................
Dallas, Tex_________ _______
Denver, Colo_______________
Des Moines, Iowa__________
Detroit, Mich______________
Duluth, Minn.,
.
Erie, Pa___________________
Evansville, Ind_____________
Fort Smith, Ark____________
Grand Rapids, Mich_______
Hartford, Conn_____________
Houston, Tex...... ..................
Indianapolis, Ind.................... 1
Lincoln, Nebr.........................

2
1
2
1
5
2
1
1
8
2
9
2
1
2
3
3
4
2
2
3
1
4
1
1

2
10
19
0

10
17

(\
52
27
62
5
0
2
15
14
52
13
2
6
0
22
3

%

t li 0
i For less than 3 wage earners, data included in




Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­ earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

95.7 $0.518
.452
100.3
.518
99.1
.526
99.6
.468
99.0
95.7
.603
.543
98.3
.498
99.6
.491
98.2
97.7
.363
.469
100.4
.693
91.0
.562
99.5
.594
99.2
98.7
.489
.889
95.0
98.4
.275
.556
100.0
.843
94.5
.378
98.8
99.3
.556
.489
99.1
.741
90.0
100.2
.587
.755
90.1
.332
111.2
.561
99.0
100.4
.561
.445
100.3
94.4
.735
.504
96.4
.395
99.3
.490
99.6
.339
99.8
.513
99.6
.472
96.9

$29.06
25.99
28.33
28.19
24.15
30.63
29.54
25.00
27.55
20.15
26.22
35.41
31.64
36.00
26.36
42.67
16.83
29.38
41.05
21.47
30.08
25.92
37.79
31.17
37.98
18.89
29.51
29.28
26.52
39.10
26.61
22.40
27.39
20.07
29.09
27.33

$27.82
26.06
28.10
28.08
23.95
29.26
29.01
24.89
27.02
19.68
26.29
32.18
31.50
35.70
26.01
40.50
16.55
29.38
38.81
21.22
29.84
25.69
34.04
31.25
34.22
20.99
29.23
29.40
26.60
36.94
25.65
22.20
27.27
20.06
29.02
26.51

.553

30.42

29.82

.292
100.0
.286
105.0
.293
100.0
0
0
97.7
.330
99.2
.295
0
0
100.0
.273
.314
100.4
88.2
.264
.329
89.5
100.0
.175
0
0
91.1
.418
90.0
.258
.244
100.0
90.4
.319
.267
100.0
.302
113.9
.257
100.0
0
0
79.8 * .238
.241
100.0
(i)
0
.335
90.5
0
0

14.00
11.44
15.79
0
15.64
13.95
0
12.00
15.70
13.15
15.92
8.80
0
21.32
12.38
12.14
16.94
14.15
15.86
12.83
0
12.85
13.00
0
16.62
0

14.00
12.00
15.79
0
15.26
13.86
0
12.00
15.78
11.59
14.25
8.80
0
19.38
11.17
12.14
15.30
14.15
18.07
12.83
0
10.25
13.00
0
15.04
0

98.2

49

GENERAL TABLES

A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con.

T able

BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Aver­
age
Aver­ Aver­
age
Num­ days
Per
age
on
cent of
ber of which full­ hours
full
wage wage time actu­
ally
earn­ earners hours worked
time
worked
ers worked per
in
week week
in
week

All employees, female—Contd.
Little Rock, Ark.....................
2
4
Los Angeles, Calif__________
3
20
Tmn'svillp., Ky
4
2
1
Madison, W is,..... .
<9
Memphis, Tfinn ,.......
1
6
Milwaukee, Wis
2
7
Minneapolis, Minn
6
52
Nashville, Tenn
1
3
Newark, N. J____ ____ _____
2
12
5
New Orleans, T,a................
2
1
New York, N. Y ....................
(9
1
6
Norfolk, Va........................
Ogden, U tah......
1 (9
Omaha, Nebr...
3
3
Peoria, Til
1
3
Pittsburgh, Pa_____ ____ ___
4
20
Portland, Me_________ _____
3
5
1
Portland, Oreg ...
(9
1
cl)
Providence, R. I____________
1
Richmond, Va................ ........
(1)
1
Rockford, 111........................
3
1 (9
Sacramento, Calif__________
6
St. Louis, M o______________
12
1 (9
Salt Lake City, Utah_______
San Francisco, Calif...............
3
14
1
Scranton, Pa_______________
3
1 (9
Seattle, Wash__.....................
1
Shreveport, La........................
(9
1
South Bend, Ind........... .........
(1)
2
9
Syracuse, N. Y ____________
2
3
Tacoma, W ash......................
1
(l)
Tampa. Fla________________
1
Washington, D. C..................
(9
2
Wheeling, W. Va— ............ .
4
1
Worcester, Mass____________
(9
Youngstown, Ohio__________16
Total ______ ___________
All employees, male and female:
Albany, N. Y ......... ...............
Atlanta, Qa________________
Baltimore, M d_____________
Birmingham, Ala....................
Boston, Mass______________
■Rridgennrt, Cnnn
_
Buffalo, N. Y ..........................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa...............
Charleston, S. C__.................
Charlotte, N. C__ ____ _____
Chattanooga, Tenn_________
Chieagn, J11
___ Cincinnati, Ohio___________
Cleveland, Ohio____________
Columbia, S. C_____________
Columbus, Ohio____________
Covington, K y _____________
Dallas, Tex.................. ........
Denver, Colo_______________
Des Moines, Iowa__________
Detroit, M ich______________
Dijlijth, Minn
Erie, Pa_________ __________
Evansville, Ind............. .........
Fall River, Mass________ __
Fort Smith, Ark......................

6.0
5.6
6.0

54.0
48.0
49.0

6.0
5.7
5.7
6.0
4.1
6.0

54.0
45.2
51.8
54.0
48.0
48.0

(9

<9

6.0

(9

6.0
6.0
5.4
6.0
0)

9
<9

6.0

0)

100.0
94.7
94.8
100.0
66.9
100.0

.259
.376
.279
.133
.321
.242

14.00
17.00
14.45
7.20
15.41
11.60

47.5

100.0

. 189

9.00

14.00
16.09
13.70
7.20
10.30
11.60
0)
9.00

100.0
100.0
83.2
100.0

.386
.285
.264
.254

19.30
13.67
14.18
13.40

19.30
13.67
11.80
13.40

(9

(9
(9
(9

<9

(9

(9

(9

48.0

6.0
6.0
0)

48.0
48.0
0)

4.5

52.5

55.6

48.8

(9

54.0
42.8
49.1
54.0
32.1
48.0

(9

48.0
48.0
0)

(l)

$12.00
16.48
12.50

(9

6.0
3.3
0)

(i)
(9

$12.00
18.29
12.50

<9

49.3

(9

100.0 $0,222
90.2
.381
.255
100.0

(9

50.0
48.0
53.7
52.8
0)
0)

(i)
(l)

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­ earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

54.0
43.3
49.0

(9

47.5

o. 1

50.0
48.0
44.7
52.8

(9

(9
(9

(9
(9
(9

(9

(9
(9

(9
(9
(9

(9

(9
(9

(9
9
(9

(9

(9

(l)

(9
(9

48.0

100.0

.264

12.67

12.67

42.0

85.2

.318

15.68

13.37

100.0
55.6

.472
.221

(9
(l)
(9

(9
(9
(9

22.67
10.61

22.67
5.89

13.56
17.00
12.41

48.0
26.7

(9
(9
(9

(9

(9

(9

(9

(9

(9

(9
(9
(9

48.0
48.0

100.0
100.0

.283
.354

40.0

76.2

.311

13.56
17.00
(1)
<9
16.33

(9
(9

(9
(9

(9
(9

(9
(9
<9

(9
(9

(9

<9
(9

(9

(9

(9

90.2

.315

15.37

13.85

44.0

(9

(9

(9

137

591

5.6

50.1

46.7

93.2

.298

14.93

13.93

5
4
10
5
10
5
4
4
4
4
4
28
6
10
6
5
2
5
6
6
6
4
5
6
4
3

299
234
753
185
627
234
662
93
74
120
121
2,109
489
987
97
257
35
201
390
290
822
138
153
145
55
37

6.0
6.0
5.9
6.1
5.8
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.7
5.9
6.0
5.9
5.9
6.0
5.8
6.0
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.7

52.8
59.9
55.9
60.1
53.4
54.3
56.8
56.4
53.8
55.5
56.3
55.4
51.6
55.8
54.7
58.1
49.2
62.9
51.8
56.6
55.2
55.5
57.6
51.6
54.3
61.9

53.3
60.1
54.8
59.2
52.4
53.1
56.7
56.4
53.8
54.8
55.7
54.2
48.7
54.6
54.1
53.9
49.4
61.8
50.5
56.4
54.7
54.9
57.3
51.1
54.4
58.6

101.0
100.3
98.0
98.5
98.1
97.8
99.8
100.0
100.0
98.7
98.9
97.8
94.4
97.8
98.9
92.8
100.4
98.3
97.5
99.6
99.1
98.9
99.5
99.0
100.2
94.7

.579
.336
.484
.359
.520
.562
.579
.419
.353
.384
.395
.711
.576
.539
.318
.472
.619
.425
.541
.415
.571
.434
.444
.481
.430
.312

30.57
20.13
27.06
21.58
27.77
30.52
32.89
23.65
19.01
21.31
22.24
39.39
29.72
30.08
17.39
27.42
30.45
26.73
28.02
23.49
3L52
24.09
25.57
24.82
23.35
19.31

30.86
20.21
26.53
21.25
27.26
29.87
32.82
23.65
19.01
21.03
21.98
38.53
28.00
29.46
17.23
25.41
30.60
26.27
27.34
23.40
31.24
23.80
25.43
24.56
23.39
18.30

* For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




(9

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

50

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

T a b l e A *— Average number of days on which wage earnen worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent o f full time worked , 1931, by department, occupation , sex, a n d c # /— C o n .

2

BREAD DEPA RTM E N T—Continued
Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
Per
full­ hours
oe-it of
actu­
full
time
ally
hours worked
t:me
w<>rked
per
in
week week

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

All employees, male and female—
Continued.
Grand RApids, Mio.h _
4
5
Hartford, Conn
r . _
6
Houston, Tex______________
3
Huntington, W. Va................
Indianapolis, Tnd_
10
Jacksonville, Fla___________
4
Lewiston and Auburn, M e ...
4
Lincoln, Nebr
_
4
5
Little Rock, Ark___________
7
Los Angeles, Calif__________
Louisville, TCy
5
Madison, Wis
5
Manchester, N. H __________
3
Memphis, Tenn_
3
Miami, Fla
4
Milwaukee, Wis
7
Minneapolis, Minn ...
7
4
Mobile, Ala________________
Nashua, M. H
_
4
4
Nashville, Tenn____________
Newark, N. J______________
10
11
New Orleans, La___________
New York, N. Y ....................
30
4
Norfolk, Va__....... .................
Ogden, Utah...... ......... ..........
2
Oklahoma City, Okla_______
5
4
Omaha, Nebr______________
4
Pawtucket, R. I____________
4
Peoria, 111____ _____ ________
Philadelphia, Pa __________
15
Pittsburgh, Pa_____________
12
4
Portland, Me..........................
Portland, Oreg_____________
5
6
Providence, R. I ___________
Pueblo, Colo_______________
3
4
Richmond, Va_____________
4
Roanoke, Va_______________
Rockford, 111...... ................. 3
Sacramento, Calif__________
2
5
St. Joseph, M o_____________
11
St. Louis, M o______________
4
Salt Lake City, Utah_______
San Francisco, Calif.. .......... .
5
Savannah, Ga....... .................
4
4
Scranton, Pa_______________
...................... . Seattle,
6
5
Shreveport, La_____________
5
Sioux City, Iowa__________
4
South Bend, Ind ___________
3
Spokane, Wash.......................
Syracuse, N. Y ........................
a
4
Tacoma, Wash_____________
4
Tampa, Fla.... ........................
Topeka, Kans______________
2
Trenton, N. J...... ..................
5
Tulsa, Okla_____ ____ _____ _
4
Washington, D. C__________
6
Wheeling, W. Va....................
2
Wichita, Kans............... .........
4
Wilmington, Del___________
4
Winston-Salem, N. C _______
4
Worcester, Mass____________
5
Youngstown, Ohio__________
6

237
191
206
91
384
134
73
86
159
810
242
107
85
162
125
606
449
130
89
128
861
372
2,409
139
50
193
250
156
152
2,133
1,139
128
286
256
59
207
71
87
93
134
896
176
526
98
264
Wash
285
118
154
57
no
381
91
105
73
167
158
586
113
135
168
78
230
202

5.6
6.0
5.9
6.0
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.7
6.0
5.6
5.9
6.0
5.8
6.0
5.9
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.9
6.0
5.4
6.0
5.8
5.8
5.7
5.9
6.0
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.0
5.4
5.9
5.6
5.9
5.9
6.0
5.9
5.7
5.8
5.8
6.0
6.0
5.9
5.8

58.7
53.3
65.9
57.5
58.7
58.4
54.0
57.9
58.1
54.9
56.7
52.6
54.2
60.5
60.0
55.3
55.8
60.0
56.8
57.8
52.6
51.6
51.4
55.8
53.9
59.0
54.7
56.1
57.3
54.7
53.6
51.7
50.7
54.3
50.2
56.1
55.5
55.6
51.0
56.3
60.4
53.9
48.0
61.2
52.8
48.7
56.7
54.1
53.1
51.0
53.0
50.2
56.9
52.6
52.2
59.6
53.2
52.8
56.7
55.9
59.2
56.6
57.8

54.8
53.1
64.8
57.2
56.5
58.1
54.0
57.9
58.8
53.5
56. 6
55.2
52.8
59.2
58.8
52.5
54.6
59.8
56.8
58.0
53.2
51.7
49.6
55.7
50.1
58.0
54.4
53.7
57.5
54.2
53.2
51.2
48.6
53.3
50.0
55.0
54.2
55.8
46.5
56.0
59.8
53.1
45.6
60.2
52.5
46.0
56.0
53.7
52.6
45.9
53.1
45.4
63.2
52.1
52.4
59.8
50.2
50.5
56.3
55.7
59.1
56.5
55.2

503 28,447

5.9

54.9

53.8

Occupation, sex, and city

Total.....................................




Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

93.4 $0.447
.565
99.6
98.3
.385
.485
99.5
96.3
.490
.364
99.5
.424
100.0
.379
100.0
101.2
.400
.556
97.4
.462
99.8
.593
104.9
97.4
.491
97.9
.416
.378
98.0
.505
94.9
.435
97.8
.346
99.7
.468
100.0
100.3
.339
.608
301.1
.423
100.2
.693
96.5
99.8
.467
92.9
.513
98.3
.490
.471
99.5
95.7
.518
100.3
.449
.518
99.1
.522
99.3
.460
99.2
.601
95.9
.542
98.2
.498
99.6
.488
98.0
.363
97.7
300.4
.463
.688
91.2
.562
99.5
.592
99.0
.488
98.5
95.0
.877
98.4
.275
.554
99.4
94.5
.842
98.8
.376
.556
99.3
99.1
.478
.741
90.0
00.2
.581
.741
90.4
.331
: 11.1
99.0
.561
:oo.4
.561
: oo. 3 .445
.734
94.4
95.6
.499
99.3
.395
99.6
.490
99.8
.339
.512
99.8
.462
95.5
98.0

.548

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week week

$26.24 $24.52
30.11
30.00
25.37
24.97
27.89
27.73
28.76
27.70
21.26
21.12
23.00
23.00
21.92
21.92
23.24
23.53
30. 52
29.75
26.20
26.15
31.19
32.71
26.61
25.93
25.17
24.64
22.68
22. 24
27.93
26.47
24.27
23.75
20.76
20.70
26.58
26. 58
19.59
19. 66
31.98
32.34
21.83
21.85
35.62
34.37
26.06
26.05
27.65
25.74
28.91
28.43
25.76
25. 65
29.06
27.82
25. 73
25.81
28.33
28.10
27.98
27.79
23. 78
23.54
30.47
29.18
29.43
28.92
25.00
24.89
27. 38 26.86
20.15
19.68
25.72
25.82
35.04
31.96
31.64
31.50
35.76
35.40
26.30
25.91
42.13
40.02
16.83
16.55
29.25
29.11
41.01
38.74
21. 32
21.09
30.08
29.84
25.38
25.14
37.79
34.04
30.79
30.83
37.20
33.65
18.83
20.94
29.51
29.23
29.28
29.40
26. 52 26.60
39.05
36.89
26. 35
25.18
22.40
22.20
27.39
27.27
20.07
20.06
28.98
28.95
26.70
25.50
30.09

29.49

51

GENERAL TABLES

A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981 y by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con.

T able

CAKE DEPARTM EN T

Occupation, sex, and d ty

Cake makers, male:
Albany, N. Y __......................
Atlanta, Ga__........................Baltimore, M d........................
Birmingham, A la ._ .............. Boston, Mass....................... ..
Bridgeport, Conn...................
Buffalo, N. Y ..........................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa................
Charleston, S. C.................. ..
Charlotte, N. C ................... . .
Chattanooga, Tenn................
Chicago, HI............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.....................
Cleveland, O hio.....................
Columbus, Ohio..... ................
Covington, K y........................
Dallas, Tex.........................
Denver, Colo.......... .............. .
Detroit, M ic h .......................
Duluth, Minn.......................
Erie, Pa...................................
Evansville, Ind....................—
Fall River, Mass....... ........... .
Fort Smith, Ark.....................
Grand Rapids, Mich............
Hartford, Conn.....................
Houston, Tex...... ................ .
Huntington, W. V a .............Indianapolis, Ind....................
Jacksonville, Fla_................. .
Lewiston and Auburn, M e ...
Lincoln, Nebr.........................
Little Rock, Ark.....................
Los Angeles, Calif......... .........
Louisville, K y.........................
Madison, Wis..........................
Memphis, Tenn.................... .
Milwaukee, Wis.................... .
Minneapolis, Minn.................
Mobile, Ala.............................
Nashville, Tenn......................
Newark, N. J__......................
New Orleans, La.....................
New York, N. Y .....................
Norfolk, Va__.........................
Ogden, Utah...........................
Oklahoma City, Okla.......... .
Omaha, Nebr__......................
Pawtucket, R. I ......................
Peoria, 111...... ..........................
Philadelphia, Pa_...................
Pittsburgh, Pa........................
Portland, M e..........................
Portland, Oreg........................
Providence, R. I . ...................
Richmond, Va_......................
Roanoke, Va...........................
St. Joseph, M o........................
St. Louis, M o..........................
Salt Lake City, Utah..............
Savannah, Ga.........................
Scranton, Pa...........................
Seattle, Wash...... ...................
Shreveport, La........................
Sioux City, Iowa....................
Spokane, Wash.......... ............

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

3
3
6
2
6
4
2
1
2
3
1
6
3
8
3
2
1
3
3
3
4
3
2
1
3
1
3
1
6
1
1
4
4
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
4
2
5
6
3
1
1
3
2
1
12
11
3
2
4
2
4
3
4
2
1
2
2
2
3
3

Aver­
age
Num­ days
on
ber of which
wage wage
earn­ earners
ers worked
in
week

12
5
13
2
28
10
22
0
0

0

2
8
32
14
29
6
3
3
14
30
3
6
3
2
10
3
4

0
27
0)
0
10
4
6
5
2
5
16
8
5
8
3
5
25
5
3
0
12
2
3
88
53
12
10
9
5
4
3
10
6
0
9
6
2
8
9

6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.8
5.4
6.0
0)
6.0
6.0
0
6.0
5.5
5.9
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.7
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
0)
6.0
6.0
6.0
0)
4.9
0
0
6.0
6.0
5.5
5.6
6.0
4.8
5.4
6.0
6.0
5.6
5.7
6.0
5.5
5.6
6.0
0)
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.4
5.9
6.0
5.8
6.0
5.0
6.0
0
5.8
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0

* For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




Aver­ Aver­
Aver­
age
Per
age
age
full­ hours cent of earn­
full
time actu­
ings
ally
hours worked time
worked per
per
hour
in
week week

52.5
58.8
54.1
57.0
51.2
49.8
51.8
0
54.0
55.4
0
52.9
48.0
50.5
53.0
48.0
50.0
48.0
54.0
48.0
56.0
48.0
51.0
0
55.0
54.0
58.8
0
50.9
0
0
60.8
55.0
51.0
53.2
51.0
55.8
54.0
49.5
57.6
55.8
50.0
48.4
49.2
50.4
54.0
0
51.0
54.0
54.0
51.6
51.8
48.5
48.0
50.0
53.1
50.0
48.0
48.0
54.0
0
54.0
48.0
48.0
51.0
46.0

52.5
58.8
54.1
57.0
49.0
45.0
46.7
0
54.0
56.9
0
53.9
44.2
48.6
52.9
48.0
50.0
48.3
50.1
48.0
58.6
48.5
51.0
0)
57.7
54.0
60.0
0
42.1
0
0
60.8
55.0
45.8
48.9
51.0
43.6
45.6
51.6
57.6
54.8
47.3
48.4
45.2
50.4
57.7
0
51.0
54.0
54.0
48.6
51.2
48.9
43.2
50.3
53.1
50.0
47.5
45.4
56.5
0
52.0
48.0
48.0
51.0
46.0

100.0 $0.591
.369
100.0
.552
100.0
.632
100.0
95.7
.545
90.4
.676
.543
90.2
0
0)
.620
100.0
102.7
.355
0
0
.682
101.9
92.1
.663
96.2
.625
.568
99.8
.838
100.0
.707
100.0
.724
100.6
.704
92.8
100.0
.667
104.6
.609
.769
101.0
100.0
.637
0)
0
104.9
.416
100.0
.735
.532
102.0
0
0
82.7
.517
0
0)
0
0
100.0 .459
.432
100.0
.758
89.8
91.9
.575
100.0
.735
.526
78.1
84.4
.498
104.2
.545
.431
100/0
.393
98.2
.789
94.6
100.0
.716
91.9
.681
100.0 .529
106.9
.467
0
0
100.0
.480
100.0 .750
.522
100.0
94.2
.505
.491
98.8
100.8
.516
90.0
.618
.665
100.6
100.0 .614
100.0 .638
.737
99.0
.803
94.6
104.6
.565
0
0)
96.3
.303
100.0 .777
100.0 .427
100.0
.598
100.0 .789

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week week

$31.04
21.70
29.86
36.00
27.90
33.66
28.13
0
33.50
19.67
0
36.08
31.82
31.56
30.10
40.21
35.33
34.75
38.02
32.00
34.10
36. 91
32.50
0
22.88
39.67
31.28
0
26.32
0
0
27.90
23.75
38.66
30.59
37.50
29.35
26.89
26.98
24.80
21.93
39.45
34.65
33.51
26.65
25.22
0
24.50
40.50
28.17
26.06
25.43
25.03
29.66
33.25
32.60
31.88
35.38
38.54
30.51
0
16.36
37.29
20.50
30.50
36.28

$31.04
21.70
29.86
36.00
26.72
30.43
25.37
0
33.50
20.18
0
36.74
29.29
30.35
30.05
40.21
35.33
34.94
35.27
32.00
35.65
37.31
32.50
0)
23.97
39.67
31.88
0
21.78
0
0
27.90
23.75
34.76
28.14
37.50
22.95
22.70
28.08
24.80
21. 50
37. 33
34.65
30.76
26.65
26.92
0
24.50
40.50
28.17
24.55
25.16
25.21
26.68
33.45
32.60
31.88
35.00
36.43
31.93
0
15.78
37.29
20.50
30.50
36.2S

52

WAGES AND SOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENT^

Average number of days on which wage earners workedt average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con.

T a b l e A .—

CAKE DEPARTMENT—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

Cake makers, male—Continued.
Syracuse, N. Y ........................
Tacoma, Wash........................
Tampa, Fla.............................
Trenton, N. J........................ .
Washington, D. C..................
Wheeling, W. Va....................
Wichita, Kans.........................
Winston-Salem, N. C.............
Worcester, Mass.....................
Youngstown, Ohio.................
Total....................................
Cake makers, female:
Boston, Mass..........................
Lincoln, Nebr.........................
Los Angeles, Calif...................
Pittsburgh, Pa........................
Scranton, Pa...........................
Total....................................
Oven men:
Albany, N. Y ..........................
Atlanta, Ga.............................
Baltimore, M d........................
Birmingham, A la...................
Boston, Mass..........................
Bridgeport, Conn...................
Buffalo, N. Y . ...................... .
Cedar Rapids, Iowa...............
Charleston, S. C..... ................
Charlotte, N. C ...... ................
Chattanooga, Tenn.................
Chicago, 111.............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.....................
Cleveland, Ohio......................
Columbus, Ohio......................
Covington, K y .......................
Denver, Colo...........................
Detroit, M ich.........................
Erie, Pa................................Evansville, Ind.......................
Fall River, Mass....................
Fort Smith, Ark.....................
Grand Rapids, M ich..............
Hartford, Conn.......................
Houston, Tex..........................
Indianapolis, Ind....................
Lewiston and Auburn, M e ...
Louisville, K y....................... .
Memphis, Tenn......................
Milwaukee, Wis......................
Minneapolis, Minn.................
Mobile, Ala.............................
Nashville, Tenn......................
Newark. N. J..........................
New Orleans, La................. .
Norfolk, Va.............................
Ogden, Utah...........................
Oklahoma City, Okla.............
Omaha, Nebr..........................
Pawtucket, R. I—...................
Philadelphia, Pa.....................
Pittsburgh, Pa........................
Portland, Me..........................

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

5

14

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

5.4

51.9

46.6

2
6
.0 55.0
46.6
5
48.0
2 2
55.0
6.5
48.8
2
6
.0
48.8
5
11
3
48.0
11 0) 06) .0 48.0
00) 0
0
0
0
0 054.0
)
6.0
21 0 36 06
2
.0 54.0
60.0
60.0
226

714

11 35
11 011
1 0)
5
21
2 33
3
3
14 0 56
21 2
1 8
211 0 2
11 0 5
012
28
1 02
3
2 95
0
111 0
0
1 w
1 0
21 0 2
3
8
21 0 2
2 2
2
22 2
2 2
11 8
3
1 3
11 0
3
1 0293
6
6 143
2

5.8

51.9

49.8

6
50.0
6.0
.0 48.0
05.8 54.0
0
0) 0)

052.0
)
0)

51.4

50.4

5.9

6.0
6
.0 50.0
59.3
6
.0
53.8
05.8 53.0
0)
6.0 48.0
0)
0
0
06.0 57.0
0
06.0 54.0
06.0 51.5
0)
6.5
54.0
0
06.0 48.0
6.0 54.0
0
0)
v)
0
0 0
W
0
6.0 57.5
5.1
50.8
0
05.5
)
55.5
6
.0
55.5
6.0
.0 54.0
6
51.0
6.0 59.0
8
86.0 48.0
0
0)
0 0
06.0 52.0
0)
0)
06.0 50.3
5.9
52.1
6.0 48.0

1For less than 3 wage earners, data incl uded inl total.




Aver­ Aver­
age
Per
age
full­ hours
of
actu­ cect
full
time
ally
hours worked time
worked
per
in
week week

50.0
48.0

50.0
59.3
53.8

051.8
48.0

0857.0
)
052.8
)
0
)
46.2
67.3
048.2
)
52.0

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

89.8 $0.541
{’7.1
.840
.482
.639

110
00
0.0
.0
ICO. 0
0
0
(')
11C( 0
0.0
.0
£■6.0
1( 0.0
ICO. 0
O
£6.3
()

8.1
100.0
ICO. 0
£

1C0.0
O
£7.7

100.0
0

1C0.0
()
£7.8
()
89.7
124.6
()
100.4
£6.3
()
()

95.4
1019

$28.08
40.32
26.50
31.20
48.55

$25.17
39.16
26.50
31.20
48.55

1.011
0(0 0 0
0
0
0) 36.67
0 36.67
0
.679
.511

30.67

30.67

.578

30.00

28.83

.363
.283

18.17
13.60
C)
10.48

18.17
13.60

.257

13.21

12.92

.643
.323
.449
.593
.698

0

32.17
19.17
24.13
)
31.43
33.50

32.17
19.17
24.13
)
30.70
33.50

S3
.259

0
0
.550
0
.590
.545
0)
.711

0
0
29.70
0
30.39
29.43
0
34.13

.696

37.58

.556
.530
.407

17.48
28.24
)
31.75
21.75
30.02
27.03
24.00

0
.194
0)

0
0)
0
0
0
j
s0)
()
0
()
0
064.3 111.8
.304
81.5
.556
41.4
)
050.5 (91.0
0)
.572
100.0 .392
55.5
51.5
53.5
59.0

Aver­
Aver­
age
age
full­
actual
time
earn­ earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

100.0
0
048.0 1800.0 .535
8
()
0
P>
0
052.0
)
8
1800.0 .462
0
O
049.6
)
.490
98.6
50.3
.450
196.5
00.0 .556
48.0

1
0

0

14.75

0

0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

)
25.67

24.00

0

24.35
23.45
26.67

0
0

10.07
)

0

8
0
0
29.01
0
27.26
36.65
0
34.29
36.18
0
0
0
0
0
)
19.50
23.01
0
28.90
14.75

21.75
28.61
28.38
24.00

8
0
0
0
24.00
0
24.31

25.67

22.63
26.67

53

GENERAL TABLES
T

A.— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con.

able

CAKE DEPARTMENT—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

Oven men—Continued.
Portland, Oreg.....................
Providence, R. I...................
Roanoke, Va........................
St. Louis, Mo......................
Salt Lake City, Utah............
Scranton, Pa........................
Seattle, Wash__...................
Spokane, Wash....................
Syracuse, N. Y.....................
Washington, D. C................
Wheeling, W. Va..................
Worcester, Mass...................
Youngstown, Ohio...............
Total................................
Finishers, male:
Albany, N. Y ..... .................
Baltimore, Md._.................
Boston, Mass.......................
Bridgeport, Conn.................
Buffalo, N. Y.......................
Chicago, 111..............................
Cincinnati, O h io--.................
Cleveland, Ohio......................
Columbus, Ohio.....................

Denver, Colo.......................
Detroit, Mich......................

Evansville, Ind.......................
Fall River, Mass....................
Houston, Tex..........................
Indianapolis, Ind....................
Lewiston and Auburn, M e ...

Little Rock, Ark..................

Los Angeles, Calif...................

Louisville, Ky......................
Milwaukee, Wis...................
Mobile, Ala.........................
Newark, N. J.......................
New Orleans, La....................

New York, N. Y ..................
Norfolk, Va.........................
Ogden, Utah........................
Omaha, Nebr..........................
Pawtucket, R. I ...................

Philadelphia, Pa..................

Pittsburgh, Pa........................

Portland, Me.......................

Portland, Oreg........................
Providence, R. I.....................
Richmond, Va......................
St. Louis, M o ..........................

Salt Lake City, Utah............

Scranton, Pa...........................
Seattle, Wash..........................
Shreveport, La........................
Spokane, Wash.......................

Syracuse, N. Y.....................
Trenton, N. J......................
Washington, D. C................
Wheeling, W. Va..................
Winston-Salem, N. C............
Total-...............................

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

21
1
2
2
21

1
3
1
1

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

(9

8

3
2
2
2
2

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

6
6.0
.0
4.5
6.0
.0
6

(9

8

6.0
(9
(9
(9
(9
2
2 6.0
1
3

(9

107

2
21
3
1
2
1
2
1
1
21
1
2

171
7

(9

21
1
1
12
11
22

5
2
2

1
1
2
21
11
1
3

2
1
1
1
1

71

3

10

(9
(9
(9
(9

4

1
1
1

(9

(9
(9
(9
(9
(9

5
5
4

2
4
2
8
3
3
3

3

3

3

34

3
7

(9
P)
(9
(9
(9

(9
(9
(9

6.0
6.0
(9
6.0
(9
5.8
6
.0
(9
(9
6
.0
6.0
.0
6
5.8
(9

5.0

6.0
(9

6
.0
5.3

(9
6.0
(9

4
7

(9

5.9

3

2
6

<9

3

166

48.0
54.0
54.0

40.5
54.0
54.0

(9

(9

(9
(9

(9
(9

(9
(9

(9

(9

52.0

50.0
54.0

48.9

(9

54.0
48.6

(9

6.0
5.0

6.0

(9
\9
(9

5.8

(9
6.0
(9
(9
5.9

25.00

(9

50.6

97.3

.535

27.82

48.9

100.0

.399

45.0
49.8

83.3
102.5

.500
.414

90.9

.552

100.0

.492
.278

(9

46.9

51.5
54.0

(9
(9

44.2
48.0
59.5
49.8
54.0

(9

(9

54.8
50.3

(9

(9

(9
102.2
(9

(9
92.1
100.0

103.5

199.6
00.0
I1)
101.5
88.2

(9
(9

56.0
(9
(9
48.0

(9

(9

(9
100.0
(9
(9
100.0
(9

39.2
50.1
54.0
47.6
48.0
48.0

72.6
102.5

100.0
96.9

48.0

48.0

(9

100.0
100.0
(9

(9

(9

(9

(9

48.0
54.0
yi

44.5
56.3

(9
(9

(9

(9
(9
44.7
(9

(9
(9

(9
(9

50.6

49.4

(9

52.8
48.0

48.5

(9

(9
(9

19.50

(9

(9
20.12
(9

(9

(9

(9
(9

8

(9
27.04
19.50

(9

27.00

22.50
20.61

28.48

25.85

24.80
15.00

25.36
15.00

(9
(9

28.22
16.25
33.81

(9
(9

(9
(9

.588
.339
.588
.442
.472

25.50

25.96
16.25
35.00
21.99
25.50

.679
.480

36.67
27.36

37.25
24.17

.304

17.00

(9
(9

(9
(9

(9

(9

22.10
(9

(9

(9

(9

.526

25.25

17.00
W
(9
25.25

.416
.245
.370
.420
.458
.560

22.46
11.98

16.29
12.31

(9

(9

(9

20.00

20.62

22.00
26.86

(9

100.0

.625

30.00

92.7
104.3

(9

.822
.348

(9

(9
(9
(9
(1)

(9

27.62
(9
(9
25.00

(9
(9

(9

(9
(9

$29.00
40.00
36.12
34.00
27.75

.463

(9
(9

Aver­
age
actual
earn­
ings
in
week

42.82
34.00
27.75

(9

(9

56.0

(9
(9

(9

100.0

54.0

(9

54.0
57.0

(9
(9

$29.00
40.00

29.75

(9

48.0
48.0
57.5
50.0
54.0

100.0
100.0 $0.604
.833
(9
(9
.892
84.4
.630
110
0
.0
00.0 .514
.595

(9

50.4
54.0
(9

Aver­
Aver­ age
full­
age
earn­ time
ings earn­
ings
per
per
hour
week

92.8

(9

6.0

(9

46.4

(9

51.6

54.0
48.9
54.0
49.1
48.0
48.0

* For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total,




48.0
.48.0

(9

48.0

6.0
6.0
(9

Aver­
age
Per
hours cent
of
actu­
full
ally
time
worked worked
in
week

48.0
48.0

6.0

(9
4.3
6.0
6.0

(l)

5

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

(l)
v/

v)

(9

39.46
18.79

(9
(9

(i)

(9

(9

20.00
19.99

22.00

26.86

(9

30.00

(9

36.59
19.62

(9
?9
v)

(9

.370

19.54

(9
(9
101.0 1.050
(9
(9
(9
(9

50.40
Q}

50.93

.447

22.62

22.09

84.7

97.6

(9

(9

16.52

(9

(9
(9

54
T

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

A . — Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1931, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con.

able

C A K E D E P A R T M E N T -C o n tin u e d

i

Occupation, sex, and city

Finishers, female:
Albany, N. Y ..........................
Atlanta, Qa.............................
Baltimore, M d ........................
Birmingham, Ala....................
Boston, Mass..........................
Buffalo, N. Y ........................
Charlotte, N. C ......................
Chicago, 111..............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.....................
Cleveland, Ohio............ .........
Columbus, Ohio......................
Covington, K y........................
Dallas, Tex..............................
Denver, Colo.........................
Detroit, M ich.........................
Duluth, Minn.........................
Erie, Pa.................... ............ .
Fort Smith, Ark................ .
Grand Rapids, M ich....... —
Houston, Tex................ .........
Indianapolis, Ind------ ---------Lincoln, Nebr.........................
Little Rock, Ark_____ ______
Los Angeles, Calif-----------Memphis, Tenn.................... .
Milwaukee, Wis------- -------Minneapolis, Minn-------------Mobile, Ala....... .....................
Nashville, Tenn......................
Newark, N. J..........................
New Orleans, La................. —
Norfolk, V a........... „ ..............
Ogden, Utah____ __________
Oklahoma City, Okla.............
Omaha, Nebr.........................
Peoria, 111................................
Pittsburgh, Pa........................
Portland, Me..........................
Portland, Oreg...................... .
Providence, R. I.....................
Richmond, Va.........................
Roanoke, Va...........................
St. Louis, M o .........................
Scranton, Pa..........................
Seattle, Wash..........................
Spokane, Wash.......................
Syracuse, N. Y ........................
Tacoma, Wash........................
Wheeling, W. Va....................
Wichita, Kans.........................
Worcester, Mass.....................
Youngstown, Ohio.................
Total.....................................
Helpers, male:
Albany, N. Y .........................
Atlanta, Ga.............................
Baltimore, M d ........................
Birmingham, Ala....................
Boston, Mass..........................
Buffalo, N. Y ......... ...............
Cedar Rapids, Iowa..... .........
Charleston, S. C.....................
Charlotte, N. C ......................
Chicago, 111..... ...................... .

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

1
2
2
2
4
2
22
1
6
21
1
3
2
21
1
3
1
5
22
2
2
2
3
1
1
1
11
1
7
1
11
11
1
11
1
1
21

10

98

2
2
4
2
2
2
11
3
3

7
15
4

125
5
13

8

32
5
<9
7
17
14
5
3
3
5
9

225
141
10
13
16
2
131
5
3
3
5
24
5

86

(9
(9

(9
<9
(9

9
4
9
3
3

2

3
3
7
(9
460

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

5.6

5.6
(9

48.0
50.0
49.6
50.0
48.0
44.8
49.2
54.0
48.0
49.3
50.4
(9
54.0
45.3
50.1
48.0
54.0
54.0
54.0
48.0
50.0
51.6
49.0
48.0
49.0
48.0
49.0
62.0
51.5
48.0
48.4
45.0
48.0
54.0
51.5
54.0
51.3
(9
48.0
(9
52.5
(9
(9
48.0
(9
48.0
42.0
48.0
54.2
54.0
48.0
(9

44.6
50.0
49.6
50.0
43.8
44.5
45.6
44.0
45.5
39.5
47.9
(9
39.4
48.0
42.2
48.0
46.8
47.3
48.3
47.1
40.6
51.6
49.0
45.8
46.4
45.2
44.6
62.0
48.6
48.0
48.8
39.0
40.3
47.6
51.5
50.4
48.0
(9
47. 7
(9
55.5
(9
<9
40.0
(9
33.7
33.3
48.0
45.2
54.0
41.1
<9

5.7

50.0

46.1

50.0
60.7
54.6
57.0
53.4
54.0
55.0
(9
56.8
54.8

50.0
60.7
54.0
57.0
50.7
48.2
55.0
(9
42.5
55.9

6.0
5.6
6
.0
5.9
6
.0
5.6
5.8
6
.0
5.1
5.6
(9
4.9
5.9
5.7

6
6.0
.0
6
.0
5.4
5.9
5.0

6.0
6
.0
5.8
5.6
5.7
5.3

65.6.0
6
.0
6
.0
4.3
5.7
6
6.0
.0

5.6
5.8
(9

6.0
6.0

<9

(9
5.7
(9
4.3
4.7

6.0
5.3
6
.0

6.0
6
6.0
.0
6
.0
5.6
3
6.0
5
6.0
(9
(9
6 4.5
15
6.0
3
6
2
10

14

1 For less than 3 wage earners, date included in total.




Aver­ Aver­
age
Per
age
of
full­ hours
actu­ cent
fill
time
ally
hours worked time
worked
per
in
week week

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­
Aver­
age
age
full­
actual
time
earn­ earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

$0,324 $15.55 $14.45
1102.9
0
0
.0
.254
12.71
12.71
0
0
.0
12.89
100.0 .260
.220 12.89
11
.0
0
11.0
0
01.3
.304
14.59
13.30
09.3
.383
17.16
17.05
.241
02.7
116.04
1.86 10.99
81.5
.297
04.8
80.1
05.0
(9
73.0
106.0
84.2

13.08
13.75
12.80
14.36
(9

85.6
(9

.302
.324
.300
(9
.284
.242
.385
.279
.257
.194
.268
.263
.260
.198
.265
.484
.301
.331
.305
.124
.163
.347
.148
.258
.320
.242
.234
.226
.232
(9
.361
(9
.190
(9
(9
.276
(9
.438
.280
.385
.245
.198
.293
<9

92.2

.272

13.60

12.53

.375
.209
.288
.246
.406
.491
.320
(9
.228
.379

18.75
12.67
15.72
14.00

18.75
12.67
15.54
14.00
20.58
23.67
17.60
(9
9.70
21.14

186.7
00.0
87.6
89.4
08.1
81.2
(
(
05.4
94.7
04.2
£
ICO. 0
04.4
ICO. 0
ICO.
86.7
84.0

110.0
0.0
1.0

8
88.1
1C0.0

£3.3
£3.6
O
S9.4
()
105.7
()
()
83.3
o
70.2
79.3

100.0
183.4
00.0

100
0.0
.0
10
93.9
10). 0
91.9
80. 3

10).0
(9
71.8
10
2.0

14.50
15.97
15.12
(9
15.34
10.96
19.29
13.40
13.88
10.48
14.47
12.62
13.00

11.20

11.59
16.25
13.40
12.04
9.16
12.94
12.41
10.56

10.20 10.20
12.96

12.96
23.23
14.75
15.89
14.95
7.67
.39
16.67
7.16
11.61
15.36
13.07
12.04

11.76
18.50
13.28
10.67
14.06
(9

22.19
13.97
14.96
13.59
7.67
7.93
16.67
7.20
10.06
12.89
11.53
12.04
11.41
11.15
(9
17.22
(9
10.57
(9
(9
11.06
(9
14.73
9.33
18.50
11.06
10.67
12.07
(9

8

12.20

11.90
(9
17.33
(9
9.98
(9
(9
13.25
(9

21.02

21.68
26.51
17.60
(9
12.95
20.77

55

GENERAL TABLES

A .— Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1931, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con.

T able

CAKE DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Aver­
age
Num­ days
on
ber of which
wage wage
earn­ earners
ers worked
in
week

Helpers, male—Continued.
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cleveland, Ohio____________
Cnlnmhns, Ohio _
Hnvingtnn, TTy
“Dallas, Tex
Denver, Colo_______________
Detroit, M ich______________

6
3
5
241
2
2
1 33
23 10
1 c) 77
2
Evansville, Tnd
1
Fall T?.ivp.r, Mass
f}rftnd "Rapids, Mir.h .
21 0) 3
Houston, Tex____ _________
1 0
0)) 4
Tndianapnlis, Tnd _
2
Lewiston and Auburn, M e ...
1 0) 3
3
Lincoln, Nebr______________
9
2
Little Hock, Ark___________
9
2
Los Angeles, Calif_____
Lnnisvillfi, iKTy
g
3
Madison, W is______________
111 0) 93
Memphis, T e n n __ ______
Milwaukee, Wis____________
1 3
Minneapolis, M in n ._______
23
5
Mobile, Ala________________
Nashville, Tenn____________
1 0) 5
Newark, N. J______________
4
8
New Orleans, La_______ ___
Norfolk, Va................ .............
)
11 0
Ogden, Utah_______________
1 0) 3
Oklahoma City, Okla_______
Omaha, Nebr______________
3
1 0) 9
Peoria, 111__________________
9
Philadelphia, Pa......... - .........
56
7
Pittsburgh, Pa_____________
1 0)27
Portland, Me______________
2
Portland, Oreg......................
6
11 8
Providence, R. I____________
Richmond, Va_____________
0
)
3
4
Roanoke, Va_______________
2
2
St. Joseph, M o_____________
3
St. Louis, M o __________ ___
4
2
4
Salt Lake City, Utah_______
2
Scranton, Pa_______________
11 0)10
Seattle, Wash______________
Shreveport, La_____________
0) 4
3
Sioux City, Iowa___________
3
2
Spokane, Wash_____________
4
Syracuse, N. Y ___________
103
2
Tacoma, Wash_____________
21 2
Tampa, Fla_____________ __
Trenton, N. J______________
0)
2
Washington, D. C.......... ........
1 (l) 5
Wichita. Trans_____________
Winston-Salem, N. C........
11
Worcester, Mass............ ........
Total.....................................

136

8

375

89.0 $0,383
95.3
.413
95.9
.380
.417
74.6
.365
.374
95.8
.403
86.7
)
)
79.8
.293
)
)
79.9
.391
)
)
)
)
.472
72.0
)
)
.245
90.8
.247
65.5
.500
92.8
.337
)
)
.377
93.3
.369
105.0
.318
.203
92.7
.235
)
)
.281
)
)
)
)
.358
104.5
.342
)
)
.378
99.6
98.5
.266
)
)
101.5
.409
.365
)
)
.264
.417
77.9
.637
67.6
.382
88.3
)
)
)
)
.333
83.3
.480
91.5
.359
.410
.300
)
)
.502
)
)
)
)

0)
06) .0
5.0
5.8
6.0
6.5
06).0
0)
0)
0)

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

5.7

51.9

49.3

95.0

(0
0

0
)
47.6
050.8
)

01

44.3
51.7
)
a)

0
)
0)
.284
99.2
0
)
0)
94.1
88.8 .252
.345
95.7
.249
0i) (l)i

5.4

42.7
48.2
51.8
48.0
38.8
41.4
46.8
)
38.3
)
43.8
)

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

48.0
50.6
54.0
48.0
52.0
43.2
54.0
)
48.0
)
54.8
)
)
49.0
)
61.3
49.0
53.3
56.9
)
54.0
54.0
54.0
57.2
54.8
)
48.8
)
)
51.0
51.3
)
50.4
52.7
)
48.0
48.0
)
45.8
48.0
48.0
54.0
54.0
)
)
51.0
48.0
49.2
48.0
55.0
)
48.0
)
)
)

5.3

5.9
6
.0
6
.0
6
.0
5.2

100.0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
(0
0
35.3
0
)
61.3
1000.0
44.5

0
0
0
0
0

06) .0 0
5.9
6
6.0
.0

0
)
00.0
54.0
10
50.4
56.7
57.2
100.0
50.8
0
)
00.0
48.8
10
0
0
)
053.3
)
0
51.3
100.0
0
050.2
)
51.9
0
)
0
48.7
100.0
48.0
0
)
00.0
45.8
10
48.0
1
00.0
37.4

0

06) .0
04.7
)
0
)
04.5
)
06).0
5.5
4.2
5.6

5.6

06).0
0)
06) .0
6.0
06).0
5.9
06) .0
6.0
05.5
)
6
.0
4.5
4.0
5.3

Helpers, female:
Albany, N. Y ______________
)
)
U
Boston, Mass______________
5.9
Buffalo, N. Y ..........................
)
)
7
Chicago. Ill____________ ____
3
16
Cleveland, Ohio....................
5.7
Detroit, M ich................. ........
Erie, Pa___________________
)
)
Fort Smith. Ark......................
(i)

1 0 0
2
11 0 06.0
2
1 0 6 06.0
1

i For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




Aver­ Aver­
age
Per
age
hours cent
of
full­
full
time actu­
ally
time
hours worked
worked
per
in
week week

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

48.0
)
54.0
49.9
54.0
)

34.9
52.8

36.5
47.7
)
)
51.0
40.0
45.0
48.0
55.0
)
48.3
)
)
)

0
0

0

0
0
0
0
0
0

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

$18.38
20.90
20.52

$16.34
19.90
19.64

16.16
21.76
)
14.06
)
21.43
)
)
23.13
)
15.00

15.49
18.86
)
11.24
)
17.15
)
)
16.65
)
15.00

19.18
)
20.33
19.93
17.17
11.60

17.78
)
20.33
18.60
18.00
11.60
11.92
)
13.69
)
)
19.08
17.53
)
18.99
13.82
)
19.93
17.50
)
12.08

2
0.00 20.00
18.98
14.16
0
0
0
0
0
12.10
26.65
0

12.88
0)
13.69
0
0))
18.26
17. 53
0)
19.05
14.02
0)
19.63
17.50
0)
12.08
2
0.00
30.58

0
0
0
0
0
11.0
0
17.44
0

.210 11.34
0 0
0
0))
0
17.00
100.0 0 23.04

0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0.00
23.82
13.93
10.00
0
0))
17.00

110
00
0.0
.0
0
100.6 0
0 0
0
0

0
0
0
0

8

.346.

20.63

17.66
19.67
16.50
)
24.10
)
)
)

0
0
0
0

19.20
16.12
19.67
16.50
)
24.24
)
)
)

17.96

17.05

0
0

)
13.63
)
13.61
17.22
13.45
(i)

0
0

)
13.52
)
12.78
15.26
12.85
)
*

0

56

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

T a b l e A *— Average n u m b e r of days o n w hi c h w a g e earners w o r k e d , average full­
time a n d actual hours a n d earnings per w e e k f average earnings per h o u r , a n d
per cent of full time w o r k e d , 1981, by department , occupation , sex , a n d city— C o n .
CAKE DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

Aver­
age
Num­ Num­ days
on
ber of ber of which
estab­
wage
lish­ earn­
ments ers earners
worked
in
week

Helpers, female—Continued.
Grand Rapids, M ich...........
Lewiston and Auburn, M e.
Little Rock, Ark.................
Louisville, K y ......................
Milwaukee, Wis.......... ........
Minneapolis, Minn..............
Philadelphia, Pa..................
Scranton, Pa........................
Wheeling, W. Va.................

Aver­
age
Per
hours cent
of
actu­
full
time
ally
hours worked time
worked
per
in
week week

Aver-

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

54.0

35.7 $0,246

Total..

Wrappers and packers, female:
Albany, N. Y .....................
Atlanta, Ga........................
Baltimore, M d ............ ......
Birmingham, Ala...............
Boston, Mass......................
Buffalo, N. Y ..........................
Charleston, S. C.................
Charlotte, N. C ..................
Chicago, HI.........................
Cincinnati, Ohio...... .........
Cleveland, Ohio....... .........
Columbus, Ohio_________
Dallas, Tex.........................

5.5

50.9

45.3

$9.0

.272

13.84

12.34

52.0
62.0
54.5

100.0

.481
.185
.483

25.00
11.50
26.33

25.00
11.50
26.33

14.25

14.25

0
)
58.4

100.00

100.
l)

023

9
3
14
47
12

13.00
16.00

.366

19.07

18.81

.307

14.74
11.60
15.15

14.29
11.60
13.30

15.12
15.22
10.67

14.25
15.09
10.67
9.91
13.42
11.44
10.10

52.1

51.3

98.5

48.0

46.6
50.8
48.0

5.9
6
.0 50.8
54.7
5.5
0
05.8 48.0
6.0 44.9
6.0 54.0
5.5
5.9
5.3
4.9

13.00
16.00

045.3

51.9

5

19.54

0
0
.580
0
0
.396
0
.500

0
0
0
0)
19.76
19.00
0
0
19.78
18.67

8

22

51.0
54.0
48.0
48.1

0

45.2
44.6
54.0
46.6
47.1
41.5
34.9

liX).

.244
.296

107.0
(K). 0 .228
.277
87.8
004.2 .315
0
09.3

100.0

01.4
87.2
86.5
72.6

.339
.198
.213
.285
.276
.289

0

27.84

00
0 24.00
0
24.00

00

(0

10.86

15.39
13.25
13.90

010 04.9 54.0
0 038.7 071.7 .252
0 13.61
0
47

8

(0
20.77
0
11.40
09.50
0
25.93
0
0
19.54

0
8
.366
0
.412

53.2
54.0

11

8

0
0
12.60
0
27.67
0
0
18.00

)
.163

0

5.9

0

0
0
12.60
0
0
27.67
0
0
18.00
0
0
23.19
0
11.40
0
9.50

0
0•)3.1
0
110)0.0
000.0
1100.0
100.0
0
00
116.1
0U3.8

044.7
0
049.3
048.0

126

0

0

8

50

$4.73

7.29
12.14

0
051.0 1)0.0 .279
0)
048.0 1)0.0 .263
0
1%
)0.0 .512
54.0
0
0
0
0
048.0 10X). 0 .375
00
0
0
)
0
00
0
00
045.9 089.5 .452
0). 0 .238
0
048.0 I'M

1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




$13.28

48.0
54.0

Wrappers and packers, male:
Albany, N. Y ...................
Atlanta, Ga......................
Baltimore, M d.................
Boston, Mass...................
Bridgeport, Conn__........
Buffalo, N. Y ...................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa.........
Charlotte, N. C ____ ____
Chattanooga, Tenn..........
Chicago, 111.......................
Cincinnati, O h io ............
Cleveland, Ohio...............
Denver, Colo....................
Detroit, Mich...................
Fall River, Mass..............
Grand Rapids, Mich.......
Hartford, Conn................
Indianapolis, Ind.............
Los Angeles, Calif............
Louisville, Ky__...............
Memphis, Tenn...............
Mobile, Ala......................
New Orleans, La.............
New York, N. Y ..............
Norfolk, Va......................
Peoria, 111-.......................
Philadelphia, Pa..............
Pittsburgh, Pa.................
Portland, Oreg.................
Richmond, Va. ...............
Roanoke, Va__.................
St. Louis, M o__...............
Scranton, Pa___...............
Spokane, Wash................
Syracuse, N. Y .................
Trenton, N. J...................
Washington, D. C.......... .
Total-

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­ earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

0

$73

G e n e ra l ta b le s

57

T a b l e A . — Average

number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sea;, and city— Con.
CAKE DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

Wrappers and packers, female—
Continued.
Denver, Colo...........................
Detroit, Mich.........................
Duluth, Minn.........................
Erie, Pa...................................
Fort Smith j Ark.....................
Grand Rapids, Mich............ .
Houston, Tex__......................
Indianapolis, Ind___________
Lewiston ana Auburn, Me__
Little Rock, A rk._............... .
Los Angeles, Calif...................
Louisville, K y.........................
Memphis, Tenn......................
Milwaukee, Wis.................... .
Minneapolis, Minn.................
Nashville, Tenn......................
Newark, N. J__......................
New York, N. Y ................... .
Norfolk, Va_...........................
Ogden, Utah.........................
Oklahoma City, Okla.............
Omaha, N ebr.........................
Pawtucket, R. I......................
Peoria, 111-..............................
Philadelphia, Pa__.................
Pittsburgh, Pa__....................
Portland, Me..........................
Portland, Oreg........................
Providence, R. I__............... .
Richmond, Va.......................
Roanoke, Va........................
St. Louis, M o.........................
Salt Lake City, Utah.............
Scranton, Pa.............. ............
Seattle, Wash..........................
Spokane, Wash.................... .
Syracuse, N. Y .................... .
Tacoma, Wash........................
Washington, D. C..................
Wheeling, W. Va....................
Worcester, Mass.................. .
Youngstown, Ohio__________
Total................................... .
All employees, male:
Albany, N. Y ..........................
Atlanta, Ga.............................
Baltimore, M d............ ..........
Birmingham, Ala....................
Boston, Mass..........................
Bridgeport, Conn....................
Buffalo, N. Y ..........................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa____ ____
Charleston, S. C......................
Charlotte, N. C ......................
Chattanooga, Tenn................
Chicago, 111..............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.....................
Cleveland, Ohio......................
Columbus, Ohio......................
Covington, K y........................
Dallas, Tex..............................
Denver, Colo...........................
Detroit, Mich..........................

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

3

14
2 2
1 5.7
5.3
.0
6
11 0 4 <6
9
6
.0
21 8 4.9
3.8
8
3
6.0
1 634 4.5
2
5.9
2 158 4.8
11 6
5
3.8
5.5
4
4.7
2 12
5.5
6
3
1 113 5.7
5.3
3
5.8
11 0 8 04.4
11 168
6.0
.0
6 6
.0
11 87 6
5.6
3
61
5.8
22 5.8
4
3
23
5.7
2 10 6
.0
2
7
6
11 0 0 .0
<9
9
21 <4.9
3
2
5
5.6
2
29
5.9
2
4
6.0
2
7
4.9
4
16
6.0
111 0136 <95.7
5.6
11 33 6
.0
6.0
3

109
3
3

6
2
6
4
2
1
2
3
1
6
3
8
3
2
1
3
3

691
28

2
0
39
5
49
26
29
13
4
17
4
60
24

68
16
7

6

38
44

5.4

6.0
6.0
6
.0
6
.0
5.7
5.8

6.0
6
.0
6
.0
5.5
6.0
6
.0
5.4
5.9
6
.1
6
.0
6
.0
5.8
5.7

* For less than 3 wage earners, data included ini total.




Aver­ Aver­
age
Per
age
fuH- hours
cent of
actu­
full
time
ally
hours worked time
worked
per
in
week week

48.0
50.6
48.0

(9

54.0
54.0
48.0
52.1
48.0
51.3
48.0
52.0
54.0
48.0
50.0
52.0
48.0
48.0

(9

48.0
54.0
48.0
48.0
54.0
49.3
52.4
48.3
48.0
46.3

(9
(9

50.0
48.0
48.0
48.0
46.3
46.9

(9

45.3
37.2
48.0

(9

47.6
33.0
38.5
33.4
48.0
36.7
37.2
28.8
49.5
36.7
46.0
49.8
42.6
46.0

(9

34.9
46.3
48.0
48.0
49.4
40.9
50.9
45.8
48.0
46.3

(9
(9

38.2
44.8
47.0
48.0
35.6
45.5

(9

45.4
51.3
37.5
48.0

50.1

42.4

51.0
60.4
54.4
58.0
52.2
49.4
51.9
52.3
54.0
56.0
64.0
53.4
48.0
50.6
53.6
48.0
51.0
46.7
54.0

51.0
60.4
54.1
58.0
49.9
48.0
47.2
52.3
54.0
51.6
64.0
53.7
43.4
48.2
54.7
48.0
44.4
46.1
50.0

48.0
54.0
48.0
48.0

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­ earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

94.4 $0,275
.403
.292

$13.20
20.39
14.00

$12.47
14.98
14.00

.160
.233
.250
.268
.333
.266
.414
.218
.229
.322
.310
.179
.250
.313

8.64
12.58

7.61
7.69
9.63
8.97
16.00
9.78
15.38
6.28
11.33
11.82
14.25
8.91
10.67
14.38

73.5
10
0.0
(9
88.1
61.1
80.2
64.1

10
0.0
71.5
77.5
55.4
91.7
76.5
92.0
95.8

88.8
95.8

(9

72.7
85.7

(9

(9

00
0.0
.0
1191.5
0

.295
.225
.267
.260
.242
.284

100.0
100.0

.314
.329
.299

76.4
93.3
97.9

.276
.240

83.0
97.1
94.8

(9
(9

.220
(9
(9

(9

12.00

13.96
16.00
13.65
19.87
11.34
12.37
15.46
15.50
9.31

115.02
2.00
(9

14.16
12.15
12.83
12.50
13.07
14.00
11.53
15.17
15.80
13.82

(9
(9

(9

(9

10.30
10.39
12.83
12.50
11.98
11.63

11.2
1
14.39

15.80
13.82

0
0

97.0

.266

13.80
11.52
9.60
23.50
20.09
12.48

95.0
78.1

100.0

.246
.275
.300
.328

11.81
14.85
14.40
15.73

11.15
14.11
11.25
15.73

84.6

.278

13.93

11.78

.516
.257
.432
.414
.516
.508
.531
.340
.456
.302
.254
.574
.574
.540
.448
.651
.557
.590
.663

26.31
15.55
23.50
24.00
26.94
25.10
27.56
17.77
24.63
16.91
16.25
30.65
27.55
27.32
24.01
31.23
28.41
27.55
35.80

26.31
15.55
23.38
24.00
25.76
24.40
25.10
17.77
24.63
15.61
16.25
30.84
24.93
26.03
24.51
31.23
24.75
27.19
33.13

.2
00
.490
176.9
00.0 .434
0
94.6

100.0
199.4
00.0
195.6
00.0
97.2
90.9

100.0
192.1
00.0
100.0
190.4
00.6
95.3
00
2.0
.1
110
87.1
98.7
92.6

(9

(9

10.55
10.73
9.42
23.50
15.47

12.11
(9

58

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

T a b l e A . — Average

number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and city— Con.
CAKE DEPARTM ENT—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

All employees, male—Continued.
Duluth, Minn.........................
Erie, Pa...................................
Evansville, Ind.......................
Fall River, Mass....................
Fort Smith, Ark..... ................
Grand Rapids, Mich..............
Hartford, Conn.......................
Houston, Tex.........................
Huntington, W. Va................
Indianapolis, Ind....................
Jacksonville, Fla.....................
Lewiston and Auburn, M e ...
Lincoln, Nebr.........................
Little Rock, Ark....................
Los Angeles, Calif................. .
Louisville, K y_____________
Madison, Wis.........................
Memphis, Tenn......................
Milwaukee, W is....................
Minneapolis, Minn................
Mobile, Ala.............................
Nashville, Tenn......................
Newark, N. J.........................
New Orleans, La___________
New York, N. Y ....................
Norfolk, Va.............................
Ogden, Utah......... .................
Oklahoma City, Okla...........
Omaha, Nebr........ .................
Pawtucket, R. I.....................
Peoria, 111................................
Philadelphia, Pa.....................
Pittsburgh, Pa........................
Portland, Me..........................
Portland, Oreg........................
Providence, R. I.....................
Richmond, Va____ _____ ___
Roanoke, Va...........................
St. Joseph, M o......................
St. Louis, M o______________
Salt Lake City, Utah.............
Savannah, Ga......... ...............
Scranton, Pa...........................
Seattle, Wash___ -....... ...........
Shreveport, La_____ _______
Sioux City, Iowa....................
Spokane, Wash.......................
Syracuse, N. Y .................... .
Tacoma, Wash........................
Tampa, Fla.............................
Trenton, N. J........... ...... .......
Washington, D. C..................
Wheeling, W. Va.......... .........
Wichita, Kans......................
Winston-Salem, N. C.............
Worcester, Mass....................
Youngstown, Ohio.................
TotalAll employees, female:
Albany, N. Y .........
Atlanta, Ga........... .
Baltimore, M d___
Birmingham, Ala..
Boston, Mass_____
Buffalo, N. Y _____

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

6
.0 48.0
6
.0
6
.0 55.3
48.0
21 131 6
.0
49.6
5.7
54.0
3
15
5.7
55.0
13 105 6.0 58.5
54.0
6
.0
1 0 0 0
6
11 0)59 05.1 50.7
0
6 6.0 60.9
54.0
4
13
6
.0
4
5.9
7
53.6
19
2
5.0
52.4
3
2
1
5.6
54.6
2
3
6
.0
52.0
2
1
2
5.5
55.0
29
3
5.6
54.0
3
13
6
.0
50.8
3
25
6
.0
57.8
4
15
5.7
56.0
2
5.8
6
51.0
5
19
6
.0
48.4
6
36
5.6
48.8
3
5.4
49.2
11 110
5.5
0
54.0
5
6
.0
51.0
3
31
6
.0
50.7
21 6 6
6
.0
54.0
.0
6
54.0
1112 223
6
.0
50.6
99
6
.0
3
24
6
.0 52.0
48.3
2
5.7
23
48.0
4
2
2
6
.0
48.8
3
13
6
.0
53.7
4
1
1
5.7
49.3
3
5
6
.0
48.0
4
5.0
48.6
21 2180 5.6
54.0
0
)
0
)
0)
2
23
5.6
54.0
2
9
6
.0
48.0
2
3
142 6
6.0
.0 48.0
51.0
3
3
4
3

5

2
2
2
3
11
21
2
227

2
2
6
2
3
5

3
9
13

15
40

8
140

23
4
3
4
9
4
1, 552

212
2
37
6
49
15

48.0
58.5
42.4
49.6
49.5
54.6
54.0
60.7

0
43.4
052.0

6
.0
6.0
6
.0
6
.0
5.3
6
.0
6
.0
6.0
.0
6

46.4
51.6
48.0
55.0
48.6
48.0
54.0
60.0
60.0
54.0
60.0

60.9
52.3
42.2
50.6
53.8
49.9
48.0
53.0
57.8
54.1
49.7
48.4
45.4
47.4
51.6
50.1
51.0
54.0
53.2
49.0
51.2
48.4
46.1
49.0
53.7
49.3
47.7
43.9
51.7
)
50.5
48.0
48.0
51.0
44.8
47.0
47.1
55.0
48.6
47.8
43.1
60.0
60.0
55.6
60.0

5.8

51.8

49.9

5.8
6
.0
5.6
6
.0
5.9
6
.0

48.0
50.3
52.6
54.0
48.1
44.8

45.8
50.3
48.7
54.0
45.7
44.6

5.8
5.7

*For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




Aver­ Aver­
Average
Per
age
cent of
fuH- hours
actu­
fuU
time
ally
ings
time
hours worked
per
worked
per
in
hour
week week

0

100.0

105.8
88.3
100.0

91.7
99.3

100.0

103.7

). 667
.524
.505
.425
.480
.408
.607
.452

085. .6 .494
0
0
0
96.3
.530

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week week

$32.00
28.98
24.24
21.09
25.92
22.44
32.80
26.44

$32.00
30.62
21.42
21.09
23.75
22.28
32.80
27.45
)
21.43

0 0
0 27.58
0
28.62
25.05

24.92
19.78
33.17
22.99
33.02
26.35
24.68
24.69
15.04
18.31
28.56
21.04
31.38
24.30
22.09
23.21
19.57
28.50
23.11
22.77

100.0

.409
.369
.633
.421
.635
.479
.457
.486
.260
.327
.560
.435
.643
.454
.409
.455
.386
.528
.428
.450
.423
.522
.545
.567
.373
.420
.608
.723
.465
)
.282
.726
.344
.510
.728
.442
.676
.391
.516
.830
.394
.303
.304
.580
.525

15.23
34.83
16.50
26.00
33.78
22.81
32.45
21.50
25.10
39.84
21.28
18.15
18.25
31.32
31.50

14.22
34.83
16.50
26.00
32.64
20.78
31.85
21.50
25.10
39.65
16.99
18.15
18.25
32.24
31.50

•6.3

.486

25.17

24.25

95.3
92.6

.312
.243
.270

95.0
99.6

.308
.351

14.98
12.25
14.20
11.33
14.81
15.72

14.26
12.25
13.13
11.33
14.10
15.66

100.0

97.6
80.5
92.7
103.5
90.7
88.9
104.3

100.0

96.6
97.5

100.0

93.0
96.3
95.6
98.2
100.6
100.0

98.5
96.8
98.5

100.2

96.0
100.4

110
.0
00
0.0
99.4
90.3
94.6
)
93.5

0 0
110
0.0
10
00
0.0
.0
96.6
91.1
98.1

100.0
100.0
99.6
79.8
10
0.0
10
0.0
103.0

100.0

100.0

.210

22.00

25.21
26.16
27.67

20.00

20.71
29.09
35.14
25.11

0

24.92
19.29
26.70
21.30
34.20
23.90
21.94
25.80
15.04
17.69
27.83
21.04
29.21
23.43
21.08
22.80
19.68
28.50
22.78
22.07
21.65
25.27
25.10
27.78
20.00

20.71
29.00
31.75
24.06

0

59

GENERAL TABLES

Average number of days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earning s per weekt average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1981, by department, occupation, sex, and ciJy— Con.

T a b l e A .—

CAKE DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

All employees, female—Contd.
Charleston, S. C.....................
Charlotte, N. C____________
Chicago, 111..............
Cincinnati, Ohio...... ... .
Cleveland, O h io....................
Columbus, Ohio— .................
Covington, K y_____________
Dallas, Tex.............................
Denver, Colo..... .....................
Detroit, Mich.........................
Duluth, Minn........................
Erie, Pa............... ............ ......
Fort Smith, Ark.....................
Grand Rapids, Mich___.........
Houston, Tex________ _____ _
Indianapolis, Ind— ...........
Lewiston and Auburn, M e ...
Lincoln, Nebr________ __ ..
Little Rock, Ark.....................
Los Angeles, Calif..................
Louisville, K y.........................
Memphis, Tenn..... ................
Milwaukee, Wis________ ___
Minneapolis, Minn.................
Mobile, Ala.... ........................
Nashville, Tenn.....................
Newark, N. J___ ______ ____
New Orleans, La............ ........
New York, N. Y .................
Norfolk, Va.............................
Ogden, Utah...........................
Oklahoma City, Okla......... __
Omaha, Nebr_________ ____ _
Pawtucket, R. I ____________
Peoria, 111_________________
Philadelphia, Pa................... .
Pittsburgh, Pa........................
Portland, M e.....................
Portland, Oreg____________ _
Providence, R. I.....................
Richmond, V a........................
Roanoke, Va......... .................
St. Louis, M o...................... .
Salt Lake City, Utah.......... .
Scranton, Pa_______ ____ ___
Seattle Wash_______________
Spokane, Wash..... .............. .
Syracuse, N. Y ........................
Tacoma, Wash................... .
Washington, D. C..................
Wheeling, W. Va....................
Wichita, Kans.........................
Worcester, Mass___ Youngstown, Ohio__________
Total.................................
All employees, male and female:
Albany, N. Y ..........................
Atlanta, Ga...... ......................
Baltimore, M d _________
Birmingham, Ala..................
Boston, Mass______________
Bridgeport, Conn....................
Buffalo, N. Y ___ __________
Cedar Rapids, Iowa...............
Charleston, S. C.....................
Charlotte, N. C ......................
Chattanooga, Tenn.................

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

1
2
3
1
7
21
1
3
3
3

21
1
5
21
3
2
2
2
4
3
1
3
2
2
3
111
3
11
3
130
22
2
1
3
2
2
2
2
4
2
11
1
21
3

Num­
ber of
wage
earn­
ers

3
19
67

2
0
95
6

<l)
17
31
41-

11

7
9
19
17
85

16
0
2
0
20
6
16
26

20
6
22
6
5
g
4
19
13
30

8
12

63
119
24
19

6
.0
5.5

6
.0
5.7
6.0

54.0
46.3
46.9
43.1
38.0
48.5
)
39.0
46.8
41.1
48.0
48.4
47.6
32.7
43.1
35.3
48.0
49.8
40.1
42.5
32.0
47.6
41.1
46.0
62.0
49.2
45.3
48.8
46.0
41.8
35.8
46.8
50.8
48.0
49.8
41.1
48.9
46.2
47.8
46.5
53.0
40.0
38.6
44.8
45.1
48.0
35.1
43.6
48.0
45.4
49.9
54.0
40.1
48.0

5.5

50.1

44.1

5.9

49.7
56.6
53.5
55.8
50.1
49.4
49.5
52.3
54.0
53.1
64.0

48.7
56.6
51.5
55.8
47.8
48.0
46.3
52.3
54.0
48.8
64.0

.1

0

6
6.0
.0
6.0
3.8

5.4
4.6

6
.0
6
.0
6
.0
5.4

4.2
5.6
5.2
5.5

6
.0
5.7
5.7
6
.0
5.8

4.8
4.6

6.0
.0
6
6.0
5.6
5.8
5.8
5.7

6
6.0
.0
6
.0
5.0

10
19

6.0
6
.0
5.7

5
43
5
3

1132
3
10
5

1,240

3
3

50
32
76

11

98
26
44
13
7
36
4

5.0
5.6
5.8

4.7
5.8

5.6

6
.0
5.8
6
.0
5.8
5.8
6.0
.0
6
6
.0
5.5
6.0

1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




Aver­ Aver­
age
Aver­
age
Per
age
full­ hours
cent of earn­
actu­
full
time
ally
ings
time
hours worked
per
per
worked hour
in
week week

54.0
50.5
54.0
48.0
48.8
50.3
)
54.0
46.5
50.9
48.0
53.1
54.0
54.0
48.0
51.5
48.0
49.8
51.0
48.0
51.3
50.9
48.0
49.8
62.0
51.8
48.0
48.4
48.0
46.3
48.0
54.0
50.8
48.0
54.0
49.4
51.7
48.5
48.0
46.5
51.0
40.0
49.9
48.0
48.0
48.0
46.8
46.1
48.0
48.0
54.0
54.0
48.0
48.0

5.9
5.6
5
5.7
)
4.9
5.8
5.6

8
6
242

143

6
2
6
4
21
23
1

Aver­
age
days
on
which
wage
earners
worked
in
week

0

0

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

191.7
00.0 $0.198 $10.67
.2
20 11.11
86.9
.283
15.28
89.7
77.9
96.4
)
72.2

.287
.312
.296
)
.265
.256
.368
.286
.253
.171
.249
.258
.266
.306
.239
.262
.465
.216
.273
.328
.303
. 124
.171
.301
. 148
.313
.279
.299
.232
.240
.260
.236
.284
.226
.312
.344
.300
.234
.229
.276
.240

0 0
180.7
00.6
191.1
00.0
8
8.1
60.6
89.8

1168.5
0
00
0.0
.0
78.6
88.5
62.4
93.5
85.6
92.4

195.0
00.0
94.4
195.8
00.8
90.3
74.6
86.7

110
00
0.0
.0
92.2
83.2
94.6
95.3
99.6

100.0
177.4
00.0
103.9
93.3
94.0

175.0
00.0
94.6
194.6
00.0
92.4

183.5
00.0
100.0
88.0
98.0

196.3
00.0
195.4
00.0
97.2

93.5
00
0.0
.0
1191.9
0
100.0

13.78
15.23
14.89
)
14.31
11.90
18.73
13.73
13.43
9.23
13.45
12.38
13.70
14.67
11.90
13.36
22.32
11.08
13.90
15.74
15.09
7.67

0

8.86

14.45
7.16
15.02
12.92
14. 35
12.53

114.37
1.88
0)
10.33

11.99
15.10
13.73
12.28
8.15
8.14

11.10

9.38
14.67
11.90
10.48
19.80
6.90
12.98
13.47
13.93
7.67
8.42
13.67
7.20
14.38
11.67
10.71
10.83

12.20 12.50
12.20

12.50
12.74
14.03

11.68
15.13

.435
.268
.361
.246
.258
.198
.295
.313

16.51
13.97
11.93
9.17
13.77
11. 52
10.18
23.10
20.36
12.35
17.33
11.81
13.93
10.67
14.16
15.04

.275

13.78

.431
.253
.357
.306
.417
.508
.472
.340
.345
.261
.254

21.42
14.31
19.10
17.09
20.89
25.10
23.36
17.77
18.64
13.86
16.25

.212
.481

$10.67
10.19
13.29
12.36

11.75
11.70
11.06
14.42
16.47
13.97
12.38
9.17

110.73
0.66

9.58
23.10
15.25
11.67
17.33
11.15
12.85
10.67
11.83
15.04

12.11
21.01

14.31
18.39
17.09
19.93
24.40

217.77
1.88
18.64
12.75
16.25

60

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS

A . — Average number o f days on which wage earners worked, average full­
time and actual hours and earnings per week, average earnings per hour, and
per cent of full time worked, 1931, by department, occupation, sex, and city — C o n .

T a b le

El-

........

1

CAKE DEPARTM EN T—Continued
..— „

Occupation, sex, and city

All employees, male and female—
Continued.
Chicago, 111..............................
Cincinnati, Ohio.....................
Cleveland, Ohio...................
Columbus, Ohio.....................
Covington, K y........................
Dallas, Tex..............................
Denver, Colo...........................
Detroit, Mich.... .....................
Duluth, Minn.........................
Erie, Pa...................................
Evansville, Ind..................... .
Fall River, Mass.....................
Fort Smith, Ark.....................
Grand Rapids, Mich..............
Hartford, Conn.......................
Houston, Tex........................ .
Huntington, W. V a................
Indianapolis, Ind....... ............
Jacksonville, Fla....................
Lewiston and Auburn, M e__
Lincoln, Nebr..................... .
Little Rock, Ark................. .
Los Angeles, Calif...................
Louisville, K y.........................
Madison, Wis.........................
Memphis, Tenn......................
Milwaukee, Wis.....................
Minneapolis, Minn.................
Mobile, Ala.............................
Nashville, Tenn....................
Newark, N. J..........................
New Orleans, La....................
New York, N. Y ....................
Norfolk, Va.............................
Ogden, Utah...........................
Oklahoma City, Okla............
Omaha, Nebr..........................
Pawtucket, R. I......................
Peoria,
................................
Philadelphia, Pa..............
Pittsburgh, Pa...................... .
Portland, M e..........................
Portland, Oreg........................
Providence, R. I .....................
Richmond, Va........................
Roanoke, Va...........................
St. Joseph, M o........................
St. Louis, M o..........................
Salt Lake City, Utah.............
Savannah, Ga.........................
Scranton, Pa...........................
Seattle, Wash..........................
Shreveport, La........................
Sioux City, Iowa....................
Spokane, Wash.................. .
Syracuse, N. Y ........................
Tacoma, Wash........................
Tampa, Fla.............................
Trenton, N. J.........................
Washington, D. C ..................
Wheeling, W. Va....................
Wichita, Kans.........................
Winston-Salem, N. C ............
Worcester, Mass.....................
Youngstown, Ohio.................

111

Total.....................................

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

6
8
3
2
1
3
3

3
3
4
3

Aver­
age
Num­ days
on
ber of which
wage wage
earn­ earners
ers worked
in
week

127
44
163

22
9
23
69
85
14
16
13

6
.0
5.5
5.4
6
6.0
.0

6
6.0
.0
6
.0
5.9
6.6
6
6.0
.0
5.8
6.0

53.7
48.0
49.6
52.7
48.0
53.2
46.6
52.5
48.0
54.4
48.0
49.6
54.0
54.4
54.0
51.9
)
51.2
)
51.0
56.1
61.7
50.2
53.9
52.0
52.6
51.2
49.8
58.6
53.5
49.5
48.4
48.7
48.4
50.1
53.2
50.8
50.6
54.0
50.3
51.9
48.4
48.0
48.2
62.8
46.8
48.0
49.3
52.7
)
50.1
48.0
48.0
51.0
46.6
49.8
48.0
55.0
48.6
48.0
64.0
57.0
60.0
50.8
53.3

5.7

51.0

5.2
5.8
5.6

6.0
.0
6
6
.0
21 1112 5.9
6.0
34
3
6
.0
1 275 4.6
3
5.6
16 0144
)
04.8
)
0
11 0)12 06) .0 0
6.0
23
4
27
5.9
4
39
5.2
2
5.3
3
27
.0
2 283 6
5.5
2
55
5.4
4
2310 5.5
3
6.0
3
4
5.8
1242 5.7
25 37
6
.0
44
5.6
6
14
5.2
3
4.9
11 29
6.0
.0
18
61
6
3
6
.0
21 14
18
5.7
6.9
1121 286
218
5.9
5.9
48
3
5.9
2 42
30
6.0
.0
4
6
3
19
5.5
4
16
6.0
5
3
42
5.0
4
21 23 5.6
)
0
6.7
2 0)6146 06
.0
2
.0
2 142 6
6.0
3
3
5

2
2
2
3
11
21
2
228

25
59

11
13640
16
6
4
19
9
2,792

5.4
5.7

>fo x less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




Aver­ Aver­
age
age
Per
full­ hours cent of
!Ull
time actu­
ally
hours worked time
per
worked
in
week week

50.1
43.3
42.3
53.0
48.0
40.4
46.4
45.7
48.0
54.1
42.4
49.6
48.1
42.4
54.0
49.6
)
38.6
()
50.0
56.1
43.2
42.3
46.5
53.8
48.6
44.7
46.0
58.6
51.2
47.5
48.5
45.5
45.8
41.2
47.7
50.9
50.6
50.9
47.3
50.0
47.3
46.9
48.3
53.4
46.8
47.7
41.1
50.2
)
47.0
48.0
48.0
51.0
40.9
45.9
47.4
55.0
48.6
46.9
48.2
67.0
60.0
47.4
53.3

0
1

0

47.3

Aver­
age
earn­
ings
per
hour

Aver­ Aver­
age
age
full­
time actual
earn­
earn­
ings
ings
in
per
week
week

93.3 $0. 431 $23.14 $21.58
21.31
19.21
90.2
.444
17.78
85.3
.420
20.83
21.75
.410
21.61
27.63
LOO. 0
.576
27.63
14.09
18.57
.349
75.9
20.36
.439
20.46
99.6
24.44
28.09
.535
87.0
17.64
17.64
.368
LOO. 0
22.60
99.4
.418
22.74
21.42
24.24
88.3
.505
21.09
.425
21.09
12.05
13.55
89.1
.251
14.38
18.44
77.9
.339
32.80
.607
32.80
17.15
17.96
95.6
.346
)
)
)
)
.371
75.4
19. CO 14.31
(l)
0)
)
(*)
.423
21.57
21.13
98.0
.343
19.26
19.26
12.76
.295
15.25
83.6
.547
27.46
23.14
84.3
18.10
.390
86.3
34.20
103. 5
.635
33.02
19.15
17.66
.364
92.4
.401
20.53
17.94
87.3
13.93
92.4
.303
15.09
13.61
13.61
.232
12.73
12.18
.238
95.7
21.63
20.75
.437
96.0
.374
18.10
18.16
26.51
93.4
.583
28.39
20.07
94.6
.438
82.2
.347
17.38
14.28
14.15
15.80
89.7
.297
15.95
16.00
.314
19.36
.383
19.36
.303
16.36
15.42
94.3
.418
21.03
19.78
94.0
.318
16.50
15.87
96.3
20.33
19.84
97.7
.420
21.70
.452
97.7
24.05
24.09
.499
17.37
.329
17.59
.377
17.63
17.63
.608
29.09
29.00
99.4
20.71
.504
24.85
83.4
.421
22.19
21.16
95.3
)
)
.238
11.92
11.19
93.8
30.64
30.64
.638
.344
16.50
16.50
26.00
.510
26.00
25.68
.628
29.26
87.8
17.84
19.37
92.2
.389
.589
28.27
27.89
98.8
21.50
.391
21.50
25.10
.516
25.10
.626
30.05
29.36
97.7
.288
15.55
13.89
89.3
14.41
.253
14.41
.304
18.25
18.25
.454
21.49
23.06
93.3
22.36
22.36
.419

100.6

100.0
100.0
0 0
0
100.0

0

0

21.02

100.0
100.2

21.20

110
00
0.2
.0

21.20

110
001.1
.2
100.0

0 0
100.0
100.0
100.0

<0

0

100
0.0
.0
10

10
100
0.0
.0
100.0
92.7

.399

20.35

18.86

T able

B .— Average and classified earnings per hour in four specified occupations in bread department, 1981, by dty

* *— oOXi,9SI

A
Number of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—

88

Occupation, sex, and city

111

5
4

10
5
10

5
4
3
4
4
4
24

5 $0.665
9
.389
19
.613
9
.598
30
.629
.762
14
.642
5
.558
5
.502
5
.454
6
.459
74
.801
.754
28
.685
.356
.618
)
)
.772
13
.766
.516
27
.633
7
.581
5
.532
.744
.446
3
.409
.548
.697
.514
.562
15
.540
5
.439
.574
.430
.581
30
.683 _____ ___

1 10 120
1
.1
0
1.20
$1

1

1

1

6 20
10
5
6
5
1 0112
1 0
5
6
11
6
6
4
5
8
6
4
6
3
4
8
5
10
5
8
3
6
9
2
4
6
4
6
5
8
7

4

1

3

6

1 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




20

1
1

1

3

2
1
2

1
1
1

1
2

2
1
1
1
11
1

21
2
11
1
2
2
3

11
11

1 2
1
21* 31
1
4
1

2 1
6
1 9
8 112
2
5
3
1
2 2
1 6
1
6 130
4
8
1 1
4
2
7
1 173
2
21
1
7
2 3
3
3
2
7
1 1
3
11
5
5

14

2
3
3
7

2
6
11
31
13
5

6
21
1

ii

21
2
23

25
2
1

3

1

8

11

5

3

7

1
1
1

5

1
1

1
1
1

1

1

1

1

TABLES

1

20

GENERAL

Mixers, male:
Albany, N. Y ...............................
Atlanta, Ga___________________
Baltimore, M d ____ ____________
Birmingham, Ala______________
Boston, Mass____ ________ ___
Bridgeport, Conn______________
Buffalo, N. Y .................. .............
Cedar Rapids, Iowa___________
Charleston, S. C_______________
Charlotte, N. C ____ ___________
Chattanooga, Tenn____________
Chicago, _________ - _________
' Cincinnati, Ohio______________
leveland, Ohio_______________
Columbia, S. C________________
Columbus, Ohio_______________
Covington, K y ________________
Dallas, Tex___________________
Denver, Colo__________________
Des Moines, Iowa......................
Detroit, M ich_________________
Duluth, Minn_........................ ....
Erie, Pa______________________
Evansville, Ind________________
Fall River, Mass______________
Fort Smith, Ark........._•____ ____
Grand Rapids, M ich...................
Hartford, Conn________________
Houston, Tex_________________
Huntington, "W. Va____________
Indianapolis, Ind______________
Jacksonville, Fla..........................
Lewiston and Auburn, M e.........
Lincoln, N ebr.—____ __________
Little Rock, Ark______________
Los Angeles, Calif_____ ________

Num­
ber of
estab­ ber of earnings
,
30,
35,
50,
40,
60,
70,
80,
90
per Under under
wage
$ . , $ . , $1.30, $1.40, $1.50
45J under under under under
iW er under under under under
lish­
cents,
under under under under and
30
35
40
ments earners hoar cents 25
50
45
70
80
60
90 under under
$
$
$1.30 $1.40 $1.50 over
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents

1

62

T a b l e B . — Average

and classified earnings per hour in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city— Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

4
4
3

2

4

141
5
4
4

6

4
7
19
17
74
a

2
9
9

6
7

50
36

6
9

il
3
9
4
5
5
9
37
7
17
5

6
4

8
150

5

7

2
2
1

1
2

2
4

1
3

1

1

2
4

1

1

1
2
21

21 6
5
1 1
2 3 3
1
8 6
1 2
9
3
2
3
1 1
112 32 21
2
2
13
21 10
2
2 2 71
4
11 211 3 1
4
13
23
7
8
13
21 42 9 1
11 c 31 1
21 4 3
2 1
4

1

2

1
1

11

1

2

4

3

1

2
5

5

4

1
1

1

1

13
3

2

3

2

1

1

2

2

1

8
2

1

28

9

3

5
3

3

2

1

1

4

7

12

DEPARTMENTS

12
3
5
6
3

19
19

21

1
11
2
21
2
1

CAKE

4
4
4
15

8
6

$0,586
.809
.717
.503
.370
.604
.545
.387
.569
.392
.870
.671
.914
.487
.543
.749
.507
.685
.702
.634
.717
.602
.778
.679
.712
.651
.463
.587
1.033
.695
.876
.584
.985
.302
.607
1.153
.501
.595

AND




1

11
29
4
2
5

g
7
5

1 1 10 120
1
.1
$1 0 1.20

HOURS— BREAD

Milwaukee Wis
Minneapolis Minn
Mobile Ala
Nashua N H
Nashville Tenn
Newark N J
New Orleans La
New York N Y
Norfolk Va
Ogden Utah
Oklahoma City Okla
Omaha Nebr
Pawtucket R T
Peoria 111
Philadelphia, Pa
Pittsburgh Pa
Portland, M b
Portland, Oreg
Providence, K.
___
____
Pueblo, Colo
Richmond, Va
Roanoke ,Va
Rockford HI
Sacramento, Calif
- St Joseph M o
St Louis Mo
Salt Lake City Utah
San Francisco Calif
SAVAnnfth flo
Scranton Pa
Seattle, Wash
_
Shreveport La
Sioux City, Iowa..........................

g
5
3
3
4
7
7
4
3
4
9

20

AND

Mixers, male—Continued.

20

WAGES

Number of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—
Num­ Average
ber of ber of earnings
90
80,
60,
50,
35,
,
30,
estab­ wage
25,
$ , $ . , $ . , $1.30, $1.40, $1.50
per Under under
under under under under under under unaer undfer under cents, under
lish­ earners hour
under under under under and
90 under $
70
80
60
50
40
45
30
35
25
ments
$
$1.30 $1.40 $1.50 over
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents

South Bend, Ind.........
Spokane, Wash............
Syracuse, N. Y ............
Tacoma, Wash............
Tampa, Fla.................
Topeka, Kans..............
Trenton, N. J ..............
Tulsa. Okla..................
Washington, D. O.......
Wheeling, W. Va........
Wichita, Kans.............
Wilmington, Del.........
Winston-Salem, N. C .
Worcester, Mass..........
Youngstown, Ohio___
Total..

6
4
4
2
5
4
5

2
4
4
3
5
4

482
5
2
140

2
26
5
8
6
4
2
3
6
6
5

6
6
5

9

1915
6
6
3
8
6
1,027

20
7
49
1432
25
33
9

8

7
4
250

21
67
117
6
7
27
14
42

1131
10
2 18
3
4
4
1
1
4
8
1 0)22
9
4
8
2
5
3
5
5

* For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




TABLES

7
5
3
3
4
3

4
5
9

GENERAL

Bench hands or hand bakers, male:
Albany, N. Y ..............................
Atlanta, Ga.................................
Baltimore, M d ............................
Birmingham, Ala........................
Boston, Mass.
Bridgeport, Conn..
J^U
UOIU) N . 'X ___ ________
Buffalo,
Cedar Rapids, Iowa...........
Charleston, S. C .................... ......
Charlotte, N. C ..................
Chattanooga, Tenn............
Chicago, 111.........................
Cincinnati, Ohio__............
Cleveland, Ohio.................
Columbia, S. C...................
Columbus, Ohio.................
Covington, K y _____ _____
Dallas, Tex..........................
Denver, Colo................. .
Des Moines, Iowa..............
Detroit, M ich................ .
Duluth, Minn.....................
Erie, Pa...............................
Evansville, Ind...................
Fort Smith, Ark.................
Grand Rapids, M ich.........
Hartford, Conn...................
Houston, Tex......................
Huntington, W. Va........ .
Indianapolis, Ind......... ......
Jacksonville, F l a - ..._____
Lincoln, Nebr____ _______

4
3

and classified earnings per hour in four specified occupations in bread department, 1981, by city— Continued

4

6

3
4
3
7

6
8
10
26
4
3

1

2

0

8

2
9

2
1

10
11

1
4
2
3
1 08 0
3
140 11
5
4
10
4
4
3
5
4

2

6
21

1
21
2
2
1
2
1

3

4

11 1
2 9
1
6
61 10
6
1
1
3
8
1
2
1 47
29
4

1
1
2

3

2

3

1
1
1
2
2

4
3

3

1
1
4
3

1

1

9
4

6
30
6
3

5
24
17

1

6
6

8
6
1
2

7

5

71

2
1
28

2, 22 7
1
3
7
7
11 2
1
0
3
5
1
56
13
9
2520 31 1
1 25 55 3
1 10 5
2
3
5
2 4 1 20 20
6
11 5 2 1 1
1
1
4
2
9
1 2 2
43

1

7

1

1

3

142

14

43

80

11

1

1

DEPARTMENTS

4
5

12

1

CAKE

2
2
121
4
13

$0,435
.632
.480
.663
.307
.531
.508
.356
13
.343
45
.749
38
.524
237
1.049
7
.389
.641
13
.501
.531
18
.635
164
.564
81
.594
)
(,)n
.687
15
.651
(VJ
<\>
19
.544
3
.374
.541
)
)
5
.653
41
.803
.492
.968
30
.279
16
.500
9
1.132
4
.421
.546
19
.482

AND

4
3

5
90
15
14
7
56
29

HOURS— BREAD




1 10 1 20
1.20
1
.1
0
$1

20

AND

Bench hands or hand bakers, male—
Continued.
Little Rock, Ark- ____________
Lns Angelas, Calif . ...............
Lnniavillft, TTy
TVTariisrm, Wi<?
, .
Miami, Fla „ ^
__
Milwaukee, Wis
_
Minneapolis, Minn ____ _____
Mobile, Ala
________________
Nashville, Tenn
_
Newark, N. J
___ ____ - _____
New Orleans, L a . ___ __ _____
New York, N. Y ..........................
Norfolk, Va
..............
Oklahoma City, O k la _________
Omaha, Nebr
Pawtucket, R. I - __ _ _ _
Peoria, 111 ______________ _____
Philadelphia, Pa
.
___
Pittsburgh, Pa
__ - __________
Portland, Me
Portland, Oreg
__ ___ Providence. R. I_______________
Pueblo, C olo.. _______________
Richmond, Va ________________
Roanoke, Va
_- - _
Rockford, 111
___ _____ __
Sacramento, Calif
St. Joseph, M o
_____________
St. Louis, M o
_____________
Salt Lake City, U ta h ................
San Francisco, C a lif_______Savannah, Q-a
Scranton, Pa
______
Seattle, Wash _______________
Shreveport, La
_________ __
Sioux City, Iowa______________
South Bend, Ind____ __________

Number of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—
Num­ Num­ Average
ber of ber
of earnings
60,
50,
80,
90
35,
30,
estab­ wage
. , $ . , $1.30, $1.40, $1.50
per Under under under under
under uncfer under under under umler under cents, un<fer $
lish­ earners hour
under under under under and
40
60
70
80
90 undei $
45
50
35
30
ments
25
$1.30 $1.40 $1.50 over
$
cents cents
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents

WAGES

Occupation, sex, and city

64

T a b l e B . — Average

1
9

13

2

2
2

2

2
.

Spokane, Wash............
Syracuse, N. Y ............
Tacoma, Wash............
Tampa, Fla..................
Topeka, Kans..............
Trenton, N. J..............
Tulsa, Okla.................
Washington, D. O____
Wheelmg,W . Va.........
Wichita, Kans.............
Wilmington, Del.........
Winston-Salem, N. C_.
Worcester, Mass..........
Youngstown, Ohio___
Total—

1
5
3
3
2
4
2
6
1
2
3
3
4
6
398

0)

0

22
10
8
5
14
3
67
5
16
10
15
11

2,046




TABLES

1

GENERAL

Oven men:
Albany, N. Y ____________
12
5
Atlanta, Qa................ ........
9
4
Baltimore, M d ___________
31
10
Birmingham, Ala_________
10
5
Boston, Mass.___________
54
10
Bridgeport, Conn________
4
7
Buffalo, N. Y .....................
14
4
Cedar Rapids, Iowa______
3
2
Charleston, S. C _________
5
3
Charlotte, N. C ..................
5
3
Chattanooga, Tenn_______
4
9
Chicago, 111.........................
106
28
Cincinnati, Ohio_________
20
6
Cleveland, Ohio__________
39
10
Columbia, S. C__________
5
7
Columbus, Ohio__________
5
8
Covington, K y ___________
3
2
Dallas, Tex______________
4
6
Denver, Colo.___________
20
6
Des Moines, Iowa________
12
6
Detroit, M ich____________
29
6
Duluth, Minn________ _
4
8
Erie, Pa_________________
4
5
Evansville, Ind__________
6
6
Fall River, Mass_________
3
4
Fort Smith, Ark.................
2
2
Grand Rapids, M ich____
4
6
Hartford, Conn__________
4
9
Houston, Tex____________
5
9
Huntington, W. Va_______
3
5
Indianapolis, Ind................
14
8
Jacksonville, Fla_________ ______
3
7
Lewiston and Auburn, M e_____
4
2
For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.

and classified earnings per hour in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city— Continued

33
9
5
7
7
5
31
19
7
3

6

43
34
150

2
11
3

4
5
4

13
14
4
13

1

.360
.570
.542
.423
.488
.382
.874
.626
.941
.431
P)
.739
.529
.613
.728
. 649
.665
.588
.761
. 730
.699
.583
.348
.600

2

i

1

6
.021
6 1.692
.883
52
8 .443
4
3

37
4

1.025
.263

2
1
2

3

2

1
2
1
3

6
2
1
1

1
1 2
21
1 1
21 3
2 2
1
1

1
2
1

3

3
17
9
4

21
1
8
18
1 1
11 2
5

4

1

8]1

3

1

1
2

i

1

25
14
5
4
3
9
3

1

3

1

1

10
1 11
61
4
3
1
3

16
7

2

1

1

11

25
13

4

3

33

36

24

4

3
3

4

1
1

1
2
28 ji
242
1
5
2
2
1

1
3
12
1
2
4
21
1

3

3

11

1

3

9

4

1

41

1
2
1

1

4

2

42

1
10

3

7

8

4

2
2
13

12

1

DEPARTMENTS

5

3
4
4
3

.6
86
.514

1

CAKE

10
(,)7
4
8
4
9
4
7
8
8
15
12
52
4
11
5

1

$0,483
.466
.669
.613
.797

AND

1
4
110
1
30
4
1
4

5
6

HOURS— BREAD

Manchester, N H
Memphis, Tenn
Miami, Fla
Milwsokes Wis
Minneapolis Minn
Mobile Ala *
Nashua N H
Nashville Tenn
Newark, N J
New Orleans, La
New York, N Y
Norfolk Va
Ogden Utah
Oklahoma City, Okla
Omaha Nebr
Pawtucket, R X
Peoria 111
Philadelphia, Pa
Pittsburgh, Pa
- _______
Portland, Mo
Portland, Oreg
Providence, R. I
Pueblo, Colo
Richmond, Va
Roanoke Va
Rockford 111
Sacramento, Calif
St Joseph Mo
St Louis Mo
Salt Lake City, Utah
San Francisco, Calif
Savannah, Ga...............................

4

4
7
5
4
3
3
4
7
7
4

1 10 120
1
.1
0
1.20
$1

2

20

AND

Oven men—Continued.

Number of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—
Num­
Num­ Average
ber of ber of earnings
90
m
80,
50,
35.
30,
estab­ wage
$ . , $ . , $1.30, $1.40, $1.50
per Under under under under
* ' under under under undfer under cents,
under under
lish­
under under under under and
90 under under
80
60
50
70
45
40
35
30
ments earners hour cents 25
$1.30 $1.40 $1.50 over
$
$
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents

WAGES

Occupation, sex, and city




66

T a b l e B . — Average

Scranton, Pa........ ........ ................
Seattle, Wash...............................
Shreveport, La........... .................
Sioux City, Iowa.........................
South Bend, Ind..........................
Spokane, Wash.............................
Syracuse, N. Y .............. - .............
Tacoma, Wash........... : ................
Tampa, Fla...................................
Topeka, Kans........................ ......
Trenton, N. J...............................
Tulsa, Okla__...............................
Washington, D. C........................
WheelingjW. Va..........................
Wichita, Kans..............................
Wilmington, Del..........................
Winston-Salem, N. C..................
Worcester, M ass..........................
Youngstown, Ohio.......................

468

1,368

.682

5
4

139
107
367
73
226
99
355
35
24
51
46
825
149
464
32
107
13
77
145
109
293
43
58
63
. 23
14
92
96

.611
.375
.513
.409
.503
.494
.608
.467
.406
.479
.465
.791
.644
.529
.423
.457
.569
.393
.507
.458
.589
.420
.469
.472
.428
.327
.468
.574

4
4
3
5

6
150
5
5

4
4

2
4

3
27

6
10
5
5
2
5
6
6
6
4
5
6
4
3
3
4

1372
8
3
142
7
6
5
10
26
0
4
8
11

1For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




1

1

1

2
1

1
7

17

3
10
8
2 6
3
1 112

22

1

1
1
1

2
1

1

7
3

6
6
2
5
2
4
21
1

4
5

1
2
1
1

2
26

3

1
1
2
46

1
2
2
3
2
83

1
1

3
5

33

5
3

6 121

9
16
3

2
2

5

5

11
2
1

11

3
3

1

1
11
12
3
1
70

6
17
43
1
1
35
59
1 24 39 2
44
12 147 31
3
17
1 51 42
44
3
140
1
0
5
5
1 6
4
24
8
5
101 211
11
2
23
27
46
48
2
7
12 11 26
0 2430
19
0 2111 508
4
6 2
8
2
0 24
25
1 6
10
19
5
7
9
7
4
3
25
1
2
5
7
9
14
15
9

1
1
21
3

1

4
4

2

4

2
2
1
2

a

268

256

1
211

54
3
180
4
84
24

28

19

41

1 12
8
38
14
a
10111 89
41
1
4
2 2
110
107
19
244
15
82
36
174
107
201
5
3
5
32
a
2
9
2
32
2
0 8
5
14
8
91
1
0
2
40
11
9
2 2
16
1 4a 2
2
1
3
37
212
0 43
13
8

1
2

1

11
1
2

4

1
2

2

a

1

i

8 12

1
158

63

9

4

4

21

16

321

2
8
11
1

18

1
4

1
1
4
82

36

4
49

35

17

1

x

3

3

1

28

1

2

2

TABLES

4
13
9

.545
1.175
.481
.593
.481
1.138
.632
.963
.358
.750
.675
.565
1.208
.573
.472
.525
.372
.658
.464

6
3
4
2
3
6
4
3
2
5
3
6
2

GENERAL

Total_______________ ________
iver-salesmen:
Albany, N. Y ...............................
Atlanta, Ga...................................
Baltimore, M d .............................
Birmingham, Ala..... ...................
Boston, M ass..............................
Bridgeport, Conn ....... ...............
Buffalo, N. Y ...............................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa.....................
Charleston, S. C...........................
Charlotte, N. C ............................
Chattanooga, T en n ....................
Chicago, 111..................................
Cincinnati, Ohio........ .................
Cleveland, Ohio...........................
Columbia, S. C.............................
Columbus, Ohio...........................
Covington, Ky__..........................
Dallas, Tex...................................
Denver, Colo................................
Des Moines, Iow a.—...................
Detroit, M ich.......................... .
Duluth, Minn...............................
Erie, P a........................................
Evansville, Ind.............................
Fall River, Mass..........................
Fort Smith, A rk........... ..............
Grand Rapids, M ich...................
Hartford, Conn.............................

4

1
1
1

1

9.

i

o

<1

22

26
31
46

.424
.483
.516
.392
.530
.547
.384
.619
.552
.487
.556
.419
.400

7

1

3

1

5
3
3

1

3

1 21
20
2
1 2
3
213 193
16
9
26
2
6 25
4
17 .
2 39
10
2
0
15
9
1 10
8 9~
26
21 1912
14
3
12
1 139
25

19

1 101
1 ___6
2
1
5
7
1 172
7
1
1
2
5
6 1131
18
2
2 3 55 3
2 1
1 4
1 2 1
3
6 6

15
7
29
23

5
4
17

1 141
170
3
13
53
38
217
27
4
1162
16
9
8
10
37
30
9
5
4
15
16

36
29
4

2
8
20
34
29

6 41
121
112
1
2
3
6
107
72
14
4
12 7
6
2
7
166
0 45
26
35
5
1
8
26
7
5
222 139
17
7
313
325
6
9
12 2
13
41

1

4
18

4

1
14
3

3

13

5

2

2
11
17
1
208

10
4
3
5
112
1 273 40
23
3
6 173 19 945
23
15
18
139
11 129
” 515"
98
35
103
30
12 1523 85 431
5
13
32
2
31
37
11 2
8
20
2 1831 43
19
4
4
6
12 32 242 172 11
5
7
5
1 10
2
7
6
20
9
3
1 71
3 1 14

7

1

1

1

1

1
1

11

5

3

70

15
4

14
16

5
5

6
1

7
4

4

2
1

2
8
2
1
2
1

4

1
6

5

2

11

1

2

1

DEPARTMENTS

72
95
51
64
943
505
47
135
119
17
79

2

CAKE

14

$0,380
.521
.490
.451
.488
.414
.382
.554
.440
.544
.447
.451
.458
.496
.432
.407
.551
.375
.577
.393
.650
.562

AND

163
52
21
28
70
315
107
36
44
48
52
237
155
44
42
47
449
118
1,000
55

HOUBS— BREAD




1 10 120
1
.1
0
1.20
$1

20

AND

Driver-salesmen—Continued.
Houston, Tex......................
Huntington, W. Va_______
Indianapolis, Ind_________
Jacksonville, Fla........ .........
Lewiston and Auburn, Me.
Lincoln, Nebr.....................
Little Rock, Ark........... .....
Los Angeles, Calif.............. .
Louisville, K y ....................
Madison, W is._................. .
Manchester, N. H ..............
Memphis, Tenn.................
Miami, Fla.........................
Milwaukee, W is......... .......
Minneapolis, Minn_______
Mobile, Ala.........................
Nashua, N. H ......................
Nashville, Tenn................. .
Newark, N. J......................
New Orleans, La................
New York, N. Y ................
Norfolk, Va.........................
Ogden, Utah.......................
Oklahoma City, Okla........ .
Omaha, Nebr.......................
Pawtucket, R. I ................. .
Peoria, 111_____ ____ _____ _
Philadelphia, Pa................ .
Pittsburgh, Pa_____ ______
Portland, M e......................
Portland, Oreg................... .
Providence, R. I.............
Pueblo, Colo.......................
Richmond, Va.................... .
Roanoke, Va........................
Rockford, 111................ I . . . .
Sacramento, Calif................
St. Joseph, M o ___________

Number of wage earners whose earnings per hour were—
Num­ Num­ Average
ber of ber of earnings
80,
90
60,
50,
70,
40,
estab­ wage
30,
$ . , $ . , $1.30, $1.40, $1.50
per Under u ^ e r under under
under under un<fer under under under under cents, under under
lish­
under under under and
90 under $
80
60
70
45
50
30
35
40
ments earners hour cents 25
$1.30 $1.40 $1.50 over
$
cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents cents

WAGES

Occupation, sex, and city

and classified earnings per hour in four specified occupations in bread department, 1981, by city— Continued

68

T a b l e B . — Average

Total_____________

TABLES




GENEKAL

St. Louis, M o .............
Salt Lake City, Utah.
San Francisco, Calif..
Savannah, Ga....... —
Scranton, Pa..............
Seattle, W a sh ...........
Shreveport, La...........
Sioux City, Iowa.......
South Bend, Ind........
Spokane, Wash..........
Syracuse, N. Y ...........
Tacoma, Wash...........
Tampa, Fla____ ____
Topeka, K a n s..........
Trenton, N. J_______
Tulsa, Okla................
Washington, D. C___
Wheeling, W. Va.......
Wichita, Kans______
Wilmington, Del.......
Winston-Salem, N. C.
Worcester, Mass____
Youngstown, O h io ...

O

CD

T able

C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1981, by city

5
9
19
9
30

4
3
4
4
4
24

6

2

4
4
5
7
5
5
3
3
4

7
5

8
6
3
8
10
8
6
15
5
6
6
8
30
9
7
5

8
6

3

6
5
5

1
2

1
1
32
17

6

1130
10
4
8
2
3

2
25
4
4

6
5

2

Over
50,
under
54

2
1

4

54

1

4
3

1
12

60

2

24

1
9
1
1 22
2
40
3
1 22
2 12
0
3

Over
54,
under
60

4

1
1

7
7

6
6
1 31
1 2321
3
4

66

Over

66,
66 under

70

70

Over
70,
under
72

72

3

1

2

2
1

1

9
14
3
4

2

1
1

Over
60,
under

2

2
1
1
5

4
4

2
3
3

4

2

3

Over
72,
under
84

84 I Over
84

2

2

3

3

2

DEPARTMENTS

4
3
4
5
5
3
9

6
74
2
0
28
6
12
C1)
11 0
13
11
27

50

CAKE

4
5

5
5
5

1
2

48

AND

16
0
5
5
1
5
6
6
6

6
14

51.4
58.0
54.8
54.2
52.8
49.0
51.9
54.8
54.2
53.8
55.2
51.1
48.9
52.7
55.2
53.5
)
48.7
48.0
55.1
51.5
50.6
55.2
48.0
56.0
57.8
54.8
52.2
61.1
56.0
53.6
54.4
54.0
59.7
55.0
54.1
52.3
48.9
48.0
57.0
57.7

Un­
der
48

HOURS— BREAD




5
4

10
5
10
5

Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Over
48,
under
50

AND

Mixers, male:
Albany, N. Y__.......................................
Atlanta, Ga..............................................
Baltimore, M d........................... ............
Birmingham, Ala....................................
Boston, Mass...........................................
Bridgeport, Conn....................................
Buffalo, N. Y ...........................................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa................................
Charleston, S. C ......................................
Charlotte, N. C.......................................
Chattanooga, Tenn............................... .
Chicago, 111..............................................
Cincinnati, Ohio.....................................
Cleveland, O h io ....................................
Columbia, S. C .......................................
Columbus, Ohio......................................
Covington, K y ........................................
Dallas, Tex..............................................
Denver, Colo...........................................
Des Moines, Iowa...................................
Detroit, Mich..........................................
Duluth, M inn.........................................
Erie, P a.__..............................................
Evansville, Ind.......................................
Fall River, Mass.....................................
Fort Smith, Ark____ ______
Grand Rapids, Mich..............................
Hartford, Conn.......................................
Houston, Tex............................. .............
Huntington, W. Va.................................
Indianapolis, Ind. ..................................
Jacksonville, Fla.....................................
Lewiston and Auburn, Me.....................
Lincoln, Nebr..........................................
Little Rock, Ark.....................................
Los Angeles, Calif— ...............................
Louisville, K y..................... ...................
Madison, Wis..........................................
Manchester, N. H ...................................
Memphis, Tenn......................................
Miami, Fla....................................... ......

Num­
ber of
em­
ploy­
ees

M

WAGES

Occupation, sex, and city

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

6
4

7
19
17
74

6
2
6
7

9
9

50
36

6

9

11

3
9
4
5
5
9
37
7
17
5

8

10
5
7
4
5
9

6
6
5

9
9

11

5

6

482

1,027

1 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




52.9
52.4
57.3
54.0
56.7
48.8
48.1
48.0
56.5
54.0
51.0
52.7
54.0
50.6
51.9
49.8
49.0
48.0
50.2
48.0
54.2
53.8
52.8
48.0
48.0
48.0
54.0
48.0
61.2
51.3
45.6
53.4
53.1
55.5
48.0
50.9
49.0
55.3
48.0
49.8
56.3
48.0
50.4
53.0
55.0
60.7
53.1
55.0
51.7

TABLES

Total......................... .

19
19

GENERAL

Milwaukee, W is..........
Minneapolis, M in n ...
M obile, Ala.................
Nashua, N . H ..............
Nashville, T en n _____
Newark, N . J ..............
N ew Orleans, L a.........
N ew York, N . Y _____
Norfolk, V a.................
Ogden, U tah...............
Oklahoma C ity, Okla
Omaha, N eb r.............
Pawtucket, R . I _____
Peoria, 111....................
Philadelphia, Pa........
Pittsburgh, Pa............
Portland, M e ..............
Portland, Oreg............
Providence, R . I ........
Pueblo, C olo...............
R ichm ond, V a ............
Roanoke, V a...............
Rockford, 111...............
Sacramento, Calif____
St. Joseph, M o ...........
St. Louis, M o .............
Salt Lake C ity, Utah.
San Francisco, C alif..
Savannah, Q a.............
Scranton, Pa...............
Seattle, W ash.............
Shreveport, L a ...........
Sioux C ity, Iow a.........
South Bend, In d ........
Spokane, Wash.......... .
Syracuse, N . Y ______
Tacom a, W ash______
Tam pa, Fla................. .
Topeka, Kans............. .
Trenton, N . J............. .
Tulsa, Okla................. .
Washington, D . C ___
Wheeling, W . V a ____
W ichita, Kans............ .
W ilm ington, D el.........
Winston-Salem, N . C.
Worcester, Mass........ .
Youngstown, Ohio___

C.— Average and classified fuU-time hours per week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1981, by city— Continued

8
7

4
250

21

11

7

27
14
42
11

11

8

0)22

8
5
5
90
15
14
7
56

0

Over
,
under
50

48

50

2

Over
50,
under
54

2
8 8
2
23
2
7

«?50
23

33
4
3

3

1

2

3

Over
54

192
19
31

55

2
1 3642

3

under
60

27

241
10

7

14
9

1

5

2

2

8
8

5
7

66

Over
66,
66 under

70

70

Over
70,
under
72

72

4
33

5

1
2

3

6

4

1

4

2

2

3

14
14
7

10

2

Over
60,
under

9

3

67

60

3

1

5
49

2
6

4

2

3

13

1
82
2
6

Over
72,
under
84

84

Over
84

2

4

8

4

1

2

1

1

DEPARTMENTS

13
in
3
18

48

CAKE

6
7

Un­
der
48

AND

67

53.3
60.9
55.1
63.3
51.2
48.5
54.0
54.6
52.6
55.7
59.5
49.2
48.6
51.2
58.6
52. 7
48.0
48.0
48.0
54.0
50.5
51.8
55.4
48 n
59.5
55.4
52.9
61.0
)
53.4
60.3
60.4
54.0
53.5
56.2
50.6
57.1
53.5

Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were—

HOURS— BREAD




20
7
49
12
43
25
33
9

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

AND

Bench hands or hand bakers, male:
Albany, N. Y ..............................
Atlanta, Ga__________________
Baltimore; M d............................
Birmingham, Ala........................
Boston, Mass................ .............
Bridgeport, Conn........................
Buffalo, N. Y ..............................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa___________
Charleston, S. C ....................... .
Charlotte, N. C ...........................
Chattanooga, Ten..... ........... ......
Chicago, 111..................................
Cincinnati, Ohio.............. ...........
Cleveland, Ohio____ ____ _____
Columbia, S. C ......... ...............—
Columbus, Ohio____________
Covington, K y............................
Dallas, Tex..................................
Denver, Colo...............................
Des Moines, Iowa.... ..................
Detroit, M ich...........................
Duluth, M inn........... ..................
Erie, Pa........................................
Evansville, Ind.................... ......
Fort Smith, Ark______________
Grand Rapids, M ich...................
Hartford, Conn..................... ......
Houston, Tex...............................
Huntington, W. Va------ ----------Indianapolis, Ind_________ ____
Jacksonville, Fla--------------------Lincoln, Nebr-------- ---------------Little Rock, Ark.........................
Los Angeles, Calif.......................
Louisville, K y ____ ____ - ........—
Madison, Wis..............................
Miami, Fla.............. ...................
Milwaukee, Wis..........................

Num­
ber of
em­
ploy*

WAGES

Occupation, sex, and city

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

72

T able

Minneapolis, Minn__.
Mobile, Ala_________
Nashville, Tenn........ .
Newark, N. J............ .
New Orleans, La....... .
New York, N. Y ........ .
Norfolk, Va.................
Oklahoma City, Okla
Omaha, Nebr............ .
Pawtucket, R. I _____
Peoria, 111....................
Philadelphia, Pa....... .
Pittsburgh, Pa.......... .
Portland, M e..............
Portland, Oreg.......... .
Providence, R. I ....... .
Pueblo, Colo...............
Richmond, V a .......... .
Roanoke, Va...............
Rockford, 111.............. .
Sacramento, Calif___
St. Joseph, M o...........
St. Louis, M o.............
Salt Lake City, Utah.
San Francisco, Calif...
Savannah, Qa.............
Scranton, Pa...............
Seattle, Wash............ .
Shreveport, La.......... .
Sioux City, Iowa____
South Bend, Ind____
Spokane, Wash......... .
Syracuse, N. Y ...........
Tacoma, Wash............
Tampa, Fla.................
Topeka, Kans.............
Trenton, N. J.............
Tulsa, Okla_________
Washington, D. C ___
Wheeling, W. Va........
Wichita, Kans__.........
Wilmington, Del........
Winston-Salem, N. C.
Worcester, Mass.........
Youngstown, Ohio___
Total........................

6
4
3
18
0
26
4
3

2
2
4
13
121
4
5

1
2
3
1
3
140
4

5
4
4
4
3
5
4

29

12

13
45
38
237
7

1130
118
1

164
81

0)11 0
15
0)19 0
3
8
(0
0) 5 48.0
41
48.0
54.0
11 48.0
30
1160 62.0
51.9
9
4
19

1 0)282
18
0
2
5
4
14
2
3
6
67
12 0)
5
3
16
3
1
0
4
6 15
11
5
3
3

398

2,046

2For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




51.5
56.8
57.2
48.5
48.1
47.2
57.3
51.0
49.8
54.0
50.7
50.7
50.1
)
48.0
51.2
)
54.5
53.0
51.8

45.3
52.3
51.8
55.5

0)

50.2
48.0
55.5
48.0
49.1
54.0
48.0
<>)
50.4
53.1
61.2
50.0
56.2
51.0

T able

C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city— Continued

20

29
8
5

6

2

6

9
9
5
14
7
4
5
6

33
9
5
7
7

under
50

7
5

Over
54

1

3
7
3
47

2
8
1 2
2
2
44

6
59
13
15

Over
50,
under
54

6
4
1

3

2
3

50

3

3
5

20
142
6
1

21
4

2
6

10
13

3

1

3

3

1

1
2

5

i
]

3

2

66

2
2

1
1 272
1 31
2

Over
66,
66 under

Over
70

70

70,

under
72

72

2
1
1
3
4

6

3

3

3

1
2

Over
72,
under
84

84

Over
84

4
3

4

1

Over
60,
under

3

2
1

4
4

5
4

3
7

2
20

60

7
24

5

6
4

under
60

1
5
4

1

1

DEPARTMENTS

4

Over
48

CAKE

20
12

Un­
der
48

AND

39
7
8
3
6

50.5
58.9
55.1
61.0
53.2
49.7
51.4
55.0
56.6
56.2
53.4
50.3
50.1
51.7
54.4
53.3
48.0
49.3
48.0
55.0
51.2
51.0
55.2
48.0
52.5
59.3
55.1
50.7
60.8
57.6
55.3
59.4
54.0
59.2
55.2
52.9
51.7
49.3
48.0
57.0

Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were—

HOURS— BREAD




12
9
31
10
54
7
14
3
5
5
9
106

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

AND

Oven men:
Albany, N. Y ......................
Atlanta, Qa.........................
Baltimore, M d....................
Birmingham, Ala................
Boston, Mass......................
Bridgeport, Conn...............
Buffalo, N. Y . . . .................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa...........
Charleston, S. C .................
Charlotte, N. C___.............
Chattanooga, Tenn............
Chicago, 111.........................
Cincinnati, Ohio.................
Cleveland, O hio................
Columbia, S. C ...................
Columbus, Ohio.................
Covington, K y ..................
Dallas, Tex..........................
Denver, Colo.......................
Des Moines, Iowa...............
Detroit, Mich......................
Duluth, Minn.....................
Erie, Pa.......... ....................
Evansville, Ind...................
Fall River, Mass.................
Fort Smith, Ark.................
Grand Rapids, Mich..........
Hartford, Conn...................
Houston, Tex......................
Huntington, W. Va______
Indianapolis, Ind_ _............
Jacksonville, Fla.................
Lewiston and Auburn, Me.
Lincoln, Nebr.....................
Little Rock, Ark.................
Los Angeles, Calif..............
Louisville, K y .....................
Madison, Wis.....................
Manchester, N. H _............
Memphis, T e n n ..,............

lish
ments

Num­
ber of
em­
ploy-

WAGES

Occupation, sex, and city

Num­
ber of

10

W 7

8
9
7

88

62

11

13
14
4
13

468

1,3

1 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




68.4
63.4
52.4
57.1
54.0
56.2
48.3
48.0
47.8
52.0
)
51.0
52.5
54.0
50.6
51.8
50.4
49.6
48.0
50.6
48.0
53.7
53.7
52.5
48.0
48.0
48.0
54.0
48.0
60.8
50.9
44.0
52.0
53.3
53.0
48.0
51.2
48.0
55.0
48.0
50.0
54.0
48.0
51.0
53.3
54.5
60.5
50.3
56.7

5
5

3
29

0

51.2

3
4

34
33
106

1
2 11
7

2
4

4
19
28

7
3

37

1

3
4

1
2

1

2

4

3

9

2
2

4

5

22
0
2
8

6

6
1
3

2

37

70

1

5
3

8
3

3

1

5

1

6
2
5
2

1

3
3

5
5
4

2

6

5

5
5

619

2

4

2
7

11
2
4
5
7

52

3

9
3
31
16
3

27

8
13
8
4

1
3
6
52
8

26
14

1

TABLES

Total___ ____ _____

5
31
19
7
3
6
43
34
160

GENERAL

Miami, Fla.................
Milwaukee, Wis.........
Minneapolis, M in n ...
Mobile, Ala.................
Nashua, N. H _______
Nashville, Tenn_____
Newark, N. J............
New Orleans, La........
New York, N. Y ....... .
Norfolk, Va.................
Ogden, Utah.............. .
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Omaha, Nebr..............
Pawtucket, R. I _____
Peoria, 111................... .
Philadelphia, Pa....... .
Pittsburgh, Pa............
Portland, M e..............
Portland, Oreg.......... .
Providence, R. I .........
Pueblo, Colo.............. .
Richmond, Va______
Roanoke, Va__............
Rockford, 111............
Sacramento, Calif.......
St. Joseph, M o...........
St. Louis, M o............ .
Salt Lake City, Utah.
San Francisco, Calif...
Savannah, Ga.............
Scranton, Pa.............. .
Seattle, Wash............ .
Shreveport, La__....... .
Sioux City, Iowa....... .
South Bend, Ind....... .
Spokane, Wash......... .
Syracuse, N. Y ...........
Tacoma, Wash...........
Tampa, Fla.................
Topeka, Kans............ .
Trenton, N. J............ .
Tulsa, Okla.................
Washington, D. C ___
Wheeling, W. V a____
Wichita, Kans............
Wilmington, Del....... .
Winston-Salem, N. C.
Worcester, Mass.........
Youngstown, Ohio___

435

1

4

66

51

29

3

2

C.— Average and classified full-time hours per week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city— Continued

10
6
77
58.
52.
55.
58.
62.
54.
60.
55.
63.
50.
75.
56.
60.
61.
64.
60.
55.
56.
67.
63.
54.
73.
58.
64.
57.
54.
56.
62.
58.
60.
57.
60.

Over
50,
under
54

50

5

14

15

8
1
40
12

40

16
5

Over
54

under
60

7

105

24
131

7

20

9

5
3

24
60
130

37

12
16

14

9

85
355
28
9
19
398
3
304
19
63

Over
66,
66 under

7

22
96
8
8

3

18
7

4

60
17
136
28
30

107
46

30
85

18

45

39

65

74

12
1010
0
44

165

19

3

i

6

72

Over
72,
under
84

84

127

21

13

6
30

20
1007
12

59

21 22

13

12

14

9
53

1

under
72

30

8
14

25
63
32
3

Over
70

70

1

26

1

16
18
5

15

38

8
149

4

85

20
141

66

200

10
6

1

Over
60,
under

60

Over
84

1
20
8
41
18
7

5
17

17

12

29

40

20

29

20

4
41

DEPARTMENTS

28
70
315
107
36
44
48

48

CAKE

21

Un­
der
48

AND

14

92
96
83
33
163
52

Number of employees whose full-time hours per week were—
Over
48,
under
50

HOURS— BREAD




139
107
367
73
226
99
355
35
24
51
46
825
149
464
32
107
13
77
145
109
293
43
58
63
23

Aver­
age
full­
time
hours
per
week

AND

Driver-salesmen:
Albany, N. Y ......................
Atlanta, Q a.................... ....
Baltimore, M d....................
Birmingham, Ala...............
Boston, Mass......................
Bridgeport, Conn................
Buffalo, N. Y ......................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa............
Charleston, S. C .................
Charlotte, N. C...................
Chattanooga, Tenn.............
Chicago, 111..........................
Cincinnati, Ohio.................
Cleveland, Ohio..................
Columbia, S. C ...................
Columbus, Ohio..................
Covington, K y ....................
Dallas, Tex..........................
Denver, Colo.......................
Des Moines, Iowa...............
Detroit, Mich____________
Duluth, Minn.....................
Erie, Pa............... ...............
Evansville, Ind...................
Fall River, Mass.................
Fort Smith, Ark.................
Grand Rapids, Mich..........
Hartford, Conn...................
Houston, Tex......................
Huntington, W. Va....... .
Indianapolis, Ind................
Jacksonville, Fla.................
Lewiston and Auburn, Me.
Lincoln, Nebr............... ......
Little Rock, Ark................
Los Angeles, Calif-....... ---Louisville, K y ....................
Madison, Wis......................
Manchester, N. H ..............
Memphis, Tenn__...............

Num­
ber of
em­
ploy-

WAGES

Occupation, sex, and d ty

Num­
ber of
estab­
lish­
ments

76

T able

111

111

52
237
155
44
42
47
449
118

110
1
26
1,00550
4
2
14
5
4
4
4
15

12
2
5
6
3
4
3
3

2
1415
5
3
4

6
4
5
4
3

6
25
4
6
2
4
4
4

4
3
5

6

477

72
95
51
64
943
505
47
135
119
17
79

22
26

31
46
397
63
228
32
133
133
38
52
18
38
205
34
40
23
78
69
249
46
54

68

29
118
109
11,844

62.4
58.8
62.3
64.3
60.0
59.4
55.9
59.2
55.2
58.0
54.0
67.8
58.5
59.3
65.3
58.6
57.0
55.3
53.8
59.2
52.9
59.1
59.7
60.6
56.5

6
6.1
72.3

37
14

6
142

3

11

3
5

88
55

291
28
484

13

2
6
18

14

54.0
48.0
62.1
54.0
51.3
67.3
56.0
51.4
56.5 l_____
54.3
53.6
60.4
58.3
54.6
63.8
55.7
54.4
60.9
60.0
57.1
61.9
60.2
58.9
37

328
241
37

4
4

78
9

8
8
12
4
18

4

7
63

228
94

133
5

9

33
4

6
2

610
6

65

70

6

39

21

7
835

177

20

51
43

20

5
140 3,196

42
41
152

27

8
1

12
118

2

55
50

19

6
19

5
23

26

17
57

10

30
107
67
5
9
13

9
13

46

30

12
1160
2
2
74

34
3
5

36

60

5
58
45
24
554
260

32

2

23

” 369"
44

2
2
32
6
4

44

13

8 1161

18
58

46

97

67

8

10

16

11

22

6

3
24

6

4

22
41

90
314 4,765

6

38

7

2

32

32
3
30
37

17

TABLES




4
7
7
4
4
4

GENERAL

Miami, Fla.................
Milwaukee, W is.........
Minneapolis, M in n ...
Mobile, Ala.................
Nashua, N. H __1____
Nashville, Tenn........ .
Newark, N. J ............ .
New Orleans, La....... .
New York, N. Y ....... .
Norfolk, Va.................
Ogden, Utah............. .
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Omaha, Nebr............ .
Pawtucket, R. I ........ .
Peoria, ................... .
Philadelphia, Pa....... .
Pittsburgh, Pa............
Portland, M e..............
Portland, Oreg......... .
Providence, R. I ....... .
Pueblo, Colo.............. .
Richmond, Va............
Roanoke, Va._............
Rockford,
....... .......
Sacramento, Calif___
St. Joseph, M o............
St. Louis, M o...........Salt Lake City, Utah.
San Francisco, Calif—
Savannah, Ga............ .
Scranton, Pa............. .
Seattle, Wash............ .
Shreveport, La.......... .
Sioux City, Iowa....... .
South Bend, Ind....... .
Spokane, Wash......... .
Syracuse, N. Y .......... .
Tacoma, Wash.......... .
Tampa, Fla.................
Topeka, Kans............ .
Trenton, N. J............ .
Tulsa, Okla.................
Washington, D. C ___
Wheeling, W. V a____
Wichita, Kans............
Wilmington, Del____
Winston-Salem, N. C.
Worcester, Mass.........
Youngstown, Ohio___
Total....................... .

57

12

625

356

368

270

21

419

218

95

6
«<!

D.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1981, by city

78

T able

1

1

4
3
4
4
4
24

2
4

4
5
7
5
5
3

6
74
20
28
16
2
(*)
1131 0
11
27
7
5

8
6
3
18
0
8
6
15
5
6
6
8
30
9
7
5

1 1
1 2

1

2
1

1

3

1

1

3
2 2
5
2
1
11
13
2120 6 21
4
3
2 1
1 2
2 1
1 8
3
1 41 2
4

3

2
3

1 32
2

1
2 1 1

1

2

1

2 1
4
5

1

1
211
6
1
16
2
61
2
1
3
6
1
1

1

1
2 1 7
14
1 3
1
3
4
1
2
1
2
2
2
11 11 5
2
2 2
5
2
2 1
2
11
7
2
6
1
2
3
2
1 2
1
3
7
2
3
2
61
2
3
11 92 2 1 6
4

4
3

2 31
1
3
1
3

1 1
2
5
2 1
1 1
2 51
1
1 11
2
i
1
5

2
2

3
3
3

21
12 43
1

3

DEPARTMENTS

6

4
3
4
5
5
3
9

5
5
5

1
2

1
1 1
1

CAKE

4
5

6
14

53.9
58.0
53.7
54.2
51.5
50.3
54.7
54.8
54.2
54.8
55.2
50.3
46.8
51.6
55.2
45.3
)
52.6
49.5
56.0
54.6
51.9
57.9
49.1
56.0
67.8
55.0
52.2
61.1
55.8
54.4
58.0
54.0
59.7
49.6
50.9
57.8
50.7
48.0

AND

16
0
5
5
1
5
6
6
6

5
9
19
9
30

HOURS— BREAD




5
4

10
1550

Over
60,
un­ 72 Over
72
der hrs. hrs.
72
hrs.

AND

Mixers, male:
Albany, N. Y .....................
Atlanta, Qa........................
Baltimore, M d ...................
Birmingham, Ala...............
Boston, Mass......................
Bridgeport, Conn...............
Buffalo, N. Y .....................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa...........
Charleston, S. C.................
Charlotte, N. C ..................
Chattanooga, Tenn............
Chicago, 111..... ....................
Cincinnati, Ohio................
Cleveland, Ohio.................
Columbia, S. C...................
Columbus, Ohio.................
Covington, K y ...................
Dallas, Tex.........................
Denver, Colo......................
Des Moines, Iowa..............
Detroit, M ich.....................
Duluth, Minn....................
Erie, Pa...............................
Evansville, Ind...................
Fall River, Mass................
Fort Smith, Ark_...............
Grand Rapids, Mich.........
Hartford, Conn...................
Houston, Tex.................. —
Huntington, W. Va...........
Indianapolis, Ind................
Jacksonville, Fla................
Lewiston and Auburn, Me
Lincoln, Nebr.....................
Little Rock, Ark................
Los Angeles, Calif..............
Louisville, K y....................
Madison, W is ...................
Manchester, N. H .............

Over
55,
un­ 60
der hrs.
60
hrs.

WAGES

Occupation, sex, and city

Aver­
Number of employees who during week worked—
age
Num­ Num­
Over
hours
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
ber of ber of actu­ Un­ 16, 24, 32,
44,
40,
45,
48,
50,
54,
estab­ em­
un­ un­ un­ 40 un­
ally
un­
44
un­
45
un­
der
48
un­
54
un­ 55
50
der der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der
lish­ ploy­
16 der
hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der hrs.
24
32
40
ments ees worked
44
in
his. hrs. hrs. hrs.
50
45
48
54
55
week
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.

8
6
19
19
6
4
7
19
17
74
6
<*>
9
9
6
7
50
36
6
9
11
3
9
4
5
5
9
37
7
17
5
8
10
5
7
4
5
9
6
6
5
9
9
11
5
6
6
3
8
6
1,027

58.8
57.7
51.7
54.6
57.3
54.0
58.1
49.6
48.3
45.8
56.5
0)
51.0
55.1
54.0
52.9
52.4
50.4
49.0
49.1
51.8
49.2
55.8
53.8
52.8
48.0
48.3
47.4
55.4
45.2
61.2
51.3
45.6
47.4
54.9
55.5
48.3
53.1
39.3
55.3
48.0
50.8
56.4
45.4
49.2
57.3
55.0
60.7
55.2
51.0
51.5

1 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




2

1
3

7

9

1

5

1
3

2
1

4

2

2

1

2

5

13
15
20

1

1
1
2

1
8

3
4
7
9

3

4

1
2

6
3

4

1

2
2

1
2

2

1
2

5
1

1
2

3
1

9
2
1
1
1

1

1

2
6

2

1

4

6

14

1
18

1

13

1

20

1

1

3

3

3

1
33

2

1

10

1

2

1

1

11
1

1
1

3

5
6
1
16
5
1

1

1

2
2

1

4

6

1

3
1

1
41

43

1
5
4

1
1
1

2
1

1

1

1

2

1
4

4

2

2
1

3

2

2

1
1

1
1

6

3

2
1

1
118

3
2
199

1
3
1
1

1

4

6
3
1

260

1

1
3
2
3
11

5
4
1

2

1
15
1

1
5
6
7

3
6
2
1
1
4
3
2

4
1

1

3
9
20
5
2
7
2

TABLES

3
4
7
7
4
3
4
9
11
29
4
2
5
4
4
4
15
12
3
5
6
3
4
4
3
2
4
11
4
5
4
4
6
4
5
4
3
6
4
4
2
5
4
5
2
4
4
3
5
4
482

GENERAL

Memphis, Tenn......... .
Miami, Fla...................
Milwaukee, Wis..........
Minneapolis, Minn—
Mobile, Ala........... ......
Nashua, N. H ............
Nashville, Tenn...........
Newark, N. J...............
New Orleans, La.........
New York, N. Y .........
NorfolkjVa...... ...........
Ogden, Utah................
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Omaha, Nebr...............
Pawtucket, R. I ...........
Peoria, 111.....................
Philadelphia, Pa..........
Pittsburgh, Pa.............
Portland, M e...............
Portland, Oreg.............
Providence, R. I..........
Pueblo, Colo................
Richmond, Va.............
Roanoke, V a................
Rockford, 111____ ____
Sacramento, Calif____
St. Joseph, M o.............
St. Louis, M o..............
Salt Lake City, Utah..
San Francisco, C alif...
Savannah, Qa..............
Scranton, Pa................
Seattle, Wash...............
Shreveport, La.............
Sioux City, Iowa.........
South Bend, Ind.........
Spokane, Wash............
Syracuse, N. Y ............
Tacoma, Wash.............
Tampa, Fla..................
Topeka, Kans..............
Trenton, N. J...............
Tulsa. Okla__..............
Washington, D. C.......
Wheeling, W. V a........
Wichita, Kans..... ........
Wilmington, Del.........
Winston-Salem, N. C__
Worcester, Mass..........
Youngtsown, Ohio___
Total..........................

1
1
1
3

1
12

18

86

2

1
2
2

1

1
44

87

1

2

co

and classified hours actually worked in one week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1981, by city— Contd.

Occupation, sex,-and city

7
5
3
3
4
3

43
25
33
9

8

7
4
250

2
1
67
117
6
7

1131
2 10
3
4
18
4
1
1
4
1 0282 0
9
4
2 855
4
6
90
3
15
3
5
5

4

14

2
2 1
1
2 1

4

1

1

21 201
7

4

3

11
1 21 21 10
7
2
1
1
1

5

18
5

8 2
1 1

3

5
6

11
1

2 4
1 101
1
2

2 1

2 1

3

4

14

1
2
2

18

2
134
1111

1

2 2
8
8 2
1
16
3
8 8 111 42
7
3
2
1
21
101 41 142
5
1
3
1
0
1 2
3
2
3
1
1 5
4
1 1 18 1371 21

4

7

5

2
1 2 21
3
2

3

24

9

5

2
1
21 11
1
2 11
5

11 1
1 2
1 3
2

1

2
3

2

4
3

7

1

1
2

13

1

1 2 2

3
9

4

4

3

1 2
5
11 1
4
1
2
9 44
6
5
2 31 1 6
5
2 3 3
1
3

5

1

DEPARTMENTS

27
14
42

55.4
60.9
52.9
60.3
50.2
46.8
51.0
54.6
52.6
53.6
59.5
47.4
43.2
49.4
58.6
47.3
41.3
48.6
46.5
54.0
49.8
51.8
53.6
48.0
59.5
38.1
52.9
60.0
)
52.1
60.3
60.4
54.0
51.3
57.5
47.9

CAKE

2
26
856
4
2
3
6
6
5

20
12

7
49

AND




25
140

HOURS— BREAD

Bench hands or hand bakers, male:
Albany, N. Y _______________
Atlanta, Ga
..
Baltimore, M d _____ _______
"Birmingham, Ala
Boston, Mass________________
•Bridgeport., Conr>
Buffalo, N. Y
...................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa __ _____
Charleston, S. C
Charlotte, N. C
_ _
Chattanooga, Tenn
Chicago, 111 ________________
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cleveland, Ohio ____ _ _ _
Columbia, S. C
Columbus, Ohio ____
Covington, K y
Dallas, Tex
Denver, Colo
Des Moines Iowa
Detroit Mich
Duluth, Minn
Erie. Pa
Evansville, Ind
Fort Smith, Ark
Grand Rapids, Mich
Hartford, Conn
Houston, Tex
Huntington, W Va
Indianapolis, Ind
Jacksonville Fla
Lincoln, Nebr
Little Rock, Ark
_ _ _
Los Angeles, Calif
____ _
Louisville Ky
Madison, Wis................ ...........

Over
60,
un­ 72 Over
72
der hrs. hrs.
72
hrs.

AND

1

Over
55,
un­ 60
der hrs.
60
hrs.

WAGES

1

Number of employees who during week worked—
Aver­
age
Num­ Num­ hours
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
ber of ber of actu­
16, 24, 32,
54,
Un­ un­
45,
48,
50,
40,
44,
estab­ em­
un­ 40 un­
ally
54
un­
un­
un­
44
un­
45
55
48
50
der der un­
lish­ ploy­ worked
der der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. un­
der hrs.
ments ees
16 24
32 40
in
55
54
44
45
48
50
hrs.
week
hrs. hrs. hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.

80

T a b l e D . — Average

6
4
3
18
0

26
4
3

2
2
4
13
121
4
5

1
2
3
1
1430
4

5
4
4
4
3
5
4

1

5
3
3

7
56
29

12

13
45
38
237
7

1130
1181

164
81
)

52.7
44.9
53.3
55.9
57.7
49.5
47.5
37.2
57.3
51.0
49.8
52.4
51.8
48.7
50.2
)
41.8
49.5
)
57.1
53.0
51.8
)
48.1
42.6
55.3
40.5
56.8
52.5
35.1
52.3
49.0
55.5
)
51.8
38.7
55.5
48.0
49.1
57.7
40.2
)
45.9
53.1
61.2
51.4
53.2

011 0
15
0)19 0
83
0) 5 0
41
11
30
10
16
9
4
19

8
22 0
10
8
5

(*)

2
2 143
6
1 0)67 0
2
5
3
16
3
1
0
4
6 1151
4

m

2,046

48.0

*For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total*




3

10

1
2

4

5

2 1

25

1
1

1
19

77

3
3

4

3

1
1 2 41 11
1
2
1
2
1 1 4
3
1 2
2
2
1 1
1
3
1

3

2

3

3

1

8

3
15

14

2
1
1
1

6 1

1 2
37

39

108

84

54

56

8

13

1 31 1 21 61 8 184
2
1
2 35 14 2 2 36
3
4
27
3
6
32
2
1
9 46
3
12 17 9
9
1
1
0
9
4
10
7
1
5
2
1 1 163
2
17 32
4 "ii"
7
11 16
15
3
38
4
1 2
3
3
2
5
6
2
1
2
13
2 5
1
3
1 2
4
9
7
8—7
1 12
10
1
4
3
7
2
4
17
11 8
2
2
2
1 96 2
1
3
6
5
10
4
1
1
2 21 5 2
2
1
10 5
4
1 1 1
4
2
1
5
22 71 547 70 87 196 298 18 19 163

2
3

2
3
1
2 2
3

7
2
1
4

3

1
7

TABLES

Total.

3
7

GENERAL

Miami, Fla.............. ....
Milwaukee, Wis______
Minneapolis, Minn___
Mobile, Ala............. ....
Nashville, Tenn______
Newark, N. J.......... ....
New Orleans, La_____
New York, N. Y .........
Norfolk, V a..................
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Omaha, Nebr...............
Pawtucket, R. I ...........
Peoria, H I.................
Philadelphia, Pa..........
Pittsburgh, Pa.............
Portland, M e...............
Portland, Oreg.............
Providence, R. I ..........
Pueblo, Colo................
Richmond, Va..........
Roanoke, V a........ ........
Rockford, HI........... .
Sacramento, Calif........
St. Joseph, M o.............
St. Louis, M o...............
Salt Lake City, Utah..
San Francisco, Calif—
Savannah, Ga..............
Scranton, Pa_________
Seattle, Wash...............
Shreveport, La........—
Sioux City, Iowa.........
South Bend, Ind.........
Spokane, Wash............
Syracuse, N. Y ............
Tacoma, Wash_______
Tampa, Fla..................
Topeka, Kans..............
Trenton, N. J...............
Tulsa, Okla..................
Washington, D. C .......
Wheeling, W. Va_____
Wichita, Kans.............
Wilmington, Del.........
Winston-Salem, N. C_.
Worcester, Mass........ .
Youngstown, Ohio___

4

1
2
1

4

1 31

7
4
59

91

4

2
00

and classified hours actually worked in one week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city— Contd.

82

T a b l e D . — Average

1

3
4
28

4
5
3

8
3
2
4

4
7
5
4
3

9
5
14
7
4
5

6

33
9
5
7

3

1
3

4

1 21 2
1 1 1 5
3
1 1
1
1 1
1
9
1

1

1 2 8
2
1

1

1
1

1

1

1

1
1

1

4

1
5
3
3
2 41
1
5
7
9
2
3
1 2 1
1 5
7
4
23
8
1 1
3
2
4
2 1
1 1 3 3 1 1
2
2 2
1
1 2
3
2
2
4
4
2
2
38
121
11 42
7
4
2
2
12 5
1 1 i
3
1 6
3
2
2
3
3
6 4 1
14
1 2 4
8
4
3
5
1
4
4
1 1
2
3
2 3
1 1
1 1
2
2
5
4
5
4
21 23 3
11
1 3
4
1
2
4
1
x
3
1
1
3
1 111
i
5
7
13
1
i
2
2
1 2
11
1
3

3

DEPARTMENTS

6
3
2
4

20
39
7
8
3
6
212
0
29
85
6
4
2
6
9

3

1
1

CAKE

4
4

10

54
7
14
3
5
5
9
106

52.5
58.9
52.9
59.2
48.3
50.1
54.3
55.0
56.6
58.2
53.4
46.4
49.7
50.1
54.4
46.8
48.0
48.0
47.9
54.2
47.3
51.0
52.6
49.2
52.5
59.3
52.1
50.7
62.0
57.2
56.9
60.6
54.0
59.2
53.1
53.4
50.9
51.8
42.7

AND

6
10
5
5
2
4
6
6
6

12

9
31

HOUBS— BREAD




5

1045
140
4
2
3

Over
60,
un­ 72 Over
72
der hrs. hrs.
72
hrs.

AND

Oven men:
Albany, N. Y ............................
Atlanta, Ga...............................
Baltimore, M d ..........................
Birmingham, Ala.................... .
Boston, Mass............................
Bridgeport, Conn......................
Buffalo, N. Y ............................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa.................
Charleston, S. C .......................
Charlotte, N. C ........................
Chattanooga, Tenn...................
Chicago, 111..... ..........................
Cincinnati, Ohio.......................
Cleveland, Ohio........................
Columbia, S. C .........................
Columbus, Ohio.......................
Covington, K y ..........................
Dallas, Tex................................
Denver, Colo.............................
Des Moines, Iowa.....................
Detroit, M ich............................
Duluth, Minn...........................
Erie, Pa.....................................
Evansville, Ind.........................
Fall River, Mass.......................
Fort Smith, Ark.......................
Grand Rapids, M ich........... .
Hartford, Conn.........................
Houston, Tex...........................
Huntington, W. V a..................
Indianapolis, Ind......................
Jacksonville, Fla......................
Lewiston and Auburn, M e___
Lincoln, Nebr...........................
Little Rock, A rk.......................
Los Angeles, Calif.....................
Louisville, K y...........................
Madison, W is............................
Manchester, N. H ............ ........

Over
55,
un­ 60
der hrs.
60
hrs.

WAGES

Occupation, sex, and city

Number of employees who during week worked—
Aver­
age
Num­ Num­ hours
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
Over
ber of ber of actu­ Un­ 16, 24, 32,
44,
40,
45,
48,
50,
64,
un­ un­ un­ 40 un­
estab­ em­
ally
der
un­
44
un­
45
48
un­
un­
54
50
un­ 55
der der hrs. der hrs. der
lish­ ploy­
16 der
hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der hrs. der hrs.
24
ments ees worked
32
40
in i
44
hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs.
45
48
54
50
55
week
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.

7
5
31
19
7
3

6

43
34
150
10

0) 7
8

9
7

88

52
11

13
14
4
13

6
4
3

1.3

2

0

1 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




1
2 1

4

1
1
1
1
3

1

1
1

1 2 2
1 1 -----1
3
2 42
2
3
1
2
1
3
32
1
1
5
25 21
2 6 1 2 2 10 31
6 21 152 4 3
33
1
2
2
4
1
3
1
5
2
3
2
1
9
3
1
2
1
1
5
3
12 2
1
2 1 23
1 162 4 30
14
1 1 131 12 3
8
3
I
4
4
5
1
1
1
5
*
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
2
2
3
1
f
3
2
5
1
1
13
16
121 4
11
5
2 1
2 1 15
1 1
16
1
3
3
1
3
1 2 7
21
2
1
2
4
1
i
2
1
1
3
2
1
2
5
1
1
1
1 2
2
5
1
5
5
2
3
1 2 21
1 8 3 1 1 6
2
1
2
1
2
6 52
3
1 1
1 2 1
5
1
1 1

3

2

1
3
6
1
1
1 2 10
3

3

3

10

16

38

73

32

34

2

5

19

34

350

74

45

129

5
247

17

22 100

4
53

63

5

TABLES

468

57.9
59.4
47.4
53.2
57.1
54.0
57.8
48.9
48.4
42.2
57.0
)
45.4
56.3
54.0
54.7
51.3
49.7
49.6
47.6
48.9
40.0
52.9
53.7
52.5
37.3
48.6
47.2
56.8
42.2
60.8
50.9
42.3
52.0
48.7
53.0
44.0
51.4
36.0
55.0
48.0
51.6
54.0
44.0
48.0
53.3
53.8
60.5
51.3
56.7
49.4

GENERAL

, Tenn.
Miami, Fit
Milwaukee, Wis..........
Minneapolis, Minn___
Mobile, Ala..................
Nashua, N. H ..............
Nashville, Tenn...........
Newark, N. J...............
New Orleans, L a.........
New York, N. Y .........
Norfolk, V a..................
Ogden, Utah................
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Omaha, Nebr...............
Pawtucket, R. I ...........
Peoria, 111.....................
Philadelphia, Pa..........
Pittsburgh, Pa.............
Portland, M e...............
Portland, Oreg.............
Providence, R. I..........
Pueblo, Colo................
Richmond, Va.............
Roanoke, V a................
Rockford, 111..............._
Sacramento, Calif........
St. Joseph, M o .............
St. Louis, M o ..............
Salt Lake City, Utah—
San Francisco, C alif...
Savannah, Qa..............
Scranton, P a................
Seattle, Wash...............
Shreveport, La.............
Sioux City, Iowa.........
South Bend, Ind .........
Spokane, Wash............
Syracuse, N. Y ............
Tacoma, Wash.............
Tampa, Fla.............. .
Topeka, Kans..............
Trenton, N. J ..............
Tulsa, Okla..................
Washington, D. C .......
Wheeling, W. Va.........
Wichita, Kans..............
Wilmington, Del.........
Winston-Salem, N. C__
Worcester, Mass..........
Youngstown, Ohio___
Total..........................

00
CO

10.— Average and classified hours actually worked in one week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city— Contd.

84

T able

1

5
5
4
4

2

4
3
27

3
3
4

6
3
8
3

4
4
5
7
4
5
3

21

28
70
315
107
36
44

1

10
6

1

72

1
5

21

14

105

24

195

130

8
98

9

5

4

3

15

1
1 6 1
2
3
1

1
2 2
1

8
1

6
3
---------

-----

---------

---------

---------

1
1 1
1
12 2

1 1
3

24
8
14
7
1 2 40 14
67
1
2 1 67
290
43
16 53
11
1 1 40
1
12
11
2
20
2
11
4
1
1
84
1
26
1 252 11 51 6
7
7
1 4121
16
2
216
6
7
6
..... .......
O
1 2
"*23
1
94
2
5
5
1
8
7
19
2
15
18
5
15
3
12 41 7121 311 1 3
36
1

1

..........

80
353
28
9
19

11
8
303
241

19
43

1
50

13
289
5
64

15

81

14

16

15

16

1

1 50
66 1 35
2
22
2 132
26
7
6 3 1

19
58
17 ” "
62 84
-----

17

..........

..

104
30
46

7
18
62
32
3
3
136
97
19
44

—-

42

7

31
5
33

2
2

2
8
1
39
15
2 47
13

14
41
28

13
15

2

DEPARTMENTS

6
4

1
2 2 1
1 2 3
11
2

CAKE

4
5

54.5
62.4
56.3
59.5
58.0
58.2
59.9
58.9
52.5
55.3
57.5
62.6
52.9
60.4
55.2
61.2
54.5
73.9
56.0
60.6
60.2
63.7
61.7
54.0
56.9
62.
64.4
53.6
73.0
59.3
61.4
55.8
54.9
56.2
64.6
56.7
60.1
63.3
60.0

AND

16
0
5
5
2
5
6
6
6

139
107
367
73
226
99
355
35
24
51
46
825
149
464
32
107
13
77
145
109
293
43
58
63
23
14
92
96
83
33
163
52

HOURS— BREAD




5
4

150

Over
60,
un­ 72 Over
72
der hrs. hrs.
72
hrs.

AND

Driver-salesmen:
Albany, N. Y ..................... .
Atlanta, Ga_____ ________
Baltimore, M d ................... .
Birmingham, Ala_________
Boston, Mass............ ..........
Bridgeport, Conn_________
Buffalo, N. Y .......................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa______
Charleston, S. C__. ............
Charlotte, N. C ..................
Chattanooga, Tenn_______
Chicago, 111.........................
Cincinnati, O h io ,.............
Cleveland, Ohio.................
Columbia, S. C__________
Columbus, Ohio.................
Covington, K y _____ _____
Dallas, Tex.........................
Denver, Colo__...................
Des Moines, Iowa..............
Detroit, M ich....................
Duluth, Minn......... ...........
Erie, P a..............................
Evansville, Ind_____ ____
Fall River, Mass........... .....
Fort Smith, Ark_________
Grand Rapids, M ich.........
Hartford, Conn...................
Houston, Tex......................
Huntington, W. Va______
Indianapolis, Ind................
Jacksonville, Fla__............
Lewiston and Auburn, Me.
Lincoln, Nebr.....................
Little Rock, Ark_________
Los Angeles, Calif-----------Louisville, K y._.................
Madison, W is.....................
Manchester, N. H .............

Over
55,
un­ 60
der hrs.
60
hrs.

WAGES

Occupation, sex, and city

Number of employees who during week worked—
Aver­
age
Num­ Num­ hours
Over
Over
Over
Over
Oven
Over
ber of ber of actu­ Un­ 16, 24, 32,
44,
54,
48,
50,
40,
un­ un­ 40 un­
estab­ em­
44 un­ 45 un­ 48 un­ 50 un­ 54 un­ 55
ally
der un­
der der der hrs.
lish­ ploy­ worked
der
der
hrs.
der
der
der
hrs.
der
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
16
24
32 40
ments ees
54
50
55
in i
44
45
48
hrs. hrs.
hrs. hrs.
hrs.
week
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.

6

3
4
3

2
115
4
5
3
4

6
4

5
4
3

6
25
4
6
2

4
4

4
4
3
5

48
52
237
155
44
42
47
449
118
1,000
55
14
72
95
51
64
943
505
47
135
119
17
79

22
26

31
46
397
63
228
32
133
133
38
52
18
38
205
34
40
23
78
69
249
46
54

6
8
29

118
109
477 11,844

6

71.0
62.2
59.3
61.5
64.1
60.0
60.6
57.5
59.2
55.2
57.1
54.0
70.3
57.2
57.6
64.5
58.2
55.5
54.7
50.8
59.0
53.1
60.0
56.5
61.0
56.2
65.9
72.7
53.7
47.8
62.1
53.9
49.7
67.7
56.0
49.8
53.6
54.3
51.3
77.4
58.3
54.6
65.3
54.5
54.0
60.9
60.0
56.8
61.4
59.8
58.7 ,.

1
1

?,

1

2
1

1

1
1

3

8
1
1
1

1
1

2

5
1
1

4

1

?
5

1
1

1
1

4
1
3

1

3

3

11
6

'

1

1

3

3

1
1

12

1

11

17

46

1

45

3

1
21

1
33

4

5

1

1

1
37

1
3
2
11

158

2

1

7
14

47
53

2

2
4
3
5

229
28
425

1

14
22
47
6

39

317
213
36
4

1
4

3
3

2

8

1

2

4

1

1

4

1
1

4

43

1

3

2

26
1
3

5

1
5

5
32
12
4

” 42’
25
2 129
18
5 325
42

1

41
43
23
539
14 161
10
2
13
106

1 2
26
1 21
21
10 23
1 1 41 1 1 1 88 1 1 32
1
1 11
5
1
1 48 459
1
17
13
1 4 2 3
4
2
9 52
1
1
1
14
62
5
8
177 33
12
25
2
53
13
11 5 172 1314 2 1 121 9
3
33
16
1
1
3
191 3
2
8
10
65
6
6
74
3
6 6
1 3 6
1 5 2
3
30
12
8
70
5
19
1 21 3
1 38 48
113 31
42
3
30
37
2
1
22
6
1
19
2 41
89
5

56

51

861

82

157

303 2,856

23

80

4

19
53
45
36

16
1
3

17
34
30
2
1

12
79
66
61
12
5

1

22
3
24

16
57

37

7
1

12
5

3

13
16
83

1 21160

19

20
2
12 1
4 1
16
1
29
3
24
4

13

TABLES




3
4
7
7
4
4
4
10
11
26
4
2
5
4
4
4
15
12
2
5

GENERAL

Memphis, Tenn_____
Miami, Fla.................
Milwaukee, Wis.........
Minneapolis, M inn...
Mobile, Ala................
Nashua, N. H .............
Nashville, Tenn.........
Newark, N. J.............
New Orleans, La____
New York, N. Y ........
Norfolk, Va.................
Ogden, Utah...............
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Omaha, Nebr.............
Pawtucket, R. I .........
Peoria, 111....................
Philadelphia, Pa........
Pittsburgh, Pa...........
Portland, M e..............
Portland, Oreg...........
Providence, R. I........
Pueblo, Colo...............
Richmond, Va_._.......
Roanoke, Va...............
Rockford, 111...............
Sacramento, Calif___
St. Joseph, M o...........
St. Louis, M o........... .
Salt Lake City, Utah.
San Francisco, Calif..
Savannah, Qa.............
Scranton, Pa...............
Seattle, Wash_______
Shreveport, La...........
Sioux City, Iowa____
South Bend, Ind........
Spokane, Wash..........
Syracuse, N. Y ...........
Tacoma, Wash...........
Tampa, Fla................
Topeka, Kans.............
Trenton, N. J.............
Tulsa, Okla................
Washington, D. C___
Wheeling, W. Va.......
Wichita, Kans............
Wilmington, Del........
Winston-Salem, N. C.
Worcester, Mass.........
Youngstown, O h io ...
Total........................

15

6

55

12

454 4,092 1,701 245

700

00
Cl

E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city

5
4

105
10
5
4
3
4
4
4
24

4
5

6

2

4
4
5
7
5
5
3

6
74
2280
6
12

0)
11

1131

27
7
5

8
6
3
8
108
6
15
5

6
6
8

30
9
7

5

1 1
1

1
1

0

31.00
25.67
28.84
34.79
33.88
41.04
34.40

1
1
1 1 1

11
1

$100

$100

3

2 21 1
11
1 4 1
1 ....
1
1 ....
11 22
1 1 3 1
"T
11

1
3
1
2

3
4
3

1
21
21 2
21
3

...

3

3

2 11
1
"I
1

1 2
5
3
2 5
2 8 2
2
1 3 1
1
1 1
7 8 g
1 2
9
4
4
2
1 2
3
6
15 ....
6
1 11 3
2 4
1
1
21 211
1 1 2
1 1
2
4
4
5
3
1
1 1
3

1 1
2
2 32 1
4
1

1

5
2 1342 1131 1
1

13

1 1
2 1 1
2 1 1 1
1 11
5
4

21 1 1
1
1
1
1 28 1 1
2 3
2
3

1

x

DEPARTMENTS

4
3
4
5
5
3
9

6

14
5
5
5

$35.86
22.56
32.95
32.44
32.38
38.36
35.12
30.60
27.20
24.90
25.33
40.30
35.33
35.33
19.67
28.01
)
40.63
37.93
28.87
34.56 1
30.13
30.81
36.51
25. CO
23.67
30.14
36.40
31.44
31.36
29.38
25.49

20 22
$20 $22

CAKE

16
05
5
1
5
6
6
6

5
9
19
9
30

1 1

AND




HOURS— BREAD

0

1
1 . . .3. 111 2 2
1 3
8
1
1 11 1
2
i
i
1 . . .1. ..111
1 i" 2
2
1 1 5
1
1 2
3 2
2
1
3
1 "I" 1 2 2
3

1
6 8 10 12
$6 $8 $10 $12

AND

Mixers, male:
Albany, N. Y ................
Atlanta, Ga......... ..........
Baltimore, M d ..............
Birmingham, Ala..........
Boston, Mass................
Bridgeport, C onn .........
Buffalo, N. Y _ _ ............
Cedar Rapids, Iowa___
Charleston, S. ............
Charlotte, N. C ............
Chattanooga, Tenn ......
Chicago, 111....................
Cincinnati, Ohio__.......
Cleveland, Ohio............
Columbia, S. C.............
Columbus, Ohio.........
Covington, K y ..............
Dallas, Tex....................
Denver, Colo.................
Des Moines, Iowa.........
Detroit, M ich................
Duluth, M inn..............
Erie, Pa..........................
Evansville, Ind..............
Fall River, Mass...........
Fort Smith, Ark............
Grand Rapids, M ich ...
Hartford, Conn..............
Houston, Tex................
Huntington, W. Va___
Indianapolis, Ind...........
Jacksonville ,Fla_.........
Lewiston and Auburn,
M e...............................
Lincoln, Nebr................
Little Rock, Ark...........
Los Angeles, Calif.........
Louisville, K y ...............
Madison, W is................
Manchester, N. H _____

1

Aver­
Number of employees whose earnings in week were—
age
Num­ Num­ earn­
ber of ber of ings ac­
estab­ em­ tually Un­ $4, $ , $ , $ , $ , $14, $16, $18, $ , $ , $24, $26, $28, $30, $32, $34, $36, $38, $40, $45, $50, $55, $60, $70, $80, $90,
lish­ ploy­
der un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ and
re­
ments ees ceived $4 der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over
$14 $16 $18
$24 $26 $28 $30 $32 $34 $36 $38 $40 $45 $50 $55 $60 $70 $80 $90
in i
week

WAGES

Occupation, sex, and city

86

T able

8
6
19
19
6
4
7
19
17
74
6
2
9
9
6
7
50
36
6
9
11
3
9
4
5
5
9
37
7
17
5
8
10
5
7
4
5
9
6
6
5
9
9
11
5
6
6
3
8
6
1,027

29.55
21.33
31.22
29.75
22.17
30.75
22.81
43.11
32.44
41.89
27.50
22.00
38.22
28.41
37.00
37.13
33.24
36.12
29.50
38.17
35.19
35.00
36.39
24.88
31.00
49.57
33.57
41.53
32.31
44.55
18.47
31.13
52.58
23.73 . . . .
32.66
29.00
52.21
34.49
39.67
24.50
35.40
37.54
•
29.07
52.78
28.18
26.52
27.83
24.00
35.64
29.63
34.82

i For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




2

1 211
2
6
3
1
1 1 1 .... 1
2
4
1
1

1
1

2

1

1 2 1 1_L

1 2M - t4 45
2
3
11 21 21 2
1
2 1
1
2 .... 8 2
2
9
5
1 1
4
1 21 1
1 11
5
21 13
1 111 6
113 51
1 2
1
1 25 . . .1.
2
1
2
3

2
2 . . . . 1 ” 2’ 1
1
3 2 10 1 . . . . 1
3
1
1
7 5 " Y 10 17 6 . . . .
1
2 .... 6 1
2 2 3 31
4
4 .... 2 1 1
5 4
1 "2
1
2
1 2
1
12 1 12 . . . . 1 1
3
2 1
2 2 1
6
25 6 3
1
3
1 7 7 2
2 1 1
1 2 2 4
2 1
1
21 . . . . 1 11 . . . . 1 3
1
2 1
1
2
3
3
5
1
1 3 2 4

1 1 1
2 .... 1 1 1
1
2 .... 1 ....
1 1 ~~2 1 1
2
1 1 1
.... 1 1
1 2
2 1
1 1 3 2 2
1
1 1 2 1 21 21 21
1 21 1
2
1 1
1
1 21 1 . . . . 21 1
8
14
1
0
29 6
8 60 59 123 100 127 77 78 127 68
_6

33

16

1

1

5

22

(

TABLES

3
4
7
7
4
3
4
9
11
29
4
2
5
4
4
4
15
12
3
5
6
3
4
4
3
2
4
11
4
5
4
4
6
4
5
4
3
6
4
4
2
5
4
5
2
4
4
3
5
4
482

GENERAL

Memphis, Tenn.........
Miami, Fla............... .
Milwaukee, Wis.......
Minneapolis, M inn..
Mobile, Ala..............
Nashua, N. H ...........
Nashville, Tenn.......
Newark, N. J__.......
New Orleans, L a___
New York, N. Y____
Norfolk, Va_..................
Ogden, Utah..................
Oklahoma City, Okla
Omaha, Nebr.............
Pawtucket, R. I......... .
Peoria, 111.......................
Philadelphia, Pa..........
Pittsburgh, Pa.............
Portland, M e...............
Portland, Oreg.............
Providence, R. I..........
Pueblo, Colo................
Richmond, Va.............
Roanoke, Va_ . .............
Rockford, 111................
Sacramento, Calif........
St. Joseph, M o.............
St. Louis, M o...............
Salt Lake City, Utah. _
San Francisco, C alif...
Savannah, Qa..............
Scranton, Pa................
Seattle, Wash...............
Shreveport, La.............
Sioux City, Iowa.........
South Bend, Ind.........
Spokane, Wash............
Syracuse, N. Y ............
Tacoma, Wash.............
Tampa, Fla..................
Topeka, Kans..............
Trenton, N. J...............
Tulsa. Okla__________
Washington, D. C .......
Wheeling, W. Va...........
Wichita, Kans...............
Wilmington, Del...........
Winston-Salem, N. C . .
Worcester, Mass.......
Youngstown, O hio..
Total......................

1

1

13

1 — - __ 1 .......

00

T able

E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1931, by city— Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

2

26
5

4
250

2
1
67
117
6

7
27
14
42
13

10
3
218.03
0.00 1 4
11881 29.27
1 0) 25.68
0)
2g2 24.11
9
4
22.76
2 5 19.30
4
23.46
6 905 32.42
1 1
2

4
4
4

3

15

27.62

1 11 1
2

n

1 2

7

1 1 2 4 4 1
2
6 7 7 5
5 3
1
21 1 101 8 92 52 16"
7 " ' 4" 11 " T
1
1
1
7 17 20 19 13 54 32
6 8 4 71 931 55 73
1
4
1 2 21
5
1
6
16
1 1 ” 2’
2
3

3

4

3

1
1
1
1
1 4 2 1
1 11 311 . . .1.
1

2

2

4 "~2

7
11 2 1
1 4 .... 1
4
21 . . 5. . 2
3
1
1 4 6 41
1 3 3 2
3

15

5
3

3

4

1
2
1 21 1
5
1
38

2

14

4

8 8

4

3

11
11

1
1 1
2 1
1
2
2
2
1
1
3
6 301 16 14 2 4
6

DEPARTMENTS

5
5

8
7

1 1 51 ' T
2 1 6
2
5
1
2
2
2
2
1 31
1 4 2 42
r
"I
2
1 2 11
i
1
2
-_i_ 1
11 1
7
1 3
1
1
1
2
3 3 12
1
5
1 2 1
1
1
1 31 1
1 1

?

CAKE

8
2
3
6
6
5

g
4

43
26
33
9

$29.94
20.79
28.5g
21.60
31.95
37.07
28.42
19.33
18.50
19.36
20.63
38.32
33.02
29.50
19.77
26.35
31.55
35.79
33.28
25.07
31.37
25. GO
26.39
29.80

AND




7
5
3
3
4
3

20
12

7
49

$100

HOURS— BREAD

Birmingham Ala
Boston, Mass
Bridgeport Conn
Buffalo, N* Y ................
Cedar Rapids, Iowa___
P. hQf1fistnn S n
Charlotte N C
Chattanooga Tenn
Chicago 111
Cincinnati Ohio
Cleveland Ohio
fJnln mbift fi f!
Columbus Ohio
Covington K y
Dallas Tex ■
Denver Colo
T>ac MninM Tnwa
TVTiph
Tinliiili \Thiu
Erie P&
Evansville Ind
TTnrt Stnitli Arlr
Grand Rapids, M ich__
Hartford Conn
Houston, Tex................
Huntington, W. Va___
Indianapolis Ind
Jacksonville Fla
Lincoln Nebr
Little Rock Ark
T.ns AnfffllftS Calif
Louisville, K y________

5
2
10
4

$100

AND

Bench hands or hand bak­
ers, male:
Albany, N. Y _________

20 22
$20 $22

6 8 10 12
$6 $8 $10 $12

WAGES

1

Number of employees whose earnings in week were—
Aver­
age
Num­ Num­ earn­
ber of ber of ings ac­
estab­ em­ tually Un­ $4, $ , $ , $ , $ , $14, $16. $18, $ , $ , $24, $26, $28, $30, $32, $34, $36, $38, $40, $45, $50, $55, $60, $70, $80, $90,
un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ and
lish­ ploy­
re­
der un­
der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over
ments ees ceived
$4 der
$24 $26 $28 $30 $32 $34 $36 $38 $40 $45 $50 $55 $60 $70 $80 $90
$14 $16 $18
in i
week

00

398

14
7
56
29
12
13
45
38
237
7
10
13
11
18
164
81
0)
11
15
0)
19
3

14
3
67
)
5
16
10
15
11

31.71
16.19
23.87
27.08
19.89
19.78
37.07
24.92
39.00
22.26
32.70
24.97
27.82
32.90
27.46
29.80
0)
28.67
32.23
0)
31.10
19.80
28.00
(l)
31.37
34.22
27.18
39.25
15.85
26.25
39.74
22.00
26.77
26.75
)
28.13
35.05
20.13
34.00
32.43
30.05
46.66
)
19.58
24.88
18.85
30.89
26.85

2,046

31.63

8
0) 5
41
11
30
10
16
9
4
19

?,
1
1

1

3

1
2

1
1

1

5

1

1
4
2
3
8

6
5
1 5
1
1 "T

6
4
1
1

9
5

5
4
2

1
1
1

4
2
2

4
4
1

16
5

2
1
5
1

1

1

1

1

1

2

3
2

4
2

?

10
5
2
3

14

12
4

1
i
1

2

1

3

2
1
1

1

1
i"

1
2

2
1

1

1
1

1

1

....

1
2

1

1
2
2

2
1

1
4

2

2

2

2

2

2

0

1

1

2

11

10

1
1

12 20

8

34

3

37

2

1

2
2
3
1
1

57

84

1

4

2
5
3

2
28

2

1

4

20

64

1
4 "T
1
1

1

3

5
32

1
1

6

3
9
12

4
1
3

1 ....

2
2

2
1

1

1

2

9

1

2

3
2

2

2

2
3
3
1
1
1

1
3

2
1

2

" ’

3
1

2
1

37

9

8
1
1

7 4

2

5

4
3

2
1

2

1
1

2

2

"2

1

6

6

12

2

1

4

4

12

4

1

1
2

2

2

2

2

4
1

" "

7
21

1

1

1
3

1

1
1
6

5
1

2
2

28

98 179 159 128 235 215 161 141 114 134 114

23

42

....

2
1
2
1

1

3 1 3

16

1
5
1

12

3

4
4
3

1
2

3
2
19

5 3
4
5
1 3
2
14 ’ 24" 35 38
4
11
3 25

1

3

3
1
4
2
1

3

4
1
5

1

1

1

1

8
0)92 0
10
85
0

3

9,

*For less than 3 wage earners, data included in totals




?.

5
1

1

1
4

1

TABLES

Total................... ........

4
3
7
6
4
3
8
10
26
4
3
2
2
4
13
12
1
4
5
1
4
2
3
1
3
10
4
5
4
4
4
3
5
4
1
5
3
3
2
4
2
6
1
2
3
3
4
6

GENERAL

Madison, Wis_________
Miami, Fla___________
Milwaukee, Wis............
Minneapolis, Minn.......
Mobile, Ala....................
Nashville, Tenn............
Newark, N. J............—
New Orleans, La______
New York, N. Y ...........
Norfolk, V a ...................
Oklahoma City, Okla. _
Omaha, Nebr__............
Pawtucket, R . I_______
Peoria, 111.......................
Philadelphia, Pa______
Pittsburgh, Pa........... .
Portland, M e.................
Portland, Oreg...........
Providence, R. I ______
Pueblo, Colo..................
Richmond, Va...............
Roanoke, V a..................
Rockford, 111..................
Sacramento, Calif..........
St. Joseph, M o ..............
St. Louis, M o ................
Salt Lake City, U tah...
San Francisco, Calif___
Savannah, Ga.............. .
Scranton, Pa..................
Seattle, Wash................
Shreveport, L a..............
Sioux City, Iowa...........
South Bend, Ind........... i
Spokane, Wash..............
Syracuse, N. f ..............
Tacoma, Wash________
Tampa, F la ...................
Topeka, Kans................
Trenton, N. J................
Tulsat Okla..................
Washington, D. C....... .
Wheeling, W. Va..........
Wichita, Kans...............
Wilmington, Del...........
Winston-Salem, N. C._
Worcester, Mass............
Youngstown, Ohio........

4

3

6

1
2

4
1
23

5

00

CD

Average and classified actual earnings in one week in Jour specified occupations in bread department, 1981, by city— Continued
Number of employees whose earnings in

20

6

12

6

22.

39.
35.
32.
17.
26.
40.
37.
35.
23.
29.
27.
30.
38.
24.
20.

1
1

9
9
5
14
7

22

4
5
6
33
9
5
7

24.00
28.60
24.73
35.70
31.22
41.28
29.31

1
1
1

1
1

1 2 6 1
3
4
1
11
11
1

1
1 21 11
1 1 1
1 1 3 1
2 1
1 2 2

3

3

1

3

4

4

9
4

8 24
4
2 ” 9’ 74 143 43 8
3
1
1
1 1 5 1 1
14
1 1
2 5
1
1 1 1
1 2
3
1
2
1 2 1
1 1
i
2 "2 1
2
5
3

5

1
1
1
6
1 12
3
1

4

5

$70,
un­
der
$80

2

....

1 1
1
3
1
2
1 4

4

1
1 3
2 2
5
3
1
1 2 1

3

$60,
un­
der
$70

$100

$80, $90,
un­ un­ and
der der over
$90

$100

7

1 2

DEPARTMENTS

29
8
5
6
4
o

1

2
1 1 6
1 5 6
1 2 2
1
11 21
13 4
2 71
3
6
6
1
4
1
2 81
3
6
1 11 2
1 1
1 1 1
11 11 51
1 2 2

$55,
un­
der
$60

CAKE

20

3

1 21
11 42
1 321 2
2 5 1 112
2
11 2 1 1 1
2
2
2 2
i
1 1 31 2
3
2 2
1 1 1
1
1 1
1
3

$50,
un­
der
$55

AND

39
7
8
3

$31.
20.
30.
20.
26.
44.
31.
25.
21.
20.

$45,
un­
der
$50

HOURS— BREAD




12
9
31
10
54
7
14
3
5
5
9
106

20 22
$20 $22

6 8 10 12
$6 $8 $10 $12

AND

1

Oven men:
Albany, N. Y ...........
Atlanta, Ga..............
Baltimore, M d .........
Birmingham, Ala___
Boston, Mass---------Bridgeport, Conn___
Buffalo, N. Y ______
Cedar Rapids, Iowa___
Charleston, S. C -----Charlotte, N. C ___ _
Chattanooga, Tenn_.
Chicago, 111...............
Cincinnati, Ohio----Cleveland, Ohio.......
Columbia, S. C .............
Columbus, Ohio.......
Covington, K y .........
Dallas, Tex...............
Denver, Colo............
Des Moines, Iow a ...
Detroit, M ich...........
Duluth, Minn..........
Erie, Pa....... .............
Evansville, Ind........
Fall River, Mass----Fort Smith, Ark.......
Grand Rapids, M ich ...
H artford, Conn..........
Houston, Tex.............
Huntington, W. Va___
Indianapolis, Ind.........
Jacksonville, Fla-------Lewiston and Auburn,
M e.............................
Lincoln, N e b r ............
Little Rock, Ark.........
Los Angeles, Calif.......
Louisville, K y..............
Madison, W is.............
Manchester, N. H.......

1week were—

Num­ Num­ earn­
ber of ber of ings ac­
$4, $ , $ , $ , $ , $14, $16, $18, $ , $ , $24, $26, $28, $30, $32, $34, $36, $38, $40.
estab­ em­ tually Un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­
der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der
lish­ ployre­
ceived $4
ments
$24 $26 $28 $30 $32 $34 $36 $38 $40 $45
$14 $16 $18
in
week

WAGES

Occupation, sex, and city

90

T a b l e E .—

29.75
21.36
27.03
28.80
24.14
26.33
22.10
42.69
30.26
39.68
24.55
0)
33.53
29.73
33.11
39.83
33.30
33.04
29.18
36.23
35.68
27.98
30.84
18.70
31.50
38.12
33.61
41.73
25.15
43.30
15.95
27.71
49.66
25.00
28.86
25.00
50.08
32.49
34.63
19.67
36.00
34.85
30.50
53.15
27.50
25.12
28.27
22.50
83.78
26.27
33.67

j

1

—J i

1

1

1
2

1
3
1

3

3

1
1
1
1

1

1

2

1

1

1
1

2
3
1
” 1"

1
5

1
2
2

1
2
"T
1
3
1

l

1

1
1
1

1

2
1
1

3
4

72
1
11

11 31
2 1
11

1
2

1

1

1

____

1
2

1

1

1

1

1

l

1

1
1

1

1

3

1
2

6

1

3

8

13

1
17

13

1

26

2
46

2
1
1

60

"2

32

’ ’
92

1
76

1

2
2
1
1
1

3
2
1

21
10

2
3
9

18
7
1
1
1
1
2
1

2

1

3

1
2
3

3
1
1

1

2

1
2

1
2
4

2

4

2
1

1

2
1

2

1
2

1
i

4

2

32

7

33

19

3
2
2
1

1
1
1
2
10
1

1
1
1

2
1 "’ I"

6
2

2
4
2

7

2

7 3

4
2

1

1

2

2
1
1
1
2

35
4

11

1

1

11

1

5

8

2

2

1

6

1
1

1

3

1

9

5

63

27

38

14

1

1

1

1
3
1
1

2
1

1

1
3

2

1

1
1

1
3

2
2

•

1

1
1
1
96 149 122 128
2

1
1
17

2

1
1

2
16
1

12
14
3

3

1
1

1
1
1

1

1

1

1
1 "T
2 2
12
7
1

1
31 1

2
2 1
1
2 1
1
” 4*
4

1

8
8
4
2
1

1

1

....

1
9

1

1
1

1
8
4
1

"T

1

1 For less than 3 wage earners, data included in total.




1
1

TABLES

3
7
4
8
7
31
7
19
4
7
1
3
4
6
10
43
11
34
30
150
4
10
1
0)
4
7
4
8
4
9
4
7
15
88
12
52
4
11
5
13
14
5
4
3
4
13
4
6
4
3
2
3
3
6
11
52
4
8
37
5
4
4
4
7
12
6
3
3
4
8
2
3
4
3
12
6
4
7
3
6
2
5
5
10
3
6
6
20
2
4
4
8
4
11
4
3
13
5
9
6
468 1.368

GENERAL

Memphis, Tenn—
Miami, Fla.............
Milwaukee, Wis__
Minneapolis, Minn.
Mobile, Ala........... .
Nashua, N. H .........
Nashville, Tenn___
Newark, N. J..........
New Orleans, L a ...
New York, N. Y ...
Norfolk, Ya_..........
Ogden, Utah...........
Oklahoma City, Okla. _
Omaha, Nebr.............
Pawtucket, R. I.........
Peoria, 111....................
Philadelphia. Pa........
Pittsburgh, Pa............
Portland, M e________
Portland, Oreg...........
Providence, R. I _____
Pueblo, Colo..............
Richmond, Va............
Roanoke, Va...............
Rockford, 111...............
Sacramento, Calif____
St. Joseph, M o .........
St. Louis, M o.............
Salt Lake City, Utah_
San Francisco, Calif___
Savannah, Qa.............
Scranton, Pa...............
Seattle, Wash.............
Shreveport, La...........
Sioux City, Iowa........
South Bend, Ind........
Spokane, Wash______
Syracuse, N. Y ...........
Tacoma, Wash...........
Tampa, Fla................
Topeka, Kans.............
Trenton, N. J.............
Tulsa, Okla................
Washington, D. C___
Wheeling, W. Va.......
Wichita, Kans_______
Wilmington, Del........
Winston-Salem, N. C.
Worcester, Mass_____
Youngstown, Ohio___
Total........................ .

1

2

. 1

85

3

79 200

6

CO

E.— Average and classified actual earnings in one week in four specified occupations in bread department, 1981, by city— Continued

Occupation, sex, and city

21
28
70
315
107
36

26.80
23.25
24.67
31.39
26.45
34.38

2
4
3
27
5
10
5
5

2
5
56
6
4
5

6

11

3
?

1
3

?

1
1
2 140 " i1" 1161
6
1
1 14
8
1

2
5
2

1

3 16
7
7 55
24 56 44
3 40 6
2
9 3 46 8
9
2 4
3 9
1 27 29
2
3
2 8
6
9
3_ 7 3 2
3
4 8 10
1 1 5 17 6
3
11 2 11
6 18 16 32 § ’
8
3 6
"~7_ 10 3 7
5

6

2

3

1
2
2
1

3
2
8

1
2
1

2
6
1
3

1

1
1

2

3

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

1

i

1

1
1
1

2
2

1

1
i
...J ....

3
1
5

2
2
2
4
2
7
3
3
1

1
1
4
1
1

2
1

4
4
4

8
1

"I"
3

9
3
9

9
3

2
27
2
9
1
"I" 5
13 14
12 10
9 4
4
7
2 28
24
2

2

2
4
9
4
1
2
4
5
3
3

4

33
53
21
9
6
8

1ft1 1

3
11
18
44
6
3 " * 29
5 18
7
1

19 14 9
2 1 1 9
20

32

4 13

2
"i" 3
13 2
5" 14 18
1 16 19

2
13
35
25
26
3

4
5

47
23
11

14

3

12 101 2

27 108
" " ’ 19’ 1 6 ’ "is" 4
1 2
1 1
1
1 ....
6 4
6
75 26 "17* 19
10 10 8 10 5 4
2
6
30 41 32 28 40 23 42 31 10
1
1
5 6
3
6 4
10 2
1 7
1
106 ’ 54"
1 1
34
7
2
3
3 15
15 10
1
22
28 17
14 2
3
3
7
4

27
8
7
11
i<T 24
5

5
1
7
19 25
7 19
1 4

4

1 1 1
1

4
30

3
51
3

1
1
1
35
76 22 8 10
53 34 27 31
1
1
1
5 8
2
4~ 2 2
3
13 4
7
2
1 6
6
31 72 20 81
1
1 2 2

4

11
7
2

10
1
2
2
16" "!§ ' 6
1
6
6
4

1

5
64 ~30"
1
6
5 2

1
374
8

3
2
3
1
1

30
1
1

11
3
5

1 762
5
14
5
1
1
1
1
3

2
1
1
3

7

11

4

3

3

1

1
1

1 1

2

1
8
1
5
7

§"
3
1
4

1
13
2
4

7
1

1
1
1

1

2

1

DEPARTMENTS

4
4
5
7
4
5

5
5
4
4

?,

CAKE

$33.28
23.36
28.89
24.29
29.19
28.78
36.44
27.49
21.32
26.48
26.73
49.50
34.07
31.93
23.36
27.94
31.00
29.01
28.40
27.80
35.45
26.76
28.92
25.48
24.33
20.33
30.14
30.77
27. 72
30.88
30.09
25.16

AND




3
3
4
6
3
8
3

139
107
367
73
226
99
355
35
24
51
46
825
149
464
32
107
13
77
145
109
293
43
58
63
23
14
92
96
83
33
163
52

HOUKS— BREAD

Boston,^Mass
Bridgeport, Conn
Buffalo, N. Y ._ ............
Cedar Rapids, Iowa___
Charleston, S. C
Charlotte, N. C .............
Chattanooga, Tenn
Chicago, HI....................
Cincinnati, Ohio
Cleveland, Ohio
Columbia, S C
Columbus, Ohio
Covington K y
Dallas, Tex
Denver, Colo
Des Moines Iowa
Detroit, Mich
Duluth, Minn
Erie, Pa - ___________
Evansville, Ind
Fall River, Mtwsa
Fort Smith, Ark
Grand Rapids, M ic h ...
Hartford, Conn _ __
Houston, Tex.................
Huntington, W. Va___
Indianapolis, I n d _____
Jacksonville, Fla
Lewiston and Auburn,
Me
Lincoln, Nebr
Little Rock, Ark
Los Angeles, Calif_____
Louisville, K y
Madison, W is_________

5
4
10
5

$100

$100

AND

1

Driver-salesmen:
Albany, N. Y _________
Atlanta, Ga ___ — __
"Rfiltimnrp., Md

20 22
$20 $22

6 8 10 12
$6 $8 $10 $12

WAGES

1

Aver­
Number of employees whose earnings in week were—
age
Num­ Num­
1
ber of ber of ings ac­
estab­ em­ tually Un­ $4, $ , $ , $ , $ , $14, $16, $18, $ , $ , $24, $26, $28, $30, $32, $34, $36, $38, $40, $45, $50, $55, $60, $70, $80, $90,
un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ un­ and
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
un­
lish­ ploy­
re­
ceived der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over
ments ees
$4
$24
$28 $30 $32 $34 $36 $38 $40 $45 $50 $55 $60 $70 $80 $90
$14
$18
$26
$16
in
week

92

T able

5

2

1 ___

1

__ _

156770°— 33------------- 7

1,000

55
14
72
95
51
64
943
505
47
135
119
17
79

22

26
31
46
397
63
228
32
133
133
38
52
18
38
205
34
40
23
78

54
68
29
118
109
477 11,844

26.82
31.98
28.51
29.43
26.58
26.09
33.06
22.71
33.18
23.27
35.88
32.07
31.11
29.76
27.62
29.76
25.26
30.81
30.36
20.98
31.44
25.85
33.31
23.68
29.64
38.55
26.36
40.83
30.35
44.90
20.78
35.32
42.87
24.70
38.71
27.87
36.50
33.97
38.82
26.69
32.58
29.06
28.42
38.58
28.99
24.33
32.25
24.85
29.50
27.62
33.02

1 1

7!

1

4

1

1

1
1

2
11 3
2
5
3
10
1 42

11
2
4
1
1 11 ?1 34 32
1

32.57
2
1
1
1 1
1

1

1

1

1

__
2

1
6 11

1
2

8

1
1
1

2
1

2

6

1
5
1

9

2

4

1

1

3

15
3
5
2 2 42 2
6
10
r
4
3 3 22 12 38
5 9 11 20 25
2 2 91 2 57
4 6 5 ~T 4
2
7 9 13 20
5 19 13 8 22
6
21 2 2 11
2 4
14
4
2
6
2
1 2 1 6 297
6 5
ii" 6
4 10 121
7 14 25 16 77
1 5 5 101 134

1
1
1
1

23
2
1
4
4
7
2
1

3
5
4
3
1

7
7

3
3
3

1

8
2
1

1
3
1

3

20

9

7
1
"I"
1
4

1
5
4

2
3
3

3
3

6 13
2
2
1
2
4
1
10 3
1 2 2
1 __ 24
1
27 48 85 128 195 501 391

22
1
7
4
10
4
11
4
20

1
2 5 21 7
10
6 3 351 8
8
4
2
4 2 2
30 24 16 11 8 9 18 3
1 2
129 262 141 53 4
3
1 7 2 17 1 1 7
1
5
3
212
2 255 9139 522
69 ’ 44’ 33 44 11
1
6
3
1
19 49 177 117 159 107 135 133 42
4 g 6
2 2
3
5
1 11 1
~12~
4 4 36 2 3
2
2 2
15
7 4 1
5 24
1 3 6 1 2
2
15
1
2
4
2
2
16 2
47 120~379 74 '70" 25 24’ 38 13
63 60 61 30 46 21 15 33 20
15
1
1
" Y 19 38 ’ 12" "l7" 8 4 2
2 15 17 14 10 11 5 4 7
1 2 1
2
2
5 10 4
5 4
5 7 7 11
1 1 1
1
1
1
1 2 4
5
2
2
1
2
16 7 5
1
5 6
2
"T
40 13 12 3 88 160 58"
1 2 26 16
2 3 1
|
1
9
1 3 200
2
I"
5 7 10 11
6 7 11 25 9
1

3
1
8
34
13
11

__ I__
3

2
2 1 1
3 6 2 1
1
1
1
3 2 5
2
6
1
3

1
17

9
10
1

1

3

1

1

1

4
7

11

1
1

4

4

1

2
1

6 3 36 76
9
8
3 4
6 2
1 16 2
1
22 5
1
1
8
2
1
1
1 7 6
7
3 9
3
3 29 12 8 10 6 10 22 17
40
1
1
1
1
30
7
24
1
1
1
17
10 13 12 22 3
2
5 1 2
11
1 3 28
1
"I"
1
1
3
10 25 146 21 13 I
1
10 ~"o 13
8 2
21
1
1 19
3
3
1
7 4
3 2
2 29
2
1
1
7
13
6
15 11 25 22 "’ " ’ 16" i
4
1 2
14
2
1 27 17 10 2
3
1
1411 682 907 1875 812 900 639 680 942 602 886 47

5 5

1JL

18

TABLES




44
48
52
237
155
44
42
47
449
118

GENERAL

Manchester, N. H __
Memphis, Tenn.......
Miami, Fla..... ..........
Milwaukee, Wis.......
Minneapolis, M inn..
Mobile, Ala..............
Nashua, N. H ______
Nashville, Tenn.......
Newark, N. J -..........
New Orleans, La----New York, N. Y_.__
Norfolk^Va....................
Ogden, Utah____ _____
Oklahoma City, Okla_
Omaha, Nebr...............
Pawtucket, R. I ..........
Peoria, 111.....................
Philadelphia, Pa_........
Pittsburgh, Pa.............
Portland, M e...............
Portland, Oreg.........
Providence, R . I _____
Pueblo, Colo_________
Richmond, V a.............
Roanoke, V a................
Rockford, Hl_..............
Sacramento, Calif........
St. Joseph, M o ............
St. Louis, M o..............
Salt Lake City, Utah..
San Francisco, Calif. __
Savannah, Qa..............
Scranton, Pa................
Seattle, Wash________
Shreveport, L a............
Sioux City, Iowa.........
South Bend, Ind .........
Spokane, Wash............
Syracuse, N. Y ............
Tacoma, Wash.............
Tampa, Fla..................
Topeka, Kans..............
Trenton, N . J..............
Tulsa. O k la ................
Washington, D. C.......
Wheeling, W. Va.........
Wichita, Kans..............
Wilmington, D el.........
Winston-Salem, N. C .._
Worcester, Mass____
Youngstown, Ohio__
Total........... ...........

5

3

1

1

1

5

2

2

3

5

1

5 5

.
41

9

OO




Appendix
Bakery Terms of Occupations, with Definitions, and Classification by
Bureau of Labor Statistics
BREAD DEPARTM ENT

A learner, under contract for a specified number of years,
performing the work of various bakery occupations under
supervision of a journeyman baker.
A ssistan t forem an A workman in a supervisory capacity, who also performs
actual productive work.
(working).
Assistant mixer______ Assists the mixer in dumping dough from mixing machine
into dough trough; punches and kneads dough in the
trough by hand and dumps it into chute leading to ma­
chine or make-up room.
Assistant stock clerk. Assists receiving clerk in keeping records of incoming ma­
terials and stock on hand; also trucks materials in and
out of stock room.
Assistant wrapper (See Wrapper foreman, working)_______________ ____ _
foreman (working).
Belt man..................... Works in wrapping department at end of belt or conveyor
which carries bread from oven to wrapping room, re­
moves each loaf of bread from conveyor and places it on
bread racks to cool before wrapping.
Belt man's helper___ Pushes racks, on which bread has been placed for cooling,
to wrapping table.
Bench baker’s helper.. (See Bench hand’s or hand baker’s helper).............. ..........
do.
Bench hand’s helper..
Bench hand or hand Kneads or pounds dough used in making rye or Vienna
bread or rolls; divides dough into pieces of weight re­
baker.
quired for loaves of bread or for rolls; rounds, rolls, and
molds these pieces into shape, making them ready for
oven bread pans, and places them in pans for baking.
(This worker is so called because he performs his work by
hand at a bench or table.)
Bench hand’s or hand Supplies bench hands or hand bakers with empty bread
pans; racks the dough-filled pans and shoves them into
baker’s helper..........
steam-proofing room.
Blender..
Tends power-driven blending machine which mixes or
blends different kinds of flour to secure the required
mixture. The blender opens the bags and dumps the
flour into the machine, or operates a slide which releases
the flour from the storage bins on the floor above allowing
it to pass through a chute into the machine. May be
assisted by helpers. Bread made from the blend or mix­
ture of two or more kinds of flour (each of which makes
good bread) is usually more desirable than bread made
from any one of the grades.
Assists the blender by placing bags of flour conveniently
Blender’s helper..
near for use and helps dump them into the hopper of the
machine.
Box maker or repairer. Makes and repairs crates and boxes in which bread is
packed and shipped.
Box repairer___
(See Box maker or repairer)..............................................—
Dumps bread from oven pans as they come out of oven,
Bread dumper.
places empty pans on belt conveyor for return to cleaning
room, and frequently places the bread on racks for cool­
ing before being wrapped.
Bread dumper’s help­ Places baked loaves of bread on the cooling rack, and, after
they are cooled, pushes the rack into the wrapping room.
er.
Bread dumper and (See Bread dumper)...............................................................
racker.
Bread icer................... (See Icer, rolls)......................... ............................................
Bread packer.............. (See Packer)......................................................................... .
Bread packer’s helper. (See Packer’s helper).................................................- .........
Bread racker............... Places the baked bread, after it has been dumped out of the
pans, on racks or a slow-moving conveyor for cooling.
After it is sufficiently cooled, shoves rack to the wrapping
room.
Bread slicer, automat­ Feeds loaves of bread into the machine, watches its opera-*
tion and straightens loaves that are not going through
ic.
properly. Each loaf is automatically sliced, wrapped,
and sealed as it passes through the machine.
Apprentice..




Apprentices.
Other employees.
Helpers.

Other employees.
Do.
Do.

Helpers.
Do.
Do.
Bench hands or hand
bakers.

Helpers.
Other employees.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Helpers.

Do.
Do.
Other employees.
Packers.
Helpers.
Do.

Wrappers.

95

96

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS
BREAD DEPARTM ENT—Continued

Bread slicer, hand___
Cabinet man...............
Cabinet man’s helper.
Cabinet proofer.
C arm an..............

Carpenter..
C hecker....
Cleaner, floors.—.
Cleaner, pans—
Collector (route) _
C onveyor m an...........
Conveyor man's help­
er.
Cooling-machine op­
erator.

Feeds loaf of bread into a machine which is operated by
hand. Another employee wraps and seals each sliced
loaf by hand as it comes from the machine.
Picks up pieces of dough as they fall from the rourding
machine to a table or stand, and places them in the crawers of the proofing cabinet.
Assists cabinet man in opening and closing drawers, load­
ing the dough on movable racks, and pushing the racks
over to the molder.
(See Cabinet man)......................... ......................................
Unloads cars or trucks of bakery stock, such as flour, sagar,
salt, milk, lard, and other bread or cake ingredients, and
stores them in warehouse under direction of receiving
clerk.
Repairs and makes changes in woodwork structure of
bakery; also constructs and repairs shipping boxes.
Checks the record showing kind and quantity of bnkery
products that are taken out by the driver-salesme n for
delivery to customers on their routes.
(See Laborer)....................... ...............................................
(See Pan cleaner; also Machine pan cleaner and washer)___
Visits the customers and collects for the sales of bakery
products that are delivered by the driver-salesmen who
make no collections.
CSee Belt man)............................................................ ..........
(See Belt man’s helper).........................................................

Other employees.
D o.
Helpers.
Other employees*
D o.

D o.
D o.
Laborers.
Helpers.
Other employees.
D o.
Helpers.

Places loaves of bread in automatic cooling machine, 'ehich Other employees.
is a long open machine fitted with slowly moving con­
veyors on which the bread passes backward and forward
several times for cooling before it is finally conves ed to
the room for wrapping and packing.
Crate maker........ ....... (See Box maker or repairer)..................................................
D o.
Crate repairer............. .......do.....................................................................................
D o.
Cut-off dough m an .... (See Dough cut-off man)....................................................... Helpers.
Divider’s and mold- (See Divider’s or scaler’s and rounder’s helper)...................
er’s helper.
D ivider or scaler and
rounder.

Sets dividing or scaling machine for desired weight of loaf of
bread; turns on and off power that operates machine and
occasionally weighs scaled pieces of dough to ascertain
whether machine is working correctly. In modern
bakeries the divider or scaler also tends the rounding
machine. Pieces of dough are automatically dropped
from divider onto a conveyor which carries them to the
rounding machine where they are rolled and rounded;
they then drop from the rounding machine into backets
or cups of a conveyor, or sometimes on a belt conveyor,
and carried through a suspended overhead proofer.
Proofing is the bakery term for the raising process
Divider’s or scaler’s Assists the divider or scaler and rounder m any capacity
required around machines, such as cleaning and keeping
and
rou n d er’ s
them in perfect operating condition.
helper.
Cuts dough in troughs in the mixing room, into convenient­
Dough cut-off man__
sized pieces and dumps these pieces into the chute leading
to the machine or make-up room.
(See Dough puncher)...........................................................
Dough kneader.
Puts the molded dough into bread pans, and places the
Dough panner..
dough-filled pans on racks.
Punches down and kneads dough in the dough troughs
Dough puncher
before it is dumped down the chute leading to tie ma­
chine or make-up room.
Picks up pieces of dough from the conveyor leading to the
D ough twister..
molding machine and twists them by hand to desired de­
sign and then places them in oven pans for baking. The
bread is called “ twist bread.”
Drawplate oven m an. (See Oven man).....................................................................
Pushes
racks of panned dough from proofing room to the
Drawplate oven man’s
oven; takes pans of baked bread from the oven man and
helper.
dumps bread onto a slowly moving conveyor or places it
on racks for cooling; and places empty pans on racks or
conveyor for return to cleaners.
Travels over a specified route or territory delivering orders,
Driver-salesman _
collecting for sales, and soliciting new business. Jn a few
bakeries the work of the driver is delivering only, and
another employee collects for the sales.
Travels over route with driver-salesman; assists him in
D river-salesm an’ s
loading his truck and delivering bakery goods to cus­
helper.
tomers.
(See Dumper, traveling oven; also Bread dumper)_______
Dumper, bread.
(See Roll dumper)--------- . . . ___________________________
Dumper, ro lls ...




Dividers or scalers
and rounders.

Helpers.
D o.
D o.
D o.
D o.
Other employees.

Oven men.
Helpers.

Driver-salesmen.

Other employees.
Helpers.

97

APPENDIX---- TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Dumper, t r a v e lin g
oven.
Dumper’s helper..
Electrician............
Elevator man.
Engineer, machinery
repair.
Engineer, temperature.
Feeder, traveling oven.
Fireman, oven............
Flour blender..............
Flour blender’s helper.
Flour dumper_____
Flour sifter..

Foreman, assistant..
Foreman (working)..

Gas man.

Stands at back of traveling oven, dumps bread from the Helpers.
pans onto conveyor belt which carries it to cooling racks,
and places empty pans on another conveyor which
returns them to cleaning room.
(See Bread dumper’s helper)......................... .....................
Do.
Installs and repairs electric apparatus and maintains wir­ Other employees.
ing system for lights and electric motor-power machin­
ery throughout the bakery.
Operates elevator used to hoist bakery stock, such as flour,
Do.
sugar, etc., and other freight, from unloading dock to
stock-room department.
Repairs and maintains plant bakery equipment other than
Do.
electric motor-power machinery.
(See Temperature engineer)................................. ...............
Do.
(See Traveling oven man’s helper) .............. ....................... Helpers.
(See Oven fireman)................................................. .............. Other employees.
(See Blender)........................................ ........................ .......
Do.
(See Blender’s helper)..........................................................
Do.
Opens sacks of flour and dumps them directly into the
Do.
blending machine or into bins just above it, from which
the blender draws the flour into the blending machine.
Do.
Operates power-driven sifting machine, usually in connec­
tion with the blending machine from which the blended
flour is conveyed by an automatic lift. The sifting is
done to remove pieces of cord or string, lint, splinters,
or any other foreign substance from the flour which,
after being sifted, is carried by automatic machinery to
storage bins usually located directly above the mixing
room.
(See Assistant foreman, working).........................................
Do.
A workman in a supervisory capacity, who performs actual
Do.
roductive work; frequently, with the assistance of a
elper, does the work of a journeyman at any one of the
several bakery machines.
Fills oil and fuel receptacles of the bread delivery trucks
Do.
with oil and gasoline before each trip is made by driver-

General a l l - r o u n d
helper.

E

Is a helper who has no specific duties, but assists at any
one of the machines or in any other position in the plant
where his services are required.
General bakery helper. (See General all-round helper).................. ......................... .
General helper............ ----- do................................................................................... .
G en era l m ach in e (See Machine hand’s helper)................................................
helper.
Greaser....................... (See Pan greaser; also Machine pan cleaner and greaser).
Hand baker............... . (See Bench hand or hand baker)............................. .........

Helpers.
Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Bench hands or hand
bakers.
Hand baker’s helper... (See Bench hand’s or hand baker’s helper)........................ . Helpers.
Helpers............ .......... This group includes those who assist the mixers, place
empty oven pans conveniently for use by the bench
hands or machine molders, set pans filled with dough on
racks, shove the racks into the steam-proofing room and
from there to ovens; assist oven men in loading and un­
loading dough or bread on and off peel, place pans of
dough on traveling oven conveyer at the “ feed end” of
oven under supervision of traveling-oven man, or catch
pans of bread as they come from ‘ ‘ delivery ” end of oven,
dump bread from pans; and do other work of a similar
character about the bakery.
(See Icer, rolls)................................. .................................... Other employees.
leer, bread.
Tends icing machine which deposits a thin layer of icing
Icer, rolls__
Do.
on the rolls as they pass on a conveyer under the aper­
tures of the machine. This work is also often done by
hand, the icing being spread on with a broad-bladed
knife.
Icing maker..
Feeds sugar, eggs, and other ingredients in proper order
Do.
and quantity into a power-driven mixing machine, which
beats the materials into a preparation known as icing,
which is used on bread or rolls.
Icing maker’s helper— Places ingredients used in the preparation of icings con­ Helpers.
veniently at hand for the icing maker, and takes the
prepared icings to the bread icer.
(See Laborer)............................................. ........................... Laborers.
Janitor................
Kneader, dough..
(See Dough puncher)........ .................................................... Helpers.
Labeler...............
Places union labels on loaves of bread in union shops, and Other employees.
in other shops, attaches a trade-mark seal on loaves of
wrapped bread to secure the wrapping at a point where
edges of the oiled paper are brought together.
Laborer............
Performs unskilled work, such as cleaning and sweeping Laborers.
floors, unloading supplies, and other general commonlabor jobs around the plant.
(See Truck loader)................................................................. Other employees.
Loader, trucks..




98

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS
BREAD DEPARTM ENT—Continued

Uses cotton waste to clean and oil machine equipment and
keep it in running condition; may also supply oil and
grease cups of machinery with lubricants.
A
helper not assigned to a specific machine, but who assists
Machine hand’s helper.
at any of the machines where his services are required.
(See
Mixer)............................................................................
Machine mixer-----Machine molder.......... (See Molder).............................................................. ...........
(See
Molder’s
helper)...........................................................
M achine molder’ s
helper.
Machine pan cleaner Tends a machine which in one operation scrapes the dried
crusts which form in the bread pans during process of
and greaser.
baking and greases the pans. This machine, ltt.e the
machine pan cleaner and washer, is equipped with re­
volving brushes shaped to the size of pans used in the
bakery.
Machine pan cleaner Tends a machine equipped with fast revolving brashes,
formed to fit the bread pans, which in one operation cleans
and washer.
out the crust and washes the pans.
Machinist................... Sets up and adjusts the bakery machinery which is operated
by the machine men. Also repairs machinery and other
operating equipment.
Assists the machinist in the installation and adjustment of
Machinist’s helper—
machinery, working under his supervision.
M achinist foreman Supervises work done by machinists and mechanics, and
also performs considerable of the machinery installation
(working).
and repair work.
Mechanic.................... (See Machinist)...................................................................
Mechanic’s helper...... (See Machinist’s helper).......................................................
Mechanic fo r e m a n (See Machinist foreman, working)....... ...................... .........
(working).
Mill operator— .......... (See Blender).........................................................................
Mixer......................... . Weighs or measures, according to formula, flour, water,
salt, milk, sugar, lard, malt, yeast, and other ingredients
that form a batch of dough, dumps them into the mixing
machine, closes it, turns on and off the power that oper­
ates the mixer, and after the batch is mixed opens the
machine and dumps the dough into a trough. In baker­
ies in which there are no mixer helpers or apprentices
employed, the mixer also punches down and kneads the
dough, and dumps the dough into the chutes leading to
the make-up or machine room.
(See Mixer’s helper).................. ................................ ...........
Mixer’s assistant..
Assists the mixer in dumping the dough from the mixing
Mixer's helper___
machine into the troughs; punches and kneads the dough
in the troughs and dumps it into the chute leading to
machine or make-up room.
Mixing machine oper­ (See Mixer)............................................................................
ator.
Mixing machine oper­ (See Mixer’s helper)..............................................................
ator’s helper.
Molder_____________ Tends molding machine which is used to give pieces of
dough the desired shape for loaves of bread, also watches
the pieces of dough as they fall from the automatic proofer
into the molding machine, and as they drop from the
molding machine into baking pans, and properly places
those pieces which do not fall into correct position in the
pans. In bakeries not equipped with automatic proofers,
or with conveyors that carry the pieces of dough from the
rounding machine to the molding machine, the molder
feeds, by hand, pieces of dough into the molding machine
and after molding picks them up and places them in bak­
ing pans.
Places empty bread pans conveniently at hand for the
Molder’s helper.
molders, and the dough-filled pans on racks, ther shoves
the loaded racks into the steam-proofing room.
Oils motors, conveyors, and other bakery-plant mac hinery,
Oiler...................
by keeping grease cups and oil sockets on shafting, pul­
leys, etc., of machinery filled with lubricants.
Takes orders from customers by telephone; makes up the
Order clerk..........
orders, and wraps and packs them for delivery.
This group includes all occupations in the industry other
Other employees.
than the selected ones. Each occupation had too few
workers in number to warrant separate tabulation, and
is defined and arranged alphabetically in this glossary.
(See Dumper, traveling oven)....... ......................................
Oven dumper.
Works under supervision of the traveling-oven man, places
Oven feeder...
pans of dough on the apron or conveyor of traveling oven
which carries them slowly through the oven.
Oven feeder’s helper... Pushes racks of dough-filled pans to the oven an 1 places
them conveniently for the oven feeder.
Oven feeder, traveling (See Oven feeder)................................................................. .
oven.

Machine cleaner.........




Other employees.
Helpers.
Mixers.
Molders.
Helpers.
Other employees.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Mixers.

Helpers.

Mixers.
Helpers.
Molders.

Helpers.
Other employees.
Do.
Do.

Helpers.

Do.
Da

99

APPENDIX---- TEEMS AND DEFINITIONS
BREAD DEPARTM ENT—Continued

Bakery term
Oven fireman..

Oven man.

Oven man’s helper___
Oven man, drawplate.
Oven man, peel_____
Oven man, traveling..
Packer.........................
Packer’s helper..
Packer boy........
Packing-box maker...
Packing-box repairer.
Painter____________
Pan catcher.
Pan cleaner.
Pan greaser..

Pan racker..................
Pan setter...................
Pan washer.................
Peel-oven man...........
Peel-oven man’s helper

Pipe fitter..................
Plant repairer______
Proofer, cabinet____
Proofer, steam room.
Proofer’s helper____
Puncher, dough........
Racker, bread...........
Racker, pans.............
Raisin cleaner...........




Definition
Starts and maintains fires under ovens. If ovens are equip­
ped with oil or gas burners, his duties are to keep the burn­
ers clean and free of any obstruction to the flow of gas or
oil. Where coal or coke is used as a fuel he sho\ els it into
the furnaces.
Oven men are divided into 3 groups: (1) “ Drawplate-oven
men,” who work at drawplate ovens, pull out the baking
plate, load it with pans of dough, shove the loaded plate
into the oven and, after the bread has been baked, pull
the plate out of the oven and remove the baked loaves.
(2) “Peel-oven men,” who use a thin spadelike imple­
ment with a long handle known as a peel; a pan of dough
is placed on the spade end of the peel by the helper; the
oven man shoves the end of the peel with the pan into the
oven and pulls the peel from under the pan, leaving pan
in the oven, and when the bread is baked, shoves the peel
under the pan and pulls it out of the oven. (3) **Traveling-oven men,” so called because of operation of oven,
who work at a conveyor or traveling oven where the pans
of dough are carried by mechanical conveyors into an
oven where they are baked as they pass slowly through
it; the oven men regulate temperature of the ovens and
speed of the conveyors, and are assisted by helpers who
place pans of dough on the conveyor at front of oven and
remove the pans of baked bread as they come from the
back of the oven.
(See Bread dumper, Bread racker, Oven feeder, and
Dumper, traveling oven; also Peel-oven man’s helper and
Traveling-oven man’s helper.)
(See Oven man).................. .................................................
.do.
-do..
Makes up orders of bakery products for driver-salesmen, or
for shipment from the bakery, and places them on racks
or in baskets or shipping boxes.
Supplies packers with baskets or shipping boxes, and after
they are filled, trucks them to the delivery truck loader
or shipping room.
Performs light work such as running errands about the
packing department and placing empty cartons,'
etc., conveniently for packers.
(See Box maker or repairer)......... .........................
.do.
Uses a hand brush or spray gun to paint woodwork and
equipment about the bakery.
Removes empty bread pans from the conveyor as they are
returned from bread dumpers, and racks them for deliv­
ery to the pan cleaners and greasers.
Uses a scraper to remove dried crusts which form in the
oven pans during process of baking. (See also Machine
pan cleaner and washer.)
Uses a composition specially prepared to grease bread pans
to prevent dough from sticking during the process of
baking; places pans on racks which he shoves over to the
molder or places them on a conveyor for delivery to the
molder. (See also Machine pan cleaner and greaser.)
(See Molder’s helper)............................................................
(See Pan catcher)..................................................................
Uses a wet cloth to wash by hand the bread pans..............
(See Oven m an).................................................................
Shoves racks of dough-filled pans from steam-proofing
room to the ovens; removes the pans from the racks and
places them on the peel for the oven man. When the
baked bread is pulled out of the o\en by the oven man,
dumps bread from the pans onto a table to be racked for
cooling or onto a slowly moving conveyor leading to the
wrapping room.
(See Steam fitter)..................................................................
(See Machinist, Steam fitter, Carpenter, etc.)............ .......
(See Cabinet man)............ ...................................................
(See Steam-room proofer)......................................................
(See Steam-room proofer’s helper)........................................
(See Dough puncher).......................... - ................................
(See Bread racker).............. ...................................... ...........
(See Molder’s helper)..................................... ......................
Washes and sorts by hand the raisins used for bread dou^h,
and picks out imperfect ones, stems, or other foreign
substance.

Classified by bureau
under—
Other employees.

Oven men.

Helpers.
Oven men.
Do.
Do.
Packers.
Helpers.
Other employees.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Helpers.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Oven men.
Helpers.

Other employees.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Heljgrs.
Do!
Do.
Other employees.

100

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS
BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Bakery term

Receiving clerk.

Relief-machine hand_.
Relief-machine hand’s
helper.
Relief man..................
Repairer, boxes...........
Repairer, crates..........
Repairer, general.........
Roll dumper...............
Roll maker.

Rolls icer.
Rounder.

Rounder’s helper.
Route boss..........
Rye-bread baker.........
Rye-bread
baker’s
helper.
Salesman.....................
Salesman’s helper-----Scaler..........................
Scaler’s helper.............
Shift foreman (work­
ing).
Shipping clerk...........-

Sifter, flour..................
Slicer, automatic.........
Slicer, hand............... .
Special-delivery driver

Stale-bread man.
Stale-bread
man’s
helper.
Steam fitter.................
Steam-room proofer.. .
Steam-room proofer’s
helper.
Stock clerk..................

Stock clerk’s helper...
Straw boss...................
Supply man.
Sweeper.......




Definition

Receives incoming bakery stock, such as flour, sugar, salt,
milk, lard, and other bread and cake ingredients; chocks
invoices, issues stock and keeps a record of the different
materials in stock. In bakeries where there is no com­
mon labor employed, dumps flour into the hopper or
chute leading to the blending machine, cleans empty
sacks, and sweeps and cleans storeroom.
A skilled operator who substitutes for a regular hand at
any of the bread or cake making machines.
(See Mixer’s helper, Divider’s or scaler’s and rounder’s
helper, and Molder’s helper.)
(See Relief-machine hand)....................................................
(See Box maker or repairer)..................................................
____do...................................................................................
(See Carpenter, Machinist, and Steam fitter)_____ ______
Turns pans bottom side up to dump baked rolls from the
pans as they are removed by oven men or as they auto­
matically come out of the back of traveling oven.
Performs all work from the preparation of dough tc the
baking of rolls. This worker is found only in bakeries
which specialize in the production of rolls, and where
there is no division of the work.
(See Icer, rolls)............ ............ ................................... .........
Picks up pieces of dough as they fall from the dividing or
scaling machine to a stand or table and drops them onto
rounding machine to be rolled or rounded. Rounders
are not found in bakeries which use conveyors to carry
pieces of dough from dividing or scaling machines to
rounding machine.
(See Divider’s or scaler’s and rounder’s helper)....... ..........
Lays out routes or territory of the driver-salesmen, goes
over the various routes to see that customers are being
properly served, and changes routes as necessity arises.
(See Bench hand or hand baker)........................................ .

Classified by bureau

Under-

Receiving clerks.

Other employees.
Helpers.
Other employees.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Helpers.
Other employees.

Do.
Dividers or scalers
and rounders.

Helpers.
Other employees.
Bench hands or hand
bakers.

(See Bench hand’s or hand baker’s helper).......................... Helpers.

(See Driver-salesman)..... ...................................................... Driver-salesmen.
(See Driver-salesman’s helper)............................................. Other employees.
(See Divider or scaler and rounder...................................... Dividers or scalers
(See Divider’s or scaler’s and rounder’s helper)........ ..........
Supervises duties of workmen on his respective shift, where
there is a day and night force, and regularly performs
actual productive work.
Makes up orders, packs product in cases, bills shipments
to out-of-town customers, supervises tagging and load­
ing of same, and maintains records pertaining to these
shipments.
(See Flour sifter).................... ...............................................
(See Bread slicer, automatic)................................................
(See Bread slicer, hand)................. .......................... ..........
Delivers special orders that come to the bakery after regu­
lar driver-salesmen have started on their routes. Also
delivers bakery goods to driver-salesmen while ob their
routes, so that they will not have to return to the bakery
for reloading.
Receives from driver-salesmen bread that has not been
sold; checks it against the stock taken out and cred: ts the
driver-salesmen with amount of returned stock.
Handles stale bread in the stale-bread room by placing it
in proper place for future disposition.
Cuts, fits, and joins steam pipes in connection with manu­
facturing equipment and building maintenance.
Regulates temperature of steam-proofing room or box and
determines when the raised dough is ready to be delivered
to the baking ovens.
Assists the steam-box or steam-room proofer in properly
placing dough racks in the steam room, and shoves loaded
racks in and out of the steam room.
Works under supervision of the receiving clerk, trucks
stock into the storage room or warehouse, places ic in its
proper place, issues materials on order, and performs
other work of a like character.
Assists stock clerk in unloading incoming stock;; from
trucks and cars and in handling materials in stock room.
Works with porters supervising as well as performiag reg­
ular duties with them in sweeping and otherwise keep­
ing the plant in a clean condition.
(See Stock clerk).................... ..............................................
(See Laborer).........................................................................

and rounders.
Helpers.
Other employees.
Packers.

Other employees.
Wrappers.
Other employees.
Do.

Do.
Helpers.
Other employees.
Do.
Helpers.
Other employees.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Laborers.

101

APPENDIX---- TEEMS AND DEFINITIONS
BREAD DEPARTM EN T—Continued

Take-off, conveyor___ Removes loaves of bread from conveyors in the wrapping
room, the bread having been cooled on its journey from
the ovens.
Temperature engineer. Regulates temperature of the different departments by
keeping it at a uniform degree in accordance with the
requirements of each.
TinsmithUses hand tools to repair bread and cake oven pans...........
Feeds slices of bread to the toasting machine and after they
Toaster--are properly toasted, removes them from the machine
and wraps them in oiled or waxed paper.
T r a v e l i n g - o v e n (See Traveling-oven man’s helper).................................. —
dumper.
Traveling-oven feeder. ___ do........................................................... .........................
Traveling-oven man— (See Oven man).....................................................................
Traveling-oven man’s Shoves racks of dough-filled pans from proofing room to
oven, conveniently for the oven men and assists in load­
helper.
ing the pans of dough onto the oven conveyor; removes
pans of baked bread at the back of the oven and dumps
the bread out of the pans onto cooling conveyor, then
places pans on another conveyor for return to cleaners.
Tray man.................... In bakeries where oven bread pans are placed on trays for
baking, helpers place the filled pans of dough on trays for
the oven man.
Truck loader............... Assists driver-salesmen in loading their trucks with bakery
products for delivery to customers.
Utility man............... Is a workman without any specific job, performing various
kinds of work throughout the bakery.
Vienna bread baker— (See Bench hand or hand baker).........................................
Vienna bread baker’s
helper.
Warehouseman......... .

Washer, pans..............
Working foreman___
Wrapper, automatic..

Wrapper, hand__
Wrapper’s helper..
W rapper
(worl ’

forem an

(See Bench hand’s or hand baker’s helper).........................

Helpers.
Other employees.
Do.
Do.
Helpers.
Do.
Oven men.
Helpers.

Do.
Other employees.
Do.
Bench hands or hand
bakers.
Helpers.

Has charge of store room; places and stores raw materials Other employees.
such as flour, sugar, sirup, etc., in the storage room or
warehouse; maintains records of stock received, quanti­
ties delivered to workmen, and stock on hand.
(See Pan washer).................................................................. Helpers.
(See Foreman, working)......................... ............................ Other employees.
Feeds loaves of bread into the machine, watches its opera­ Wrappers.
tion, and straightens loaves that are not going through
properly. Each loaf is automatically wrapped and
sealed as it passes through the machine. Some machines
are also equipped with an automatic slicing device. (See
also Bread slicer, automatic.)
Places each loaf of bread on a sheet of paper of specific size, Other employees.
and wraps and seals it by hand.
Removes loaves of wrapped bread from the back of wrap­ Helpers.
ping machine, and places them on trucks which are
pushed to packing room.
Supervises work of wrappers and performs some actual Other employees.
productive work in connection with operation of the
wrapping machine.
CAKE DEPARTM ENT

Assistant foreman
(working).
Batter depositor.........

Batter mixer..
Batter scaler.
Batter scaler’s helper..
Bun panner.................

A workman in a supervisory capacity, who also performs
actual productive work.
This machine is operated by 2 men; 1 places the empty
pans under the batter-depositing device, and the other
regulates the quantity of batter to be poured into the
cake pans and removes the filled pans and places them
on racks.
(See Cake maker)..................................................................
Weighs or scales occasionally the filled cake pans, as batter
is dropped into them from depositor or scaling machine,
to determine whether the machine is working correctly.
Supplies the batter scaler with empty cake pans and places
the filled pans on a rack and pushes it over to the oven.
Places rounded and molded pieces of bun dough, as they
come from the molding machine, in cake pans for baking.
(See Dumper)............................ ................. ........................
(See Finisher, hand).............................................................
(See Finisher, machine)................................. ........... ...........
(See Finisher’s helper)..........................................................
(See Cake maker)_____________ _______________________
(See Cake maker’s helper)_____ _______________________

Cake dumper.............
Cake icer, hand..........
Cake icer, machine....
Cake icer’s helper.......
Cake-ingredient mixer.
Cake-ingredient mix­
er’s helper.
Cake-ingredient scaler. (See Ingredient scaler)...................................................




Other employees.
Cake makers.

Do.
Do.
Helpers.
Do.
Do.
Finishers.
Do.
Helpers.
Cake makers.
Helpers.

Other employees.

102

W AGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS
CAKE DEPARTM E N T-C ontinued

Cake maker..

Measures or weighs according to formula the essential mate­
rials used in the preparation of cake, such as flour, sugar,
eggs, milk, etc., when this work is not done by the in­
gredient scaler, and feeds them in the proper order and
quantities into a power-driven mixing machine. The
mixture of these materials is called batter, which when
thoroughly mixed, is transferred to the depositor or scal­
ing machine.
Cake maker’s helper... Supplies the cake maker with cake ingredients and empty
cake pans, and after the pans are filled with batter p laces
them on racks and shoves them over to the oven.
Cake mixer................. (See Cake maker)..................................................................
Cake-oven man.......... (See Oven man)........................................................... .........
Cake-oven
man’s (See Oven man’s helper)............................................. .........
helper.
Cake packer................ (See Wrapper and packer).......................................... ..........

Cake makers.

Helpers.
Cake makers.
Oven men.
Helpers.

Wrappers and pack­
ers.
(See Pan cleaner)_............... ..................................... ......... Helpers.
(See Pan greaser)...................................................................
Do.
(See Pan liner)............................................................. .........
Do.
(See Pan washer).......................... .......................................
Do.
(See Peeler)...................... ........................................... .........
Do.
(See Wrapper and packer).._______ ____ _____ __________ Wrappers and pack­
ers.
(See Laborer).................................. ............ ........................ Laborers.
(See Pan cleaner)..................... ............................ ............... Helpers.
(See Cake maker)........................................... .................... . Cake makers.
(See Cake maker’s helper)............................ ......... ........... . Helpers.
(See Doughnut-machine operator).......... ............................. Cake makers.
(See Doughnut-machine operator’s helper).......................... Helpers.
(See Batter depositor)............................................................ Cake makers.
Feeds sweetened dough into hopper of automatic machine
Do.
which stamps out the doughnuts, drops them into molten
fat to fry, and then dumps them into a basket to cool and
drain before wrapping and packing.
Doughnut - machine Removes doughnuts from basket into which they have Helpers.
been dumped from out of the machine and delivers them
operator’s helper.
to the wrappers and packers.
Driver-salesman_____ Travels over a specified route or territory delivering orders Driver-salesmen.
of bakery products, collects for sales, and solicits new
business.
D r iv e r-sa le sm a n ’ s Travels, over routes with driver-salesman; assists him in Other employees.
loading his truck and delivering bakery goods to th) cus­
helper.
tomers.
Dumps cakes from oven pans after cooling, onto a conveyor Helpers.
Dumper...........
or table around which the wrappers and packers or
finishers perform their work.
Breaks eggs by hand into a machine which beats and pre­ Other employees.
Egg breaker___
pares them for use in cake batter or icing for finishing
cakes.
Installs and repairs electric apparatus and maintain? wiring
Electrician.......
Do.
system for lights and electric motor-power machinery
throughout the bakery.
Uses a flat broad-bladed knife by hand to put the icing Finishers.
Finisher, hand.
smoothly and quickly on each cake. The filling is like­
wise spread over the several cake layers during the build­
ing up of layer cake.
Tends an icing-spreading machine which deposits u thin
Finisher, machine..
Do.
layer of icing on cakes as they pass on a conveyor under
apertures of the machine, and likewise may spread filling
over the several cake layers for building up a layer cake.
Takes the icing from the mixing or beating machines to the Helpers.
Finisher’s helper.
finisher, and places the finished cakes on racks or convey­
ors for delivery to wrappers and packers.
(See Oven fireman)................................................................ Other employees.
Fireman, ovens.
Opens sacks of flour and dumps them into the hopper of a
Flour sifter........
Do.
ower-driven sifting machine, and tends the machine to
lsure its proper operation. The sifting is done to remove
pieces of cord, string, lint, splinters, and any other for­
eign substance from the flour. In some bakeries the flour
is blended before being sifted.
Foreman, working----- A workman in a supervisory capacity who performs ictual
Do.
roductive work; frequently, with the assistance of a
elper, does the work of a journeyman at any one of the
several bakery machines
Fried-cake maker____ (See Doughnut-machine operator)....................................... Cake makers.
Fried-cake
maker’s (See Doughnut-machine operator’s helper)......................... Helpers.
helper.
General cake maker’s A helper, without a specific job, who performs such v; ork as
Do.
washing, cleaning, and racking pans and placing the
helper.
racks conveniently at hand for the cake makers an<I oven
men.
(See Pan greaser)...................................................................
Greaser.
Do.
Cake-pan cleaner........
Cake-pan greaser........
Cake-pan liner............
Cake-pan washer........
Cake peeler...........—
Cake wrapper and
packer.
Cleaner, floors.............
Cleaner, pans..............
Cookie maker.............
Cookie maker’s helper.
Cruller maker_______
Cruller maker’s helper.
Depositor, batter........
D oughnut-m achine
operator.




E

E

103

APPENDIX---- TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
CAKE D E PARTM EN T—Continued.

(See Sugar grinder)......................................... ......................
A workman in a supervisory position who also is employed
in actual productive work. In small bakeries he per­
forms the work of a cake maker.
Helper.................
Cleans and greases pans and makes them ready for the cake
maker to pour in the batter; also places filled pans on
racks and shoves the racks to the oven ana places
them conveniently at hand for the oven men.
Icer, cakes...........
(See Finisher, hand, and Finisher, machine)........................
leer’s helper____
(See Finisher’s helper) _ ........................................................
Icing beater.........
(See Icing maker).................................................................Icing maker.........
Feeds sugar, eggs, and other ingredients in proper order and
quantity into a power-driven mixing machine, which
beats the materials into a preparation known as icing,
used on cakes by finishers. This work is done in accord­
ance with a specific formula.
Icing maker’s helper.. Places ingredients used in the preparation of icings con­
veniently at hand for the icing maker and takes prepared
icings to the finishing room.
Icing mixer...............
(See Icing maker''..................................................................
Icing mixer’s helper.
(See Icing maker’s helper).....................................................
Ingredient scaler----Weighs or measures, according to formula, ingredients as
eggs, flour, sugar, milk, etc., used in making batches of
cake batter or icing for cakes.
Ingredient scaler’ s Assists ingredient scaler by placing conveniently at hand
helper.
the several component parts which are to be weighed or
measured for the mixture.
Laborer....................... Performs unskilled work, such as cleaning and sweeping
floors, unloading supplies, and other general commonlabor jobs around the plant.
Liner, pans................. (See Pan liner).......................................................................
Machinist.................. . Sets up and adjusts the bakery machinery which is oper­
ated by the machine men. Also repairs machinery and
other operating equipment.
Machinist’s helper
Assists machinist in the installation and adjustment of
machinery, working under his supervision.
Mixer, batter____
(See Cake maker)..................................................................
Mixer, icing..........
(See Icing maker)..................................................................
Other employees
This group includes all occupations in the industry other
than the selected ones. Each occupation had too few
workers in number to warrant separate tabulation and is
defined and arranged alphabetically in this glossary.
Oven fireman.......
Starts and maintains fires under ovens. If ovens are equip­
ped with oil or gas burners, his duties are to keep the
burners clean and free of any obstruction to the flow of
gas or oil. Where coal or coke is used as a fuel, he shovels
it into the furnaces.
Oven man.
Places pans of cake batter in the oven with a shorthanded
peel, and when the cakes are baked, pulls the pans from
the oven and places them on racks to cool. Modem
bakeries are equipped with rotary ovens. This type of
oven instead of having an endless traveling belt or brick
hearth has a device which rotates like a merry-go-round.
The oven man stands in front of the oven and places pans
filled with batter by hand on the revolving disc and re­
moves the pans when the cake is baked.
Oven man's helper.... Places racks of batter-filled pans conveniently for oven man
and pushes racks of baked cakes to wrappers and packers.
Packer_____________ (See Wrapper and packer)....................................................
Grinder, sugar__
Head cake maker.

Pan cleaner.................

Pan greaser.................
Pan liner.....................
Pan paperer................
Pan scraper............... .
Pan washer.................
Paper peeler.............. .
Pastry maker............ .
Pastry maker’s helper.
Pastry mixer...............
Pastry mixer’s helper.
Peeler..........................
Pipefitter..................




Scrapes and cleans pans to remove cake crusts that formed
during the process of baking, turns them bottom up to
permit the loosened crusts to fall out, thus making them
ready for greasing.
Greases by hand with a mop of cloth dipped in a specially
prepared composition to the bottom and rim of the pans
to prevent the baked cake from sticking.
Places in the bottom and around the rim of each pan a layer
of thin waxed paper, making them ready for cake batter
which is poured in by the cake maker or depositor.
(See Pan liner).......................................................................
(See Pan cleaner)...................................................................
Uses a wet cloth to wash and thoroughly cleanse cake pans.
(See Peeler)............................................................................
(See Cake maker)..................................................................
(See Cake maker’s helper).................... ........................... . . .
(See Cake maker)................................... ............................
(See Cake maker’s helper).....................................................
Removes by hand the paper pan lining which adhered to
cake while baking, after cake has been dunfped from
oven pans.
(See Steam fitter)....................................................................

Other employees.
Do.
Helpers.

Finishers.
Helpers.
Other employees.
Do.

Helpers.
Other employees.
Helpers.
Other employees.
Helpers.
Laborers.
Helpers.
Other employees.
Do.
Cake makers.
Other employees.
Do.

Do.

Oven men.

Helpers.
Wrappers and pack­
ers.
Helpers.

Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Cake makers.
Helpers.
Cake makers.
Helpers.

Other employees.

104

WAGES AND HOURS— BREAD AND CAKE DEPARTMENTS
CAKE DEPARTM EN T—Continued.

Raisin cleaner—
Receiving clerk _

Scaler, batter............
Scaler, ingredients__
Scaler’s helper_____
Scraper, pans______
Shipping clerk.........

Sifter, flour...............
Steam fitter..............
Stock clerk...............

Sugar grinder----Sirup man................
Washer, pans...........
Wax paper liner.......
W orking foreman—
Wrapper and packer.




Washes and sorts by hand the raisins used for cake batter
and picks out imperfect ones, stems, or other foreign sub­
stance.
Receives incoming bakery stock, such as flour, sugar, ssJt,
eggs, milk, lard, and other cake ingredients; checks in­
voices, issues stock, and keeps a record of the different
materials in stock; in bakeries where no common labor
is employed in stock room, handles incoming and out­
going sacks of flour and other ingredients.
(See Batter scaler)................................................................ .
(See Ingredient scaler)......................................................... .
(See Ingredient scaler’s helper)..................... ......... ............
(See Pan cleaner)................ ................................................ .
Makes up orders, packs product in cases, bills shipments to
out-of-town customers, supervises tagging and loading of
same, and maintains records pertaining to these ship­
ments.
(See Flour sifter)...................................................... ..........
Cuts, fits, and joins steam pipes in connection with manu­
facturing equipment and building maintenance.
Works under supervision of receiving clerk, trucks stock
into the storage room or warehouse, places it in its
proper place, issues materials on order, and performs
other work of a like character.
Feeds and tends a machine which grinds sugar into a pul­
verized state.
Looks after the storing of sirup and draws off the quantity
and kind desired by the ingredient scaler or the cake
maker.
(See Pan washer)................................................................. .
(See Pan liner).......................................................................
(See Foreman, working)...................................................... .
Takes one cake at a time and wraps it in waxed paper,
places the label on the package, and places several wrap­
ped cakes in a box, stamps the name of the cake on the
container and sends them to the stock room.

Other employees.
Do.

Cake makers.
Other employees.
Helpers.
Do.
Other employees.

Do.
Do.
Do.

Do.
Do.
Helpers.
Do.
Other employees.
Wrappers and pack*

LIST OF BULLETINS OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
The following is a list of all bulletins of the Bureau of Labor Statistics published since
July, 1912, except that in the case of bulletins giving the results of periodic surveys of the
bureau only the latest bulletin on any one subject is here listed.
A complete list of the reports and bulletins issued prior to July, 1912, as well as the bulletins
published since that date, will be furnished on application. Bulletins marked thus (*) are
out of print.
Conciliation and arbitration (including strikes and lockouts).
♦No. 124. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York. [1913.]
♦No. 133. Report of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade on its inquiry into industrial
agreements. [1913.]
No. 139. Michigan copper district strike. [1914.]
♦No. 144. Industrial court of the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City. [1914.]
♦No. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New York City.
♦No. 191.
♦No. 198.
No. 233.
No. 255.
No. 283.
No. 287.
♦No. 303.
No. 322.
No. 341.
No. 402.
No. 468.
No. 481.
Cooperation.
No. 313.
No. 314.
No. 437.
No. 531.

C<
ve bargaining in the anthracite-coal industry. [1916.1
Collective agreements in the men's clothing industry. [1916.]
Operation of the industrial disputes investigation act of Canada. [1918.]
Joint industrial councils in Great Britain. [1919.]
History of the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board, 1917 to 1919.
National War Labor Board: History of its formation, activities, etc. [1921J
Use of Federal power in settlement of railway labor disputes. [1922.] '
Kansas Court of Industrial Relations. [1923.]
Trade agreement in the silk-ribbon industry of New York City. [1923.]
Collective bargaining by actors. [1926.]
Trade agreements, 1927.
Joint industrial control in the book and job printing industry. [1928.]
Consumers’ cooperative societies in the United States in 1920.
Cooperative credit societies (credit unions) in America and in foreign countries. [1922.]
Cooperative movement in the United States in 1925 (other than agricultural).
Consumers’, credit, and productive-cooperative societies, 1929.

Employment and unemployment.
♦No. 109. Statistics of unemployment and the work of employment offices in the United States. [1913.
♦No. 172. Unemployment in New York City, N. Y. [1915.]
♦No. 183. Regularity of employment in the women’s ready-to-wear garment industries. [1915.]
♦No. 195. Unemployment in the United States. [1916.]
♦No. 196. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, held in Minneapolis, Minn., January
19 and 20,1916.
♦No. 202. Proceedings of the conference of Employment Managers’ Association of Boston, Mass.
held May 10,1916.
No. 206. The British system of labor exchanges. [1916.]
♦No. 227. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., April 2 and 3,1917.
♦No. 235. Employment system of the Lake Carriers’ Association. [1918.]
♦No. 241. Public employment offices in the United States. [1918.]
♦No. 247. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Rochester, N. Y ., May 9-11,1918.
♦No. 310. Industrial unemployment: A statistical study of its extent and causes. [1922.]
No. 409. Unemployment in Columbus, Ohio, 1921 to 1925.
No. 542. Report of the Advisory Committee on Employment Statistics. [1931.]
No. 544. Unemployment-benefit plans in the United States and unemployment insurance in foreign
countries. [1931.]
No. 553. Fluctuations in employment in Ohio, 1914 to 1929.
No. 555. Social and economic character of unemployment in Philadelphia, April, 1930.
No. 574. Technological changes and employment in the United States Postal Service. [1932.]
Foreign labor laws.
♦No. 142. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries. [1914.]
No. 494. Labor legislation of Uruguay. [1929.]
No. 510. Labor legislation of Argentina. [1930.]
No. 529. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the Latin American countries. [1930.]
No. 549. Labor legislation of Venezuela. [1931.]
No. 554. Labor legislation of Paraguay. [1931.]
No. 559. Labor legislation of Ecuador. [1931.]
No. 569. Labor legislation of Mexico. [1932.]
Housing.
♦No. 158.
No. 263.
No. 295.
No. 545.

Government aid to home owning and housing of working people in foreign countries.
Housing by employers in the United States. [1920.]
Building operations in representative cities, 1920.
Building permits in the principal cities of the United States in [1921 to] 1930.

[1914.]

industrial accidents and hygiene.
♦No. 104. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain-enameled sanitary ware factories.
[1912.]
No. 120. Hygiene of painters trade. [1913.]
♦No. 127. Dangers to workers from dusts and fumes, and methods of protection. [1913.]
♦No. 141. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead. [1914.]
♦No. 157. Industrial accident statistics. [1915.]
♦No. 165. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries. [1914.]
♦No. 179. Industrial poisons used in the rubber industry. [1915.]
No. 188. Report of British departmental committee on the danger in the use of lead in the painting of
buildings. [1916.]
♦No. 201. Report of the committee on statistics and compensation insurance costs of the International
Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. [1916.]
No. 209. Hygiene of the printing trades. [1917.]
♦No. 219. Industrial poisons used or produced in the manufacture of explosives. [1917.]
No. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munition factories. [1917.1
No. 230. Industrial efficiency and fatigue in British munition factories. [1917.]




(I)

Industrial accidents and hygiene—Continued.
*No.
*No.
No.
♦No.

231.
234.
236.
249.

♦No. 251.
No. 256.
No. 267.
No. 276.
♦No. 280.
♦No. 291.
No. 293.
No. 298.
No. 306.
No. 392.
No. 405.
No. 427.
No. 428.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.

460.
466.
488.
490.
507.

Mortality from respiratory diseases in dusty trades (inorganic dusts). [1918.
The safety movement in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1917.
Effects of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters. [1918.]
Industrial health and efficiency. Final report of British Health of Munitions Workers
Committee. [1919.]
Preventable death in the cotton-manufacturing industry. [1919.]
Accidents and accident prevention in machine building. [1919.]
Anthrax as an occupational disease. [1920.]
Standardization of industrial accident statistics. [1920.]
Industrial poisoning in making coal-tar dyes and dye intermedia -es. [1921.]
Carbon monoxide poisoning. [1921.]
The problem of dust phthisis in the granite-stone industry. [1922.]
Causes and prevention of accidents in the iron and steel industry, 1910-1919.
Occupation hazards and diagnostic signs: A guide to impairments to be looked for in hazard­
ous occupations. [1922.]
Survey of hygienic conditions in the printing trades. [1925.]
Phosphorus necrosis in the manufacture of fireworks and in the preparation of phosphorus.
[1926.]
Health survey of the printing trades, 1922 to 1925.
Proceedings of the Industrial Accident Prevention Conference, held at Washington, D. C.,
July 14-16, 1926.
A new test for industrial lead poisoning. [1928.]
Settlement for accidents to American seamen. [1928.]
Deaths from lead poisoning, 1925-1927.
Statistics of industrial accidents in the United States to the end of 1927.
Causes of death, by occupation. [1930.]

Industrial relations and labor conditions.

No.
♦No.
No.
♦No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.

237.
340.
349.
361.
380.
383.
384.
399.
534.

Industrial unrest in Great Britain. [1917.]
Chinese migrations, with special reference to labor conditions. [1923.]
Industrial relations in the West Coast lumber industry. [1923.]
Labor relations in the Fairmont (W. Va.) bituminous-coal field. [1924.]
Postwar labor conditions in Germany. [1925.]
Works council movement in Germany. [1925.]
Labor conditions in the shoe industry in Massachusetts, 1920-1924.
Labor relations in the lace and lace-curtain industries in the United States.
Labor conditions in the Territory of Hawaii, 1929-1930.

[1925.

Labor laws o f the United States (including decisions o f courts relating to labor)

No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
•No.
No.

211.
229.
285.
321.
343.
370.
408.
548.

Labor laws and their administration in the Pacific States. [1917.]
Wage payment legislation in the United States. [1917.]
Minimum wage laws of the United States: Construction and operation. [1921.]
Labor laws that have been declared unconstitutional. [1922.]
Laws providing for bureaus of labor statistics, etc. [1923.]
Labor laws of the United States with decisions of courts relating thereto. [1925.]
Laws relating to payment of wages. [1926.]
Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1929-1930.

N o. 552. Labor legislation, 1930.
Proceedings o f annual conventions o f the Association o f Governmental Officials in Industry o f the United
States and Canada. (Name changed In 1928 from Association o f Governmental Labor Officials o f the
United States and Canada.)

♦No. 266.
No. 307.
♦No. 323.
♦No. 352.
♦No. 389.
♦No. 411.
♦No. 429.
♦No. 455.
♦No. 480.
No. 508.
No. 530.
No. 563.
No. 577.

Seventh, Seattle, Wash., July 12-15,1920.
Eighth, New Orleans, La., May 2-6,1921.
Ninth, Harrisburg, Pa., May 22-26, 1922.
Tenth, Richmond, Va., May 1-4,1923.
Eleventh, Chicago, 111., May 19-23,1924.
Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 13-15,1925.
Thirteenth, Columbus, Ohio, June 7-10,1926.
Fourteenth, Paterson, N. J., May 31 to June 3, 1927.
Fifteenth, New Orleans, La., May 21-24, 1928.
Sixteenth, Toronto, Canada, June 4-7,1929.
Seventeenth, Louisville, Ky., May 20-23,1930.
Eighteenth, Boston, Mass., May 18-22,1931.
Nineteenth, Columbus, Ohio, September 26-29,1932.

Proceedings o f annual meetings o f the International Association o f Industrial Accident Boards and
Commissions.

No. 210.
No. 248.
No. 264.
♦No. 273.
No. 281.
No. 304.
No. 333.
•No. 359.
No. 385.
No. 395.
No. 406.
No. 432.
No. 456.
•No. 485.
No. 511.
No. 536.
No. 564.

Third, Columbus, Ohio, April 25-28,1916.
Fourth, Boston, Mass., August 21-25,1917.
Fifth, Madison, Wis., September 24r-27,1918.
Sixth, Toronto, Canada, September 23-26,1919.
Seventh, San Francisco, Calif., September 20-24,1920.
Eighth, Chicago, 111., September 19-23,1921.
Ninth, Baltimore, M d., October 9-13,1922.
Tenth, St. Paul, Minn., September 24-26,1923.
Eleventh, Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 26-28,1924.
Index to proceedings, 1914-1924.
Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 17-20,1925.
Thirteenth, Hartford, Conn., September 14-17,1926.
Fourteenth, Atlanta, Ga., September 27-29,1927.
Fifteenth, Paterson, N. J., September 11-14,1928.
Sixteenth, Buffalo, N. Y., October 8-11,1929.
Seventeenth, Wilmington, Del., September 22-26,1930.
Eighteenth, Richmond, Va., October 5-8,1931.

Proceedings o f annual meetings o f the International Association o f Public Employment Services.

No. 192. First, Chicago, December 19 and 20,1913; second, Indianapolis, September 24 and 25,1914;
third, Detroit, July 1 and 2,1915.
♦No. 220. Fourth, Buffalo, N. Y., July 20 and 21,1916.
No. 311. Ninth, Buffalo, N. Y ., September 7-9,1921.
No. 337. Tenth, Washington, D. C., September 11-13, 1922.




(H)

Proceedings o f annual meetings o f the International Association o f Public Employment Services— Con.
Commissions— Continued.

No.
No.
No:
No.
No.
No.

355.
400.
414.
478.
501.
538.

Eleventh, Toronto, Canada, September 4-7, 1923.
Twelfth Chicago, 111., May 19-23,1924.
Thirteenth, Rochester, N. Y., September 15-17, 1925.
Fifteenth, Detroit, Mich., October 26-28,1927.
Sixteenth, Cleveland, Ohio, September 18-21, 1928.
Seventeenth, Philadelphia, September 24-27, 1929; eighteenth, Toronto, Canada, Sep­
tember 9-12, 1930.

Productivity o f labor.

No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.]
No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923.
No. 407. Labor cost of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry.
[1926.]
♦No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925.
No. 441. Productivity of labor in the glass industry. [ 1927.]
No. 474. Productivity of labor in merchant blast furnaces. [1928.]
No. 475. Productivity of labor in newspaper printing. 11929.]
No. 550. Cargo handling and longshore labor conditions. 11932.]

Retail prices and cost o f living.

♦No. 121.
♦No. 130.
♦No. 164.
No. 170.
No. 357.
No. 369.
No. 495.
Safety codes.

No. 336.
No. 350.
♦No. 351.
No. 375.
♦No. 382.
No. 410.
♦No. 430.
No. 447.
No. 451.
No. 463.
No. 509.
No. 512.
No. 519.
No. 527.
No. 556.
No. 562.

Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. [1913.]
Wheat and flour prices, from fanner to consumer. [1913.]
Butter prices, from producer to consumer. 11914.1
Foreign food prices as affected by the war. [1915.J
Cost of living in the United States. [1924.]
The use of cost-of-living figures in wage adjustments [1925.]
Retail prices, 1890 to 1928.
Safety code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries.
Rules governing the approval of headlighting devices for motor vehicles.
Safety code for the construction, care, and use of ladders.
Safety code for laundry machinery and operations.
Code of lighting school buildings.
Safety code for paper and pulp mills.
Safety code for power presses and foot and hand presses.
Safety code for rubber mills and calendars.
Safety code for forging and hot-metal stamping.
Safety code for mechanical power-transmission apparatus—first revision.
Textile safety code.
Code for identification of gas-mask canisters.
Safety code for woodworking plants, as revised 1930.
Safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels, as revised 1930.
Code of lighting: Factories, mills, and other work places. (Revision of 1930.)
Safety codes for the prevention of dust explosions.

Vocational and workers’ education.

♦No. 159.
♦No. 162.
♦No. 199.
No. 271
No. 459.

Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory schoo Jexperiment. 11915.]
Vocational education survey of Richmond, Va. [1915.]
Vocational education survey of Minneapolis, Minn. [1917.]
Adult working-class education in Great Britain and the United States. [1920.]
Apprenticeship in building construction. [1928.]

Wages and hours o f labor.

♦No. 146. Wages and regularity of employment and standardization of piece rates in the dress and
waist industry of New York City. [1914.]
Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry. [1914.]
Wages and hours of labor in the clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913.
Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1907 to 1913.
Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1914.
Street-railway employment in the United States. [1917.]
Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1915: With a glossary of
occupations.
♦No. 225. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1915.
No. 265. Industrial survey in selected industries in the United States, 1919.
No. 297. Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry, 1920.
No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. 11924.]
No. 358 Wages and hours of labor in the automobile-tire industry, 1923.
No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923.
No. 365. Wages and hours of labor in the paper and pulp industry. 1923.
No. 407. Labor cost of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry.
[1926.]
♦No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925.
No. 416. Hours and earnings in anthracite and bituminous coal mining, 1922 and 1924.
No. 484. Wages and hours of labor of common street laborers, 1928.
No. 499. History of wages in the United States from colonial times to 1928.
No. 502. Wages and hours of labor in the motor-vehicle industry, 1928.
No. 504. Wages and hours of labor in the hosiery and underwear industries, 1907 to 1928.
No. 514. Pennsylvania Railroad wage data. From Report of Joint Fact Finding Committee in the
wage negotiations in 1927.
No. 516. Hours and earnings in bituminous-coal mining, 1929.
No. 523. Hours and earnings in the manufacture of airplanes and aircraft engines, 1929.
No. 525. Wages and hours of labor in the Portland cement industry, 1929.
No. 532. Wages and hours of Jabor in the cigarette manufacturing industry, 1930.
No. 533. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1930.
No. 534. Labor conditions in the Territory of Hawaii, 1929-1930.
No. 537. Wages and hours of labor in the dyeing and finishing of textiles, 1930.
No. 539. Wages and hours of labor in cotton-goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1930.
No. 546. Wages and hours in rayon and other synthetic textile manufacturing, 1930.
No. 547. Wages and hours of labor in the cane-sugar refining industry, 1930.
No. 557. Wages and hours of labor in the men’s clothing industry, 1911 to 1930.
No. 560. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber industry in the United States, 1930.
No. 566. Union scales of wages and hours of labor, May 15,1931.
No. 567. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1931.
♦No. 147.
No. 161.
No. 163.
♦No. 190.
No. 204.
No. 218.




(H I)

Wages and hours of labor—Continued.
No. 668.
No. 570.
No. 571.
No. 573.
No. 575.
No. 576.
No. 578.
No. 579.

Wages and hours of labor in the manufacture of silk and rayon Koods, 1931.
Wages and hours of labor in foundry and machine shops, 193J.
Wages and hours of labor in the furniture industry, 1910 to 1931.
Wage?, and hours of labor in metalliferous mines, 1924 and 1931.
Wages and hours of labor in air transportation, 1931.
Wages and hours of labor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, 1931.
Wages and hours of labor in gasoline-filling stations and motor-vehicle repair garages, 1981.
Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1910 to 1932.

Welfare work.

♦No. 123.
No. 222.
*No. 250.
No. 458.

Employers’ welfare work. [1913.]
Welfare work in British munition factories. [1917.]
Welfare work for employees in industrial establishments in the United States.
Health and recreation activities in industrial establishments, 1&26.

[1919.]

W holesale prices.

*No. 284. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries.
No. 453. Revised index numbers of wholesale prices, 1923 to July, 1927.
No. 572. Wholesale prices, 1931.

[1921.]

W omen and children In industry.

♦No. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected industries
in the District of Columbia. [1913.]
♦No. 117. Prohibition of night work of young persons. [1913.]
♦No. 118. Ten-hour maximum working-day for women and young persons. [1913.]
No. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin. [1913.]
♦No. 122. Employment of women in power laundries in Milwaukee. [1913.]
♦No. 160. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments
and garment factories. [1914.]
♦No. 167. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries. [1915.]
♦No. 175. Summary of the report on condition of woman and child wage earners in the United States.
[1915.]
♦No. 176. Effect of minimum-wage determinations in Oregon. [1915.]
♦No. 180. The boot and shoe industry in Massachusetts as a vocation for women. [1915.]
♦No. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail st ores of Boston, Mass. [1916.]
No. 193. Dressmaking as a trade for women in Massachusetts. [1916.]
No. 215. Industrial experience of trade-school girls in Massachusetts. [J917.]
♦No. 217. Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in diminishing the necessity of industrial employ­
ment of women and children. [1917.]
♦No. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Great Britain during the war. [1917.]
No. 253. Women in the lead industries. [1919.]
No. 467. Minimum wage legislation in various countries. [1928.]
No. 558. Labor conditions of women and children in Japan. [1931.]
W orkm en's insurance and compensation (including laws relating thereto).

♦No.
♦No.
♦No.
No.
♦No.
•No.

101.
102.
103.
107.
165.
212.

♦No. 243.
No. 301.
No. 312.
No. 379.
No. 477.
No. 496.
No. 529.

Care of tubeiculous wage earners in Germany. 11912.]
British national insurance act, 1911.
Sickness and accident insurance law in Switzerland. [1912.]
Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany. [1913.]
Compensation for accidents to employees of the United States. [1914.]
Proceedings of the conference on social insurance called by thw International Association of
Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Washington, D. C., December 5-9,1916.
Workmen’s compensation legislation in the United States and foreign countries, 1917and 1918.
Comparison of workmen’s compensation insurance and administration. [1922.]
National health insurance in Great Britain, 1911 to 1921.
Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws of the United States as of January 1,1925.
Public-service retirement systems. United States and Europe. [1929.]
Workmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada as of January 1,1929.
(With text of legislation enacted in 1927 and 1928.)
Workmen’s compensation legislation of the Latin American countries. [1930.]

Miscellaneous series.

♦No. 174. Subject index of the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to May
1,1915.
No. 208. Profit sharing in the United States. [1916.]
No. 242. Food situation in central Europe, 1917.
No. 254. International labor legislation and the society of nations. [1919.]
No. 268. Historical survey of international action affecting labor. [1920.1
No. 282. Mutual relief associations among Government employees in Washington, D . C. [1921.]
No. 319. The Bureau of Labor Statistics: Its history, activities, and organization. [1922.]
No. 326. Methods of procuring and computing statistical information of the Bureau of Labor Statis­
tics. 11923.]
No. 342. International Seamen’s Union of America: A study of its history and problems. [1923.]
No. 346. Humanity in government. [1923.]
No. 372. Convict labor in 1923.
No. 386. Cost of American almshouses. 11925.]
No. 398. Growth of legal-aid work in the United States. [1926.]
No. 401. Family allowances in foreign countries. [1926.]
No. 461. Labor organizations in Chile. [1928.]
No. 462. Park recreation areas in the United States. [1928.]
No. 465. Beneficial activities of American trade-unions. [1928.]
No. 479. Activities and functions of a State department of labor. [1928.
No. 483. Conditions in the shoe industry in Haverhill, Mass., 1928.
No. 489. Care of aged persons in United States. 11929.]
No. 505. Director of homes for the aged in the United States. 11929.]
No. 506. Handbook of American trade-unions. 1929 edition.
No. 518. Personnel research agencies: 1930 edition.
No. 541. Handbook of labor statistics: 1931 edition.
No. 558. Labor conditions of women and children in Japan. [1931.]
No. 561. Public old-age pensions and insurance in the United States and foreign countries. [1932.]
No. 565. Park recreation areas in the United States, 1930.




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