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Bulletin No. 1173 Digitized for U NFRASER IT E D STATES D E P A R T M E N T O F LA BO R http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ James P. Mitchell, Secretary Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Aryness Joy Wickens, Acting Commissioner Wage Differences and Establishment Practices 17 Labor Markets 1 9 5 3 -5 4 Bulletin N o. 1173 U N IT E D STATES D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R James P. Mitchell, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Aryness Joy Wickens, Acting Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price 35 cents CONTENTS P age --------- --------------- ----------- ——---------- — -------------- -------------- ---- --------■ S u m m a ry S cop e o f the stu dies ----- ----------------- ------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- -----------W age d iffe r e n c e s a m on g la b o r m a rk ets _____________________________ ___ ____ ____ C o v e ra g e o f la b o r-m a n a g e m e n t a g re e m e n ts ------------ — ------ ------ ------------------------H ealth, in su ra n ce , and pen sion plans ------------ -------------——----------------------------------T ypes o f w age paym ent plans _________________________ ____ ______ —-------------- ------- — P ay p r o v is io n s fo r d a ily and w eek ly o v e r t im e - -------------------------------------------------P a id h olid a ys _______________________________________ — ----------------------------------------— . P a id va ca tion s ___________ -__________ ___ ___ ___________________ ____ ——-------------- ------ 1 3 7 17 23 29 35 39 41 TABLES: 1. Z, 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. R ela tiv e pay le v e ls fo r o ffic e w o r k e r s ________________ _______ — ............... R ela tiv e pay le v e ls fo r plant w o r k e r s in in d ir e c t jo b s ............................... Pay le v e ls in n on m an u fa ctu rin g in d u strie s as p e r ce n ta g e s o f m a n u fa ctu rin g pay le v e ls ------------ ---------------------------------------------- — — L a b o r-m a n a g e m e n t a g re e m e n t c o v e r a g e __________________ ________ _____ L a b o r-m a n a g e m e n t a g re e m e n t c o v e r a g e b y s iz e o f esta b lish m en t __________ ___________ __________ - _______ __________ ___ ____ ___ H ealth, in su ra n c e , and pen sion plans ___________________ _________ ____ M ethod of fin a n cin g life in su ra n ce and p en sion s ______ _____________ _____ W age stru ctu re f o r plant w o r k e r s .............................. ................. ...........-____ W age stru ctu re fo r o f fic e w o r k e r s ______________ ___ ____ ________________ _ M ethod of w age paym ent fo r plant w o r k e r s _______ ______________________ O v ertim e p r e m iu m pay p r a c t ic e s _________________ __________________ — P a id h olidays ----------- ---------------- --------------------- -------------------------------------— . P a id va ca tion s __________ ......_________ _____ _________ ____________________ _ 13 14 15 20 21 26 27 31 32 33 37 40 42 CH A R TS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. R ela tiv e e m p loy m en t in 6 in d u stry d iv is io n s ___________ ______________ __ R ela tiv e em p loy m en t in s ig n ific a n t m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u stry grou ps _______ ______ ___ ____________ _______________ ____ _________ _______ ___ R ela tiv e pay le v e ls fo r o ffic e and plant w o r k e r s ..................................11 P ay le v e ls in n on m an u fa ctu rin g as p e r c e n ta g e s o f m a n ufactu rin g pay le v e ls ______________ ____________ _________ _____ -_______ P e r c e n t of w o rk e rs e m p lo y e d in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p r ov id in g b en efits (s ic k le a v e and in su ra n c e ) b y m a jo r in du stry d iv is io n and type o f w o r k e r ________ ______— ___________ ______ P e r c e n t of w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p ro v id in g b en efits (life in su ra n ce and r e tir e m e n t p en sion s) by type o f finan cing ___________________ ______ ____ _________________ ______________ 5 6 12 25 25 A P P E N D IX : O ccu p a tion a l w ages in 17 la b o r m a r k e ts , 1 9 5 3 -5 4 _____________________ 43 A P P E N D IX T A B L E S: 1. 2. A v e ra g e w eek ly s a la r ie s fo r s e le c t e d o f f ic e o ccu p a tio n s ____________ _ A v e ra g e h ou rly ea rn in g s fo r s e le c t e d plant o ccu p a tio n s _______________ (U i) 45 46 W a ge Differences and Establishment Practices, 17 Labor Markets, 1953-54 Summary The great majority of the workers in 17 major labor markets studied during late 1953 and early 1954 were employed in establishments with formal wage plans that specified a single rate or a rate range for each job category. The qualifications of the individual workers, on the other hand, primarily deter mined pay rates for about 1 in 4 office workers and 1 in 10 plant workers. Such personalized rates were most common in smaller organizations where occupational alignments were not rigid. than their occupational counterparts in nonmanufacturing in the same area. Office workers in public utilities, however, earned more than their counterparts in manufacturing in 9 of 17 areas. Payment of premium rates for daily or weekly overtime was widely reported. The great majority of the office and plant workers in each area were in establishments which provided pay at time and one-half the regular rate for work beyond 40 hours a week. Slightly more than half of the plant workers in the 4 Southern areas and three-fourths or more in the remaining areas were employed in firm s with daily overtime pay provisions; office workers were less widely covered. Office departments typically provided a range of rates for each job whereas, such wage plans predominated in plant departments in only half the areas. Single-rate plans applied to four-fifths of the plant workers in Detroit, Portland, and San Francisco-Oakland. Paid holidays were provided to nearly all office workers and the vast majority of the plant workers. The most prevalent practice was 6 holidays with pay in most areas, 7 days in NewarkJersey City and the San Francisco Bay Area, and 5 days in Memphis. In Boston and New York City plant workers generally received 7 paid holidays whereas most office workers received 11 or more days. Four-fifths of the plant workers, as compared with a sixth of the office workers, had their wages and working condi tions governed by labor-management agreements. Establishments in areas in the Northeast and Middle West were characterized by a relatively high degree of union-contract coverage of plant workers. The Far West was next with the San Francisco-Oakland area recording one of the highest proportions of plant worker coverage in all areas. As a rule, contract coverage of plant and office workers in the public utility group exceeded that in manufacturing. Trade industries had the lowest coverage. A much larger proportion of large than of small firms had labormanagement agreements. With very few exceptions, workers in establishments studied became eligible for paid vacations upon completion of a specified period of service. After 1 year, the great majority of plant workers received 1 week and most office workers re ceived 2 weeks. Vacation benefits were generally graduated according to length of service with 3 or more weeks1 vacation pay commonly reported for 15-year employees. Pay levels were generally highest in the large Midwestern and Western areas. The maximum spread between areas was smaller for office than for plant workers, and, within the latter group, the difference was only about half as great for skilled maintenance workers as for unskilled workers. The average level of pay tended to be highest in areas where employment was most heavily concentrated in manufacturing— particularly in metalworking and transportation equipment industries. Typically, employees in manufacturing establishments averaged higher pay Most workers were covered by one or more types of private health, insurance, or pension benefits (with the employer paying at least part of the cost) in addition to coverage pro vided under Federal and State statutory programs. The surveys disclose that all but 5 percent of the 6 million plant and office workers in the industries and areas studied were covered by some type of plan, thus reflecting the continued expansion of in surance and pension protection to substantial numbers of workers. (i) 3 S c o p e o f th e S t u d ie s D u r in g la t e 1953 an d e a r ly 19 54 , th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s c o l l e c t e d in f o r m a t i o n o n o c c u p a t io n a l e a r n in g s an d r e la t e d e s t a b l i s h m e n t p r a c t i c e s o n an a r e a w id e b a s i s in 17 m a j o r l a b o r m a r k e t s in th e U n ite d S t a t e s . D e t a ile d i n f o r m a t io n on th e w a g e d a ta a n d v a r i o u s e s t a b lis h m e n t p r a c t i c e s , in c lu d in g t h o s e s u m m a r i z e d in t h is b u ll e t in , w e r e p r e s e n t e d f o r e a c h o f th e 17 a r e a s in a n e a r l i e r b u ll e t in is s u e d in t h r e e p a r t s . 1 T h e p r e s e n t b u ll e t in c o m p r i s e s a s e r i e s o f a r t i c l e s b a s e d o n t h e s e in d iv id u a l s t u d ie s w h i c h c o m p a r e a n d a n a ly z e d i f f e r e n c e s in o c c u p a t io n a l p a y l e v e l s a n d o t h e r r e l a t e d p r a c t i c e s a m o n g th e 17 a r e a s . T h e a r t i c l e s , s o m e o f w h ic h h a v e a p p e a r e d in th e M o n th ly L a b o r R e v i e w , w e r e p r e p a r e d b y m e m b e r s o f th e s t a ff o f th e B u r e a u 1s D i v i s i o n o f W a g e s a n d I n d u s t r ia l R e l a t i o n s . S c o p e and M eth od T h e a r e a s u r v e y d a ta u s e d in t h is r e p o r t w e r e o b t a in e d b y p e r s o n a l v i s i t s o f B u r e a u f i e l d a g e n ts to r e p r e s e n t a t iv e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith in 6 b r o a d in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s : M a n u fa c t u r in g ; t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( e x c lu d in g r a i l r o a d s ) , c o m m u n ic a t io n , a n d o t h e r p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ; w h o l e s a l e t r a d e ; r e t a i l t r a d e ; fin a n c e , in s u r a n c e , an d r e a l esta te ; and s e r v ic e s . M a jo r in d u s t r y g r o u p s e x c lu d e d f r o m th e a r e a s t u d ie s a r e g o v e r n m e n t in s t it u t io n s a n d th e c o n s t r u c t i o n an d e x tr a c tiv e in d u s tr ie s . E s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g f e w e r th an a p r e s c r i b e d n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s w e r e a l s o o m it t e d . B o th th e m i n i m u m s i z e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t an d th e in d u s t r ia l c o v e r a g e in e a c h a r e a a r e s h o w n in th e t a b le o n p a g e 4 . T h e a r e a s u r v e y s w e r e c o n d u c t e d on a s a m p le b a s i s . T o o b t a in a p p r o p r i a t e a c c u r a c y at m in im u m c o s t , a g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f l a r g e th a n o f s m a ll e s t a b lis h m e n t s w a s s t u d ie d . In c o m b i n in g th e d a ta , h o w e v e r , a l l e s t a b lis h m e n t s w e r e g iv e n t h e ir a p p r o p r i a t e w e ig h t . E x c e p t f o r a fe w in s t a n c e s n o te d in th e a r t i c l e s , t h e r e f o r e , e s t i m a t e s a r e p r e s e n t e d a s r e la t in g to a ll e s t a b l i s h m e n t s in th e in d u s t r y g r o u p in g an d a r e a , bu t e x c lu d in g t h o s e b e l o w th e m i n im u m s i z e s t u d ie d . T h e s e s u r v e y s e m b r a c e d a t o t a l e m p lo y m e n t o f n e a r l y 7, 5 0 0 , 000 w o r k e r s o f w h ic h a p p r o x im a t e l y 6 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 w e r e p la n t an d o f f i c e w o r k e r s a s d e fin e d b e l o w . T h e t e r m " o f f i c e w o r k e r s , " a s u s e d in t h is b u lle t in in c lu d e s a l l o f f i c e c l e r i c a l e m p l o y e e s e x c l u s i v e o f a d m in is t r a t iv e , e x e c u t i v e , p r o f e s s i o n a l , an d t e c h n i c a l p e r s o n n e l . " P l a n t w o r k e r s " in c lu d e w o r k in g f o r e m e n an d a l l n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s (in c lu d in g le a d m e n a n d t r a i n e e s ) e n g a g e d in n o n o f f ic e fu n c t io n s . A d m i n i s t r a t i v e , e x e c u t i v e , p r o f e s s i o n a l , a n d t e c h n i c a l e m p l o y e e s , an d f o r c e - a c c o u n t c o n s tr u c tio n e m p lo y e e s w ho a r e u tiliz e d a s a s e p a r a t e w o r k f o r c e o n th e f i r m 1s ow n p r o p e r t i e s a r e e x c lu d e d . C a f e t e r i a w o r k e r s a n d r o u t e m e n a r e e x c lu d e d in m a n u fa c tu r in g i n d u s t r ie s but a r e in c lu d e d a s p la n t w o r k e r s in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s tr ie s . A s a p p lie d to m a n u fa c t u r in g e m p lo y m e n t , "p la n t w o r k e r s " i s s y n o n y m o u s w ith " p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s " f o r w h o m m o n th ly e s t i m a t e s o f e m p lo y m e n t a r e c o m p i l e d b y the B u r e a u . F o r th e a n a l y s is o f w a g e d i f f e r e n c e s , th e a r e a s u r v e y s p r o v i d e d e a r n in g s d a ta f o r th e f o llo w in g t y p e s o f o c c u p a t io n s : (a) O f f i c e c l e r i c a l ; (b ) p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d t e c h n i c a l ; ( c ) m a in te n a n c e a n d p o w e r p la n t ; a n d (d) c u s t o d ia l a n d m a t e r i a l m o v e m e n t . W o r k e r s w e r e c l a s s i f i e d b y o c c u p a t io n on th e b a s i s o f u n ifo r m jo b d e s c r i p t i o n s d e s ig n e d to ta k e a c c o u n t o f m i n o r in t e r e s t a b l is h m e n t v a r ia t io n in d u t ie s w ith in th e s a m e j o b ; t h e s e jo b d e s c r i p t i o n s a r e a v a i la b le o n r e q u e s t . A v e r a g e e a r n in g s in e a c h o c c u p a t io n s t u d ie d a r e p r e s e n t e d b y a r e a in the a p p e n d ix t a b l e s . E s t a b lis h m e n t p r a c t i c e s a n d s u p p le m e n t a r y b e n e fit s s e l e c t e d f o r a n a l y s is in t h is b u ll e t in w e r e t r e a t e d s t a t is t ic a lly on th e b a s i s th at t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s a r e a p p lic a b le to a ll w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d in o f f i c e s o r p la n t d e p a r t m e n t s i f th e y a p p ly to a m a jo r it y o f su ch w o r k e r s . B e c a u s e o f v a r y in g e l i g i b i l i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s , th e p r o p o r t i o n o f w o r k e r s a c t u a lly r e c e i v i n g b e n e fit s m a y be s m a lle r . A n e x c e p t io n i s m a d e in th e ta b u la tio n o f p la n t w o r k e r s b y ty p e o f p a y s y s t e m , in w h ic h p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e a n d in c e n t i v e w o r k e r s r e f l e c t a c t u a l e s t a b lis h m e n t e m p lo y m e n t under each sy ste m . B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l i t e m s in t h e s e ta b u la t io n s d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y e q u a l t o t a l s . L im it a t io n s on C o m p a r i s o n s A s n o te d in t h e s e s t u d ie s , w a g e l e v e l s v a r ie d a m o n g in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s in e s s e n t i a l l y th e s a m e m a n n e r w ith in e a c h area. A r e a w id e (a il in d u s t r y ) e s t i m a t e s o f w a g e l e v e l s and r e 1 E a c h p a r t o f th e e a r l i e r b u lle t in m a y b e o b t a in e d f r olamt e d p r a c t i c e s a r e d e t e r m i n e d to s o m e e x te n t b y th e in d u s t r ia l th e S u p e r in t e n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O f f i c e , c o m p o s i t i o n o f an a r e a . D i f f e r e n c e s in e s t i m a t e s f o r th e s e v e r a l W a s h in g to n 2 5 , D . C . , a n d th e B L S R e g io n a l O f f i c e s in N ew Y o r k a r e a s m u s t , t h e r e f o r e , b e v ie w e d in t e r m s o f i n t e r a r e a d i f f e r C i t y , C h i c a g o , a n d San F r a n c i s c o . S e e p a g e 4 3 o f t h is b u lle t in e n c e s in th e p r o p o r t i o n o f e m p lo y m e n t a c c o u n t e d f o r b oth by fo r d e s c r ip tio n and p r ic e o f ea ch p a rt. th e r e s p e c t i v e b r o a d in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s an d t h e i r s u b g r o u p s . 4 Thus, manufacturing industries in Detroit, Milwaukee, and Newark-Jersey City employ more than half of the workers in the labor force in these areas; Dallas, Denver, and New Orleans, however, are among the areas in which manufacturing employment is relatively far less important, employing less than a third of the labor force in the area (chart 1). Similarly, var iations in employment among the subgroup components of the broad industry divisions further af f ect this variation in wage structures and related practices. Thus, marked differences among areas are shown in relative employment in the various manufacturing industry groups (chart 2). M in im u m s iz e of e sta b lish m e n t and e stim a te d n um b er of w o r k e r s in e sta b lish m e n ts w ith in scope of s u r v e y s , by in d u stry d iv is io n , fo r 17 la b o r m a r k e t s studied by the B u re a u of L a b o r S t a tis t ic s , w in te r 1953-54 L a b or m ark et 1 P a y ro ll p e r io d A ll in d u s t r ie s (6 7 ) 3 2 0 1 9 8 (?) <t) (6 ) 3 9 8 ,8 0 0 4 2 9 ,3 0 0 * 1 ,4 6 0 ,9 0 0 6 0 4 ,5 0 0 N o rth e a st: B o s t o n ____ _______________________ ______ _____ _____ ___ N e w a r k - J e r s e y C it y ........___________. . . ___________ __ N e w Y o r k C it y „ __ ______ . _____ ___ ___________________ P h i l a d e l p h i a _________ _________________________________ M a r c h 1954 D e c e m b e r 1953 F e b r u a r y 1954 O c t o b e r 1953 S ou th : A tla n ta ______ ____ _____ - ___________ ____ ______ ___ ____ D a ll a s _________________________________________ ________ M e m p h i s ___ _____ ______________________________________ N e w O r l e a n s ____ . ___________________________________ M a r c h 1954 S e p t e m b e r 1953 J a n u a r y 1954 N o v e m b e r 1953 51 51 51 51 M id d le W e s t: C h ic a g o __________„___ _______________________________ D e t r o i t «..._____________ ________________________ ________ M ilw a u k e e _ _________ ________________ ________________ M i nne a p o l i s - S t . P a u l _____________________ ________ S t. L o u is ________ ____________ ____ _________________ M a r c h 1954 O c t o b e r 1953 A p r i l 1954 N o v e m b e r 1953 J a n u a r y 1954 (* ) (6 ) 51 51 (* ) D e c e m b e r 1953 M a r c h 1954 S e p t e m b e r 1953 J a n u a r y 1954 51 F a r W e s t: D enver „ . . . . ________.___ _______ —_______ . . . . ______ - __ L o s A n g e l e s ______________________ __ ______ - __ P o r t l a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____. . . _______ ____________ S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d ____________________ . . . N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s w it h in s c o p e o f s tu d y — M in im u m s iz e e s t a b lis h m ent (4) 51 (* ) 1 S ta n d a r d m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s , w it h th e f o l l o w i n g e x c e p t i o n s : u M anu fa c tu r in g 208, 297, 404, 376, N on m an u fa c t u r i n g 2 P u b li c u t ilit ie s 3 W h o l e s a le tra d e R e ta il tra d e F in a n ce 4 S e r v ic e s 5 700 100 000 100 190, 100 132, 2 0 0 9 7 3 ,4 0 0 2 2 8 ,4 0 0 3 4 ,8 0 0 3 7 ,8 0 0 2 3 9 ,3 0 0 6 0 ,0 0 0 2 4 ,0 0 0 15, 100 1 3 5 ,1 0 0 3 0 ,7 0 0 6 1 ,9 0 0 7 30, 500 7 1 8 0 ,2 0 0 7 7 0 ,4 0 0 4 2 ,4 0 0 2 5 ,4 0 0 2 3 7 ,0 0 0 4 2 ,8 0 0 2 7 ,0 0 0 2 3 ,4 0 0 1 8 1 ,8 0 0 2 4 ,5 0 0 1 4 2 ,9 0 0 1 4 7 ,8 0 0 7 9 ,8 0 0 1 2 3 ,3 0 0 6 7 , 800 61, 900 3 8 ,9 0 0 4 7 ,9 0 0 7 5 ,1 0 0 8 5 ,9 0 0 4 0 ,9 0 0 7 5 ,4 0 0 1 8 ,9 0 0 2 2 ,4 0 0 8 , 000 3 1 ,5 0 0 1 3 ,1 0 0 1 2 ,0 0 0 9 , 000 9 , 300 24, 600 2 9 .0 0 0 1 3 ,9 0 0 2 2 ,6 0 0 1 0 ,0 0 0 1 4 ,2 0 0 3, 300 5 ,2 0 0 8, 500 8, 300 6 .7 0 0 6 ,8 0 0 i , 102 , 100 8 1 7 ,9 0 0 2 2 9 ,6 0 0 2 3 8 ,6 0 0 3 3 9 ,4 0 0 6 4 7 ,3 0 0 6 2 4 , 300 1 6 2 ,3 0 0 10 122, 800 2 3 6 ,7 0 0 4 5 4 ,8 0 0 1 9 3 ,6 0 0 6 7 ,3 0 0 1 1 5 ,8 0 0 1 0 2 ,7 0 0 8 9 ,0 0 0 4 8 , 100 1 7 ,6 0 0 2 7 ,7 0 0 2 9 ,0 0 0 7 4 ,7 0 0 2 3 , 100 7 ,5 0 0 1 8 ,1 0 0 2 0 ,1 0 0 14 3 , 0 0 0 6 4 ,4 0 0 2 7 ,4 0 0 4 2 , 50 0 11 2 1 , 3 0 0 7 8 ,3 0 0 2 5 ,7 0 0 8 ,2 0 0 1 6 ,0 0 0 1 7 ,1 0 0 6 9 .8 0 0 3 2 ,3 0 0 6 ,6 0 0 11, 5 0 0 1 5 ,2 0 0 9 3 ,5 0 0 7 9 8 ,2 0 0 1 1 9 ,0 0 0 3 4 3 ,4 0 0 33 , 80 0 4 6 9 ,0 0 0 5 7 ,9 0 0 1 3 9 ,3 0 0 5 9 ,7 0 0 12 329 , 2 0 0 6 1 , 100 2 0 4 , 100 1 8 ,4 0 0 7 7 ,0 0 0 2 2 ,7 0 0 6 6 ,2 0 0 8 ,7 0 0 5 4 ,5 0 0 1 0 ,5 0 0 3 4 ,8 0 0 2 2 ,2 0 0 13 8 2 , 4 0 0 1 7 ,8 0 0 4 4 .0 0 0 5 ,0 0 0 5 4 ,4 0 0 5, 300 3 7 , 100 5 ,4 0 0 4 7 ,4 0 0 4 ,8 0 0 2 2 ,000 ’ N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y A r e a ( E s s e x , H u d s o n , a n d U n io n C o u n t i e s ) ; N e w Y o r k C i t y A r e a ( B r o n x , K i n g s , N e w Q u e e n s , a n d R i c h m o n d C o u n t ie s ) ; P h il a d e l p h i a A r e a ( P h i la d e lp h ia a n d D e la w a r e C o u n t ie s , P a . ; a n d C a m d e n C o u n t y , N . J . ) ; C h i c a g o A r e a ( C o o k C o u n t y ). 2 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r 5 b r o a d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r y g r o u p s s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y . 3 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( e x c lu d in g r a i l r o a d s ) , c o m m u n ic a t i o n , a n d o t h e r p u b li c u t i l i t i e s . 4 F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , an d r e a l e s t a t e . 5 H o t e l s ; p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s ; b u s i n e s s s e r v i c e s ; a u t o m o b i le r e p a i r s h o p s ; r a d i o b r o a d c a s t i n g a n d t e l e v i s i o n ; m o t io n p i c t u r e s ; n o n p r o f i t m e m b e r s h i p o r g a n i z a t i o n s ; a n d e n g i n e e r in g and a r c h ite c t u r a l s e r v ic e s . ~ M in im u m e s t a b l is h m e n t s i z e ( e m p l o y m e n t - w i s e ) w a s 51 w o r k e r s in th e w h o l e s a l e t r a d e , f in a n c e , a n d s e r v i c e in d u s t r y g r o u p s ; a n d 101 in m a n u f a c t u r in g , p u b l i c u t i l i t y , and r e t a il tra d e g r o u p s . 7 E x c lu d e s d a ta f o r l im i t e d - p r i c e v a r ie t y s t o r e s . 8 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r c e n t r a l o f f i c e s , n o t s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y . 9 E x c l u d e s d a ta f o r tw o l a r g e d e p a r t m e n t s t o r e s . 10 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r a n o r d n a n c e e s t a b l is h m e n t f o r m e r l y g o v e r n m e n t o p e r a t e d b u t n o w p r i v a t e l y o p e r a t e d . T h is e s t a b l is h m e n t w a s n o t i n c l u d e d in e a r l i e r s u r v e y s i n t h i s a r e a . 11 E x c l u d e s d a ta f o r d e p a r t m e n t a n d l i m i t e d - p r i c e v a r i e t y s t o r e s . 12 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r m o t i o n - p i c t u r e p r o d u c t i o n , n o t o t h e r w i s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y . 13 E x c l u d e s d a ta f o r d e p a r t m e n t s t o r e s . Y ork, 5 Chart I. RELATIVE EMPLOYMENT IN 6 INDUSTRY DIVISIONS 17 Labor Markets R E G IO N AND AREA 30 40 5< NORTHEAST Boston NewarkJersey City New York City ] Philadelphia SOUTH Atlanta Dallas Memphis New Orleans M ID D L E W E S T Chicago Detroit Milwaukee M inneapolisSt. Paul St. Louis FAR W EST Denver Los Angeles Portland San FranciscoOakland M anufacturing UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR s t a t is t ic s Trade Pu b lic U tilitie s Se rvices F i na nc e ''//X C o n s t r u c t i o n Source: County Business Patterns, U.S. Department of Commerce, Employment in first quarter of 1951 under Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Program. 6 Chart 2 . RELA TIVE EM PLOYM ENT IN SIG N IFICA N T MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY GROUPS 17 Labor Markets R E G IO N A N D A R IA 0 10 20 30 40 50 PERCENT 60 70 80 90 100 NORTHEAST Boston NewarkJersey City New York City Philadelphia SOUTH Atlanta Dallas Memphis New Orleans M ID D L E W E ST Chicago Detroit Milwaukee MinneapolisSt. Paul St. Louis FAR W EST Denver Los Angeles Portland San FranciscoOakland M e tals and M e ta l Products UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS T e x tile s and Apparel Food Lumber and 1 C hem icals and Petroleum Printing Other M anufac turing F u rn itu r e Source: County Business Patterns, U.S. Department of Commerce, Employment in first quarter of 1951 under Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Program. W age D iffe r e n c e s C o m p a r i s o n s o f o c c u p a t io n a l w a g e d a ta f o r 17 m a j o r l a b o r m a r k e t s s t u d ie d d u r in g la t e 1953 and e a r l y 1954 d i s c l o s e d s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s in p a y , n ot o n ly in t e r m s o f g e o g r a p h i c a l l o c a t i o n , b u t a l s o a s b e t w e e n m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s . 2 C o m p a r a b l e d a ta f r o m s t u d ie s m a d e 2 y e a r s e a r l i e r 3 h a d s h o w n s i m i l a r d i f f e r e n c e s , bu t v a r ia t io n s in r a t e s o f c h a n g e in p a y l e v e l s o v e r t h is p e r i o d r e s u lt e d in s o m e c h a n g e s in th e r a n k in g o f a r e a s . In 1 9 5 3 -5 4 , p a y l e v e l s w e r e g e n e r a l l y h ig h e s t in th e l a r g e M i d w e s t e r n a n d W e s t e r n a r e a s an d th e y te n d e d t o b e l o w e s t in th e 4 S o u t h e r n a r e a s s t u d ie d . T he sp re a d betw een t h e s e a r e a s w a s s m a l l e r f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s th an f o r p la n t w o r k e r s , a n d , w ith in th e l a t t e r g r o u p , th e d i f f e r e n c e w a s o n ly a b o u t h a lf a s g r e a t f o r s k i l l e d m a in t e n a n c e w o r k e r s a s f o r u n s k ille d w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in c u s t o d i a l j o b s . T h e a v e r a g e l e v e l o f p a y te n d e d to b e h ig h e s t in a r e a s w h e r e e m p lo y m e n t w a s m o s t h e a v ily c o n c e n t r a t e d in m a n u fa c t u r in g ( p a r t i c u l a r l y in m e t a lw o r k in g a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t i n d u s t r i e s ) , w ith th e n o t a b le e x c e p t i o n o f S a n F r a n c i s c o , w h e r e w a g e s w e r e r e l a t i v e l y h ig h d e s p it e th e c o m p a r a t i v e u n im p o r t a n c e o f e m p lo y m e n t in " h i g h - w a g e ” in d u s tr ie s . T h i s r e f l e c t e d th e f a c t th a t e m p l o y e e s in m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s u s u a ll y e a r n e d m o r e , o n th e a v e r a g e , th a n t h e ir o c c u p a t i o n a l c o u n t e r p a r t s in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g in th e s a m e l a b o r m a r k e t . M a n u fa c t u r in g p a y l e v e l s f o r w o m e n o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e , h o w e v e r , e q u a l e d in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g d i v i s i o n s s u c h a s p u b lic u t i l i t i e s a n d , t o a l e s s e r e x te n t, w h o l e s a l e t r a d e . M e th o d T h e f o l l o w i n g m e t h o d w a s u s e d in c o m p u t in g th e d a ta u s e d in th e c o m p a r i s o n s . F o r e a ch a r e a , a g g r e g a te s fo r a ll i n d u s t r i e s c o m b i n e d a n d f o r m a n u fa c t u r in g an d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g w e r e c o m p u t e d b y m u lt ip ly in g th e a v e r a g e s t a n d a r d w e e k ly s a la r y f o r e a c h o f 18 o f f i c e j o b s a n d th e a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly e a r n i n g s , e x c lu d in g p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t im e a n d n ig h t w o r k , f o r 2 A r e a w i d e j o b e a r n in g s u s e d in th is a n a l y s i s a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r a l l 17 a r e a s in th e a p p e n d ix . M o r e d e t a ile d d a ta u s e d in th e a n a l y s i s o f in t e r in d u s t r y a n d in t r a c it y d i f f e r e n c e s in p a y l e v e l s a r e a v a i l a b l e f r o m p u b lis h e d r e p o r t s a l s o d e s c r i b e d in th e a p p e n d ix . 3 T h e e a r l i e r a n a l y s i s is p r e s e n t e d in B u lle t in N o . 11 35 , W age D iffe r e n t ia ls an d R a te S tru c tu re s A m on g 40 L a b o r M a r k e ts , 1 9 5 1 -5 2 , f o r s a le b y th e S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , U . S . G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O f f i c e , W a sh in g to n 25, D. C . , p r i c e , 2 0 c e n t s . A l s o s e e S a la r y T r e n d s f o r W o m e n O f f ic e W o r k e r s , S e l e c t e d A r e a s , 1 9 4 9 -5 4 , M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , S e p t e m b e r 1954 (p . 9 7 2 ). L abor M a rk ets e a c h o f th e p la n t j o b s b y e s t im a t e d t o t a l e m p lo y m e n t in th e jo b in a l l i n d u s t r i e s a n d a r e a s c o m b i n e d . (T h e o f f i c e o c c u p a t io n s c o v e r e d 5 m ien1s a n d 13 w o m e n 1s j o b s , w h ile th e p la n t j o b s i n c lu d e d 6 m a in t e n a n c e t r a d e s a n d 4 c u s t o d ia l a n d 7 m a t e r i a l m o v e m e n t j o b s , a l l o f w h ic h w e r e m e n 1s o c c u p a t io n s e x c e p t f o r j a n i t r e s s e s in th e c u s t o d ia l g r o u p . ) The p ro ce d u re assu m ed a c o n s t a n t e m p lo y m e n t r e la t io n s h ip b e t w e e n j o b s in a ll in d u s tr y g ro u p s and a r e a s . A s i m i l a r p r o c e d u r e w a s u s e d in c o m p il in g s e p a r a t e d a ta f o r 5 d i v i s i o n s w ith in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g , but t h e s e a g g r e g a t e s w e r e b a s e d o n 8 w o m e n b o f f i c e j o b s o f p a r t ic u la r i m p o r t a n c e in t h e s e d i v i s i o n s . F o r in te r a r e a c o m p a r is o n s , a g g r e g a t e s fo r ea ch fie ld of w o r k an d in d u s t r y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a r e e x p r e s s e d a s p e r c e n t a g e s o f lik e g r o u p s in N e w Y o r k C i t y . W a g e d a ta f o r N e w Y o r k C ity w e r e a v a i la b le f o r F e b r u a r y 1 9 5 4 . T h e p e r i o d s t u d ie d in o t h e r a r e a s d i f f e r e d f r o m th e s u r v e y m o n th f o r N e w Y o r k C it y b y 2 m o n th s o r l e s s e x c e p t in D a lla s a n d P o r t la n d ( S e p t e m b e r 1 9 5 3 ), D e t r o it a n d P h ila d e lp h ia ( O c t o b e r 195 3 ), a n d M in n e a p o lis -S t . P a u l an d N e w O r le a n s ( N o v e m b e r 1 9 5 3 ). M in o r d i f f e r e n c e s in ra n k o r d e r o f t h e s e a r e a s s h o u ld , t h e r e f o r e , b e v ie w e d in th e lig h t o f t h is v a r ia t io n in p a y r o l l c o v e r a g e . 4 F o r in tr a -a r e a c o m p a r is o n s , a g g re g a te s fo r nonm anu f a c t u r in g o c c u p a t io n s a n d in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s a r e e x p r e s s e d a s p e r c e n t a g e s o f lik e g r o u p s in m a n u fa c t u r in g in th e s a m e la b o r m a rk et. R e la tiv e L e v e ls A m on g L a b o r M a rk ets O c c u p a t io n a l C o m p a r i s o n s . — O f f i c e p a y l e v e l s r a n g e d f r o m 108 p e r c e n t o f th a t f o r N e w Y o r k C it y in D e t r o it to 86 p e r c e n t in M e m p h is a n d N e w O r le a n s (ta b le l ) . In C h ic a g o , L o s A n g e l e s , a n d th e San F r a n c i s c o B a y a r e a , th e y w e r e 1 0 6 - 107 p e r c e n t o f N e w Y o r k C it y l e v e l s . N e w a r k - J e r s e y C it y , M ilw a u k e e , a n d P o r t la n d ( O r e g . ) w e r e 1 o r 2 p e r c e n t a g e p o in t s b e lo w N e w Y o r k C it y . A r e a s a s w id e ly s e p a r a t e d g e o g r a p h i c a l l y a s B o s t o n , P h ila d e lp h ia , A t la n ta , D a ll a s , M i n n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l, a n d D e n v e r w e r e c l u s t e r e d a t a b o u t 90 p e r c e n t o f th e New* Y o r k C it y l e v e l . 4 A d ju s t m e n t o f th e a r e a r e l a t i v e s f o r m a n u fa c t u r in g th e s a m e m o n th d a te ( F e b r u a r y 1 9 54 ) o n th e b a s i s o f c h a n g e in g r o s s a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s f o r p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in m a n u f a c t u r in g r e s u l t e d in n o c h a n g e in 8 a r e a s , a 1 -p o in t d e c r e a s e f o r M ilw a u k e e , a 1 - p o in t i n c r e a s e in D e n v e r , D e t r o i t , M e m p h is , M i n n e a p o l i s -S t . P a u l, a n d P o r t la n d , a n d a 3 - p o i n t i n c r e a s e in N ew O r le a n s . M o n th ly a v e r a g e s w e r e n o t a v a i la b le f o r D a ll a s . to 8 In a l l a r e a s , s a l a r y r a t e s f o r m e n o f f i c e w o r k e r s c o m p a r e d m o r e f a v o r a b l y w ith N e w Y o r k C it y l e v e l s th an d id s a l a r y ra tes fo r w om en . W h e r e a s N e w Y o r k C it y r a n k e d fift h in th e s c a l e s f o r a l l o f f i c e w o r k e r s a n d f o r w o m e n o f f i c e w o r k e r s , it d r o p p e d to n in th p o s i t i o n a m o n g m e n c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s . 5 T o i l l u s t r a t e th e s u b s t a n t ia l d i f f e r e n c e in th e p a y p o s i t i o n o f m e n an d w o m e n ( r e l a t i v e to N e w Y o r k C i t y ), r e l a t i v e s f o r m e n a n d w o m e n in D e t r o it w e r e 118 a n d 107, r e s p e c t i v e l y , an d in M e m p h is w e r e 99 an d 8 4 . P la n t w o r k e r w a g e c o m p a r i s o n s w e r e l i m i t e d to s k i lle d m a in t e n a n c e t r a d e s , c u s t o d ia l w o r k e r s — g u a r d s , j a n i t o r s , j a n i t r e s s e s , a n d w a t c h m e n — a n d w o r k e r s e n g a g e d in m a t e r i a l - m o v e m e n t o p e r a t i o n s . I n c lu d e d in th e la t t e r g r o u p a r e f o r k l i f t o p e r a t o r s , m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g l a b o r e r s , o r d e r f i l l e r s , s h ip p in g p a c k e r s , ^ h ip p in g a n d r e c e i v i n g c l e r k s , a n d t r u c k d r i v e r s . A ll o f th e s e w o r k e r s a r e e m p lo y e d in s o - c a l l e d " i n d i r e c t " j o b s in c o n t r a s t to t h o s e d i r e c t l y e m p lo y e d in p la n t p r o d u c t i o n o p e r a t i o n s . I n t e r a r e a w a g e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g t h e s e o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p s w ill n ot n e c e s s a r i l y a g r e e w ith m e a s u r e s o f w a g e d i f f e r e n c e s b a s e d o n a v e r a g e s r e la t in g to a l l p la n t w o r k e r s . I n t e r a r e a d i f f e r e n c e s in in d u s t r ia l c o m p o s i t i o n , f o r e x a m p l e , m a y s t r o n g ly in flu e n c e th e e a r n in g s l e v e l f o r a l l p la n t w o r k e r s c o m b i n e d . T o illu s tr a t e , tw o e s t a b lis h m e n t s in d i f f e r e n t in d u s t r ie s m a y h a v e id e n t i c a l p a y s c a l e s f o r i n d i r e c t l a b o r j o b s bu t m a y h a v e q u ite d i f f e r e n t o v e r a l l a v e r a g e s due to s h a r p ly d i f f e r i n g s k i ll r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r th e d i r e c t la b o r s e g m e n t o f th e w o r k f o r c e . A m o n g o t h e r s i g n if ic a n t f a c t o r s in flu e n c in g p la n t w id e a v e r a g e s a r e th e ty p e o f w a g e p la n an d th e r a t io o f m e n a n d w o m e n w o r k e r s . T h e m a x i m u m i n t e r a r e a d i f f e r e n c e in p a y l e v e l s f o r p la n t i n d i r e c t j o b s e x c e e d e d th at n o te d f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s * p a y . S o u th e r n p la n t w o r k e r s w e r e at a d i s t i n c t l y l o w e r l e v e l ( r e la t iv e to N e w Y o r k C i t y ) th a n S o u th e r n o f f i c e w o r k e r s (c h a r t 3 ). W h e r e a s C h ic a g o , D e t r o it , L o s A n g e l e s , an d th e San F r a n c i s c o B a y a r e a h a d n e a r l y i d e n t i c a l p a y l e v e l s f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s , i n d i r e c t p la n t w o r k e r r a t e s in S a n F r a n c i s c o w e r e 3 p e r c e n t h ig h e r th an in D e t r o it , 7 p e r c e n t h ig h e r th an in L o s A n g e l e s , an d 9 p e r c e n t h ig h e r th an in C h i c a g o . P a y l e v e l s in th e 4 S o u th e r n a r e a s a p p r o x i m a t e d t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f N e w Y o r k C it y p a y an d t w o - t h i r d s o f San F r a n c i s c o B a y a r e a p a y . A lth o u g h m o s t a r e a s h e ld a g e n e r a l l y s i m i l a r p o s i t i o n in a r a n k in g a c c o r d i n g to p a y l e v e l s f o r p la n t w o r k e r s a n d a r a n k in g a c c o r d i n g to d e g r e e o f u n io n iz a t i o n o f t h e s e w o r k e r s , s e v e r a l m a jo r e x c e p t io n s w e r e n o t e d . S t. L o u i s a n d M i n n e a p o l i s S t. P a u l r a n k e d s u b s t a n t ia lly h ig h e r in l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e than in p a y a n d th e r e v e r s e w a s t r u e f o r C h i c a g o a n d L o s A n g e le s . E s t im a t e s o f a g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e o f p la n t w o r k e r s r a n g e d f r o m s lig h t ly l e s s th a n h a l f in A t la n ta , D a ll a s , a n d N e w O r le a n s to 96 p e r c e n t in S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d . A g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s w a s m u c h s m a l l e r , a m o u n tin g to a s m u c h a s a fift h in o n ly a fe w a r e a s . M a x im u m w a g e d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g a r e a s f o r c u s t o d i a l a n d m a t e r i a l - m o v e m e n t j o b s g r e a t l y e x c e e d e d t h o s e f o r th e m a i n t e n a n c e t r a d e s (ta b le 2 ). San F r a n c i s c o c u s t o d i a l w o r k e r s a v e r a g e d 84 p e r c e n t m o r e th an N e w O r l e a n s c u s t o d i a l w o r k e r s an d th e d i f f e r e n c e in p a y l e v e l s f o r m a t e r i a l - m o v e m e n t j o b s a m o u n t e d t o 66 p e r c e n t . M e m p h is h ad th e l o w e s t p a y l e v e l f o r th e m a i n t e n a n c e t r a d e s — a b o u t 20 p e r c e n t b e l o w th e h ig h e s t p a y a r e a s (San F r a n c i s c o , D e t r o it , an d C h i c a g o ) . The g re a te r sp rea d fo r c u s t o d ia l w o r k e r s r e f l e c t s th e g r e a t e r - t h a n - a v e r a g e s k i ll d i f f e r e n t ia ls fo u n d in th e S ou th . R a t e s p a id t o c u s t o d ia l w o r k e r s in th e t h r e e W e s t C o a s t a r e a s , a n d in D e t r o it , N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y , a n d B o s t o n c o m p a r e d m o r e fa v o r a b l y w ith N e w Y o r k C it y l e v e l s th a n d id r a t e s p a id to s k i l l e d m a in te n a n c e w o r k e r s . A lt h o u g h th e d i f f e r e n c e in th e r e l a t i v e s f o r t h e s e g r o u p s g e n e r a l l y a m o u n t e d to 3 p o in t s o r l e s s , San F r a n c i s c o d i f f e r e n t i a l s ( o v e r N e w Y o r k C i t y ) a m o u n t e d to 18 p e r c e n t f o r c u s t o d ia l w o r k e r s a s c o m p a r e d w ith 10 p e r c e n t f o r m a in t e n a n c e w o r k e r s . In d u s t r ia l C o m p a r i s o n s .— T h e a l l - i n d u s t r y w a g e r e l a t i o n s h ip s a l r e a d y m e n t io n e d a r e n ot p r e c i s e l y d u p lic a t e d w ith in i n d u s t r i a l c o m p o n e n t s , s i n c e th e a l l - i n d u s t r y j o b a v e r a g e s r e f l e c t w a g e a n d e m p lo y m e n t l e v e l s in b o t h m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d th e s e v e r a l n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g d i v i s i o n s . H ow ever, m ost a r e a s h e ld v e r y n e a r l y th e sa m e ra n k p o s i t i o n in m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d n o n m a n u fa c tu r in g a s in th e a l l - i n d u s t r y s c a l e . (S e e t a b l e s 1 a n d 2 . ) W ith o n e e x c e p t io n , p a y l e v e l s f o r o f f i c e a n d p la n t w o r k e r s in e a c h a r e a c o m p a r e d m o r e f a v o r a b l y w ith N e w Y o r k C it y in m a n u f a c tu r in g th a n in th e in d u s t r ia l g r o u p th a t in c l u d e d u t i l i t i e s , t r a d e , fin a n c e , an d s e r v i c e s i n d u s t r i e s . A m o n g o f f i c e w o r k e r s , m a j o r v a r i a t i o n s in a r e a r a n k in g s 5 A lth o u g h th e n o r m a l w o r k w e e k in N e w Y o r k C it y o f f i caess b e t w e e n m a n u fa c tu r in g a n d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g i n v o l v e d C h i c a g o , D e t r o it , D a lla s , a n d D e n v e r . C h ic a g o o f f ic e w o r k e r s ran k ed a v e r a g e d a b o u t 36 h o u r s a s c o m p a r e d w ith 38 to 40 in th e o t h e r fo u r t h in m a n u fa c tu r in g bu t w e r e t i e d f o r f i r s t p o s i t i o n , w ith L o s a r e a s , w o r k s c h e d u l e s w e r e g e n e r a l l y s i m i l a r f o r m e n an d w o m e n A n g e l e s a n d San F r a n c i s c o , in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g . D e t r o i t o f f i c e w ith in e a c h a r e a a n d , th u s , d o n ot a p p e a r to e x p la in th e l e s s p a y in m a n u fa c tu r in g an d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g r a n k e d f i r s t a n d fo u r t h , a d v a n t a g e o u s p o s i t i o n in th e i n t e r c i t y s c a l e o f m e n o f f i c e w o r k e r s r e s p e c tiv e ly . D a lla s o f f i c e w o r k e r p a y l e v e l s r a n k e d n in th in in N e w Y o r k C i t y . 9 m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d t h ir t e e n t h in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g . E v en su ch d i f f e r e n c e s in r a n k in g i n v o l v e d o n ly m i n o r d i f f e r e n c e s in th e r e l a t i o n s h ip b e t w e e n w a g e s in m a n u fa c t u r in g an d t h o s e in n o n m a n u f a c t u r in g f r o m a r e a to a r e a . T o i l l u s t r a t e , n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g o f f i c e w o r k e r s in D e t r o i t an d D a lla s a v e r a g e d 87 an d 88 p e r c e n t , r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f m a n u fa c t u r in g o f f i c e p a y . In 7 o t h e r a r e a s , c o m p a r a b l e r a t i o s r a n g e d f r o m 89 to 92 p e r c e n t a n d in o n ly 4 a r e a s d id t h e y e x c e e d 95 p e r c e n t . R e l a t i v e s f o r p la n t i n d i r e c t j o b s f o r C h ic a g o in d ic a t e d s ix t h p l a c e in th e r a n k in g o f a r e a s a c c o r d i n g to m a n u fa c t u r in g p a y l e v e l s ; t h is a r e a r a n k e d t h ir d in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g . C h ic a g o , i n c i d e n t a l l y , h a d th e h ig h e s t w a g e s , a m o n g th e a r e a s s t u d ie d , f o r m a in t e n a n c e t r a d e s in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s . A s in th e c a s e o f o f f i c e s a l a r i e s , D e t r o it p l a n t - w o r k e r p a y l e v e l s r a n k e d h ig h e r in m a n u fa c t u r in g th a n in th e a r r a y o f a r e a r e l a t i v e s f o r n o n m a n u f a c t u r in g . O f f i c e w o r k e r p a y in th e h ig h e s t - w a g e a r e a e x c e e d e d th at in th e l o w e s t w a g e a r e a b y a fo u r t h in m a n u fa c t u r in g a s w e ll a s n o n m a n u f a c t u r in g , a s sh o w n b e l o w . A m o n g p la n t j o b s , h o w e v e r , th e m a x i m u m w a g e s p r e a d w a s m u c h g r e a t e r in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g , a m o u n t in g t o a s m u c h a s 98 p e r c e n t f o r c u s t o d ia l w o r k e r s , b e tw e e n N e w O r l e a n s a n d S a n F r a n c i s c o . P e r c e n t d iffe r e n c e b e tw e e n h ig h e s t and l o w e s t a r e a r e la t iv e s Job grou p O ffic e w o r k e r s P la n t w o r k e r s .. _ M a in t e n a n c e C u s t o d ia l . _ __ . _ M a te r ia l m o v e m e n t M a n u fa c tu r in g 27 49 26 54 63 N onm anu f a c t u r in g 25 66 51 98 75 A p a r t i a l e x p la n a t io n f o r th e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l e r d e g r e e o f w a g e d i s p e r s i o n a m o n g m a r k e t s in th e c a s e o f m a n u fa c t u r in g l i e s in th e f a c t th a t m u l t i l o c a t i o n Q p e r a tio n s a r e m o r e c o m m o n a m o n g m a n u fa c t u r in g e n t e r p r i s e s . M o re o v e r, w age stru ctu re s in s o m e m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , n o ta b ly t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t p r o d u c e r s , a r e l a r g e l y in d u s t r y - o r i e n t e d , w h ic h a l s o te n d s to n a r r o w a v e r a g e d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g la b o r m a r k e t s . To th e e x te n t th a t p a y l e v e l s in m a n u fa c t u r in g a r e h ig h e r th a n in o t h e r in d u s t r y g r o u p s , r e l a t i v e d i f f e r e n c e s w o u ld , o f c o u r s e , b e s m a l l e r f o r a n y g iv e n a m o u n t o f a b s o lu t e d i f f e r e n c e in p a y l e v e l s am ong a r e a s . T r e n d s in W a g e D i f f e r e n t i a l s . — C o m p a r i s o n o f i n t e r a r e a w a g e r e l a t i v e s b a s e d o n th e 1 9 5 3 -5 4 s t u d ie s w ith t h o s e d e v e lo p e d 2 y e a r s e a r l i e r r e v e a l s th at a v e r a g e p a y l e v e l s in s o m e a r e a s r o s e m o r e r a p id ly th a n in o t h e r s d u r in g t h is p e r i o d , r e s u lt in g in s o m e s h ift s in th e r a n k in g o f a r e a s . A lth o u g h N ew Y o r k C ity h e ld th e s a m e r a n k p o s i t i o n in b o t h y e a r s , r e l a t i v e s f o r b oth o f f i c e a n d p la n t w o r k e r s in m o s t o t h e r a r e a s r o s e d u r in g th e 2 y e a r s , g e n e r a l l y b y tw o o r m o r e p e r c e n t a g e p o in t s . T h u s , M i l w a u k e e p la n t w o r k e r s m o v e d f r o m s ix t h t o fo u r t h p o s i t i o n a m o n g 15 a r e a s in c l u d e d in b o th s t u d ie s ; M ilw a u k e e r e l a t i v e s w e r e 101 a n d 106, r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f th e a v e r a g e f o r N e w Y o r k C it y . In 19 52 , o f f i c e w o r k e r s in D e n v e r , B o s t o n , a n d P h ila d e lp h ia e a c h s t o o d a t 89 p e r c e n t ; b y 19 54 , th e r e l a t i v e s f o r D e n v e r a n d P h ila d e lp h ia h a d c h a n g e d to 93 a n d 91 p e r c e n t , r e s p e c t i v e l y , w ith that f o r B o s t o n r e m a in in g u n c h a n g e d ; b o th P h ila d e lp h ia an d B o s t o n r a n k e d l o w e r a m o n g th e a r e a s th a n in 19 52 , w h ile D e n v e r r a n k e d h ig h e r . R e la tiv e L e v e ls W ith in L a b o r M a r k e t s C o m p a r i s o n s o f m a n u fa c t u r in g an d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g p a y l e v e l s w ith in l a b o r m a r k e t s s h o w e d a f a i r l y c o n s is t e n t w a g e a d v a n ta g e f o r e m p l o y e e s in m a n u fa c t u r in g . A s sh o w n in ta b le 3 an d c h a r t 4 , o f f i c e w o r k e r a v e r a g e s f o r a l l n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g r a n g e d f r o m 87 p e r c e n t ( D e t r o it ) to 98 p e r c e n t (N ew Y o r k C it y ) o f p a y f o r c o m p a r a b l e w o r k in m a n u fa c t u r in g . In m o s t a r e a s , p a y l e v e l s f o r m e n o f f i c e w o r k e r s c o m p a r e d m o r e f a v o r a b l y w ith m e n 1s s a l a r i e s in m a n u fa c t u r in g th an w a s th e c a s e a m o n g w o m e n w o r k e r s . O f f i c e w o r k e r s in p u b li c u t i l i t i e s , h o w e v e r , e a r n e d m o r e th a n t h e ir c o u n t e r p a r t s in m a n u fa c t u r in g in 9 l a b o r m a r k e t s . T h e s a l a r y a d v a n ta g e a v e r a g e d f r o m 5 t o 7 p e r c e n t in B o s t o n , N ew Y o r k C i t y , P h ila d e lp h ia , P o r t la n d , a n d S t. L o u i s . S a la r ie s in w h o l e s a l e t r a d e a v e r a g e d 4 p e r c e n t b e l o w p u b li c u t i l i t i e s an d 3 p e r c e n t b e l o w m a n u fa c t u r in g p a y l e v e l s . S e r v ic e s , r e ta il tra d e , a n d fin a n c e w e r e g r o u p e d a b o u t 10 p e r c e n t b e l o w m a n u fa c t u r in g . ® W e e k ly h o u r s te n d e d to b e l o w e s t in th e fin a n c e g r o u p , o f f s e t t in g th e s lig h t ly lo w e r a v e r a g e in s a la r y r a t e s . S ten og r a p h e r s in B o s t o n , f o r e x a m p l e , a v e r a g e d 37 h o u r s in f in a n c e , 38 in r e t a i l t r a d e , 3 8 .5 in p u b li c u t i l i t i e s a n d s e r v i c e s , a n d 39 h o u r s in* w h o l e s a l e t r a d e . In N e w Y o r k C i t y , t h is j o b c a t e g o r y a v e r a g e d 36 h o u r s in fin a n c e a s a g a in s t 3 6 .5 h o u r s in e a c h o f 6 D a ta f o r w h o l e s a l e a n d r e t a i l t r a d e a r e b a s e d o n a r e a s ; f o r f in a n c e , 12; a n d f o r s e r v i c e s , 6 . M e d ia n a r e a r e l a t iv e s w e r e 90 f o r s e r v i c e s , 89 f o r r e t a i l t r a d e , an d 87 f o r fin a n c e . In 5 o f 8 a r e a s f o r w h ic h c o m p a r i s o n s c o v e r e d b o th r e t a i l t r a d e a n d fin a n c e , r e l a t i v e s w e r e f r o m 1 to 3 p e r c e n t a g e p o in t s h ig h e r f o r th e fin a n c e g r o u p . 11 10 the o t h e r d i v i s i o n s . S t e n o g r a p h e r s in C h ic a g o fin a n c e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s a v e r a g e d 3 7 .5 h o u r s , o n e - h a l f h o u r l e s s th a n in s e r v i c e s an d fu lly 2 h o u r s l e s s th a n in th e o t h e r n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g d i v i s i o n s . S t e n o g r a p h e r s in m a n u fa c t u r in g o f f i c e s a v e r a g e d 4 0 h o u r s in 10 a r e a s , e it h e r 39 o r 3 9 .5 h o u r s in 6 a r e a s , a n d 3 6 .5 h o u r s in N e w Y o r k C i t y . P la n t w o r k e r s in a l l i n d i r e c t j o b s a s a g r o u p a v e r a g e d s o m e w h a t l o w e r p a y in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g in a l l a r e a s o t h e r th an C h ic a g o an d N e w Y o r k C it y . A r e a r e l a t i v e s (to m a n u fa c t u r in g ) r a n g e d f r o m 85 p e r c e n t in D a lla s to 101 p e r c e n t in C h i c a g o . A s sh ow n in c h a r t 4 , p a y r a t e s f o r m a in t e n a n c e w o r k e r s a n d th e m a te r ia l - h a n d l i n g g r o u p in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g w e r e a b o u t o n p a r w ith m a n u fa c t u r in g p a y r a t e s . In c o n t r a s t , c u s t o d ia l w o r k e r s in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g a v e r a g e d 84 p e r c e n t (m e d ia n a r e a r e l a t i v e ) o f m a n u fa c t u r in g p a y . O n ly in C h ic a g o a n d N e w Y o r k C it y d id c u s t o d ia l w o r k e r s a v e r a g e m o r e th a n 90 p e r c e n t o f a v e r a g e r a t e s p a id to t h e i r c o u n t e r p a r t s in m a n u fa c t u r in g p la n t s . E x p la n a t io n f o r th e d i f f e r e n c e in th e c o m p a r a t i v e p a y p o s i t i o n s o f m a in t e n a n c e an d c u s t o d ia l w o r k e r s i s to b e fo u n d l a r g e l y in i n t e r in d u s t r y v a r i a t i o n s in r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r s u c h w ork ers. W ithin n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g , w o r k e r s in th e s p e c i a l i z e d m a in t e n a n c e t r a d e s c o v e r e d in th e s tu d y a r e m a in ly e m p l o y e d in l a r g e e s t a b lis h m e n t s in s u c h i n d u s t r i e s a s e l e c t r i c a n d g a s u tilit ie s , te le c o m m u n ic a t io n s , an d d e p a rtm e n t s t o r e s . T h ese t y p e s o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v e g e n e r a l l y h i g h e r p a y l e v e l s o r p a y m o r e f o r m a in te n a n c e w o r k th a n o t h e r s e g m e n t s o f n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g . S o m e f i r m s in m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g p a y th e h ig h e r c o n s t r u c t io n in d u s t r y r a t e s f o r a t l e a s t s o m e o f t h e ir m a in t e n a n c e w o r k e r s . C u s t o d ia l w o r k e r s a r e m o r e ty p ic a lly d is t r ib u t e d th r o u g h o u t th e w h o le r a n g e o f n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g a c t iv it ie s . A s a m on g o ffic e s a la r y c o m p a r is o n s , p la n t -w o r k e r p a y t e n d e d to b e h ig h e r in p u b li c u t i l i t i e s a n d w h o l e s a l e t r a d e th a n in th e o t h e r n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g g r o u p s . P la n t w o r k e r s t e n d e d to r e c e i v e h ig h e r h o u r ly p a y in fin a n c e th a n in th e s e r v i c e in d u s tr ie s . 7 7 T h e g r o u p r e f e r r e d to a s f in a n c e i n c l u d e s b a n k s , i n s u a n c e c a r r i e r s , a n d r e a l e s t a t e . A m o n g th e m a j o r s e r v i c e in d u s t r i e s a r e h o t e ls , la u n d r ie s , c le a n in g a n d d y e in g p la n t s , g e n e r a l a u to r e p a i r s h o p s , an d r a d io b r o a d c a s t i n g a n d t e l e v i s i o n . Chart 3. RELATIVE PAY LEVELS FOR OFFICE WORKERS AND PLANT WORKERS IN INDIRECT JOBS 17 Labor Markets New York CityOOO AREA 100 D e tro it Los A n g e le s _________ ________ ___ S a n F ra n c is c o O a k la n d C h ic a g o ;____ _______________ ______ ;________________________ _____ ____________________ N e w Y o r k C ity N e w a rk J e r s e y C ity M ilw a u k e e P o r t la n d St. Louis D enver A t la n t a M in n e a p o lis St. P a u l P h ila d e lp h ia D a lla s B o sto n M e m p h is N e w O r le a n s UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT Of lASOR •UREAU OE 1AKM STATISTICS OFFICE WORKERS (Men and Women) | } PLANT WORKERS (Maintenance, Custodial, and Material Movement Jobs) 110 Percent 120 12 Chart 4 . PA Y LEVELS IN NONMANUFACTURING A S PERCENTAGES OF MANUFACTURING PA Y LEVELS 17 Labor M a rk e ts M a n u fa c t u r in g O F F IC E W O R K E R S A N D - 100 IN D IR E C T PLANT W O RKERS M e d ia n a r e a p e r c e n ta g e s a n d ran ge of in d iv id u a l a r e a p e r c e n ta g e s | JOB GROUP MEDIAN | 0 20 40 r i 60 i 80 WO i t 1 -» — ! — IJ_ O F F IC E W O R K E R S All Workers Men Women 92 97 92 — 1— ! 1 1 ----------1—7 — i!— ---------------------1--------------- ! IN D IR E C T P L A N T W O R K E R S All Workers Maintenance Custodial M aterial Movement 120 95 99 84 99 — T W O M EN i O F F IC E l l ! *r l W O RKERS M e d ia n a r e a percen tage s a n d r a n g e of in d iv id u a l a r e a p e r c e n t a g e s | INDUSTRY DIVISION | | MEDIAN | <> Public U tilitie s Wholesale Trade Services Retail Trade Finance 20 i 40 1 lOI 97 90 89 87 _____________l____________ i . UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF l ABOR STATISTICS 60 i i 80 ! lOO J 1 — 1— - H H— ' — 1i _ l ---------- j 1 i___ 1 120 13 T A B L E 1 .— R e l a t i v e p a y l e v e l s f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s in 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s b y i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n a n d s e x , 1 9 5 3 -5 4 1 (N e w Y o r k C it y = 100) A ll i n d u s t r ie s L a b or m arket M en and w om en M en M a n u fa c t u r in g W om en M en and w om en M en N o n m a n u fa c t u r in g W om en M en and w om en Wo m e n M en T ota l P u b lic u t i li t ie s * W h o le s a le tra d e R e ta il tra d e F in a n ce ** S e r v ic e s 88 96 100 (2 ) 86 94 100 85 84 91 91 (2) 80 86 89 N o rth e a s t: B o sto n . . N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y ____________ N e w Y o r k C i t y ___ ________________ P h i l a d e l p h i a _____________________ 89 99 100 91 93 106 100 99 88 98 100 90 93 100 100 95 94 104 100 98 93 100 100 95 88 97 100 89 92 105 100 98 87 96 100 87 95 97 100 98 S o u th : A t l a n t a ____________________________ D a ll a s _____________________________ M e m p h i s _________________________ N e w O r l e a n s _____________________ 92 90 86 86 99 98 99 93 91 89 84 85 98 99 90 92 102 104 101 94 97 98 89 92 91 89 85 84 98 93 97 92 90 88 84 83 94 88 84 83 90 (!) ( ) (2 ) M id d le W e s t : C h i c a g o ___________________________ D e t r o i t ____________________________ M ilw a u k e e _______________________ M in n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l __________ St. L o u i s _________________________ 106 108 98 91 95 111 118 108 99 104 105 107 97 90 94 107 114 100 94 97 111 122 107 99 105 106 113 99 93 96 105 101 94 90 94 109 111 104 98 101 104 100 93 89 93 102 103 93 88 97 102 101 (2 ) 89 92 106 F a r W est: D e n v e r ____________________________ L o s A n g e l e s _____________________ P o r t l a n d __________________________ S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d ________ 93 107 98 106 99 114 106 111 93 106 97 105 95 111 100 113 93 113 107 111 95 110 99 113 94 105 98 105 100 113 106 109 93 104 97 104 92 105 99 105 (2 ) 102 (2 ) 103 95 1 2 3 p r o v id e s * ** 91 92 100 90 (!) (2 ) 91 (2 ) (2 ) 93 109 <*) (2 ) 105 97 (2 ) 100 88 (!) (!) ( ) (2 ) 108 102 (2 ) 89 86 (!) (!) (2 ) (2 ) 98 (2 ) 101 , (2 ) 3 104 (* ) (2 ) F o r d e s c r i p t i o n o f m e t h o d o l o g y , s e e p. 7 . I n s u f f i c ie n t d a ta t o w a r r a n t c o m p a r is o n . M o t i o n - p i c t u r e p r o d u c t i o n in L o s A n g e le s w a s in c lu d e d in a l l - i n d u s t r y a n d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t im a t e s but e x c l u d e d f r o m th e s e r v i c e g r o u p ; th e s u r v e y r e p o r t r e f e r r e d to e a r l i e r s e p a r a t e d a ta f o r t h i s in d u s t r y in L o s A n g e le s . T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( e x c lu d in g r a i l r o a d s ) , c o m m u n ic a t io n , a n d o t h e r p u b li c u t i li t ie s . F in a n ce , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l esta te. 14 T A B L E 2 . — -R e la t iv e p a y l e v e l s l o r p la n t w o r k e r s in i n d i r e c t j o b s in 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s b y in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n a n d w o r k c a t e g o r y , 1 9 5 3 -5 4 (New Y o rk C ity = 100) A ll in d u s trie s L a b o r m a rk et M a in ten a n ce, cu s to d ia l, and m a te ria l m o v em en t M&into nance N on m a n u fa ctu rin g M anu factu ring C u sto d ia l M a te ria l m ovem ent M a in te n a n ce , c u sto d ia l, and m a te ria l m ovem ent M a in te nance C ustod ial M a in ten a n ce, c u s t o d ia l, M a te ria l and m ovem ent m a t e r ia l m ovem ent M ainte nance C u s to d ia l M a te ria l m ovem ent N orth ea st: B o sto n .. .... ..._______ N e w a r k -J e r s e y C ity ~_____ N ew Y o r k C itv -----------------P h ila d elp h ia ___ ______ _________ 93 106 100 94 94 103 100 99 96 106 100 96 90 107 100 92 95 108 100 97 92 101 100 96 101 109 100 102 93 111 100 94 90 103 100 91 94 107 100 101 91 98 100 89 88 104 100 88 South: A tlanta ______ _ ________________ ..... D a l l a s ___________ ..._________ ____ M e m p h is ____ ____ ____________ New O r le a n s _____ _____ ________ 77 78 74 72 92 89 88 89 78 77 72 64 71 74 69 68 79 85 77 78 88 90 85 87 85 88 82 87 71 81 72 70 75 72 68 68 93 83 78 86 70 69 63 58 70 69 66 65 M iddle W est: C h ica g o _____________ ....__....__ D e t r o i t _______________ __________ M ilw a u k e e ______ _____ __________ M in n e a p olis-S t. P a u l _____ St. L o u i s -------------------------- ------ 105 111 106 100 99 110 110 106 103 103 108 115 106 J02 98 101 109 106 98 98 105 114 108 102 102 102 107 103 99 101 111 126 112 110 105 103 111 108 99 100 106 101 102 99 94 118 106 106 105 105 107 95 93 95 81 101 102 104 97 96 F a r W est: D e n v e r ______________ ________ ___ L o s A n g e l e s ______ _____________ P o r t l a n d ___ ___ _____________ . . . . San F ra n c isc o ~ Oakland _____ 90 107 105 114 94 106 105 110 91 109 107 118 89 107 104 113 94 109 105 115 92 102 101 107 100 115 111 125 92 109 104 114 88 107 103 113 94 112 107 109 85 105 99 115 86 106 103 114 F o r d e s c r ip tio n o f m e th o d o lo g y , se e p. 7. 15 T A B L E 3 .— P a y l e v e ls in non m anu factu ring in d u s trie s a s p e r c e n ta g e s o f m a n u fa ctu rin g pay l e v e ls by jo b gro u p , 17 la b o r m a r k e ts , 1 953-54 1 (M a n u factu rin g pay in e a ch a re a and jo b group = 100) O ffic e w o r k e r s L a b or m arket T ota l nonm anu fa ctu rin g P u b lic u tilitie s * W hole sale tra d e N o rth e a st; B o s t o n _____ __________________ ____ N e w a r k -J e r s e y C i t y _____________ N ew Y o r k C i t y ___________________ P h i l a d e lp h ia _____________________ 92 95 9891 106 101 105 107 South: A t l a n t a _____,____ ______________ D a lla s .................................................... M e m p h is __________________________ N ew O r le a n s _____________________ 91 88 92 89 102 94 95 97 (2 ) (? ) (2 ) M id d le W est; C h ic a g o _________________________ D e t r o i t ____________________________ M ilw a u k e e ________________________ M in n e a p o lis -S t. P a u l ___________ St. L o u i s _________________________ 96 87 91 94 94 101 99 F a r W e st: D e n v e r __________ _______________ L o s A n g e l e s _____________________ P o r t l a n d __________________________ San F r a n c is c o -O a k la n d ________ 97 96 93 91 99 101 96 104 97 P lant w o r k e r s in in d ir e c t jo b s R e ta il tra d e 88 89 93 (2) 88 86 (2) 91 M aintenance C u sto d ia l 95 95 100 94 102 96 100 88 88 98 85 9 8 M a te ria l m ove m e n t 97 96 97 88 86 (a ) 81 86 87 (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (? ) (2 ) 95 85 88 87 101 89 88 95 80 76 75 65 101 88 95 96 95 83 (2 ) 92 86 98 87 (2 ) (? ) (2 ) 101 89 94 96 93 110 95 95 100 95 102 100 82 84 75 (2 ) 85 (2) 86 (2) 3 91 93 98 98 98 98 82 105 103 98 88 87 90 106 99 99 101 100 105 97 (2) 96 (2 ) 94 93 (2 ) 88 89 92 (2 ) S e r v ic e s 96 85 92 (2) (2 ) 90 (2) 95 97 99 F in a n ce ** M a in ten a n ce, cu s to d ia l, and m a t e r ia l m ovem ent 0 89 (? ) (2 ) 99 74 103 96 99 99 101 96 100 102 103 1 F o r d e s c r ip t io n o f m e th o d o lo g y , see p. 7. 2 In s u fficie n t data to w a rra n t co m p a ris o n . 3 M o t io n -p ic t u r e p r o d u c tio n in L o s A n g e le s w a s included in a ll-in d u s t r y and n on m a n u factu rin g e s tim a te s but e x c lu d e d f r o m the s e r v ic e gro u p ; the s u rv e y r e p o r t r e f e r r e d to e a r lie r p r o v id e s s e p a ra te data fo r th is in d u s try in L o s A n g e le s . * T r a n s p o r t a t io n (ex c lu d in g r a ilr o a d s ), co m m u n ica tion , and o th e r p u b lic u tilitie s . * * F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l esta te. 17 C o v e r a g e o f L a b o r -M a n a g e m e n t A g r e e m e n ts E s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith at l e a s t h a lf o f t h e ir w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y la b o r -m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n ts a cco u n te d fo r tw o -t h ir d s o f th e e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g l a r g e - a n d m e d i u m - s i z e f i r m s in 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s in la t e 1953 a n d e a r l y 1954. A p p r o x i m a t e l y f o u r f ift h s o f th e p la n t w o r k e r s , a s c o m p a r e d w ith a b o u t o n e - s i x t h o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s , h a d t h e ir w a g e s and w o r k in g c o n d i t io n s g o v e r n e d b y u n io n c o n t r a c t s . A m o n g th e a r e a s in c lu d e d in th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t i c s T s tu d y , th e g r e a t e s t p r o p o r t i o n s (m o r e th an 90 p e r c e n t ) o f p la n t w o r k e r s s u b j e c t to la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t c o n t r a c t s w e r e fo u n d in th e S a n F r a n c i s c o B a y a r e a , D e t r o it , a n d S t. L o u i s . As a r u l e , c o n t r a c t c o v e r a g e in p u b lic u t ilit y in d u s t r ie s e x c e e d e d th a t in m a n u fa c t u r in g . It w a s lo w e s t in th e t r a d e g r o u p s . T y p i c a l l y , l a r g e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w e r e m o r e lik e l y to h a v e a g r e e m e n t s th a n s m a lle r e s t a b lis h m e n t s . F o r t h is a n a l y s i s , a l l p la n t w o r k e r s o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d to b e c o v e r e d b y a l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t c o n t r a c t i f th e t e r m s o f o n e o r m o r e s u c h a g r e e m e n t s a p p lie d to a m a j o r i t y in th e e s t a b lis h m e n t . S i m i l a r l y , i f l e s s th an h a lf th e w o r k e r s in a n e s t a b lis h m e n t w e r e c o v e r e d b y a n a g r e e m e n t , th at e s t a b lis h m e n t , a n d a l l o f it s e m p l o y e e s , w a s c l a s s i f i e d w ith t h o s e w h ic h r e p o r t e d n o l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s . S e p a r a t e e s t i m a t e s o f a g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e w e r e d e v e lo p e d in a l l in s t a n c e s f o r p la n t a n d o f f i c e e m p l o y e e s . T h e s e e s t i m a t e s d o n ot p u r p o r t to r e f l e c t th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s b e l o n g in g to l a b o r o r g a n iz a t i o n s , s i n c e u n io n m e m b e r s h ip i s n ot g e n e r a l l y c o e x t e n s i v e w ith to ta l p la n t o r o f f i c e e m p l o y m e n t ; t h e r e f o r e , th e y a r e n o t a m e a s u r e o f u n io n m e m b e r s h i p f o r th e in d u s t r y o r a r e a c o n c e r n e d . N o r a r e th e y an e x a c t m e a s u r e m e n t o f th e p r o p o r t i o n o f a ll w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y c o n t r a c t s f o r th e i n d u s t r i e s s u r v e y e d in th e v a r io u s a r e a s in a s m u c h a s th e e s t i m a t e s , a s p r e v i o u s l y p o in t e d ou t, e x c lu d e c o m p a r a t i v e l y s m a l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . M o r e o v e r , e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith a g r e e m e n t s l i m i t e d to m a in t e n a n c e c r a f t s (w h e r e p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s c o n s t i tu te d a m a j o r i t y o f th e e m p l o y e e s ) w e r e c o n s i d e r e d a s n o t c o v e re d by a g re e m e n ts. W ith r e s p e c t t o th e s m a l l e r e s t a b lis h m e n t s e x c lu d e d f r o m th e s u r v e y , it m a y r e a s o n a b ly b e a s s u m e d th at in m o s t in s t a n c e s th e m a j o r i t y o f w o r k e r s in t h e s e p la n t s w e r e n ot c o v e r e d b y l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s . 8 In s o m e i n s t a n c e s , th e s m a l l e r , u n s u r v e y e d e s t a b lis h m e n t s a r e k n o w n to in c lu d e s ig n ific a n t p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s u n d e r a g r e e m e n t , in c lu d in g su ch s e r v i c e tr a d e s a s b a r b e r s , b u tc h e r s , and m o t io n -p ic t u r e o p e r a t o r s . In th e a g g r e g a t e , h o w e v e r , e m p lo y m e n t in s u c h g r o u p s , is n ot b e l i e v e d l a r g e e n o u g h t o a f f e c t m a t e r i a l l y th e o v e r a l l e s t im a t e s o f c o v e r a g e sh o w n in t a b le 4 . A fe w l o c a l l y im p o r t a n t in d u s t r i e s , n o ta b ly c o n s t r u c t io n a n d r a i l r o a d s , w h ic h a r e t y p i c a l l y c o v e r e d b y la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t c o n t r a c t s w e r e n o t c o v e r e d in th e in d iv id u a l l a b o r m a r k e t s u r v e y s , a n d , h e n c e , a r e n o t c o v e r e d in th is s t u d y .9 F in a l ly , w ith r o u g h ly t w o - t h i r d s o f m a n u fa c t u r in g e m p lo y m e n t o u ts id e th e 17 l a b o r - m a r k e t a r e a s s u r v e y e d , th e f o llo w in g e s t im a t e s o f c o n t r a c t c o v e r a g e h a v e v a lid it y p r i m a r i l y in th e a r e a s c o v e r e d . W ith in t h e s e l i m i t a t i o n s , n e v e r t h e l e s s , it i s b e l i e v e d th e e s t im a t e s do p r o v i d e an in s ig h t in to th e a p p r o x im a t e p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t c o n t r a c t s in th e s ig n ific a n t in d u s t r i a l s e c t o r s c o v e r e d b y th e B u r e a u 1s c o m m u n it y w a g e s u r v e y program . A r e a C h a r a c te r is tic s S u b s ta n t ia l v a r ia t io n in th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s o c c u r r e d a m o n g th e m a jo r g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a s in c lu d e d in th e s u r v e y . In g e n e r a l, e s t a b l i s h m e n t s in a r e a s in th e N o r t h e a s t a n d M id d le W e s t r e f l e c t e d a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h d e g r e e o f c o n t r a c t c o v e r a g e , a s d id a l s o th o s e in th e F a r W e s t. In th e S ou th , s m a l l e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s , a s a r u le , w e r e in c lu d e d u n d e r l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s than in a n y o f th e o t h e r m a j o r a r e a s . S ig n ific a n t d i f f e r e n c e s a l s o o c c u r r e d w ith in e a c h a r e a . T h u s , o f th e 4 N o r t h e a s t a r e a s s t u d ie d , th e h ig h ly in d u s t r ia l N e w a r k - J e r s e y C ity a r e a s h o w e d h ig h e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s (p la n t an d o f f i c e c o m b i n e d ) u n d e r a g r e e m e n t th a n it s l a r g e r but S i m il a r ly , l e s s h e a v ily in d u s t r ia l n e ig h b o r ------N e w Y o r k C i t y . C h ic a g o , a lth o u g h th e l a r g e s t o f th e 5 M id w e s t c i t i e s s u r v e y e d , h a d p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y f e w e r w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y a g r e e m e n t s th an a n y o f th e 4 o t h e r c i t i e s . A g a in , in th e F a r W e s t, s h a r p v a r i a t io n s w e r e n o te d b e t w e e n D e n v e r a n d th e San F r a n c i s c o B a y a r e a , w ith th e l a t t e r h a v in g o n e o f th e h ig h e s t p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r c o v e r a g e f o r th e c o u n t r y a s a w h o l e . A lth o u g h th e s a m e te n d e n c i e s a p p e a r e d a m o n g th e c i t i e s in th e S ou th , th e d is p a r i t i e s w e r e , o n th e w h o le , n o t a s g r e a t . 8 A s i n d ic a t e d in ta b le 5, w ith in th e e s t a b l i s h m e n t - s i z e 9 g r o u p s t u d ie d , th e f r e q u e n c y o f c o v e r a g e r o s e p r o g r e s s i v e l y a s e a c h o f th e p la n t e m p lo y m e n t i n c r e a s e d . S e e ta b le on p . 4 , fo r 17 l a b o r - m a r k e t a r e a s . coverage of th e s e su rveys in 18 T h r o u g h o u t a l l 17 a r e a s , th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f p la n t w o r k e r s u n d e r a g r e e m e n t g r e a t l y e x c e e d e d t h o s e f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s . O n ly in 4 c i t i e s ---- - N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y , D e t r o i t , A t la n ta , a n d L o s A n g e le s — w e r e a s m a n y a s a fift h o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y c o n t r a c t s ; b y c o n t r a s t , m o r e th a n f o u r - f i f t h s o f th e p la n t w o r k e r s in 9 a r e a s w e r e s o c o v e r e d . In m o s t o f th e a r e a s at l e a s t t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f th e p la n t w o r k e r s w e r e c o v e r e d b y a g r e e m e n t s , a lth o u g h in th e S ou th th e p r o p o r t i o n w a s a b o u t h a lf; an d in D e n v e r a b o u t t w o - t h i r d s . M a jo r I n d u s t r y C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s S o m e i n d u s t r i e s h a v e o p e r a t e d u n d e r la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s f o r m a n y y e a r s . In o t h e r s , th e p r a c t i c e o f c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a in in g i s of, r e l a t i v e l y r e c e n t o r i g i n . F o r s o m e , w r it t e n a g r e e m e n t s e x i s t o n ly in a r e a s w h e r e b a r g a in in g i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f the c o m m u n it y . T h u s , th e h ig h p r o p o r t i o n o f c o v e r a g e in th e N ew Y o r k C it y a n d S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d a r e a s r e f l e c t s to a s u b s ta n t ia l d e g r e e th e p r e s e n c e f o r d e c a d e s o f l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t r e la t io n s h ip s in im p o r t a n t l o c a l in d u s t r i e s , s u c h a s a p p a r e l (in N ew Y o r k C i t y ) a n d m a r i t i m e (in S an F r a n c i s c o ) . D e t r o i t 1 s u n io n c o n t r a c t c o v e r a g e is h e a v ily w e ig h t e d b y th e a u t o m o t iv e a n d a l l i e d in d u s t r ie s — a d e v e lo p m e n t l a r g e l y o f th e p a s t 20 y e a r s . S o m e w h a t s i m i l a r l y , S t. L o u is a n d M ilw a u k e e r e f l e c t th e g r o w in g in d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n o f t h e ir a r e a s , a lth o u g h in b o th a r e a s e m p l o y e r - u n i o n b a r g a in in g in c e r t a i n i n d u s t r i e s , s u c h a s b r e w in g a n d s t r e e t r a i l w a y s , h a v e t h e ir r o o t s in a g r e e m e n t s n e g o t ia t e d a r o u n d th e tu r n o f th e c e n t u r y . F o r c i t i e s in th e S ou th an d F a r W e s t ( e x c e p t San F r a n c i s c o ) th e i n c r e a s e in th e n u m b e r o f la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t c o n t r a c t s a n d th e a t te n d a n t r i s e in th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s u n d e r s u c h a r r a n g e m e n t s r e f l e c t d e v e lo p m e n t s a r i s i n g o u t o f m o r e r e c e n t w a r a n d p o s t w a r s h ift s o f in d u s t r i e s , e s t a b lis h m e n t o f b r a n c h p la n t s o f f o r m e r l y h ig h ly c e n t r a l i z e d i n d u s t r i e s , a n d e m e r g e n c e o f v i r t u a lly n e w i n d u s t r i e s s u c h a s a i r c r a f t in S o u th e r n C a lifo r n ia and e ls e w h e r e . A m o n g th e b r o a d in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s s u r v e y e d , th e p u b li c u t ility g r o u p ( t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , e l e c t r i c a n d g a s p la n t s , e t c . ) c o n s i s t e n t l y r e p o r t e d th e h ig h e s t p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s u n d e r la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s . In a n u m b e r o f a r e a s , p a r t i c u l a r l y th e M id d le W e s t a n d F a r W e s t , t h is c o v e r a g e in c lu d e d v ir t u a lly a l l p la n t w o r k e r s a n d s i z a b l e p r o p o r t i o n s o f o ffic e w o r k e r s . C o v e r a g e in m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s w a s g e n e r a l l y s o m e w h a t l e s s th a n in th e p u b li c u t ilit y g r o u p , but m a r k e d l y h ig h e r th a n in th e t r a d e a n d s e r v i c e s g r o u p s . E x c e p tio n s w e r e n o te d in C h i c a g o , w h e r e th e p r o p o r t i o n o f p la n t w o r k e r s in th e s e r v i c e t r a d e s u n d e r la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t c o n t r a c t s s o m e w h a t e x c e e d e d th a t in m a n u fa c t u r in g , a n d in L o s A n g e l e s , w h e r e a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h d e g r e e o f c o v e r a g e in th e s e r v i c e a n d a m u s e m e n t t r a d e s b r o u g h t th e p r o p o r t io n s f o r b o t h p la n t a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s a b o v e th e c o m p a r a b le r a t i o s in m a n u f a c t u r in g . In th e S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d a r e a , w o r k e r s in r e t a i l a n d w h o l e s a l e t r a d e w e r e l a r g e l y c o v e r e d b y a g r e e m e n t s , w ith th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f n o n o f f i c e w o r k e r s c o v e r e d th e h ig h e s t r e c o r d e d a m o n g th e 17 a r e a s . A l m o s t h a lf o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s in r e t a i l t r a d e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s in th e San F r a n c is c o B a y a r e a w e r e lik e w is e u n d e r a g r e e m e n t s — a p r o p o r t i o n f a r in e x c e s s o f th a t fo u n d f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s in e it h e r r e t a i l o r w h o l e s a l e t r a d e in an y o f th e o t h e r a r e a s . C o m p a r i s o n s in v o l v in g th e fin a n c e g r o u p o f i n d u s t r i e s w e r e l i m i t e d t o o f f i c e w o r k e r s in a fe w a r e a s . E x c e p t f o r N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y , w h e r e a b o u t 1 ou t o f 8 w e r e u n d e r a g r e e m e n t s , l i t t l e , i f a n y , c o v e r a g e w a s in d ic a t e d f o r th is g r o u p . M a n u fa c t u r in g . — N e a r ly a l l o f th e m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s h a d a h ig h p e r c e n t a g e o f l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e in th e 17 s u r v e y e d a r e a s ; 10 a l m o s t a l l o f th e s e p a r a t e in d u s t r y g r o u p s in th e m a n u fa c t u r in g d i v i s i o n h a d a p l a n t - w o r k e r c o v e r a g e o f 8 0 p e r c e n t o r m o r e . E x c e p tio n s w e r e in d u s tr y g ro u p s s u c h a s t o b a c c o , f u r n it u r e , a n d t e x t i l e - m i l l p r o d u c t s w h ic h g e n e r a l l y h a d r e l a t i v e l y lo w e m p lo y m e n t in th e l a r g e u r b a n a r e a s s t u d ie d . W ith in e a c h o f t h e s e b r o a d m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r y g r o u p s , h o w e v e r , t h e r e w e r e s e g m e n t s w h ic h d i f f e r e d g r e a t l y in th e e x te n t o f c o v e r a g e . F o r e x a m p le , th e m o r e th a n 8 0 - p e r c e n t c o v e r a g e o f p la n t w o r k e r s in f o o d - p r o c e s s i n g i n d u s t r i e s c o m p r i s e d a r a n g e o f f r o m a l m o s t c o m p le t e c o v e r a g e in th e b a k e r y , m e a t p a c k in g , a n d m a lt an d d i s t i l l e d l i q u o r i n d u s t r i e s to a n a p p r o x im a t e 6 0 p e r c e n t c o v e r a g e in th e c o n f e c t i o n e r y - p r o d u c t s a n d n o n a l c h o l i c b e v e r a g e in d u s t r ie s — 50 p e r c e n t a m o n g th e m i s c e l l a n e o u s f o o d p r o d u c t e s t a b lis h m e n t s . P a r t s o f th e a p p a r e l i n d u s t r i e s l i k e w i s e w e r e e x t e n s iv e ly c o v e r e d , but th e o v e r a l l p r o p o r t i o n f o r t h is g r o u p w a s r e d u c e d to s o m e e x t e n t b y u n c o v e r e d s e g m e n t s s u c h a s s o m e o f th e c o t t o n g a r m e n t i n d u s t r i e s . A lt h o u g h th e p r in t in g i n d u s t r i e s w e r e h i s t o r i c a l l y a m o n g th e e a r l y o r g a n i z e d in d u s t r i e s , th e y a v e r a g e d , a s a g r o u p , s l ig h t l y l e s s th a n 80 p e r c e n t c o v e r a g e . T h e h ig h d e g r e e o f c o v e r a g e in th e n e w s p a p e r in d u s t r y w a s o f f s e t by a lo w e r p r e v a l e n c e o f l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t c o n t r a c t s in b o o k a n d jo b p r in t in g . *3 5 10 E s t a b lis h m e n t s w e r e c l a s s i f i e d in to in d u s t r y g r o u p s o n th e b a s i s o f th e S ta n d a r d I n d u s t r ia l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n M a n u a l i s s u e d b y th e B u r e a u o f th e B u d g e t ( N o v e m b e r 1 9 4 5 ). T h is m a n u a l d i v i d e s th e m a n u fa c tu r in g i n d u s t r i e s in t o 21 m a j o r g r o u p s a n d th e n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s w ith in th e s c o p e o f t h is s u r v e y in to 35 m a jo r g r o u p s . 19 C e r t a i n i n d u s t r i e s , s u c h a s s t e e l, a u t o m o b il e , a i r c r a f t , a n d r u b b e r , w e r e a l m o s t c o m p l e t e l y o r g a n iz e d in th e a r e a s s u r veyed. W h e r e s u c h p la n t s w e r e fo u n d in a r e a s n o t o t h e r w is e h ig h ly o r g a n i z e d , t h e i r in c l u s io n h a d th e e f f e c t o f i n c r e a s i n g th e p r o p o r t i o n o f c o v e r a g e s i g n if ic a n t l y . L a r g e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t c o m p a n i e s in A t la n t a , f o r e x a m p le , a c c o u n t e d f o r a s u b s t a n t ia l p e r c e n t a g e o f t o t a l m a n u fa c t u r in g c o v e r a g e in th a t a r e a . O n th e o t h e r h a n d , c e r t a i n in d u s t r ie s w ith r e l a t i v e l y lo w c o n t r a c t c o v e r a g e ( e . g . , t e x t i l e s , n o n a lc o h o li c b e v e r a g e s , d a ir y p r o d u c t s , a n d s o m e l u m b e r a n d lu m b e r p r o d u c t s ) w e r e g e n e r a l l y c o v e r e d b y c o n t r a c t s w h e n fo u n d in s u c h h ig h ly o r g a n iz e d a r e a s a s San F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d , S t. L o u is , o r D e t r o it . D e v ia t io n s f r o m th e u s u a l in d u s t r y p a t t e r n o f c o n t r a c t c o v e r a g e w e r e m o s t n o t ic e a b le in th e a r e a s w h e r e e m p lo y m e n t in th at in d u s t r y w a s s m a l l . O f f i c e w o r k e r c o v e r a g e w a s g e n e r a ll y , but n o t a l w a y s , th e h ig h e s t in th e s a m e i n d u s t r ie s in w h ic h p la n t w o r k e r c o v e r a g e w a s a l s o th e g r e a t e s t . R e l a t i v e ly h ig h o f f i c e w o r k e r c o v e r a g e ( o v e r 20 p e r c e n t ) a m o n g m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s w a s r e p o r t e d in p r in t in g ( p r i m a r i l y n e w s p a p e r s ) , p e t r o le u m an d c o a l p r o d u c t s , e l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y , a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t . N o n m a n u fa c t u r i n g . — A m o n g th e n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r i e s in c l u d e d in th e stu d y w e r e s e v e r a l in w h ic h n o n o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e a l m o s t e n t i r e l y c o v e r e d b y c o n t r a c t s . T h e s e in c l u d e d l o c a l tr a n s p o r t a tio n , t r u c k in g , w a te r tr a n s p o r ta tio n , c o m m u n ic a tio n s , a n d th e g a s a n d e l e c t r i c u t i l i t i e s . R e l a t i v e ly h ig h c o v e r a g e (80 p e r c e n t o r m o r e ) w a s a l s o r e p o r t e d f o r b u ild in g m a t e r i a l an d fo o d d e a le r s , r e a l e s t a t e , h o te ls , and p e r s o n a l- s e r v ic e e s t a b lis h m e n t s . . C o v e r a g e in th e o t h e r n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s v a r i e d c o n s id e r a b ly b y a r e a . H ig h e s t c o v e r a g e a m o n g o f f i c e w o r k e r s in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w a s r e p o r t e d f o r c o m m u n ic a t io n s (a b o u t 90 p e r c e n t ) , e l e c t r i c a n d g a s u t i l i t i e s (b e t w e e n 50 an d 60 p e r c e n t ) , a n d l o c a l a n d h ig h w a y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n (a b o u t 50 p e r c e n t ) . C o v e r a g e w a s a l s o r e l a t i v e l y h ig h f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s in h o t e ls a n d th e m o t io n -p ic tu r e in d u s tr ie s . V a r ia tio n b y S iz e o f E s t a b lis h m e n t F r e q u e n t l y e x p r e s s e d o b s e r v a t i o n s t o th e e f f e c t th a t l a r g e r p la n t s a r e m o r e o ft e n c o v e r e d b y la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t c o n t r a c t s th a n s m a l l e r e s t a b lis h m e n t s w e r e s u p p o r t e d b y a n a n a l y s i s o f a g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e b y s i z e o f e s t a b lis h m e n t . T h e d a ta s h o w e d th a t a m u c h g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f l a r g e f i r m s th a n o f s m a ll f i r m s h a d l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r i n g a m a jo r i t y o f t h e ir w o r k e r s . T h e s e p r o p o r t i o n s i n c r e a s e d w ith e a c h s u c c e s s i v e s i z e g r o u p , f r o m th e s m a l l e s t t o th e l a r g e s t , f o r b o th p la n t an d o f f i c e w o r k e r s (ta b le 5 ). O n ly 55 p e r c e n t o f f i r m s w ith 5 1 -1 0 0 e m p l o y e e s h a d l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r i n g t h e ir p la n t w o r k e r s a n d o n ly 5 p e r c e n t h a d o f f i c e w o r k e r c o n t r a c t s , w h e r e a s 84 p e r c e n t o f th e f i r m s e m p lo y in g o v e r 2 , 5 0 0 w o r k e r s h ad p la n t c o v e r a g e , a n d 30 p e r c e n t h a d o f f i c e c o v e r a g e . 11 T h e s m a l l e r m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g g r o u p s r e p o r t e d a b o u t th e s a m e p r o p o r t i o n o f l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t c o n t r a c t c o v e r a g e f o r p la n t w o r k e r s . F o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s , h o w e v e r , the p r o p o r t i o n o f s m a l l e r e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith a g r e e m e n t s w a s g r e a t e r in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g . T h is d i v e r g e n c e b e t w e e n th e tw o g r o u p s i s a t t r ib u t a b le to g r e a t e r h o m o g e n it y o f w h i t e - c o l l a r e m p lo y m e n t in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g th an in m a n u fa c t u r in g . J o in t O f f i c e - P l a n t A g r e e m e n t s T w o - t h i r d s o f th e c o n t r a c t s c o v e r i n g o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e w ith u n io n s w h ic h a l s o r e p r e s e n t e d p la n t w o r k e r s in th e s a m e e s t a b lis h m e n t . T he fr e q u e n c y o f su ch a r r a n g e m e n ts w as about th e s a m e f o r A F L a n d C IO a f f i l i a t e s ; it w a s s lig h t ly l e s s a m o n g in d e p e n d e n t u n io n s . In s o m e a r e a s , n o t a b ly th e S ou th , n e a r ly a l l o f f i c e - w o r k e r c o v e r a g e w a s b y th e p la n t u n io n . In th e F a r W e s t , a b o u t h a lf o f th e o f f i c e - w o r k e r c o n t r a c t s w e r e w ith u n io n s a l s o c o v e r i n g th e p la n t w o r k e r s . C o n t r a c t s c o v e r i n g b o th p la n t a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e s lig h t ly l e s s c o m m o n in m a n u fa c tu r in g th an in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . A b ou t th r e e -fo u r th s o f th e o f f i c e - w o r k e r c o n t r a c t s in th e p u b li c u t ilit y an d ih e r e t a i l t r a d e g r o u p w e r e w ith th e s a m e u n io n s w h ic h r e p r e s e n t e d th e p la n t w o r k e r s . 11 B e c a u s e o f i n t e r a r e a d i f f e r e n c e s in s i z e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith in th e s c o p e o f th e s tu d y , e s t i m a t e s f o r th e v a r io u s a r e a s in t a b le 4 a r e n ot s t r i c t l y c o m p a r a b l e . S e e ta b le o n p . 4 , f o r d i f f e r e n c e s in c o v e r a g e . If th e 101 e m p lo y m e n t m in im u m a d o p t e d f o r m a n u fa c t u r in g , p u b lic u t i l i t i e s , a n d r e t a i l t r a d e in th e 9 l a r g e s t a r e a s h a d a l s o b e e n a p p lie d in th e 8 s m a l l e r a r e a s , e s t i m a t e s o f p l a n t - w o r k e r c o v e r a g e in th e la t t e r a r e a s w o u ld h a v e b e e n h ig h e r b y l e s s th a n 3 p e r c e n t a g e p o in t s , o n th e a v e r a g e , in t h e s e in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s . T A L L E 4 . — L abor-m an a gem en t-agreem en t coverage: P e r c e n t o f w o r k e r s in l a r g e - an d m e d i u m - s i z e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s c o v e r e d b y a g r e e m e n t s 1 i n 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s , P e r c e n t o f p l a n t w o r k e r s c o v e r e d in— Area northeast: B o s t o n __ __________ ________________ H e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t v ______________ All in du stries M anu factu ring ' 1953-54 P e r c e n t o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s c o v e r e d in— | P u blic u tilities * W ho le s a l e trade Retail trade Services 90+ 90+ 80-39 80-89 40-49 80-89 70-79 50-59 60-69 ?0-29 50-59 50-59 50-59 A 80-89 80-89 10- 19 20-29 10- 19 10-19 20-29 20-29 20-29 20-29 7 0-79 70-79 90+ 80-89 30-39 A A A 0-9 0-9 A 0-9 A A iS A 20-29 10-19 0-9 0-9 All industrie s Manu facturing P u blic utilities * W holesale trade Retail trade 70-79 50-59 60-69 60-69 10-19 0-9 0-9 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 10-19 0-9 10-19 0-9 0-9 0-9 A 0-9 0-9 (1 2) 0-9 10-19 0-9 40-49 30-39 40-49 20-29 0-9 A A is 0-9 0-9 A 0-9 0-9 0-9 is A A A iS is 0-9 0-9 0-9 F i n a n c e ** S e r v i c e s P h i l a d e l p h i a _______________________ 70-79 oO -a v 80-39 80-89 30-09 90+ 9 0+ 60-39 South: A t l a n t a __ _________________________ D a l l a s _______________________ _______ M e m p h i s __ ________________________ H e w O r l e a n s _ _________ ___________ 4 0-49 40-49 5 0 - 59 40-49 50-59 60-69 7 0-79 60-69 M i d d l e W e st : C h i c a g o _____________________________ D e t r o i t ______________________________ M i l w a u k e e _ ________ _______________ M i r m e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l ____________ St. L o u i s ___ _______________________ 7 0-79 90+ 80-89 30-89 90+ 7 0-79 9 0+ 90+ 80-89 90+ 90+ 90+ 90+ 90+ 90+ 60-69 90+ A 80-89 00-89 40-49 n. 60-69 A 80-89 80-89 Is is A 1 0- 19 20-29 10-19 10-19 J0-19 10-19 20-29 10-19 0-9 10-19 70-79 30-39 50-59 50-59 80-89 0-9 20-29 IS 0-9 10 - 19 iS 20-29 A 0-9 0-9 s* 0-9 0-9 F a r W e st : D e n v e r ______________________________ L o s A n g e l e s ___ ___________ _____ _ P o r t l a n d __________________ _______ San F r a n c i s c o - Q a k l a n d __________ 60-69 7 0-79 80-39 90+ 70-79 70-79 8 0 - o9 90+ 90+ 90+ 90+ 90+ A 7 0-79 30-39 A 60-69 80-89 A 80-89 Is is 0-9 20-29 10-19 10-19 10-19 20-29 0-9 1 0- 19 0-9 80-89 60-69 60-69 A 10-19 A 0-9 0-9 IS 10-19 40-49 0-9 is 0-9 90+ A * A 30-39 is 1 E s t i m a t e s r e l a t e t o a l l w o r k e r s (p la nt o r o f f i c e ) e m p l o y e d in an e s t a b l i s h m e n t h a v i n g a c o n t r a c t in e f f e c t c o v e r i n g a m a j o r i t y o f th e w o r k e r s in t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e c a t e g o r y . T h e e s t i m a t e s s o o b t a i n e d a r e not n e c e s s a r i l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the e x t e n t t o w h i c h a l l w o r k e r s in the a r e a m a y be c o v e r e d by th e p r o v i s i o n s o f the l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s o w i n g t o the e x c l u s i o n o f s m a l l e r - s i z e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . C o v e r a g e w a s l i m i t e d to e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w it h 51 o r m o r e e m p l o y e e s e x c e p t in t h e 9 l a r g e s t a r e a s w h e r e th e rninirnurr; s i z e w a s 101 e m p l o y e e s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g , p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s , and r e t a i l t r a d e . 2 A n e s t i m a t e o f o v e r 4 0 » p e r c e n t c o v e r a g e o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s i n the A t l a n t a a r e a r e f l e c t s m a i n l y s u c h c o v e r a g e in o n e l a r g e e s t a b l i s h m e n t . I n s u f f i c i e n t c o v e r a g e to w a r r a n t s e p a r a t e p r e s e n t a t i o n . - T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( e x c l u d i n g r a i l r o a d s ) , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , and o t h e r p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s . ' ■ F i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , an d r e a l e s t a t e . • T A B L E 5 . — L a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e b y s i z e o f e s t a b l is h m e n t : P e r c e n t o f e s t a b l is h m e n t s h a v in g a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r in g a m a j o r i t y o f t h e i r p la n t o r o f f i c e e m p l o y e e s , 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s c o m b in e d , 1 9 7 3 -5 4 P e r c e n t h a v in g a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r i n g m a j o r i t y o f — P la n t w o r k e r s S iz e o f e s t a b lis h m e n t A l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . ......... . ..... ............. 51 an d u n d e r 100 e m p l o y e e s 1_________ 101 and u n d e r 2 5 0 e m p l o y e e s _________ 251 an d u n d e r 500 e m p l o y e e s _______ __ 501 and u n d e r 1, 000 e m p l o y e e s .. _ ... 1, 001 an d u n d e r 2, 500 e m p l o y e e s ___ 2 ,5 0 1 e m p l o y e e s and o v e r _____________ 1 E x c lu d e s 9 la r g e s t a r e a s . A ll i n d u s t r ie s M anu fa c tu rin g 67 74 55 69 74 78 79 84 55 74 80 82 a4 90 e m p lo y m e n t in m a n u f a c t u r in g , O ffic e w o r k e r s i\ on n a n u fa c tu rin g p u b li c u t i l i t i e s , and A ll I n d u s t r ie s M anu fa c tu rin g lio n m a n u fa c tu r in g 61 7 4 0 56 63 65 70 70 74 b 6 7 13 16 30 1 3 3 10 12 29 6 9 11 16 20 31 r e t a il tr a d e d iv is io n s in t h is s i z e g r o u p in th e 23 Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans M o s t w o r k e r s in th e 17 m a j o r la b o r m a r k e t a r e a s s u r v e y e d b y th e B u r e a u d u r in g the w in t e r o f 1 9 5 3 -5 4 w e r e c o v e r e d b y o n e o r m o r e t y p e s o f p r iv a t e h e a lt h , i n s u r a n c e , o r p e n s io n b e n e f i t s , in a d d it io n to a n y c o v e r a g e a f f o r d e d u n d e r s t a t u t o r y program s. T h e t y p e s o f b e n e f it s s tu d ie d in c l u d e d r e t i r e m e n t p l a n s , l i f e i n s u r a n c e , ‘a c c i d e n t a l d e a th an d d is m e m b e r m e n t , s i c k n e s s an d a c c i d e n t , h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n , s u r g i c a l , m e d i c a l , a n d c a t a s t r o p h e i n s u r a n c e , a s w e ll a s s i c k - l e a v e a r r a n g e m e n t s . O n ly a b o u t 5 p e r c e n t o f th e a p p r o x im a t e ly 6 m i l l i o n p la n t a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s in th e i n d u s t r i e s an d e s t a b lis h m e n t s s t u d ie d w e r e n o t c o v e r e d b y a n y ty p e o f p r iv a t e h e a lt h , i n s u r a n c e , o r p e n s io n a rra n gem en ts. 1 O n th e w h o l e , th e 1 9 5 3 -5 4 s u r v e y o f t h e s e l a r g e l a b o r m a r k e t s in d i c a t e s a c o n t in u e d e x t e n s io n o f t h e s e ty p e s o f b e n e f i t s to l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f b o t h p la n t and o f f i c e w o r k e r s . A l th o u g h p r e c i s e c o m p a r i s o n s w ith e a r l i e r l a b o r m a r k e t s t u d ie s a r e l i m i t e d b e c a u s e o f d i f f e r e n c e s in s c o p e , it is e v id e n t th at d u r in g th e p a s t 2 y e a r s in s u r a n c e and p e n s io n p r o t e c t i o n h a s b e e n m a d e a v a i l a b l e f o r the f i r s t tim e to s u b s t a n t ia l n u m b e r s o f w o r k e r s , w h ile f o r m a n y o t h e r s th e n u m b e r o r ty p e s o f b e n e fit s a v a ila b le h a v e b e e n in c r e a s e d . E x te n t o f C o v e r a g e A b o u t 9 o u t o f e v e r y 10 p la n t and o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e c o v e r e d b y l i f e i n s u r a n c e p o l i c i e s p a id f o r in p a r t o r in w h o le b y e m p lo y e r c o n tr ib u tio n s . (S e e ta b le 6 .) H o s p it a l i n s u r a n c e w a s a v a i l a b l e to a b o u t 8 o f e v e r y 10 w o r k e r s ; f u r t h e r m o r e , a l m o s t a l l o f t h e s e p la n s a l s o p r o v i d e d f o r d e fr a y in g th e c o s t o f a l l o r a p o r t i o n o f f e e s f o r s u r g i c a l a t t e n t io n . A so m e w h a t s m a lle r p r o p o r t i o n , b u t s t i l l a m a j o r i t y , o f a l l w o r k e r s w e r e l ik e w is e p r o t e c t e d b y p r o g r a m s p r o v i d in g f o r s i c k n e s s a n d a c c i d e n t i n s u r a n ce and f o r m e d ic a l c a r e . T h e la t t e r p la n s u s u a lly p r o v i d e d c o m p le t e o r p a r t ia l p a y m e n t o f d o c t o r s 1 fe e s c h a r g e d e m p lo y e e s f o r h o m e , o f f i c e , o r i n - h o s p i t a l c a l l s a n d , in s o m e i n s t a n c e s , fo r a v a r ie t y o f o th e r s e r v ic e s as w e ll. A c c i d e n t a l d e a th an d d is m e m b e r m e n t i n s u r a n c e w a s p r o v id e d b y e s t a b l i s h m e n t s e m p lo y in g s lig h t ly l e s s th an h a lf o f a ll p la n t a n d o f f i c e e m p l o y e e s . O n ly a fe w (2 p e r c e n t ) w e r e c o v e r e d b y c a ta stro p h e in s u r a n c e . T h is r e l a t i v e l y n e w ty p e o f b e n e f i t , s o m e t i m e s r e f e r r e d to a s " d i s a s t e r " in s u r a n c e , is d e s ig n e d to p r o v i d e f in a n c i a l a id to an e m p l o y e e b e s e t w ith a m a jo r m e d i c a l expense. T y p i c a l l y , c a t a s t r o p h e i n s u r a n c e i s l i m i t e d to th e p a y m e n t o f a w o r k e r 1s h o s p it a li z a t io n , m e d i c a l , o r s u r g ic a l c o s t s a b o v e a c e r t a i n m i n im u m m o n e t a r y l e v e l b u t w ith s p e c i f i c l i m i t a t io n s o n th e m a x i m u m a m o u n ts p a y a b l e . R e t i r e m e n t o r p e n s io n p la n s ( e x c l u s i v e o f t h o s e p r o v i d e d b y la w ) w e r e a v a i la b le to 6 o f e v e r y 10 w o r k e r s in c lu d e d in the B u reau * s s u r v e y . W ith b u t fe w e x c e p t i o n s , the p r o p o r t i o n o f o f f i c e an d o f p la n t w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y e a c h s p e c i f i c b e n e f i t d id n o t v a r y g r e a tly . T h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s n o t e d w e r e f o r p e n s io n p l a n s , u n d e r w h ic h 71 p e r c e n t o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s an d 56 p e r c e n t o f p la n t w o r k e r s w e r e c o v e r e d , a n d f o r s i c k n e s s an d a c c id e n t i n s u r a n c e , w ith 65 p e r c e n t o f p la n t w o r k e r s a n d 45 p e r c e n t o f o ffic e w o r k e r s u n d er su ch p la n s . H o w e v e r , a g r e a te r p r o p o r t io n o f the o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e c o v e r e d b y v a r i o u s t y p e s o f p a id s i c k l e a v e p la n s th a n w a s th e c a s e f o r th e p la n t w o r k e r s . S in c e s i c k l e a v e a r r a n g e m e n t s an d s i c k n e s s a n d a c c i d e n t in s u r a n c e w e r e s e l d o m fo u n d in th e s a m e e s t a b l i s h m e n t , a c o m b i n a t io n o f t h e s e tw o k in d s o f b e n e f i t s i n d ic a t e s th a t, o n th e w h o l e , th e g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f b o t h p la n t a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e a f f o r d e d o n e o r the o th e r o f th e s e b e n e fit s . S o m e v a r i a t i o n in th e p r o p o r t i o n o f w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y th e d i f f e r e n t b e n e f it s w a s n o t e d a s b e t w e e n m a n u fa c t u r in g an d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s . In m o s t i n s t a n c e s , c o v e r a g e w as g r e a t e r .in m a n u fa c t u r in g th a n in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . T h is w a s t r u e f o r b o t h o f f i c e an d p la n t w o r k e r s in the c a s e o f l i f e 'i n s u r a n c e , a c c i d e n t a l d e a th an d d i s m e m b e r m e n t , s i c k n e s s an d a c c id e n t , h o s p it a liz a t io n , s u r g ic a l, and m e d ic a l b e n e fit s . (S e e c h a r t 5 .) P e n s i o n p r o g r a m s a l s o c o v e r e d m o r e p la n t w o r k e r s in m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r i e s th an in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g , a lth o u g h f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s th e r e v e r s e w a s t r u e . R e l a t i v e l y g r e a t e r n u m b e r s o f n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g e m p l o y e e s w e r e c o v e r e d b y c a t a s t r o p h e i n s u r a n c e , b u t th e p r o p o r t i o n in b o t h g r o u p s w a s v e r y s m a l l . A r e g i o n a l g r o u p in g o f th e 17 l a b o r m a r k e t a r e a s r e v e a l e d s o m e d i f f e r e n c e s in th e p r o p o r t i o n o f w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y th e v a r i o u s b e n e f i t s . N o s i n g le r e g i o n , h o w e v e r , p r e d o m i n a t e d in th e e x t e n t to w h ic h a l l th e v a r i o u s b e n e f it s w e r e m a d e 12 C o l l e c t i o n o f in f o r m a t io n o n h e a lt h , i n s u r a n c e , a n d p eanva i la b le to p la n t o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s . W ith r e s p e c t to in d iv id u a l s i o n p la n s w a s l i m i t e d to p la n s u n d e r w h ic h th e e m p l o y e r p a id t y p e s o f b e n e f i t s , the N o r t h e a s t r e g i o n — B o s t o n , N e w Y o r k C it y , a t l e a s t p a r t o f th e c o s t o f fin a n c i n g . N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y , a n d P h ila d e lp h ia — w as th e h ig h e s t o n ly a s 24 to the p r o p o r t i o n o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y p e n s io n p la n s , an d it w a s th e l o w e s t in th e p r o p o r t i o n o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s r e c e iv i n g l i f e i n s u r a n c e an d h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n c o v e r a g e . W o r k e r s in the S ou th —-A t la n t a , D a l l a s , M e m p h i s , a n d N e w O r le a n s — w e r e n o t, a s a r u l e , c o v e r e d to th e s a m e e x te n t a s w e r e th o s e in the o th e r r e g io n s . In a n u m b e r o f i n s t a n c e s , h o w e v e r , t h e s e d i f fe r e n c e s w e re s m a ll. N o p r o n o u n c e d r e g i o n a l c o n c e n t r a t io n o f c o v e r a g e w a s fo u n d e it h e r f o r th e b e n e f it s m o s t c o m m o n l y p r o v id e d o r f o r t h o s e r e l a t i v e l y l e s s c o m m o n ( e . g . , a c c id e n t a l d e a th a n d d i s m e m b e r m e n t , s i c k n e s s and a c c i d e n t i n s u r a n c e , and m e d i c a l c a r e ) . M o r e o v e r , w ith in a g iv e n r e g i o n , c o v e r a g e v a r ie d c o n s i d e r a b l y a m o n g the in d iv id u a l a r e a s f o r c e r t a i n ty p e s o f b e n e fits . R e t i r e m e n t p l a n s , f o r e x a m p l e , c o v e r e d 67 p e r c e n t o f the o f f i c e w o r k e r s in th e S o u th b u t v a r i e d f r o m 52 to 83 p e r c e n t a m o n g the in d iv id u a l l a b o r m a r k e t s . N o n c o v e r a g e . — A s in d ic a t e d at th e o u t s e t , a b o u t 5 p e r c e n t o f the w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y th e B u r e a u * s 1 9 5 3 -5 4 s u r v e y s w e r e e m p lo y e d in e s t a b lis h m e n t s w h ic h r e p o r t e d n o n e o f the b e n e fit s u n d e r s t u d y . A m o n g the in d iv id u a l a r e a s , the a b s e n c e o f th e s e b e n e f it s a f f e c t e d r e l a t i v e l y fe w w o r k e r s . The la r g e s t p r o p o r t io n o f n o n c o v e r a g e w a s fo u n d in th e S ou th ( e x c e p t f o r A tla n ta ) an d in D e n v e r an d P o r t la n d in the F a r W e s t; the s m a l l e s t p r o p o r t io n w a s r e c o r d e d f o r th e f o u r l a b o r m a r k e t s in th e N o r t h e a s t . F o r the 17 a r e a s c o m b i n e d , a s o m e w h a t l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n o f p la n t w o r k e r s (5 p e r c e n t ) than o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s (3 p e r c e n t ) w e r e fo u n d in e s t a b lis h m e n t s w h ic h i n d ic a t e d th e n o n e x i s t e n c e o f a h e a lt h , i n s u r a n c e , o r p e n s io n p r o g r a m . M e th o d o f F in a n c in g A r e v ie w o f the m e t h o d o f fin a n c in g p la n s — l i m i t e d n cre to l i f e in s u r a n c e an d p e n s io n p la n s — r e v e a l e d th a t l a r g e s e g m e n t s o f the w o r k f o r c e w e r e e m p lo y e d b y f i r m s w h ic h p a id a l l th e fin a n c in g c o s t s . L i f e in s u r a n c e w a s th u s p r o v i d e d o n a n o n c o n t r i b u t o r y b a s i s to s l ig h t l y m o r e th a n h a lf o f a l l c o v e r e d w o r k e r s . (S e e c h a r t 6 .) T h r e e - f o u r t h s o f th e w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d b y f i r m s w ith p e n s io n p la n s w e r e in e s t a b lis h m e n t s r e p o r t i n g n o n c o n t r i b u t o r y p la n s . E m p lo y e r fin a n c in g o f l i f e i n s u r a n c e a n d o f p e n s io n s w a s r e l a t i v e l y m o r e p r e v a le n t f o r p la n t w o r k e r s th an f o r o f f i c e w ork ers. A s sh o w n in ta b le 7, th e e x t e n t to w h ic h in s u r a n c e a n d p e n s io n p la n s w e r e n o n c o n t r i b u t o r y v a r i e d g r e a t l y a m o n g th e a r e a s . L i f e in s u r a n c e p la n s in D e t r o i t , f o r e x a m p l e , w e r e l a r g e l y o f the c o n t r ib u t o r y ty p e — in c o n t r a s t to p e n s io n p la n s w h ic h w e r e g e n e r a lly n o n c o n trib u to r y . T h e f o u r a r e a s w ith h ig h e s t n o n c o n t r i b u t o r y l i f e in s u r a n c e c o v e r a g e f o r b o t h p la n t a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e P h ila d e lp h ia , N ew Y o r k C i t y , M i n n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l , a n d San F r a n c is c o -O a k la n d . 25 Chart 6 . PERCENT OF ALL WORKERS EMPLOYED Chart 5. PERCENT OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN ESTABLISHMENTS PROVIDING IN ESTABLISHMENTS PROVIDING BENEFITS BENEFITS BY MAJOR INDUSTRY DIVISION AND TYPE OF WORKER BY TYPE OF FINANCING 17 Labor Markets | M A N U F A C T U R IN G | Percent 100 f 80 1 60 1 40 1 17 Labor Markets | W O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G 20 1 0 0 1 \ 20 l 40 l 60 l 80 1 Percent 100 1 | SICK LEAVE | Partial Pay | INSURANCE | N ON MANUFACTURING Office Plant Worker under noncontributory pla U M IEL' STATE!! DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF IABOR STATISTICS y j Worker under contributory plans 26 T A B L E 6 .— H e a lth , in s u r a n c e , and pen sion p la n s: P e r c e n t of o ffice and plan t w o r k e r s em ployed in e sta b lish m e n ts w ith f o r m a l p r o v is io n s o th e r than le g a lly r e q u ire d , by type of p lan , in 17 la b o r m a r k e ts , 1953-54 In su ra n c e p lan s A re a L if e A c c id e n ta l death and d is m e m b e rm e n t S ic k n e s s and a cc id e n t •H ospital iz a tio n S u r g ic a l C ata s trophe M e d ic a l IvctirG ** m ent pension plan S ic k le a v e F u l l 'pay and no w aiting p e rio d p lan s P a r t ia l p ay o r w aitin g p e rio d No h e a lth , in s u r a n c e , o r p e n sio n p lan 89 44 60 79 75 53 2 60 21 8 5 O ffic e w o r k e r s (17 a r e a s ) .^ 91 40 45 73 70 48 5 71 ‘ 44 7 3 N o rth e ast __ __ B o sto n _ _ ____ N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y ___ ______ New Y o r k C it y — ... .... P h ila d e lp h ia 90 89 88 90 91 37 42 31 38 34 49 50 60 47 48 68 77 71 68 62 65 75 70 65 53 40 29 51 44 26 5 4 1 7 1 75 76 77 74 74 44 48 44 43 42 3 4 3 4 2 2 2 1 2 2 South ~ . . . . __ __________ A tla n ta — D a lla s .. M em p h is __ _ __ „ __ New O r le a n s _______ __________ _____ 92 97 91 87 90 29 33 17 44 32 32 42 23 40 28 70 79 69 79 52 60 75 51 77 39 31 45 17 60 14 5 8 4 1 2 67 83 66 52 52 28 32 29 29 20 12 12 12 14 11 4 1 6 6 7 M iddle W est . _________ __ C hicag o . . ... ________ D e tro it _ — — M ilw au kee ---M in n e a p o lis-S t. P a u l ____ S t. L o u is __ ______ 91 90 92 92 88 90 41 38 44 51 38 45 50 44 62 68 44 47 76 72 84 88 73 73 74 69 82 87 70 70 56 49 69 65 51 58 3 6 (M 2 1 1 70 69 73 79 68 64 39 32 55 37 41 38 12 15 13 5 4 8 5 6 3 2 8 4 F a r W e s t ............. . D e n v e r __________________ ___________ L o s A n g e le s __ P o rtla n d — San F r a n c is c o - O a k la n d _______ 94 79 96 80 95 49 20 60 32 37 33 23 34 43 30 78 51 86 65 72 78 50 86 65 71 60 38 66 58 54 9 1 8 5 13 64 54 65 71 66 55 46 63 41 44 5 9 4 3 6 3 13 1 11 2 P la n t w o r k e r s (17 a r e a s ) ___ 89 45 65 80 76 55 2 56 14 9 5 89 84 89 92 89 42 45 42 42 39 69 75 57 67 76 79 71 83 83 76 75 67 80 79 70 45 31 52 48 43 60 48 63 61 62 15 12 12 19 13 9 9 10 11 5 3 4 3 3 4 81 91 83 74 74 31 42 24 39 21 44 52 37 45 44 63 76 65 64 45 57 73 54 60 39 26 39 13 44 14 44 56 50 36 30 11 16 8 14 6 10 11 7 14 10 14 6 12 18 22 M iddle W est ______________________ _____ C h icag o .. D e tro it ____ M ilw au ke e ______ M in n e a p o lis-S t. P a u l S t . L o u is 90 86 95 89 87 90 49 40 54 51 53 59 77 72 86 77 69 75 84 81 88 89 77 83 79 73 87 86 75 78 61 50 76 65 48 65 61 55 76 66 47 51 7 6 7 4 16 6 9 14 1 8 12 10 4 5 2 4 6 7 > a r W est _ . Denver . L o s A n g l e s _.... _ P o rtla n d San F r a n c is c o - O a k la n d 87 70 92 71 86 50 25 59 35 41 36 39 36 46 32 81 49 88 65 78 80 46 87 65 78 69 40 74 61 69 1 1 (l ) 1 (l > 1 3 2 <;> <l ) i 2 (l > 1 1 (l ) 4 (*) 4 3 9 43 37 43 44 43 28 16 37 6 19 10 18 7 9 14 6 21 3 19 5 A ll w o rk e rs — — -------- N o r t h e a s t __ __ B o sto n _ __ N e w a r k - J e r s e y C it y . New Y o r k C it y _ P h ila d e lp h ia _ ______ South . ____ A tlanta D a lla s M em p h is ---New O r le a n s r __ L e s s than 0 .5 p e rce n t, • 27 T A B L E 7 . — M ethod of financing life in su ran ce and p e n sio n s: P e rc e n t of office and plant w o rk e rs em ployed in esta b lish m en ts w ith life in su ra n c e and re tire m e n t pension p lan s and p e rc e n t c o v e re d by n o n co n trib u to ry p la n s, 17 la b o r m a r k e t s , 1953-54 L if e in su ra n c e R e tire m e n t pen sion O ffice w o rk e rs A rea P la n t w o rk e rs O ffice w o rk e rs P la n t w o rk e rs A ll p lan s N o n co n tri bu tory plan s A ll p lan s N o n co n tri b u tory plan s 46 45 49 57 84 89 92 89 41 51 72 61 76 77 74 74 39 54 45 54 48 63 61 97 91 87 90 36 36 34 32 91 83 74 74 33 22 31 30 83 6: 52 52 61 30 30 25 56 50 36 30 46 24 25 M id d le W est: C h icag o __ __ ---D e tro it _ __ ---M ilw au ke e _ M in n e a p o lis - S t. P a u l ------- — S t. L o u is __ __ 90 92 92 88 90 37 26 35 48 37 86 95 89 87 90 43 26 33 57 45 69 73 79 68 64 38 60 59 40 36 55 76 66 47 51 41 65 56 37 38 F a r W est: Denver _ _ ___ ____ L o s A n g e le s ---__ P o r t la n d _____ __ __ San F r a n c is c o - O a k la n d 79 96 80 95 40 46 36 51 70 92 71 86 33 43 40 60 54 65 71 66 33 43 35 34 37 43 44 43 A ll plans N o n co n tri butory plan s N o rth e a st: B o sto n ---- __ N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y __________ ,________ New Y o r k C it y __ __ __ P h ila d e lp h ia 89 88 90 91 South: A tla n ta ____ __ __ __ __ ___ D a l l a s ________ __ ____ M e m p h is — __ ____ ____ __ New O r l e a n s ___ ____ ______ _ _ __ __ A ll plans 62 N o n co n tri butory plans 29 44 54 49 20 19 30 24 26 29 T y p e s o f W a g e P a y m e n t P la n s M a j o r f a c t o r s in the w id e s p r e a d ‘ ‘f o r m a l i z a t i o n ” o f w a g e p a y m e n t p la n s h a v e b e e n the i n c r e a s i n g s p e c i a l i z a t i o n w ith in the w o r k f o r c e , th e g r o w t h o f la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t - a g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e , a n d th e e f f e c t s o f tw o r e c e n t p e r i o d s o f G o v e r n m e n t s t a b iliz a t i o n o r r e g u la t io n o f w a g e r a t e s . A s r e f e r r e d to in th is r e p o r t , f o r m a l w a g e p la n s a r e t h o s e p r o v id in g a s in g le r a t e o r a r a t e r a n g e f o r e a c h j o b c a t e g o r y in an e s t a b lis h m e n t . O f the m o r e th an 6 m i l l i o n p la n t and o f f i c e w o r k e r s w ith in the s c o p e o f th e B u r e a u 's c o m m u n it y w a g e s t u d ie s in the 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s , w e ll in e x c e s s o f 5 m i l l i o n w e r e e m p lo y e d in e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith f o r m a l w a g e s t r u c t u r e s . P a y r a t e s f o r f u lly a fo u r t h o f the o f f i c e w o r k e r s a n d p e r h a p s a ten th o f the p la n t w o r k e r s w e r e , n e v e r t h e l e s s , d e t e r m i n e d p r i m a r i l y w ith r e f e r e n c e to the q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f the in d iv id u a l w o r k e r . S u ch p e r s o n a l i z e d r a t e s w e r e m o s t c o m m o n in s m a l l e r o r g a n iz a t i o n s w h e r e o c c u p a t io n a l a l ig n m e n t s w e r e n o t r i g i d . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s i n g l e - r a t e and r a t e - r a n g e p la n s in in d u s t r y g e n e r a l l y a n d o f in c e n t i v e w a g e s y s t e m s in m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s tr ie s is s u m m a r iz e d b e lo w . A l im it e d a m o u n t o f d a ta is l i k e w i s e p r o v i d e d r e la t in g to l a b o r - g r a d e s y s t e m s an d to w a g e a d ju s t m e n t p r o v i s i o n s . S o m e w h a t g r e a t e r d e t a il i s p r o v i d e d in the b u ll e t in d e s c r i b e d in the a p p e n d ix o n p a g e 4 3 . S in g le -R a te and R a te -R a n g e S tru c tu re s F o r m a l i z e d w a g e s y s t e m s w ith s in g le r a t e s o r r a te r a n g e s e s t a b l i s h e d f o r e a c h j o b a p p lie d to a m a jo r i t y o f the p la n t w o r k e r s p a id o n a t im e b a s i s 13 in a ll 17 a r e a s s u r v e y e d (ta b le 8 ). In o v e r h a lf ,o f t h e s e a r e a s , n in e -t e n t h s o r m o r e o f t h e s e w o r k e r s w e r e c o v e r e d b y s u c h p la n s . T h e p r o p o r t i o n u n d e r f o r m a l p la n s r a n g e d f r o m a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f the p la n t w o r k e r s in D a ll a s a n d M e m p h is to n e a r l y a l l p la n t w o r k e r s in W e s t C o a s t areas. In 13 o f th e a r e a s s t u d ie d , f o r m a l p la n s c o v e r e d b e t w e e n t w o - t h i r d s a n d f o u r - f i f t h s o f the o f f i c e w o r k e r s ; in the r e m a in in g a r e a s a p p r o x im a te ly th r e e -fifth s w e r e u n d e r f o r m a l p la n s in M i n n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l , N e w Y o r k C ity , an d N e w O r l e a n s , a n d s l ig h t l y l e s s th an h a lf w e r e u n d e r f o r m a l p la n s in M e m p h is (ta b le 9 ). the o t h e r b r o a d in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s s t u d ie d . In th is d iv is io n , f o r m a l p la n s a p p lie d to m o r e than f o u r - f i f t h s o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s in a ll a r e a s e x c e p t M e m p h is an d P o r t la n d , w h e r e the p r o p o r t io n w a s s l ig h t l y l o w e r , a n d to m o r e than n in e -t e n t h s o f the p la n t w o r k e r s in a l l a r e a s . M a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s h ad the s e c o n d h ig h e s t p r o p o r t i o n o f p la n t w o r k e r s u n d e r f o r m a l p la n s in m o s t o f th e a r e a s , w ith 13 a r e a s h a v in g s u c h p la n s a p p ly in g to n in e te n th s o r m o r e o f the p la n t w o r k e r s . F o r o ffic e w o rk e r s, h ow e v e r , a n u m b e r o f a r e a s h a d h ig h e r p r o p o r t i o n s c o v e r e d b y f o r m a l p la n s in t r a d e an d fin a n c e than in m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r ie s . C o m p a r is o n s b e t w e e n m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s o t h e r th an p u b lic u t i l i t i e s w e r e l i m i t e d b e c a u s e o f in s u f f i c i e n t c o v e r a g e in s o m e d i v i s i o n s in a n u m b e r o f a r e a s . F o r m a l p la n s c o v e r i n g o f f i c e d e p a r t m e n t s t y p ic a l ly p r o v id e d a r a n g e o f r a t e s f o r e a c h jo b c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . P la n s w ith s in g le r a t e s f o r o f f i c e j o b s in m o s t a r e a s a p p lie d to n o t m o r e than o n e o r tw o p e r c e n t o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s . In p la n t d e p a r t m e n t s , h o w e v e r , p la n s p r o v i d in g f o r a r a n g e o f r a t e s w e r e p r e d o m in a n t in o n ly f iv e o f th e a r e a s . S i n g l e - r a t e p la n s a p p lie d to a p p r o x i m a t e l y f o u r - f i f t h s o f th e p la n t w o r k e r s in D e t r o it , P o r t la n d , a n d S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d , a n d to a t h ir d o r m o r e in a ll o t h e r a r e a s e x c e p t D a l l a s , w h e r e s u c h p la n s a p p lie d o n ly to a s e v e n t h o f the p la n t w o r k e r s . A m o n g m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s , b o t h s i n g l e - r a t e an d r a t e - r a n g e p la n s w e r e f a i r l y c o m m o n in m o s t a r e a s , w ith s i n g l e r a t e p la n s a p p ly in g to a m a j o r i t y o f th e p la n t w o r k e r s u n d e r f o r m a l p la n s in 10 a r e a s . In e a c h o f f o u r a r e a s — D e t r o it , N ew O r l e a n s , P o r t l a n d , an d San F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d — s i n g l e - r a t e p la n s w e r e c l e a r l y the p r e d o m in a n t ty p e o f w a g e p a y m e n t p la n . P la n t w o r k e r s in p u b lic u t i l i t i e s w e r e m o s t c o m m o n l y e m p lo y e d u n d e r r a t e -r a n g e p la n s . S i n g l e - r a t e p la n s p r e d o m in a t e d in s e r v i c e i n d u s t r ie s . T h e t r a d e in d u s t r ie s e m p lo y e d m a in ly s in g le r a t e s in s o m e a r e a s , a s o n the W e s t C o a s t , a n d r a t e r a n g e s in o t h e r s . L a b o r-G r a d e P la n s V a r i o u s p r o c e d u r e s w e r e f o l l o w e d b y e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith f o r m a l w a g e p la n s in d e t e r m in in g r a t e s f o r in d iv id u a l j o b s . U n d er m a n y p la n s , the in d iv id u a l j o b s w e r e c l a s s i f i e d in to a s e r i e s o f P u b l i c u t i l i t i e s h a d h ig h e r p r o p o r t io n s o f b o t h o f f i c e an d ra te ste p s o r la b o r g r a d e s . D e p e n d in g u p o n th e ty p e o f r a te p la n t w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d u n d e r f o r m a l p la n s than w a s th e c a s e in p la n , a s i n g le r a te o r r a t e r a n g e w a s e s t a b l i s h e d f o r e a c h la b o r g r a d e a n d the r a t e a p p ly in g to a p a r t i c u l a r jo b w a s d e t e r m in e d b y the l a b o r - g r a d e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n to w h ic h it w a s a s s i g n e d . 13 P la n t w o r k e r s p a id on an in c e n t iv e b a s i s w e r e s t u d ie d s e p a r a t e l y in e a c h e s t a b lis h m e n t an d o m it t e d f r o m t a b u la tio n s A m o n g a ll e s t a b lis h m e n t s s t u d ie d in th e 17 a r e a s , a r e la t in g to f o r m a l p la n s c o v e r i n g tim e w o r k e r s . s ix t h h a d l a b o r - g r a d e s y s t e m s a p p ly in g to j o b s in o f f i c e s an d a 30 ten th to j o b s in p la n t d e p a r t m e n t s . E s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith s u c h s y s t e m s w e r e fo u n d in a l l a r e a s a n d in c l u d e d b o t h m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s . T h e p r o p o r t io n o f m a n u fa c tu r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g l a b o r - g r a d e s y s t e m s w a s a b o u t the s a m e f o r b o th o f f i c e a n d p la n t j o b s , e a c h r e p r e s e n t in g a b o u t a s ix t h o f the e s t a b lis h m e n t s s t u d ie d . In m a n y o f t h e s e e s t a b l i s h m e n ts the l a b o r - g r a d e p la n w a s a p p lic a b le e it h e r to the p la n t o r the o f f i c e j o b s ; h o w e v e r , a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f the e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a d l a b o r - g r a d e p la n s a p p lic a b le to b o t h o f f i c e a n d p la n t j o b s . A lth o u g h m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s r e p o r t in g l a b o r g r a d e p la n s r e p r e s e n t e d a w id e v a r i e t y o f i n d u s t r i e s , s u c h p la n s w e r e m o s t c o m m o n in m e t a lw o r k in g i n d u s t r i e s . The num ber of g r a d e s p r o v i d e d u n d e r t h e s e p la n s v a r i e d w i d e l y b e c a u s e o f s u c h f a c t o r s a s d i f f e r e n c e s in p r o c e d u r e s a n d in j o b r e q u i r e m e n t s o f in d iv id u a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . C o s t - O f - L i v i n g a n d A n n u a l I m p r o v e m e n t A d ju s t m e n t s D e s p it e t h e ir p r e v a l e n c e in s e v e r a l l a r g e i n d u s t r i e s , p r o v i s i o n s f o r a u t o m a t ic c o s t - o f - l i v i n g a d ju s t m e n t o f w a g e s a m o n g the e s t a b lis h m e n t s s t u d ie d w e r e r e l a t i v e l y in f r e q u e n t . A m ong m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , th e s e p r o v i s i o n s a p p lie d to p la n t w o r k e r s in a s e v e n th o f the e s t a b lis h m e n t s a n d to o f f i c e w o r k e r s in a te n th . E v e n f e w e r ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y h a lf) o f t h e s e e s t a b l i s h m e n ts a l s o h a d p r o v i s i o n s f o r a n n u a l i m p r o v e m e n t (p r o d u c t i v it y ) w a g e a d ju s t m e n t s . A l o w e r p r o p o r t i o n o f n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g than m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a d c o s t - o f - l i v i n g a n d a n n u a l i m p rov em en t p r o v is io n s . A lth o u g h t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s o c c u r r e d i n f r e q u e n t ly , th e y te n d e d to b e m o r e p r e v a l e n t in th e l a r g e r m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . A s a r e s u lt, th e y a p p lie d to m o r e w o r k e r s than i s in d ic a t e d b y t h e ir p r e v a le n c e in the e s t a b lis h m e n t s s t u d ie d . In c e n tiv e W age S y s te m s P r o p o r t i o n s o f p la n t w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g in c e n t i v e p a y m e n ts u n d e r w a g e p la n s in m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s v a r i e d b y a r e a , r a n g in g f r o m a p p r o x i m a t e l y a ten th in D e t r o i t , D a l l a s , P o r t la n d , a n d S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d to a b o u t t w o - f i f t h s in M i l w a u k ee a n d P h ila d e lp h ia (t a b le 1 0 ). W ith f e w e x c e p t i o n s , o f w h ich the m o s t n o t a b le w a s D e t r o i t , p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s o n in c e n t i v e w e r e l o w e r in th e F a r W e s t e a s t an d M id d le W e s t a r e a s . a n d S o u th th an in N o r t h I n c e n tiv e w a g e p la n s in m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r i e s w e r e o f tw o m a in t y p e s ; th o s e c o m m o n l y k n o w n a s p i e c e - r a t e p la n s in w h ic h p a y m e n ts w e r e m a d e in d i r e c t p r o p o r t i o n to t o t a l u n its p r o d u c e d a n d p r o d u c t i o n b o n u s p la n s w h ic h p r o v i d e d f o r e x t r a p a y m e n t s to in d iv id u a ls o r g r o u p s o f w o r k e r s f o r p r o d u c t i o n in e x c e s s o f a q u ota o r f o r c o m p l e t i o n o f a j o b in l e s s th an s t a n d a r d tim e . H ig h e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f in c e n t i v e w o r k e r s w e r e p a id p i e c e r a t e s than p r o d u c t i o n b o n u s e s in a l l th e S o u t h e r n a n d F a r W e s t e r n areas. E x c e p t f o r N ew Y o r k C it y a n d P h i l a d e l p h i a , w h e r e w e ll o v e r h a lf th e in c e n t iv e w o r k e r s w e r e o n p i e c e r a t e s , b o t h t y p e s o f p la n s c o v e r e d a p p r o x im a t e ly e q u a l p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s in N o r t h e a s t e r n and M id d le W e s t e r n a r e a s . V a r i a t i o n s a m o n g a r e a s in p r e v a l e n c e a n d ty p e o f i n c e n t iv e w a g e p la n w e r e t r a c e a b le to s o m e e x t e n t to in d u s t r y d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g the a r e a s . U s e o f in c e n t i v e m e t h o d s o f p a y w a s m o r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f s o m e m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s th an o t h e r s . F o r e x a m p l e , the h ig h p r o p o r t i o n o f i n c e n t i v e w o r k e r s , u s u a ll y u n d e r p i e c e - r a t e p la n s , in a p p a r e l a n d t e x t i l e in d u s t r i e s w a s r e f l e c t e d in N e w Y o r k C ity a n d to a l e s s e r e x t e n t in P h ila d e lp h ia and B o s to n . In c o n t r a s t , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r ie s s u c h a s the a u t o m o b il e i n d u s t r y r a r e l y h a d in c e n t i v e p la n s , w h ic h a c c o u n t e d f o r the l o w i n c i d e n c e o f s u c h p la n s in D e tr o it. In o t h e r m e t a lw o r k in g i n d u s t r i e s , b o t h p i e c e - r a t e a n d b o n u s p la n s w e r e f a i r l y c o m m o n . T h e s e in d u s tr ie s w e r e p r e v a le n t in a n u m b e r o f E a s t e r n a n d M id d le W e s t e r n a r e a s a n d a c c o u n t e d f o r s u b s ta n t ia l p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s u n d e r b o t h t y p e s o f in c e n t i v e p la n s in th e s e a r e a s . T h is w a s p a r t i c u l a r l y e v id e n t in M ilw a u k e e w h e r e th e s e i n d u s t r i e s a c c o u n t f o r a h ig h p r o p o r tio n o f the m a n u fa c tu r in g e m p lo y m e n t . In n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s , in c e n t i v e w a g e p la n s p r i m a r i l y r e la t e d to c o m m i s s i o n p a y m e n t s in t r a d e an d t r a n s p o r ta tio n in d u s t r i e s . O th e r ty p e s o f i n c e n t i v e p a y m e n t s w e r e p r o v id e d m a in ly in s e r v i c e in d u s t r i e s ; e . g . p r e s s e r s in la u n d r ie s a n d m e c h a n ic s * in r e p a i r s h o p s f r e q u e n t l y w e r e p a id u n d e r p i e c e r a t e o r b o n u s p la n s . 31 T A B L E 8 . — W a g e s t r u c t u r e f o r p la n t w o r k e r s : P e r c e n t o f t i m e - r a t e d p la n t w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y f o r m a l w a g e p la n s in 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s , b y i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n a n d ty p e o f w a g e s t r u c t u r e , 1 9 5 3 -5 4 A ll in d u s t r ie s 1 L a b or m arket P u b li c u t ilit ie s * M a n u fa c t u r in g W h o l e s a le tra d e R e ta il tra d e S e r v ic e s S in g le ra te R a te ran ge S in g le ra te 31 49 39 54 54 43 41 34 37 52 41 56 57 43 32 34 24 18 9 55 76 81 90 45 18 56 45 43 52 39 33 31 10 53 30 39 49 14 41 40 58 A 61 71 21 A 21 8 S ou th : A t la n t a __ __ __ __ „ ______ D a ll a s __ __ __ _____ _ M e m p h is ___ _____ _____ N e w O r l e a n s ___________ ________________ 33 15 37 57 50 59 37 26 44 20 47 73 47 63 38 16 26 29 41 49 72 62 55 48 14 A A A 60 A A A 5 0 A 30 55 48 A 34 A A A A A A A A M id d le W e s t : C h ic a g o ----------D e tr o it _ __ __ ___ M ilw a u k e e _ __ ___ __ M in n e a p o lis -S t . P a u l ___ S t. L o u i s __ __ ___ __ 39 77 43 46 55 50 16 48 47 40 35 86 45 44 54 55 11 49 51 44 36 26 40 43 61 64 70 60 57 39 44 50 A 63 47 35 50 A 31 47 28 22 A 39 A 52 39 A 43 A 79 42 A A 8 6 A A A F a r W est: D enver ___ __ __ L o s A n g e le s P o r tla n d — _______ S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d _____________ _ 53 44 79 81 36 55 19 19 58 37 92 97 36 61 6 3 56 31 52 32 44 69 48 68 A 67 A 89 A 31 A 11 42 A 51 75 35 A 47 25 A 83 A A A 12 A A N o rth e a s t: B o sto n _ — N e w a r k - J e r s e y C it y _ N e w Y o r k C i t y __ P h il a d e l p h i a — 1 * A __ „ __ — __ __ ___ __ — ___ — R a te ran ge I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e a l e s t a t e in a d d it io n to in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y . T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( e x c lu d in g r a i l r o a d s ) , c o m m u n ic a t i o n , a n d o t h e r p u b li c u t i l i t i e s . In s u ffic ie n t c o v e r a g e to w a rra n t s e p a r a te p r e s e n ta tio n . S in g le ra te R a te range S in g le ra te R a te ran ge S in g le ra te R a te range S in g le ra te R a te range 32 T A B L E 9 .— W age s tr u c tu re f o r o ffic e w o r k e r s : P e r c e n t o f o f fic e w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y fo r m a l w age p la n s 1 in 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s , b y i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n , 1 9 5 3 -5 4 A ll i n d u s t r ie s M a n u fa c t u r in g N o rth e a s t: B oston _ N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y __ ___________ N e w Y o r k C it y _ ____ __ __ ___ P h il a d e l p h i a __ 78 80 63 67 76 80 43 72 93 95 82 92 S ou th : A t la n t a ___ _____ __ __ __ __ ___ __ ___ D a l l a s _____ M e m p h is _____ ___ ____ ____ ___ N ew O r l e a n s ____ ___ __ _____ 74 69 46 62 72 81 39 64 M id d le W e s t : C h ic a g o __ __ ___ __ _ _____ _ D e t r o i t '__________ _____ _________ __ _____ _____________ M ilw a u k e e — M in n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l _____________ __ _ S t. L o u i s _____ _________ 71 76 73 63 66 F a r W e s t: D e n v e r ___ ___ __ __ L o s A n g e le s __ __ ______ _________ P o r t l a n d ____ __ ______________ S an F r a n c is c o - O a k l a n d __ __ 67 81 75 80 L a bor m arket R e ta il tra d e F in a n ce * * S e r v ic e s 72 47 42 52 56 48 58 56 88 87 70 63 62 A 43 36 84 82 79 82 71 A A A 75 54 A 37 68 67 A A A A A A 70 87 81 65 72 91 83 87 82 86 47 54 A 54 59 81 26 A 60 A 75 74 A 62 67 46 27 A A A 64 86 58 86 88 94 72 90 A 70 A 64 68 A 79 77 A 79 A 81 A 45 A A P u b li c u t ilit ie s * 1 M o s t f o r m a l p la n s p r o v i d e d f o r a r a n g e o f r a t e s f o r e a c h o f f i c e j o b . P l a n s p r o v i d i n g 3 p e r c e n t in D e n v e r , an d 2 p e r c e n t o r l e s s in a l l o t h e r a r e a s . * T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( e x c lu d in g r a i l r o a d s ) , c o m m u n ic a t i o n , a n d o t h e r p u b li c u t i l i t i e s . ** F i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , an d r e a l e s t a t e . A I n s u f f i c ie n t c o v e r a g e to w a r r a n t s e p a r a t e p r e s e n t a t i o n . W h o le s a le tra d e s i n g le j o b r a t e s a p p lie d to 5 p e r c e n t o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s in S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d , 33 T A B L E 1 0 . — M e t h o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t f o r p la n t w o r k e r s : P e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p la n t w o r k e r s in m a n u f a c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s in 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s , 1 9 5 3 -5 4 T im e w ork ers L a b or m arket I n c e n t iv e w o r k e r s P ie c e w ork B onus N o rth e a st: B oston _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ N e w a r k - J e r s e y C it y N e w Y o r k C it y _ P h ila d e lp h ia .... ................... . 65 68 70 62 18 15 22 22 17 18 8 16 S o u th : A t l a n t a __ D a lla s M e m p h is N ew O rle a n s ___ _ _ _ _ ____ 77 90 77 80 19 7 20 16 4 2 3 3 __ _ __ _ __ ____ _ 68 91 59 83 75 15 4 19 9 14 17 5 22 8 12 72 86 89 90 20 8 7 6 8 6 3 3 __ __ __ M id d le W e s t: C h ic a g o __ D e tr o it _ _ M ilw a u k e e M in n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l S t . L o u is F a r W est: D enver __ _ _ L o s A n g e le s P o r tla n d San F ran c i s c o - O a k l a n d _ _ . __ .... __ _ .... _ ... 35 Pay Provisions for Daily and Weekly Overtime T i m e w o r k e d b e y o n d th e r e g u la r h o u r s o f e m p lo y m e n t e s t a b l i s h e d b y u n io n a g r e e m e n t , b y e m p lo y e r o r in d u s t r y p r a c t i c e , o r b y la w , i s c o m m o n l y t e r m e d " o v e r t i m e . " D a ily a n d w e e k ly o v e r t i m e a r e , r e s p e c t i v e l y , t im e w o r k e d b e y o n d r e g u l a r , e s t a b l i s h e d d a ily a n d w e e k ly w o r k s c h e d u l e s . The num ber of h o u r s w o r k e d b e f o r e o v e r t i m e i s p a id v a r y , bu t th e g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f th e w o r k e r s in in d u s t r y a r e p a id o v e r t i m e r a t e s a f t e r h o u r s w o r k e d in e x c e s s o f 8 a d a y o r 4 0 a w e e k . A s in p r e c e d i n g y e a r s , p a y m e n t o f p r e m i u m r a t e s f o r d a i l y o r w e e k ly o v e r t i m e w a s th e g e n e r a l p r a c t i c e in th e i n d u s t r i e s a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t s s u r v e y e d d u r in g th e w in t e r o f 1 9 5 3 -5 4 in 17 l a b o r - m a r k e t a r e a s . U p w a r d o f 93 p e r c e n t o f t h e o f f i c e a n d 80 p e r c e n t o f th e p la n t w o r k e r s in t h e s e a r e a s w e r e in f i r m s w h ic h p r o v i d e d p r e m i u m p a y f o r w e e k ly o v e r t i m e . P r o p o r tio n a te ly , m o r e o f f i c e th a n p la n t w o r k e r s in m o s t a r e a s w e r e c o v e r e d b y th e w e e k ly p r o v i s i o n s . P r o v i s i o n s f o r w e e k ly o v e r t i m e a t p r e m i u m r a t e s w e r e m u c h m o r e p r e v a le n t th a n f o r d a ily o v e r t i m e , in v i r t u a l l y a l l a r e a s a n d m a j o r in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s s t u d ie d (t a b le 1 1 ). On an a ll-in d u s t r y b a s is , h o w e v e r , a m a jo r it y o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s in m o s t a r e a s , a n d o f th e p la n t w o r k e r s in a l l a r e a s w e r e in f i r m s p r o v i d i n g p r e m iu m r a t e s f o r d a ily o v e r t i m e . O v e r tim e w o r k is ty p ic a lly c o m p e n s a te d at p r e m iu m r a t e s b u t t h is i s n o t th e u n i v e r s a l p r a c t i c e . O p t io n a l t i m e o f f m a y b e p e r m i t t e d a t e q u a l o r e x t r a t i m e , o r th e w o r k e r m a y b e r e q u i r e d t o ta k e e q u a l t i m e o f f in o r d e r to s p r e a d th e w o r k . In s o m e i n d u s t r i e s th e F a i r L a b o r S t a n d a r d s A c t p e r m i t s s e a s o n a l o v e r t i m e w o r k a t s t r a i g h t - t i m e r a t e s , and in o t h e r s p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e m a y n o t b e l e g a l l y r e q u i r e d a s in in d u s t r i e s n o t c o v e r e d b y th e A c t . M a k e u p t im e o n r e g u l a r d a y s o f f , s o m e t i m e s p e r m i t t e d b e c a u s e o f s i c k n e s s o r d e a th in th e f a m i l y , m a y , in s o m e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , b e c l a s s e d a s p e r m it t e d o v e r t i m e a t r e g u l a r r a t e s o r , in o t h e r s , p r o h i b it e d e x c e p t a t p r e m i u m r a t e s . In i n d u s t r i e s o r a r e a s w h e r e w o r k s c h e d u l e s o f l e s s th a n 8 h o u r s a d a y o r 4 0 h o u r s a w eek a r e p r e v a le n t, a c o m m o n p r a c t i c e i s t o p a y p r e m i u m o v e r t i m e p a y m e n t s , g e n e r a l l y a t t im e a n d o n e - h a l f , f o r t i m e in e x c e s s o f 8 o r 4 0 h o u r s . T h u s , in f i r m s w ith s u c h s c h e d u l e s , th e h o u r s a t p r e m i u m p a y m a y b e p r e c e d e d b y a s t ip u la t e d a m o u n t o f " o v e r t i m e " w ith o u t a n y a d d i t io n a l c o m p e n s a t i o n o r p r o - r a t a b a s e d on th e r e g u l a r r a t e o f pay. In e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith w o r k s c h e d u le s o f m o r e th a n 8 o r 4 0 h o u r s , h o w e v e r , th e p r e m i u m r a te m a y n o t b e g in u n t il t im e h a s b e e n w o r k e d in e x c e s s o f s c h e d u le d h o u r s . W e e k ly O v e r t im e T h e g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f th e o f f i c e a n d p la n t w o r k e r s in e a c h o f th e a r e a s s t u d ie d w e r e e m p l o y e d in f i r m s w h ic h p r o v id e d p a y a t t i m e a n d o n e - h a l f th e r e g u la r r a t e f o r w o r k b e y o n d 4 0 h o u r s in th e w o r k w e e k . In m a n y o f th e a r e a s ( p a r t i c u la r ly th e 4 N o r t h e a s t e r n a r e a s ) , h o w e v e r , l a r g e n u m b e r s o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e e m p lo y e d on w o r k w e e k s o f l e s s th an 40 h o u r s . In s o m e a r e a s p r o p o r t i o n s r a n g in g up t o a s ix t h o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e e m p lo y e d in f i r m s w h ic h p r o v i d e d p r e m iu m p a y f o r h o u r s w o r k e d b e y o n d a s c h e d u l e d w o r k w e e k o f l e s s th an 4 0 h ou rs. H o w e v e r , in t h e s e a n d o t h e r a r e a s th e g r e a t m a jo r i t y o f th e w o r k e r s o n s h o r t e r w o r k w e e k s w e r e e m p lo y e d in f i r m s w h ic h p r o v i d e d e it h e r n o a d d it io n a l p a y , o r p a y a t r e g u la r r a t e s f o r w o r k d u r in g th e h o u r s b e t w e e n th e s c h e d u l e d w o r k w e e k an d 40 h o u rs. P r e m i u m r a t e s e f f e c t i v e a f t e r f e w e r th an 40 h o u r s o f w o r k w e r e a p p lic a b le t o s i g n if ic a n t p r o p o r t i o n s o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s in th e m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r i e s in B o s t o n , N e w a r k - J e r s e y C it y , N e w Y o r k C i t y , P h ila d e lp h ia , a n d C h i c a g o ; o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s in th e p u b li c u t i l i t i e s g r o u p in B o s t o n , P h ila d e lp h ia , A t la n ta , M e m p h is , a n d N e w O r l e a n s ; a n d in r e t a i l t r a d e f i r m s in B o s t o n , N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y , a n d N e w Y o r k C i t y . B e t w e e n a fo u r t h an d t w o - t h i r d s o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s in B o s t o n , N e w a r k - J e r s e y C ity , N e w Y o r k C i t y , P h ila d e lp h ia , C h i c a g o , a n d S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d w e r e e m p l o y e d in f i r m s w h ic h h a d a p o l i c y o f n o t c o m p e n s a t in g e m p l o y e e s a t m o r e th a n t h e i r r e g u l a r r a t e f o r o v e r t i m e h o u r s u n d e r 4 0 b u t w h ic h d id p r o v i d e p a y m e n t o f t i m e a n d a h a lf t h e r e a f t e r . A m o n g th e m a j o r in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s th e h ig h p r o p o r t i o n s o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in f i r m s w ith s u c h p o l i c i e s w e r e r e c o r d e d in m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d p u b li c u t i l i t i e s g r o u p s in a h a lf d o z e n o f th e a r e a s , a n d in th e f in a n c e g r o u p in m o s t o f th e a r e a s . V a r i a t i o n s f r o m th e u s u a l o v e r t i m e p a y p r o v i s i o n s o f t i m e a n d o n e - h a l f a f t e r 4 0 h o u r s w e r e m u c h m o r e in fr e q u e n t f o r p la n t th a n f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s . F o r p la n t w o r k e r s , v a r ia t io n s f r o m th e c u s t o m a r y o v e r t i m e p r o v i s i o n g e n e r a l l y a p p e a r e d w ith in c e r t a i n in d u s t r y g r o u p s . P r e m i u m r a t e s f o r f e w e r th an 4 0 h o u r s * w o r k w e r e p r o v i d e d m o r e f r e q u e n t ly in m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d r e t a i l a n d w h o l e s a l e t r a d e th a n in o t h e r in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s , w h e r e a s p r e m i u m r a t e s a p p ly in g a f t e r m o r e th a n 4 0 h o u r s w e r e m o s t fr e q u e n t ly p r o v i d e d in r e t a i l t r a d e , p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s , an d s e r v i c e e s t a b lis h m e n t s . O n a n a l l - i n d u s t r y b a s i s , c o m m u n it y w i s e , th e m a j o r e x c e p t i o n s t o th e c u s t o m a r y o v e r t i m e p r o v i s i o n w e r e a p p l i c a b l e t o 15 p e r c e n t o f th e p la n t w o r k e r s in N e w Y o r k C it y an d 36 9 p e r c e n t in San F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d , w ho w e r e p a id p r e m iu m r a t e s a f t e r f e w e r th an 40 h o u r s 1 w o r k , a n d 16 p e r c e n t in D e n v e r w h o s e p r e m iu m p a y s t a r t e d a f t e r h o u r s w o r k e d b e y o n d 40 ( i . e . , 44 o r 48 h o u r s ) . T h e u s u a l p r a c t i c e o f t im e an d o n e - h a l f a ft e r 40 h o u r s a p p lie d m o r e u n i f o r m l y in the S o u th e r n a r e a s than in the o t h e r a r e a s s t u d ie d . P o r t la n d a n d San F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d w e r e the o n l y a r e a s w ith d o u b le tim e p a y a p p l i c a b l e to an a p p r e c i a b l e p r o p o r t i o n o f the p la n t w o r k e r s ( m o s t l y in m a n u fa c t u r in g ). G r a d u a te d s c a l e s o f o v e r t i m e p a y w e r e a l s o fo u n d in s c a t t e r e d in s t a n c e s w h e r e b y the w o r k e r s r e c e i v e d t im e a^ d a h a lf f o r a s p e c i f i e d n u m b e r o f h o u r s o f o v e r t i m e a n d d o u b le t im e t h e r e a f t e r . D a ily O v e r t im e P r o v i s i o n s f o r the p a y m e n t o f p r e m iu m r a t e s f o r w o r k b e y o n d r e g u l a r d a ily s c h e d u le d h o u r s o f w o r k w e r e c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s p r e v a le n t than f o r w e e k ly o v e r t i m e . In 7 o f the a r e a s f e w e r than 40 p e r c e n t o f the o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e e m p lo y e d in f i r m s p r o v id in g p r e m i u m r a t e s f o r d a ily o v e r t i m e , an d in the a r e a s o f h ig h e s t in c i d e n c e o f s u c h p r o v i s i o n s (th e 4 F a r W e s t e r n a r e a s ) f r o m 70 to 80 p e r c e n t w e r e c o v e r e d . P r o v i s i o n s w e r e a p p lic a b le to h ig h e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f the p la n t than o f the o f f i c e w o r k e r s in each a r e a . S lig h t ly m o r e than h a lf o f the p la n t w o r k e r s in the 4 S o u th e r n a r e a s a n d t h r e e - f o u r t h s o r m o r e in the r e m a in in g a r e a s w e r e e m p lo y e d in f i r m s w ith d a ily o v e r t i m e p a y p r o v i s i o n s . A m o n g th e m a jo r in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s , th e g r e a t e s t p r o p o r t i o n a t e c o v e r a g e o f b o th o f f i c e an d p la n t w o r k e r s w a s r e c o r d e d in p u b lic u t i l i t i e s , a n d , to a l e s s e r e x t e n t , in m a n u fa c t u r in g . P r e m iu m o v e r t i m e r a t e s e f f e c t i v e a f t e r f e w e r th an 8 h o u r s a p p lie d to 8 to 13 p e r c e n t o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s in th e 4 N o r t h e a s t e r n a r e a s an d A tla n ta a n d N e w O r l e a n s ; a n d to 8 to 12 p e r c e n t o f p la n t w o r k e r s in San F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d an d N e w Y o r k C it y o P r e m iu m r a t e s that b e g a n a f t e r m o r e th an 8 h o u r s , a n d r a t e s in e x c e s s o f tim e a n d o n e - h a l f w e r e n o t im p o r t a n t c r o s s in d u s t r y w is e in a n y a r e a . T h e f o r m e r p o li c y r e la t e d a lm o s t e x c l u s i v e l y to p la n t w o r k e r s and a p p lie d to s i g n i f i c a n t p r o p o r t i o n s o f the w o r k e r s o n ly in p u b lic u t i l i t i e s in D a ll a s a n d M e m p h is , a n d in r e t a i l tr a d e in N e w a r k - J e r s e y C it y a n d M i n n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l. P r o v i s i o n s f o r d o u b le tim e c o v e r e d a s e v e n t h o f th e p la n t w o r k e r s in m a n u fa c tu r in g in P o r t l a n d a n d S an F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d . P r e m iu m p a y on a d a ily b a s i s f o r h o u r s b e y o n d 8 , f o l lo w in g o v e r t i m e at n o a d d it io n a l p a y o r p a y a t r e g u l a r r a t e s f o r p a r t o f th e h o u r s u n d e r 8, w a s c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s p r e v a l e n t f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s in m o s t a r e a s th an it s 4 0 - h o u r w e e k ly c o u n t e r p a rt. T h is d a ily ty p e o f o v e r t i m e p a y m e n t h a d s o m e w h a t g r e a t e r r e p r e s e n t a t io n a m o n g p la n t w o r k e r s th an d id th e 4 0 - h o u r p r o v i s io n . It o c c u r r e d m a in ly in m a n u fa c t u r in g , p u b li c u t i l i t i e s , a n d fin a n c e . 37 T A B L E 1 1 . — O v e r t i m e p r e m iu m p a y p r a c t i c e s : P e r c e n t o f o f f i c e an d p la n t w o r k e r s in e s t a b l is h m e n t s w ith p r o v i s i o n f o r p r e m iu m p a y f o r d a i l y a n d w e e k ly o v e r t i m e , in 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s , 1 9 5 3 -5 4 A ll i n d u s t r ie s L a bor m arket P e r c e n t o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in— P u b lic R e ta il M anuf ac W h o l e s a le t u r in g u t i li t ie s * tra d e tra d e F in a n c e * * S e r v ic e s A ll i n d u s t r ie s P e r c e n t o f p la n t w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in — M anufac P u b li c R e ta il W h o l e s a le t u r in g u t ilit ie s * tra d e tra d e 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 45 70 76 59 92 42 39 60 37 22 21 61 67 90 51 57 39 46 14 88 35 46 A 27 23 76 92 83 85 92 98 90 94 56 43 58 42 71 59 73 37 26 A A A 20 __ _ ____ 36 32 29 31 13 16 A A A A A A 52 53 56 58 M id d le W e s t : C h ic a g o __ __ __ __ ___ __ D e tr o it _ M i l w a u k e e ____ __ M i n n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l __ S t. L o u is __ ________ 53 39 60 39 57 63 43 75 45 65 90 55 93 62 92 56 61 A 49 62 38 26 A 48 A 34 30 44 A A A F a r W e st: D enver __ ______ L o s A n g e l e s __ P o r t l a n d ____ San F r a n c is c o -O a k la n d _ 71 80 79 77 78 80 96 79 76 A 89 A 72 77 A 82 97 N o rth e a s t: B o s t o n __ N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y ____ N e w Y o r k C i t y ___________ P h il a d e l p h i a 97 99 97 97 99 99 96 99 99 98 100 100 100 S o u th : A t la n t a ___ D a l l a s __ M e m p h is N ew O rle a n s 97 93 93 94 99 98 99 98 99 99 A l l w o r k e r s in e a c h a r e a __ _ S e r v ic e s 100 100 100 100 97 94 90 61 91 89 55 38 56 69 58 40 A 70 40 65 73 82 70 77 76 79 77 39 A A A 20 12 A 24 A A A A 79 89 89 85 92 89 98 97 94 96 89 73 71 A 95 86 42 29 A 61 A 67 81 A A A 82 96 95 99 92 97 97 68 A 56 A A 100 100 A 94 A 99 69 A 90 96 A 81 A A 99 99 98 92 71 A 89 89 95 99 96 97 100 100 100 100 94 99 99 98 82 93 98 99 86 96 87 94 94 99 98 81 A 94 77 99 99 95 99 100 88 A A A A 98 65 A 72 98 97 A A 88 A A A 80 82 82 100 100 96 90 100 95 92 70 43 A 46 A A A A 100 99 98 A 99 96 81 A 95 A 99 99 A 94 97 95 99 95 99 99 99 85 93 A A A 89 96 93 96 82 100 100 84 80 A 98 A 64 95 A A A A 98 A 95 A 76 A A 91 98 99 99 84 95 100 81 A 100 100 100 100 A 95 A A D a il y o v e r t i m e N o rth e a s t: B o s t o n __ ___ N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y ____ N e w Y o r k C i t y ____ __ _ P h i l a d e l p h i a ______________ S o u th : A t l a n t a ____ D a l l a s ____ _ _ _ _ _ M e m p h i s ____ ___ N e w O r l e a n s ______ 61 37 52 86 88 94 13 A 39 10 A 15 18 A 68 A 100 86 66 93 95 99 93 99 W e e k ly o v e r t im e __ __ M id d le W e s t : C h i c a g o ___ D e tr o it _ _ M ilw a u k e e __ M i n n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l __ S t . L o u is 98 98 97 99 96 F a r W est: D e n v e r _____________________ L o s A n g e le s _ T P o r tla n d _ .. ,rr San F r a n c is c o -O a k la n d _ 96 97 98 96 100 100 99 100 99 99 98 97 99 99 95 99 98 100 97 99 98 98 A 99 A 98 84 _ 98 98 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( e x c lu d in g r a i l r o a d s ) , c o m m u n ic a t i o n , an d o t h e r p u b li c u t i li t ie ** F i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e . A I n s u f f i c i e n t d a ta to w a r r a n t p r e s e n t a t i o n . * 100 100 100 100 100 100 90 100 A A A 100 100 A A A 100 100 100 100 39 P a i d H o lid a y s T h e p r a c t i c e o f c o m p e n s a t in g e m p l o y e e s a t r e g u la r p a y f o r h o lid a y s n o t w o r k e d c o v e r e d n e a r l y a l l o f f i c e p e r s o n n e l a n d th e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f a l l p la n t w o r k e r s in th e 17 s u r v e y e d a r e a s (ta b le 1 2 ). M o r e th an f o u r - f i f t h s o f the p la n t w o r k e r s in e a c h a r e a e x c e p t N e w O r l e a n s w e r e e m p lo y e d in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v id in g h o l i d a y p a y a n d in the m a j o r i t y o f t h e s e a r e a s th e p r o p o r t i o n s e x c e e d e d n in e -t e n t h s * S ix p a id h o l i d a y s w e r e the m o s t p r e v a le n t p r a c t i c e f o r b o t h p la n t a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s in m o s t o f th e s u r v e y e d a r e a s . 14 In the N e w a r k - J e r s e y C ity a n d San F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d a r e a s the m o s t p r e v a l e n t p r a c t i c e w a s 7 d a y s , an d in M e m p h i s , 5 d a y s . In B o s t o n a n d N e w Y o r k C ity , p la n t w o r k e r s m o s t g e n e r a l l y r e c e i v e d f r o m 6 to 8 p a id h o lid a y s b u t a m a j o r i t y o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s r e c e i v e d 11 o r m o r e d a y s , T h e g r e a t e r n u m b e r o f p a id h o lid a y s r e c e i v e d b y o f f i c e w o r k e r s in th e s e tw o a r e a s i s a t t r ib u t a b le in p a r t to th e r e l a t i v e g r e a t e r p r e v a l e n c e o f fin a n c e a n d in s u r a n c e c o m p a n i e s , w h ic h c o m m o n l y g r a n t a la r g e n u m b e r o f p a id h o l i days. M o r e o v e r , m o s t o f the o t h e r m a jo r in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s in t h e s e a r e a s g r a n t e d 11 o r m o r e h o lid a y s to s u b s t a n t ia l p r o p o r t io n s o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s . 14 O n ly f u l l - d a y h o lid a y s p r o v i d e d a n n u a lly w e r e c o u n te d . T h e N o r t h e a s t e r n a r e a s h a d the h ig h e s t p r o p o r t io n s o f w o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v i d in g p a id h o l i d a y s . E s ta b lis h m e n t s in t h e s e a r e a s a l s o p r o v i d e d the g r e a t e s t n u m b e r o f h o l i d a y s w ith l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n s o f b o t h o f f i c e an d p la n t w o r k e r s r e c e iv i n g e ig h t o r m o r e p a id h o l i d a y s . P r o p o r tio n s o f w o rk e r s r e c e i v i n g h o lid a y p a y in M i d w e s t e r n a r e a s w e r e a l m o s t a s h ig h b u t g e n e r a l l y s e v e n o r l e s s h o lid a y s w e r e p r o v i d e d . The F a r W e s t e r n a r e a s h a d l o w e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g p a id h o lid a y s th an the M id w e s t e r n a r e a s b u t h a d m o r e w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g e ig h t o r m o r e h o l i d a y s . T h e S o u th e r n a r e a s , on the w h o l e , h a d th e l o w e s t p r o p o r t i o n s o f p la n t w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g h o l i d a y p a y a n d w e r e the o n ly a r e a s h a v in g l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g l e s s th an s i x p a id h o l i d a y s . In m o s t a r e a s , m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a d a h ig h e r p r o p o r t i o n o f w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g p a id h o lid a y s th an d id n o n m a n u f a c t u r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . In a m a j o r i t y o f the a r e a s , h o w e v e r , o n e o r m o r e o f th e in d iv id u a l in d u s t r y g r o u p s w ith in n o n m a n u fa c tu r in g h a d h ig h e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g p a id h o lid a y s th an w e r e r e p o r t e d in m a n u f a c t u r in g . M o r e o v e r , the n u m b e r o f p a id h o lid a y s te n d e d to b e g r e a t e s t in s o m e o f the n o n m a n u fa c tu r in g g r o u p s , p a r t i c u l a r l y in f in a n c e . 40 T A B L E 12. - P a id h o lid a y s: P e rc e n t of office and plant w o rk e rs em ployed in e sta b lish m e n ts pro viding paid h o lid a y s , b y n u m b er of h o lid a y s p ro v id e d 1, a ll in d u s tr ie s and m an u factu rin g in d u s t r ie s , 17 la b o r m a r k e t s , 1953-54 O ffic e w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g — ■ N u m b e r o f h o l id a y s L a bor m ark et T ota l U nder 5 5 6 7 8 2 8 9 3 24 32 14 26 3 13 43 34 24 56 6 10 10 12 64 9 jp la n t w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g — N u m b e r o f h o l id a y s 10 11 O ver T ota l 11 U nder 5 O ver 5 6 7 8 9 10 4 _ 16 18 14 7 7 7 18 3 4 3 16 - 45 24 42 27 33 11 22 22 12 1 2 - (?) (2 ) 39 35 32 44 4 7 3 7 1 1 3 . - 8 1 _ - _ - - 75 81 82 81 53 8 2 6 8 - (2 ) . - 30 70 65 57 17 8 9 16 23 51 10 2 21 11 11 A l l i n d u s t r ie s N o rth e a s t: B oston ......... . N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y ___ „ ___ N ew Y o r k C i t y __ P h il a d e l p h i a __ _______ — S o u th : A t la n t a ___ . D a l l a s _____ M e m p h is __ N ew O rle a n s __ __ __ _____ — __ _____ — ___ ________________ __ 100 100 100 100 2 1 (?) (* ) (2 ) - 100 100 2 10 99 99 5 40 32 46 1 1 (? ) (2 ) _ _ _ M id d le W e s t : C h ic a g o ___ -------- __ __ __ D e tr o it — M ilw a u k e e ~ __ __ „ M in n e a p o l is -S t . P a u l ___ S t. L o u is __ 100 100 100 100 100 F a r W est: D e n v e r _____ _ __ __ ___ ___ L o s A n g e le s „ ___ „ P o r tla n d S an F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d 100 100 100 100 „ 0 (2 ) (2 ) 1 10 10 20 2 12 56 3 44 31 7 18 3 5 2 21 6 1 4 1 1 _ 2 _ - (2 ) 12 9 - 17 2 1 - 10 3 4 1 3 9 _ (2 ) 16 7 86 6 1 2 73 78 44 18 13 29 _ 54 30 66 (2 ) - 10 _ (2 ) . (*> (2 ) _ _ 7 _ 1 _ _ 1 2 (2 ) 1 24 - 1 - i 12 14 15 1 1 1 2 _ - 55 16 30 42 11 19 3 4 4 _ 4 14 5 15 3 30 17 49 11 6 25 17 1 20 1 3 9 6 (2 ) n 7 96 98 94 98 5 4 82 85 84 72 9 31 22 12 10 21 96 83 93 97 96 88 2 92 84 94 32 1 100 1 10 3 - (2 ) 99 97 99 2 34 3 6 - (2 ) 3 (2 ) 2 (* ) 4 - 2 1 2 2 - 1 1 2 2 - - (2 ) - - - - (2 ) - - - 9 10 5 1 6 12 3 1 4 (2 ) - - 6 1 - - - - - - - (2 ) - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 (2 ) 5 <*) - 10 (2 ) _ - 5 (2 ) 2 8 (2 ) . M a n u f a c t u r in g N o rth e a st: B o s t o n ____ _________ ______________ N e w a r k - J e r s e y C it y _ N ew Y o r k C it y _ P h il a d e l p h i a S ou th : A tla n ta ____ ___ D a ll a s __ .... __ M e m p h is N ew O rle a n s _ 100 100 100 100 (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) 100 100 1 6 98 97 3 24 14 33 “ 2 M id d le W e s t : C h i c a g o ___ ,_____________________ _ D e t r o i t ____ _________ ___ M ilw a u k e e ___ M i n n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l _ .... S t. L o u is 100 100 100 100 100 F a r W est: D e n v e r _ ___ __ -------- — L o s A n g e le s P o r tla n d _ ----San F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d ____ _ 100 100 100 100 42 1 11 _ 1 _ - _ - - 14 5 - ~ - - 11 22 2 2 " - 78 13 - 8 (2 ) - - - - 21 2 - - - - 7 33 1 - - - 11 - - - - - - - - “ 73 68 (2 ) _ - _ 100 - _ 3 77 87 53 _ _ 90 3 7 1 86 11 21 2 - _ (2 ) _ _ - - 4 16 - 1 1 - _ 1 43 57 75 24 E s t im a t e s in clu d e o n ly fu ll-d a y h o lid a y s p ro vid e d ann ually. L e s s than 0 .5 p e rc e n t. 20 9 26 29 25 58 5 _ _ - 1 1 3 21 - 7 3 - - 25 24 42 33 41 19 39 18 23 24 14 18 18 26 4 51 59 49 37 3 3 4 9 4 7 - 81 82 85 84 56 6 8 7 4 31 3 - 8 10 - 78 77 56 24 5 13 25 57 7 80 92 90 69 13 98 82 97 97 99 3 3 - 3 93 97 83 95 - - (2 ) 1 1 - 12 6 ~ - 1 10 5 1 14 1 ** - - - 41 P a i d V a c a t io n s T h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f the w o r k e r s in th e in d u s t r ie s an d l a b o r m a r k e t s s t u d ie d w e r e e m p lo y e d in e s t a b lis h m e n t s th at h ad f o r m a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r p a id v a c a t i o n s (ta b le 1 3 ). The com p a ra t i v e l y s m a l l n u m b e r s o f w o r k e r s n o t c o v e r e d b y f o r m a l p la n s w e r e e m p l o y e d f o r th e m o s t p a r t in n o n o f f ic e jo b s in s m a l l e s t a b lis h m e n t s in th e S o u t h e r n a r e a s s t u d ie d . S o m e o f the e s t a b l i s h m e n t s th a t d id n o t h a v e f o r m a l a r r a n g e m a it s r e p o r t e d i n f o r m a l p la n s w h e r e b y t i m e o f f w ith p a y w a s g r a n t e d a t the d i s c r e t i o n o f the e m p l o y e r o r s u p e r v i s o r . F o r m a l v a c a t i o n p la n s g e n e r a l l y s p e c i f i e d s e r v i c e r e q u ir e m e n t s f o r v a c a t i o n e l i g i b i l i t y an d p r o v i d e d b e n e f it s g r a d u a t e d a c c o r d i n g to le n g t h o f s e r v i c e . M e th o d s o f c o m p u t in g v a c a tio n p a y a l s o v a r i e d . V a c a t io n p a y f o r n e a r ly a l l o f f i c e w o r k e r s a n d t h r e e - f o u r t h s o r m o r e o f the p la n t w o r k e r s in e a c h a r e a w a s c a l c u l a t e d o n a t im e p a y m e n t b a s i s — m o s t c o m m o n l y in t e r m s o f 1 o r m o r e w eek s* p a y . F o r a s m a n y a s a fo u r t h o f the p la n t w o r k e r s in P h i l a d e l p h i a , a n d s m a l l e r p r o p o r t i o n s in a l l o t h e r a r e a s , v a c a tio n p a y w a s b a s e d upon a s p e c ifie d p e r c e n ta g e o f annual e a r n in g s . In s o m e a r e a s , s m a ll p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s ( p r i m a r i l y in th e g a r m e n t i n d u s t r ie s ) r e c e i v e d v a c a t i o n p a y in th e f o r m o f f la t s u m p a y m e n t s th at w e r e n o t r e l a t e d d i r e c t l y to the w o r k e r 's p a y r a t e o r a n n u a l e a r n in g s . O ffic e w o r k e r s ty p ic a lly b e c a m e e lig ib le fo r 2 w eek s * v a c a t i o n w ith p a y u p o n c o m p le t in g m in im u m s e r v i c e r e q u i r e m e n ts. T h e la r g e s t p r o p o r t io n s r e c e iv in g Z o r m o r e w e e k s ' v a c a t i o n a f t e r 1 y e a r o f s e r v i c e w e r e in the N o r t h e a s t a r e a s , D e t r o i t , a n d th e S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d a r e a . R e l a t i v e l y fe w o f f i c e w o r k e r s r e c e i v e d m o r e th a n 2 w eek s* v a c a t i o n a f t e r 1 y e a r o f s e r v i c e e x c e p t in B o s t o n (8 p e r c e n t ) . A fte r 5 y e a r s ' s e r v ic e v ir t u a lly a ll o f f i c e w o r k e r s r e c e iv e d at le a s t 2 w e e k s , and s i z a b le p r o p o r t i o n s (r a n g in g up to 30 p e r c e n t in B o s t o n ) w e r e e l i g i b l e f o r l o n g e r v a c a t i o n s . 15 A f t e r 15 y e a r s ' s e r v i c e the m a j o r i t y o f a l l o f f i c e w o r k e r s e x c e p t th o s e in the S o u th e r n a r e a s w e r e e l i g i b l e f o r 3 o r m o r e w e e k s ' v a c a t io n p a y . U pon c o m p l e t i o n o f 2 5 y e a r s ' s e r v i c e th e m a j o r i t y w e r e e l i g i b l e f o r v a c a t i o n p a y o f 3 o r m o r e w e e k s in a l l a r e a s e x c e p t N e w O r le a n s and 48 p e r c e n t, r e s p e c t iv e ly ). T h e g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f p la n t v a c a t i o n p a y o r it s e q u iv a le n t a f t e r 5 y e a r s ' s e r v i c e the p r o p o r t i o n s o f o r m o r e w e e k s ' pa y w as a lm o s t as in a l l a r e a s s t u d ie d e x c e p t th o s e in an d D a lla s (3 8 w o r k e r s r e c e i v e d 1 w e e k 's 1 y e a r ' s s e r v i c e . 16 A f t e r p la n t w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g 2 h ig h a s f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s the S o u th . T h e p r o p o r t i o n s r e c e i v i n g m o r e than 2 w e e k s 1 v a c a t io n a f t e r 5 y e a r s ' s e r v i c e w a s a b o u t the s a m e f o r p la n t an d o f f i c e w o r k e r s in m o s t o f th e 17 s u r v e y e d a r e a s . In 6 o f the a r e a s , h o w e v e r , the p r o p o r t i o n o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s e l i g i b l e f o r lo n g e r v a c a t i o n s w a s s t i l l c o n s i d e r a b l y g r e a t e r than f o r p la n t w o r k e r s . In a f e w a r e a s a s l ig h t l y h ig h e r p r o p o r t i o n o f p la n t w o r k e r s w e r e e lig ib le fo r lo n g e r v a c a tio n s a fte r 5 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e . A f t e r 15 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e a m a j o r i t y o f the p la n t w o r k e r s in a l l b u t 6 a r e a s (4 S o u th e r n a r e a s , D e n v e r , an d P o r t la n d ) w e r e e lig ib le fo r 3 o r m o r e w e e k s ' v a c a tio n p a y . The p r o p o r t io n s o f p la n t w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g v a c a t i o n s o f 3 o r m o r e w e e k s i n c r e a s e d a f t e r 25 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e b u t w e r e s t i l l l e s s than a m a j o r i t y in th e s a m e 6 a r e a s . T h e p r o p o r t i o n o f p la n t w o r k e r s e l i g i b l e f o r v a c a t i o n s o f m o r e than 3 w e e k s a f t e r 15 y e a r s d id n o t e x c e e d 3 p e r c e n t e x c e p t in B o s t o n (8 p e r c e n t ) . A f t e r 25 y e a r s , h o w e v e r , the p r o p o r t i o n o f p la n t w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g m o r e th an 3 w e e k s ' v a c a t i o n r o s e to 10 p e r c e n t o r m o r e in 6 o f the 17 a r e a s . 15 V a c a t io n p r o v i s i o n s a r e t r e a t e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y on the b a s i s th at t h e s e a r e p r o v i d e d to a l l w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d in o f f i c e s o r p la n t d e p a r t m e n t s th at o b s e r v e th e p r a c t i c e in q u e s t io n . B ecau se o f e l i g i b i l i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s , the p r o p o r t i o n a c t u a l ly r e c e i v i n g the s p e c ific b e n e fit s is n e c e s s a r il y s m a lle r . 16 F o r t h is a n a l y s i s , 2 p e r c e n t o f a n n u a l e a r n in g s w a s c o n s i d e r e d th e e q u iv a le n t o f 1 w e e k 's p a y ; 4 p e r c e n t , 2 w e e k s ; 6 p e rce n t, 3 w e e k s. 42 T A B L E 1 3 .— P a id v a ca tio n s : P e r c e n t o f o f f i c e and plant w o r k e r s in e sta b lish m e n ts having p aid v a c a tio n s , b y s e le c te d y e a r s o f s e r v ic e r e q u ir e m e n t s , in 17 la b o r m a r k e ts, 195 3 -5 4 O ffice L ab o r m ark et T o tal N orth east: B oston - Y o rk P h ilad e lp h ia N ew 75 1 94 77 80 _________ 99 24 74 (l ) 89 56 30 ............ 100 100 100 100 100 21 12 78 1 100 4 (M 99 79 84 14 88 8 2 49 31 30 99 85 _ 67 _ 77 69 i 100 100 9 16 85 12 1 2 F a r 100 100 100 100 41 23 57 72 3 4 99 99 82 60 15 32 (M 4 2 100 100 88 _ ___ ___ __ --------------- __ . _______ _ M in n e ap o lis-S t. St. _ __ — __ ___________ P a u l ______ L o u is _ ___ __ __ __ ________ 5 87 6 7 92 93 19 79 64 n n 51 100 100 100 100 93 93 w orkers 100 100 100 100 P lan t w o rk e rs M o re 2 3 w eeks w eeks A fter 61 „ ________ T otal w eeks 37 __ __ _______________________________ M ilw au k e e th an 2 25 36 __ O r l e a n s _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ D etro it _ 8 1 2 w eeks 100 100 100 __ ------ M id d le W est: C V n c . a a n ....... 1 T otal w eek w eeks A fter 1 y e a r of serv : ce 2 ----------------- ---------- ------------__ ___________ ____________ __ — __ D a l l a s __ M e m p h i s ________ 2 w eeks O ffice M o re _ __ C i t y ___ C ity _ South: A t l a n t a ------- 1 w eek M ore th an 100 100 100 100 __ N e w a rk -Je rse y N ew P lan t w o rk e rs w o rk ers th an 3 T otal w eeks 15 y e a r s 2 3 w eeks w eeks M o re th an 3 w eeks of se rv ic e 74 4 100 31 21 74 4 IC O 24 70 18 75 6 8 1 2 70 (l ) 39 34 48 29 100 100 58 (l ) 46 (l ) 93 94 53 27 (M 97 60 46 23 2 31 1 32 - 91 50 22 - 24 70 3 72 83 1 100 100 24 15 14 19 80 (M 99 17 81 77 22 76 2 61 63 3 100 100 35 33 32 65 42 54 54 4 99 99 50 42 44 48 100 100 57 45 39 51 l 1 ),. 53 40 1 68 24 3 48 37 6 77 19 - 61 33 16 (l ) 41 _ 100 100 100 56 13 54 37 2 99 62 100 100 100 100 100 19 53 55 (M i 2 (l ) 1 W est: D e n v e r _______ _____ _________________ _____________ L o s A n geles P o r t l a n d ___ San ___ _____ ______ __ _ ____ F ran cisco -O a k la n d __ ___ ... _____ _______ __ ______ _ 44 53 18 82 A fter (M 63 8 27 3 2 100 100 100 100 39 42 39 55 59 5 y e a rs of se rv ic e 2 1 ____ ( i ) A fter 2 5 y e a rs _ 3 _ of se rv ic e N orth east: B oston _ _ ___ _____ Y ork „ C i t y ________ P h ilad e lp h ia _____ C i t y ______________________ N e w a rk -Je rse y N ew __ __ ____ ___ ______ __ _ 100 100 100 100 1 69 (M (M 89 9 78 22 (l ) 91 9 100 100 100 2 4 4 94 94 94 2 99 5 92 100 100 100 100 100 _ 93 92 30 100 100 100 100 2 79 83 17 2 2 77 16 92 3 1 12 100 100 100 100 13 15 63 56 24 28 15 47 37 18 61 19 100 100 100 100 27 19 37 55 58 13 17 42 29 53 11 10 South : ~ A tlan ta D a l l a s __ ----____ M e m p h is N ew M id d le __ ____ _________ ____ O rle a n s __ _ , ____ _ ____ _ _ 93 94 14 73 5 42 50 34 93 94 23 97 75 3 46 36 14 97 47 55 40 6 2 15 14 27 67 18 100 100 100 41 22 2 2 34 5 4 91 14 72 4 99 55 30 8 91 44 26 3 7 100 100 (l ) 88 8 56 76 100 100 60 16 9 19 15 22 90 100 100 100 100 100 25 b 14 79 4 16 76 8 99 15 68 13 21 21 100 100 32 30 59 61 7 31 58 61 39 27 46 56 13 16 99 99 48 40 40 45 6 36 49 61 15 100 100 54 38 5 44 44 8 5 W est: C h ic ag o D etro it __ __ __ ____ -------- ------- __ M ilw au k e e _ M i n n e a p o l i s -S t . St. L o u is F a r __ __ __ _______ P a u l ____ __ ______ ______ _ _____ 1 _ 1 98 91 7 2 8 n 93 7 i n 89 89 10 99 100 100 1 1 1 89 7 86 10 2 96 9 8 7 W est: D e n v e r ------------------------------------- ------------------L o s A n g e l e s ______ __________________ __________ P o r t l a n d _______ 3an __ __ ___.___ F ran cisco -O a k la n d L e s s than 0 .5 p e r c e n t. ___________ ____ ___ 100 100 100 100 (M 96 90 9 4 10 99 99 100 100 5 3 90 4 84 10 1 95 3 94 6 - 100 100 100 100 24 14 8 43 A P P E N D IX : O C C U P A T I O N A L W A G E S IN 17 L A B O R M A R K E T S , 3 9 5 3 -5 4 T h e f o l l o w i n g t a b le s p r e s e n t a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s in 17 l a b o r - m a r k e t a r e a s f o r s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s c o m m o n t o a v a r i e t y o f m a n u fa c t u r in g an d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s . D a ta a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r th e fo llo w in g t y p e s o f o c c u p a t io n s : ( l ) O f f i c e , p r o f e s s i o n a l , a n d t e c h n i c a l ; a n d (2) m a in t e n a n c e , p o w e r p la n t , c u s t o d ia l, a n d m a t e r i a l m o v e m e n t . O c c u p a t io n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n is b a s e d o n a u n i f o r m s e t o f j o b d e s c r i p t i o n s d e s ig n e d to ta k e a c c o u n t o f in t e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t v a r ia t io n in d u t ie s w ith in th e s a m e j o b ; t h e s e j o b d e s c r i p t i o n s a r e a v a i la b le u p on r e q u e s t a n d a r e a l s o a p a r t o f th e b u ll e t in d e s c r i b e d b e l o w . d u r in g la t e 1953 a n d e a r l y 1 9 5 4 . D e t a i le d in f o r m a t io n f o r th e 17 a r e a s is a v a i la b le in a 3 - p a r t b u ll e t in . T h is b u lle tin c o n t a in s th e fo llo w in g i n f o r m a t io n b y a r e a : W a g e r a t e s (a r e a w id e and b y in d u s t r y g r o u p , w ith c o m p l e t e w a g e d is t r ib u t i o n s f o r e a c h o c c u p a t io n a l c a t e g o r y ) ; w a g e p la n s ( f o r m a l r a te s t r u c t u r e s , l a b o r - g r a d e p la n s , a n d in c e n t i v e p la n s ) ; w a g e a d ju s t m e n t p r o v i s i o n s ( c o s t - o f liv in g an d a n n u a l im p r o v e m e n t ) ; la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e ; w o r k s c h e d u l e s ; s h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l s ; o v e r t i m e p a y p r o v i s i o n s ; p a id h o l i d a y s ; p a id v a c a t i o n p la n s ; h e a lt h , in s u r a n c e , and p e n s io n p la n s . D a ta f o r t h e s e t a b le s w e r e o b t a in e d t o g e t h e r w ith a d d i t io n a l in f o r m a t i o n f r o m th e B u r e a u 1s s t u d ie s o f o c c u p a t io n a l e a r n in g s a n d r e l a t e d w a g e p r a c t i c e s c o n d u c t e d in 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s fo r m is b u lle t in . In o r d e r to a s s i s t y o u in o b t a in in g th is b u lle t in an o r d e r e n c lo s e d fo r y o u r c o n v e n ie n c e . S e e la s t p a g e o f th is 45 A P P E N D I X T A B L E 1 .— O ffic e o c c u p a t io n s (a ll in d u s t r ie s ) (A v e r a g e w e e k ly s a la r i e s 1 f o r s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s in 6 b r o a d in d u s tr y d i v i s i o n s , 2 in 17 la b o r m a r k e t s , Northeast S ex, occupation, and grade South S ep tem b er 1953 - A p r i l 1954) Middle W est Far W est M innSan New N ew arkM il L08 P h ila New e a p o lisMemphis C hicago D etroit St. Louis Denver York D allas J ersey Atlanta Portland F r a n c isc o Boston Angeles Orleans delphia waukee St. Paul Oakland City C ity March October A p ril N ovem ber January D ecem ber March September January March D ecem ber February October March Septem ber January Novem ber 1953 1954 1954 1954 1953 1954 1953 1953 1954 1953 1953 1954 1954 1954 1953 1953 1954 O ffice C le r ic a l Men C le r k s : A ccounting, c la s s A ................... A ccounting, c la s s B ...................... .............. Order ------------------------------------------ --------P ayroll .................................................. ............. O ffice boys ------------- —--------------------------------Tabulatin g-m ach ine op erators _________ $ 66. 00 58. 00 68. 00 72. 00 4 0 .0 0 60. 50 $ 77. 50 A 75. 50 7 3 .5 0 42. 50 62. 50 $ 7 4 .0 0 58. 50 70. 50 7 0 .0 0 4 2 .0 0 6 6 .5 0 $ 7 5 .0 0 60. 50 68. 00 68. 50 39. 00 6 5 .0 0 $ 7 7 .0 0 59. 50 6 7 .0 0 71. 50 40. 50 6 4 .0 0 $ 7 9 .0 0 63. 00 59. 50 69. 00 3 9 .0 0 6 3 .0 0 $ 75. 50 59. 50 64. 50 66. 50 40. 50 6 8 .0 0 $ 73. 53. 60. 67. 35. 68. 00 50 00 00 50 00 $ 81. 00 65. 50 77. 50 73. 00 48 . 50 7 2 .0 0 $ 8 9 .0 0 72. 00 84. 00 84. 00 46, 00 77. 00 $ 8 1 .5 0 65. 00 72. 50 66. 50 43 . 50 7 5 .0 0 $ 73. 50 56. 50 70. 00 A 41. 50 67. 50 $ 79. 62. 68. 73. 43 . 71. 00 50 50 00 00 50 $ 74. 50 57. 00 6 5 .0 0 67. 00 43. 00 67. 50 $ 81. 68. 79. 78. 51. 76. 48. 00 4 7 .0 0 54. 00 5 3 .0 0 5 7 .5 0 5 9 .0 0 50. 50 4 9 .0 0 52. 50 4 7 . 50 46 . 50 47 . 50 46. 50 42 . 00 4 6 .0 0 4 2 . 50 5 8 .0 0 5 4 .0 0 57. 50 56. 50 50. 50 56. 50 47 . 50 51. 00 5 4 .0 0 A 4 9 .0 0 51. 50 59. 00 63. 00 52. 50 50. 00 58. 50 59. 00 55. 50 4 9 .0 0 60. 00 51. 50 64. 50 53. 50 6 2 .0 0 4 7 .0 0 5 8 .0 0 4 9 .0 0 55. 00 4 6 .0 0 59. 50 4 6 .0 0 52. 50 4 4 . 00 67. 50 5 7 .0 0 68. 50 5 5 .0 0 61. 50 52. 50 57. 50 4 7 . 50 61. 50 48 . 50 58. 50 48. 00 69. 00 53. 50 64. 50 5 2 .0 0 67. 00 55. 00 59. 50 47. 50 50. 50 39. 50 49. 50 5 4 .0 0 4 9 .0 0 6 4 .0 0 5 3 .0 0 53. 50 44. 50 5 6 .0 0 5 9 .0 0 57. 50 6 6 .0 0 53. 50 57. 50 45. 00 5 6 .0 0 61. 50 58. 50 57. 00 5 0 .0 0 50. 50 39. 50 4 7 .0 0 53. 50 5 1 .0 0 6 4 .0 0 5 0 .0 0 53. 50 4 1 .0 0 48. 50 55. 50 5 2 .0 0 59. 00 4 9 ,0 0 48 . 50 3 8 .0 0 4 7 .0 0 5 4 .0 0 52. 00 57. 50 4 7 .0 0 49. 00 37. 50 4 7 .5 0 51. 50 48 . 00 60. 00 4 6 .0 0 4 5 . 50 39. 50 44. 50 49. 00 49 . 50 70. 00 5 6 .0 0 57. 50 47, 00 5 8 .0 0 63. 00 6 1 .0 0 71. 50 5 6 .0 0 59. 50 46. 50 5 8 .0 0 65. 50 63. 00 64. 50 5 3 .0 0 55, 00 45, 00 51. 00 56. 00 52. 50 61. 50 4 8 .0 0 50. 50 41. 00 4,9. 50 55. 50 52. 00 6 3 .0 0 50. 50 54. 00 42. 00 50. 00 54. 00 54. 50 60. 00 51. 00 50. 00 43. 00 4 8 .0 0 54. 00 50. 50 71. 00 58. 50 62. 00 47. 50 6 2 .0 0 65. 00 64. 00 68. 56. 56. 44. 55. 59. 55. 50 50 50 50 00 00 00 68. 50 58. 50 60, 00 46. 00 63. 50 66. 00 6 1 .0 0 4 5 .0 0 47. 50 4 0 .0 0 6 1 .0 0 52. 50 48. 50 4 9 .0 0 53. 50 4 9 .0 0 53. 50 41. 00 69. 50 5 7 .0 0 5 5 .0 0 5 4 .0 0 57. 50 5 1 .0 0 53. 50 42. 00 71. 50 5 7 .0 0 56. 50 5 6 .0 0 60. 50 4 4 .0 0 49. 50 38. 00 65. 50 5 3 .0 0 50. 00 4 8 .0 0 57. 50 4 5 .0 0 48. 50 41 . 00 6 4 .0 0 5 5 .0 0 4 4 .5 0 4 8 . 50 54. 50 48 . 50 48. 50 3 9 .0 0 64. 00 5 5 .0 0 45 . 00 4 8 .0 0 5 9 .0 0 A 48. 00 38. 50 58. 50 5 1 .0 0 38. 50 45. 50 A A 4 7 .5 0 35. 50 60. 50 49 . 50 4 1 .0 0 4 5 .0 0 A 5 4 ,0 0 5 8 .0 0 4 7 .0 0 72. 50 6 2 .0 0 5 7 .0 0 57. 50 63. 50 54. 00 60. 00 46 . 50 75. 50 64. 50 58. 00 5 8 .0 0 64. 50 50. 50 52. 50 42 . 50 71. 00 5 5 .0 0 5 1 .0 0 52. 00 62. 50 4 6 . 00 47 . 50 39. 50 63. 00 52. 50 51. 00 4 9 .0 0 54. 50 48. 50 52. 00 4 4 .0 0 67. 00 5 4 .0 0 5 1 .0 0 50. 00 65. 00 47. 53. 40. 65. 55. 47. 51. 61. 54. 63. 48. 73. 62. 59. 59. 72. 50 50 00 00 50 50 50 00 50. 50 54. 50 39. 50 66. 50 56. 00 5 0 .0 0 53. 00 56. 00 56. 50 59. 00 48. 00 7 2 .0 0 63. 00 58. 50 58. 50 68. 50 4 9 .0 0 50. 50 43. 50 5 4 .0 0 55. 50 47 . 50 5 6 .0 0 55. 50 4 9 .0 0 4 9 .0 0 50. 50 43. 50 5 0 .0 0 5 1 .0 0 4 3 .0 0 4 8 .0 0 50. 00 4 2 . 50 4 3 .0 0 4 7 .0 0 4 1 .0 0 47. 00 48 . 50 40 , 00 5 8 .0 0 60. 00 51. 50 57. 50 60. 50 5 1 .0 0 5 2 .0 0 55. 50 4 6 .0 0 49. 50 51. 50 45 . 50 50. 00 5 4 .0 0 4 6 .0 0 53. 00 52. 50 46 . 50 57. 50 58. 00 49. 50 51. 50 54. 00 4 6 .0 0 59. 00 57. 50 5 1 .0 0 116. 00 87. 00 66. 50 A 113. 50 9 5 .0 0 69. 50 54. 50 138.00 1 0 3.50 73. 00 6 0 .0 0 1 1 5 .5 0 94. 50 66. 50 49 . 50 1 1 3 .0 0 86. 50 64. 50 A 1 0 0 .5 0 7 8 .0 0 58. 00 A A 83. 50 62. 50 A A 84. 50 59. 00 A 1 3 0 .0 0 99. 00 7 3 .0 0 6 1 .0 0 1 4 5 .5 0 1 1 6 .5 0 85. 50 6 5 .0 0 A 90. 50 72. 50 A A 83. 00 67, 50 59. 50 A 91. 00 71. 50 A 126. 50 97. 50 70. 50 A 1 24. 00 92. 00 77. 00 A A 88. 50 71. 00 A 102, 00 85. 50 70. 50 A 6 6 .0 0 70. 50 7 4 .0 0 67. 50 6 9 .0 0 65. 50 63. 50 6 5 .0 0 7 2 .0 0 75. 50 67. 00 69. 50 66. 50 67. 50 78. 50 65. 50 72. 00 00 00 00 50 00 50 $ 77. 66. 74. 68, 44. 72. 50 50 50 50 00 00 $ 80. 67. 80. 75. 47. 74. 00 00 00 50 50 50 W om en B ille r s , m achine: B illin g m achine ______,__________________ Bookkeeping m achine ___________________ B ook keep ing-m achin e o p erators: C la s s A ___________________________________ _______ C la s s B _________________________ C le r k s : Accounting, c la s s A ................................ ..... Accounting, c la s s B _____________________ F ile , c la s s A _____________________________ F ile , c la s s B _____________________________ O rd er ______________________ _____ P a y r o l l ____________________________________ C om p to m eter o p e r a t o r s .................................... D up licatin g-m achin e op erators (m im eograp h or ditto) ___________________ Key-punch o p e r a t o r s _______________________ O ffice g ir ls ________________________________ S e c r e t a r i e s _____ _____ _____ __________________ Stenograph ers, general -___________________ Switchboard op erators ________________ _____ Switchboard o p e r a t o r -r e c e p t io n is t s _____ Tabulatin g-m ach ine op erators ___________ T ran scrib in g-m ach in e op era to rs, general ____________________________________ T y p ists, c la s s A ____________________________ T yp ists, c la s s B _____________ ____ __________ 50 00 50 00 00 00 00 50 P ro fe ssio n a l and Technical Men D raftsm en , l e a d e r _____________________ __ D raftsm en , s e n i o r __________________________ D raftsm en , junior __________________________ T r a c e r s ----------------------------------------------------------Wom en N u r se s, industrial (reg istere d ) _________ 1 Earnings relate to standard sa la rie s that are paid for standard work schedules. 2 M anufacturing; transportation (excluding railroad s), communication, and other public u tilities; w holesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and s e r v ic e s . A Insufficient data to w arrant presentation. 46 A P P E N D IX T A B L E 2 . — Plant occupations (all industries) (A verage hourly earnings ’ for selected occupations in 6 broad industry d iv is io n s 3 in W labor m ark ets, Septem ber 1V53 - A p ril 1954) Occupation3 New P h ila D allas York Atlanta delphia City February October March Septem ber 1954 1954 1953 1953 F ar W est Middle W est South Northeast Newark J ersey Boston C ity M arch D ecem ber 1954 1953 Memphis New Orleans Chicago January 1954 Novem ber 1953 March 1954 October 1953 $ 2. 43 2, 42 2. 44 1. 94 1. 80 2. 31 2. 38 2. 18 2. 26 2. 21 1. 81 2 .4 8 2. 31 2. 62 2. 28 2. 60 $ 2. 33 2. 40 2. 39 2. 00 1. 94 2 .4 4 2. 40 2 .4 0 2. 18 2. 34 1.95 2. 22 2. 34 A 2. 35 2. 55 M il Detroit waukee A pril 3954 San MinnL os St. Louis Portland F r a n c is c o eapo) i s Denver A ngeles Oakland St. Paul January Novem ber January D ece m b er M arch Septem ber 1954 1954 1953 1953 1954 1953 Maintenance and Powerplant Carpenter __________________________________ E lectrician s ________________ ________ ___ Engineers, stationary ____ ___,____________ Firem en , stationary b oiler ............... ........ H elpers, trades ................................................ M achine-tool op erators, t o o lr o o m ......... M achinists _________ _____ - ___ _____ ______ Mechanics _____________ ___________________ M echanics, a u to m o tiv e _______ __________ Millwrights .................................. ................. ...... O ilers .................... ...................... .......................... Painters ___________________________________ Pipefitters .......... .................. ............................. P lum bers ................................ .............................. Sheet-m etal w orkers ...................................... Tool and die rhakers _______ __________ $ 2, 05 2. 07 2. 02 L 68 1 .6 6 2 .0 0 2. 05 L 97 1. 92 l. 96 l. 65 1. 77 2 .0 5 1. 91 2 .0 4 2. 23 $ 2. 2. 2. 1. 3. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 1. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 22 33 34 85 82 20 21 16 Oo 12 80 06 35 08 29 32 $ 2. 2. 2. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 2, 2. 1. 1. 2. I. 2. 2. 07 15 21 78 69 19 23 15 09 09 76 88 18 90 15 41 $ 2. 20 2. 16 1. 91 L 64 L 77 2. 09 2. 21 2. 08 L 93 2. 07 1. 61 1. 99 2. 22 1. 94 2. 06 2. 33 $ 1. 89 2. 18 1. 71 L 35 1. 46 A 2. 05 1. 90 1. 65 A 1. 27 1. 92 2. 16 A 2. 29 A $ 1. 92 2. 04 L 67 A 1. 44 A L 94 1. 82 1 .7 5 A 1. 54 1. 86 A 1. 97 A 2. 18 $ 1. 76 2. 02 i. 88 I. 14 L 13 1. 91 2. 06 1. 84 1. 61 1 .9 6 1. 56 1. 76 2. 09 A A 2. 16 $ 1. 79 2. 00 1. 74 1. 17 1. 44 A 2. 00 1. 94 1. 73 1. 95 1 .4 0 1. 68 1. 89 A i . 90 A $ 2. 2. 2. I. 1. 2. 18 30 22 89 73 18 2. 41 2. 16 2. 15 2. 20 1 .9 3 2. 22 2. 24 A 2, 28 2 .4 5 $ 2. 29 2. 33 2. 08 1. 82 1. 79 2, 09 2. 25 2. 05 1. 92 2. 25 1. 79 2. 34 2. 51 A A 2. 37 $ 2. 21 2. 30 1, 31 2. 02 1. 92 2. 13 Z. 32 2. 07 2. 00 2. 23 1. 98 2. 25 2. 31 A 2. 29 2 .4 7 $ 2. 05 2. 05 1. 98 1. 63 1. 64 A 2. 02 1. 95 1 .9 5 2. 10 1. 66 1. 97 2. 05 A A 2. 20 $ 2. 21 2. 37 2. 28 1. 88 1. 81 2. 29 2. 36 2. 16 2. 20 2. 29 1. 79 2. 17 2. 27 2. 34 2, 23 2 .4 5 $ 2. 28 2. 29 2. 15 1. 95 1. 85 2. 21 2. 28 2. 13 2. 17 2. 20 1. 82 2. 23 2. 21 A 2. 21 2. 33 $ 2 .4 0 2. 34 2. 20 2. 00 1. 92 2. 28 2. 35 2. 24 2 .4 1 2. 23 1. 90 2. 31 2. 36 A 2. 29 2. 57 C ustodial, W arehousing, and Shipping Guards ___________________________ __________ Janitors, p o r te r s, and clean ers (men) ........................................ ........ Janitors, p orte rs, and cleaners (women) ....................................... . L a b o re rs, m aterial handling __________ _ Order fille r s ______________________________ P ackers, shipping (men) ............ J................ P ackers, shipping (women) .......... ........... . Receiving clerk s ............................................... Shipping clerk s ___________________________ Shipping and receivin g clerk s _________ Tru ck d rivers: Light (under lVa tons) ........................ . Medium (1*4 to and including 4 tons) .......................... ................................. Heavy (over 4 tons, tra iler type) _________________________ Heavy (over 4 tons, other than tra iler type) — _________________ _ T ru ck ers, power (forklift) _______________ Truckers, power (other than forklift) ............ ..................... .............. Watchmen ___________________________________ 1 2 3 A 1. 53 1. 68 1. 56 1. 60 1. 73 1. 55 1. 50 1. 02 1. 71 1. 86 1. 69 i. 72 1. 69 1. 53 1. 82 1. 70 1 .6 6 1. 29 1 .4 8 1. 35 1. 32 1. 04 1. 04 . 97 .9 0 1. 53 1. 63 1 .4 9 1. 34 1. 34 1. 20 1. 47 1. 45 1. 61 1. 13 1 .4 9 1 .4 7 1, 40 1. 19 1. 52 1. 58 L 56 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 05 1. 47 1. 52 1. 47 A 1. 60 1. 72 1. 65 . 73 1. 13 1. 23 1. 20 1. 03 1. 33 1 .4 6 1. 51 . 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. . 70 1. 10 1. 16 1. 14 A 1. 41 1 .4 4 1 .4 8 .6 1 1. 06 1. 24 1. 21 . 86 L 46 1. 35 1. 32 1 .2 9 1. 62 1. 69 1. 59 1 .4 1 1. 84 1. 91 1. 87 1. 21 1. 81 1. 83 1. 81 1. 57 1.87 2 .0 3 1. 89 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. L 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. I. 1. 22 1. 73 1. 72 1. 66 A 1. 83 1. S3 1. 32 1. 49 1. 86 1. 88 1. 80 1 .4 3 1. 94 2. 02 2. 03 16 72 78 60 38 72 82 82 A 20 62 62 42 25 62 71 71 79 18 22 22 06 45 51 48 19 74 SO 75 34 83 88 83 18 64 59 63 28 75 79 71 05 60 65 52 22 78 82 71 13 47 49 42 16 52 59 61 2. 00 1. 72 1. 12 1. 25 . 92 1. 16 2. 15 1. 87 1. 90 L 80 1. 79 1. 46 1. 87 1. 79 2. 08 1. 63 2 .4 3 1 .9 8 1. 83 1. 23 1. 37 1. 23 1. 17 2. 01 2. 01 1. 91 1. 83 1. 87 1. 64 1. 95 I. 90 2. 15 1. 92 2. 23 2. 12 1. 89 1. 39 1. 46 1. 42 1. 27 2. 14 2. QK 2. 12 1. 84 1. 96 1. 67 2. 05 2. 03 2. 28 1. 78 1. 68 2. 05 1. 80 2. 41 2. 01 1. 83 1. 64 A 1. 33 A 1. 42 A 1. 35 1. 27 1.4 1 2. 14 1. 83 2. 01 1. 88 2. 09 1. 87 1. 84 1. 75 A 1. 74 1. 69 1. 60 2. 06 1. 92 1. 95 1. 84 2. 19 2. 04 1. 73 1. 32 1. 74 1. 38 A 1. 38 1. 65 1. 31 A 1. 01 1. 50 1. 01 1. 34 . 90 1. 42 . 92 1. 79 1. 23 1.9 4 1.45 1. 74 1. 32 1. 63 1. 48 1. 76 1. 34 A 1. 23 1. 86 1. 49 .2. 01 1. 54 1. 90 1 .6 4 1. 51 Excludes p rem iu m pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late sh ifts. Manufacturing; transportation (excluding railroad s), com m unication, and other public u tilities; w holesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and s e r v ic e s . Data lim ited to man w orkers except where otherw ise indicated. Insufficient data to w arrant presentation. 25 76 83 74 55 84 90 93 ORDER O r d e r B L S b u ll e t in s f r o m th e S u p e r in te n d e n t c h e c k o r m o n e y o r d e r , p a y a b le to th e S u p e r in te n d e n t b u lle t in s a r e a l s o m a in ta ir d a t t h r e e o f th e B u r e a u Y o r k 1, N . Y . ; 1 0 5 W e s t \ d a m s S t r e e t , C h i c a g o 3 , I I B L S B u lle tin N o . 1 1 5 7 -1 N o. of c o p ie s W a g e s an d R e la te d B e n e fit s , L a b o r M a r k e ts , 1 9 5 3 -5 4 . P r ic e 60 c e n ts . FORM o f D o c u m e n t s , G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O f f ic e , W a s h in g to n 25, D . C . Send o f D o cu m e n ts. C u r r e n c y sen t at sen d er*s r is k . S a le s o f f ic e s f o r B L S o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s R e g io n a l O ffic e s a s fo llo w s : 3 4 1 N in t h A v e n u e , N e w 11 1.; a n d 6 3 0 S a n s o m e S t r e e t , S a n F r a n c i s c o 1 1 , C a l i f . M a jo r 1 | B L S B u lle t in N o . 1 1 5 7 -2 N o. of c o p ie s W a g e s an d R e la te d B e n e fits , L a b o r M a r k e ts , 1 9 5 3 -5 4 . P r ic e 66 c e n t s . M a jo r I n c l u d e s th e f o l l o w i n g a r e a s : I n c lu d e s th e fo llo w in g a r e a s : D a lla s , T e x . D e t r o it , M ic h . M in n e a p o lis -S t . P a u l, N ew O r le a n s , L a . P h ila d e lp h ia , P a . P o r tla n d , O r e g . D e n v e r, C o lo . M e m p h is , T e n n . N e w a r k -J e r s e y C ity , N . J . S t. L o u is , M o . San F r a n c is c o -O a k la n d , C a lif. 1 j N o. o f c o p ie s M in n . B L S B u lle tin N o . 1 1 5 7 -3 W a g e s an d R e la te d B e n e fit s , L a b o r M a r k e ts , 1 9 5 3 -5 4 . P r ic e 70 c e n ts . M a jo r I n c lu d e s th e f o llo w in g a r e a s : A t la n ta , G a . B o sto n , M a ss . C h i c a g o , 111. L o s A n g e le s , C a lif. M ilw a u k e e , W is . N ew Y o rk , N . Y . ☆ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1955 O - 336816