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Bulletin No. 1173

Digitized for
U NFRASER
IT E D STATES D E P A R T M E N T O F LA BO R
http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
James P. Mitchell, Secretary
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Aryness Joy Wickens, Acting Commissioner




Wage Differences and Establishment Practices
17 Labor Markets
1 9 5 3 -5 4

Bulletin

N o. 1173

U N IT E D STATES D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R
James P. Mitchell, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
Aryness Joy Wickens, Acting Commissioner

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.




Price 35 cents







CONTENTS
P age

--------- --------------- ----------- ——---------- — -------------- -------------- ---- --------■
S u m m a ry
S cop e o f the stu dies ----- ----------------- ------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- -----------W age d iffe r e n c e s a m on g la b o r m a rk ets _____________________________ ___ ____ ____
C o v e ra g e o f la b o r-m a n a g e m e n t a g re e m e n ts ------------ — ------ ------ ------------------------H ealth, in su ra n ce , and pen sion plans ------------ -------------——----------------------------------T ypes o f w age paym ent plans _________________________ ____ ______ —-------------- ------- —
P ay p r o v is io n s fo r d a ily and w eek ly o v e r t im e - -------------------------------------------------P a id h olid a ys _______________________________________ — ----------------------------------------— .
P a id va ca tion s ___________ -__________ ___ ___ ___________________ ____ ——-------------- ------

1
3
7
17
23
29
35
39
41

TABLES:
1.
Z,
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

R ela tiv e pay le v e ls fo r o ffic e w o r k e r s ________________ _______ — ...............
R ela tiv e pay le v e ls fo r plant w o r k e r s in in d ir e c t jo b s ...............................
Pay le v e ls in n on m an u fa ctu rin g in d u strie s as p e r ce n ta g e s
o f m a n u fa ctu rin g pay le v e ls ------------ ---------------------------------------------- — —
L a b o r-m a n a g e m e n t a g re e m e n t c o v e r a g e __________________ ________ _____
L a b o r-m a n a g e m e n t a g re e m e n t c o v e r a g e b y s iz e o f
esta b lish m en t __________ ___________ __________ - _______ __________ ___ ____ ___
H ealth, in su ra n c e , and pen sion plans
___________________ _________ ____
M ethod of fin a n cin g life in su ra n ce and p en sion s ______ _____________ _____
W age stru ctu re f o r plant w o r k e r s
.............................. ................. ...........-____
W age stru ctu re fo r o f fic e w o r k e r s ______________ ___ ____ ________________ _
M ethod of w age paym ent fo r plant w o r k e r s _______ ______________________
O v ertim e p r e m iu m pay p r a c t ic e s
_________________ __________________ —
P a id h olidays
----------- ---------------- --------------------- -------------------------------------— .
P a id va ca tion s
__________ ......_________ _____ _________ ____________________ _

13
14
15
20
21
26
27
31
32
33
37
40
42

CH A R TS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.

R ela tiv e e m p loy m en t in 6 in d u stry d iv is io n s ___________ ______________ __
R ela tiv e em p loy m en t in s ig n ific a n t m a n u fa ctu rin g in d u stry
grou ps _______ ______ ___ ____________ _______________ ____ _________ _______ ___
R ela tiv e pay le v e ls fo r o ffic e and plant w o r k e r s ..................................11
P ay le v e ls in n on m an u fa ctu rin g as p e r c e n ta g e s o f
m a n ufactu rin g pay le v e ls ______________ ____________ _________ _____ -_______
P e r c e n t of w o rk e rs e m p lo y e d in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p r ov id in g
b en efits (s ic k le a v e and in su ra n c e ) b y m a jo r
in du stry d iv is io n and type o f w o r k e r ________ ______— ___________ ______
P e r c e n t of w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d in e s ta b lis h m e n ts p ro v id in g
b en efits (life in su ra n ce and r e tir e m e n t p en sion s) by type
o f finan cing ___________________ ______ ____ _________________ ______________

5
6

12

25

25

A P P E N D IX :
O ccu p a tion a l w ages in 17 la b o r m a r k e ts , 1 9 5 3 -5 4 _____________________ 43
A P P E N D IX T A B L E S:
1.
2.

A v e ra g e w eek ly s a la r ie s fo r s e le c t e d o f f ic e o ccu p a tio n s ____________ _
A v e ra g e h ou rly ea rn in g s fo r s e le c t e d plant o ccu p a tio n s _______________
(U i)

45
46




W a ge Differences and Establishment Practices, 17 Labor Markets, 1953-54
Summary
The great majority of the workers in 17 major labor
markets studied during late 1953 and early 1954 were employed
in establishments with formal wage plans that specified a single
rate or a rate range for each job category.
The qualifications
of the individual workers, on the other hand, primarily deter­
mined pay rates for about 1 in 4 office workers and 1 in 10 plant
workers. Such personalized rates were most common in smaller
organizations where occupational alignments were not rigid.

than their occupational counterparts in nonmanufacturing in the
same area. Office workers in public utilities, however, earned
more than their counterparts in manufacturing in 9 of 17 areas.
Payment of premium rates for daily or weekly overtime
was widely reported. The great majority of the office and plant
workers in each area were in establishments which provided pay
at time and one-half the regular rate for work beyond 40 hours
a week.
Slightly more than half of the plant workers in the 4
Southern areas and three-fourths or more in the remaining areas
were employed in firm s with daily overtime pay provisions; office
workers were less widely covered.

Office departments typically provided a range of rates
for each job whereas, such wage plans predominated in plant
departments in only half the areas.
Single-rate plans applied
to four-fifths of the plant workers in Detroit, Portland, and San
Francisco-Oakland.

Paid holidays were provided to nearly all office workers
and the vast majority of the plant workers. The most prevalent
practice was 6 holidays with pay in most areas, 7 days in NewarkJersey City and the San Francisco Bay Area, and 5 days in
Memphis. In Boston and New York City plant workers generally
received 7 paid holidays whereas most office workers received
11 or more days.

Four-fifths of the plant workers, as compared with a
sixth of the office workers, had their wages and working condi­
tions governed by labor-management agreements. Establishments
in areas in the Northeast and Middle West were characterized
by a relatively high degree of union-contract coverage of plant
workers. The Far West was next with the San Francisco-Oakland
area recording one of the highest proportions of plant worker
coverage in all areas.
As a rule, contract coverage of plant
and office workers in the public utility group exceeded that in
manufacturing.
Trade industries had the lowest coverage.
A
much larger proportion of large than of small firms had labormanagement agreements.

With very few exceptions, workers in establishments
studied became eligible for paid vacations upon completion of a
specified period of service.
After 1 year, the great majority
of plant workers received 1 week and most office workers re­
ceived 2 weeks.
Vacation benefits were generally graduated
according to length of service with 3 or more weeks1 vacation
pay commonly reported for 15-year employees.

Pay levels were generally highest in the large Midwestern
and Western areas.
The maximum spread between areas was
smaller for office than for plant workers, and, within the latter
group, the difference was only about half as great for skilled
maintenance workers as for unskilled workers.
The average
level of pay tended to be highest in areas where employment
was most heavily concentrated in manufacturing— particularly in
metalworking and transportation equipment industries. Typically,
employees in manufacturing establishments averaged higher pay




Most workers were covered by one or more types of
private health, insurance, or pension benefits (with the employer
paying at least part of the cost) in addition to coverage pro­
vided under Federal and State statutory programs. The surveys
disclose that all but 5 percent of the 6 million plant and office
workers in the industries and areas studied were covered by
some type of plan, thus reflecting the continued expansion of in­
surance and pension protection to substantial numbers of workers.

(i)




3

S c o p e o f th e S t u d ie s

D u r in g la t e 1953 an d e a r ly 19 54 , th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r
S t a t i s t i c s c o l l e c t e d in f o r m a t i o n o n o c c u p a t io n a l e a r n in g s an d r e ­
la t e d e s t a b l i s h m e n t p r a c t i c e s o n an a r e a w id e b a s i s in 17 m a j o r
l a b o r m a r k e t s in th e U n ite d S t a t e s .
D e t a ile d i n f o r m a t io n on th e
w a g e d a ta a n d v a r i o u s e s t a b lis h m e n t p r a c t i c e s , in c lu d in g t h o s e
s u m m a r i z e d in t h is b u ll e t in , w e r e p r e s e n t e d f o r e a c h o f th e 17
a r e a s in a n e a r l i e r b u ll e t in is s u e d in t h r e e p a r t s . 1 T h e p r e s e n t
b u ll e t in c o m p r i s e s a s e r i e s o f a r t i c l e s b a s e d o n t h e s e in d iv id u a l
s t u d ie s w h i c h c o m p a r e a n d a n a ly z e d i f f e r e n c e s in o c c u p a t io n a l
p a y l e v e l s a n d o t h e r r e l a t e d p r a c t i c e s a m o n g th e 17 a r e a s . T h e
a r t i c l e s , s o m e o f w h ic h h a v e a p p e a r e d in th e M o n th ly L a b o r
R e v i e w , w e r e p r e p a r e d b y m e m b e r s o f th e s t a ff o f th e B u r e a u 1s
D i v i s i o n o f W a g e s a n d I n d u s t r ia l R e l a t i o n s .

S c o p e and M eth od
T h e a r e a s u r v e y d a ta u s e d in t h is r e p o r t w e r e o b t a in e d
b y p e r s o n a l v i s i t s o f B u r e a u f i e l d a g e n ts to r e p r e s e n t a t iv e e s t a b ­
l i s h m e n t s w ith in 6 b r o a d in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s : M a n u fa c t u r in g ; t r a n s ­
p o r t a t i o n ( e x c lu d in g r a i l r o a d s ) , c o m m u n ic a t io n , a n d o t h e r p u b lic
u t i l i t i e s ; w h o l e s a l e t r a d e ; r e t a i l t r a d e ; fin a n c e , in s u r a n c e , an d
r e a l esta te ; and s e r v ic e s .
M a jo r in d u s t r y g r o u p s e x c lu d e d f r o m
th e a r e a s t u d ie s a r e g o v e r n m e n t in s t it u t io n s a n d th e c o n s t r u c t i o n
an d e x tr a c tiv e in d u s tr ie s .
E s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g f e w e r th an a
p r e s c r i b e d n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s w e r e a l s o o m it t e d . B o th th e m i n i ­
m u m s i z e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t an d th e in d u s t r ia l c o v e r a g e in e a c h
a r e a a r e s h o w n in th e t a b le o n p a g e 4 .
T h e a r e a s u r v e y s w e r e c o n d u c t e d on a s a m p le b a s i s .
T o o b t a in a p p r o p r i a t e a c c u r a c y at m in im u m c o s t , a g r e a t e r p r o ­
p o r t i o n o f l a r g e th a n o f s m a ll e s t a b lis h m e n t s w a s s t u d ie d .
In
c o m b i n in g th e d a ta , h o w e v e r , a l l e s t a b lis h m e n t s w e r e g iv e n t h e ir
a p p r o p r i a t e w e ig h t .
E x c e p t f o r a fe w in s t a n c e s n o te d in th e
a r t i c l e s , t h e r e f o r e , e s t i m a t e s a r e p r e s e n t e d a s r e la t in g to a ll
e s t a b l i s h m e n t s in th e in d u s t r y g r o u p in g an d a r e a , bu t e x c lu d in g
t h o s e b e l o w th e m i n im u m s i z e s t u d ie d . T h e s e s u r v e y s e m b r a c e d
a t o t a l e m p lo y m e n t o f n e a r l y 7, 5 0 0 , 000 w o r k e r s o f w h ic h a p p r o x ­
im a t e l y 6 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 w e r e p la n t an d o f f i c e w o r k e r s a s d e fin e d b e l o w .

T h e t e r m " o f f i c e w o r k e r s , " a s u s e d in t h is b u lle t in in ­
c lu d e s a l l o f f i c e c l e r i c a l e m p l o y e e s e x c l u s i v e o f a d m in is t r a t iv e ,
e x e c u t i v e , p r o f e s s i o n a l , an d t e c h n i c a l p e r s o n n e l . " P l a n t w o r k e r s "
in c lu d e w o r k in g f o r e m e n an d a l l n o n s u p e r v i s o r y w o r k e r s (in c lu d in g
le a d m e n a n d t r a i n e e s ) e n g a g e d in n o n o f f ic e fu n c t io n s . A d m i n i s ­
t r a t i v e , e x e c u t i v e , p r o f e s s i o n a l , a n d t e c h n i c a l e m p l o y e e s , an d
f o r c e - a c c o u n t c o n s tr u c tio n e m p lo y e e s w ho a r e u tiliz e d a s a s e p ­
a r a t e w o r k f o r c e o n th e f i r m 1s ow n p r o p e r t i e s a r e e x c lu d e d .
C a f e t e r i a w o r k e r s a n d r o u t e m e n a r e e x c lu d e d in m a n u fa c tu r in g
i n d u s t r ie s but a r e in c lu d e d a s p la n t w o r k e r s in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g
in d u s tr ie s .
A s a p p lie d to m a n u fa c t u r in g e m p lo y m e n t , "p la n t
w o r k e r s " i s s y n o n y m o u s w ith " p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s " f o r w h o m
m o n th ly e s t i m a t e s o f e m p lo y m e n t a r e c o m p i l e d b y the B u r e a u .
F o r th e a n a l y s is o f w a g e d i f f e r e n c e s , th e a r e a s u r v e y s
p r o v i d e d e a r n in g s d a ta f o r th e f o llo w in g t y p e s o f o c c u p a t io n s :
(a) O f f i c e c l e r i c a l ; (b ) p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d t e c h n i c a l ; ( c ) m a in te n a n c e
a n d p o w e r p la n t ; a n d (d) c u s t o d ia l a n d m a t e r i a l m o v e m e n t . W o r k e r s
w e r e c l a s s i f i e d b y o c c u p a t io n on th e b a s i s o f u n ifo r m jo b d e ­
s c r i p t i o n s d e s ig n e d to ta k e a c c o u n t o f m i n o r in t e r e s t a b l is h m e n t
v a r ia t io n in d u t ie s w ith in th e s a m e j o b ; t h e s e jo b d e s c r i p t i o n s
a r e a v a i la b le o n r e q u e s t .
A v e r a g e e a r n in g s in e a c h o c c u p a t io n
s t u d ie d a r e p r e s e n t e d b y a r e a in the a p p e n d ix t a b l e s .
E s t a b lis h m e n t p r a c t i c e s a n d s u p p le m e n t a r y b e n e fit s s e ­
l e c t e d f o r a n a l y s is in t h is b u ll e t in w e r e t r e a t e d s t a t is t ic a lly on
th e b a s i s th at t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s a r e a p p lic a b le to a ll w o r k e r s
e m p lo y e d in o f f i c e s o r p la n t d e p a r t m e n t s i f th e y a p p ly to a m a ­
jo r it y o f su ch w o r k e r s .
B e c a u s e o f v a r y in g e l i g i b i l i t y r e q u i r e ­
m e n t s , th e p r o p o r t i o n o f w o r k e r s a c t u a lly r e c e i v i n g b e n e fit s m a y
be s m a lle r .
A n e x c e p t io n i s m a d e in th e ta b u la tio n o f p la n t
w o r k e r s b y ty p e o f p a y s y s t e m , in w h ic h p r o p o r t i o n s o f tim e
a n d in c e n t i v e w o r k e r s r e f l e c t a c t u a l e s t a b lis h m e n t e m p lo y m e n t
under each sy ste m .
B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l
i t e m s in t h e s e ta b u la t io n s d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y e q u a l t o t a l s .

L im it a t io n s

on C o m p a r i s o n s

A s n o te d in t h e s e s t u d ie s , w a g e l e v e l s v a r ie d a m o n g
in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s in e s s e n t i a l l y th e s a m e m a n n e r w ith in e a c h
area.
A r e a w id e (a il in d u s t r y ) e s t i m a t e s o f w a g e l e v e l s and r e ­
1
E a c h p a r t o f th e e a r l i e r b u lle t in m a y b e o b t a in e d f r olamt e d p r a c t i c e s a r e d e t e r m i n e d to s o m e e x te n t b y th e in d u s t r ia l
th e S u p e r in t e n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O f f i c e ,
c o m p o s i t i o n o f an a r e a . D i f f e r e n c e s in e s t i m a t e s f o r th e s e v e r a l
W a s h in g to n 2 5 , D . C . , a n d th e B L S R e g io n a l O f f i c e s in N ew Y o r k
a r e a s m u s t , t h e r e f o r e , b e v ie w e d in t e r m s o f i n t e r a r e a d i f f e r ­
C i t y , C h i c a g o , a n d San F r a n c i s c o .
S e e p a g e 4 3 o f t h is b u lle t in
e n c e s in th e p r o p o r t i o n o f e m p lo y m e n t a c c o u n t e d f o r b oth by
fo r d e s c r ip tio n and p r ic e o f ea ch p a rt.
th e r e s p e c t i v e b r o a d in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s an d t h e i r s u b g r o u p s .




4

Thus, manufacturing industries in Detroit, Milwaukee,
and Newark-Jersey City employ more than half of the workers
in the labor force in these areas; Dallas, Denver, and New
Orleans, however, are among the areas in which manufacturing
employment is relatively far less important, employing less than
a third of the labor force in the area (chart 1).
Similarly, var­

iations in employment among the subgroup components of the
broad industry divisions further af f ect this variation in wage
structures and related practices.
Thus, marked differences
among areas are shown in relative employment in the various
manufacturing industry groups (chart 2).

M in im u m s iz e of e sta b lish m e n t and e stim a te d n um b er of w o r k e r s in e sta b lish m e n ts w ith in scope of s u r v e y s , by in d u stry d iv is io n ,
fo r 17 la b o r m a r k e t s studied by the B u re a u of L a b o r S t a tis t ic s , w in te r 1953-54

L a b or m ark et 1

P a y ro ll p e r io d

A ll
in d u s t r ie s

(6 7
)
3
2
0
1
9
8
(?)
<t)
(6 )

3 9 8 ,8 0 0
4 2 9 ,3 0 0
* 1 ,4 6 0 ,9 0 0
6 0 4 ,5 0 0

N o rth e a st:
B o s t o n ____ _______________________ ______ _____ _____ ___
N e w a r k - J e r s e y C it y ........___________. . . ___________ __
N e w Y o r k C it y „ __ ______ . _____ ___ ___________________
P h i l a d e l p h i a _________ _________________________________

M a r c h 1954
D e c e m b e r 1953
F e b r u a r y 1954
O c t o b e r 1953

S ou th :
A tla n ta ______ ____ _____ - ___________ ____ ______ ___ ____
D a ll a s _________________________________________ ________
M e m p h i s ___ _____ ______________________________________
N e w O r l e a n s ____ . ___________________________________

M a r c h 1954
S e p t e m b e r 1953
J a n u a r y 1954
N o v e m b e r 1953

51
51
51
51

M id d le W e s t:
C h ic a g o __________„___ _______________________________
D e t r o i t «..._____________ ________________________ ________
M ilw a u k e e _ _________ ________________ ________________
M i nne a p o l i s - S t . P a u l _____________________ ________
S t. L o u is
________ ____________ ____ _________________

M a r c h 1954
O c t o b e r 1953
A p r i l 1954
N o v e m b e r 1953
J a n u a r y 1954

(* )
(6 )
51
51
(* )

D e c e m b e r 1953
M a r c h 1954
S e p t e m b e r 1953
J a n u a r y 1954

51

F a r W e s t:
D enver „

. . . . ________.___ _______ —_______ . . . . ______ - __

L o s A n g e l e s ______________________ __ ______ - __
P o r t l a n d . . . . . . . . . . . . . _____. . . _______ ____________
S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d ____________________ . . .

N u m b e r o f w o r k e r s w it h in s c o p e o f s tu d y —

M in im u m
s iz e
e s t a b lis h ­
m ent

(4)
51
(* )

1 S ta n d a r d m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s , w it h th e f o l l o w i n g e x c e p t i o n s :

u

M anu­
fa c tu r in g

208,
297,
404,
376,

N on m an u ­
fa c t u r i n g 2

P u b li c
u t ilit ie s 3

W h o l e s a le
tra d e

R e ta il
tra d e

F in a n ce 4

S e r v ic e s 5

700
100
000
100

190, 100
132, 2 0 0
9 7 3 ,4 0 0
2 2 8 ,4 0 0

3 4 ,8 0 0
3 7 ,8 0 0
2 3 9 ,3 0 0
6 0 ,0 0 0

2 4 ,0 0 0
15, 100
1 3 5 ,1 0 0
3 0 ,7 0 0

6 1 ,9 0 0
7 30, 500
7 1 8 0 ,2 0 0
7 7 0 ,4 0 0

4 2 ,4 0 0
2 5 ,4 0 0
2 3 7 ,0 0 0
4 2 ,8 0 0

2 7 ,0 0 0
2 3 ,4 0 0
1 8 1 ,8 0 0
2 4 ,5 0 0

1 4 2 ,9 0 0
1 4 7 ,8 0 0
7 9 ,8 0 0
1 2 3 ,3 0 0

6 7 , 800
61, 900
3 8 ,9 0 0
4 7 ,9 0 0

7 5 ,1 0 0
8 5 ,9 0 0
4 0 ,9 0 0
7 5 ,4 0 0

1 8 ,9 0 0
2 2 ,4 0 0
8 , 000
3 1 ,5 0 0

1 3 ,1 0 0
1 2 ,0 0 0
9 , 000
9 , 300

24, 600
2 9 .0 0 0
1 3 ,9 0 0
2 2 ,6 0 0

1 0 ,0 0 0
1 4 ,2 0 0
3, 300
5 ,2 0 0

8, 500
8, 300
6 .7 0 0
6 ,8 0 0

i , 102 , 100
8 1 7 ,9 0 0
2 2 9 ,6 0 0
2 3 8 ,6 0 0
3 3 9 ,4 0 0

6 4 7 ,3 0 0
6 2 4 , 300
1 6 2 ,3 0 0
10 122, 800
2 3 6 ,7 0 0

4 5 4 ,8 0 0
1 9 3 ,6 0 0
6 7 ,3 0 0
1 1 5 ,8 0 0
1 0 2 ,7 0 0

8 9 ,0 0 0
4 8 , 100
1 7 ,6 0 0
2 7 ,7 0 0
2 9 ,0 0 0

7 4 ,7 0 0
2 3 , 100
7 ,5 0 0
1 8 ,1 0 0
2 0 ,1 0 0

14 3 , 0 0 0
6 4 ,4 0 0
2 7 ,4 0 0
4 2 , 50 0
11 2 1 , 3 0 0

7 8 ,3 0 0
2 5 ,7 0 0
8 ,2 0 0
1 6 ,0 0 0
1 7 ,1 0 0

6 9 .8 0 0
3 2 ,3 0 0
6 ,6 0 0
11, 5 0 0
1 5 ,2 0 0

9 3 ,5 0 0
7 9 8 ,2 0 0
1 1 9 ,0 0 0
3 4 3 ,4 0 0

33 , 80 0
4 6 9 ,0 0 0
5 7 ,9 0 0
1 3 9 ,3 0 0

5 9 ,7 0 0
12 329 , 2 0 0
6 1 , 100
2 0 4 , 100

1 8 ,4 0 0
7 7 ,0 0 0
2 2 ,7 0 0
6 6 ,2 0 0

8 ,7 0 0
5 4 ,5 0 0
1 0 ,5 0 0
3 4 ,8 0 0

2 2 ,2 0 0
13 8 2 , 4 0 0
1 7 ,8 0 0
4 4 .0 0 0

5 ,0 0 0
5 4 ,4 0 0
5, 300
3 7 , 100

5 ,4 0 0
4 7 ,4 0 0
4 ,8 0 0
2 2 ,000

’

N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y A r e a ( E s s e x , H u d s o n , a n d U n io n C o u n t i e s ) ; N e w Y o r k C i t y A r e a ( B r o n x , K i n g s , N e w
Q u e e n s , a n d R i c h m o n d C o u n t ie s ) ; P h il a d e l p h i a A r e a ( P h i la d e lp h ia a n d D e la w a r e C o u n t ie s , P a . ; a n d C a m d e n C o u n t y , N . J . ) ; C h i c a g o A r e a ( C o o k C o u n t y ).
2 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r 5 b r o a d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r y g r o u p s s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y .
3 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( e x c lu d in g r a i l r o a d s ) , c o m m u n ic a t i o n , a n d o t h e r p u b li c u t i l i t i e s .
4 F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , an d r e a l e s t a t e .
5 H o t e l s ; p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s ; b u s i n e s s s e r v i c e s ; a u t o m o b i le r e p a i r s h o p s ; r a d i o b r o a d c a s t i n g a n d t e l e v i s i o n ; m o t io n p i c t u r e s ; n o n p r o f i t m e m b e r s h i p o r g a n i z a t i o n s ; a n d e n g i ­
n e e r in g and a r c h ite c t u r a l s e r v ic e s .
~ M in im u m e s t a b l is h m e n t s i z e ( e m p l o y m e n t - w i s e ) w a s 51 w o r k e r s in th e w h o l e s a l e t r a d e , f in a n c e , a n d s e r v i c e in d u s t r y g r o u p s ; a n d 101 in m a n u f a c t u r in g , p u b l i c u t i l i t y ,
and r e t a il tra d e g r o u p s .
7 E x c lu d e s d a ta f o r l im i t e d - p r i c e v a r ie t y s t o r e s .
8 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r c e n t r a l o f f i c e s , n o t s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y .
9 E x c l u d e s d a ta f o r tw o l a r g e d e p a r t m e n t s t o r e s .
10 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r a n o r d n a n c e e s t a b l is h m e n t f o r m e r l y g o v e r n m e n t o p e r a t e d b u t n o w p r i v a t e l y o p e r a t e d . T h is e s t a b l is h m e n t w a s n o t i n c l u d e d in e a r l i e r s u r v e y s i n t h i s a r e a .
11 E x c l u d e s d a ta f o r d e p a r t m e n t a n d l i m i t e d - p r i c e v a r i e t y s t o r e s .
12 I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r m o t i o n - p i c t u r e p r o d u c t i o n , n o t o t h e r w i s e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y .
13 E x c l u d e s d a ta f o r d e p a r t m e n t s t o r e s .
Y ork,




5

Chart I. RELATIVE EMPLOYMENT IN 6 INDUSTRY DIVISIONS
17 Labor Markets
R E G IO N

AND

AREA

30

40

5<

NORTHEAST

Boston
NewarkJersey City
New York City ]
Philadelphia
SOUTH

Atlanta
Dallas
Memphis
New Orleans
M ID D L E W E S T

Chicago
Detroit
Milwaukee
M inneapolisSt. Paul
St. Louis
FAR

W EST

Denver
Los Angeles
Portland
San FranciscoOakland

M anufacturing
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR s t a t is t ic s




Trade

Pu b lic

U tilitie s

Se rvices

F i na nc e

''//X C o n s t r u c t i o n

Source: County Business Patterns, U.S. Department of Commerce, Employment in first quarter
of 1951 under Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Program.

6

Chart 2 . RELA TIVE EM PLOYM ENT IN SIG N IFICA N T
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY GROUPS
17 Labor Markets
R E G IO N A N D A R IA

0

10

20

30

40

50

PERCENT

60

70

80

90

100

NORTHEAST

Boston
NewarkJersey City
New York City
Philadelphia
SOUTH

Atlanta
Dallas
Memphis
New Orleans
M ID D L E W E ST

Chicago
Detroit
Milwaukee
MinneapolisSt. Paul
St. Louis
FAR W EST

Denver
Los Angeles
Portland
San FranciscoOakland
M e tals and
M e ta l Products
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS




T e x tile s
and
Apparel

Food

Lumber
and

1

C hem icals
and
Petroleum

Printing

Other
M anufac­
turing

F u rn itu r e
Source: County Business Patterns, U.S. Department of Commerce, Employment in first quarter
of 1951 under Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Program.

W age D iffe r e n c e s

C o m p a r i s o n s o f o c c u p a t io n a l w a g e d a ta f o r 17 m a j o r
l a b o r m a r k e t s s t u d ie d d u r in g la t e 1953 and e a r l y 1954 d i s c l o s e d
s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s in p a y , n ot o n ly in t e r m s o f g e o g r a p h i c a l
l o c a t i o n , b u t a l s o a s b e t w e e n m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g
i n d u s t r i e s . 2 C o m p a r a b l e d a ta f r o m s t u d ie s m a d e 2 y e a r s e a r l i e r 3
h a d s h o w n s i m i l a r d i f f e r e n c e s , bu t v a r ia t io n s in r a t e s o f c h a n g e
in p a y l e v e l s o v e r t h is p e r i o d r e s u lt e d in s o m e c h a n g e s in th e
r a n k in g o f a r e a s .
In 1 9 5 3 -5 4 , p a y l e v e l s w e r e g e n e r a l l y h ig h e s t
in th e l a r g e M i d w e s t e r n a n d W e s t e r n a r e a s an d th e y te n d e d t o b e
l o w e s t in th e 4 S o u t h e r n a r e a s s t u d ie d .
T he sp re a d betw een
t h e s e a r e a s w a s s m a l l e r f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s th an f o r p la n t w o r k e r s ,
a n d , w ith in th e l a t t e r g r o u p , th e d i f f e r e n c e w a s o n ly a b o u t h a lf
a s g r e a t f o r s k i l l e d m a in t e n a n c e w o r k e r s a s f o r u n s k ille d w o r k e r s
e m p l o y e d in c u s t o d i a l j o b s .
T h e a v e r a g e l e v e l o f p a y te n d e d to
b e h ig h e s t in a r e a s w h e r e e m p lo y m e n t w a s m o s t h e a v ily c o n c e n ­
t r a t e d in m a n u fa c t u r in g ( p a r t i c u l a r l y in m e t a lw o r k in g a n d t r a n s ­
p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t i n d u s t r i e s ) , w ith th e n o t a b le e x c e p t i o n o f
S a n F r a n c i s c o , w h e r e w a g e s w e r e r e l a t i v e l y h ig h d e s p it e th e
c o m p a r a t i v e u n im p o r t a n c e o f e m p lo y m e n t in " h i g h - w a g e ” in d u s ­
tr ie s .
T h i s r e f l e c t e d th e f a c t th a t e m p l o y e e s in m a n u fa c t u r in g
e s t a b l i s h m e n t s u s u a ll y e a r n e d m o r e , o n th e a v e r a g e , th a n t h e ir
o c c u p a t i o n a l c o u n t e r p a r t s in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g in th e s a m e l a b o r
m a r k e t . M a n u fa c t u r in g p a y l e v e l s f o r w o m e n o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e ,
h o w e v e r , e q u a l e d in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g d i v i s i o n s s u c h a s p u b lic
u t i l i t i e s a n d , t o a l e s s e r e x te n t, w h o l e s a l e t r a d e .
M e th o d
T h e f o l l o w i n g m e t h o d w a s u s e d in c o m p u t in g th e d a ta
u s e d in th e c o m p a r i s o n s .
F o r e a ch a r e a , a g g r e g a te s fo r a ll
i n d u s t r i e s c o m b i n e d a n d f o r m a n u fa c t u r in g an d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g
w e r e c o m p u t e d b y m u lt ip ly in g th e a v e r a g e s t a n d a r d w e e k ly s a la r y
f o r e a c h o f 18 o f f i c e j o b s a n d th e a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r ly
e a r n i n g s , e x c lu d in g p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t im e a n d n ig h t w o r k , f o r

2 A r e a w i d e j o b e a r n in g s u s e d in th is a n a l y s i s a r e p r e ­
s e n t e d f o r a l l 17 a r e a s in th e a p p e n d ix . M o r e d e t a ile d d a ta u s e d
in th e a n a l y s i s o f in t e r in d u s t r y a n d in t r a c it y d i f f e r e n c e s in p a y
l e v e l s a r e a v a i l a b l e f r o m p u b lis h e d r e p o r t s a l s o d e s c r i b e d in th e
a p p e n d ix .
3 T h e e a r l i e r a n a l y s i s is p r e s e n t e d in B u lle t in N o . 11 35 ,
W age D iffe r e n t ia ls an d R a te S tru c tu re s A m on g 40 L a b o r M a r k e ts ,
1 9 5 1 -5 2 , f o r s a le b y th e S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , U . S .
G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O f f i c e , W a sh in g to n 25, D. C . , p r i c e , 2 0 c e n t s .
A l s o s e e S a la r y T r e n d s f o r W o m e n O f f ic e W o r k e r s , S e ­
l e c t e d A r e a s , 1 9 4 9 -5 4 , M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , S e p t e m b e r 1954
(p . 9 7 2 ).




L abor

M a rk ets

e a c h o f th e p la n t j o b s b y e s t im a t e d t o t a l e m p lo y m e n t in th e jo b
in a l l i n d u s t r i e s a n d a r e a s c o m b i n e d .
(T h e o f f i c e o c c u p a t io n s
c o v e r e d 5 m ien1s a n d 13 w o m e n 1s j o b s , w h ile th e p la n t j o b s i n ­
c lu d e d 6 m a in t e n a n c e t r a d e s a n d 4 c u s t o d ia l a n d 7 m a t e r i a l m o v e m e n t j o b s , a l l o f w h ic h w e r e m e n 1s o c c u p a t io n s e x c e p t f o r
j a n i t r e s s e s in th e c u s t o d ia l g r o u p . )
The p ro ce d u re assu m ed a
c o n s t a n t e m p lo y m e n t r e la t io n s h ip b e t w e e n j o b s in a ll in d u s tr y
g ro u p s and a r e a s .
A s i m i l a r p r o c e d u r e w a s u s e d in c o m p il in g
s e p a r a t e d a ta f o r 5 d i v i s i o n s w ith in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g , but t h e s e
a g g r e g a t e s w e r e b a s e d o n 8 w o m e n b o f f i c e j o b s o f p a r t ic u la r
i m p o r t a n c e in t h e s e d i v i s i o n s .
F o r in te r a r e a c o m p a r is o n s , a g g r e g a t e s fo r ea ch fie ld of
w o r k an d in d u s t r y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a r e e x p r e s s e d a s p e r c e n t a g e s o f
lik e g r o u p s in N e w Y o r k C i t y . W a g e d a ta f o r N e w Y o r k C ity w e r e
a v a i la b le f o r F e b r u a r y 1 9 5 4 .
T h e p e r i o d s t u d ie d in o t h e r a r e a s
d i f f e r e d f r o m th e s u r v e y m o n th f o r N e w Y o r k C it y b y 2 m o n th s
o r l e s s e x c e p t in D a lla s a n d P o r t la n d ( S e p t e m b e r 1 9 5 3 ), D e t r o it
a n d P h ila d e lp h ia ( O c t o b e r 195 3 ), a n d M in n e a p o lis -S t . P a u l an d
N e w O r le a n s ( N o v e m b e r 1 9 5 3 ).
M in o r d i f f e r e n c e s in ra n k o r d e r
o f t h e s e a r e a s s h o u ld , t h e r e f o r e , b e v ie w e d in th e lig h t o f t h is
v a r ia t io n in p a y r o l l c o v e r a g e . 4
F o r in tr a -a r e a c o m p a r is o n s , a g g re g a te s fo r nonm anu­
f a c t u r in g o c c u p a t io n s a n d in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s a r e e x p r e s s e d a s
p e r c e n t a g e s o f lik e g r o u p s in m a n u fa c t u r in g in th e s a m e la b o r
m a rk et.
R e la tiv e

L e v e ls A m on g L a b o r

M a rk ets

O c c u p a t io n a l C o m p a r i s o n s . — O f f i c e p a y l e v e l s r a n g e d
f r o m 108 p e r c e n t o f th a t f o r N e w Y o r k C it y in D e t r o it to 86
p e r c e n t in M e m p h is a n d N e w O r le a n s (ta b le l ) .
In C h ic a g o ,
L o s A n g e l e s , a n d th e San F r a n c i s c o B a y a r e a , th e y w e r e 1 0 6 - 107
p e r c e n t o f N e w Y o r k C it y l e v e l s . N e w a r k - J e r s e y C it y , M ilw a u k e e ,
a n d P o r t la n d ( O r e g . ) w e r e 1 o r 2 p e r c e n t a g e p o in t s b e lo w N e w
Y o r k C it y . A r e a s a s w id e ly s e p a r a t e d g e o g r a p h i c a l l y a s B o s t o n ,
P h ila d e lp h ia , A t la n ta , D a ll a s , M i n n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l, a n d D e n v e r
w e r e c l u s t e r e d a t a b o u t 90 p e r c e n t o f th e New* Y o r k C it y l e v e l .

4
A d ju s t m e n t o f th e a r e a r e l a t i v e s f o r m a n u fa c t u r in g
th e s a m e m o n th d a te ( F e b r u a r y 1 9 54 ) o n th e b a s i s o f c h a n g e in
g r o s s a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s f o r p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s in m a n u ­
f a c t u r in g r e s u l t e d in n o c h a n g e in 8 a r e a s , a 1 -p o in t d e c r e a s e
f o r M ilw a u k e e , a 1 - p o in t i n c r e a s e in D e n v e r , D e t r o i t , M e m p h is ,
M i n n e a p o l i s -S t . P a u l, a n d P o r t la n d , a n d a 3 - p o i n t i n c r e a s e in
N ew O r le a n s .
M o n th ly a v e r a g e s w e r e n o t a v a i la b le f o r D a ll a s .

to

8

In a l l a r e a s , s a l a r y r a t e s f o r m e n o f f i c e w o r k e r s c o m ­
p a r e d m o r e f a v o r a b l y w ith N e w Y o r k C it y l e v e l s th an d id s a l a r y
ra tes fo r w om en .
W h e r e a s N e w Y o r k C it y r a n k e d fift h in th e
s c a l e s f o r a l l o f f i c e w o r k e r s a n d f o r w o m e n o f f i c e w o r k e r s , it
d r o p p e d to n in th p o s i t i o n a m o n g m e n c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s . 5 T o i l l u s ­
t r a t e th e s u b s t a n t ia l d i f f e r e n c e in th e p a y p o s i t i o n o f m e n an d
w o m e n ( r e l a t i v e to N e w Y o r k C i t y ), r e l a t i v e s f o r m e n a n d w o m e n
in D e t r o it w e r e 118 a n d 107, r e s p e c t i v e l y , an d in M e m p h is w e r e
99 an d 8 4 .
P la n t w o r k e r w a g e c o m p a r i s o n s w e r e l i m i t e d to s k i lle d
m a in t e n a n c e t r a d e s , c u s t o d ia l w o r k e r s — g u a r d s , j a n i t o r s , j a n i t r e s s e s , a n d w a t c h m e n — a n d w o r k e r s e n g a g e d in m a t e r i a l - m o v e m e n t o p e r a t i o n s . I n c lu d e d in th e la t t e r g r o u p a r e f o r k l i f t o p e r a ­
t o r s , m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g l a b o r e r s , o r d e r f i l l e r s , s h ip p in g p a c k e r s ,
^ h ip p in g a n d r e c e i v i n g c l e r k s , a n d t r u c k d r i v e r s .
A ll o f th e s e
w o r k e r s a r e e m p lo y e d in s o - c a l l e d " i n d i r e c t " j o b s in c o n t r a s t
to t h o s e d i r e c t l y e m p lo y e d in p la n t p r o d u c t i o n o p e r a t i o n s . I n t e r ­
a r e a w a g e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g t h e s e o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p s w ill n ot
n e c e s s a r i l y a g r e e w ith m e a s u r e s o f w a g e d i f f e r e n c e s b a s e d o n
a v e r a g e s r e la t in g to a l l p la n t w o r k e r s . I n t e r a r e a d i f f e r e n c e s in
in d u s t r ia l c o m p o s i t i o n , f o r e x a m p l e , m a y s t r o n g ly in flu e n c e th e
e a r n in g s l e v e l f o r a l l p la n t w o r k e r s c o m b i n e d .
T o illu s tr a t e ,
tw o e s t a b lis h m e n t s in d i f f e r e n t in d u s t r ie s m a y h a v e id e n t i c a l p a y
s c a l e s f o r i n d i r e c t l a b o r j o b s bu t m a y h a v e q u ite d i f f e r e n t o v e r a l l
a v e r a g e s due to s h a r p ly d i f f e r i n g s k i ll r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r th e d i r e c t la b o r s e g m e n t o f th e w o r k f o r c e . A m o n g o t h e r s i g n if ic a n t f a c t o r s
in flu e n c in g p la n t w id e a v e r a g e s a r e th e ty p e o f w a g e p la n an d th e
r a t io o f m e n a n d w o m e n w o r k e r s .
T h e m a x i m u m i n t e r a r e a d i f f e r e n c e in p a y l e v e l s f o r
p la n t i n d i r e c t j o b s e x c e e d e d th at n o te d f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s * p a y .
S o u th e r n p la n t w o r k e r s w e r e at a d i s t i n c t l y l o w e r l e v e l ( r e la t iv e
to N e w Y o r k C i t y ) th a n S o u th e r n o f f i c e w o r k e r s (c h a r t 3 ). W h e r e a s
C h ic a g o , D e t r o it , L o s A n g e l e s , an d th e San F r a n c i s c o B a y a r e a
h a d n e a r l y i d e n t i c a l p a y l e v e l s f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s , i n d i r e c t p la n t
w o r k e r r a t e s in S a n F r a n c i s c o w e r e 3 p e r c e n t h ig h e r th an in
D e t r o it , 7 p e r c e n t h ig h e r th an in L o s A n g e l e s , an d 9 p e r c e n t
h ig h e r th an in C h i c a g o . P a y l e v e l s in th e 4 S o u th e r n a r e a s a p ­
p r o x i m a t e d t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f N e w Y o r k C it y p a y an d t w o - t h i r d s o f
San F r a n c i s c o B a y a r e a p a y .

A lth o u g h m o s t a r e a s h e ld a g e n e r a l l y s i m i l a r p o s i t i o n
in a r a n k in g a c c o r d i n g to p a y l e v e l s f o r p la n t w o r k e r s a n d a
r a n k in g a c c o r d i n g to d e g r e e o f u n io n iz a t i o n o f t h e s e w o r k e r s ,
s e v e r a l m a jo r e x c e p t io n s w e r e n o t e d . S t. L o u i s a n d M i n n e a p o l i s S t. P a u l r a n k e d s u b s t a n t ia lly h ig h e r in l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e ­
m e n t c o v e r a g e than in p a y a n d th e r e v e r s e w a s t r u e f o r C h i c a g o
a n d L o s A n g e le s .
E s t im a t e s o f a g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e o f p la n t
w o r k e r s r a n g e d f r o m s lig h t ly l e s s th a n h a l f in A t la n ta , D a ll a s ,
a n d N e w O r le a n s to 96 p e r c e n t in S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d . A g r e e ­
m e n t c o v e r a g e o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s w a s m u c h s m a l l e r , a m o u n tin g
to a s m u c h a s a fift h in o n ly a fe w a r e a s .
M a x im u m w a g e d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g a r e a s f o r c u s t o d i a l
a n d m a t e r i a l - m o v e m e n t j o b s g r e a t l y e x c e e d e d t h o s e f o r th e m a i n ­
t e n a n c e t r a d e s (ta b le 2 ).
San F r a n c i s c o c u s t o d i a l w o r k e r s a v e r ­
a g e d 84 p e r c e n t m o r e th an N e w O r l e a n s c u s t o d i a l w o r k e r s an d
th e d i f f e r e n c e in p a y l e v e l s f o r m a t e r i a l - m o v e m e n t j o b s a m o u n t e d
t o 66 p e r c e n t . M e m p h is h ad th e l o w e s t p a y l e v e l f o r th e m a i n ­
t e n a n c e t r a d e s — a b o u t 20 p e r c e n t b e l o w th e h ig h e s t p a y a r e a s
(San F r a n c i s c o , D e t r o it , an d C h i c a g o ) .
The g re a te r sp rea d fo r
c u s t o d ia l w o r k e r s r e f l e c t s th e g r e a t e r - t h a n - a v e r a g e s k i ll d i f f e r ­
e n t ia ls fo u n d in th e S ou th .
R a t e s p a id t o c u s t o d ia l w o r k e r s in th e t h r e e W e s t C o a s t
a r e a s , a n d in D e t r o it , N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y , a n d B o s t o n c o m p a r e d
m o r e fa v o r a b l y w ith N e w Y o r k C it y l e v e l s th a n d id r a t e s p a id to
s k i l l e d m a in te n a n c e w o r k e r s .
A lt h o u g h th e d i f f e r e n c e in th e
r e l a t i v e s f o r t h e s e g r o u p s g e n e r a l l y a m o u n t e d to 3 p o in t s o r l e s s ,
San F r a n c i s c o d i f f e r e n t i a l s ( o v e r N e w Y o r k C i t y ) a m o u n t e d to 18
p e r c e n t f o r c u s t o d ia l w o r k e r s a s c o m p a r e d w ith 10 p e r c e n t f o r
m a in t e n a n c e w o r k e r s .
In d u s t r ia l C o m p a r i s o n s .— T h e a l l - i n d u s t r y w a g e r e l a t i o n ­
s h ip s a l r e a d y m e n t io n e d a r e n ot p r e c i s e l y d u p lic a t e d w ith in i n d u s ­
t r i a l c o m p o n e n t s , s i n c e th e a l l - i n d u s t r y j o b a v e r a g e s r e f l e c t w a g e
a n d e m p lo y m e n t l e v e l s in b o t h m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d th e s e v e r a l
n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g d i v i s i o n s .
H ow ever, m ost
a r e a s h e ld v e r y
n e a r l y th e sa m e ra n k p o s i t i o n in m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d n o n m a n u fa c ­
tu r in g a s in th e a l l - i n d u s t r y s c a l e .
(S e e t a b l e s 1 a n d 2 . )
W ith
o n e e x c e p t io n , p a y l e v e l s f o r o f f i c e a n d p la n t w o r k e r s in e a c h
a r e a c o m p a r e d m o r e f a v o r a b l y w ith N e w Y o r k C it y in m a n u f a c ­
tu r in g th a n in th e in d u s t r ia l g r o u p th a t in c l u d e d u t i l i t i e s , t r a d e ,
fin a n c e , an d s e r v i c e s i n d u s t r i e s .

A m o n g o f f i c e w o r k e r s , m a j o r v a r i a t i o n s in a r e a r a n k in g s
5
A lth o u g h th e n o r m a l w o r k w e e k in N e w Y o r k C it y o f f i caess b e t w e e n m a n u fa c tu r in g a n d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g i n v o l v e d C h i c a g o ,
D e t r o it , D a lla s , a n d D e n v e r .
C h ic a g o o f f ic e
w o r k e r s ran k ed
a v e r a g e d a b o u t 36 h o u r s a s c o m p a r e d w ith 38 to 40 in th e o t h e r
fo u r t h in m a n u fa c tu r in g bu t w e r e t i e d f o r f i r s t p o s i t i o n , w ith L o s
a r e a s , w o r k s c h e d u l e s w e r e g e n e r a l l y s i m i l a r f o r m e n an d w o m e n
A n g e l e s a n d San F r a n c i s c o , in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g . D e t r o i t o f f i c e
w ith in e a c h a r e a a n d , th u s , d o n ot a p p e a r to e x p la in th e l e s s
p a y in m a n u fa c tu r in g an d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g r a n k e d f i r s t a n d fo u r t h ,
a d v a n t a g e o u s p o s i t i o n in th e i n t e r c i t y s c a l e o f m e n o f f i c e w o r k e r s
r e s p e c tiv e ly .
D a lla s o f f i c e w o r k e r p a y l e v e l s r a n k e d n in th in
in N e w Y o r k C i t y .




9

m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d t h ir t e e n t h in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g .
E v en su ch
d i f f e r e n c e s in r a n k in g i n v o l v e d o n ly m i n o r d i f f e r e n c e s in th e r e l a ­
t i o n s h ip b e t w e e n w a g e s in m a n u fa c t u r in g an d t h o s e in n o n m a n u ­
f a c t u r in g f r o m a r e a to a r e a .
T o i l l u s t r a t e , n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g
o f f i c e w o r k e r s in D e t r o i t an d D a lla s a v e r a g e d 87 an d 88 p e r c e n t ,
r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f m a n u fa c t u r in g o f f i c e p a y .
In 7 o t h e r a r e a s ,
c o m p a r a b l e r a t i o s r a n g e d f r o m 89 to 92 p e r c e n t a n d in o n ly 4
a r e a s d id t h e y e x c e e d 95 p e r c e n t .
R e l a t i v e s f o r p la n t i n d i r e c t j o b s f o r C h ic a g o in d ic a t e d
s ix t h p l a c e in th e r a n k in g o f a r e a s a c c o r d i n g to m a n u fa c t u r in g
p a y l e v e l s ; t h is a r e a r a n k e d t h ir d in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g . C h ic a g o ,
i n c i d e n t a l l y , h a d th e h ig h e s t w a g e s , a m o n g th e a r e a s s t u d ie d ,
f o r m a in t e n a n c e t r a d e s in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s .
A s in
th e c a s e o f o f f i c e s a l a r i e s , D e t r o it p l a n t - w o r k e r p a y l e v e l s r a n k e d
h ig h e r in m a n u fa c t u r in g th a n in th e a r r a y o f a r e a r e l a t i v e s f o r
n o n m a n u f a c t u r in g .
O f f i c e w o r k e r p a y in th e h ig h e s t - w a g e a r e a e x c e e d e d th at
in th e l o w e s t w a g e a r e a b y a fo u r t h in m a n u fa c t u r in g a s w e ll a s
n o n m a n u f a c t u r in g , a s sh o w n b e l o w . A m o n g p la n t j o b s , h o w e v e r ,
th e m a x i m u m w a g e s p r e a d w a s m u c h g r e a t e r in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g ,
a m o u n t in g t o a s m u c h a s 98 p e r c e n t f o r c u s t o d ia l w o r k e r s , b e ­
tw e e n N e w O r l e a n s a n d S a n F r a n c i s c o .

P e r c e n t d iffe r e n c e b e tw e e n
h ig h e s t and l o w e s t a r e a
r e la t iv e s

Job grou p
O ffic e w o r k e r s
P la n t w o r k e r s
.. _
M a in t e n a n c e
C u s t o d ia l
. _
__ . _
M a te r ia l m o v e m e n t

M a n u fa c ­
tu r in g
27
49
26
54
63

N onm anu­
f a c t u r in g
25
66
51
98
75

A p a r t i a l e x p la n a t io n f o r th e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l e r d e g r e e
o f w a g e d i s p e r s i o n a m o n g m a r k e t s in th e c a s e o f m a n u fa c t u r in g
l i e s in th e f a c t th a t m u l t i l o c a t i o n Q p e r a tio n s a r e m o r e c o m m o n
a m o n g m a n u fa c t u r in g e n t e r p r i s e s .
M o re o v e r, w age stru ctu re s
in s o m e m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s , n o ta b ly t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t p r o d u c e r s , a r e l a r g e l y in d u s t r y - o r i e n t e d , w h ic h a l s o
te n d s to n a r r o w a v e r a g e d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g la b o r m a r k e t s .
To
th e e x te n t th a t p a y l e v e l s in m a n u fa c t u r in g a r e h ig h e r th a n in
o t h e r in d u s t r y g r o u p s , r e l a t i v e d i f f e r e n c e s w o u ld , o f c o u r s e , b e
s m a l l e r f o r a n y g iv e n a m o u n t o f a b s o lu t e d i f f e r e n c e in p a y l e v e l s
am ong a r e a s .




T r e n d s in W a g e D i f f e r e n t i a l s . — C o m p a r i s o n o f i n t e r a r e a
w a g e r e l a t i v e s b a s e d o n th e 1 9 5 3 -5 4 s t u d ie s w ith t h o s e d e v e lo p e d
2 y e a r s e a r l i e r r e v e a l s th at a v e r a g e p a y l e v e l s in s o m e a r e a s
r o s e m o r e r a p id ly th a n in o t h e r s d u r in g t h is p e r i o d , r e s u lt in g
in s o m e s h ift s in th e r a n k in g o f a r e a s . A lth o u g h N ew Y o r k C ity
h e ld th e s a m e r a n k p o s i t i o n in b o t h y e a r s , r e l a t i v e s f o r b oth
o f f i c e a n d p la n t w o r k e r s in m o s t o t h e r a r e a s r o s e d u r in g th e 2
y e a r s , g e n e r a l l y b y tw o o r m o r e p e r c e n t a g e p o in t s . T h u s , M i l ­
w a u k e e p la n t w o r k e r s m o v e d f r o m s ix t h t o fo u r t h p o s i t i o n a m o n g
15 a r e a s in c l u d e d in b o th s t u d ie s ; M ilw a u k e e r e l a t i v e s w e r e 101
a n d 106, r e s p e c t i v e l y , o f th e a v e r a g e f o r N e w Y o r k C it y .
In
19 52 , o f f i c e w o r k e r s in D e n v e r , B o s t o n , a n d P h ila d e lp h ia e a c h
s t o o d a t 89 p e r c e n t ; b y 19 54 , th e r e l a t i v e s f o r D e n v e r a n d P h ila ­
d e lp h ia h a d c h a n g e d to 93 a n d 91 p e r c e n t , r e s p e c t i v e l y , w ith that
f o r B o s t o n r e m a in in g u n c h a n g e d ; b o th P h ila d e lp h ia an d B o s t o n
r a n k e d l o w e r a m o n g th e a r e a s th a n in 19 52 , w h ile D e n v e r r a n k e d
h ig h e r .
R e la tiv e

L e v e ls

W ith in L a b o r M a r k e t s

C o m p a r i s o n s o f m a n u fa c t u r in g an d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g p a y
l e v e l s w ith in l a b o r m a r k e t s s h o w e d a f a i r l y c o n s is t e n t w a g e a d ­
v a n ta g e f o r e m p l o y e e s in m a n u fa c t u r in g . A s sh o w n in ta b le 3 an d
c h a r t 4 , o f f i c e w o r k e r a v e r a g e s f o r a l l n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g r a n g e d
f r o m 87 p e r c e n t ( D e t r o it ) to 98 p e r c e n t (N ew Y o r k C it y ) o f p a y f o r
c o m p a r a b l e w o r k in m a n u fa c t u r in g .
In m o s t a r e a s , p a y l e v e l s
f o r m e n o f f i c e w o r k e r s c o m p a r e d m o r e f a v o r a b l y w ith m e n 1s s a l ­
a r i e s in m a n u fa c t u r in g th an w a s th e c a s e a m o n g w o m e n w o r k e r s .
O f f i c e w o r k e r s in p u b li c u t i l i t i e s , h o w e v e r , e a r n e d m o r e
th a n t h e ir c o u n t e r p a r t s in m a n u fa c t u r in g in 9 l a b o r m a r k e t s . T h e
s a l a r y a d v a n ta g e a v e r a g e d f r o m 5 t o 7 p e r c e n t in B o s t o n , N ew
Y o r k C i t y , P h ila d e lp h ia , P o r t la n d , a n d S t. L o u i s .
S a la r ie s in
w h o l e s a l e t r a d e a v e r a g e d 4 p e r c e n t b e l o w p u b li c u t i l i t i e s an d 3
p e r c e n t b e l o w m a n u fa c t u r in g p a y l e v e l s .
S e r v ic e s , r e ta il tra d e ,
a n d fin a n c e w e r e g r o u p e d a b o u t 10 p e r c e n t b e l o w m a n u fa c t u r in g . ®
W e e k ly h o u r s te n d e d to b e l o w e s t in th e fin a n c e g r o u p ,
o f f s e t t in g th e s lig h t ly lo w e r a v e r a g e in s a la r y r a t e s .
S ten og ­
r a p h e r s in B o s t o n , f o r e x a m p l e , a v e r a g e d 37 h o u r s in f in a n c e ,
38 in r e t a i l t r a d e , 3 8 .5 in p u b li c u t i l i t i e s a n d s e r v i c e s , a n d 39
h o u r s in* w h o l e s a l e t r a d e .
In N e w Y o r k C i t y , t h is j o b c a t e g o r y
a v e r a g e d 36 h o u r s in fin a n c e a s a g a in s t 3 6 .5 h o u r s in e a c h o f

6
D a ta f o r w h o l e s a l e a n d r e t a i l t r a d e a r e b a s e d o n
a r e a s ; f o r f in a n c e , 12; a n d f o r s e r v i c e s , 6 .
M e d ia n a r e a r e l ­
a t iv e s w e r e 90 f o r s e r v i c e s , 89 f o r r e t a i l t r a d e , an d 87 f o r
fin a n c e .
In 5 o f 8 a r e a s f o r w h ic h c o m p a r i s o n s c o v e r e d b o th
r e t a i l t r a d e a n d fin a n c e , r e l a t i v e s w e r e f r o m 1 to 3 p e r c e n t a g e
p o in t s h ig h e r f o r th e fin a n c e g r o u p .

11

10

the o t h e r d i v i s i o n s . S t e n o g r a p h e r s in C h ic a g o fin a n c e e s t a b l i s h ­
m e n t s a v e r a g e d 3 7 .5 h o u r s , o n e - h a l f h o u r l e s s th a n in s e r v i c e s
an d fu lly 2 h o u r s l e s s th a n in th e o t h e r n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g d i v i ­
s i o n s . S t e n o g r a p h e r s in m a n u fa c t u r in g o f f i c e s a v e r a g e d 4 0 h o u r s
in 10 a r e a s , e it h e r 39 o r 3 9 .5 h o u r s in 6 a r e a s , a n d 3 6 .5 h o u r s
in N e w Y o r k C i t y .
P la n t w o r k e r s in a l l i n d i r e c t j o b s a s a g r o u p a v e r a g e d
s o m e w h a t l o w e r p a y in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g in a l l a r e a s o t h e r th an
C h ic a g o an d N e w Y o r k C it y .
A r e a r e l a t i v e s (to m a n u fa c t u r in g )
r a n g e d f r o m 85 p e r c e n t in D a lla s to 101 p e r c e n t in C h i c a g o . A s
sh ow n in c h a r t 4 , p a y r a t e s f o r m a in t e n a n c e w o r k e r s a n d th e
m a te r ia l - h a n d l i n g g r o u p in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g w e r e a b o u t o n p a r
w ith m a n u fa c t u r in g p a y r a t e s . In c o n t r a s t , c u s t o d ia l w o r k e r s in
n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g a v e r a g e d 84 p e r c e n t (m e d ia n a r e a r e l a t i v e ) o f
m a n u fa c t u r in g p a y . O n ly in C h ic a g o a n d N e w Y o r k C it y d id c u s ­
t o d ia l w o r k e r s a v e r a g e m o r e th a n 90 p e r c e n t o f a v e r a g e r a t e s
p a id to t h e i r c o u n t e r p a r t s in m a n u fa c t u r in g p la n t s .
E x p la n a t io n f o r th e d i f f e r e n c e in th e c o m p a r a t i v e p a y
p o s i t i o n s o f m a in t e n a n c e an d c u s t o d ia l w o r k e r s i s to b e fo u n d
l a r g e l y in i n t e r in d u s t r y v a r i a t i o n s in r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r s u c h




w ork ers.
W ithin n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g , w o r k e r s in th e s p e c i a l i z e d
m a in t e n a n c e t r a d e s c o v e r e d in th e s tu d y a r e m a in ly e m p l o y e d
in l a r g e e s t a b lis h m e n t s in s u c h i n d u s t r i e s a s e l e c t r i c a n d g a s
u tilit ie s , te le c o m m u n ic a t io n s , an d d e p a rtm e n t s t o r e s .
T h ese
t y p e s o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v e g e n e r a l l y h i g h e r p a y l e v e l s o r p a y
m o r e f o r m a in te n a n c e w o r k th a n o t h e r s e g m e n t s o f n o n m a n u fa c ­
t u r in g .
S o m e f i r m s in m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g p a y
th e h ig h e r c o n s t r u c t io n in d u s t r y r a t e s f o r a t l e a s t s o m e o f t h e ir
m a in t e n a n c e w o r k e r s .
C u s t o d ia l w o r k e r s a r e m o r e
ty p ic a lly
d is t r ib u t e d th r o u g h o u t th e w h o le r a n g e o f n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g a c ­
t iv it ie s . A s a m on g o ffic e s a la r y c o m p a r is o n s , p la n t -w o r k e r p a y
t e n d e d to b e h ig h e r in p u b li c u t i l i t i e s a n d w h o l e s a l e t r a d e th a n
in th e o t h e r n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g g r o u p s .
P la n t w o r k e r s t e n d e d
to r e c e i v e h ig h e r h o u r ly p a y in fin a n c e th a n in th e s e r v i c e
in d u s tr ie s . 7

7
T h e g r o u p r e f e r r e d to a s f in a n c e i n c l u d e s b a n k s , i n s u
a n c e c a r r i e r s , a n d r e a l e s t a t e . A m o n g th e m a j o r s e r v i c e in d u s ­
t r i e s a r e h o t e ls , la u n d r ie s , c le a n in g a n d d y e in g p la n t s , g e n e r a l
a u to r e p a i r s h o p s , an d r a d io b r o a d c a s t i n g a n d t e l e v i s i o n .

Chart 3. RELATIVE PAY LEVELS FOR OFFICE WORKERS AND PLANT WORKERS IN INDIRECT JOBS
17 Labor Markets

New York CityOOO
AREA

100

D e tro it

Los A n g e le s

_________ ________ ___

S a n F ra n c is c o O a k la n d
C h ic a g o

;____

_______________

______ ;________________________

_____

____________________

N e w Y o r k C ity
N e w a rk J e r s e y C ity
M ilw a u k e e

P o r t la n d

St. Louis

D enver

A t la n t a
M in n e a p o lis St. P a u l
P h ila d e lp h ia

D a lla s

B o sto n

M e m p h is

N e w O r le a n s


UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT Of lASOR
•UREAU OE 1AKM STATISTICS


OFFICE WORKERS (Men and Women)

|

} PLANT WORKERS (Maintenance, Custodial, and Material Movement Jobs)

110

Percent

120

12

Chart

4 . PA Y LEVELS IN NONMANUFACTURING A S PERCENTAGES OF MANUFACTURING PA Y LEVELS
17

Labor

M a rk e ts

M a n u fa c t u r in g

O F F IC E W O R K E R S

A N D

-

100

IN D IR E C T

PLANT

W O RKERS

M e d ia n a r e a p e r c e n ta g e s a n d ran ge of in d iv id u a l a r e a p e r c e n ta g e s

| JOB GROUP

MEDIAN |

0

20

40

r

i

60
i

80

WO

i

t

1
-» — !
— IJ_

O F F IC E W O R K E R S

All Workers
Men
Women

92
97
92

— 1—

!
1
1
----------1—7
—
i!—
---------------------1--------------- !

IN D IR E C T P L A N T W O R K E R S

All Workers
Maintenance
Custodial
M aterial Movement

120

95
99
84
99

—
T
W O M EN

i
O F F IC E

l

l

!

*r

l

W O RKERS

M e d ia n a r e a percen tage s a n d r a n g e of in d iv id u a l a r e a p e r c e n t a g e s

| INDUSTRY DIVISION | | MEDIAN | <>
Public U tilitie s
Wholesale Trade
Services
Retail Trade
Finance

20
i

40
1

lOI
97

90
89
87
_____________l____________ i .

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF l ABOR STATISTICS




60
i

i

80
!

lOO
J
1
— 1—
- H H—
'
— 1i
_ l ---------- j
1
i___
1

120

13

T A B L E 1 .— R e l a t i v e p a y l e v e l s f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s in 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s b y i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n a n d s e x ,

1 9 5 3 -5 4 1

(N e w Y o r k C it y = 100)
A ll i n d u s t r ie s
L a b or m arket

M en
and
w om en

M en

M a n u fa c t u r in g

W om en

M en
and
w om en

M en

N o n m a n u fa c t u r in g

W om en

M en
and
w om en

Wo m e n
M en
T ota l

P u b lic
u t i li t ie s *

W h o le ­
s a le
tra d e

R e ta il
tra d e

F in a n ce **

S e r v ic e s

88
96
100
(2 )

86
94
100
85

84

91
91
(2)
80

86
89

N o rth e a s t:
B o sto n
.
.
N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y ____________
N e w Y o r k C i t y ___ ________________
P h i l a d e l p h i a _____________________

89
99
100
91

93
106
100
99

88
98
100
90

93
100
100
95

94
104
100
98

93
100
100
95

88
97
100
89

92
105
100
98

87
96
100
87

95
97
100
98

S o u th :
A t l a n t a ____________________________
D a ll a s _____________________________
M e m p h i s _________________________
N e w O r l e a n s _____________________

92
90
86
86

99
98
99
93

91
89
84
85

98
99
90
92

102
104
101
94

97
98
89
92

91
89
85
84

98
93
97
92

90
88
84
83

94
88
84
83

90
(!)
( )
(2 )

M id d le W e s t :
C h i c a g o ___________________________
D e t r o i t ____________________________
M ilw a u k e e _______________________
M in n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l __________
St. L o u i s _________________________

106
108
98
91
95

111
118
108
99
104

105
107
97
90
94

107
114
100
94
97

111
122
107
99
105

106
113
99
93
96

105
101
94
90
94

109
111
104
98
101

104
100
93
89
93

102
103
93
88
97

102
101
(2 )
89
92

106

F a r W est:
D e n v e r ____________________________
L o s A n g e l e s _____________________
P o r t l a n d __________________________
S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d ________

93
107
98
106

99
114
106
111

93
106
97
105

95
111
100
113

93
113
107
111

95
110
99
113

94
105
98
105

100
113
106
109

93
104
97
104

92
105
99
105

(2 )
102
(2 )
103

95

1
2
3
p r o v id e s
*
**

91
92
100
90

(!)
(2 )
91
(2 )

(2 )
93
109

<*)
(2 )

105
97

(2 )
100
88

(!)
(!)
( )
(2 )

108
102

(2 )
89
86

(!)
(!)
(2 )

(2 )
98
(2 )
101

, (2 )
3 104
(* )
(2 )

F o r d e s c r i p t i o n o f m e t h o d o l o g y , s e e p. 7 .
I n s u f f i c ie n t d a ta t o w a r r a n t c o m p a r is o n .
M o t i o n - p i c t u r e p r o d u c t i o n in L o s A n g e le s w a s in c lu d e d in a l l - i n d u s t r y a n d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t im a t e s but e x c l u d e d f r o m th e s e r v i c e g r o u p ; th e s u r v e y r e p o r t r e f e r r e d to e a r l i e r
s e p a r a t e d a ta f o r t h i s in d u s t r y in L o s A n g e le s .
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( e x c lu d in g r a i l r o a d s ) , c o m m u n ic a t io n , a n d o t h e r p u b li c u t i li t ie s .
F in a n ce , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l esta te.




14

T A B L E 2 . — -R e la t iv e p a y l e v e l s l o r p la n t w o r k e r s in i n d i r e c t j o b s in 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s b y in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n a n d w o r k c a t e g o r y ,

1 9 5 3 -5 4

(New Y o rk C ity = 100)
A ll in d u s trie s
L a b o r m a rk et

M a in ten a n ce,
cu s to d ia l,
and
m a te ria l
m o v em en t

M&into nance

N on m a n u fa ctu rin g

M anu factu ring

C u sto d ia l

M a te ria l
m ovem ent

M a in te n a n ce ,
c u sto d ia l,
and
m a te ria l
m ovem ent

M a in te ­
nance

C ustod ial

M a in ten a n ce,
c u s t o d ia l,
M a te ria l
and
m ovem ent
m a t e r ia l
m ovem ent

M ainte nance

C u s to d ia l

M a te ria l
m ovem ent

N orth ea st:
B o sto n
.. .... ..._______
N e w a r k -J e r s e y C ity
~_____
N ew Y o r k C itv
-----------------P h ila d elp h ia ___ ______ _________

93
106
100
94

94
103
100
99

96
106
100
96

90
107
100
92

95
108
100
97

92
101
100
96

101
109
100
102

93
111
100
94

90
103
100
91

94
107
100
101

91
98
100
89

88
104
100
88

South:
A tlanta ______ _ ________________ .....
D a l l a s ___________ ..._________ ____
M e m p h is
____ ____ ____________
New O r le a n s _____ _____ ________

77
78
74
72

92
89
88
89

78
77
72
64

71
74
69
68

79
85
77
78

88
90
85
87

85
88
82
87

71
81
72
70

75
72
68
68

93
83
78
86

70
69
63
58

70
69
66
65

M iddle W est:
C h ica g o _____________ ....__....__
D e t r o i t _______________ __________
M ilw a u k e e ______ _____ __________
M in n e a p olis-S t. P a u l
_____
St. L o u i s -------------------------- ------

105
111
106
100
99

110
110
106
103
103

108
115
106
J02
98

101
109
106
98
98

105
114
108
102
102

102
107
103
99
101

111
126
112
110
105

103
111
108
99
100

106
101
102
99
94

118
106
106
105
105

107
95
93
95
81

101
102
104
97
96

F a r W est:
D e n v e r ______________ ________ ___
L o s A n g e l e s ______ _____________
P o r t l a n d ___ ___ _____________ . . . .
San F ra n c isc o ~ Oakland _____

90
107
105
114

94
106
105
110

91
109
107
118

89
107
104
113

94
109
105
115

92
102
101
107

100
115
111
125

92
109
104
114

88
107
103
113

94
112
107
109

85
105
99
115

86
106
103
114

F o r d e s c r ip tio n o f m e th o d o lo g y , se e p. 7.




15

T A B L E 3 .— P a y l e v e ls in non m anu factu ring in d u s trie s a s p e r c e n ta g e s o f m a n u fa ctu rin g pay l e v e ls by jo b gro u p , 17 la b o r m a r k e ts ,

1 953-54 1

(M a n u factu rin g pay in e a ch a re a and jo b group = 100)
O ffic e w o r k e r s
L a b or m arket

T ota l
nonm anu­
fa ctu rin g

P u b lic
u tilitie s *

W hole sale
tra d e

N o rth e a st;
B o s t o n _____ __________________ ____
N e w a r k -J e r s e y C i t y _____________
N ew Y o r k C i t y ___________________
P h i l a d e lp h ia _____________________

92
95
9891

106
101
105
107

South:
A t l a n t a _____,____ ______________
D a lla s ....................................................
M e m p h is __________________________
N ew O r le a n s _____________________

91
88
92
89

102
94
95

97
(2 )
(? )
(2 )

M id d le W est;
C h ic a g o
_________________________
D e t r o i t ____________________________
M ilw a u k e e ________________________
M in n e a p o lis -S t. P a u l ___________
St. L o u i s _________________________

96
87
91
94
94

101

99

F a r W e st:
D e n v e r __________ _______________
L o s A n g e l e s _____________________
P o r t l a n d __________________________
San F r a n c is c o -O a k la n d ________

97
96

93
91

99

101
96
104
97

P lant w o r k e r s in in d ir e c t jo b s

R e ta il
tra d e

88
89
93
(2)

88

86
(2)

91

M aintenance

C u sto d ia l

95
95
100
94

102
96
100

88
88
98
85

9 8

M a te ria l
m ove m e n t

97
96

97

88
86
(a )
81

86
87
(2 )

(2 )
(2 )
(? )
(2 )

95
85
88
87

101
89
88
95

80
76
75
65

101
88
95
96

95
83
(2 )
92
86

98
87
(2 )
(? )
(2 )

101
89
94
96
93

110
95

95

100
95

102
100

82
84
75

(2 )
85
(2)
86

(2)
3 91

93
98
98
98

98

82

105
103
98

88
87
90

106

99
99

101
100
105
97

(2)
96
(2 )
94

93
(2 )
88
89

92
(2 )

S e r v ic e s

96
85

92
(2)
(2 )
90
(2)

95
97
99

F in a n ce **

M a in ten a n ce,
cu s to d ia l,
and
m a t e r ia l
m ovem ent

0

89

(? )
(2 )

99

74

103

96

99
99

101

96
100
102
103

1 F o r d e s c r ip t io n o f m e th o d o lo g y , see p. 7.
2 In s u fficie n t data to w a rra n t co m p a ris o n .
3 M o t io n -p ic t u r e p r o d u c tio n in L o s A n g e le s w a s included in a ll-in d u s t r y and n on m a n u factu rin g e s tim a te s but e x c lu d e d f r o m the s e r v ic e gro u p ; the s u rv e y r e p o r t r e f e r r e d to e a r lie r
p r o v id e s s e p a ra te data fo r th is in d u s try in L o s A n g e le s .
* T r a n s p o r t a t io n (ex c lu d in g r a ilr o a d s ), co m m u n ica tion , and o th e r p u b lic u tilitie s .
* * F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , and r e a l esta te.







17

C o v e r a g e o f L a b o r -M a n a g e m e n t A g r e e m e n ts

E s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith at l e a s t h a lf o f t h e ir w o r k e r s c o v ­
e r e d b y la b o r -m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n ts a cco u n te d fo r tw o -t h ir d s
o f th e e m p lo y m e n t a m o n g l a r g e - a n d m e d i u m - s i z e f i r m s in 17
l a b o r m a r k e t s in la t e 1953 a n d e a r l y 1954. A p p r o x i m a t e l y f o u r f ift h s o f th e p la n t w o r k e r s , a s c o m p a r e d w ith a b o u t o n e - s i x t h o f
th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s , h a d t h e ir w a g e s and w o r k in g c o n d i t io n s g o v ­
e r n e d b y u n io n c o n t r a c t s .
A m o n g th e a r e a s in c lu d e d in th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is ­
t i c s T s tu d y , th e g r e a t e s t p r o p o r t i o n s (m o r e th an 90 p e r c e n t ) o f
p la n t w o r k e r s s u b j e c t to la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t c o n t r a c t s w e r e fo u n d
in th e S a n F r a n c i s c o B a y a r e a , D e t r o it , a n d S t. L o u i s .
As a
r u l e , c o n t r a c t c o v e r a g e in p u b lic u t ilit y in d u s t r ie s e x c e e d e d th a t
in m a n u fa c t u r in g . It w a s lo w e s t in th e t r a d e g r o u p s . T y p i c a l l y ,
l a r g e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w e r e m o r e lik e l y to h a v e a g r e e m e n t s th a n
s m a lle r e s t a b lis h m e n t s .
F o r t h is a n a l y s i s , a l l p la n t w o r k e r s o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s
w e r e c o n s i d e r e d to b e c o v e r e d b y a l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t c o n t r a c t
i f th e t e r m s o f o n e o r m o r e s u c h a g r e e m e n t s a p p lie d to a m a ­
j o r i t y in th e e s t a b lis h m e n t .
S i m i l a r l y , i f l e s s th an h a lf th e
w o r k e r s in a n e s t a b lis h m e n t w e r e c o v e r e d b y a n a g r e e m e n t , th at
e s t a b lis h m e n t , a n d a l l o f it s e m p l o y e e s , w a s c l a s s i f i e d w ith t h o s e
w h ic h r e p o r t e d n o l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s . S e p a r a t e e s t i ­
m a t e s o f a g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e w e r e d e v e lo p e d in a l l in s t a n c e s f o r
p la n t a n d o f f i c e e m p l o y e e s .
T h e s e e s t i m a t e s d o n ot p u r p o r t to r e f l e c t th e p r o p o r t i o n s
o f w o r k e r s b e l o n g in g to l a b o r o r g a n iz a t i o n s , s i n c e u n io n m e m b e r ­
s h ip i s n ot g e n e r a l l y c o e x t e n s i v e w ith to ta l p la n t o r o f f i c e e m ­
p l o y m e n t ; t h e r e f o r e , th e y a r e n o t a m e a s u r e o f u n io n m e m b e r s h i p
f o r th e in d u s t r y o r a r e a c o n c e r n e d .
N o r a r e th e y an e x a c t
m e a s u r e m e n t o f th e p r o p o r t i o n o f a ll w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y c o n ­
t r a c t s f o r th e i n d u s t r i e s s u r v e y e d in th e v a r io u s a r e a s in a s m u c h
a s th e e s t i m a t e s , a s p r e v i o u s l y p o in t e d ou t, e x c lu d e c o m p a r a t i v e l y
s m a l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . M o r e o v e r , e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith a g r e e m e n t s
l i m i t e d to m a in t e n a n c e c r a f t s (w h e r e p r o d u c t i o n w o r k e r s c o n s t i ­
tu te d a m a j o r i t y o f th e e m p l o y e e s ) w e r e c o n s i d e r e d a s n o t c o v ­
e re d by a g re e m e n ts.
W ith r e s p e c t t o th e s m a l l e r e s t a b lis h m e n t s e x c lu d e d f r o m
th e s u r v e y , it m a y r e a s o n a b ly b e a s s u m e d th at in m o s t in s t a n c e s
th e m a j o r i t y o f w o r k e r s in t h e s e p la n t s w e r e n ot c o v e r e d b y
l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s . 8 In s o m e i n s t a n c e s , th e s m a l l e r ,

u n s u r v e y e d e s t a b lis h m e n t s a r e k n o w n to in c lu d e s ig n ific a n t p r o ­
p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s u n d e r a g r e e m e n t , in c lu d in g su ch s e r v i c e
tr a d e s a s b a r b e r s , b u tc h e r s , and m o t io n -p ic t u r e o p e r a t o r s .
In
th e a g g r e g a t e , h o w e v e r , e m p lo y m e n t in s u c h g r o u p s , is n ot b e ­
l i e v e d l a r g e e n o u g h t o a f f e c t m a t e r i a l l y th e o v e r a l l e s t im a t e s o f
c o v e r a g e sh o w n in t a b le 4 .
A fe w l o c a l l y im p o r t a n t in d u s t r i e s , n o ta b ly c o n s t r u c t io n
a n d r a i l r o a d s , w h ic h a r e t y p i c a l l y c o v e r e d b y la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t
c o n t r a c t s w e r e n o t c o v e r e d in th e in d iv id u a l l a b o r m a r k e t s u r ­
v e y s , a n d , h e n c e , a r e n o t c o v e r e d in th is s t u d y .9 F in a l ly , w ith
r o u g h ly t w o - t h i r d s o f m a n u fa c t u r in g e m p lo y m e n t o u ts id e th e 17
l a b o r - m a r k e t a r e a s s u r v e y e d , th e f o llo w in g e s t im a t e s o f c o n t r a c t
c o v e r a g e h a v e v a lid it y p r i m a r i l y in th e a r e a s c o v e r e d .
W ith in
t h e s e l i m i t a t i o n s , n e v e r t h e l e s s , it i s b e l i e v e d th e e s t im a t e s do
p r o v i d e an in s ig h t in to th e a p p r o x im a t e p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s
c o v e r e d b y l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t c o n t r a c t s in th e s ig n ific a n t in d u s ­
t r i a l s e c t o r s c o v e r e d b y th e B u r e a u 1s c o m m u n it y w a g e s u r v e y
program .

A r e a C h a r a c te r is tic s
S u b s ta n t ia l v a r ia t io n in th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s c o v ­
e r e d b y l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s o c c u r r e d a m o n g th e m a jo r
g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a s in c lu d e d in th e s u r v e y . In g e n e r a l, e s t a b l i s h ­
m e n t s in a r e a s in th e N o r t h e a s t a n d M id d le W e s t r e f l e c t e d a
r e l a t i v e l y h ig h d e g r e e o f c o n t r a c t c o v e r a g e , a s d id a l s o th o s e in
th e F a r W e s t. In th e S ou th , s m a l l e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s , a s
a r u le , w e r e in c lu d e d u n d e r l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s than
in a n y o f th e o t h e r m a j o r a r e a s .
S ig n ific a n t d i f f e r e n c e s a l s o o c c u r r e d w ith in e a c h a r e a .
T h u s , o f th e 4 N o r t h e a s t a r e a s s t u d ie d , th e h ig h ly in d u s t r ia l
N e w a r k - J e r s e y C ity a r e a s h o w e d h ig h e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s
(p la n t an d o f f i c e c o m b i n e d ) u n d e r a g r e e m e n t th a n it s l a r g e r but
S i m il a r ly ,
l e s s h e a v ily in d u s t r ia l n e ig h b o r ------N e w Y o r k C i t y .
C h ic a g o , a lth o u g h th e l a r g e s t o f th e 5 M id w e s t c i t i e s s u r v e y e d ,
h a d p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y f e w e r w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y a g r e e m e n t s th an
a n y o f th e 4 o t h e r c i t i e s . A g a in , in th e F a r W e s t, s h a r p v a r i a ­
t io n s w e r e n o te d b e t w e e n D e n v e r a n d th e San F r a n c i s c o B a y a r e a ,
w ith th e l a t t e r h a v in g o n e o f th e h ig h e s t p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r
c o v e r a g e f o r th e c o u n t r y a s a w h o l e .
A lth o u g h th e s a m e te n d ­
e n c i e s a p p e a r e d a m o n g th e c i t i e s in th e S ou th , th e d is p a r i t i e s
w e r e , o n th e w h o le , n o t a s g r e a t .

8
A s i n d ic a t e d in ta b le 5, w ith in th e e s t a b l i s h m e n t - s i z e
9
g r o u p s t u d ie d , th e f r e q u e n c y o f c o v e r a g e r o s e p r o g r e s s i v e l y a s
e a c h o f th e
p la n t e m p lo y m e n t i n c r e a s e d .




S e e ta b le on p . 4 ,
fo r
17 l a b o r - m a r k e t a r e a s .

coverage

of

th e s e

su rveys

in

18

T h r o u g h o u t a l l 17 a r e a s , th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f p la n t w o r k e r s
u n d e r a g r e e m e n t g r e a t l y e x c e e d e d t h o s e f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s . O n ly
in 4 c i t i e s ---- - N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y , D e t r o i t , A t la n ta , a n d L o s
A n g e le s — w e r e a s m a n y a s a fift h o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s c o v e r e d
b y c o n t r a c t s ; b y c o n t r a s t , m o r e th a n f o u r - f i f t h s o f th e p la n t
w o r k e r s in 9 a r e a s w e r e s o c o v e r e d .
In m o s t o f th e a r e a s at
l e a s t t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f th e p la n t w o r k e r s w e r e c o v e r e d b y a g r e e ­
m e n t s , a lth o u g h in th e S ou th th e p r o p o r t i o n w a s a b o u t h a lf; an d
in D e n v e r a b o u t t w o - t h i r d s .

M a jo r I n d u s t r y C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
S o m e i n d u s t r i e s h a v e o p e r a t e d u n d e r la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t
a g r e e m e n t s f o r m a n y y e a r s . In o t h e r s , th e p r a c t i c e o f c o l l e c t i v e
b a r g a in in g i s of, r e l a t i v e l y r e c e n t o r i g i n .
F o r s o m e , w r it t e n
a g r e e m e n t s e x i s t o n ly in a r e a s w h e r e b a r g a in in g i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
o f the c o m m u n it y .
T h u s , th e h ig h p r o p o r t i o n o f c o v e r a g e in th e
N ew Y o r k C it y a n d S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d a r e a s r e f l e c t s to a
s u b s ta n t ia l d e g r e e th e p r e s e n c e f o r d e c a d e s o f l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t
r e la t io n s h ip s in im p o r t a n t l o c a l in d u s t r i e s , s u c h a s a p p a r e l (in
N ew Y o r k C i t y ) a n d m a r i t i m e (in S an F r a n c i s c o ) . D e t r o i t 1 s u n io n
c o n t r a c t c o v e r a g e is h e a v ily w e ig h t e d b y th e a u t o m o t iv e a n d a l l i e d
in d u s t r ie s — a d e v e lo p m e n t l a r g e l y o f th e p a s t 20 y e a r s . S o m e w h a t
s i m i l a r l y , S t. L o u is a n d M ilw a u k e e r e f l e c t th e g r o w in g in d u s ­
t r i a l i z a t i o n o f t h e ir a r e a s , a lth o u g h in b o th a r e a s e m p l o y e r - u n i o n
b a r g a in in g in c e r t a i n i n d u s t r i e s , s u c h a s b r e w in g a n d s t r e e t r a i l ­
w a y s , h a v e t h e ir r o o t s in a g r e e m e n t s n e g o t ia t e d a r o u n d th e tu r n
o f th e c e n t u r y .
F o r c i t i e s in th e S ou th an d F a r W e s t ( e x c e p t
San F r a n c i s c o ) th e i n c r e a s e in th e n u m b e r o f la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t
c o n t r a c t s a n d th e a t te n d a n t r i s e in th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s
u n d e r s u c h a r r a n g e m e n t s r e f l e c t d e v e lo p m e n t s a r i s i n g o u t o f m o r e
r e c e n t w a r a n d p o s t w a r s h ift s o f in d u s t r i e s , e s t a b lis h m e n t o f
b r a n c h p la n t s o f f o r m e r l y h ig h ly c e n t r a l i z e d i n d u s t r i e s , a n d
e m e r g e n c e o f v i r t u a lly n e w i n d u s t r i e s s u c h a s a i r c r a f t in S o u th e r n
C a lifo r n ia and e ls e w h e r e .
A m o n g th e b r o a d in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s s u r v e y e d , th e p u b li c
u t ility g r o u p ( t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , e l e c t r i c a n d g a s
p la n t s , e t c . ) c o n s i s t e n t l y r e p o r t e d th e h ig h e s t p r o p o r t i o n s o f
w o r k e r s u n d e r la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s .
In a n u m b e r o f
a r e a s , p a r t i c u l a r l y th e M id d le W e s t a n d F a r W e s t , t h is c o v e r a g e
in c lu d e d v ir t u a lly a l l p la n t w o r k e r s a n d s i z a b l e p r o p o r t i o n s o f
o ffic e w o r k e r s .
C o v e r a g e in m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s w a s g e n e r a l l y
s o m e w h a t l e s s th a n in th e p u b li c u t ilit y g r o u p , but m a r k e d l y
h ig h e r th a n in th e t r a d e a n d s e r v i c e s g r o u p s .
E x c e p tio n s w e r e
n o te d in C h i c a g o , w h e r e th e p r o p o r t i o n o f p la n t w o r k e r s in th e
s e r v i c e t r a d e s u n d e r la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t c o n t r a c t s s o m e w h a t e x ­
c e e d e d th a t in m a n u fa c t u r in g , a n d in L o s A n g e l e s , w h e r e a r e l ­




a t i v e l y h ig h d e g r e e o f c o v e r a g e in th e s e r v i c e a n d a m u s e m e n t
t r a d e s b r o u g h t th e p r o p o r t io n s f o r b o t h p la n t a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s
a b o v e th e c o m p a r a b le r a t i o s in m a n u f a c t u r in g . In th e S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d a r e a , w o r k e r s in r e t a i l a n d w h o l e s a l e t r a d e w e r e
l a r g e l y c o v e r e d b y a g r e e m e n t s , w ith th e p r o p o r t i o n s o f n o n o f f i c e
w o r k e r s c o v e r e d th e h ig h e s t r e c o r d e d a m o n g th e 17 a r e a s . A l m o s t
h a lf o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s in r e t a i l t r a d e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s in th e
San F r a n c is c o B a y a r e a w e r e lik e w is e u n d e r a g r e e m e n t s — a p r o ­
p o r t i o n f a r in e x c e s s o f th a t fo u n d f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s in e it h e r
r e t a i l o r w h o l e s a l e t r a d e in an y o f th e o t h e r a r e a s . C o m p a r i s o n s
in v o l v in g th e fin a n c e g r o u p o f i n d u s t r i e s w e r e l i m i t e d t o o f f i c e
w o r k e r s in a fe w a r e a s . E x c e p t f o r N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y , w h e r e
a b o u t 1 ou t o f 8 w e r e u n d e r a g r e e m e n t s , l i t t l e , i f a n y , c o v e r a g e
w a s in d ic a t e d f o r th is g r o u p .
M a n u fa c t u r in g . — N e a r ly a l l o f th e m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s ­
t r i e s h a d a h ig h p e r c e n t a g e o f l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t c o v ­
e r a g e in th e 17 s u r v e y e d a r e a s ; 10 a l m o s t a l l o f th e s e p a r a t e
in d u s t r y g r o u p s in th e m a n u fa c t u r in g d i v i s i o n h a d a p l a n t - w o r k e r
c o v e r a g e o f 8 0 p e r c e n t o r m o r e . E x c e p tio n s w e r e in d u s tr y g ro u p s
s u c h a s t o b a c c o , f u r n it u r e , a n d t e x t i l e - m i l l p r o d u c t s w h ic h g e n ­
e r a l l y h a d r e l a t i v e l y lo w e m p lo y m e n t in th e l a r g e u r b a n a r e a s
s t u d ie d .
W ith in e a c h o f t h e s e b r o a d m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r y g r o u p s ,
h o w e v e r , t h e r e w e r e s e g m e n t s w h ic h d i f f e r e d g r e a t l y in th e e x ­
te n t o f c o v e r a g e . F o r e x a m p le , th e m o r e th a n 8 0 - p e r c e n t c o v e r a g e
o f p la n t w o r k e r s in f o o d - p r o c e s s i n g i n d u s t r i e s c o m p r i s e d a r a n g e
o f f r o m a l m o s t c o m p le t e c o v e r a g e in th e b a k e r y , m e a t p a c k in g ,
a n d m a lt an d d i s t i l l e d l i q u o r i n d u s t r i e s to a n a p p r o x im a t e 6 0 p e r c e n t c o v e r a g e in th e c o n f e c t i o n e r y - p r o d u c t s a n d n o n a l c h o l i c b e v e r a g e in d u s t r ie s — 50 p e r c e n t a m o n g th e m i s c e l l a n e o u s f o o d
p r o d u c t e s t a b lis h m e n t s . P a r t s o f th e a p p a r e l i n d u s t r i e s l i k e w i s e
w e r e e x t e n s iv e ly c o v e r e d , but th e o v e r a l l p r o p o r t i o n f o r t h is
g r o u p w a s r e d u c e d to s o m e e x t e n t b y u n c o v e r e d s e g m e n t s s u c h
a s s o m e o f th e c o t t o n g a r m e n t i n d u s t r i e s . A lt h o u g h th e p r in t in g
i n d u s t r i e s w e r e h i s t o r i c a l l y a m o n g th e e a r l y o r g a n i z e d in d u s ­
t r i e s , th e y a v e r a g e d , a s a g r o u p , s l ig h t l y l e s s th a n 80 p e r c e n t
c o v e r a g e . T h e h ig h d e g r e e o f c o v e r a g e in th e n e w s p a p e r in d u s t r y
w a s o f f s e t by a lo w e r p r e v a l e n c e o f l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t c o n t r a c t s
in b o o k a n d jo b p r in t in g . *3
5

10
E s t a b lis h m e n t s w e r e c l a s s i f i e d in to in d u s t r y g r o u p s o n
th e b a s i s o f th e S ta n d a r d I n d u s t r ia l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n M a n u a l i s s u e d
b y th e B u r e a u o f th e B u d g e t ( N o v e m b e r 1 9 4 5 ).
T h is m a n u a l
d i v i d e s th e m a n u fa c tu r in g i n d u s t r i e s in t o 21 m a j o r g r o u p s a n d th e
n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s w ith in th e s c o p e o f t h is s u r v e y in to
35 m a jo r g r o u p s .

19

C e r t a i n i n d u s t r i e s , s u c h a s s t e e l, a u t o m o b il e , a i r c r a f t ,
a n d r u b b e r , w e r e a l m o s t c o m p l e t e l y o r g a n iz e d in th e a r e a s s u r ­
veyed.
W h e r e s u c h p la n t s w e r e fo u n d in a r e a s n o t o t h e r w is e
h ig h ly o r g a n i z e d , t h e i r in c l u s io n h a d th e e f f e c t o f i n c r e a s i n g th e
p r o p o r t i o n o f c o v e r a g e s i g n if ic a n t l y . L a r g e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip ­
m e n t c o m p a n i e s in A t la n t a , f o r e x a m p le , a c c o u n t e d f o r a s u b ­
s t a n t ia l p e r c e n t a g e o f t o t a l m a n u fa c t u r in g c o v e r a g e in th a t a r e a .
O n th e o t h e r h a n d , c e r t a i n in d u s t r ie s w ith r e l a t i v e l y lo w c o n t r a c t
c o v e r a g e ( e . g . , t e x t i l e s , n o n a lc o h o li c b e v e r a g e s , d a ir y p r o d u c t s ,
a n d s o m e l u m b e r a n d lu m b e r p r o d u c t s ) w e r e g e n e r a l l y c o v e r e d
b y c o n t r a c t s w h e n fo u n d in s u c h h ig h ly o r g a n iz e d a r e a s a s San
F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d , S t. L o u is , o r D e t r o it .
D e v ia t io n s f r o m th e
u s u a l in d u s t r y p a t t e r n o f c o n t r a c t c o v e r a g e w e r e m o s t n o t ic e a b le
in th e a r e a s w h e r e e m p lo y m e n t in th at in d u s t r y w a s s m a l l .
O f f i c e w o r k e r c o v e r a g e w a s g e n e r a ll y , but n o t a l w a y s ,
th e h ig h e s t in th e s a m e i n d u s t r ie s in w h ic h p la n t w o r k e r c o v e r a g e
w a s a l s o th e g r e a t e s t .
R e l a t i v e ly h ig h o f f i c e w o r k e r c o v e r a g e
( o v e r 20 p e r c e n t ) a m o n g m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s w a s r e p o r t e d
in p r in t in g ( p r i m a r i l y n e w s p a p e r s ) , p e t r o le u m an d c o a l p r o d u c t s ,
e l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y , a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t .
N o n m a n u fa c t u r i n g . — A m o n g th e n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s ­
t r i e s in c l u d e d in th e stu d y w e r e s e v e r a l in w h ic h n o n o f f i c e w o r k e r s
w e r e a l m o s t e n t i r e l y c o v e r e d b y c o n t r a c t s . T h e s e in c l u d e d l o c a l
tr a n s p o r t a tio n , t r u c k in g , w a te r tr a n s p o r ta tio n , c o m m u n ic a tio n s ,
a n d th e g a s a n d e l e c t r i c u t i l i t i e s .
R e l a t i v e ly h ig h c o v e r a g e (80
p e r c e n t o r m o r e ) w a s a l s o r e p o r t e d f o r b u ild in g m a t e r i a l an d
fo o d d e a le r s , r e a l e s t a t e , h o te ls , and p e r s o n a l- s e r v ic e e s t a b lis h ­
m e n t s . . C o v e r a g e in th e o t h e r n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s v a r i e d
c o n s id e r a b ly b y a r e a .
H ig h e s t c o v e r a g e a m o n g o f f i c e w o r k e r s in n o n m a n u fa c ­
t u r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w a s r e p o r t e d f o r c o m m u n ic a t io n s (a b o u t 90
p e r c e n t ) , e l e c t r i c a n d g a s u t i l i t i e s (b e t w e e n 50 an d 60 p e r c e n t ) ,
a n d l o c a l a n d h ig h w a y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n (a b o u t 50 p e r c e n t ) . C o v e r a g e
w a s a l s o r e l a t i v e l y h ig h f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s in h o t e ls a n d th e
m o t io n -p ic tu r e in d u s tr ie s .

V a r ia tio n b y S iz e

o f E s t a b lis h m e n t

F r e q u e n t l y e x p r e s s e d o b s e r v a t i o n s t o th e e f f e c t th a t
l a r g e r p la n t s a r e m o r e o ft e n c o v e r e d b y la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t c o n ­
t r a c t s th a n s m a l l e r e s t a b lis h m e n t s w e r e s u p p o r t e d b y a n a n a l y s i s
o f a g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e b y s i z e o f e s t a b lis h m e n t . T h e d a ta s h o w e d




th a t a m u c h g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f l a r g e f i r m s th a n o f s m a ll f i r m s
h a d l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r i n g a m a jo r i t y o f t h e ir
w o r k e r s . T h e s e p r o p o r t i o n s i n c r e a s e d w ith e a c h s u c c e s s i v e s i z e
g r o u p , f r o m th e s m a l l e s t t o th e l a r g e s t , f o r b o th p la n t an d o f f i c e
w o r k e r s (ta b le 5 ).
O n ly 55 p e r c e n t o f f i r m s w ith 5 1 -1 0 0 e m ­
p l o y e e s h a d l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r i n g t h e ir p la n t
w o r k e r s a n d o n ly 5 p e r c e n t h a d o f f i c e w o r k e r c o n t r a c t s , w h e r e a s
84 p e r c e n t o f th e f i r m s e m p lo y in g o v e r 2 , 5 0 0 w o r k e r s h ad p la n t
c o v e r a g e , a n d 30 p e r c e n t h a d o f f i c e c o v e r a g e . 11
T h e s m a l l e r m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g g r o u p s
r e p o r t e d a b o u t th e s a m e p r o p o r t i o n o f l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t c o n t r a c t
c o v e r a g e f o r p la n t w o r k e r s .
F o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s , h o w e v e r , the
p r o p o r t i o n o f s m a l l e r e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith a g r e e m e n t s w a s g r e a t e r
in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g .
T h is d i v e r g e n c e b e t w e e n th e tw o g r o u p s
i s a t t r ib u t a b le to g r e a t e r h o m o g e n it y o f w h i t e - c o l l a r e m p lo y m e n t
in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g th an in m a n u fa c t u r in g .

J o in t O f f i c e - P l a n t A g r e e m e n t s
T w o - t h i r d s o f th e c o n t r a c t s c o v e r i n g o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e
w ith u n io n s w h ic h a l s o r e p r e s e n t e d p la n t w o r k e r s in th e s a m e
e s t a b lis h m e n t .
T he fr e q u e n c y o f su ch a r r a n g e m e n ts w as about
th e s a m e f o r A F L a n d C IO a f f i l i a t e s ; it w a s s lig h t ly l e s s a m o n g
in d e p e n d e n t u n io n s .
In s o m e a r e a s , n o t a b ly th e S ou th , n e a r ly
a l l o f f i c e - w o r k e r c o v e r a g e w a s b y th e p la n t u n io n .
In th e F a r
W e s t , a b o u t h a lf o f th e o f f i c e - w o r k e r c o n t r a c t s w e r e w ith u n io n s
a l s o c o v e r i n g th e p la n t w o r k e r s .
C o n t r a c t s c o v e r i n g b o th p la n t
a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e s lig h t ly l e s s c o m m o n in m a n u fa c tu r in g
th an in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s .
A b ou t th r e e -fo u r th s
o f th e o f f i c e - w o r k e r c o n t r a c t s in th e p u b li c u t ilit y an d ih e r e t a i l
t r a d e g r o u p w e r e w ith th e s a m e u n io n s w h ic h r e p r e s e n t e d th e
p la n t w o r k e r s .

11
B e c a u s e o f i n t e r a r e a d i f f e r e n c e s in s i z e o f e s t a b l i s h
m e n t s w ith in th e s c o p e o f th e s tu d y , e s t i m a t e s f o r th e v a r io u s
a r e a s in t a b le 4 a r e n ot s t r i c t l y c o m p a r a b l e .
S e e ta b le o n p . 4 ,
f o r d i f f e r e n c e s in c o v e r a g e .
If th e 101 e m p lo y m e n t m in im u m
a d o p t e d f o r m a n u fa c t u r in g , p u b lic u t i l i t i e s , a n d r e t a i l t r a d e in
th e 9 l a r g e s t a r e a s h a d a l s o b e e n a p p lie d in th e 8 s m a l l e r a r e a s ,
e s t i m a t e s o f p l a n t - w o r k e r c o v e r a g e in th e la t t e r a r e a s w o u ld h a v e
b e e n h ig h e r b y l e s s th a n 3 p e r c e n t a g e p o in t s , o n th e a v e r a g e ,
in t h e s e in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s .

T A L L E 4 . — L abor-m an a gem en t-agreem en t coverage:

P e r c e n t o f w o r k e r s in l a r g e - an d m e d i u m - s i z e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s c o v e r e d b y a g r e e m e n t s 1 i n 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s ,

P e r c e n t o f p l a n t w o r k e r s c o v e r e d in—
Area

northeast:
B o s t o n __ __________ ________________
H e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t v ______________

All
in du stries

M anu­
factu ring

'

1953-54

P e r c e n t o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s c o v e r e d in—

|

P u blic
u tilities *

W ho le s a l e
trade

Retail
trade

Services

90+
90+
80-39
80-89

40-49
80-89
70-79
50-59

60-69
?0-29
50-59
50-59

50-59
A
80-89
80-89

10- 19
20-29
10- 19
10-19

20-29
20-29
20-29
20-29

7 0-79
70-79
90+
80-89

30-39
A
A
A

0-9
0-9
A
0-9

A
A
iS
A

20-29
10-19
0-9
0-9

All
industrie s

Manu­
facturing

P u blic
utilities *

W holesale
trade

Retail
trade

70-79
50-59
60-69
60-69

10-19
0-9
0-9
0-9

10-19
20-29
30-39
10-19

0-9
10-19
0-9
0-9

0-9
A
0-9
0-9

(1
2)
0-9
10-19
0-9

40-49
30-39
40-49
20-29

0-9
A
A
is

0-9
0-9
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0-9

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0-9
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0-9

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F i n a n c e ** S e r v i c e s

P h i l a d e l p h i a _______________________

70-79
oO -a v
80-39
80-89

30-09
90+
9 0+
60-39

South:
A t l a n t a __ _________________________
D a l l a s _______________________ _______
M e m p h i s __ ________________________
H e w O r l e a n s _ _________ ___________

4 0-49
40-49
5 0 - 59
40-49

50-59
60-69
7 0-79
60-69

M i d d l e W e st :
C h i c a g o _____________________________
D e t r o i t ______________________________
M i l w a u k e e _ ________ _______________
M i r m e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l ____________
St. L o u i s ___ _______________________

7 0-79
90+
80-89
30-89
90+

7 0-79
9 0+
90+
80-89
90+

90+
90+
90+
90+
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40-49
n.
60-69
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Is
is
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1 0- 19
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10-19
J0-19

10-19
20-29
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10-19

70-79
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0-9
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IS
0-9
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iS
20-29
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0-9
0-9
s*
0-9
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F a r W e st :
D e n v e r ______________________________
L o s A n g e l e s ___ ___________ _____ _
P o r t l a n d __________________ _______
San F r a n c i s c o - Q a k l a n d __________

60-69
7 0-79
80-39
90+

70-79
70-79
8 0 - o9
90+

90+
90+
90+
90+

A
7 0-79

30-39
A
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is

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20-29
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10-19

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20-29
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1 0- 19

0-9
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A
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10-19
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0-9
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0-9

90+

A
*
A
30-39
is

1 E s t i m a t e s r e l a t e t o a l l w o r k e r s (p la nt o r o f f i c e ) e m p l o y e d in an e s t a b l i s h m e n t h a v i n g a c o n t r a c t in e f f e c t c o v e r i n g a m a j o r i t y o f th e w o r k e r s in t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e c a t e g o r y .
T h e e s t i m a t e s s o o b t a i n e d a r e not n e c e s s a r i l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the e x t e n t t o w h i c h a l l w o r k e r s in the a r e a m a y be c o v e r e d by th e p r o v i s i o n s o f the l a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e ­
m e n t s o w i n g t o the e x c l u s i o n o f s m a l l e r - s i z e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . C o v e r a g e w a s l i m i t e d to e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w it h 51 o r m o r e e m p l o y e e s e x c e p t in t h e 9 l a r g e s t a r e a s w h e r e th e rninirnurr;
s i z e w a s 101 e m p l o y e e s in m a n u f a c t u r i n g , p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s , and r e t a i l t r a d e .
2 A n e s t i m a t e o f o v e r 4 0 » p e r c e n t c o v e r a g e o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s i n the A t l a n t a a r e a r e f l e c t s m a i n l y s u c h c o v e r a g e in o n e l a r g e e s t a b l i s h m e n t .
I n s u f f i c i e n t c o v e r a g e to w a r r a n t s e p a r a t e p r e s e n t a t i o n .
- T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( e x c l u d i n g r a i l r o a d s ) , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , and o t h e r p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s .
' ■ F i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , an d r e a l e s t a t e .




•




T A B L E 5 . — L a b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e b y s i z e o f e s t a b l is h m e n t : P e r c e n t o f e s t a b l is h m e n t s h a v in g
a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r in g a m a j o r i t y o f t h e i r p la n t o r o f f i c e e m p l o y e e s , 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s c o m b in e d , 1 9 7 3 -5 4
P e r c e n t h a v in g a g r e e m e n t s c o v e r i n g m a j o r i t y o f — P la n t w o r k e r s

S iz e o f e s t a b lis h m e n t

A l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . ......... .

..... .............

51 an d u n d e r 100 e m p l o y e e s 1_________
101 and u n d e r 2 5 0 e m p l o y e e s _________
251 an d u n d e r 500 e m p l o y e e s _______ __
501 and u n d e r 1, 000 e m p l o y e e s .. _ ...
1, 001 an d u n d e r 2, 500 e m p l o y e e s ___
2 ,5 0 1 e m p l o y e e s and o v e r _____________

1 E x c lu d e s
9 la r g e s t a r e a s .

A ll
i n d u s t r ie s

M anu­
fa c tu rin g

67

74

55
69
74
78
79
84

55
74
80
82
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90

e m p lo y m e n t in m a n u f a c t u r in g ,

O ffic e w o r k e r s
i\ on n a n u fa c tu rin g

p u b li c u t i l i t i e s , and

A ll
I n d u s t r ie s

M anu­
fa c tu rin g

lio n m a n u ­
fa c tu r in g

61

7

4

0

56
63
65
70
70
74

b
6
7
13
16
30

1
3
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6
9
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r e t a il tr a d e d iv is io n s

in t h is s i z e g r o u p in th e




23

Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans
M o s t w o r k e r s in th e 17 m a j o r la b o r m a r k e t a r e a s s u r ­
v e y e d b y th e B u r e a u d u r in g the w in t e r o f 1 9 5 3 -5 4 w e r e c o v e r e d
b y o n e o r m o r e t y p e s o f p r iv a t e h e a lt h , i n s u r a n c e , o r p e n s io n
b e n e f i t s , in a d d it io n to a n y c o v e r a g e a f f o r d e d u n d e r s t a t u t o r y
program s.
T h e t y p e s o f b e n e f it s s tu d ie d in c l u d e d r e t i r e m e n t
p l a n s , l i f e i n s u r a n c e , ‘a c c i d e n t a l d e a th an d d is m e m b e r m e n t , s i c k ­
n e s s an d a c c i d e n t , h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n , s u r g i c a l , m e d i c a l , a n d c a t a s ­
t r o p h e i n s u r a n c e , a s w e ll a s s i c k - l e a v e a r r a n g e m e n t s .
O n ly
a b o u t 5 p e r c e n t o f th e a p p r o x im a t e ly 6 m i l l i o n p la n t a n d o f f i c e
w o r k e r s in th e i n d u s t r i e s an d e s t a b lis h m e n t s s t u d ie d w e r e n o t
c o v e r e d b y a n y ty p e o f p r iv a t e h e a lt h , i n s u r a n c e , o r p e n s io n
a rra n gem en ts. 1
O n th e w h o l e , th e 1 9 5 3 -5 4 s u r v e y o f t h e s e l a r g e l a b o r
m a r k e t s in d i c a t e s a c o n t in u e d e x t e n s io n o f t h e s e ty p e s o f b e n e ­
f i t s to l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f b o t h p la n t and o f f i c e w o r k e r s .
A l­
th o u g h p r e c i s e c o m p a r i s o n s w ith e a r l i e r l a b o r m a r k e t s t u d ie s
a r e l i m i t e d b e c a u s e o f d i f f e r e n c e s in s c o p e , it is e v id e n t th at
d u r in g th e p a s t 2 y e a r s in s u r a n c e and p e n s io n p r o t e c t i o n h a s
b e e n m a d e a v a i l a b l e f o r the f i r s t tim e to s u b s t a n t ia l n u m b e r s o f
w o r k e r s , w h ile f o r m a n y o t h e r s th e n u m b e r o r ty p e s o f b e n e fit s
a v a ila b le h a v e b e e n in c r e a s e d .
E x te n t o f C o v e r a g e
A b o u t 9 o u t o f e v e r y 10 p la n t and o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e
c o v e r e d b y l i f e i n s u r a n c e p o l i c i e s p a id f o r in p a r t o r in w h o le
b y e m p lo y e r c o n tr ib u tio n s .
(S e e ta b le 6 .)
H o s p it a l i n s u r a n c e
w a s a v a i l a b l e to a b o u t 8 o f e v e r y 10 w o r k e r s ; f u r t h e r m o r e , a l m o s t
a l l o f t h e s e p la n s a l s o p r o v i d e d f o r d e fr a y in g th e c o s t o f a l l o r
a p o r t i o n o f f e e s f o r s u r g i c a l a t t e n t io n .
A so m e w h a t s m a lle r
p r o p o r t i o n , b u t s t i l l a m a j o r i t y , o f a l l w o r k e r s w e r e l ik e w is e
p r o t e c t e d b y p r o g r a m s p r o v i d in g f o r s i c k n e s s a n d a c c i d e n t i n s u r ­
a n ce and f o r m e d ic a l c a r e .
T h e la t t e r p la n s u s u a lly p r o v i d e d
c o m p le t e o r p a r t ia l p a y m e n t o f d o c t o r s 1 fe e s c h a r g e d e m p lo y e e s
f o r h o m e , o f f i c e , o r i n - h o s p i t a l c a l l s a n d , in s o m e i n s t a n c e s ,
fo r a v a r ie t y o f o th e r s e r v ic e s as w e ll.
A c c i d e n t a l d e a th an d d is m e m b e r m e n t i n s u r a n c e w a s p r o ­
v id e d b y e s t a b l i s h m e n t s e m p lo y in g s lig h t ly l e s s th an h a lf o f a ll
p la n t a n d o f f i c e e m p l o y e e s .
O n ly a fe w (2 p e r c e n t ) w e r e c o v e r e d
b y c a ta stro p h e in s u r a n c e .
T h is r e l a t i v e l y n e w ty p e o f b e n e f i t ,

s o m e t i m e s r e f e r r e d to a s " d i s a s t e r " in s u r a n c e , is d e s ig n e d to
p r o v i d e f in a n c i a l a id to an e m p l o y e e b e s e t w ith a m a jo r m e d i c a l
expense.
T y p i c a l l y , c a t a s t r o p h e i n s u r a n c e i s l i m i t e d to th e p a y ­
m e n t o f a w o r k e r 1s h o s p it a li z a t io n , m e d i c a l , o r s u r g ic a l c o s t s
a b o v e a c e r t a i n m i n im u m m o n e t a r y l e v e l b u t w ith s p e c i f i c l i m i t a ­
t io n s o n th e m a x i m u m a m o u n ts p a y a b l e .
R e t i r e m e n t o r p e n s io n p la n s ( e x c l u s i v e o f t h o s e p r o v i d e d
b y la w ) w e r e a v a i la b le to 6 o f e v e r y 10 w o r k e r s in c lu d e d in the
B u reau * s s u r v e y .
W ith b u t fe w e x c e p t i o n s , the p r o p o r t i o n o f o f f i c e an d o f
p la n t w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y e a c h s p e c i f i c b e n e f i t d id n o t v a r y
g r e a tly .
T h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s n o t e d w e r e f o r p e n s io n
p l a n s , u n d e r w h ic h 71 p e r c e n t o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s an d 56 p e r c e n t
o f p la n t w o r k e r s w e r e c o v e r e d , a n d f o r s i c k n e s s an d a c c id e n t
i n s u r a n c e , w ith 65 p e r c e n t o f p la n t w o r k e r s a n d 45 p e r c e n t o f
o ffic e w o r k e r s u n d er su ch p la n s .
H o w e v e r , a g r e a te r p r o p o r t io n
o f the o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e c o v e r e d b y v a r i o u s t y p e s o f p a id s i c k l e a v e p la n s th a n w a s th e c a s e f o r th e p la n t w o r k e r s .
S in c e s i c k l e a v e a r r a n g e m e n t s an d s i c k n e s s a n d a c c i d e n t in s u r a n c e w e r e
s e l d o m fo u n d in th e s a m e e s t a b l i s h m e n t , a c o m b i n a t io n o f t h e s e
tw o k in d s o f b e n e f i t s i n d ic a t e s th a t, o n th e w h o l e , th e g r e a t m a ­
j o r i t y o f b o t h p la n t a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e a f f o r d e d o n e o r the
o th e r o f th e s e b e n e fit s .
S o m e v a r i a t i o n in th e p r o p o r t i o n o f w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y
th e d i f f e r e n t b e n e f it s w a s n o t e d a s b e t w e e n m a n u fa c t u r in g an d n o n ­
m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s .
In m o s t i n s t a n c e s ,
c o v e r a g e w as
g r e a t e r .in m a n u fa c t u r in g th a n in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s .
T h is w a s t r u e f o r b o t h o f f i c e an d p la n t w o r k e r s in the c a s e o f
l i f e 'i n s u r a n c e , a c c i d e n t a l d e a th an d d i s m e m b e r m e n t , s i c k n e s s an d
a c c id e n t , h o s p it a liz a t io n , s u r g ic a l, and m e d ic a l b e n e fit s .
(S e e
c h a r t 5 .)
P e n s i o n p r o g r a m s a l s o c o v e r e d m o r e p la n t w o r k e r s
in m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r i e s th an in n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g , a lth o u g h
f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s th e r e v e r s e w a s t r u e . R e l a t i v e l y g r e a t e r n u m ­
b e r s o f n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g e m p l o y e e s w e r e c o v e r e d b y c a t a s t r o p h e
i n s u r a n c e , b u t th e p r o p o r t i o n in b o t h g r o u p s w a s v e r y s m a l l .

A r e g i o n a l g r o u p in g o f th e 17 l a b o r m a r k e t a r e a s r e ­
v e a l e d s o m e d i f f e r e n c e s in th e p r o p o r t i o n o f w o r k e r s c o v e r e d
b y th e v a r i o u s b e n e f i t s .
N o s i n g le r e g i o n , h o w e v e r , p r e d o m i ­
n a t e d in th e e x t e n t to w h ic h a l l th e v a r i o u s b e n e f it s w e r e m a d e
12
C o l l e c t i o n o f in f o r m a t io n o n h e a lt h , i n s u r a n c e , a n d p eanv­a i la b le to p la n t o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s .
W ith r e s p e c t to in d iv id u a l
s i o n p la n s w a s l i m i t e d to p la n s u n d e r w h ic h th e e m p l o y e r p a id
t y p e s o f b e n e f i t s , the N o r t h e a s t r e g i o n — B o s t o n , N e w Y o r k C it y ,
a t l e a s t p a r t o f th e c o s t o f fin a n c i n g .
N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y , a n d P h ila d e lp h ia — w as th e h ig h e s t o n ly a s




24

to the p r o p o r t i o n o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y p e n s io n p la n s ,
an d it w a s th e l o w e s t in th e p r o p o r t i o n o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s r e ­
c e iv i n g l i f e i n s u r a n c e an d h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n c o v e r a g e .
W o r k e r s in
the S ou th —-A t la n t a , D a l l a s , M e m p h i s , a n d N e w O r le a n s — w e r e
n o t, a s a r u l e , c o v e r e d to th e s a m e e x te n t a s w e r e th o s e in the
o th e r r e g io n s .
In a n u m b e r o f i n s t a n c e s , h o w e v e r , t h e s e d i f ­
fe r e n c e s w e re s m a ll.
N o p r o n o u n c e d r e g i o n a l c o n c e n t r a t io n o f
c o v e r a g e w a s fo u n d e it h e r f o r th e b e n e f it s m o s t c o m m o n l y p r o ­
v id e d o r f o r t h o s e r e l a t i v e l y l e s s c o m m o n
( e . g . , a c c id e n t a l
d e a th a n d d i s m e m b e r m e n t , s i c k n e s s and a c c i d e n t i n s u r a n c e , and
m e d i c a l c a r e ) . M o r e o v e r , w ith in a g iv e n r e g i o n , c o v e r a g e v a r ie d
c o n s i d e r a b l y a m o n g the in d iv id u a l a r e a s f o r c e r t a i n ty p e s o f b e n e ­
fits .
R e t i r e m e n t p l a n s , f o r e x a m p l e , c o v e r e d 67 p e r c e n t o f the
o f f i c e w o r k e r s in th e S o u th b u t v a r i e d f r o m 52 to 83 p e r c e n t
a m o n g the in d iv id u a l l a b o r m a r k e t s .
N o n c o v e r a g e . — A s in d ic a t e d at th e o u t s e t , a b o u t 5 p e r ­
c e n t o f the w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y th e B u r e a u * s 1 9 5 3 -5 4 s u r v e y s
w e r e e m p lo y e d in e s t a b lis h m e n t s w h ic h r e p o r t e d n o n e o f the b e n e ­
fit s u n d e r s t u d y .
A m o n g the in d iv id u a l a r e a s , the a b s e n c e o f
th e s e b e n e f it s a f f e c t e d r e l a t i v e l y fe w w o r k e r s .
The la r g e s t p r o ­
p o r t io n o f n o n c o v e r a g e w a s fo u n d in th e S ou th ( e x c e p t f o r A tla n ta )
an d in D e n v e r an d P o r t la n d in the F a r W e s t; the s m a l l e s t p r o ­
p o r t io n w a s r e c o r d e d f o r th e f o u r l a b o r m a r k e t s in th e N o r t h e a s t .




F o r the 17 a r e a s c o m b i n e d , a s o m e w h a t l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n o f
p la n t w o r k e r s (5 p e r c e n t ) than o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s (3 p e r c e n t ) w e r e
fo u n d in e s t a b lis h m e n t s w h ic h i n d ic a t e d th e n o n e x i s t e n c e o f a
h e a lt h , i n s u r a n c e , o r p e n s io n p r o g r a m .
M e th o d o f F in a n c in g
A r e v ie w o f the m e t h o d o f fin a n c in g p la n s — l i m i t e d
n cre
to l i f e in s u r a n c e an d p e n s io n p la n s — r e v e a l e d th a t l a r g e s e g m e n t s
o f the w o r k f o r c e w e r e e m p lo y e d b y f i r m s w h ic h p a id a l l th e
fin a n c in g c o s t s .
L i f e in s u r a n c e w a s th u s p r o v i d e d o n a n o n c o n ­
t r i b u t o r y b a s i s to s l ig h t l y m o r e th a n h a lf o f a l l c o v e r e d w o r k e r s .
(S e e c h a r t 6 .) T h r e e - f o u r t h s o f th e w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d b y f i r m s
w ith p e n s io n p la n s w e r e in e s t a b lis h m e n t s r e p o r t i n g n o n c o n t r i b u ­
t o r y p la n s .
E m p lo y e r fin a n c in g o f l i f e i n s u r a n c e a n d o f p e n s io n s
w a s r e l a t i v e l y m o r e p r e v a le n t f o r p la n t w o r k e r s th an f o r o f f i c e
w ork ers.
A s sh o w n in ta b le 7, th e e x t e n t to w h ic h in s u r a n c e
a n d p e n s io n p la n s w e r e n o n c o n t r i b u t o r y v a r i e d g r e a t l y a m o n g th e
a r e a s . L i f e in s u r a n c e p la n s in D e t r o i t , f o r e x a m p l e , w e r e l a r g e l y
o f the c o n t r ib u t o r y ty p e — in c o n t r a s t to p e n s io n p la n s w h ic h w e r e
g e n e r a lly n o n c o n trib u to r y .
T h e f o u r a r e a s w ith h ig h e s t n o n c o n ­
t r i b u t o r y l i f e in s u r a n c e c o v e r a g e f o r b o t h p la n t a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s
w e r e P h ila d e lp h ia , N ew Y o r k C i t y , M i n n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l , a n d
San F r a n c is c o -O a k la n d .

25
Chart 6 . PERCENT OF ALL WORKERS EMPLOYED

Chart 5. PERCENT OF WORKERS EMPLOYED IN ESTABLISHMENTS PROVIDING

IN ESTABLISHMENTS PROVIDING BENEFITS

BENEFITS BY MAJOR INDUSTRY DIVISION AND TYPE OF WORKER

BY TYPE OF FINANCING

17 Labor Markets

| M A N U F A C T U R IN G |
Percent
100
f

80
1

60
1

40
1




17 Labor Markets

| W O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G
20
1

0

0

1

\

20
l

40
l

60
l

80
1

Percent
100
1

| SICK LEAVE |

Partial Pay

| INSURANCE |

N ON MANUFACTURING
Office
Plant
Worker under noncontributory pla
U M IEL' STATE!! DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF IABOR STATISTICS

y j Worker under contributory plans

26
T A B L E 6 .— H e a lth , in s u r a n c e , and pen sion p la n s: P e r c e n t of o ffice and plan t w o r k e r s em ployed in e sta b lish m e n ts w ith f o r m a l p r o v is io n s
o th e r than le g a lly r e q u ire d , by type of p lan , in 17 la b o r m a r k e ts , 1953-54
In su ra n c e p lan s
A re a

L if e

A c c id e n ta l
death and
d is m e m ­
b e rm e n t

S ic k n e s s
and
a cc id e n t

•H ospital­
iz a tio n

S u r g ic a l

C ata s­
trophe

M e d ic a l

IvctirG **
m ent
pension
plan

S ic k le a v e
F u l l 'pay
and no
w aiting
p e rio d

p lan s
P a r t ia l
p ay o r
w aitin g
p e rio d

No h e a lth ,
in s u r a n c e ,
o r p e n sio n
p lan

89

44

60

79

75

53

2

60

21

8

5

O ffic e w o r k e r s (17 a r e a s ) .^

91

40

45

73

70

48

5

71 ‘

44

7

3

N o rth e ast
__
__
B o sto n _
_
____
N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y ___ ______
New Y o r k C it y — ...
....
P h ila d e lp h ia

90
89
88
90
91

37
42
31
38
34

49
50
60
47
48

68
77
71
68
62

65
75
70
65
53

40
29
51
44
26

5
4
1
7
1

75
76
77
74
74

44
48
44
43
42

3
4
3
4
2

2
2
1
2
2

South
~
. . . . __
__________
A tla n ta —
D a lla s
..
M em p h is __ _ __ „
__
New O r le a n s _______ __________ _____

92
97
91
87
90

29
33
17
44
32

32
42
23
40
28

70
79
69
79
52

60
75
51
77
39

31
45
17
60
14

5
8
4
1
2

67
83
66
52
52

28
32
29
29
20

12
12
12
14
11

4
1
6
6
7

M iddle W est .
_________ __
C hicag o . .
... ________
D e tro it _
— —
M ilw au kee ---M in n e a p o lis-S t. P a u l
____
S t. L o u is __
______

91
90
92
92
88
90

41
38
44
51
38
45

50
44
62
68
44
47

76
72
84
88
73
73

74
69
82
87
70
70

56
49
69
65
51
58

3
6
(M
2
1
1

70
69
73
79
68
64

39
32
55
37
41
38

12
15
13
5
4
8

5
6
3
2
8
4

F a r W e s t ............. .
D e n v e r __________________ ___________
L o s A n g e le s __
P o rtla n d —
San F r a n c is c o - O a k la n d _______

94
79
96
80
95

49
20
60
32
37

33
23
34
43
30

78
51
86
65
72

78
50
86
65
71

60
38
66
58
54

9
1
8
5
13

64
54
65
71
66

55
46
63
41
44

5
9
4
3
6

3
13
1
11
2

P la n t w o r k e r s (17 a r e a s ) ___

89

45

65

80

76

55

2

56

14

9

5

89
84
89
92
89

42
45
42
42
39

69
75
57
67
76

79
71
83
83
76

75
67
80
79
70

45
31
52
48
43

60
48
63
61
62

15
12
12
19
13

9
9
10
11
5

3
4
3
3
4

81
91
83
74
74

31
42
24
39
21

44
52
37
45
44

63
76
65
64
45

57
73
54
60
39

26
39
13
44
14

44
56
50
36
30

11
16
8
14
6

10
11
7
14
10

14
6
12
18
22

M iddle W est ______________________ _____
C h icag o
..
D e tro it
____
M ilw au ke e
______
M in n e a p o lis-S t. P a u l
S t . L o u is

90
86
95
89
87
90

49
40
54
51
53
59

77
72
86
77
69
75

84
81
88
89
77
83

79
73
87
86
75
78

61
50
76
65
48
65

61
55
76
66
47
51

7
6
7
4
16
6

9
14
1
8
12
10

4
5
2
4
6
7

> a r W est
_
.
Denver .
L o s A n g l e s _.... _
P o rtla n d
San F r a n c is c o - O a k la n d

87
70
92
71
86

50
25
59
35
41

36
39
36
46
32

81
49
88
65
78

80
46
87
65
78

69
40
74
61
69

1
1
(l )
1
(l >
1
3
2
<;>
<l )
i
2
(l >
1
1
(l )
4
(*)
4
3
9

43
37
43
44
43

28
16
37
6
19

10
18
7
9
14

6
21
3
19
5

A ll w o rk e rs

— — --------

N o r t h e a s t __ __
B o sto n _ __
N e w a r k - J e r s e y C it y .
New Y o r k C it y _
P h ila d e lp h ia _
______
South . ____
A tlanta
D a lla s
M em p h is ---New O r le a n s

r

__

L e s s than 0 .5 p e rce n t,




•

27

T A B L E 7 . — M ethod of financing life in su ran ce and p e n sio n s: P e rc e n t of office and plant w o rk e rs em ployed in esta b lish m en ts w ith life in su ra n c e
and re tire m e n t pension p lan s and p e rc e n t c o v e re d by n o n co n trib u to ry p la n s, 17 la b o r m a r k e t s , 1953-54
L if e in su ra n c e

R e tire m e n t pen sion

O ffice w o rk e rs

A rea

P la n t w o rk e rs

O ffice w o rk e rs

P la n t w o rk e rs

A ll p lan s

N o n co n tri­
bu tory
plan s

A ll p lan s

N o n co n tri­
b u tory
plan s

46
45
49
57

84
89
92
89

41
51
72
61

76
77
74
74

39
54
45
54

48
63
61

97
91
87
90

36
36
34
32

91
83
74
74

33
22
31
30

83
6:
52
52

61
30
30
25

56
50
36
30

46
24
25

M id d le W est:
C h icag o
__
__
---D e tro it _
__
---M ilw au ke e _
M in n e a p o lis - S t. P a u l ------- —
S t. L o u is __ __

90
92
92
88
90

37
26
35
48
37

86
95
89
87
90

43
26
33
57
45

69
73
79
68
64

38
60
59
40
36

55
76
66
47
51

41
65
56
37
38

F a r W est:
Denver _
_
___ ____
L o s A n g e le s
---__
P o r t la n d _____ __
__
San F r a n c is c o - O a k la n d

79
96
80
95

40
46
36
51

70
92
71
86

33
43
40
60

54
65
71
66

33
43
35
34

37
43
44
43

A ll plans

N o n co n tri­
butory
plan s

N o rth e a st:
B o sto n
---- __
N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y __________ ,________
New Y o r k C it y
__
__ __
P h ila d e lp h ia

89
88
90
91

South:
A tla n ta ____ __
__
__
__ ___
D a l l a s ________
__
____
M e m p h is
— __ ____
____ __
New O r l e a n s ___
____
______ _




_
__ __

A ll plans

62

N o n co n tri­
butory
plans

29
44

54
49

20

19
30
24

26




29

T y p e s o f W a g e P a y m e n t P la n s

M a j o r f a c t o r s in the w id e s p r e a d ‘ ‘f o r m a l i z a t i o n ” o f w a g e
p a y m e n t p la n s h a v e b e e n the i n c r e a s i n g s p e c i a l i z a t i o n w ith in the
w o r k f o r c e , th e g r o w t h o f la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t - a g r e e m e n t c o v e r a g e ,
a n d th e e f f e c t s o f tw o r e c e n t p e r i o d s o f G o v e r n m e n t s t a b iliz a t i o n
o r r e g u la t io n o f w a g e r a t e s .
A s r e f e r r e d to in th is r e p o r t , f o r ­
m a l w a g e p la n s a r e t h o s e p r o v id in g a s in g le r a t e o r a r a t e r a n g e
f o r e a c h j o b c a t e g o r y in an e s t a b lis h m e n t .
O f the m o r e th an 6 m i l l i o n p la n t and o f f i c e w o r k e r s w ith in
the s c o p e o f th e B u r e a u 's c o m m u n it y w a g e s t u d ie s in the 17 l a b o r
m a r k e t s , w e ll in e x c e s s o f 5 m i l l i o n w e r e e m p lo y e d in e s t a b l i s h ­
m e n t s w ith f o r m a l w a g e s t r u c t u r e s .
P a y r a t e s f o r f u lly a fo u r t h
o f the o f f i c e w o r k e r s a n d p e r h a p s a ten th o f the p la n t w o r k e r s
w e r e , n e v e r t h e l e s s , d e t e r m i n e d p r i m a r i l y w ith r e f e r e n c e to the
q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f the in d iv id u a l w o r k e r .
S u ch p e r s o n a l i z e d r a t e s
w e r e m o s t c o m m o n in s m a l l e r o r g a n iz a t i o n s w h e r e o c c u p a t io n a l
a l ig n m e n t s w e r e n o t r i g i d .
T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s i n g l e - r a t e and r a t e - r a n g e p la n s in
in d u s t r y g e n e r a l l y a n d o f in c e n t i v e w a g e s y s t e m s in m a n u fa c t u r in g
in d u s tr ie s is s u m m a r iz e d b e lo w .
A l im it e d a m o u n t o f d a ta is
l i k e w i s e p r o v i d e d r e la t in g to l a b o r - g r a d e s y s t e m s an d to w a g e a d ju s t m e n t p r o v i s i o n s .
S o m e w h a t g r e a t e r d e t a il i s p r o v i d e d in
the b u ll e t in d e s c r i b e d in the a p p e n d ix o n p a g e 4 3 .
S in g le -R a te

and R a te -R a n g e S tru c tu re s

F o r m a l i z e d w a g e s y s t e m s w ith s in g le r a t e s o r r a te r a n g e s
e s t a b l i s h e d f o r e a c h j o b a p p lie d to a m a jo r i t y o f the p la n t w o r k e r s
p a id o n a t im e b a s i s 13 in a ll 17 a r e a s s u r v e y e d (ta b le 8 ).
In
o v e r h a lf ,o f t h e s e a r e a s , n in e -t e n t h s o r m o r e o f t h e s e w o r k e r s
w e r e c o v e r e d b y s u c h p la n s .
T h e p r o p o r t i o n u n d e r f o r m a l p la n s
r a n g e d f r o m a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f the p la n t w o r k e r s in
D a ll a s a n d M e m p h is to n e a r l y a l l p la n t w o r k e r s in W e s t C o a s t
areas.
In 13 o f th e a r e a s s t u d ie d , f o r m a l p la n s c o v e r e d b e t w e e n
t w o - t h i r d s a n d f o u r - f i f t h s o f the o f f i c e w o r k e r s ; in the r e m a in in g
a r e a s a p p r o x im a te ly th r e e -fifth s
w e r e u n d e r f o r m a l p la n s in
M i n n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l , N e w Y o r k C ity , an d N e w O r l e a n s , a n d
s l ig h t l y l e s s th an h a lf w e r e u n d e r f o r m a l p la n s in M e m p h is
(ta b le 9 ).

the o t h e r b r o a d in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s s t u d ie d .
In th is d iv is io n , f o r ­
m a l p la n s a p p lie d to m o r e than f o u r - f i f t h s o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s
in a ll a r e a s e x c e p t M e m p h is an d P o r t la n d , w h e r e the p r o p o r t io n
w a s s l ig h t l y l o w e r , a n d to m o r e than n in e -t e n t h s o f the p la n t
w o r k e r s in a l l a r e a s .
M a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s h ad the s e c o n d
h ig h e s t p r o p o r t i o n o f p la n t w o r k e r s u n d e r f o r m a l p la n s in m o s t
o f th e a r e a s , w ith 13 a r e a s h a v in g s u c h p la n s a p p ly in g to n in e te n th s o r m o r e o f the p la n t w o r k e r s .
F o r o ffic e w o rk e r s, h ow ­
e v e r , a n u m b e r o f a r e a s h a d h ig h e r p r o p o r t i o n s c o v e r e d b y f o r ­
m a l p la n s in t r a d e an d fin a n c e than in m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r ie s .
C o m p a r is o n s b e t w e e n m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s ­
t r y d i v i s i o n s o t h e r th an p u b lic u t i l i t i e s w e r e l i m i t e d b e c a u s e o f
in s u f f i c i e n t c o v e r a g e in s o m e d i v i s i o n s in a n u m b e r o f a r e a s .
F o r m a l p la n s c o v e r i n g o f f i c e d e p a r t m e n t s t y p ic a l ly p r o ­
v id e d a r a n g e o f r a t e s f o r e a c h jo b c l a s s i f i c a t i o n .
P la n s w ith
s in g le r a t e s f o r o f f i c e j o b s in m o s t a r e a s a p p lie d to n o t m o r e
than o n e o r tw o p e r c e n t o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s .
In p la n t d e p a r t ­
m e n t s , h o w e v e r , p la n s p r o v i d in g f o r a r a n g e o f r a t e s w e r e p r e ­
d o m in a n t in o n ly f iv e o f th e a r e a s .
S i n g l e - r a t e p la n s a p p lie d to
a p p r o x i m a t e l y f o u r - f i f t h s o f th e p la n t w o r k e r s in D e t r o it , P o r t ­
la n d , a n d S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d , a n d to a t h ir d o r m o r e in a ll
o t h e r a r e a s e x c e p t D a l l a s , w h e r e s u c h p la n s a p p lie d
o n ly to a
s e v e n t h o f the p la n t w o r k e r s .
A m o n g m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s , b o t h s i n g l e - r a t e an d
r a t e - r a n g e p la n s w e r e f a i r l y c o m m o n in m o s t a r e a s , w ith s i n g l e r a t e p la n s a p p ly in g to a m a j o r i t y o f th e p la n t w o r k e r s u n d e r f o r ­
m a l p la n s in 10 a r e a s .
In e a c h o f f o u r a r e a s — D e t r o it , N ew
O r l e a n s , P o r t l a n d , an d San F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d — s i n g l e - r a t e p la n s
w e r e c l e a r l y the p r e d o m in a n t ty p e o f w a g e p a y m e n t p la n .
P la n t
w o r k e r s in p u b lic u t i l i t i e s w e r e m o s t c o m m o n l y e m p lo y e d u n d e r
r a t e -r a n g e p la n s .
S i n g l e - r a t e p la n s p r e d o m in a t e d in s e r v i c e i n ­
d u s t r ie s .
T h e t r a d e in d u s t r ie s e m p lo y e d m a in ly s in g le r a t e s in
s o m e a r e a s , a s o n the W e s t C o a s t , a n d r a t e r a n g e s in o t h e r s .
L a b o r-G r a d e

P la n s

V a r i o u s p r o c e d u r e s w e r e f o l l o w e d b y e s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith
f o r m a l w a g e p la n s in d e t e r m in in g r a t e s f o r in d iv id u a l j o b s . U n d er
m a n y p la n s , the in d iv id u a l j o b s w e r e c l a s s i f i e d in to a s e r i e s o f
P u b l i c u t i l i t i e s h a d h ig h e r p r o p o r t io n s o f b o t h o f f i c e an d
ra te ste p s o r la b o r g r a d e s .
D e p e n d in g u p o n th e ty p e o f r a te
p la n t w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d u n d e r f o r m a l p la n s than w a s th e c a s e in
p la n , a s i n g le r a te o r r a t e r a n g e w a s e s t a b l i s h e d f o r e a c h la b o r
g r a d e a n d the r a t e a p p ly in g to a p a r t i c u l a r jo b w a s d e t e r m in e d
b y the l a b o r - g r a d e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n to w h ic h it w a s a s s i g n e d .
13
P la n t w o r k e r s p a id on an in c e n t iv e b a s i s w e r e s t u d ie d
s e p a r a t e l y in e a c h e s t a b lis h m e n t an d o m it t e d f r o m t a b u la tio n s
A m o n g a ll e s t a b lis h m e n t s s t u d ie d in th e 17 a r e a s , a
r e la t in g to f o r m a l p la n s c o v e r i n g tim e w o r k e r s .
s ix t h h a d l a b o r - g r a d e s y s t e m s a p p ly in g to j o b s in o f f i c e s an d a




30

ten th to j o b s in p la n t d e p a r t m e n t s .
E s t a b lis h m e n t s w ith s u c h
s y s t e m s w e r e fo u n d in a l l a r e a s a n d in c l u d e d b o t h m a n u fa c t u r in g
a n d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s .
T h e p r o p o r t io n o f m a n u fa c tu r ­
in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a v in g l a b o r - g r a d e s y s t e m s w a s a b o u t the
s a m e f o r b o th o f f i c e a n d p la n t j o b s , e a c h r e p r e s e n t in g a b o u t a
s ix t h o f the e s t a b lis h m e n t s s t u d ie d .
In m a n y o f t h e s e e s t a b l i s h ­
m e n ts the l a b o r - g r a d e p la n w a s a p p lic a b le e it h e r to the p la n t o r
the o f f i c e j o b s ; h o w e v e r , a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n o f the e s t a b lis h m e n t s
h a d l a b o r - g r a d e p la n s a p p lic a b le to b o t h o f f i c e a n d p la n t j o b s .
A lth o u g h m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s r e p o r t in g l a b o r g r a d e p la n s r e p r e s e n t e d a w id e v a r i e t y o f i n d u s t r i e s , s u c h p la n s
w e r e m o s t c o m m o n in m e t a lw o r k in g i n d u s t r i e s .
The num ber of
g r a d e s p r o v i d e d u n d e r t h e s e p la n s v a r i e d w i d e l y b e c a u s e o f s u c h
f a c t o r s a s d i f f e r e n c e s in p r o c e d u r e s a n d in j o b r e q u i r e m e n t s o f
in d iv id u a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s .
C o s t - O f - L i v i n g a n d A n n u a l I m p r o v e m e n t A d ju s t m e n t s
D e s p it e t h e ir p r e v a l e n c e in s e v e r a l l a r g e i n d u s t r i e s ,
p r o v i s i o n s f o r a u t o m a t ic c o s t - o f - l i v i n g a d ju s t m e n t o f w a g e s a m o n g
the e s t a b lis h m e n t s s t u d ie d w e r e r e l a t i v e l y in f r e q u e n t .
A m ong
m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , th e s e p r o v i s i o n s a p p lie d to p la n t
w o r k e r s in a s e v e n th o f the e s t a b lis h m e n t s a n d to o f f i c e w o r k e r s
in a te n th .
E v e n f e w e r ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y h a lf) o f t h e s e e s t a b l i s h ­
m e n ts a l s o h a d p r o v i s i o n s f o r a n n u a l i m p r o v e m e n t (p r o d u c t i v it y )
w a g e a d ju s t m e n t s .
A l o w e r p r o p o r t i o n o f n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g than
m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a d c o s t - o f - l i v i n g a n d a n n u a l i m ­
p rov em en t p r o v is io n s .
A lth o u g h t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s o c c u r r e d i n ­
f r e q u e n t ly , th e y te n d e d to b e m o r e p r e v a l e n t in th e l a r g e r m a n u ­
fa c t u r in g a n d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s .
A s a r e s u lt,
th e y a p p lie d to m o r e w o r k e r s than i s in d ic a t e d b y t h e ir p r e v a ­
le n c e in the e s t a b lis h m e n t s s t u d ie d .
In c e n tiv e

W age S y s te m s

P r o p o r t i o n s o f p la n t w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g in c e n t i v e p a y ­
m e n ts u n d e r w a g e p la n s in m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s v a r i e d b y
a r e a , r a n g in g f r o m a p p r o x i m a t e l y a ten th in D e t r o i t , D a l l a s ,
P o r t la n d , a n d S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d to a b o u t t w o - f i f t h s in M i l ­
w a u k ee a n d P h ila d e lp h ia (t a b le 1 0 ).
W ith f e w e x c e p t i o n s , o f
w h ich the m o s t n o t a b le w a s D e t r o i t , p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s o n




in c e n t i v e w e r e l o w e r in th e F a r W e s t
e a s t an d M id d le W e s t a r e a s .

a n d S o u th th an in N o r t h ­

I n c e n tiv e w a g e p la n s in m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r i e s w e r e o f
tw o m a in t y p e s ; th o s e c o m m o n l y k n o w n a s p i e c e - r a t e p la n s in
w h ic h p a y m e n ts w e r e m a d e in d i r e c t p r o p o r t i o n to t o t a l u n its
p r o d u c e d a n d p r o d u c t i o n b o n u s p la n s w h ic h p r o v i d e d f o r e x t r a
p a y m e n t s to in d iv id u a ls o r g r o u p s o f w o r k e r s f o r p r o d u c t i o n in
e x c e s s o f a q u ota o r f o r c o m p l e t i o n o f a j o b in l e s s th an s t a n d a r d
tim e .
H ig h e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f in c e n t i v e w o r k e r s w e r e p a id p i e c e
r a t e s than p r o d u c t i o n b o n u s e s in a l l th e S o u t h e r n a n d F a r W e s t e r n
areas.
E x c e p t f o r N ew Y o r k C it y a n d P h i l a d e l p h i a , w h e r e w e ll
o v e r h a lf th e in c e n t iv e w o r k e r s w e r e o n p i e c e r a t e s , b o t h t y p e s
o f p la n s c o v e r e d a p p r o x im a t e ly e q u a l p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s in
N o r t h e a s t e r n and M id d le W e s t e r n a r e a s .

V a r i a t i o n s a m o n g a r e a s in p r e v a l e n c e a n d ty p e o f i n c e n ­
t iv e w a g e p la n w e r e t r a c e a b le to s o m e e x t e n t to in d u s t r y d i f ­
f e r e n c e s a m o n g the a r e a s .
U s e o f in c e n t i v e m e t h o d s o f p a y w a s
m o r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f s o m e m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s th an o t h e r s .
F o r e x a m p l e , the h ig h p r o p o r t i o n o f i n c e n t i v e w o r k e r s , u s u a ll y
u n d e r p i e c e - r a t e p la n s , in a p p a r e l a n d t e x t i l e in d u s t r i e s w a s r e ­
f l e c t e d in N e w Y o r k C ity a n d to a l e s s e r e x t e n t in P h ila d e lp h ia
and B o s to n .
In c o n t r a s t , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e q u ip m e n t m a n u fa c t u r in g
i n d u s t r ie s s u c h a s the a u t o m o b il e i n d u s t r y r a r e l y h a d in c e n t i v e
p la n s , w h ic h a c c o u n t e d f o r the l o w i n c i d e n c e o f s u c h p la n s in
D e tr o it.
In o t h e r m e t a lw o r k in g i n d u s t r i e s , b o t h p i e c e - r a t e a n d
b o n u s p la n s w e r e f a i r l y c o m m o n .
T h e s e in d u s tr ie s w e r e p r e v ­
a le n t in a n u m b e r o f E a s t e r n a n d M id d le W e s t e r n a r e a s a n d a c ­
c o u n t e d f o r s u b s ta n t ia l p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s u n d e r b o t h t y p e s
o f in c e n t i v e p la n s in th e s e a r e a s .
T h is w a s p a r t i c u l a r l y e v id e n t
in M ilw a u k e e w h e r e th e s e i n d u s t r i e s a c c o u n t f o r a h ig h p r o p o r ­
tio n o f the m a n u fa c tu r in g e m p lo y m e n t .
In n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s , in c e n t i v e w a g e p la n s
p r i m a r i l y r e la t e d to c o m m i s s i o n p a y m e n t s in t r a d e an d t r a n s p o r ­
ta tio n in d u s t r i e s .
O th e r ty p e s o f i n c e n t i v e p a y m e n t s w e r e p r o ­
v id e d m a in ly in s e r v i c e in d u s t r i e s ; e . g . p r e s s e r s in la u n d r ie s
a n d m e c h a n ic s * in r e p a i r s h o p s f r e q u e n t l y w e r e p a id u n d e r p i e c e r a t e o r b o n u s p la n s .

31

T A B L E 8 . — W a g e s t r u c t u r e f o r p la n t w o r k e r s : P e r c e n t o f t i m e - r a t e d p la n t w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y f o r m a l
w a g e p la n s in 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s , b y i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n a n d ty p e o f w a g e s t r u c t u r e , 1 9 5 3 -5 4
A ll
in d u s t r ie s 1

L a b or m arket

P u b li c
u t ilit ie s *

M a n u fa c t u r in g

W h o l e s a le
tra d e

R e ta il
tra d e

S e r v ic e s

S in g le
ra te

R a te
ran ge

S in g le
ra te

31
49
39
54

54
43
41
34

37
52
41
56

57
43
32
34

24
18
9
55

76
81
90
45

18
56
45
43

52
39
33
31

10
53
30
39

49
14
41
40

58
A
61
71

21
A
21
8

S ou th :
A t la n t a __
__
__ __ „
______
D a ll a s
__
__
__ _____ _
M e m p h is
___ _____ _____
N e w O r l e a n s ___________ ________________

33
15
37
57

50
59
37
26

44
20
47
73

47
63
38
16

26
29
41
49

72
62
55
48

14
A
A
A

60
A
A
A

5
0
A
30

55
48
A
34

A
A
A
A

A
A
A
A

M id d le W e s t :
C h ic a g o ----------D e tr o it _
__ __
___
M ilw a u k e e _
__ ___ __
M in n e a p o lis -S t . P a u l
___
S t. L o u i s __
__
___ __

39
77
43
46
55

50
16
48
47
40

35
86
45
44
54

55
11
49
51
44

36
26
40
43
61

64
70
60
57
39

44
50
A
63
47

35
50
A
31
47

28
22
A
39
A

52
39
A
43
A

79
42
A
A

8
6
A
A
A

F a r W est:
D enver
___
__ __
L o s A n g e le s
P o r tla n d
—
_______
S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d _____________ _

53
44
79
81

36
55
19
19

58
37
92
97

36
61
6
3

56
31
52
32

44
69
48
68

A
67
A
89

A
31
A
11

42
A
51
75

35
A
47
25

A
83
A
A

A
12
A
A

N o rth e a s t:
B o sto n _
—
N e w a r k - J e r s e y C it y _
N e w Y o r k C i t y __
P h il a d e l p h i a
—

1
*
A

__
„ __
— __ __
___ __
— ___ —

R a te
ran ge

I n c lu d e s d a ta f o r r e a l e s t a t e in a d d it io n to in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y .
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( e x c lu d in g r a i l r o a d s ) , c o m m u n ic a t i o n , a n d o t h e r p u b li c u t i l i t i e s .
In s u ffic ie n t c o v e r a g e to w a rra n t s e p a r a te p r e s e n ta tio n .




S in g le
ra te

R a te
range

S in g le
ra te

R a te
ran ge

S in g le
ra te

R a te
range

S in g le
ra te

R a te
range

32

T A B L E 9 .— W age s tr u c tu re f o r o ffic e w o r k e r s : P e r c e n t o f o f fic e w o r k e r s c o v e r e d b y fo r m a l w age p la n s 1
in 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s , b y i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n , 1 9 5 3 -5 4
A ll
i n d u s t r ie s

M a n u fa c t u r in g

N o rth e a s t:
B oston _
N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y __ ___________
N e w Y o r k C it y _
____ __ __
___
P h il a d e l p h i a __

78
80
63
67

76
80
43
72

93
95
82
92

S ou th :
A t la n t a ___
_____ __ __ __ __
___ __
___
D a l l a s _____
M e m p h is _____ ___ ____ ____
___
N ew O r l e a n s ____
___ __ _____

74
69
46
62

72
81
39
64

M id d le W e s t :
C h ic a g o __
__
___ __ _ _____ _
D e t r o i t '__________ _____ _________ __
_____ _____________
M ilw a u k e e —
M in n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l _____________
__ _
S t. L o u i s _____ _________

71
76
73
63
66

F a r W e s t:
D e n v e r ___ ___
__ __
L o s A n g e le s __ __ ______ _________
P o r t l a n d ____
__ ______________
S an F r a n c is c o - O a k l a n d __ __

67
81
75
80

L a bor m arket

R e ta il
tra d e

F in a n ce * *

S e r v ic e s

72
47
42
52

56
48
58
56

88
87
70
63

62
A
43
36

84
82
79
82

71
A
A
A

75
54
A
37

68
67
A
A

A
A
A
A

70
87
81
65
72

91
83
87
82
86

47
54
A
54
59

81
26
A
60
A

75
74
A
62
67

46
27
A
A
A

64
86
58
86

88
94
72
90

A
70
A
64

68
A
79
77

A
79
A
81

A
45
A
A

P u b li c
u t ilit ie s *

1 M o s t f o r m a l p la n s p r o v i d e d f o r a r a n g e o f r a t e s f o r e a c h o f f i c e j o b . P l a n s p r o v i d i n g
3 p e r c e n t in D e n v e r , an d 2 p e r c e n t o r l e s s in a l l o t h e r a r e a s .
* T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( e x c lu d in g r a i l r o a d s ) , c o m m u n ic a t i o n , a n d o t h e r p u b li c u t i l i t i e s .
** F i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , an d r e a l e s t a t e .
A I n s u f f i c ie n t c o v e r a g e to w a r r a n t s e p a r a t e p r e s e n t a t i o n .




W h o le s a le
tra d e

s i n g le j o b r a t e s a p p lie d to 5 p e r c e n t o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s in S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d ,




33

T A B L E 1 0 . — M e t h o d o f w a g e p a y m e n t f o r p la n t w o r k e r s : P e r c e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p la n t
w o r k e r s in m a n u f a c t u r in g in d u s t r ie s in 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s , 1 9 5 3 -5 4

T im e
w ork ers

L a b or m arket

I n c e n t iv e w o r k e r s
P ie c e w ork

B onus

N o rth e a st:
B oston _
_
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
N e w a r k - J e r s e y C it y
N e w Y o r k C it y _
P h ila d e lp h ia
.... ................... .

65
68
70
62

18
15
22
22

17
18
8
16

S o u th :
A t l a n t a __
D a lla s
M e m p h is
N ew O rle a n s

___

_
_
_ _
____

77
90
77
80

19
7
20
16

4
2
3
3

__ _
__ _
__ ____ _

68
91
59
83
75

15
4
19
9
14

17
5
22
8
12

72
86
89
90

20
8
7
6

8
6
3
3

__

__
__

M id d le W e s t:
C h ic a g o __
D e tr o it _
_
M ilw a u k e e
M in n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l
S t . L o u is
F a r W est:
D enver
__
_ _
L o s A n g e le s
P o r tla n d
San F ran c i s c o - O a k l a n d

_ _ . __

....

__ _
.... _ ...




35

Pay Provisions for Daily and Weekly Overtime
T i m e w o r k e d b e y o n d th e r e g u la r h o u r s o f e m p lo y m e n t
e s t a b l i s h e d b y u n io n a g r e e m e n t , b y e m p lo y e r o r in d u s t r y p r a c ­
t i c e , o r b y la w , i s c o m m o n l y t e r m e d " o v e r t i m e . "
D a ily a n d
w e e k ly o v e r t i m e a r e , r e s p e c t i v e l y , t im e w o r k e d b e y o n d r e g u l a r ,
e s t a b l i s h e d d a ily a n d w e e k ly w o r k s c h e d u l e s .
The num ber of
h o u r s w o r k e d b e f o r e o v e r t i m e i s p a id v a r y , bu t th e g r e a t m a ­
j o r i t y o f th e w o r k e r s in in d u s t r y a r e p a id o v e r t i m e r a t e s a f t e r
h o u r s w o r k e d in e x c e s s o f 8 a d a y o r 4 0 a w e e k .

A s in p r e c e d i n g y e a r s , p a y m e n t o f p r e m i u m r a t e s f o r
d a i l y o r w e e k ly o v e r t i m e w a s th e g e n e r a l p r a c t i c e in th e i n d u s t r i e s
a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t s s u r v e y e d d u r in g th e w in t e r o f 1 9 5 3 -5 4 in 17
l a b o r - m a r k e t a r e a s . U p w a r d o f 93 p e r c e n t o f t h e o f f i c e a n d 80
p e r c e n t o f th e p la n t w o r k e r s in t h e s e a r e a s w e r e in f i r m s w h ic h
p r o v i d e d p r e m i u m p a y f o r w e e k ly o v e r t i m e .
P r o p o r tio n a te ly ,
m o r e o f f i c e th a n p la n t w o r k e r s in m o s t a r e a s w e r e c o v e r e d b y
th e w e e k ly p r o v i s i o n s .
P r o v i s i o n s f o r w e e k ly o v e r t i m e a t p r e ­
m i u m r a t e s w e r e m u c h m o r e p r e v a le n t th a n f o r d a ily o v e r ­
t i m e , in v i r t u a l l y a l l a r e a s a n d m a j o r in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s s t u d ie d
(t a b le 1 1 ).
On an a ll-in d u s t r y b a s is , h o w e v e r , a m a jo r it y o f
th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s in m o s t a r e a s , a n d o f th e p la n t w o r k e r s in a l l
a r e a s w e r e in f i r m s p r o v i d i n g p r e m iu m r a t e s f o r d a ily o v e r t i m e .

O v e r tim e w o r k is ty p ic a lly c o m p e n s a te d at p r e m iu m
r a t e s b u t t h is i s n o t th e u n i v e r s a l p r a c t i c e .
O p t io n a l t i m e o f f
m a y b e p e r m i t t e d a t e q u a l o r e x t r a t i m e , o r th e w o r k e r m a y b e
r e q u i r e d t o ta k e e q u a l t i m e o f f in o r d e r to s p r e a d th e w o r k . In
s o m e i n d u s t r i e s th e F a i r L a b o r S t a n d a r d s A c t p e r m i t s s e a s o n a l
o v e r t i m e w o r k a t s t r a i g h t - t i m e r a t e s , and in o t h e r s p r e m i u m
p a y f o r o v e r t i m e m a y n o t b e l e g a l l y r e q u i r e d a s in in d u s t r i e s
n o t c o v e r e d b y th e A c t . M a k e u p t im e o n r e g u l a r d a y s o f f , s o m e ­
t i m e s p e r m i t t e d b e c a u s e o f s i c k n e s s o r d e a th in th e f a m i l y , m a y ,
in s o m e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , b e c l a s s e d a s p e r m it t e d o v e r t i m e a t
r e g u l a r r a t e s o r , in o t h e r s , p r o h i b it e d e x c e p t a t p r e m i u m r a t e s .

In i n d u s t r i e s o r a r e a s w h e r e w o r k s c h e d u l e s o f l e s s th a n
8 h o u r s a d a y o r 4 0 h o u r s a w eek a r e p r e v a le n t, a c o m m o n
p r a c t i c e i s t o p a y p r e m i u m o v e r t i m e p a y m e n t s , g e n e r a l l y a t t im e
a n d o n e - h a l f , f o r t i m e in e x c e s s o f 8 o r 4 0 h o u r s .
T h u s , in
f i r m s w ith s u c h s c h e d u l e s , th e h o u r s a t p r e m i u m p a y m a y b e
p r e c e d e d b y a s t ip u la t e d a m o u n t o f " o v e r t i m e " w ith o u t a n y a d d i ­
t io n a l c o m p e n s a t i o n o r p r o - r a t a b a s e d on th e r e g u l a r r a t e o f
pay.
In e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w ith w o r k s c h e d u le s o f m o r e th a n 8 o r
4 0 h o u r s , h o w e v e r , th e p r e m i u m r a te m a y n o t b e g in u n t il t im e
h a s b e e n w o r k e d in e x c e s s o f s c h e d u le d h o u r s .




W e e k ly O v e r t im e
T h e g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f th e o f f i c e a n d p la n t w o r k e r s in
e a c h o f th e a r e a s s t u d ie d w e r e e m p l o y e d in f i r m s w h ic h p r o ­
v id e d p a y a t t i m e a n d o n e - h a l f th e r e g u la r r a t e f o r w o r k b e y o n d
4 0 h o u r s in th e w o r k w e e k .
In m a n y o f th e a r e a s ( p a r t i c u la r ly
th e 4 N o r t h e a s t e r n a r e a s ) , h o w e v e r , l a r g e n u m b e r s o f o f f i c e
w o r k e r s w e r e e m p lo y e d on w o r k w e e k s o f l e s s th an 40 h o u r s .
In s o m e a r e a s p r o p o r t i o n s r a n g in g up t o a s ix t h o f th e o f f i c e
w o r k e r s w e r e e m p lo y e d in f i r m s w h ic h p r o v i d e d p r e m iu m p a y
f o r h o u r s w o r k e d b e y o n d a s c h e d u l e d w o r k w e e k o f l e s s th an 4 0
h ou rs.
H o w e v e r , in t h e s e a n d o t h e r a r e a s th e g r e a t m a jo r i t y
o f th e w o r k e r s o n s h o r t e r w o r k w e e k s w e r e e m p lo y e d in f i r m s
w h ic h p r o v i d e d e it h e r n o a d d it io n a l p a y , o r p a y a t r e g u la r r a t e s
f o r w o r k d u r in g th e h o u r s b e t w e e n th e s c h e d u l e d w o r k w e e k an d
40 h o u rs.

P r e m i u m r a t e s e f f e c t i v e a f t e r f e w e r th an 40 h o u r s o f
w o r k w e r e a p p lic a b le t o s i g n if ic a n t p r o p o r t i o n s o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s
in th e m a n u fa c t u r in g in d u s t r i e s in B o s t o n , N e w a r k - J e r s e y C it y ,
N e w Y o r k C i t y , P h ila d e lp h ia , a n d C h i c a g o ; o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s
in th e p u b li c u t i l i t i e s g r o u p in B o s t o n , P h ila d e lp h ia , A t la n ta ,
M e m p h is , a n d N e w O r l e a n s ; a n d in r e t a i l t r a d e f i r m s in B o s t o n ,
N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y , a n d N e w Y o r k C i t y . B e t w e e n a fo u r t h an d
t w o - t h i r d s o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s in B o s t o n , N e w a r k - J e r s e y C ity ,
N e w Y o r k C i t y , P h ila d e lp h ia , C h i c a g o , a n d S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d
w e r e e m p l o y e d in f i r m s w h ic h h a d a p o l i c y o f n o t c o m p e n s a t in g
e m p l o y e e s a t m o r e th a n t h e i r r e g u l a r r a t e f o r o v e r t i m e h o u r s
u n d e r 4 0 b u t w h ic h d id p r o v i d e p a y m e n t o f t i m e a n d a h a lf t h e r e ­
a f t e r . A m o n g th e m a j o r in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s th e h ig h p r o p o r t i o n s
o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in f i r m s w ith s u c h p o l i c i e s w e r e
r e c o r d e d in m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d p u b li c u t i l i t i e s g r o u p s in a h a lf
d o z e n o f th e a r e a s , a n d in th e f in a n c e g r o u p in m o s t o f th e a r e a s .

V a r i a t i o n s f r o m th e u s u a l o v e r t i m e p a y p r o v i s i o n s o f
t i m e a n d o n e - h a l f a f t e r 4 0 h o u r s w e r e m u c h m o r e in fr e q u e n t f o r
p la n t th a n f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s .
F o r p la n t w o r k e r s , v a r ia t io n s
f r o m th e c u s t o m a r y o v e r t i m e p r o v i s i o n g e n e r a l l y a p p e a r e d w ith in
c e r t a i n in d u s t r y g r o u p s . P r e m i u m r a t e s f o r f e w e r th an 4 0 h o u r s *
w o r k w e r e p r o v i d e d m o r e f r e q u e n t ly in m a n u fa c t u r in g a n d r e t a i l
a n d w h o l e s a l e t r a d e th a n in o t h e r in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s , w h e r e a s
p r e m i u m r a t e s a p p ly in g a f t e r m o r e th a n 4 0 h o u r s w e r e m o s t
fr e q u e n t ly p r o v i d e d in r e t a i l t r a d e , p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s , an d s e r v i c e
e s t a b lis h m e n t s .
O n a n a l l - i n d u s t r y b a s i s , c o m m u n it y w i s e , th e
m a j o r e x c e p t i o n s t o th e c u s t o m a r y o v e r t i m e p r o v i s i o n w e r e a p ­
p l i c a b l e t o 15 p e r c e n t o f th e p la n t w o r k e r s in N e w Y o r k C it y an d

36

9 p e r c e n t in San F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d , w ho w e r e p a id p r e m iu m
r a t e s a f t e r f e w e r th an 40 h o u r s 1 w o r k , a n d 16 p e r c e n t in D e n v e r
w h o s e p r e m iu m p a y s t a r t e d a f t e r h o u r s w o r k e d b e y o n d 40 ( i . e . ,
44 o r 48 h o u r s ) .
T h e u s u a l p r a c t i c e o f t im e an d o n e - h a l f a ft e r
40 h o u r s a p p lie d m o r e u n i f o r m l y in the S o u th e r n a r e a s than in
the o t h e r a r e a s s t u d ie d .
P o r t la n d a n d San F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d w e r e the o n l y a r e a s
w ith d o u b le tim e p a y a p p l i c a b l e to an a p p r e c i a b l e p r o p o r t i o n o f
the p la n t w o r k e r s ( m o s t l y in m a n u fa c t u r in g ).
G r a d u a te d s c a l e s
o f o v e r t i m e p a y w e r e a l s o fo u n d in s c a t t e r e d in s t a n c e s w h e r e b y
the w o r k e r s r e c e i v e d t im e a^ d a h a lf f o r a s p e c i f i e d n u m b e r o f
h o u r s o f o v e r t i m e a n d d o u b le t im e t h e r e a f t e r .
D a ily O v e r t im e
P r o v i s i o n s f o r the p a y m e n t o f p r e m iu m r a t e s f o r w o r k
b e y o n d r e g u l a r d a ily s c h e d u le d h o u r s o f w o r k w e r e c o n s i d e r a b l y
l e s s p r e v a le n t than f o r w e e k ly o v e r t i m e .
In 7 o f the a r e a s f e w e r
than 40 p e r c e n t o f the o f f i c e w o r k e r s w e r e e m p lo y e d in f i r m s
p r o v id in g p r e m i u m r a t e s f o r d a ily o v e r t i m e , an d in the a r e a s o f
h ig h e s t in c i d e n c e o f s u c h p r o v i s i o n s (th e 4 F a r W e s t e r n a r e a s )
f r o m 70 to 80 p e r c e n t w e r e c o v e r e d .
P r o v i s i o n s w e r e a p p lic a b le
to h ig h e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f the p la n t than o f the o f f i c e w o r k e r s in
each a r e a .
S lig h t ly m o r e than h a lf o f the p la n t w o r k e r s in the
4 S o u th e r n a r e a s a n d t h r e e - f o u r t h s o r m o r e in the r e m a in in g
a r e a s w e r e e m p lo y e d in f i r m s w ith d a ily o v e r t i m e p a y p r o v i s i o n s .




A m o n g th e m a jo r in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s , th e g r e a t e s t p r o p o r t i o n a t e
c o v e r a g e o f b o th o f f i c e an d p la n t w o r k e r s w a s r e c o r d e d in p u b lic
u t i l i t i e s , a n d , to a l e s s e r e x t e n t , in m a n u fa c t u r in g .
P r e m iu m o v e r t i m e r a t e s e f f e c t i v e a f t e r f e w e r th an 8
h o u r s a p p lie d to 8 to 13 p e r c e n t o f th e o f f i c e w o r k e r s in th e 4
N o r t h e a s t e r n a r e a s an d A tla n ta a n d N e w O r l e a n s ; a n d to 8 to 12
p e r c e n t o f p la n t w o r k e r s in San F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d an d N e w Y o r k
C it y o
P r e m iu m r a t e s that b e g a n a f t e r m o r e th an 8 h o u r s , a n d
r a t e s in e x c e s s o f tim e a n d o n e - h a l f w e r e n o t im p o r t a n t c r o s s in d u s t r y w is e in a n y a r e a .
T h e f o r m e r p o li c y r e la t e d a lm o s t
e x c l u s i v e l y to p la n t w o r k e r s and a p p lie d to s i g n i f i c a n t p r o p o r t i o n s
o f the w o r k e r s o n ly in p u b lic u t i l i t i e s in D a ll a s a n d M e m p h is ,
a n d in r e t a i l tr a d e in N e w a r k - J e r s e y C it y a n d M i n n e a p o l i s - S t .
P a u l.
P r o v i s i o n s f o r d o u b le tim e c o v e r e d a s e v e n t h o f th e p la n t
w o r k e r s in m a n u fa c tu r in g in P o r t l a n d a n d S an F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d .
P r e m iu m p a y on a d a ily b a s i s f o r h o u r s b e y o n d 8 , f o l ­
lo w in g o v e r t i m e at n o a d d it io n a l p a y o r p a y a t r e g u l a r r a t e s f o r
p a r t o f th e h o u r s u n d e r 8, w a s c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s p r e v a l e n t f o r
o f f i c e w o r k e r s in m o s t a r e a s th an it s 4 0 - h o u r w e e k ly c o u n t e r ­
p a rt.
T h is d a ily ty p e o f o v e r t i m e p a y m e n t h a d s o m e w h a t g r e a t e r
r e p r e s e n t a t io n a m o n g p la n t w o r k e r s th an d id th e 4 0 - h o u r p r o v i ­
s io n .
It o c c u r r e d m a in ly in m a n u fa c t u r in g , p u b li c u t i l i t i e s , a n d
fin a n c e .

37

T A B L E 1 1 . — O v e r t i m e p r e m iu m p a y p r a c t i c e s : P e r c e n t o f o f f i c e an d p la n t w o r k e r s in e s t a b l is h m e n t s w ith p r o v i s i o n
f o r p r e m iu m p a y f o r d a i l y a n d w e e k ly o v e r t i m e , in 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s , 1 9 5 3 -5 4

A ll
i n d u s t r ie s

L a bor m arket

P e r c e n t o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in—
P u b lic
R e ta il
M anuf ac W h o l e s a le
t u r in g
u t i li t ie s *
tra d e
tra d e

F in a n c e * *

S e r v ic e s

A ll
i n d u s t r ie s

P e r c e n t o f p la n t w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d in —
M anufac P u b li c
R e ta il
W h o l e s a le
t u r in g
u t ilit ie s *
tra d e
tra d e

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

45

70
76
59

92

42
39
60
37

22
21

61

67
90

51
57
39
46

14

88

35

46
A
27
23

76
92
83
85

92
98
90
94

56
43
58
42

71
59
73
37

26
A
A
A

20

__ _
____

36
32
29
31

13
16
A
A

A
A
A
A

52
53
56
58

M id d le W e s t :
C h ic a g o __
__ __ __
___ __
D e tr o it _
M i l w a u k e e ____
__
M i n n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l __
S t. L o u is
__ ________

53
39
60
39
57

63
43
75
45
65

90
55
93
62
92

56
61
A
49
62

38
26
A
48
A

34

30
44
A
A
A

F a r W e st:
D enver
__
______
L o s A n g e l e s __
P o r t l a n d ____
San F r a n c is c o -O a k la n d _

71
80
79
77

78

80
96

79
76

A
89
A
72

77
A
82
97

N o rth e a s t:
B o s t o n __
N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y ____
N e w Y o r k C i t y ___________
P h il a d e l p h i a

97
99
97
97

99
99
96
99

99

98

100

100
100

S o u th :
A t la n t a
___
D a l l a s __
M e m p h is
N ew O rle a n s

97
93
93
94

99
98
99
98
99
99

A l l w o r k e r s in e a c h a r e a __ _

S e r v ic e s

100

100

100

100

97
94
90

61
91
89
55

38
56
69
58

40
A
70
40

65
73
82
70

77
76
79
77

39
A
A
A

20
12
A
24

A
A
A
A

79
89
89
85
92

89
98
97
94
96

89

73
71
A
95

86

42
29
A
61
A

67
81
A
A
A

82
96
95
99

92
97
97

68

A
56
A
A

100
100

A
94
A
99

69
A
90
96

A
81
A
A

99
99
98
92

71
A
89
89

95
99
96
97

100
100

100

100

94

99
99
98

82
93

98
99

86

96

87
94
94
99

98

81
A
94
77

99
99
95
99

100

88

A
A
A
A

98

65
A
72

98
97
A
A

88

A
A
A

80
82
82

100
100

96
90

100

95

92

70
43
A
46

A
A
A
A

100

99
98
A
99

96
81
A
95
A

99
99
A

94
97
95
99
95

99
99

99

85
93
A
A
A

89
96
93
96
82

100
100

84
80
A
98
A

64
95
A
A
A

A
98
A
95

A
76
A
A

91
98
99

99

84
95

100

81
A

100
100

100
100

A
95
A
A

D a il y o v e r t i m e
N o rth e a s t:
B o s t o n __
___
N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y ____
N e w Y o r k C i t y ____ __ _
P h i l a d e l p h i a ______________
S o u th :
A t l a n t a ____
D a l l a s ____ _ _ _ _ _
M e m p h i s ____
___
N e w O r l e a n s ______

61
37
52

86

88
94

13
A
39

10
A
15
18
A

68
A

100

86

66
93
95
99
93
99

W e e k ly o v e r t im e

__ __

M id d le W e s t :
C h i c a g o ___
D e tr o it
_
_
M ilw a u k e e __
M i n n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l __
S t . L o u is

98
98
97
99
96

F a r W est:
D e n v e r _____________________
L o s A n g e le s
_ T
P o r tla n d _
.. ,rr
San F r a n c is c o -O a k la n d _

96
97
98
96

100
100
99

100
99
99
98

97
99

99
95
99
98

100

97
99
98
98

A
99
A
98

84

_

98
98

T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( e x c lu d in g r a i l r o a d s ) , c o m m u n ic a t i o n , an d o t h e r p u b li c u t i li t ie
** F i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e .
A I n s u f f i c i e n t d a ta to w a r r a n t p r e s e n t a t i o n .
*




100

100

100
100
100
100

90

100
A
A
A

100
100
A

A
A

100

100

100
100




39

P a i d H o lid a y s

T h e p r a c t i c e o f c o m p e n s a t in g e m p l o y e e s a t r e g u la r p a y
f o r h o lid a y s n o t w o r k e d c o v e r e d n e a r l y a l l o f f i c e p e r s o n n e l a n d
th e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f a l l p la n t w o r k e r s in th e 17 s u r v e y e d a r e a s
(ta b le 1 2 ).
M o r e th an f o u r - f i f t h s o f the p la n t w o r k e r s in e a c h
a r e a e x c e p t N e w O r l e a n s w e r e e m p lo y e d in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o ­
v id in g h o l i d a y p a y a n d in the m a j o r i t y o f t h e s e a r e a s th e p r o ­
p o r t i o n s e x c e e d e d n in e -t e n t h s *
S ix p a id h o l i d a y s w e r e the m o s t p r e v a le n t p r a c t i c e f o r
b o t h p la n t a n d o f f i c e w o r k e r s in m o s t o f th e s u r v e y e d a r e a s . 14
In the N e w a r k - J e r s e y C ity a n d San F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d a r e a s the
m o s t p r e v a l e n t p r a c t i c e w a s 7 d a y s , an d in M e m p h i s , 5 d a y s .
In B o s t o n a n d N e w Y o r k C ity , p la n t w o r k e r s m o s t g e n e r a l l y r e ­
c e i v e d f r o m 6 to 8 p a id h o lid a y s b u t a m a j o r i t y o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s
r e c e i v e d 11 o r m o r e d a y s , T h e g r e a t e r n u m b e r o f p a id h o lid a y s
r e c e i v e d b y o f f i c e w o r k e r s in th e s e tw o a r e a s i s a t t r ib u t a b le in
p a r t to th e r e l a t i v e g r e a t e r p r e v a l e n c e o f fin a n c e a n d in s u r a n c e
c o m p a n i e s , w h ic h c o m m o n l y g r a n t a la r g e n u m b e r o f p a id h o l i ­
days.
M o r e o v e r , m o s t o f the o t h e r m a jo r in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s in
t h e s e a r e a s g r a n t e d 11 o r m o r e h o lid a y s to s u b s t a n t ia l p r o p o r ­
t io n s o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s .
14

O n ly f u l l - d a y h o lid a y s p r o v i d e d




a n n u a lly w e r e

c o u n te d .

T h e N o r t h e a s t e r n a r e a s h a d the h ig h e s t p r o p o r t io n s o f
w o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s p r o v i d in g p a id h o l i d a y s .
E s ta b lis h ­
m e n t s in t h e s e a r e a s a l s o p r o v i d e d the g r e a t e s t n u m b e r o f h o l i ­
d a y s w ith l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n s o f b o t h o f f i c e an d p la n t w o r k e r s r e ­
c e iv i n g e ig h t o r m o r e p a id h o l i d a y s .
P r o p o r tio n s o f w o rk e r s
r e c e i v i n g h o lid a y p a y in M i d w e s t e r n a r e a s w e r e a l m o s t a s h ig h
b u t g e n e r a l l y s e v e n o r l e s s h o lid a y s w e r e p r o v i d e d .
The F a r
W e s t e r n a r e a s h a d l o w e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g p a id
h o lid a y s th an the M id w e s t e r n a r e a s b u t h a d m o r e w o r k e r s r e ­
c e i v i n g e ig h t o r m o r e h o l i d a y s .
T h e S o u th e r n a r e a s , on the
w h o l e , h a d th e l o w e s t p r o p o r t i o n s o f p la n t w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g h o l i ­
d a y p a y a n d w e r e the o n ly a r e a s h a v in g l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k ­
e r s r e c e i v i n g l e s s th an s i x p a id h o l i d a y s .

In m o s t a r e a s , m a n u fa c t u r in g e s t a b lis h m e n t s h a d a h ig h e r
p r o p o r t i o n o f w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g p a id h o lid a y s th an d id n o n m a n u ­
f a c t u r in g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . In a m a j o r i t y o f the a r e a s , h o w e v e r ,
o n e o r m o r e o f th e in d iv id u a l in d u s t r y g r o u p s w ith in n o n m a n u fa c tu r in g h a d h ig h e r p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g p a id h o lid a y s
th an w e r e r e p o r t e d in m a n u f a c t u r in g . M o r e o v e r , the n u m b e r o f
p a id h o lid a y s te n d e d to b e g r e a t e s t in s o m e o f the n o n m a n u fa c tu r in g g r o u p s , p a r t i c u l a r l y in f in a n c e .

40

T A B L E 12. - P a id h o lid a y s: P e rc e n t of office and plant w o rk e rs em ployed in e sta b lish m e n ts pro viding paid h o lid a y s , b y n u m b er of
h o lid a y s p ro v id e d 1, a ll in d u s tr ie s and m an u factu rin g in d u s t r ie s , 17 la b o r m a r k e t s , 1953-54
O ffic e w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g — ■
N u m b e r o f h o l id a y s

L a bor m ark et

T ota l

U nder
5

5

6

7

8

2

8

9
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24

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14
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43
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24
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6
10
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9

jp la n t w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g —
N u m b e r o f h o l id a y s

10

11

O ver

T ota l

11

U nder
5

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5

6

7

8

9

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16

18
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3
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3
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24
42
27
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.
-

30

70
65
57
17

8

9

16
23
51

10
2
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11

A l l i n d u s t r ie s
N o rth e a s t:
B oston
......... .
N e w a r k - J e r s e y C i t y ___
„ ___
N ew Y o r k C i t y __
P h il a d e l p h i a __ _______ —
S o u th :
A t la n t a ___ .
D a l l a s _____
M e m p h is __
N ew O rle a n s

__

__ __ _____
— __
_____
—
___ ________________
__

100
100
100
100

2

1

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100
100

2
10

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5

40
32
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M id d le W e s t :
C h ic a g o
___
-------- __ __ __
D e tr o it —
M ilw a u k e e ~
__
__ „
M in n e a p o l is -S t . P a u l ___
S t. L o u is __

100
100
100
100
100

F a r W est:
D e n v e r _____ _ __ __
___
___
L o s A n g e le s
„
___ „
P o r tla n d S an F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d

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M a n u f a c t u r in g
N o rth e a st:
B o s t o n ____ _________ ______________
N e w a r k - J e r s e y C it y _
N ew Y o r k C it y _
P h il a d e l p h i a
S ou th :
A tla n ta
____ ___
D a ll a s __ .... __
M e m p h is
N ew O rle a n s _

100
100
100
100

(2 )
(2 )
(2 )

100
100

1
6

98
97

3

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33

“

2

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C h i c a g o ___ ,_____________________ _
D e t r o i t ____
_________
___
M ilw a u k e e ___
M i n n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l _ ....
S t. L o u is

100
100
100
100
100

F a r W est:
D e n v e r _ ___
__ -------- —
L o s A n g e le s
P o r tla n d _
----San F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d ____ _

100
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42

1
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75
24

E s t im a t e s in clu d e o n ly fu ll-d a y h o lid a y s p ro vid e d ann ually.
L e s s than 0 .5 p e rc e n t.




20

9
26
29
25

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5

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1
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3

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18
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51
59
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3
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81
82
85
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78
77
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5
13
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80
92
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98
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97
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41

P a i d V a c a t io n s

T h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f the w o r k e r s in th e in d u s t r ie s an d
l a b o r m a r k e t s s t u d ie d w e r e e m p lo y e d in e s t a b lis h m e n t s th at h ad
f o r m a l p r o v i s i o n s f o r p a id v a c a t i o n s (ta b le 1 3 ).
The com p a ra ­
t i v e l y s m a l l n u m b e r s o f w o r k e r s n o t c o v e r e d b y f o r m a l p la n s
w e r e e m p l o y e d f o r th e m o s t p a r t in n o n o f f ic e jo b s in s m a l l e s t a b ­
lis h m e n t s in th e S o u t h e r n a r e a s s t u d ie d .
S o m e o f the e s t a b l i s h ­
m e n t s th a t d id n o t h a v e f o r m a l a r r a n g e m a it s r e p o r t e d i n f o r m a l
p la n s w h e r e b y t i m e o f f w ith p a y w a s g r a n t e d a t the d i s c r e t i o n o f
the e m p l o y e r o r s u p e r v i s o r .
F o r m a l v a c a t i o n p la n s g e n e r a l l y s p e c i f i e d s e r v i c e r e ­
q u ir e m e n t s f o r v a c a t i o n e l i g i b i l i t y an d p r o v i d e d b e n e f it s g r a d u ­
a t e d a c c o r d i n g to le n g t h o f s e r v i c e .
M e th o d s o f c o m p u t in g v a c a ­
tio n p a y a l s o v a r i e d .
V a c a t io n p a y f o r n e a r ly a l l o f f i c e w o r k e r s
a n d t h r e e - f o u r t h s o r m o r e o f the p la n t w o r k e r s in e a c h a r e a w a s
c a l c u l a t e d o n a t im e p a y m e n t b a s i s — m o s t c o m m o n l y in t e r m s o f
1 o r m o r e w eek s* p a y .
F o r a s m a n y a s a fo u r t h o f the p la n t
w o r k e r s in P h i l a d e l p h i a , a n d s m a l l e r p r o p o r t i o n s in a l l o t h e r
a r e a s , v a c a tio n p a y w a s b a s e d upon a s p e c ifie d p e r c e n ta g e o f
annual e a r n in g s .
In s o m e a r e a s , s m a ll p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s
( p r i m a r i l y in th e g a r m e n t i n d u s t r ie s ) r e c e i v e d v a c a t i o n p a y in
th e f o r m o f f la t s u m p a y m e n t s th at w e r e n o t r e l a t e d d i r e c t l y to
the w o r k e r 's p a y r a t e o r a n n u a l e a r n in g s .
O ffic e w o r k e r s ty p ic a lly b e c a m e e lig ib le fo r 2 w eek s *
v a c a t i o n w ith p a y u p o n c o m p le t in g m in im u m s e r v i c e r e q u i r e ­
m e n ts.
T h e la r g e s t p r o p o r t io n s r e c e iv in g Z o r m o r e w e e k s ' v a ­
c a t i o n a f t e r 1 y e a r o f s e r v i c e w e r e in the N o r t h e a s t a r e a s ,
D e t r o i t , a n d th e S a n F r a n c i s c o - O a k l a n d a r e a .
R e l a t i v e l y fe w
o f f i c e w o r k e r s r e c e i v e d m o r e th a n 2 w eek s* v a c a t i o n a f t e r 1 y e a r
o f s e r v i c e e x c e p t in B o s t o n (8 p e r c e n t ) .
A fte r 5 y e a r s ' s e r v ic e
v ir t u a lly a ll o f f i c e w o r k e r s r e c e iv e d at le a s t 2 w e e k s , and s i z ­
a b le p r o p o r t i o n s (r a n g in g up to 30 p e r c e n t in B o s t o n ) w e r e e l i g i b l e
f o r l o n g e r v a c a t i o n s . 15 A f t e r 15 y e a r s ' s e r v i c e the m a j o r i t y o f
a l l o f f i c e w o r k e r s e x c e p t th o s e in the S o u th e r n a r e a s w e r e e l i g i ­
b l e f o r 3 o r m o r e w e e k s ' v a c a t io n p a y .
U pon c o m p l e t i o n o f 2 5
y e a r s ' s e r v i c e th e m a j o r i t y w e r e e l i g i b l e f o r v a c a t i o n p a y o f 3




o r m o r e w e e k s in a l l a r e a s e x c e p t N e w O r le a n s
and 48 p e r c e n t, r e s p e c t iv e ly ).
T h e g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f p la n t
v a c a t i o n p a y o r it s e q u iv a le n t a f t e r
5 y e a r s ' s e r v i c e the p r o p o r t i o n s o f
o r m o r e w e e k s ' pa y w as a lm o s t as
in a l l a r e a s s t u d ie d e x c e p t th o s e in

an d D a lla s

(3 8

w o r k e r s r e c e i v e d 1 w e e k 's
1 y e a r ' s s e r v i c e . 16 A f t e r
p la n t w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g 2
h ig h a s f o r o f f i c e w o r k e r s
the S o u th .

T h e p r o p o r t i o n s r e c e i v i n g m o r e than 2 w e e k s 1 v a c a t io n
a f t e r 5 y e a r s ' s e r v i c e w a s a b o u t the s a m e f o r p la n t an d o f f i c e
w o r k e r s in m o s t o f th e 17 s u r v e y e d a r e a s .
In 6 o f the a r e a s ,
h o w e v e r , the p r o p o r t i o n o f o f f i c e w o r k e r s e l i g i b l e f o r lo n g e r v a ­
c a t i o n s w a s s t i l l c o n s i d e r a b l y g r e a t e r than f o r p la n t w o r k e r s .
In a f e w a r e a s a s l ig h t l y h ig h e r p r o p o r t i o n o f p la n t w o r k e r s w e r e
e lig ib le fo r lo n g e r v a c a tio n s a fte r 5 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e .
A f t e r 15 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e a m a j o r i t y o f the p la n t w o r k ­
e r s in a l l b u t 6 a r e a s (4 S o u th e r n a r e a s , D e n v e r , an d P o r t la n d )
w e r e e lig ib le fo r 3 o r m o r e w e e k s ' v a c a tio n p a y .
The p r o p o r ­
t io n s o f p la n t w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g v a c a t i o n s o f 3 o r m o r e w e e k s
i n c r e a s e d a f t e r 25 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e b u t w e r e s t i l l l e s s than a
m a j o r i t y in th e s a m e 6 a r e a s . T h e p r o p o r t i o n o f p la n t w o r k e r s
e l i g i b l e f o r v a c a t i o n s o f m o r e than 3 w e e k s a f t e r 15 y e a r s d id
n o t e x c e e d 3 p e r c e n t e x c e p t in B o s t o n (8 p e r c e n t ) .
A f t e r 25
y e a r s , h o w e v e r , the p r o p o r t i o n o f p la n t w o r k e r s r e c e i v i n g m o r e
th an 3 w e e k s ' v a c a t i o n r o s e to 10 p e r c e n t o r m o r e in 6 o f the
17 a r e a s .

15 V a c a t io n p r o v i s i o n s a r e t r e a t e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y on the b a s i s
th at t h e s e a r e p r o v i d e d to a l l w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d in o f f i c e s o r
p la n t d e p a r t m e n t s th at o b s e r v e th e p r a c t i c e in q u e s t io n .
B ecau se
o f e l i g i b i l i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s , the p r o p o r t i o n a c t u a l ly r e c e i v i n g the
s p e c ific b e n e fit s is n e c e s s a r il y s m a lle r .
16 F o r t h is a n a l y s i s , 2 p e r c e n t o f a n n u a l e a r n in g s w a s
c o n s i d e r e d th e e q u iv a le n t o f 1 w e e k 's p a y ; 4 p e r c e n t , 2 w e e k s ;
6 p e rce n t, 3 w e e k s.

42

T A B L E 1 3 .— P a id v a ca tio n s : P e r c e n t o f o f f i c e and plant w o r k e r s in e sta b lish m e n ts having p aid v a c a tio n s ,
b y s e le c te d y e a r s o f s e r v ic e r e q u ir e m e n t s , in 17 la b o r m a r k e ts, 195 3 -5 4
O ffice
L ab o r

m ark et
T o tal

N orth east:
B oston

-

Y o rk

P h ilad e lp h ia

N ew

75

1

94

77
80

_________

99

24

74

(l )

89

56

30

............

100
100
100
100
100

21
12

78

1

100

4

(M

99

79
84

14

88

8

2

49
31
30

99

85

_

67

_

77

69

i

100
100

9
16

85

12

1
2

F a r

100
100
100
100

41
23

57
72

3
4

99
99

82
60

15
32

(M
4

2

100
100

88

_

___

___

__

---------------

__

.
_______ _

M in n e ap o lis-S t.
St.

_

__

—

__

___________

P a u l ______

L o u is

_

___

__

__

__

________

5

87

6
7

92
93

19

79

64

n

n

51

100
100
100
100

93
93

w orkers

100
100
100
100

P lan t w o rk e rs
M o re

2

3

w eeks

w eeks
A fter

61

„

________

T otal

w eeks

37

__

__

_______________________________

M ilw au k e e

th an

2

25
36

__

O r l e a n s _____ _ _ _ _ _ _

D etro it _

8
1

2
w eeks

100
100
100

__

------

M id d le W est:
C V n c . a a n .......

1

T otal
w eek
w eeks
A fter 1 y e a r of serv : ce

2

----------------- ---------- ------------__ ___________ ____________

__
—

__

D a l l a s __
M e m p h i s ________

2

w eeks

O ffice
M o re

_

__
C i t y ___

C ity _

South:
A t l a n t a -------

1
w eek

M ore
th an

100
100
100
100

__

N e w a rk -Je rse y
N ew

P lan t w o rk e rs

w o rk ers

th an
3

T otal

w eeks
15 y e a r s

2

3

w eeks

w eeks

M o re
th an
3 w eeks

of se rv ic e

74

4

100

31

21

74

4

IC O

24

70

18

75

6

8
1
2

70

(l )

39
34

48

29

100
100

58

(l )

46

(l )

93
94

53

27

(M

97

60
46

23

2

31

1

32

-

91

50

22

-

24

70

3

72

83

1

100
100

24

15

14

19

80

(M

99

17

81
77

22

76

2

61

63

3

100
100

35

33

32

65

42

54
54

4

99
99

50
42

44
48

100
100

57
45

39
51

l 1 ),.

53

40

1

68

24

3

48

37

6

77

19

-

61

33
16

(l )

41

_

100
100
100

56

13

54

37

2

99

62

100
100
100
100
100

19

53

55

(M
i

2
(l )

1

W est:
D e n v e r _______ _____ _________________ _____________
L o s

A n geles
P o r t l a n d ___
San

___ _____ ______
__
_ ____

F ran cisco -O a k la n d

__

___

...

_____
_______

__

______ _

44

53

18

82
A fter

(M

63

8
27

3

2

100
100
100
100

39
42
39

55
59

5 y e a rs of se rv ic e

2
1
____ ( i )
A fter 2 5 y e a rs

_
3
_

of se rv ic e

N orth east:
B oston

_

_

___

_____

Y ork

„

C i t y ________

P h ilad e lp h ia

_____

C i t y ______________________

N e w a rk -Je rse y
N ew

__

__

____

___
______

__

_

100
100
100
100

1

69

(M
(M

89

9

78

22

(l )

91

9

100
100
100

2
4
4

94
94
94

2

99

5

92

100
100
100
100
100

_

93
92

30

100
100
100
100

2

79
83

17

2
2

77

16

92

3

1

12

100
100
100
100

13
15

63
56

24
28

15

47

37

18

61

19

100
100
100
100

27
19
37

55
58

13
17

42

29

53

11
10

South :
~ A tlan ta
D a l l a s __

----____

M e m p h is
N ew
M id d le

__

____
_________

____

O rle a n s

__

_

,

____

_

____ _
_

93
94

14

73

5

42

50

34

93
94

23

97

75

3

46

36

14

97

47
55
40

6

2

15
14

27

67

18

100
100
100

41

22

2
2

34

5
4

91

14

72

4

99

55

30

8

91

44

26

3

7

100
100

(l )

88

8

56
76

100
100

60

16

9

19
15

22

90

100
100
100
100
100

25

b

14

79

4

16

76

8

99

15

68

13

21

21

100
100

32
30

59
61

7

31

58
61

39
27

46
56

13
16

99
99

48
40

40
45

6

36

49
61

15

100
100

54

38

5

44

44

8

5

W est:

C h ic ag o
D etro it

__

__ __ ____
-------- -------

__

M ilw au k e e _
M i n n e a p o l i s -S t .
St. L o u is
F a r

__

__

__

_______

P a u l ____
__ ______

______ _
_____

1
_

1

98
91

7
2

8

n

93

7

i
n

89
89

10

99
100
100

1
1
1

89

7

86

10
2

96

9
8

7

W est:
D e n v e r ------------------------------------- ------------------L o s A n g e l e s ______ __________________ __________
P o r t l a n d _______
3an

__

__

___.___

F ran cisco -O a k la n d

L e s s than 0 .5 p e r c e n t.




___________
____

___

100
100
100
100

(M

96
90

9
4

10

99
99
100
100

5
3

90

4

84

10

1

95

3

94

6

-

100
100
100
100

24

14

8

43

A P P E N D IX :

O C C U P A T I O N A L W A G E S IN

17 L A B O R M A R K E T S ,

3 9 5 3 -5 4

T h e f o l l o w i n g t a b le s p r e s e n t a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s in
17 l a b o r - m a r k e t a r e a s f o r s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s c o m m o n t o a
v a r i e t y o f m a n u fa c t u r in g an d n o n m a n u fa c t u r in g i n d u s t r i e s .
D a ta
a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r th e fo llo w in g t y p e s o f o c c u p a t io n s : ( l ) O f f i c e ,
p r o f e s s i o n a l , a n d t e c h n i c a l ; a n d (2) m a in t e n a n c e , p o w e r p la n t , c u s ­
t o d ia l, a n d m a t e r i a l m o v e m e n t .
O c c u p a t io n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n is
b a s e d o n a u n i f o r m s e t o f j o b d e s c r i p t i o n s d e s ig n e d to ta k e a c c o u n t
o f in t e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t v a r ia t io n in d u t ie s w ith in th e s a m e j o b ; t h e s e
j o b d e s c r i p t i o n s a r e a v a i la b le u p on r e q u e s t a n d a r e a l s o a p a r t o f
th e b u ll e t in d e s c r i b e d b e l o w .

d u r in g la t e 1953 a n d e a r l y 1 9 5 4 .
D e t a i le d in f o r m a t io n f o r th e 17
a r e a s is a v a i la b le in a 3 - p a r t b u ll e t in .
T h is b u lle tin c o n t a in s
th e fo llo w in g i n f o r m a t io n b y a r e a :
W a g e r a t e s (a r e a w id e and b y
in d u s t r y g r o u p , w ith c o m p l e t e w a g e d is t r ib u t i o n s f o r e a c h o c c u p a ­
t io n a l c a t e g o r y ) ; w a g e p la n s ( f o r m a l r a te s t r u c t u r e s , l a b o r - g r a d e
p la n s , a n d in c e n t i v e p la n s ) ; w a g e a d ju s t m e n t p r o v i s i o n s ( c o s t - o f liv in g an d a n n u a l im p r o v e m e n t ) ; la b o r - m a n a g e m e n t a g r e e m e n t
c o v e r a g e ; w o r k s c h e d u l e s ; s h ift d i f f e r e n t i a l s ; o v e r t i m e p a y p r o v i ­
s i o n s ; p a id h o l i d a y s ; p a id v a c a t i o n p la n s ; h e a lt h , in s u r a n c e , and
p e n s io n p la n s .

D a ta f o r t h e s e t a b le s w e r e o b t a in e d t o g e t h e r w ith a d d i ­
t io n a l in f o r m a t i o n f r o m th e B u r e a u 1s s t u d ie s o f o c c u p a t io n a l e a r n ­
in g s a n d r e l a t e d w a g e p r a c t i c e s c o n d u c t e d in 17 l a b o r m a r k e t s

fo r m is
b u lle t in .




In o r d e r to a s s i s t y o u in o b t a in in g th is b u lle t in an o r d e r
e n c lo s e d fo r y o u r c o n v e n ie n c e .
S e e la s t p a g e o f th is




45

A P P E N D I X T A B L E 1 .— O ffic e o c c u p a t io n s (a ll in d u s t r ie s )
(A v e r a g e w e e k ly s a la r i e s 1 f o r s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s in 6 b r o a d in d u s tr y d i v i s i o n s , 2 in 17 la b o r m a r k e t s ,
Northeast
S ex, occupation, and grade

South

S ep tem b er

1953 - A p r i l

1954)

Middle W est

Far W est

M innSan
New
N ew arkM il­
L08
P h ila­
New
e a p o lisMemphis
C hicago D etroit
St. Louis
Denver
York
D allas
J ersey
Atlanta
Portland F r a n c isc o Boston
Angeles
Orleans
delphia
waukee
St. Paul
Oakland
City
C ity
March October A p ril
N ovem ber January D ecem ber March September
January
March D ecem ber February October March Septem ber January Novem ber
1953
1954
1954
1954
1953
1954
1953
1953
1954
1953
1953
1954
1954
1954
1953
1953
1954

O ffice C le r ic a l
Men
C le r k s :
A ccounting, c la s s A
...................
A ccounting, c la s s B ...................... ..............
Order
------------------------------------------ --------P ayroll .................................................. .............
O ffice boys
------------- —--------------------------------Tabulatin g-m ach ine op erators _________

$
66. 00
58. 00
68. 00
72. 00
4 0 .0 0
60. 50

$
77. 50
A
75. 50
7 3 .5 0
42. 50
62. 50

$
7 4 .0 0
58. 50
70. 50
7 0 .0 0
4 2 .0 0
6 6 .5 0

$
7 5 .0 0
60. 50
68. 00
68. 50
39. 00
6 5 .0 0

$
7 7 .0 0
59. 50
6 7 .0 0
71. 50
40. 50
6 4 .0 0

$
7 9 .0 0
63. 00
59. 50
69. 00
3 9 .0 0
6 3 .0 0

$
75. 50
59. 50
64. 50
66. 50
40. 50
6 8 .0 0

$
73.
53.
60.
67.
35.
68.

00
50
00
00
50
00

$
81. 00
65. 50
77. 50
73. 00
48 . 50
7 2 .0 0

$
8 9 .0 0
72. 00
84. 00
84. 00
46, 00
77. 00

$
8 1 .5 0
65. 00
72. 50
66. 50
43 . 50
7 5 .0 0

$
73. 50
56. 50
70. 00
A
41. 50
67. 50

$
79.
62.
68.
73.
43 .
71.

00
50
50
00
00
50

$
74. 50
57. 00
6 5 .0 0
67. 00
43. 00
67. 50

$
81.
68.
79.
78.
51.
76.

48. 00
4 7 .0 0

54. 00
5 3 .0 0

5 7 .5 0
5 9 .0 0

50. 50
4 9 .0 0

52. 50
4 7 . 50

46 . 50
47 . 50

46. 50
42 . 00

4 6 .0 0
4 2 . 50

5 8 .0 0
5 4 .0 0

57. 50
56. 50

50. 50
56. 50

47 . 50
51. 00

5 4 .0 0
A

4 9 .0 0
51. 50

59. 00
63. 00

52. 50
50. 00

58. 50
59. 00

55. 50
4 9 .0 0

60. 00
51. 50

64. 50
53. 50

6 2 .0 0
4 7 .0 0

5 8 .0 0
4 9 .0 0

55. 00
4 6 .0 0

59. 50
4 6 .0 0

52. 50
4 4 . 00

67. 50
5 7 .0 0

68. 50
5 5 .0 0

61. 50
52. 50

57. 50
4 7 . 50

61. 50
48 . 50

58. 50
48. 00

69. 00
53. 50

64. 50
5 2 .0 0

67. 00
55. 00

59. 50
47. 50
50. 50
39. 50
49. 50
5 4 .0 0
4 9 .0 0

6 4 .0 0
5 3 .0 0
53. 50
44. 50
5 6 .0 0
5 9 .0 0
57. 50

6 6 .0 0
53. 50
57. 50
45. 00
5 6 .0 0
61. 50
58. 50

57. 00
5 0 .0 0
50. 50
39. 50
4 7 .0 0
53. 50
5 1 .0 0

6 4 .0 0
5 0 .0 0
53. 50
4 1 .0 0
48. 50
55. 50
5 2 .0 0

59. 00
4 9 ,0 0
48 . 50
3 8 .0 0
4 7 .0 0
5 4 .0 0
52. 00

57. 50
4 7 .0 0
49. 00
37. 50
4 7 .5 0
51. 50
48 . 00

60. 00
4 6 .0 0
4 5 . 50
39. 50
44. 50
49. 00
49 . 50

70. 00
5 6 .0 0
57. 50
47, 00
5 8 .0 0
63. 00
6 1 .0 0

71. 50
5 6 .0 0
59. 50
46. 50
5 8 .0 0
65. 50
63. 00

64. 50
5 3 .0 0
55, 00
45, 00
51. 00
56. 00
52. 50

61. 50
4 8 .0 0
50. 50
41. 00
4,9. 50
55. 50
52. 00

6 3 .0 0
50. 50
54. 00
42. 00
50. 00
54. 00
54. 50

60. 00
51. 00
50. 00
43. 00
4 8 .0 0
54. 00
50. 50

71. 00
58. 50
62. 00
47. 50
6 2 .0 0
65. 00
64. 00

68.
56.
56.
44.
55.
59.
55.

50
50
50
50
00
00
00

68. 50
58. 50
60, 00
46. 00
63. 50
66. 00
6 1 .0 0

4 5 .0 0
47. 50
4 0 .0 0
6 1 .0 0
52. 50
48. 50
4 9 .0 0
53. 50

4 9 .0 0
53. 50
41. 00
69. 50
5 7 .0 0
5 5 .0 0
5 4 .0 0
57. 50

5 1 .0 0
53. 50
42. 00
71. 50
5 7 .0 0
56. 50
5 6 .0 0
60. 50

4 4 .0 0
49. 50
38. 00
65. 50
5 3 .0 0
50. 00
4 8 .0 0
57. 50

4 5 .0 0
48. 50
41 . 00
6 4 .0 0
5 5 .0 0
4 4 .5 0
4 8 . 50
54. 50

48 . 50
48. 50
3 9 .0 0
64. 00
5 5 .0 0
45 . 00
4 8 .0 0
5 9 .0 0

A
48. 00
38. 50
58. 50
5 1 .0 0
38. 50
45. 50
A

A
4 7 .5 0
35. 50
60. 50
49 . 50
4 1 .0 0
4 5 .0 0
A

5 4 ,0 0
5 8 .0 0
4 7 .0 0
72. 50
6 2 .0 0
5 7 .0 0
57. 50
63. 50

54. 00
60. 00
46 . 50
75. 50
64. 50
58. 00
5 8 .0 0
64. 50

50. 50
52. 50
42 . 50
71. 00
5 5 .0 0
5 1 .0 0
52. 00
62. 50

4 6 . 00
47 . 50
39. 50
63. 00
52. 50
51. 00
4 9 .0 0
54. 50

48. 50
52. 00
4 4 .0 0
67. 00
5 4 .0 0
5 1 .0 0
50. 00
65. 00

47.
53.
40.
65.
55.
47.
51.
61.

54.
63.
48.
73.
62.
59.
59.
72.

50
50
00
00
50
50
50
00

50. 50
54. 50
39. 50
66. 50
56. 00
5 0 .0 0
53. 00
56. 00

56. 50
59. 00
48. 00
7 2 .0 0
63. 00
58. 50
58. 50
68. 50

4 9 .0 0
50. 50
43. 50

5 4 .0 0
55. 50
47 . 50

5 6 .0 0
55. 50
4 9 .0 0

4 9 .0 0
50. 50
43. 50

5 0 .0 0
5 1 .0 0
4 3 .0 0

4 8 .0 0
50. 00
4 2 . 50

4 3 .0 0
4 7 .0 0
4 1 .0 0

47. 00
48 . 50
40 , 00

5 8 .0 0
60. 00
51. 50

57. 50
60. 50
5 1 .0 0

5 2 .0 0
55. 50
4 6 .0 0

49. 50
51. 50
45 . 50

50. 00
5 4 .0 0
4 6 .0 0

53. 00
52. 50
46 . 50

57. 50
58. 00
49. 50

51. 50
54. 00
4 6 .0 0

59. 00
57. 50
5 1 .0 0

116. 00
87. 00
66. 50

A

113. 50
9 5 .0 0
69. 50
54. 50

138.00
1 0 3.50
73. 00
6 0 .0 0

1 1 5 .5 0
94. 50
66. 50
49 . 50

1 1 3 .0 0
86. 50
64. 50
A

1 0 0 .5 0
7 8 .0 0
58. 00
A

A
83. 50
62. 50
A

A
84. 50
59. 00
A

1 3 0 .0 0
99. 00
7 3 .0 0
6 1 .0 0

1 4 5 .5 0
1 1 6 .5 0
85. 50
6 5 .0 0

A
90. 50
72. 50
A

A
83. 00
67, 50
59. 50

A
91. 00
71. 50
A

126. 50
97. 50
70. 50
A

1 24. 00
92. 00
77. 00
A

A
88. 50
71. 00
A

102, 00
85. 50
70. 50
A

6 6 .0 0

70. 50

7 4 .0 0

67. 50

6 9 .0 0

65. 50

63. 50

6 5 .0 0

7 2 .0 0

75. 50

67. 00

69. 50

66. 50

67. 50

78. 50

65. 50

72. 00

00
00
00
50
00
50

$
77.
66.
74.
68,
44.
72.

50
50
50
50
00
00

$
80.
67.
80.
75.
47.
74.

00
00
00
50
50
50

W om en
B ille r s , m achine:
B illin g m achine
______,__________________
Bookkeeping m achine ___________________
B ook keep ing-m achin e o p erators:
C la s s A ___________________________________
_______
C la s s B _________________________
C le r k s :
Accounting, c la s s A ................................ .....
Accounting, c la s s B _____________________
F ile , c la s s A _____________________________
F ile , c la s s B _____________________________
O rd er ______________________ _____
P a y r o l l ____________________________________
C om p to m eter o p e r a t o r s ....................................
D up licatin g-m achin e op erators
(m im eograp h or ditto) ___________________
Key-punch o p e r a t o r s _______________________
O ffice g ir ls
________________________________
S e c r e t a r i e s _____ _____ _____ __________________
Stenograph ers, general -___________________
Switchboard op erators ________________ _____
Switchboard o p e r a t o r -r e c e p t io n is t s _____
Tabulatin g-m ach ine op erators ___________
T ran scrib in g-m ach in e op era to rs,
general ____________________________________
T y p ists, c la s s A ____________________________
T yp ists, c la s s B _____________ ____ __________

50
00
50
00
00
00
00
50

P ro fe ssio n a l and Technical
Men
D raftsm en , l e a d e r _____________________ __
D raftsm en , s e n i o r __________________________
D raftsm en , junior __________________________
T r a c e r s ----------------------------------------------------------Wom en
N u r se s, industrial (reg istere d )

_________

1 Earnings relate to standard sa la rie s that are paid for standard work schedules.
2 M anufacturing; transportation (excluding railroad s), communication, and other public u tilities; w holesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and s e r v ic e s .
A Insufficient data to w arrant presentation.




46

A P P E N D IX T A B L E 2 . — Plant occupations (all industries)
(A verage hourly earnings ’ for selected occupations in 6 broad industry d iv is io n s 3 in W labor m ark ets, Septem ber 1V53 - A p ril 1954)

Occupation3

New
P h ila­
D allas
York
Atlanta
delphia
City
February October March Septem ber
1954
1954
1953
1953

F ar W est

Middle W est

South

Northeast
Newark J ersey
Boston
C ity
M arch D ecem ber
1954
1953

Memphis

New
Orleans

Chicago

January
1954

Novem ber
1953

March
1954

October
1953

$
2. 43
2, 42
2. 44
1. 94
1. 80
2. 31
2. 38
2. 18
2. 26
2. 21
1. 81
2 .4 8
2. 31
2. 62
2. 28
2. 60

$
2. 33
2. 40
2. 39
2. 00
1. 94
2 .4 4
2. 40
2 .4 0
2. 18
2. 34
1.95
2. 22
2. 34
A
2. 35
2. 55

M il­
Detroit
waukee
A pril
3954

San
MinnL os
St. Louis
Portland F r a n c is c o eapo) i s Denver
A ngeles
Oakland
St. Paul
January
Novem ber January D ece m b er M arch Septem ber
1954
1954
1953
1953
1954
1953

Maintenance and Powerplant
Carpenter __________________________________
E lectrician s ________________ ________ ___
Engineers, stationary ____ ___,____________
Firem en , stationary b oiler ............... ........
H elpers, trades ................................................
M achine-tool op erators, t o o lr o o m .........
M achinists _________ _____ - ___ _____ ______
Mechanics _____________ ___________________
M echanics, a u to m o tiv e _______ __________
Millwrights .................................. ................. ......
O ilers .................... ...................... ..........................
Painters ___________________________________
Pipefitters .......... .................. .............................
P lum bers ................................ ..............................
Sheet-m etal w orkers ......................................
Tool and die rhakers
_______ __________

$
2, 05
2. 07
2. 02
L 68
1 .6 6
2 .0 0
2. 05
L 97
1. 92
l. 96
l. 65
1. 77
2 .0 5
1. 91
2 .0 4
2. 23

$
2.
2.
2.
1.
3.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
1.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.

22
33
34
85
82
20
21
16
Oo
12
80
06
35
08
29
32

$
2.
2.
2.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
2,
2.
1.
1.
2.
I.
2.
2.

07
15
21
78
69
19
23

15
09
09
76
88
18
90
15
41

$
2. 20
2. 16
1. 91
L 64
L 77
2. 09
2. 21
2. 08
L 93
2. 07
1. 61
1. 99
2. 22
1. 94
2. 06
2. 33

$
1. 89
2. 18
1. 71
L 35
1. 46
A
2. 05
1. 90
1. 65
A
1. 27
1. 92
2. 16
A
2. 29
A

$
1. 92
2. 04
L 67
A
1. 44
A
L 94
1. 82
1 .7 5
A
1. 54
1. 86
A
1. 97
A
2. 18

$
1. 76
2. 02
i. 88
I. 14
L 13
1. 91
2. 06
1. 84
1. 61
1 .9 6
1. 56
1. 76
2. 09
A
A
2. 16

$
1. 79
2. 00
1. 74
1. 17
1. 44
A
2. 00
1. 94
1. 73
1. 95
1 .4 0
1. 68
1. 89
A
i . 90
A

$
2.
2.
2.
I.
1.
2.

18
30
22
89
73
18
2. 41
2. 16
2. 15
2. 20
1 .9 3
2. 22
2. 24
A
2, 28
2 .4 5

$
2. 29
2. 33
2. 08
1. 82
1. 79
2, 09
2. 25
2. 05
1. 92
2. 25
1. 79
2. 34
2. 51
A
A
2. 37

$
2. 21
2. 30
1, 31
2. 02
1. 92
2. 13
Z. 32
2. 07
2. 00
2. 23
1. 98
2. 25
2. 31
A
2. 29
2 .4 7

$
2. 05
2. 05
1. 98
1. 63
1. 64
A
2. 02
1. 95
1 .9 5
2. 10
1. 66
1. 97
2. 05
A
A
2. 20

$
2. 21
2. 37
2. 28
1. 88
1. 81
2. 29
2. 36
2. 16
2. 20
2. 29
1. 79
2. 17
2. 27
2. 34
2, 23
2 .4 5

$
2. 28
2. 29
2. 15
1. 95
1. 85
2. 21
2. 28
2. 13
2. 17
2. 20
1. 82
2. 23
2. 21
A
2. 21
2. 33

$
2 .4 0
2. 34
2. 20
2. 00
1. 92
2. 28
2. 35
2. 24
2 .4 1
2. 23
1. 90
2. 31
2. 36
A
2. 29
2. 57

C ustodial, W arehousing, and Shipping
Guards ___________________________ __________
Janitors, p o r te r s, and
clean ers (men) ........................................ ........
Janitors, p orte rs, and
cleaners (women) ....................................... .
L a b o re rs, m aterial handling __________ _
Order fille r s ______________________________
P ackers, shipping (men) ............ J................
P ackers, shipping (women) .......... ........... .
Receiving clerk s ...............................................
Shipping clerk s ___________________________
Shipping and receivin g clerk s _________
Tru ck d rivers:
Light (under lVa tons) ........................ .
Medium (1*4 to and including
4 tons) .......................... .................................
Heavy (over 4 tons,
tra iler type) _________________________
Heavy (over 4 tons, other
than tra iler type) — _________________ _
T ru ck ers, power (forklift) _______________
Truckers, power (other
than forklift) ............ ..................... ..............
Watchmen ___________________________________

1
2
3
A

1. 53

1. 68

1. 56

1. 60

1. 73

1. 55

1. 50

1. 02

1. 71

1. 86

1. 69

i. 72

1. 69

1. 53

1. 82

1. 70

1 .6 6

1. 29

1 .4 8

1. 35

1. 32

1. 04

1. 04

. 97

.9 0

1. 53

1. 63

1 .4 9

1. 34

1. 34

1. 20

1. 47

1. 45

1. 61

1. 13
1 .4 9
1 .4 7
1, 40
1. 19
1. 52
1. 58
L 56

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

1. 05
1. 47
1. 52
1. 47
A
1. 60
1. 72
1. 65

. 73
1. 13
1. 23
1. 20
1. 03
1. 33
1 .4 6
1. 51

.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

. 70
1. 10
1. 16
1. 14
A
1. 41
1 .4 4
1 .4 8

.6 1
1. 06
1. 24
1. 21
. 86
L 46
1. 35
1. 32

1 .2 9
1. 62
1. 69
1. 59
1 .4 1
1. 84
1. 91
1. 87

1. 21
1. 81
1. 83
1. 81
1. 57
1.87
2 .0 3
1. 89

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

1.
1.
1.
L
1.
1.
1.
1.

1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
I.

1. 22
1. 73
1. 72
1. 66
A
1. 83
1. S3
1. 32

1. 49
1. 86
1. 88
1. 80
1 .4 3
1. 94
2. 02
2. 03

16
72
78
60
38
72
82
82

A

20
62
62
42
25
62
71
71

79
18
22
22
06
45
51
48

19
74
SO
75
34
83
88
83

18
64
59
63
28
75
79
71

05
60
65
52
22
78
82
71

13
47
49
42
16
52
59
61

2. 00

1. 72

1. 12

1. 25

. 92

1. 16

2. 15

1. 87

1. 90

L 80

1. 79

1. 46

1. 87

1. 79

2. 08

1. 63

2 .4 3

1 .9 8

1. 83

1. 23

1. 37

1. 23

1. 17

2. 01

2. 01

1. 91

1. 83

1. 87

1. 64

1. 95

I. 90

2. 15

1. 92

2. 23

2. 12

1. 89

1. 39

1. 46

1. 42

1. 27

2. 14

2. QK

2. 12

1. 84

1. 96

1. 67

2. 05

2. 03

2. 28

1. 78
1. 68

2. 05
1. 80

2. 41
2. 01

1. 83
1. 64

A
1. 33

A
1. 42

A
1. 35

1. 27
1.4 1

2. 14
1. 83

2. 01
1. 88

2. 09
1. 87

1. 84
1. 75

A
1. 74

1. 69
1. 60

2. 06
1. 92

1. 95
1. 84

2. 19
2. 04

1. 73
1. 32

1. 74
1. 38

A
1. 38

1. 65
1. 31

A
1. 01

1. 50
1. 01

1. 34
. 90

1. 42
. 92

1. 79
1. 23

1.9 4
1.45

1. 74
1. 32

1. 63
1. 48

1. 76
1. 34

A
1. 23

1. 86
1. 49

.2. 01
1. 54

1. 90
1 .6 4

1. 51

Excludes p rem iu m pay for overtim e and for work on weekends, holidays, and late sh ifts.
Manufacturing; transportation (excluding railroad s), com m unication, and other public u tilities; w holesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and s e r v ic e s .
Data lim ited to man w orkers except where otherw ise indicated.
Insufficient data to w arrant presentation.




25
76
83
74
55
84
90
93

ORDER

O r d e r B L S b u ll e t in s f r o m th e S u p e r in te n d e n t
c h e c k o r m o n e y o r d e r , p a y a b le to th e S u p e r in te n d e n t
b u lle t in s a r e a l s o m a in ta ir d a t t h r e e o f th e B u r e a u
Y o r k 1, N . Y . ; 1 0 5 W e s t \ d a m s S t r e e t , C h i c a g o 3 ,

I

I

B L S B u lle tin
N o . 1 1 5 7 -1

N o. of
c o p ie s




W a g e s an d R e la te d B e n e fit s ,
L a b o r M a r k e ts , 1 9 5 3 -5 4 .
P r ic e 60 c e n ts .

FORM

o f D o c u m e n t s , G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O f f ic e , W a s h in g to n 25, D . C .
Send
o f D o cu m e n ts.
C u r r e n c y sen t at sen d er*s r is k .
S a le s o f f ic e s f o r B L S
o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s R e g io n a l O ffic e s a s fo llo w s :
3 4 1 N in t h A v e n u e , N e w
11 1.; a n d 6 3 0 S a n s o m e S t r e e t , S a n F r a n c i s c o 1 1 , C a l i f .

M a jo r

1

|

B L S B u lle t in
N o . 1 1 5 7 -2

N o. of
c o p ie s

W a g e s an d R e la te d B e n e fits ,
L a b o r M a r k e ts , 1 9 5 3 -5 4 .
P r ic e 66 c e n t s .

M a jo r

I n c l u d e s th e f o l l o w i n g a r e a s :

I n c lu d e s th e fo llo w in g a r e a s :

D a lla s , T e x .
D e t r o it , M ic h .
M in n e a p o lis -S t . P a u l,
N ew O r le a n s , L a .
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a .
P o r tla n d , O r e g .

D e n v e r, C o lo .
M e m p h is , T e n n .
N e w a r k -J e r s e y C ity , N . J .
S t. L o u is , M o .
San F r a n c is c o -O a k la n d , C a lif.

1

j

N o. o f
c o p ie s

M in n .

B L S B u lle tin
N o . 1 1 5 7 -3

W a g e s an d R e la te d B e n e fit s ,
L a b o r M a r k e ts , 1 9 5 3 -5 4 .
P r ic e 70 c e n ts .

M a jo r

I n c lu d e s th e f o llo w in g a r e a s :
A t la n ta , G a .
B o sto n , M a ss .
C h i c a g o , 111.
L o s A n g e le s , C a lif.
M ilw a u k e e , W is .
N ew Y o rk , N . Y .

☆ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1955 O - 336816