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WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
DIVISION OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
Part I -The Occupational Character is tics of Workers
on Relief in Urban Areas
May 1934
BY
GLADYS L. PALMER
ANO
KATHERINE D. WOOD
RESEARCH
MONOGRAPH
IV
WASHINGTON
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I
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
HARRY L. HOPKINS, Administrator
CORRINGTON GILL
HOWARD B. MYERS, Oirecfor
A11l1ront Adminittrotor
01v111on of Socio/ Ru.arch
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LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
WORlS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
Washington, D. C., NoTember 1, 1936
Sir:
I hue the honor to t ransai t herewith Part I of a report
n•arizing the occupational. characteristics of workers on relief h 79 cities in Hay 193'J, This report brings together
the findings of a study conducted by the Federal &nergency Relief Adahistration, and presents basic social and economic
data concening the uneaployaent relief problem at an i ■portaat
period of the depression. It has significance not only in the
adainistration of public relief, but also in any fundamental
solation of the unesployaent problem.
The stud7 was ■ ade under the direction of Howard B. Myers,
Director of the Dhision of Social Research. The data were
collected under the superYision of Clark Tibbitts and George
Landberg; this aal7sis was prepared under the superYision of
Benr, B. Arthur. Assist ace in editing was ghen by John N.
Webb, Coordinator of Urban SorYe7s, Dhhion of Social Research.
The accoapa7hg report was prepared by Gladys L. Pal.aer
ad latherhe D. Wood. Acknowledgment is also made of the contributions of Belen Griffin, Sol Ozer, John H. Mueller, Howard
GrieYes, Willi• O. Brown, ad ■any other individuals who cooperated h the field wrk ad in the tabulation and preliminar, aal7sis of the data. Special acknowledgment should also
be made to Paul F. Lazarsfeld for his contribution to the analysis of Chapter IV, ad to the Industrial Research Department,
UniTersi\f of Pennsylvania, for allowing Miss Palmer to devote
ti ■e to the preparation of this report.
CORRINGTON GILL
Asststant Adlltntstrator
Bon. HARRY L. HOPlINS
Norlla PrO,reaa Adatntatrator
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CONTENTS
Page
Introduction .....•.•.......•.•..•••.•.•••.•....••.. ;....
SuaarJ of Findinirs .••••••••.••••••••••.••••••••••••.•.•
Chapter I. Economic and Social Factors in the Une11plo1aent Relief Problem......................
Collparison of the Urban UnenrploJed Receiving Relief with the Total Une11plo7ed •••
Social Characteristics of Faailies ••••.••
Employment Status of Adults ••••••••••••••
Chapter II. The Occupational and Social Characteristics
of Une11plo7ed Workers on Relief..........
Social Char11eterist ics of Unemployed Work-
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3
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ers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2q
ChapterIII.
Chapter IV.
Occupational Characteristics of Une111plo7ed
Workers on Relief •••••••••••••••••••••• 32
Duration of Une111plo1111eat ••••••••••••••••• q2
Su111111&rJ of Occupationaland Social Characteristics of Unemployed Workers on Relief .... ............................... !53
E111plo7ed Workers on Relief and Their Jobs..
The Proble• of Supplementary Relief ••••.•
Characteristics of ElllploJed Workers •••••• 63
Characteristics of the Jobs of E111ployed
Workers .•.•.•. ..••••.•.••..••..•.•....• 69
Su11111arJ of Findings in Respect to PriYate
!11plo:,ment of Workers on Relief ••••••.• 83
Dnrat ioa of Uneaplo;raent and the 8111ployabilitJ of Workers oa Relief..................
87
Significance of the Proble■ of the Longt iae Une111ployed on Relief •••••••••••••. 87
The Analysis of Factors in Duration of Unemployment ••••••••••••••.••.••••••••••• 88
The Employability of Workers on .Relief
and the Policies of a Work Relief Pro1ram . .................................. 99
,1
,1
Appendices
A. Copy of Schedule...........................
B.
C.
D.
Definitions of Major Tenns on the Schedule
of the Urban Relief Sa"ey...............
Detailed Tables of Urbaa Relief SorYey.....
Tables for Cmparisonof the Urban Une111ployed ReceiYiDi Relief and Total Unemployed.
103
107
117
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CONTENTS
Text Tables
Page
Table
1.
Race of Households in the Urban Relief Saaple
May 193q in the Urban Relief Population October 1933 and in the Urban Population 1930
Race of One-person and Two-or-more-person
Households in the Urban Relief Smnple Ka,
193q in the Urban Relief Population 1933
and in the Urban Population 1930..........
Size of Two-or-more-person Households of the
Urban Relief Sample May 193" in the Urban
Relief Population 1933 and of Families in
the Urban Population 1930 by Race.........
Type of Family in the Urban Relief Sample Ma,
193q and in the Urban Relief Population
Table
2.
Table
3.
Table
q.
Race..............................
9
Table
!5. Marital Status of Persons in the Urban Relief
Sample Hay 193q and in the Urban Population
1930 by Race and Sex............... .. .. • • •
11
Table
6.
Table
7.
Table
8.
Table
9.
1933
Table 10.
Table 11.
Table 12.
Table 13.
Table 1q.
by
Employability Composition of Families on Relief by Family Type, Urban Relief Sample
Hay l 93q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • . • .
Number of Workers Per Household ia the Urban
Relief Sample May 193q and in the Urban
Population 1930,..........................
Median Number of Workers in Relief Households
Having Orie or More Workers by Size of Household and Race, Urban Relief Sample Ma, 19314
Employment Status of Persons 16~ Tears of
Age on Relief by Race and Sex, Urban Relief
Sample May 193q. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . •
Reasons Given by Persons 16 Years of Age and
Over on Relief for not Working and not Seeking Work by Race and Sex, Urban Relief Sample
May l 93ti . • • . • • • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Median Age of Persons 16 Years of Age and
Over on Relief by Reason for not Working,
and not Seeking Work, by Race and Sex, Urban
Relief Sample May 193"....................
Employment Status of Workers 16-6q Years of
Age on Relief by Race and Sex, Urban Relief
Sample May 193q.............. . . . . . . . • . • . . .
Sex of Workers in the Urban Relief Samyle Ma,
193" by Employment Status and of Gainful
Workers in the Urban Population 1930......
Median Age of Workers in the Urban Relief
Sample May 193q by Employinent Status and
Sex and of Gainful Workers in the General
Population 1930 by Sex....................
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CONTENTS
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Page
Table
1,.
Table 16.
Table 17.
Table 18.
Table 19.
Table 20.
Table 21.
Table 22.
Table 23.
Table 2".
Table 25.
Table 26.
Table 27.
Relationship of Unemployed Workers to Head
of Relief Household by Sex, Urban Relief
Sample May 193"·...... • • . • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • . •
Age of Unemployed Workers oo Relief by Sex,
Urban Relief Sample May 193"··············
Median Age of Unemployed Workers oo Relief
by Occupational Group, Race, and Sex, Urban
Relief Sample May 193"····················
Years of Schooling of Unemployed Workers on
Relief by Race and Sex, Urban Relief Sample
May 193"·. • ••.•••• • •. • · •• • •. • · • • • · · · • • • • • ·
Median years of Schooling of Unemployed Workers on Relief by Occupational Group and
Sex, Urban Relief Sample May 193q.........
Median years of Experience at Their Usual
Occupation of Unemployed Workers on Relief
by Occupational Group, Race, and Sex, Urban
Relief Sample May 193q....................
Occupational Group of the Usual Occupation
of Unemployed Workers in the Urban Relief
Sample May 193" and of Gainful Workers in
the Census Sampling Area 1930 by Sex......
Socio-economic Class of Usual Occupation of
Unemployed Workers in the Urban Relief Sample May 193q and of Gainful Workers in the
Census Sampling Area 1930 by Sex..........
Socio-econanic Class of Usual Occupation of
Unemployed Workers on Relief with and without an Alternate Occupation, Urban Relief
Sample May 193q. • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . . . • . • •
Usual lndust ry of Unemployed Workers in the
Urban Relief Sample May 193q, and of Gainful Workers in the Census Sampling Area
1930· • • ••••• · .• · .••.•• • •••.•..... , . • . . . . . .
Usual Industry by Socio-economic Class of Unemployed Workers in the Urban Relief Sample
May 193'1, and of Gainful Workers in the
General Population 1930...................
Duration of Unemployment Since Last Job at
Usual Occupation and Since Last Non-relief
Job of Unemployed Workers on Relief by Sex,
Urban Relief Sample May 193',1..............
Median Duration of Unemployment Since Last
Non-relief Job of Unemployed Workers on
Relief by Usual Industry, Race, and Sex, Urban Relief Sample May 193q....... •.•.•••••
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CONTENTS
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Page
Table 28,
Table 29,
Table 30.
Table 31.
Table 32.
Table 33,
Table ~.
Table 35.
Table 36.
Table 37.
Table 38.
Table 39,
Table
qQ,
Median Duration of Unemployment Since Last
Non-relief Job of Unemployed Workers on Relief by Socio-economic Class of Usual Occupation and Sex, Urban Relief Suiple May
193ij, ........... , . , .............. , , .... , . •
Number of Cities by Ratio of Relief Cases
with One or More Workers in Private Employment to all Cases on Relief, Urban Relief
Sample May 193ij ......... · ... , · · · · , , · · · · · • •
Workers on Relief Engaged in Private Bmployment by Status in Household, Race, and Sex,
Urban Relief Sample May 193q.,............
Relief Cases with or without Employed Members
by Size of Case, Urban Relief Sample May
193q. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . • . . . . . . . . .
Median Weekly Earnings of Relief Cases with
One or More Members in Private Employment
by Size of Case, Urban Relief Sample May
193'L, .... , . , .......... , , .. , , . . . . . . . . . . • . .
Comparison of Median Monthly Earnings of Relief Cases with One or More Members Employed and Monthly Relief Budgets in New York
City and Milwaukee by Size of Ca.~e........
Employment Status of Workers on Relief by
Race and Sex, Urban Relief Sample May 193q
Median Years of Schooling of Workers on Relief by Employment Status, Race, and Sex,
Urban Relief Sample May 193q,,............
Proportion of Workers on Relief Employed in
Same Socio-economic Class as of Their Usual
Occupation, Urban Relief Sample May l93ij..
Socio-economic Class of Present Employment
of Workers on Re lief by Race and Sex, Urban
Relief Sample May 193q,,,.................
Cumulative Percent Distribution of Age of
Workers Engaged in Private EIIJ)loyment, Urban
Relief Sample May l93ij, and of Gainful Workers in the General Population 1930, by Sex
Industry of Employed and Unemployed Workers
in the Urban Relief Sample May 193q, and
of Gainful Workers in the Cens11s Sallpling
Area 1930. . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • • . . . . . .
Median Weekly and Hourly Earnings and Hours
Worked per Week by Employed Workers on Relief by Race and Sex, Urban Relief Sample
May l93ij. . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . • • . . . . . . •
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CONTENTS
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Page
Table
,n.
Table 4'2.
Table ii:5.
Table q11.
Table 4'!5.
Median Part- and Full-time Eaninis of Work-
ers on Relief Engaged in Private &nployment
by Status in Household,Race,and Sex, Urban
Relief S.-ple Ha, 193lJ....................
Cumulative Percent Distribution of Weekly
Earnings of &nployed Workers on Relief by
Race and Sex, Urban Relief Sample Hay 19:51J
Hourly Earnings of &ployed Workers on Relief
by Race and Sex, Urban Relief Sample Hay
193". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Median Weekly and Hourly Earnhis and Hours
Worked per Week by &itployed Workers on Relief by Present Industry, Urban Relief Sample May 193q............... . • • • • • • • • . • • • • •
Median Weekly and Hourly Eaninis and Hours
Worked per Week by !Cllployed Workers on Relief, by Socio-economic Class of Present
Occupation and Race, Urban Relief Sample
Hay 19:511. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • • • . . . • • • •
Ai• bJ Duration of Unemplo:rment Since
Media
116.
Table
Table 117.
Last Job at Usual Occupation of Unemployed
Workers on Relief by Occupational. Group and
Sex, Urban Relief Sample Hay 19311.........
Median Ai• by Duration of Unemployment Since
Last Job at Usual Occupation of Unemployed
Workers on Relief by Occupational Group and
Race, Urban Relief Sample May 19:511,.......
711
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78
81
91
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CHARTS
Chart A.
Chart B.
Chart C.
Chart D.
Type of Faai17 in the Urban Relief Sample,
193" . .................................... .
Reasons tor Not Working and Not Seeking Work
Principal Occupations in Selected Cities ••••
Socio-econ011ic Distribution of Total and Re-
10
1'
21
lief Workers ...•...•..•....•...••.•..•....
38
Chart E.
Chart 1.
Chart 2.
Hourly Earn his of &ployed Workers on Relief
&lplo1111ent Status of Workers on Relief ••.•••
Aie of Unemployed Workers on Relief, 193l', and
of Gaill!ul Workers in the United States,
77
1930 ..................................... .
Chart 3.
Chart q.
Schoolini of Unemployed Workers •••••••••••••
Schoolini of Unemployed Workers by Major Occupational Groups ••••••••.•••••••••••.••••
Length of Experience of Unmplo7ed Workers
at Usual Occupation .•••.•••••.•••••••••••
27
29
Chart !5.
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CONTENTS
Page
Chart
6.
Chart
7.
37
Chart 10.
Usual Occupation of Uaeaployed ¥:>ricers on Relief, 193q, and Gainful Workers, 19,:) •••••
Socio-econ011ic Class of Usual Occupation of
Unemployed ¥:>ricers, Relief Saaple 193" and
Gainful Workers, Census 1930 ••••••••••••••
Usual Industry of Uaeaployed Workers ....... .
Duration of Uaemplo,aeat Since L•t Job at
Usual Occupation by Usual Occupational Groap
Hedi an Duration of Uae11ploJ11eat Since Last
Non-relief Job............................
&18
Chart 11.
Duration of Unemplo,aeat Since Last Noa-re-
Chart 12.
Hedi an Weekly Earnings of Cases with One 0-r
More Members F.mployed bJ Size of Case.....
Proportion of &.ployed Workers on Relief in
Jobs of Their Usual Socio-ecoa011ic Class..
Socio-econ011ic Class of Preseat Occupation
of F.mployed Workers on Relief.............
Earnings of Workers on Relief Bmployed in
Private &iplo,aent........................
Median Hourly Earninfs of l!Jnployed Workers
on Relief by Present Industry.............
Median Hourly Earnings of lllployed lbrlters
on Relief by Socio-econoaic Cl.us.........
Chart 8.
Chart 9.
Chart 13.
Chart 1q.
Chart 15.
Chart 16.
Chart 17.
lief Job..................................
APPKNDII
Table
1.
Table 2.
3.
Table q_
Cases in Urban Relief Saaple Ma, 1931' by N-ber of Persons and Nuaber of Workers......
Age of Workers in the Urban Relief Saple
May 193q bJ Baployment Status and Age of
Gainful Workers in the General Population
Usual Occupation of Unemployed Workers by
Race and Sex, Urban Relief· Saaple Ma, 1931'
Usual Occupation of Unemployed Workers in the
Urban Relief Sample May 193q and Gainfll
Workers in the Census Sanpling Area 1930,
5.
Table 6.
62
66
68
75
79
82
117
117
118
Sex....................................
122
Usual Industry and Socio-econ011ic Class of
Unemployed Workers in the Urban Relief Saaple May 193q, and of Gainful Workers in the
General Population 1930...................
Duration of Une111ploy11ent of Men Since Last
Job at Usu-al Occupation by Occupational
Group, Urban Relief Sample May 1931'.......
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1930......................................
Table
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CONTENTS
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Page
Table
7.
Table
8.
Table
9.
Table 10.
Table 11.
Table 12.
Table 13.
Table 14.
Table 15.
Duration of Unemployment of Won1en Since Last
Job at Usual Occupation by Occupational
Group, Urban Relief Sample May 193q .. ,....
Median Duration of Unemployment Since Last
Non-relief Job by Industry and Socio-economic Class of Usual Occupation by Race and
Sex, Urban Relief Sample May 193q,,,......
Median Age, Years of Experience, Duration of
Unemployment, and Years Completed at School,
of Unemployed Men by Usual Occupation, Urban
Relief Sample Hay 193q,.,.................
Median Age, Years of 8xperience, Duration of
Unemployment, and Years Completed at School,
of Unemployed Women by Usual Occupation,
Urban Relief Sample Hay 193q,.............
Duration of Unemployment of Hen Since Last
Non-relief Job by Usual Industry, Urban
Relief Sample May 1934....................
Duration of Unemployment of Women SiRce Last
Non-relief Job by Usual Industry, Urban Relief Sample May 1934......................
Ratio of Cases with One or More Workers in
Private Employment to all Cases on Relief
in 79 Cities, Urban Relief Sample Hay 1934
Relief Cases having Members in Private Employment by Race of Head and Worker Composition,
Urban Relief Sample Hay 1934..............
Relief Cases Having Members in Private Empioyment by Total Number of Employed Workers
by Total Number of Workers in the Case, and
by Race of Head, Urban Relief Sample May
193.................................... , • • •
Table 16.
Table 17.
Table 18.
Table 19.
Median Weekly Earnings of Relief Cases with
One or More Employed Members bJ Size of
Case and Geographic Area, Urban Relief Sa.mp le Hay 193q. • • . . • • • • . . . . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • .
Present Occupation of Employed Workers bJ
Race and Sex, Urban Relief Sample May 1934
Median Age of Employed Workers in the Urban
Relief Sample May 1934 and of all Gainful
Workers in the General Population 1930 by
Industry and Sex..........................
Industry of Employed and Unemployed Workers
in the Urban Relief Sample Hay 193q and of
Gainful Workers in the Census Sampling Area
1930,.....................................
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CONTENTS
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TablP. 20.
Tahle 21.
Table 22.
Table 23.
Tahle 24.
Tal)le 25.
Tahle 26.
Tahl e 27.
Table 28.
Tahle 29,
Tahle 30.
Table 31.
Table 32.
Present Tndust ry of Employed Workers by Sex
and Race, Urban Relief Sample May 1934....
E;i,rni ng Stat us of Employed Workers by Main
Group of Pri>sent Industry, Urhan Relief
Sample May 1934...........................
Median Weekly and Hourly Earnings and Hours
Worked per Week of Employed Workers by Present Industry, Urban Relief Sample May 1934
CnmulativP Percent Distribution of Weekly
Eiirn i OR'S of Employed Workers by Present
Industry, Urhan Relief Sample May 1934,...
Cnmulat ive Percent Distribution of Hourly
Earnings of Employed Workers hy Present
Industry, Urban Relief Sample May 1934....
Median WePkly and Hourly Earnings of Employed
Workers by Present Industry and Geographic
Areii, Urban Relief Sample May 1934........
MPdi an Weeklv and Hourly Earnings and Hours
Worked per Week of Employed Workers, by
Present Occupation and by Race, Urban Relief Sample May 1934......................
Median Age of Men by Dur at ion of Unemployment
Since Last Joh at Usual Occupation, by Usual
Occ11p:Hion, Urban Relief Sample May 1934..
Median Age of Women by Duration of Unemployment Since Last Job at Usual Occupation,
by Usual Occupation, Urban Relief· Sample
May 1934, - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Median Years of Experience at Usual Occupation by Duration of Unemployment Since Last
Job at Usual Occupation, by Socio-economic
Class, Age, Race, and Sex, Urban Re lief
Sample May 1934...........................
Median Years of Experience at Usual Qccupat ion
of Workers in 10 Largest Occupations, hy
Duration of Unemployment Since Last Job at
Usual Occupation by Age, Urban Relief Sample May 1934,.............................
Ratio of Workers with Alternate Occupation
to Those with No Alternate Occupation, by
Duration of Unemployment Since Last Job at
Usual Occupation, Socio-economic Class,
Race, and Sex, Urban Relief Sample May 193"
Median Years of Schooling by Duration of Unemployment Since Last Job at Usual Occupation, by Socio-economic Class, Age, Race,
and Sex, Urhan Relief Sa.mple Hay 1934.....
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Table 33.
Median Duration of Unemployment Since Last
Job at Usual Occupation by Duration of Unemployment Since Last Non-relief Job, by
Socio-economic Class of Usual Occupation,
Race, and Sex, Urban Relief Sample May 1934
179
APPENDIX D
Table
1.
Table
2.
Table
3.
Table ijA.
Table 4B.
Table
!5.
Table
6.
Table
7.
Table
8.
Table
9.
Sex of All Unemployed Workers and Unemployed
Workers on Relief 16-64 Years of Age in
Eight Cities, 193"........................
Race and Nativity of All Unemployed Workers
and Unemployed Workers on Relief 16-64 Years
of Age by Sex, Four Cities, 1934... . ......
Race of All Unemployed Workers and Unemployed Workers on Relief by Sex in Boston and
Lynn, Massachusetts, 1934,.. .. . . . .. . . . . . ..
Age of All Unemployed Workers and UT!employed
Workers on Relief by Sex, Four Cities, 1934
Age of All Unemployed Workers an1 Unemployed
Workers on Relief by Sex, Four Cities, .l'::134
Dur at ion of Unemployment of All Unemployed
Workers and Unemployed Workers on Relief
in Five Cities, 1934........ .. . .. .. .. . .. ..
Usual Industry of All Unemployed Workers and
of Workers on Relief by Sex in Everett,
Washington, 1934..........................
Usual Iddustry of All Unemployed Workers and
of Workers on Relief by Sex in Boslun, Massachusetts, 1934............................
Occupational Group of All Unemployed Workers
and Unemployed Workers on Relief by Sex in
Bridgeport, Connecticut, 1934, ............
Socio-economic Class of Usual Occupation of
Unemployed Workers by Relief Status in Dayton, Ohio, 1934...........................
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INTRODUCTION
The Su"eJ of Urban Workers on Relief in Hay 1934 was undertaken to provide the Federal Emergency Relief Administration
with basic social and economic information concerning the urban
relief load.
Earlier studies such as the Relief Census of
October 1933 h.ad provided data concerning the total number of
persons receiving relief and their race, sex, age, and size of
fuily. This survey, however, was designed to gather other
types of information related primarily to the employment experience and occupational characteristics of workers on urban relief rolls. Why were these workers on relief? In what occupations and industries were they formerly employed? How long
bad they been out of work? Were they old or young? Were they
a part of the experienced labor supply of their own communities? What were their chances of re-employment in private industry? What types of jobs should be provided for them by a
work relief progru? How many families contained workers who
could be considered available for work relief?
Limitations of both cost and time made it impossible to conduct a ~tudy of this nature on a complete census basis. Consequently an atte11pt was made to adopt a method of sampling
which, within certain liaits,would permit generalizations pertaining to the total urban relief load. Seventy-nine cities
widely distributed geographicallJ and ranging fr0111 10,000 to
over 1,000,000 population were selected for study.
These 79
cities had a c011bined relief cue load of approximately 1,150,000
cases in May 1934, slightly more than 40 percent of the total
urban load. Fr011 this number of over a million cases, approximately 165,000 cases were visited and inteniewed.
These
cases were selec~ed at rand011 fro111 the total number of cases
receiving unemplo,aent relief fr0111 public funds in each of the
79 cities. The size of the sample depended upon the size of
the city, the size of the case load, and the number of cities
of a certain size chosen to represent all cities of that size
in the United States, inthis study. This theoretical sampling
ratio varied fr011 l to 30 cases in New York City to a 100 percent sample in cities with populations under 50,000. Certain
adjustments were later made in the sampling ratios to afford
better representation of cities of all sizes in the combined
sample. This weighted su11111ary of about 202,000 cases is used
throughout the report except when data are presented for cities
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URBAN WORlBRS OR RBLIBF
separately.
In the latter, the saaple ori1inal.l1 taken has
been multiplied by the saaplina ratio in order to represent the
entire case load of each city. The results of this saaplini
method have been tested for race, sex, and a,e b1 ccaparison
with the Relief Census of October 1933; the saaple appears to
be representative of the urban relief rolls in respect to these
characteristics.
In the selection of the 79 cities, an atteapt was aade not
only to sample adequately the total urban relief load, but al.so
to include all large industries in proportions representative
of their importance in the urban United States. It was iapossible to do this completely, but with a few exceptions adequate
representation was achieved for most industries. Occupation
and industry data have also been tested and ■ a, be said to be
1·eason ably rep resent at ive.
A wide variety of economic or industrial backgrounds is included among the cities selected for study. When the 79 cities
are roughly classified according to available Census data on
the occupational and industrial distribution of 1ainful workers
in 1930, 3, citi~s are found to be largely co•ercial center~,
l&J are diversified manufacturing centers,
are specialized
manufacturing centers, four are mining towns, and the remaining
city, Washington, is tor various reasons difficult to classify
in these other groups.
2,
1. Coaaercla1 Cities
100,000 population and OYert
Atlanta, Ga.
New Orleans, La.
Boston, Hass.
New York, N. Y.
Duluth, Minn.
Norfolk, Va.
Oakland, Calif.
El Paso, Tex.
Houston, Tex.
St. Paul, Minn.
Kansas City, Ho.
Salt Lake City, Utah
Los Angeles, Calif.
San Dieao, Calif.
Minneapolis, Minn.
San Fraacisco, Calif.
Under 100,000 population:
Albuquerque, N. Hex.
Lakelaad, Fla.
Benton Harbor, Mich.
Lexington, Iy.
Bowling Green, K,.
Little Rock, Art.
Burlington, Vt.
Marquette, Mich.
Charleston, S. C:
Minot, N. Dalt.
Charlotte, N. C.
Portland, Maine
Enid, Okla.
Portsmouth, N. R.
Jackson, Miss.
Sioux City, Iowa
Joplin, Mo.
Sioux Falls, S. Dali:.
Lake Charles, La.
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I NT RO DUCT ION
xix
II. Diversified Manufacturing Cities
100,000 population and over:
Baltimore, Hd.
Birmingham, Ala.
Bu ff alo, N. Y.
Chicago, Ill.
Cincinnati, Ohio
Evansville, Ind.
Indianapolis, Ind.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Rochester, N. Y.
St. Louis, Ho.
Wilmington, Del.
Under 100,000 population:
Derby, Conn.
Findlay, Ohio
Wheeling, W.
Va.
111. Spec la 1 lzed Mlnufact ur i ng CIt les
100,000 population and over:
Akron, Ohio
Bridgeport, Conn.
Cleveland, Ohio
Detroit, Mich.
Fort Wayne, Ind.
Lynn, Hass.
Hi lwankee, Wis.
Paterson, N. J.
Providence, R. I.
Reading, Pa.
Under 100,000 population:
Ansonia, Conn.
Biloxi, Hiss.
Douglas, Ariz.
Everett, Wash.
Gastonia, N. C.
Gloversville, N. Y.
Kenosha, Wis.
Klamath Falls, Oreg.
Manchester, N. H.
Oshkosh, Wis.
Rockford, Ill.
Rock Island, Ill.
Saginaw, Hich.
Schenectady, N. Y.
Shelton, Conn.
IV. Mining Cities
Under 100,000 population:
Butte, Mont.
Hibbing, Minn.
Shenandoah, Pa.
Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
Y. Washington, D. C.
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIBF
In each of the cities a special office was organized with a
local supervisor under the general direction of research supervisors from the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. The
interviewers chosen to make the family visits were given a short
period of training with special emphasis upon accuracy in entering occupation and industry data on the schedule. In addition, the customary written instructions were provided in order
to insure as much uniformity as possible in the entries in all
cities. Questions of interpretation were referred to the Washington Office.
The schedule 1 included items concerning race, sex, age, and
schooling for all persons in the relief "household." In addition, many quest ions applied only to employable persons or
"workers", defined for purposes of this study as persons 16
through 64 years of age working or seeking work. For unemployed
workers, the usual occupation and industry, length of experience, length of unemployment, the longest job with one employer,
and the alternate occupation were secured; for workers employed
at non-relief j ohs, present occupation and industry, weekly
earnings and hours worked were obtained. One question concerning the presence of physical or mental disabilities which might
be considered a vocational handicap was asked about all persons
16 years of age or over. Those not seeking work were asked the
reason for not seeking work. The data relating to persons not
seeking work and to physical disabilities have been but briefly
touched upon in this report. The major emphasis of the report
is on the occupation al characteristics of persons 16 through 64
years of age on relief in the 79 cities surveyed who reported
that they were working or seeking work.
The information on the schedules was edited, coded, transferred to punch cards and tahulated. The occupation and industry codes used were those of the Bureau of the Census of the
United States Department of Commerce, and the work was performed
by coders trained in the Bureau of the Census. The classification and coding of occupations and industries in this report,
therefore, follow the practices of the Bureau of the Census. 2
In the 79 cities studied, a special effort was made to secure, as nearly as possible, a random sample of all cases receiving relief from Federal Emergency Relief Administration
funds except transients, and in addition all cases receiving
unemployment relief from local or State public funds. In some
cities, however, inadequate public or private assistance for
aged persons, dependent children, or other types of categOt"ical
relief cases led to their inclusion in the unemployment relief
1 ror a copy or the schedule and dertnitlons ora11 teI'lls used 1n the atad7,
see Appendices A and B.
2 see Appendix B, pp. 111-112.
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INTRODUCTION
xxi
load. It is obvious, therefore, that the present sample includes
not only unemplo1111ent relief cases in the real sense of the
teni, but also other types of relief cases which. were at the
time being cared for fro• Federal Emergency Relief funds.
The une!llplOJed workerswithprevious work experience who reported that theJ were seeking work are, however, the chief concern of this report. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of two special groups of small numerical illlJ)ortance
but of aajor significance in public relief policy, namely, persons employed in private industry who are receiving supplementary relief, and the long-time unemployed who constitute a residual group on relief in many urban centers.
The findings for the weighted su11111ary of the 79 cities are
presented in Part I of this report. Since combined figures of
the 79cities obscure some of the important city differences in
the occupational and industrial backgrounds of workers on relief, a separate discussion of some of the data for each of the
cities is presented in Part II.
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The principal findings with regard to the occupational and
social characteristics of the urhan relief population in the
79 cities as a whole may be summarized briefly. Of the 165,000
relief households studied, 1 10 percent reported no employable
person in the household, 18 percent reported some person engaged in private employment on a part- or full-time basis, and
slightly less than three-fourths of the total reported all persons of working age unemployed. Since some of. the persons seeking work were handicapped by physical or mental disahili ties,
it is estimated that approximately 20 percent of the households
surveyed could be classified as without an employable member.
Eighty percent of the cases studied were therefore dependent
upon public aid because of complete or partial unemployment,
or, in a small proportion of cases, inadequate earnings from
full-time employment. Three-fourths of the families were white
and one-fourth were of Negro or of other racial extraction.
The average size of.white families was 3.8 persons and of Negro
families 3.4; and more than one-half of all families studied
had only one employable person per family.
About 400,000 persons 16 to 64 years of age were included in
the study. Of this number, over half were unemployed persons
seeking work, a third were for specific reasons not seeking
work, and approximately one-tenth were engaged in private employment at the time of the study. Among those not seeking
work, there were five times as many women as men. In general,
those not seeking work were older and had a higher physical
disability rate than the other groups. The majority of the
persons not seeking work were women engaged in household activities 164 percent of the totall. Most of the persons in the
younger age groups were attendin11. school, and the majority of
older men not seeking work were physically unable to work.
Interest naturally centers around the characteristics of the
235,000 workers reportea unemployed and seeking work. There
were almost three times as many men as women in this group.
The vast majority•of unemployed workers were a part of the experienced labor supply of their communities. The typical unemployed person on urban relief rolls in May 1934 was a white man
1changes later ■&de 1n the sa11Pl1ng ratios, to better represent c1t1es or
all s1zes, resulted 1n a weighted summary ot about 202,000 cases,
xxiii
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xxiv
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
38 years of age who was the head of a household.
He had not
canpleted an elementary school education, but had had, on the
average, 10 years experience at the occupation he considered
bis customary or "usual" one. This occupation varied considerably with the type of community in which he lived but was
111ost frequently a seniskilled or unskilled occupation in the
manufacturing or mechanical industries. Perhaps the most significant fact about the average urban worker on relief in 1934
was that he had lost the last job at his usual occupation in
the winter of 1931-32.
The largest single group ( 34 percent I of unemployed men on
urban relief rolls had formerly been employed in unskilled occupati:>ns. One-fourth of the total had lliOrked in skilled and
another fourth in semiskilled occupations.
The re111ainder had
been engaged in professional, proprietary, and clerical pursuits.
Proprietary workers were the oldest group of unemployed men on
urban relief rolls and clerical workers the youngest. In general, skilled and unskilled workers had been unemployed longer
than semiskilled and white collar workers. White collar workers had a better educational backgrwnd than other workers.
Skilled workers bad been to school longer than semiski l.led and
unskilled w:irkers, and had had greater experience at their
usual occupation than any group except proprietors.
The average unemployed woman on urban relief rolls in 1934
was 5 years younger than the average man. She had had a slightly better education but had worked for a shorter period at her
customary occupation.
She had lost the last job at her usual
occupation in the fall of 1932 and had had no non-relief job
of 1 month or oore for approximately li years.
The majority of all wanen in urban relief rolls bad formerly been employed in semiskilled and unskilled occupations and
had been out of work for shorter periods of time than men.
Women who had been clerical workers were the youngest of all and
ll'ere in general better educated, but had worked shorter periods
at their usual occupations. Of the occupations in which women
t.ere numerous, clerical workers had been unemployed for the
longest periods of time. llbmen fr0111 domestic and personal service, on the other hand, who constituted over half of all WOiien
on urban relief rolls, tended to be older than the average, and
had been unemployed for shorter periods of time.
Every type of occupation and industry was represented on urban relief rolls in Hay 1934, but a significant proportion of
all men t 36 percent I and over half of all women were found to
be concentrated in the 10 largest occupations reported. These
lO occupations (in order of decreasing size) were the following: Ill servants, 121 chauffeurs, truck and tractor drivers,
131 laborers lbuildint and general), 141 salesmen, 151 carpenters, (61 painters, 171 clerks, (81 operatives in the iron and
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
XIV
steel industries, 191 operatives in the clothing industries,
Five of these occupations are
and 1101 coal mine operatives.
among the 10 largest occupations reported by gainful workers
in cities with a population of 25,000 or over in 1930.
The length of unemployment was measured from the last job
of at least l month's duration at the usual occupation and fra11
the la.st non-relief job of any type lasting l 11onth or more.
The former was, on the average, considerably greater than the
latter. Averages were found to vary considerably for different
sex and race groups as well as for different occupations and
industries. When all occupations were combined, men were found
to have been out of work from the usual occupation 9 months
longer than women, and from the last non-relief job 7 months
White workers had been out of work longer
longer than women.
than Negroes, when workers from all types of occupations were
But the normal employment of women and of
grouped together.
Negroes was concentrated in certain occupations in which duration of unemploy!Tlent tended to be relatively short. The highest
average length of time out of a job was reported by white men
from occupations in the extraction of minerals, by white women
in transportation and communication, by Negro men in manufacturing and mechanical industries and mining, and by Negro women
in transportation and communication. The five tYPeS of industrial establishments from which workers on relief reported the
highest average length of time out of any job lasting l month
or more lin order of decreasing averages) were: blast furnaces
and steel mills, metal factories other than iron and steel, oil
and gas wells,coal mines, and other iron and steel industries.
The pre-depression unemployed were represented on urban relief rolls in Hay 1934, although the proportion they formed of
the total was small. In the group which had held no job since
1929 or before there were three times as many women as men.
This may have been the result of the depression which forced
many women to re-enter the labor market after several years of
It is significant, however, that 5 percent
not seeking W01"k.
of the men on urban relief rolls had held no job lasting over
l month for more than 5 years and that 14 percent had lost
the last job at their usual occupation prior to the spring of
1929.
A small but important group of workers on urban re lief rolls
in 1934 were engaged in private employment at the time of the
It is not known what proportion of this group was restudy.
ce1v1ng supplementary relief in the strict sense of the term,
but it is estimated that 10 or 12 percent of all workers in
the study were on relief because of inadequate income from parttime or full-time employment in private industry. Women of both
races were a larger part of the employed than of the unemployed
group on relief. In general these persons were working at jobs
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xxvi
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
of the same socio-economic class 11.s their usual ones. Onethird were employed in manufacturing and mechanical pursuits
and one-third were in domestic and personal service.
About
ha.lf of the employed persons were heads of households. Alt hough weekly ellrnings extended over a wide range, they averaged $7.50. Median hourly earnings were $.29 f.or all types
of occupations. Earnings were lower for Negroes than for white
persons in the same occupation, despite longer hours worked in
some cases.
Any approach to a function11.l ana.lysis of the unemployment
relief problem requires a special study of the relationship of
other employment characteristics to duration of unemployment
since the length of time out of work is the best available measure of the employability or re-employment prospects of the relief population. Sex differences in duration of unemployment
iippear to be greater th11.n race differences when all types of
occupations are combined; but in occupations in which both
sexes and all races are employed, race differentials are greater. Age is an important cha.racteristic related to duration of
unemployment, particularly for workers in unskilled and semiskillec occupations; these occupations accounted for the majority of workers on urban relief rolls. In these occupations age
is a much more serious handicap in obtaining re-employment than
in the skilled mechanical occupations. Except for workers over
45 years of age, for whom age itself is perhaps the greatest
determinant or duration of unemployment, length of experience
at the usual occupation, years completed in school, and the
possession of a.n alternate occupation have a fairly definite
relationship to the length of time workers have been without
jobs. Experience has a definite relationship to duration of
unemployment in l\ll types of occupa.tions but skilled, where
other influences appel\r to ha.ve more weight, or where technical
considerations in measuring length of experience obscure the relat ion ship. Whether or not a worker possessed an l\l terna.te
occupa.tion affected the length of time he was out of work in
lill but the semiskilled occupations.
Except for workers in
proprietary occupations, duration of 11nemploymerit increased
fl\irly consistently as length of schooling decreased. All of
these relationships vary for different sex, race, and age groups,
but most of the variations are related to differences in the
opportunities for schooling or experience in these groups. A
comparison of the length of time since loss of the last job at
the usual occupation and loss of the last non-relief job measures the success of workers in securing jobs outside their usual occupation during a period of wide-spread unemployment. It
is qignificant that prolonged periods of unemployment from
their customary occupat ioris reduce workers opportunities to
secure any other types of jobs.
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
xxvii
The evidence of this study throws light upon general problems of unemployment as well as upon the characteristics of
workers on urban relief rolls in 1934. Perhaps the most significant facts are those which demonstrate the cumulative effects of prolonged unemployment. The longer persons are out of
work the worse their chances are for re-employment at their
customary occupation or, in fact, at any type of job. Although
the majority o!. unemployed workers on relief stay on relief for
relatively short periods of time, there appears to be a residual group of long-time unemployed who are the core of a permanent unemployment problem. This group will not be able to
qualify for unemployment benefits under the provisions of the
Social Security Act. Their number is relatively small when
compared with the total number of persons in the urban relief
population. Their proportion of the total rises, however, in
certain communities and in certain occupations and age groups.
Some of them are out of work in isolated and specialized industrial centers which have been characterized hy steadily declining employment opportunity in recent years. Others were formerly employed in occupations which are now obsolescent. Still
others are too old to secure employment readily in the occupations in which they were formerly employed, or for which they
have been trained, and are too young to secure old age pensions. Together they constitute a group of workers who are
"'!;tranded" in every sense of the word.
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELl[F
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Chapter I
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS IN THE
UNEMPLOYMENT RELIEF PROBLEM
In an analysis of the results of the Survey of Urban Workers
on Relief, a knowledge of some of the factors influencing the
character of the relief load is important. Various SO'Cial and
economic forces, as well as administrative policies previous
to Hay 193Q and durin 5 the month, affected the relief situation.
These factors are briefly presented in this chapter together
with other data which assist in the interpretation of the findings of the study. The latter include a comparison of the unemployed on relief with the total unemployed whether on relief
or not; family characteristics as shown in the present sample;
and finally the employment status of the workers who constitute
the 111aj.or concern of the study. Against this background the
more detailed presentation of the occupational characteristics
of the workers on relief may be seen in better perspective.
The size and occupational characteristics of a group of unemployed workers on urban relief rolls are affected by a number of economic and social factors. Obviously the incidence
and average duration of unemployment in the areas studied are
of major importance in this connection. The peak of unemployment in the country was reached in the first quarter of 1933;
the peak of the relief load in the first quarter of 1935. The
month of Hay 193q, the month chosen for this study, therefore,
represents approxi111ately a mid-point between the high point of
unentployaent and the high point of the relief load. It was a
period ia which the relief rolls might be said to reflect the
impact of the depression but, in addition, the relief load was
affected by seasonal shifts in employment and unemployment in
■ any of the cities included in the su"ey.
The incidence of unemployment, although Yery important, is
not the only influence affecting the size and nature of the unemplo111ent relief problem.
In any unemployed group some persons come on relief rolls earlier than others; some stay for a
short time and others for a long time. Such factors as the
size of the family or the number of employable persons in it,
the amount of family income and the savings of heads of families obviously affect the chances of individuals or families
coming on relief rolls. Workers formerly employed at casual
or unskilled labor jobs frequently exhaust their relatively
1
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2
URBAN
WORKERS ON RELIEF
small financial resources at an early stage in a depression.
Clerical and professional workers who have greater resources
are not found on relief rolls in any numbers until the later
stages of a depression. Families in which there are large nuabers of dependents are often the first to come on relief rolls;
but if large families include several employable persons, they
may be the first to go off relief rolls in a period of rising
employment opportunity. In general, the employability ccaposi tion and the size and financial resources of the f&11ilJ are
important factors in determining what persons come and stay on
public relief rolls.
In any given community, the amount of funds expended bJ private welfare agencies of various types as well as by public
welfare agencies for specialized types of public aid also affects the number and characteristics of persons on unemplo1111ent
relief rolls. For example, in cities in which there is no public assistance for mothers with dependent children, old persons,
or blind and otherwise disabled persons, and at the same time
limited or inadequate private welfare &(!'ency assistance for
these groups, a number of persons in these cate(!'ories will be
found receiving assistance from emergency relief appropriations
intended primarily for assisting employable persons who, as
the result of a depression, are out of work.
Local administrative policies an'cl procedures also affect
the composition of the relief rolls and may account for the
fact that Negroes are found to be on relief in hi(!'her proportions relative to their importance in the populations of northern cities than in southern cities.
Certain policies in the administration of relief in the
spring. of 193q also had an appreciable effect upon the occupational characteristics of workers on relief rolls in SOllle of
the 79 cities surveyed as compared with other periods. The
closing of the Civil Works Administration prograa on April 1!5
added new clients to relief rolls and particularly a hi(!'her
proportion of clerical workers than had been on relief rolls
before.
Although a work relief program was in effect in many if not
all of the 79 cities in the spring of 193q, no division of the
relief load had been made in terms of eligibilitJ for direct
or home relief as against eligibility for work relief or public works employment. ThP. introduction of the Civil Works Administration and work relief programs may have encouraged s0111e
persons to apply for relief who otherwise would have postponed
such an application as long as possible. The effect of this
factor on the whole group studied was probably slight.
The presence of strikers on relief rolls in some of the 79
cities surveyed may have influenced the occupational characteristics of workers studied in those cities, although the total
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ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS
3
number of strikers was not large enough to affect the occupational distribution of the urban relief sample as a whole.
Strikes were reported in progress during the period of study
in 14 of the 79 cities. 1
Many of the points listed here have a significant bearing
on the analysis of the unemployment relief problem of particular cities, or on an explanation of the presence or absence of
certain race or nationality groups and certain occupational
groups in the relief load of certain areas. These factors are,
however, not so important in describing the urban relief population as a whole. The major factors in determining the size
and characteristics of the group studied in this report -are
the incidence and duration of unemployment as related to the
industrial backgrounds of workers on relief, the employability
composition of the fal'rlilies represented, and the age, sex,
race, and other employment characteristics of the individuals
concerned.
COMPARISON OF THE URBAN UNEMPLOYED RECEIVING
RELIEF WITH THE TOTAL UNEMPLOYED
The interpretation of the significance of economic factors
in the unemployment relief problem depends in the last analysis on the degree to which the relief unemployed differ from
the non-relief unemployed or, where non-relief data are not
available, from the total unemployed. Unfortunately, sufficient
data are not available to offer adequate tests of these points.
In one city, Dayton, Ohio, a sample investigation was made
of the relief and non-relief populations using the schedule of
this suney. 2 It is not possible, however, to generalize with
regard to the 79 cities included in this study from the Dayton
experience.
There were several censuses of unemployment under way in the
spring of 1934 which did not differentiate the relief from the
non-relief populations but which gave certain data concerning
the total unemployed population for seven of the cities covered
1 strlltes ,rere reported to haYe attected the reuer case load or cl ties In
the rouo,rtng instances: auto1101>11a ,rorkers tn Kenosha, KU•aultae, and
St. Louts; longsbora■ en 1n !Yeratt, Loa Angeles, Oaltland, and San Otego;
gloYe ,rorkers ln OloYersY1lle: packing house workers In St. Louis: tert11e
workers 1n B1r■ lngbu and CleYeland; coal and Iron ■ 1ners In B1rm1ngha11;
copper ■ 1ners 1n Butte: and fishermen and cannery 11or1ters 1n BUo:u. In
this study, atrUters are class1t1ed as workers ■ employed• at non-reuer
Jobs but lf1thout earnings; they accounted ror approU11atel1 1 percent or
all e11ploya1>1a persons.
2 rederal Emergency Reuer Ad■ 1n1Strat1on Occu1Jatfonal C~a.,.acte.,.istks Su.,.vey
of Nontgosery County, Ohio, August 1Q34. rederal Emergency Relief Adlllln1stratlon Research Balllt1n, fM Occu1Jaeional Cha.,.acteristics of the Re lief
and Ion-relief l'of,Ul.aUons in Dayton, Ollio.
Serles I, No. 3, February
1Q36.
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
in this study; Wilkes-Barre, Pittsburgh, and Reading, Pa.; 8
Boston and Lynn, Mass.; 4 Bridgeport,Conn., 5 andEverett,Wash. 8
These cities represent widely different types of industrial
communities of less than 1,000,000 population concentrated in_
four States. From the comparable occupational characteristics
data available for these eight cities, certain suggestive facts
may be drawn. 7
In all of these cities, for example, the ratio of women to
men is lower in the relief than in the unemployed or non-relief
une111ployed population. Comparisons also show that native-born
white workers predominate in the relief population as in the
unemployed or non-relief populations, but the relative proportion of Negroes and foreign-horn white persons is higher in the
relief than in the other groups.
Age i.s an important occupational characteristic of workers
and this shows considerable variation as between the relief
and non-relief or unemployed populations. In Boston, Pittsburgh, Wilkes-Barre, and Reading the average age is higher in
the relief than in the unemployed population.
In Dayton, the
average age is considerably higher for the relief than for the
non-relief population. But in Bridgeport, the relief population is younger than the unemployed population and in Lynn the
men on relief and in Everett the women on relief are younger
than comparable groups in the unemployed populations of these
cities.
Data 9n duration of unemployment are available for only
five of the eight cities: Boston, Lynn, Pittsburgh, Dayton,
and Bridgeport. When the length of time out of a job is measured from the last job at the usual or customary occupation,
the relief population is found to have been out of work longer
than the total unemployed or non-relief population, except in
Boston.
Occupational or industrial data which are comparable for the
reiief and non-relief or unempl9yed populations, are available
only for Bridgeport, Boston, Everett, and Dayton. These four
cities represent different types of industrial co11111unities and
generalizations are difficult to make. It is interesting to
3 Pennsylvan1a State E•ergency Reuer Ad•lnlstratlon, unpubl1abed data
the Social Survey, 1g34.
or
4
11assachusetts DepartHnt or Labor and Industries, 111,<wi o" iN Ct11&St1.S
of One•PLoyqni in llassachu.s11 tc.s of JanU4r'J a, l9311.
Public Docu■ent
No. 15, Nove•ber 1g34.
6 c1ark, r1orence 11., Bureau or Labor Statlatlca, U,u,•f,lo,-.ni 8,wwy of
Bridgeport, Connecticut, l9311,
llonihly Labor l11vu111,
March 1936, &ad
unpublished data.
6 wasblngton E■ergency Reuer Ad•lnlatratlon, 0ccuf,Oti.OftGl Clloracierishc.s
of Une•pLo-,11d Persons i" Cihu of ll ,000 or llor11 Pof,ul4h°", Karell 1Da&.
7 se, Appendix D. Tables ,-w.
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ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS
note, howeTer, that the relatiTe proportion of woaen fr011 domestic and personal se"ice is ■uch higher in the relief than
in the general une■plo1ed or non-relief populations in all fo•r
cities. The proportion of workers fr011 clerical and professional pursuits and trade is lower in the relief than in the
non-relief or une■ploJed populations in all four cities. Ia
three cities, the proportion of ■en in the relief population
who forinerly were emploJed in occupations in the ■anufacturine
and mechanical industries is the sa■e as or higher than the
proportions in the une■ployed population.
Da1ton is the 011.11 citJ for which c011parisons of types of
skill represented in the relief and non-relief populations are
anilable.
Here, the proportion of se■iskilled workers is
approxi ■atelJ the same in both populations, but the proportion
of skilled workers on relief is slightly hieher and the proportion of unskilled laborers is ■uch higher in the relief than
in the non-relief population. Accordine to this, as well as
other ■ethods of anal1sis, •white collar• workers fr011 profession&l, proprietary, and clerical occupations are found to be
less well represented in the relief as co■pared with the nonrelief population.
On the eTidence of the data fro■ these eieht cities, it is
clear that, althoueh the relief population in 1934 was a crosssection of the eeneral une ■plo1ed population, its occupational
and social characteristics showed a bias in certain directions.
Althouib the Tast majority of persons on relief were white,
there was a higher re lathe proportion of Negroes and persons
of foreign birth in the relief as co■pared with the unemployed
or non-relief population. In ■ost of the cities for which data
are aTailable for both relief and non-relief une■ployed, workers 011 relief were older than the &Terage une■ployed person and
had been out of work for a longer period of ti ■e. In the four
cities forwhich co■parable occupational or industrial data are
anilable, the relief population had a higher proportion of
workers fr011 unskilled occupations, as in d011estic and personal
se"ice, aid a lower proportion of workers fro■ clerical, professioul, and trade pursuits than were found in the ane■ployed
or non-relief populations.
SOCIAL CBARACTIRISTICS OP PAMILIIS
The social characteristics of the fuilies represented ill
the urban relief population su"eyed ia May 1934 are likewise
aa essential bacteround for understandine the occupational
characteristics of the indhiduals who constitute the ■ajor
concern of this stadJ. The ■ore iaportaat of these fa■ ilJ
characteristics will therefore be brieflJ su■■arized. PartlJ
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
6
to test the reliability of the sample and partly to ascertain
whether the relief group had changed noticeably from 1933 to
19311, comparisons with the Relief Census of October 1933 are
made. Comparisons with the 1930 Population Census are introduced
to enable one to see in what respect the relief population in
19311 differed from the general population in 1930, Although
obvious limitations in both of these comparisons should be
noted, 1 it is assumed that for the general purposes for which
they are made, the comparisons are valid.
Race
Over three-fourths of the families in the cities coTered in
this study were white, 18.9 percent Negro, and
percent of
other races (Table 1). These proportions are similar to those
reported for the urban relief population in the Relief Census
of 1933. The proportion of Negro families in the present study
was slightly lower than that revealed by the earlier relief
census, whereas the proportion of families of other races was
slightly higher. It is probable that these differences are due
to the sampling method used in this suney rather than toa decline in the number of Negro families, or to an increase in the
number of families of other races on urban relief rolls. In
2.,
Table 1-CE OF HOUSEHOLDS IN THE URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE MAY 1934 IN THE URBAN RELIEF
POFULATIOII OCT08ER 1933 ANO IN THE URBAN POFULATIOII 1930
RELIEF
CENSUS
RACE OF HOUSEHOLDS
Number
.Total households reoorting:
Percent
White
Neqro
Other
-6 - - - - -
reoPra1 l.erge"cy l>elief AO,.lfli'!ltrat,ofl,
u...,.,,0,-11,
'•'Ml C•iu1111,
19)0.
SAt.FLE 19)C
CENSUS 1915•
201. 994
100.0
2,023.132
100.0
17,)72.524
100.0
78.6
18.9
2.5
n.9
91.)
20.)
1.8
1.1
Octot,er 19H, lepof't J..l,
P•
7.6
26.
b'•ft••"ll C•,uu of U.• IIIUd ,,C~u._. 19,0, ,opulat ion Vol. ,1. p. l),
comparison with the urban population of 1930, both Negro fuilies and families of other races were over-represented aJIOfti
families on relief in urban areas. Since persons of other races
constitute such a small proportion of total families on relief,
they are combined with Negroes in the following analysis.
Figures for the urban relief sample in 19311 as a whole and
for urban United States in the October Relief Census conceal
8
These 11111 tat1ons are due to <11 rrerencea ln enu■ eratton and <letlnl tlon,
and, ln part. to the tact that <luring the perlo<I rro■ UU50 to 1113' chan1e•
occurred ln the cbaracterlattca or the general population. 8p1c1r1c r,rerence w1 ll be ■ a<le to <11 rrerences 1n <le Un1 tlona Where these are 1 ■por
tant,
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ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS
1
the wide differences between the proportionate representation
of Negroes on relief in northern and in soothern cities. In
most northern cities Negro fui lies were on relief i 11 ~bout
three times their proportion in the population of the city in
1930, while in most southern cities their proportion w~s twice
or less than twice as high. 1
Size of Nou1ehold10
This study included not only resident family cases on urban
relief rolls but also resident non-family persons or, as sometimes stated, one-person households (Table 21.
Of the total urban relief population in 1933, 15 percent consisted of one-person households, leaving 85 percent of households of two or more persons. In the present survey, a higher
proportion of one-person households was reported l 17. 5 percent I.
Although differences in definitions and limit~tionsof the sample in the present study may account for the discrepancy in the
two sets of figures, it is not unlikely that the number of single persons accepted for relief increased from October 1933 to
May 193q sufficiently to account for the difference. More important is the fact that the proportion of single-person households in the urban relief population in 193q is hr above their
proportion in the urban population in 1930 (Table 21. If t'hese
sinile persons are included in the comparison of size of house1 tb1 touowlq lndlcH abow tbe eztent to wblcb tbe proportion or lfegro
r.. nua on relllf ln lfa7 11214 rllea abo'H tbel'r proportion or all raa111,a ln 1130 In clClea In Wblcb Je1roes conat1tut1d at least 6 percent
or tbe population.
8outbern CltlH
Charleston
loWl lDI Oreen
Oaatonta
Jacltaon
lll'IIID&b. .
1110:11
Laite Cb&rlH
LHID&tOD
loaaton
Atlanta
Little Rock
Lakeland
lflW Orll&nll
Charlotte
1rorro11t
101
1115
127
144
1151
1151
171
179
179
171
114
211
211
214
220
B<l ■or,
259
WaablDltOD
w11 ■ tn1ton
309
3152
lortbern Cl tlea
Indtanapolll
271
Jew TOl"l
321
l&naaa Clt7
271
EY&nSY1lle
340
PltUbarlb
.lnaonla
CllYel&Dd
Benton Barbo!"
184
CblC&IO
Detroit
8t, Loula
Clnctnnatl
386
391
211
309
888
3152
382
10 1n tbla au"e7. a relier bousebold waa detlned u a 1roup or related
01" anl"elated peraona llYIIIC togetber and recelYlng r111et aa one unit,
Tbe 1133 R11ter canaua uaed a al ■ llar detlnltlon or boaaebold, Compartaona &l"I ■ ad• wltb tb1 alu ot •ra■ 111• •• shown ln the Population
Cenna or 1130, In tbU c1asa1ttcat1on or ru111es bJ else tbe Bureau
or tbe Census baa counted on17 related persona, thus 11:cludlng tbe unrelated persona lncluded ln tbe re11er surYeJ 1n 1 houa1hold11.•
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
8
hold, they obviously distort the results; cousequently the following comparisons of size of household are made for all households of two or more persons.
I able ;-RAC[ OF ONE-PE,SON ANO TWQ-Oq--MQR[-PERSON H()JSEHOLDS• IN THE URSAN RlLIEr SIIMPLE t.lAY 1934
IN TH[ Ull!IAN ~[LIEF POPULATION OCIOBlR 19J3 ANO IN IH[ URBAN P!JPULATION 1930
--
-- -- RACE 4ND SIZE
or
~--J,_.~;-£-;Q2~e~;r sus -~031•t:£•:~~~:~-
HOUSEHOLDS
;o 1.921,
N\rlber
Tot"ll ~ov'5.-.,o11s reporting:
Percent
White:
N!J"'lber
Percent
On~person hou,ehrlds
r wo-or--.ore-per5on househol c1s
Nurrtb~r
tilegrn ilnd other:
Percent
footnote 10
o.
17,371.524
100.0
8.0
92.0
17.5
Bl.5
85.1
158,699
IU0.0
1,575,891
100.U
15.858.158
17 .6
82.4
43, ;21
lOU.0
14.8
8~.2
7 .4
92.6
447,2)5
1,514,366
100.0
100.0
15.4
"'4.6
15.0
85.0
14.9
17. 1
82.9
One-person househo Ids
r.,_.or--fflOre-person hous~holds
-'l~""'
,,023.132
100.U
100.0
One-person households
T1'IO-Qr"""""Ore-person households
100.0
1.
b'"der11I (-rQl!n<y lell•f &cf,aini'llrlltion, l11a•,&oyu,at l•h•f C•111-.,. Octoo•r 19)), lleport 11, pp. H, H,
C1'/IH,lli C•vu of IW hl£d J'lolu lt)O, ,o~r,,lation Vol, ¥1, p.
d(xch,<1•• Ml l'lc11,,sel'lol<l1 or unspecified s11e,
The distribution of size of households of two or 110re persons was consistent for both white and Negro households in the
1933 Relief Census and in the sample of families on urban relief rolls in the present survey (Table 3). Larger households
were represe.nted on relief rolls to a greater extent than their
Table 3-Sll[ ~ TW0--0R---',l()!l£-PE,?50N HaJS[HOLDS IN TH[ URBAN RELIEF SAMPI.I t.lAY 1934 IN TH[ URBAN RELIEF
POPULATION OCHJelR 193.J ,\Nil Of FAt.llLl[S IN THE URBAN f'Of\JLAT ION 1930 BY RAC[•
RfLIEF
CENSUS
HUWBEQ OF PERSONS PE R HOUSEHOLD
---Total households report ina:
}. ~r5MS
J
6
7
persons
peorsons
persons
per~ons
persons
8
~,-,.,q,n5
•
5
9 persons
10 or more persons
l.ledian
8
ir.Uffl~er
Percent
-
'1111-11 TE
JrrtEGRO•
!J0, 161
100.0
35,818
100.0
21.5
d.6
~0.0
14.2
9.5
5.8
.J, 5
2.0
1.9
J.8
28.6
22.8
17 .1
11.J
7. 7
5.1
~-
1930d
CEJrrtSUS 19'3,c
SAMPLE 1934b
_:
_
'111MITE
NEGRO•
NEGRO•
'111MI TE
~2~ 31S:-sio ~689~ 1,286,710
J,4
1.9
2.1
J,4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
20.2
21.2
19.9
14.6
9.8
6.2
J.8
2. 2
2.1
J.9
29.3
23.2
17.0
11.4
7. 5
26.8
34 .J
/4 .J
21.6
15.0
4.9
J. l
4.1
20.1
12.8
7.4
2.2
1.2
I.I
3.5
1.8
1.8
3.4
10.4
7.1
4. 7
3,0
1.8
2.1
J.2
!.u roo1-.,o-t-,~-1-.-
b[rcludes .3!1,IIIS l'IChlHfilOld . . . ;,,. only ON' . . . . ,. or •itl'I SIU unspec,tiff.
c,,.c,,,,11 C_,.g,ncy •11 ief M•in•,.tr.alion, i,w•,l0)'111'11£ ••h•/ C•uw, OctoDer 1'JJ, ••oorl II, pp. H. 27.
d,,,, .... ,, c,u ..
e1nclud11
ou,.,
of , .. t'UC•d Jlolu lt)O, ,o,ui.t ion ,01. fl, p. , ••
r11<1s.
proportion in the urban population in 1930, White boasebolds
of two and three persons, however, were a s•ller proportion
of the urban relief population in both studies than faailies
of this size in the urban population of 1930. Aaoq the Neeroes
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ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS
9
two-person households only were under-represented in the relief
groups. 'l'he median size of relief households (excluding oneperson families)was, therefore, higher than for non-relief families. In part the larger size of household for the relief
population may be due to a difference in definition of terms,
since a household in the sense in which the term was used in
both relief studies is not identical with the "family" used by
the Bureau of the Census. Not all of the difference is accounted
for by differences in definition, however, and the average family on urban relief rolls is somewhat larger than is the average faaily in the general population.
Table •-TYPE ~ F.WILY" IN r~ Lll8AN RHIEF S.WPU MAY 193' ANO IN TH£ URBAN Rl:LIEF POl'ULATIOII
OCT()B[R 1933 BY RACE
-------
--- -------
---Total;
-
N..nt>er
Percent
11o,,,,..1 fl'll'li I ies
BrokM families
Rel 11ted &nd non-related persons
I.one persons
•s.~
too----;~;.~.
-
--
------CENSUS 19Hb
SAMPLE 19,4
FAMILY TYPE
TOTAL
M-IITE
NEGROc:
TOTAL
. . ,TE
NEGRW
200.'12
100.0
163,189
100.0
•5 ,223
100.0
66.8
1, .8
56.5
2,. 7
2.6
16.2
87,601
100.0
70.0
12.0
3.0
15.0
Z,,790
100.0
6-1.6
17.0
1.6
16.8
113 ,5-10
100.0
68.0
13.0
3.0
16.0
1.•
17 .o
59.0
20.0
5.0
16.0
t.
breoer•l C-r;•nc1 lel ,er Ad•111istr ■tio11, f,w•Jlo:,•111£ leU•f c• ..., ... OctoDar UH, leport III, p. U,
Data ,rt1e-rit.-•a ..,er@ are tat@<l o" 1J t-.,h of ,111 fu,il,es int.,,. OctoDer lellat Ce11111t, ,or di1c1.1s1io•
or :1.-c,l<llljl •rocedure ue leport Ill, pp. io~. 10,.
c. Jnclud•! otr.er races.
Fa■ lly
Type and Marital Status
Paaily t7pe 11 and Mrital status are important social characteristics of any population and particularly of the relief
population. AllllOSt two-thirds of the families covered in this
study were classified as "normal" families, a slightly l™er
proportion than were so reported in the urban relief load by
the Relief Census of 1933. There was a preponderance of normal
families, therefore, in the urban relief population, but to what
extent their proportion differed from the general urban population canaot be stated. Broken families and lone persons 12 accounted for 17 percent each in the urban relief sample in 1934,
11
Data on f&111l7 t7pe are presented tor r&11111ea In
the urban reuer surYl7 aa dllt1n11,1lahed rro ■ households or cases In the October Reuer
C1nsu1. An attapt waa ■ ade both ln the Census ot 1933 and ln the present stud7 to deYelop a class! rt cation or taml17 type.
The grouping
adopted 1 a ll ■Pl •• but pre sen ts certain lntoniatlon o t slgnl rt cance to
the &dlllnlstratlon or public assllltance or rellet. A •normal" tu111,
1n botb 1tud11a, Includes a ■ an and his •Ue •I th or wl th out children
and other related or unrelated persona.
A 1 broken • rul 17 Includes a
■an and b11 children or a wo■ an and her children, •1th or •I th out otber
related or unrelated persona.
•Related and non-related• persons ln
Ulla dJacu111on Include persona !Ibo are related or unrelated but are
not a part or a f&11117 untt.
12
'!he proportion or 1 lon, persons• ta not Identical wttb
•one-person
hous1hold1•; the roraer are a pare.ant or au raa111ea, the latter or
111 •cu1a.•
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CHART A
TYPE OF FAMILY IN THE URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE, 1934
WHITE
NORMAL FAMILIES
BROKEN
0
cci"
""
i'j"
~
~
0
0
-
~
( i)
FAMILIES
LONE PERSONS
COLORED
Oo
Oo
O
O
<o <o <o
Oo
<o <o <o
Oo
G ... ... •
11111111111111
lltl
llli
EACH
(
•
SYMBOL REPRESENTS
II
PERCENT 0/F TOTAL RELIEF
POPULATION
SOURCE: UMNI IIWEF SAMPLE 1934
6'· 111411 ,W.P.A.
l:o:I
(")
0
Table 5-41ARITAL STATUS Of PERSONS IN TH£ Ul18AH RELIEF SAMP\.[ MAY 19}1 AltO IN TH[ UR8AN POPULATION 19)() BY RAC£ ANO S£X."
z:
0
_,ITE
....X
NKAO ANO OTHER
(")
TOTAL
RELIEF S-LE
Tot,ii1 persons re-porting:
Single
Warriede
Widowed
Divorced
8
0
cci"
""
i'j"
~
~
FBW.E
""LE
MARITAL STATUS
H-•
Percent
RELi E~ SAi,,PLE
RELi EF SMl"LE
MALE
RELIEF S .... LE
19H
FEMALE
RELIEF SAlll"LE
19}4
►
:z:
19}4 8
CENSUS 1930D
451,J,19
100,0
~l.079,222
100.0
l!l6,866
100.0
U,'65,516
100.0
174, 70~
100.0
23,641,638
100.0
39,916
100,0
2,182, ~1
100.0
49. 908
100.0
2. 289,917
100.0
25.1
64.2
9.1
l.6
)().8
5~.6
8.2
1.4
32.8
60.9
4. 7
1.6
33-8
60.8
4. 2
1.2
19.8
66.9
ll.J
2.0
28.4
58. 7
11.3
1.6
24. 2
68.9
6.2
0. 7
33,6
58.9
6.0
1.5
15.9
62.9
19.9
22.S
57 .1
17.8
2.6
19}4
CEN!IJS 19!0
1934
1"cli,d•1 pu~n• 16 1•ars of •9• anO over, alld e111clwdea 2,SU ~rsons •tlole -rila1 .iatus .. , l'IClt ~c,fiN,
bfi/lollU Ce,uv., of,_.. 11,,id 3iotu 19)0, ,opulalion Vol. Ill, ,art I, p. lt,
aria •11cl\lCles ff, &01 persons •l\oM . . ,ital statr.u ■ u Mil 9'1ecifi.O,
c 1ncluae1 •uparat-4. •
l11Cl11de1 per9011s U r••rt or ... allCII over,
CENSUS 19,0
CENSUS 19l0
1.3
CEWSUS 19l0
t:,
en
0
....
(")
►
t""
"'!I
►
(")
➔
0
:,cl
en
0
0
-
~
( i)
........
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
12
the proportion of the former being somewhat higher in 193q than
in the urban relief populat i.on of October 1933 (Table q). A
larger proportion of Negro than of white f&11ilies was reported
as "broken" h.milies in both relief studies.
D11.ta on the marital status of individuals corroborate the
general findings on normality of family composition. The same
proportion of persons 16 years of age and over reported the.selves married (or separated)ta as the proportion c1 normal families. Bycomparison with the general urban population, on the
other hand, the relief group showed 11. heavier concentration of
married than of single persons (6q.2 percent as against 59.6
percent). The mari t&l status of white men on relief was very
similar to that of white men in the general urb&n population;
but white women and Negroes of both sexes showed wide differences (Table 5).
EMployabllity C011posltlon of
Fa■ llles
In addition to family type 11nd marital status, both of which
tell something about the normllli ty of the relief population,
the composition of the family in relation to employability is
also import11.nt. Although this study of the occupational characteristics of workers on urban relief rolls was intended to
cover an unemployment relief group, it was a well known fact
that for one reason or another, families possessing no worker
were actually a part of the relief population. Consequently,
f" ... -·
Table 6-DIPLOl'ABILIT'Y C().lf'OSI TI 0N r:J' FAUILl[S' ON R[Llff BY FAU ILY T'YP[, UIISAN RELIEF S.IMPL[ t,IAY !9J4
--
Total fc,nilies reporting :
- -~
'°"
FAMILY TYPE
FAM I LIES
Nurrber
Ratio
Perc~t
200 , 41 2
100.0
100.0
- -- - · · - ·
--
16--60
11,•63
5.5
100.0
8,809
C.2
100. 0
38.3
34 . l
2.1
32 .o
28.3
0.8
0.3
0.5
3.1
67 .8
6-1 .6
67.9
Broken f5Tli I ies
17 . 0
2.8
14.2
16. 7
Relnted and non-related per~ons
Lene persons
WITH NO PERSON
186, 14 0
90. J
100.0
Norma l fa,,i 1 ies
Male head
F'emale he~
N 1TH NO WCRK,ERS
16-6'
~~~S 16-64 _
3.0
13. 7
1.6
1.5
2.9
16.8
3. 9
74. 7
it is not surprising to find that 6 percent of the families
covered in the survey contained no person working or seeking
work 16 through 6q years of age, and another q percent no
person of working age (Table 6). This age limit arbitrarily
excludes persons under 16 or over 6q years of a.ge who may have
13on11 1.3 percent or all persons 16 years or age and onr were reported
separated.
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13
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS
been seeking work.
Approximately 10 percent of the families
in the sample, therefore, had no employable member within the
limits of th is definition.
The fami 1i es with no worker 16
through 6q years of age were probably either those with female
heads or those in which the only worker wa~ disabled and hence
not seeking work. Over one-third of the families (38 percent)
not reporting a worker were normal families and 32 percent were
broken fillTlilies with women heads. The balance were largely lone
persons. Families with no person in the age group 16 through
~ years of age were all old-age cases, for no family groups
with only persons under 16 years of age were reported in this
study.
Al though only 10 percent of the f;unilies in the urban relief sample are by this standard without an employable member,
some of those seeking work were handicapped by physical or mental disabilities. Consequently, somewhat more than one-tenth
of the families should be classified as unemployable.
Another measure of employability composition is the number
of employable persons in the household. Over half of all cases
surveyed (57.5 percent) had but one worker; 22.9 percent had
two workers and 10.3 percent had three or more. 1 ' The remainder (9.3 percent) reported no persons working or seeking work
(Table 7). Although the proportion of unemployable families in
Table 7-NlAk[R Of #)Rk[RS Pl:R H<JU',ESCLU IN IHl IJO,M 'llLllF SMH'Ll MAY l~l•
ANO IN IHl UR ➔ Ah PQAJLAIIOI< c,Jv•
c.ccc==-=N:.8;;~---~£~~::::.:i0_:_~_-Total -,rke,.s reporting:
Per-cent
~~~--1-
~l~E~-1::1~.-,~.
""'
No ..,,kor
lworkor
2 worker,
3 ..,,kars
4 or fllDre -,rkers
j.J
-----~------
l,.,,
flOtiNII01dt •ltll n..-Otr of
•orlllen or ,1,, of flOllltllold
c::~~:~IU:':U:.t----v
~-3
~7.5
'". 9
7. o
: ... toouou u. p. •·
hc1ud••
:_u~ ~;:;~---+J-,-~-
--
b. I
60.1
LL. 4
7. 7
;L 7
---- - -
--
un,,.clft•d.
C 1'ftu11U C•u-.. o/ 1.W f•U•• Jcuu u,o. l"opulat Ion Yol. II, p. lJ. Dall rro- 1"9 (tn•us are rM
f&infvl ■orwr1 10 1••r1 of
ow•r H Nfi-0 tt, ,~ lwre•w of ll'I&' ttn1 111.
•t• •""
the urban relief sample in 193q was greater than that of the
urban population in 1930, larger families in the relief population had their full share of employable persons.
The proportion of households with two or more workers increased considerably as the size of case increased al though
white households had a smaller average number of workers than
did Negro households (Table 8 and Appendix C, Table 1).
1'
Tile "Ord •worker• ts used tn tilts study synonymously wt tll •employable
person•, and ts dertned as a person 16 tllrougll 6, years ot age who reported that Ile was working or seeking work.
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URBAN WORKBRS ON RBLIBF
The findings of the study with respect to the social characteristics of families in the urban relief saaple •1 be s1111marized brietly. The racial c0111position of the faailies stadied
varied in different cities, but for the rroup as a whole threefourths of the families were white and one-fourth of Negro or
other racial extraction. There is evidence of a hirher proportion of single-person households and •broken• faailies in the
urban relief than in the general urban population. ~er half
of the families studied had only one worker, one-fifth had two
workers, and one-tenth three or 110re workers. One-tenth of the
fa111ilies had no person 16 through 6q years of are or no peraoa
in that age group working or seeking wort.
Table 8 -"EDIAN NUl8[R Of 11()Rl(ERS IN RELIEF HOUSEHOLDS HAYIIIG ONE OIi 110RC -ICEIIS
BY SIZE Of HOUSE/10LO ANO RICE, URBAN RELIEF SMIPLE IIAY 19)4
IIIUM8ER OF PERSONS PER HOUSEHOt.0
- - ~ - ---·
Tot1tl workers reporting:•
Number
l.ledian
1 person
TOTAL
WHITE
NEGRO AIIO OTHEII
180.~9
1.3
lAl, 527
1.3
1.0
1.2
)i,042
1.4
1.0
1.2
1.J
1. 4
2 persons
) persons
C persons
::> pers.ons
6 persons
7 persons
a person s
1.,
1.,
1.0
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.5
1. 7
1.5
1. 7
1.9
2. 2
2. 7
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.8
2.4
1.8
2.1
2.6
9 per!ions
10 or fflOre persons
--
1.~
1.
EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF ADULTS
The size and composition of the relief faail7 as a unit are
important considerations in an analysis of the relief problea,
but the employment status 11~ and personal characteristics of all
persons of working age are of even greater interest (Table 9).
At the time of the survey, over half of all persons 16 throurh
6" years of age covered in this study were uneaplo7ed and seeking work; slightly over one-third were not working or seeking
work; and approximately 10 percent were engaged in priTate eaployment. The employment status of men in the study was Tery
different from that of w011en. Most of the 11en were either
working O( seeking work; only 8.7 percent of white aen and 9.IJ
percent of Negro men were reported as not in the labor •rket.
Two-thirds of white women and •n percent of Negro woaen, on the
other band, were not seeking work.
Reasons for Not Seeking Work
Important differences are found in the reasons given by 11en
16
•••II.
Au 1nrona1t1on on e■plo:,-aent 1tatu1 relltu 1pec1t1caUJ' to th•
or the last rel1et order 10 Kay t~. but ror the aall.e or con•anlaac•
11 IPOll.811 or as 1 tb• tt ■ e tba ltUdJ' W&I ■ ada 1 or Kay t9&1.
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CHART B
REASONS FOR NOT WORKING AND NOT SEEKING WORK
WHITE
COLORED
I) tttttttttttttttttttttttttttttttt
DEPENDENTS
■ llltttit~
DISABILITY
I
~
C")
i
Cl llt~i,
1,"
~
00<4
OLD~E
EACH FIGURE
REPRUENTS 2 PERCENT OF TOTAL
_, -
MUU
-= •-
AF-16441, W.P.A.
16
URBAN WORDRS ON RILIIP
and woaea for not seeking wort. Most of the males in this rroup
reported that they were not seeking wort either because of
chronic illness or because they were students attending school.
Those giving the latter reason were the younger males. Chronic
illness was more important among Negro males than white males.
Over three-fourths of the white w0111en who were not working or
seeking work reported that they were needed at hoae for care of
their families; over halt of the Negro women who were not looting for jobs also gave this reason. A relath'ely small proportion of the females of both races were not seeking work because
Tab I• ~EMPLOYMENT STATUS Of PERSONS 16-6' YEARS Of AG[ OH RELIEf BY RACE ~ SEX,
URSAN RELi EF S,IMPlE MAY 193'
'MUTE
EMPLC)YMENT STATUS
fotal pe,.sons report i ng:
8
Member
Percent
WALE
FEMALE
MALE
FENAlE
,21. 589
100 . 0
llJ . 7•6
100.0
162,851
100.0
JI , 758
100.0
•7 .23'
100.0
55 . 9
~-5
34.6
79.5
11 . 8
8. 7
27 . 4
6 .6
66.0
82 . l
8.5
•6. 7
12 . 4
40 .9
Unempl oyerrl worlcers
E.mployed workers
Persons not working and not seelc i ng worlc
-
NEGRO ANO OTHER
TOTAL
----
9.,
they were attending school. More than twice as large a proportion of Negro women as white women reported that they were not
seeking work because of chronic illness. Other reasons gh'en
for not seeking work were of lesser importance (Table 10).
Table 10-l!EASONS GIVEN BY 1'£RSOHS 16 YEARS Of AGE ANO CNER ON RELIEF FOi NOT IICJlKIN:;
ANO NOT SEEKING ·o¥CRK BY RACE AND SEX,URB.<\N RELIEF SAMPLE MAY 1934
_,
WHITE
NEGRO A ND OTHEA
AEASON f(R NOT WCRKING ANO NOT SEEKING W(RK
Total persons reporting : •
Percent
Unp,,. id care of dependents
Physical dis~bi1 ity
""LE
FE ... LE
... LE
FEIM.LE
20 ,099
100. 0
117 . 204
100 . 0
4,U7
100. 0
0.4
77.9
11.0
0.4
4 -3
6.1
0.2
0.1
0.3
•8.9
2.6
11 . 9
35.8
0.4
0. 1
21 ,492
100. 0
59 . 0
2, . 3
0.9
7. 4
8.0
0.4
"·'
2.0
Feeble l'llindedness
Old age or genera I deb i I i tr
Student
Dis inclination to work
11 . 5
41.1
0.5
0.1
Other reasons
•
• L.ffl tllM O.OJ ,.rce11I.
•1xcludet 1J7 penons •tlo did not speciP1 reHon ror
JIO\
-,ri,.1,. and not ... ,-ing ..,,1111 .
Age is obviouslJ related to the reason giTen for not working or seeking work. The median age of those not seeking work
because of old age was over 6!5 years for both white and colored
workers of each sex; the median age of those not seeking work
because theJ were students was, bJ contrast, slightly over 17
years. The lowest median age of those not seeking work because
of chronic illness was reported by Negro woaen (118 years as
c011p&red to slightly over !52 years for white women and Negro
aen and over !58 years for white men) (Table 11).
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ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS
17
The employability and employment status of persons covered
in this survey was affected by the physical disabilities reported or apparent to enumerators. 16 Eighteen percent of all
persons of working age in the survey reported physical disabilities but this proportion varied by employment status.
The
disability rate for those engaged in private employment was
Table 11-MEOIAN AGE OF PERSONS 16 YEARS OF AGE lHO OVER OH RELIEF BY REASON FOR NOT MJRKING,
ANO NOT SEEKING M)RK,BY RACE ANO S!:X,UR!lAN RtLIEF SAMPl.l MAY 19)4
NE:iAO AND OTHER
'M-IITE
RE AS0'4 FOR NOT ..:>RK I IIG ANO NOT SEEM I IIG WORK
Median
Unoa1d care of dependents
Physical disability
Feeble rwindedness
Old age or general debi Ii ty
Student
Oisincl ination to «>r:ic.
Other reason,
------------
----
-
-- C - - -
20,099
34.9
45.0
58.3
32.9
67.3
17.3
24.0
lfllumber
Total persons report Ing:•
FEMALE
WALE
-
'
117,204
38.9
37.9
52.3
34 .9
66.9
17. 2
26.1
33.6
--MALE
FE .. ALE
1-----
4,U7
38.5
21. 492
37.6
t
33.6
47.9
37.8
66. 7
17.3
30.0
53.0
34.5
67 .2
17 -3
t
t
1ao -.di•n• .. ,. c•lculated 'or , ... , ltl.,, ~ perto11•.
8 [1cli,.i•• 117 ,erlOl'I• ~ did IIOl 1,pec ,,, rea&a" for l"IOl 'IIIOr•ir,g ■nd NI w.ldftl worll.
only 11.8 percent as compared with a
those unemployed or seeking work and a
of 26.'5 for those not seeking work.
age and over, the disability rate was
'
rate of 111.5 percent for
considerably higher rate
For persons 65 years of
68.5 percent.
Race and Sex and EMployment Statu1
The largest group of workers included in the study was white
men; white women ranked second, and Negro W0111en third; Negro
men were the smallest group. 17 Eighty-ti ve percent of the
276,()ij3 employable persons in the study were unemployed; the
majority of these were experienced workers, but 7.3 percent of
the tctal had never held any jobs. 11 The remainder (lq.6 percent) reported that they were employed at the ti111e the study
was made (Table 12). The proportions of unemployed, either experienced or inexperienced, and of employed workers differed
considerably by race and sex. Among white women workers, for
example, relatively large numbers were without experience or
were employed; a correspondingly small proportion were unemployed experienced workers. White men, who constituted by far
18
,or otber data concernln1 pllJ'elcal d1aab111t1ea, ••• 1relia,ftGrJ leport
on Di3ob(liti•3 in th• Urlxln lelie/ 1o;t6lot,on, tl&7 1934. Federal IJlergency Reuer Ad111lnl1trat1on Reaearcb Bulletin, Ser1e1 I, IIO. 8, MU 1934.
17
Thle 11 ln contrast to the urban population or UIS> wlleN ••gro ■en
ranked tblrd.
18
1r those who worked leas than, weeks are considered lnexperlenced. the
proportion or lnexperlenced workers 11 lncreaeed to 11.e percent or all
workers.
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18
URBAN
WORIERS
ON RELIEF
the largest group of workers in the sample, were more concentrated Mong the experienced workers seeking work. The same
was true for Negro men. Of both groups of male workers relatively few were inexperienced. Negro women showed the highest
Seeking Work
Employed at
Non-Relief Work
Percent
Percent
10
WHITE
20
0
40
30
50
-r--~--,---~~
Male
Female
~ With Experience
OTHER
RACES
Without Experience
Male
Female
CHART I- EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF WORKERS ON RELIEF
Urban Rel iel Sample
Moy 1934
AF-1193, W,P.A,
proportion with jobs in private employment, one-fifth of the
toul.
Striking differences existed in the sex distribution of each
employment status group. Women constituted almost precisely
Tobie 12-EMPL0\V:NT SUTIJS CT W<Jll([RS 1 ~ YEARS Ct' AGE ON RELIEF BY ~ACE ANO SEX,
Ull!AN RELIEF SAMPLE !MY 193-4
TOTAL
UNEMPLOYED
RACE AND SEX
NUMBER
Total:
Number
276,043
~rcent
100.0
100.0
213.890
158,546 100.0
55,344
100.0
62,153
100.0
3-4,198 100.0
27,955
100.0
----
White
!Mle
Fem, le
llejjro •r-d other
!Mle
Fem, le
PERCENT
TOTAL
235,796
85.4
WITH
WITHOUT
EXPER !ENCE
EXPERIENCE
215,690
78.1
8!",4
77.3
87 .1
80. 7
85.4
90. 7
79.0
82.0
64 .2
80.9
87 .8
72.4
20,106
7 .3
8.1
5.1
16.5
4 .5
2 .9
6.6
E""LOYED
40,2'7
14.6
14 .6
12.9
19.3
14.6
9.3
21.0
the same proportion of all unemployed experienced workers as
they did of all gainful workers in the urban population of
1930 19 (25.8 as compared to 26.6 percent). They we~e, however,
much more heavily represented among the inexperienced seeking
19The coaparlaon made here la wlth all ga1nru1 workers 10 7eara or age and
oYer alnce the data tor those 16 to 64 7ear1 or ac• are not &Yallable tor
the urban population ln 1930.
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ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS
19
1«>rk and among those employed ITable 131. Allowing for differences in de!ini tions and the absence of strictly comparable
data, women probably accounted for more than their normal proportion of all workers in the urban relief population in 1934
as compared with the gainfully employed population in 1930.
Age and
Ellploy■ent
Statu1
The age distribution of all workers in the relief population
in 1934 did not differ markedly from the age of distribution
fable !,)--SEX OF IORl<ERS IN THE UR8AN 11ELIEF $.IIIPLE IIAY 1934 BY DIPLOYll£NT STATUS
ANO OF GAINFl.l IORl<ERS IN THE L'll!AN POPULATION 1930
TOTAL
-.oYIIOT STATUS
-.r1oerw, relief
-1• 1~•
FEMALE
276,043
100,0
69.8
:J0.2
235,796
100.0
71. 7
28.3
215. 690
20,106
100.0
100.0
74.2
45.2
5-1.8
40,247
100.0
58.8
41.2
29,754,220
100.0
73.4
26.6
"'-'""ed
With -•iente
Without nperitnce
u,plo,ed
Gainful worliers, Census 11130"
MALE
PERCENT
NIMBER
25.8
:-:11•r■ ...... , .., •• , ....
lt/1. . . U
o.....
e/ I .. ,., ••• IS.J•• JtJI, ,op11latlon Yol. Ill, ftart I, p. :U. Galnfwl mr1.er1 ID7Hr1otag•.,,dowar,
of gainful workers in the urban population of 1930 (see Appendix C, Table 21. The age characteristics of each emplcyment
status group on relief, however, revealed important differences
ITable 141. Inexperienced persons seeking work were the youngest, the median age of men being 20.6 years and of women 21. 7
Table l~EDIAN AGE 8 OF WORKERS IN THE URHAN RELIEF SMIPLE MAY 1934 BY EMP\.OYMENT STATUS AND SEX
AND OF GAINFUL IORKERS IN THE GENERAL POPULATION 19JO BY SEX
RELIEF SAMPLE
Total workers reporting:
19]4
UNEMPLOYED
SEX
CENSUS
WITH
WITHOUT
EXPERIENCE
EXPERIENCE
EMPLOYEO
19}0b
Number
21!>.690
~tan
J6,8
20. 106
21.1
40,247
JJ,4
45,913,404
J5.0
38.2
3J.O
20.6
21. 7
J4.4
Jl.8
36.5
29.9
llal e
F.... 1.
~
. . edlans .. ,. calcul•t•d for tl'toM l~U , .. r,of at••
b1t/lH1111 Cn•w of aM l11U•d IIOCU 11,0, ,oouhllon Vol, 111, I'• IO.
years. Thus even among women, most of the inexperienced were
young persons seeking their first jobs rather than older women
entering the labor market. Unemployed experienced workers had
the highest average age of any of the workers in th~ relief
group. The median for unemployed men and women with previous
occupational experience was slightly above the median age of
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20
CRBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
the5e 11roups in the general population of 1930. The average
age of employed workers in the sal'!ple was S0111ewhat lower than
for unemployed experiencet1 workers, but higher than for the inexperienced as a group.
The following chapters of this report present a 111ore detailed
description of the social and occupational characteristics of
the two groups of major importance in an analysis of the unemployment relief problem-the unemployed on relief and persons
engaged in private employment while in receipt of relief. These
two groups are discussed separately in Chapters II and III. No
further data are shown fornnet'llployable families or persons not
seeking work. Unless otherwise noted, the following analysis
refers to persons in the age group 16 through 6" working or
seeki.ng work.
The description of the unemployed emphasizes
their occupational and industrial experience and the length of
time they have been out of work, and relates these points to
the age, sex, racial composition, and educational background
of the group. The discussion of workers employed in private
industry covers the same major occupational or employment characteristics and also stresses earnings and hours worked.
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CHART C
PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS IN SELECTED CITIES
,
.......... . . . . . . . . .. ...······
.....
~~
ll 11....... ...........................................
I'""
•
..
I
'1
'
II
11,
·-·
.............. .....,
,tlf";;ii
~•.,,. ··~
ll
"~~••~
I,
•1
;;;;·
0
111
~
il""t
••11,
rv
AF· t,47 , W. P. A.
.......,ti®~•·41
.,. ~ "
,111111111,'.Ji.1111111111111111111
111-qi0111•••
CJ
,,.,,,••
I
I
,.,111111
, ..
,,
II
11
~
,!l
•• .••
,r···11
j
- -,-:!,
-,~,.
=•~'""
(ft
111 I
C.
AT"""-~(ft
• ._ 1.,•••, ,ulllI
A)~'""'"' ..,
'"""'' '111 11i11111111HIIIII11
0
_,ru··~·•
,,,,
X
1,,,,I
co·
;c.
-
••~-L••~ O
wt
'
u
••-•rftLYN
•...i ...-,,•'·
., 1 N,MASS
m:
~-=,
I
il"'::"111.,,
OETR04T I .11
,I · -.. ' ~
OE
ll,1
I,,,,,1
''•1 '1
'1
SOURCE : U S. CENSUS 1930
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Chapter II
THE OCCUPATIONAL AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
OP UNBNPLOYED WORIERS ON RELIEF
Of the total number of workers 16 through 6q years of age
COYet"ed ia tills sa"ey, 23!5, 700 or 85 percent of the total were
11neaployed at the tiae of the suney. The occupational and
other characteristics of this group, therefore, dominate the
pictare of workers ia the Urbu Relief Survey. The characteristics of tlle typical 11ne11ployed worker on 11rbaa relief rolls
la 193" ■a, be briefly su-arized. The t7Pical unemployed
worker oa relief was a white ■an 38 years of age who was the
head of a household. Although his occupational experience varied with the c011■uni ty troa which he came, he had been employed
■ore frequently than not in the manufacturing or ■ echanical industries at seaiskilled or unskilled types of work. Re had
had, on the average, 10 years' experience at the occupation be
considered his "usual" occupation, and had completed s011ething
less tbaa an elementary school training. At the time that this
su"ey was aade la 193", the average unemployed worker on relief llad been oat of wort tr011 any job which lasted one aonth
or aore for two years, and had been out of work fr011 the last
job at llis 11s11al occapation for two and a halt years.
The oerqe 11Deaplo7ed Mexican on relief in Albuquerque,
New Mexico, ■-, appear to be very different from the typical
withe collar worker on relief in New York City, the skilled
■eclluic or aaclline operator froa Detroit's automobile plants,
or tlle tnical coal ainer froa Shenandoah, Pennsylvania. Sollle
of tllese interesting differeaces in the 79 cities studied are
011tliaed la Part II of this report. This chapter of the report is coacened with the ■aJor occupational or emplo111ent
characteristics of an•ployed workers on relief in the 79 cities
u a wllole.
Significant differences existed in the occupational and indastrial backgrollDds of unemployed worker!'! on urban relief roll9
and those of the gainfully occupied population in urban areas.
In addition to these differences, the age, sex, and racial composition of the unemployed in the urban relief sample differed
from that of gainful workers in the urban population of 1930
and 9howed wide variations between occupations and industries.
To illustrate these points, considerable emphasis in this chapter of the report is placed on c0111parisons of the characteristics
23
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URBAN WORKERS ON RBLIEF
of workers in the urban relief sample in 193ij with those of
gainful workers in the urban population in 1930, and on comparisons between industries, occupational groups, and occupations. Race, sex,and age characteristics are discussed in relation to occupational and industrial backgrounds.
The educational background and experience of workers at
their usual occupation are obviously characteristics which
should affect the re-employment opportunity of uneaployed workers and are, therefore, important to analyze for such a group
as this. Perhaps the most important fact of ecoa011ic significance about unemployed workers on relief is the length of time
they have been out of a job. Data on this point are presented
in some detail by sex, age, occupation, socio-economic class
or skill group, and industry as related to the loss of the last
job at the usual occupation and the loss of the last non-relief
job lasting one month or more.
SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF UNEMPLOYED WORI8RS 1
Sex and Re lat ionsh ip to Head of the Household
Approximately three-fourths of the unemployed workers in the
urban relief sample were men and one-fourth WOOien. This proport ion was fairly consistent for cities of different size and
It should be noted that the proportion of women
location.
among the employable persons on urban relief rolls in 1934 was
higher than among the gainfully employed in the urban population in 1930.
Although the major interest of this study is with the characteristics of employable persons on relief rolls as individuals, it is of some importance to consider the111 also as members of "relief households". In order to give a general picture of their status as household members, the data have been
Threeanalyzed for simple relationship classifications. 2
fourths of the men were heads of households, and the majority
of the remainder were sons of household heads (Table 15). Only 27 percent of the women were household heads, while 36 percent were wives of household heads and the remainder were children of heads or other relatives. A negligible proportion of
the total number of persons studied were unrel&ted to the household heads.
1uniess other,rtse specltted tbe a:ialysls or th18 chapter le based upon
data ror unemployed ,rorkers ,rho have ,rorked 4 ,reeks or aor, at thelr usual
occupation.
2.rbls analysts or re1at1onabtp to tbe head or the houaehold 11 or all uneaployed ,rorkers •hether experienced or tnexpertenced,
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UNEMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
25
Race
ThPY-e were three times as many unemployed white workers as
workers of other races on urban relief rolls in May 1934. Negroes and workers of other races were combined for the purposes
of analysis of the urban relief sample as a whole. The total
number of workers of races other than white or Negro was 6,252
or 3 percent of all workers on relief. These were predominantly Mexican and their distribution was concentrated in certain cities, notably El Paso, Texas, and Douglas, Arizona. The
proportion of colored 3 workers on relief rolls in 1934 was
Table
15---l!ELATIONSHIP OF L"'EWPLOTlO WOP~[RS TO HE.\O OF RELIEF HOOSEHOLO
8Y SEJC,UReAII RELIEF SAIIPU IIAT 1~34
FEMALE
WALE
~ELATIONSH I P TO HEAD
TOTAL
NUIAB[A
PEACE.NT
NlMSEA
PERCENT
Total -.orRers reporting
235. 796
169,073
100.0
66 , 723
100. 0
Heod of f,..; ly
~ad of se<ondary faPi ly
Ii i fe or hu,band of head
1'4.1'4
3.487
24. 511
57 , 6()6
5 . 482
125.936
1, 912
.165
37,489
3. 018
403
74 . 5
I. I
0.2
12.2
1.8
0.2
18.158
1.575
24. 246
20.119
2, 464
161
27 . 2
2.4
36.3
30.2
3 -7
0.2
Chi Id of heed
Other relative of head
Ptrson& unrelated to hl!!ad
~
higher than their proportion in the gainfully employed population in the 79 ~ities studied. Somewhat less than one-fourth
(22.5 percent) of all unemployed workers on relief were colored.'
This proportion varied by geographic area and by city. City
differences in racial composition are noteworthy because in' 14
of the 79 cities, colored workers constituted one-half or more
than half of all unemployed workers on relief. These differences are presented in greater detail in Part II of this report.
Although workers of Negro and other races constituted less
than one-fourth of all unemployed workers on urban relief rolls,
there was considerable variation for occupational groups. fi
They constituted 27 percent of all workers in agricultural occupations and over half of all workers in domestic and personal
service. In individual occupations they constituted more than
half of the urban relief load in the following types of job:
laborers in metal industries other than iron and steel, garage
laborers, boiler washers and engine hostlers, laborers and
helpers in stores, clergymen, bootblacks, janitors and sextons,
8 1n the tnt or this report the ter1111 •colored' and Negro are used lnterchangeablJ and Include other races.
'1r e:i:per1enced workers onlJ are considered, the proportion or colored
workers 111 23.7 percent.
6 nata on race di rrerence11 ror all characterlattcs are not prHented In
the 1Dpeod1J: tables.
Thlll •ater1al 111 aY&llable 1D tlll ru .. or the
D1Y1s1on or Social Research or the Works Progress Ad•intatratton.
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
26
laborers in domestic and personal service, laundresses, laundry owners and managers,porters, and servants. Negro men were
much more widely distributed in occupational experience than
women. Over 60 percent of Negro women reported their usual occupation as servants and an additional 12.5 percent reported
as laundresses.
Table 16-AGE G' UNEMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF BY SEX,~ RELIEF S.WPl.£ IIAY 19)'
FBW.E
IIALE
AGE IN YEARS
Total workers reporting•
16-19
20-24
ZH9
30-34
35-39
40-44
45--49
50-54
55-~
S0-64
Wedian
--
TOTAL
NUMBER
PERCENT
.....,EA
PERCBIT
203,170
149,229
100.0
53,941
100.0
12,671
28,127
26,51)
24,761
25.920
24,452
22,083
17,529
12,153
8,961
7,148
18,775
18,642
17,788
18,830
18,793
17,416
14,175
10,029
7,633
4.8
12.6
12.5
11.9
12.6
12.6
11.7
9.5
6. 7
5.1
5,523
9,352
7,871
6,973
7,090
5,659
4,667
3.354
2.124
1,328
10.2
17.3
14.6
36.8
38-3
12.9
13-2
10.5
8.7
6.2
3.9
2.5
33,0
I"•'-•
•111c.l1o10•s )l.61' p•rsons lltto llad "•ver IIC)rllN or .tic tied aorll:N leaa tll&fl
at '"• lalil
JOO at ws.;al ou.o,1oation.
If tll•H 9rowpa tiaO •••n in<olaOe-d, '"• . .di ans -01110 l• 10. . r,
Age
Unemployed workers on urban relief rolls in 19314 were, on
the whole, older than gainful workers in the general population in 1930 (Chart 2). The median age for men in the urban
relief sample was 38,3 years and for women 33 years, while in
1930 the gainfully employed population averaged 36.q years for
men and 29.3 years for women. Table 16 presents the age distribution of workers 16 through 614 years of age in the urban
relief sample by sex. It will be noted that the average for
men is 5 years higher than the average for women.
Considerable variation existed in the average age of workers on urban relief rolls in the different cities included in
this study. There were also wide variations in the average
ages of workers on relief rolls in the 79 cities in 19~ as
compared with those of gainful workers in these cities in 1930.
These differences are presented in detail in Part II of this
report.
The average ages of unemployed workers in the urban relief
sample varied according to the occupations which workers considered their usual ones. This information is presented for
213 occupations in Appendix C, Tables 9 and 10, and for major
occupational groups by race and sex in Table 17. 1
11 several grouplnga or occupatlona and lndustrlea are used throughout thla
report (see pp. 111-112 tor dertnltlons). ror clarlttcatlon at thls polnt.
the no•enclature applled to each clasaltlcatlon la brlatl7 raatatad. Kost
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UNBHPLOYBD WORIBRS ON RBLIBF
27
Tbe birbest anrage ages for men of all races were found in
the occupations grouped under extraction of 111inerals, public
Female
Mole
Percent
Percent
10
30
20
30
YEARS
16 - 19
~
20-24
~
25-29
~
30-34
~
35-39
~
40-44
~
45-49
~
50-54
55- 59
■ Relief 1934
~Census 1930
60- 64
CHART 2 - AGE OF UNEMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF, 1934
ANO GAINFUL WORKERS, 1930
Urban Relief Sample
May 1934
AF-1183,W.P.A.
-------of tbe aaalJ•l• 1D tbl• cbapter 1• ba•ed upc,a a cluslflcatloa b7 118 ocea,atlou Wllleb are 1ro•ped IIIUler nine n► headlqs bere called ._ala or
a&Jor OOHPatlODal aro11He or sl■plJ •ooeupatlODal 1ro11ps. •
ID otber
tablH ocnpatlon• ba·re been arraaaed accordlDI to Dr. Alba N. ldward••
•aoclo-econoalc• clusl Ucatlon. In HYeral tables tbls s... aoc1O-econoa1c c:lusUleatloa bu been applied to worure 1D eacb lndllstr, or 1roup
of 1Dd11atrle•. ror lad11str1 data, a cla•slflcatloa of 58 Hparate lnda•tr, ll'OIIH bH bHD •aed. TllHe are arraa,ed under 10 beadlDP called
-..1a 1Dduatr, 1roaps• or •1 ■Pl7 •11U111str7. • Tbls stub appears to be alallar to tbe •ocnpatloaal 1roup• stub, but dltters fro■ lt In HYeral re•pecta, tbe ■oat l ■Portant or Wblcb ls tbat clerical occupatlona la all
ladllstrles are Included 1Deacb lndustr11roup ratber tban belq separated
uder o■e beadlq •clerical occupation•• u tbeJ are In tbe occ11patlonal
c1uaUlcat1oa.
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
28
service, and manufacturing and mechanical industries. The averages were higher for white than for colored workers in these
occupational groups. The highest average ages for white WOlllen,
on the other hand, were in dcmestic and personal se"ice and
professional occupations, and for colored women in agriculture
and domestic and personal service. But the averages for 1«>11en
in all occupational groups combined were lower for white than
for colored workers.
An average age of q5 years or over was characteristic of
certain occupations employing mostly white illen. This was found
in certain types of semi-independent ownership occupations,
Table 17-l,l[OIAN AGE
~
UNEMPLOYED IICJll([RS ()I RELIEF BY OCCUAUIONAL GROUP, RACE, Alll SEX,
UlBAN RELIEF SAMPLE IMY 1934
NEGRO AND OTHER
WHITE
OCCUPATIONAL GROIJP
Total workers reporting:•
Ncfflber
Median
A~riculture
F1!ihing and forestry
Extract ion of minerals
Manufacturi119 and rrechanical ·industries
Transportation and comnunicat ion
Trade
Pub l ic ser" ice
Professional service
Domestic and personal service
Clerical occupations
MALE
FEMALE
MALE
FEMALE
118,102
38. 7
33,160
32,5
27,445
19,449
33, 7
38.8
28.0
43. 0
40. 2
36.0
35.8
42.4
)5.3
39.8
31. 5
34,3
38.0
27.1
41. 9
38.6
36,3
28.8
39.6
34 .2
-
31.5
30.1
30.0
36J
36.9
28.4
36, 7
34,4
32.5
35.9
--
32.0
20Jt
:n.1
34.1
26.5
t,o •d1ans calcul•t•d ror ra.. r tha.n so •or11•r•.
5
[111cludts )7,6,10 persons •ho had "'liver •ori..d or •ho had •orked lull ,,.." • ftekl at Ult laat jOII at . . .,., occup11tloa
or thos~ •hoH duration or 11~111ployMent sir.ce last job at wsual occupation ns 11nll.noan.
farmers and farm foremen, builders and contractors, tailors,
captains, mates, and pilots, draymen and teamsters, and real
estate agents. The average age of foremen in manufacturing,
transportation, and trade was high. This was also true of marshals, sheriffs, and watchmen in public service, Janitors, porters, carpenters, stationary firemen, moulders, railroad conductors, locomotive engineers, and laborers in railroad transportation.
At the opposite extreme, an average age of 25 years or under was characteristic of other occupations. Men of both races
whose only experience had been at Civilian Conse"ation Corps
camp work and who were classified for the purposes of this study
as lumbermen were in this category. Other men of the white
race with a low average age, whose occupational experience had
been in private employment, were telegraph messengers, newsboys, and bootblacks. Messengers and office boys, attendants
and helpers in professional service, and bootblacks of both
races were young. In addition, Negro deliverJ111en, salesmea,
and stenographers and typists averaged under 25 years in age.
Schooling
The majority of unemployed workers on urban relief rolls
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UNEMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
in Hay 1934 had had less than an elementary school education. 7
A higher proportion of colored workers 18 percent of the rnen
and 6 percent of the wornen I than of whites· I 5 percent of the
men and 2 percent of the women I had had no schooling. Five
percent of the unemployed workers of all races and both sexes
reported no schooling. A higher proportion of women I 31 percent I than of men 123.7 percent) had canpleted nine years or
more schooling. The average for women was higher than that
for men and the average for whites was higher than for workers
of Negro ai.d other races. Chart 3 and Table 18 present this
in format ion.
60 50
40
Female
Mole
Percent
Percent
30
20
IO
0
0
IO
20
30
40
50 60
No schooling
Less than 5 years
...............
...... . . . .. . . . .
5-8
13-16
[]white
~ Other Races
17 and over
CHART 3-SCHOOLING OF UNEMPLOYED WORKERS
Urban Relief Sample
Moy 1934
AF· I 191 , W. P. A.
Various differences in
ployed workers appear when
tion I Appendix C, Tables 9
in Table 19 and Chart 4.
7
the educational background of unemthese data are analyzed by occupaand 10 I and by occupational group
The highest proportion of persons
.
When the data on 1cboolln1 are ana17sed ror c1 t7-111e 1roup1 1t 1S round
that tbe anraae or 1ears or achool1n1 decunu 1n tbe naller cl ties as
c011par1d •1th the laraer cttlu.
Tbe decline 11 areater tor Hearoes
tblll tor Wbltel.
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URBAN WORIBRS ON RILIIP
-No
B881Less
Sc!looli119
~9-12 Years
Than 5 Years
l•:•:-:!f 11
~ 5 - 8 Years
WHITE
0
10
20
013-16 Years
30
Percent
40 50 60
30
40
'Mars and Over
100
Agriculture
Forestry and Fishing
Extraction of Minerals
Manufacturing and Mechanical Inds.
Transportation and Communication
Public Service
Professionol Service
Domestic and Personal Service
Clerical Occupations
Percent
OTHER RACES
50
60
Agriculture
Forestry and Fishing
Extraction of Minerals
Manufacturing and Mechanical Inds.
Transportation and Com municat,on
Trade
Public Service
Professional Service
Domestic and Personal Service
Cler ical Occupations
CHART 4 - SCHOOLING OF UNEMPLOYED WORKERS BY
MAJOR OCCUPATIONAL GROUPS
Urbon Relief Sample
May 1934
Af-1181, W.P.A.
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UNIMPLOTID 101111S ON RBLIBF
31
with no schoolinr is found ia tbe ■ 1ning occupations among
white workers and in aericulture aaong workers of Negro and
other races. At the other extree, the highest proportion with
■ore than an elementary school education is found, as might be
expected, in the clerical and professional occupations.
Table l&-Y[A!lS
or
SCHOOLING or l)t,[Upt()Y[O WORK[!lS OH l![U[F BY RACE AHO SlX,
U~6Alo l![Ll[f SAUPI.I UAY 19)4
.....,.,,
MUTE
NEC.~0 AND OTHER
YEARS OF SCHOOLING
MALE
F"EM~L!_
WALE
17 al"ld OYer
1.4
0.2
34. 746
100.0
2.0
0. 7
1.8
6.6
13.1
38.9
16.5
15.2
2.8
2.2
0.2
~28,825
100.0
8.J
4.3
10.4
22. I
20.8
21.0
7 .1
4. 7
0. 7
0.5
0.1
~ian 11
7.9
8.4
5.9
Total workers reparting:•
Percent
None
Less than I
1- 2
3- 4
5-6
7- 8
~10
11-12
13-a
15-16
125,954
100.0
4.8
1.2
3.3
9.9
16.1
40.1
12.2
9.1
1.1
-·
FEMALE
--
19,635
100.0
5.6
2.8
7 .9
19.2
22.1
24.8
8.9
6.1
1.3
0.6
0.1
6.6
•i.c1 ......... ,. ••r•a• ._ filed .. ..,,., -OrllN or -.OH ICIIOOI I"' - · ltftltN•·
0
. . . 1 . . . c•IClllatffeft totels •• ,1.d1"9 ll!GN ... l'la4 "..,., .,, ..... "
K"Otll.
One can assu■e that the c0111pletion of an elementary school
education ■arks a sienificant point on the scale of educational
bacteround. For the Tast ■ajority of Negroes on relief (85
percent), schooling stopped with the elementary grades and the
■ajorit1 were not 1raduated.
A hieher proportion of white
Table l~loCDIAN YEARS
or
SCHOOi.iNG or UN[UPLOY[D IQIK[RS OH RELIEF BY OCCUPATIOHAL GROUP Al() SE!(
URBAN 111:U[F SAl,IPL[ MAY 1934
cc-=-=-=--=--.:::-:::c=====..,;::-::..._:-cc..,;::-:._:-=- ·--·:-_..,;::cc=-=:===========--====
OCCUPATIONAL GAOUP
Total •orkers reporting:•
Number
Wed 1an
A9r icu I ture
F"i~t-lng ain'1 forestry
E•tr-action of minerals
Ma.nuf"'-:turing and ""~~niul irdustr,es
fr,3,.,~portat1on ctnd Cc;:trrr'yn1cation
TrdJ'!
P1Jt, 1 ic S!!orv ice
Professiona.l sen,ice
! ) ~ • •c d.nd person-=tl service
Cl~r,cal QCCUP"lt ions
'•o •
.,,.'II
...L£
FEWAl E
146,361
7,6
52,582
7 .9
7.1
8.0
6.8
7.5
7,5
8. 3
7.5
11.5
7.5
9.8
~-5
1.l
9.2
9.0
13J
7. 2
11.2
C8lc"l•IN tor, . . . , 11'1., Ml.,,... , •.
•hclufts Jt,10 • · ' • " ·
~
,..., ,_..,,, Crkff, -.c, llad "'"'' alt ... ded IC"-01, . , . . . . IC""OOl 1111 -s ..... no ...
workers than of Heiroes on relief bad ■ore than an elementary
school education. The averaie woaan on relief had a slightly
better educational backiround than the average ■an. In transportation and commnnication, trade, professional service, and
clerical occupations, w0111en had a considerably better educational backirouad than men (Table 19).
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URBAN WORIBRS ON RBLIBF
32
OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTBRISTICS OF UNBMPLOTID
WORIBRS ON RBLIBF
The occupational or employment characteristics of the uneaployed workers in the urban relid sample are reflected in their
occupational and industrial experience and the lenrth of tiae
they have been unemployed. The large aajority (86 percent) of
unemployed workers on urban relief rolls at tlle tiae of this
study were workers who had been previously gaiafally eaployed.
The group of new workers included 20,106 withoat preYioas wort
experience and 12,520 with less than one -,ntll's experience at
any job. These two eroaps were l!J percent of the total of 11-eaployed workers and 12 percent of the total of all workers on
relief. In general the rroup of inexperienced workers were
young; 50 percent of the■ were under 20 and 65 percent were under 25.
Tabl• 20-MfDIAN YEARS Of EX F{RI ENCE AT THEIR USl.14l OCQIPATION OF UNE~PLO\'En WORHRS ON R[Llff
BY OCCU PATIO~AL GROUP RACE ANO SEX, URBAN RE LIEF S,INPLE MAY 19J4
-
-~- -
WHITE
IEGRO ANO OTHER
OCCUPAT I ON'il. GROUP
FEMALE
MALE
F£J,1AL.E
126,235
10.4
J4, 79'
J.8
29 ,202
9.1
l~.663
11.J
1. 0
15. 5
11 . 9
8.6
8. 1
7 .2
9. 2
9. J
6.0
6, 7
11.5
1.2
11 .9
10 . J
9.2
5. 7
7. 6
9.5
8 .0
5.8
11.0
-.iALE
Total workers r epo r ti ng: •
Num ber
Med i an
Agr i cu I t u re
Fishing and for es I ry
[ xtr ,111ct ion o f minerals
Manu f ac 1u r i n9 ana ir,echan I ca 1 indu s tries
Tr anspo rt atio n ano co,rrn.,n ic<ltion
Tr ade
Pub li c se rv ic e
Pro fessional service
Dorrest ic anCI pe r sonal serv i cc
Cle r ic dl occupations
- - ~ ~f1o
4
oaea i1u1s caleuh l ~d f or f r-er
t,._."
-I
J ,7
4. 0
J,t
6. 2
4 .0
J. 7
7 .5
--
5. 0
t
3- f
5. 0
8.0
2 .8
50 • o rker1 .
£1 c l uOes 25 . 9 01 pr rso r1s •flo hi d ne-.-e r •or iled or -1\Gle e 1oer i e11Ce et .,.,.,..1 cc cuoa t i o11 • • • u111111'C1911.
Contrary to an erroneous popular impression, workers on urban relief rolls in 193" were not industrial aisfits who bad
never worked nor persons with an irregular work history. Une111ployed workers on relief who had been previously gainfully eaployed were a relatively experienced group of workers. Over
half of the men had worked 10 years or more at their usual occupation. Approximately half of the women had worked four and
a half years or more at their usual occupation (Chart 5, Table
20). The median length of experience reported was 10.1 years
for men and IJ.9 years for women. When these fienres are analyzed by race, the median length of experience for aen becoaes
10.IJ years for whites and 9.1 years for Negroes, and for woaea,
3.8 years for white persons and 7.5 years for Negroes. 8
u,
8c1t1-s1ze d1tterences
also be noted tor length orezperlence. Th•••erage length or uperlence or aen decUnea wlth tbl alse or tlae cu, lD
which the worlr.er rea1dea. altholl&ll thU trend ls not ao re1lllv ror woaen.
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UNIMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
33
Occupational group differences in length of experience are
shown in the !ollowiug table, and individual occupational differences are presented in Appendix C, Tables 9 and 10.
The
Yery low median years of experience for workers in fishing and
forestry is explained by the fact that most of them had obtained their experience in the Civilian Conservation Corps.
Male
Female
Percent
Percent
40
30
20
--~--~
10
-1
0
.............
............
.. .. . . .. ...
. .. .. ............
.. . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. . .
. . . .. . . . . . . .
... ... .. . ........
YEARS
0
10
l --
20
30
40
- 7 - ---1-~-7
Less than
1.5
1.5 - 4.4
4,5 - 9.4
9,5 -14.4
. ...... .
........
........ . .
.. .........
. ........
. . . . . . ..
.........
4.5 -19.4
19.5-29.4
........
. . . . .. ..
........
□ White
P!2Q
Other
~ Races
29.5
and over
CHART 5 • LENGTH OF EXPERIENCE OF UNEMPLOYED WORKERS
AT USUAL OCCUPATION
Urban Relief Sample
Moy 1934
AF -1189, W,P.A.
The men who showed the longest average experience at the
usual occupation were white tailors, builders, and cabinet
11&kers, and Negro farmers and clergymen. Among women's occupations, the longest average experience was found in the occupations of tailors, actors and musicians for whites, and laundresses, fana laborers, and dressmakers for Negroes.
The u,ual Occupation
The occupational background of unemployed workers on urban
relief rolls in May l93ij is reflected in the acco111panying table
and chart showing occupational groups of the usual occupations.
The data are presented in more detail in Appendix C, Tables 3
and ij.
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
When the occupational distribution of workers in the saaple
in cities o! .50,000 population or over is compared with that
o! workers in the Census sampling area for the same cities,
certain significant differences appear. Workers in the relief
sample showed a higher concentration for both sexes in the
60 50
Female
Male
Percent
40 30 20
Percent
20 30 40
10
0
0
10
50 60
Agriculture
Forestry and Fishing
Extraction of Minerals
Manufacturing and
~""""~.. Mechanical Industries ~~"""""""~"""Transportation and
Communication
Trade
Public Service
Professional Service
Domestic and
Personal Service
■ Relief 1934
~ Census 1930
Clerical Occupations
CHART
6 - USUAL OCCUPATION OF UNEMPLOYED WORKERS
ON RELIEF, 1934
AND GAINFUL WORKERS, 1930
Urbon Relief Somple
Moy 1934
AF-1187, W,P.A.
manufacturing and mechanical occupations and in agriculture
than did the gainful workers in 1930 in the same areas. For
men on relief there was greater concentration in ■ ining and
transportation and for women on relief a much larger proportion from domestic and personal service. The occupational groups
in which workers on urban relief appear to have been a saaller
proportion of all workers than among the gainful population
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UNEMPLOYED WORKERS ON RRLIEF
35
of 1930 are public service, trade, and the clerical and professional occupations. The individual occupations in which workers on relief in 1934 showed the highest proportions relative
to their proportions among gainfnl workers in 1930 in the sampling area were: plasterers, farm laborers, laborers in road
Tablt 21-0CCUPATIOIIAL GHOUP Of IH[ USUAL OCCIJPATl(llj Of '-"'El,IP\.OV[O IO!KFRS IN TliE l.fl8lN RELIEF Slll'I.E
IMY 19~ 4110 Of GAINFUL IIOl1KERS IN THE CEN~S SA"'Pll'IG AREA 1930• BY 51:X
RELIEF
OCCIJl'ATt()ttAL CillOUft
,..,E
-
To,.1
!Oil, 70J
Nunt>fir
.c,rliers reporting:
!) ... PLE
100.0
Percent
2. 7
0.A
1.9
~r icul ture
F11t-. ing and forestrl'
£xt,.act1on of ""1ne,,.1~
a.nufactur ,n; arw1 ~c"an 1cal ;ndustr1e1
51. 5
15. 7
Transportation and c.o,:niwnication
II. J
1.1
2. 5
7.9
5.0
Trade
f\,blic serv,ce
Profess iona I service
Do••Ht 1c and personal serv ,c1
Clerical oc<.upa,t ion!
-1 - - - - ~ - - - - -
19),i:.
6
CENSUS SA. . LING ARU.
FEWAL E
... LE
FEMM.(
•t.J67
100:0
I. 281. 250
•et, 189
100.0
100.0
o. 7
0.9
0.1
0.6
• I.~
11.2
19.1
J.6
6.0
7 .J
9.A
0.1
•
25.J
1.5
8.0
•
J.5
51. 7
9.J
••
20.0
J.0
10.0
0.1
12.5
29.5
~-8
1,.e&II tlllM t . t l 11erc ... l.
•1111e ,.,....,, 1-,1,.,, are ■"' ott••"'" 11, ••1,11111 t• u,, occ"o11tlo11111l f■ l• 111 ,,.. (..,_,, o' '••vla1lo11 or
or t110 SI c,1,0, o' tc.ooo or o•••, ,,.. , ... ,_..1,nt ratio t1111 ,.., oe.,. -,1e-d ln
••'•<tio" or•••••'
clh ro, ,.,c11111•011 ,,. 111>1 "''••,; ,,., •u• ot
•Oi.,u•a '•11111••• ,,,~1t-t111to1 "'• ,.,....,, , . .p1 ..,9 ••••
h,o • ..,,,,., •••• ·• ,, ..
lo tic.,, ••• ,,.'"'',,.,,.,.,.
Coi-f)araolo 0010 . . . . 'IOl •••
-·" , ... ,.1 .• , ........, .. o , ... c.,. .... , ., 11)1.
11••••
,,.o
•-,••••
.... ,. 1•••• or ... ,,. '"•
,,..,,. • .... ,et la1t Jot at 11111111
c",,....... t ...... , ......
,-,1. ,,.
II c,1,01.
t"•
Dec_,,.
,,.1. ,.,
19,0,
ro, oacJI
u11•1 '" •ac"
tor occ 11 po1io111,
rt Cltl•• ,.,
l•cli,doa I, ttr 1or1e111 • • " . . ,._,..., -0,11_, or .-0 Jllad •r•ff loH
occ..,,011011,
,1HlloU• SIJC, , ........ IOflfol, ,,. lt•hhtloa • - - I. IOIAhl . . . . , . . . , •• , . . , ............ ,.
and street_ construction, structural iron workers, operatives
from extractive industries other than coal mines, deliver)'111en,
coal mine operatives, charwomen, and farm owners.
The occupational distribution of unemployed workers on urban relief rolls naturally reflects the industrial background
of th~ cities studied, and this in turn is more significant
than size of city or geographical location. The variations in
the occupational distributions in the 79 cities are presented
in detail in Part II. At this point, it is necessary only to
111ention variations in the relative proportions on relief in
193ij and in the gainfully employed population in 1930 which are
significant for city-size groups. Workers from professional
occupations showed a higher concentration on relief as conipared
with their distribution among the gainfully employed in 1930
in the largest of the cities studied. Among manufacturing industries, on the other hand, there appeared to be no occupational variation reflecting size of city except in the case of
workers in the clothing industries on relief who were found in
a ■uch higher proportion in cities of the largest size compared
with the smaller cities. 8 Workers from domestic and senice
occupations were on relief in higher proportions, relative to
8 n aboald be noted that approzlaatel7 36 percent or th• total nu•b■ r or
olotblq worll.ere reported ln the urban relief aupl ■ "■ re fro• Ne" Torll.
C1t1.
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36
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
their proportions in 1930, in cities with populations from
250,000 to 1,000,000 as compared with either smaller or larger
cities.
A significant concentration of the unemployed workers on urban relief rolls was found in certain occupations. Thirty-six
percent of the men and 51 percent of the women in the urban relief sample were found in the 10 largest occupations reported.
In the Census sampling area, on the other hand, the proportion
in the same occupations was considerably smaller 128., percent
for men and 35,9 percent for women). The 10 occupations which
the largest number of persons on urban relief rolls reported,
in order of decreasing size, are the following: Ill servants,
121 chauffeurs, truck and tractor drivers, 131 laborers (building and generall, 141 salesmen, 151 carpenters, 161 painters,
171 clerks, 181 operatives in the iron and steel industries,
191 operatives in the clothing industries, and I 101 coal mine
operatives. 10
The characteristics of the workers in these 10 occupations
reflect those of an important section of the urban relief sample, and should, therefore, be briefly noted (Appendix C, Table
31. The sex and race composition in the 10 occupations did
not vary significantly from that of the unemplo7ed on relief
as a whole. Other characteristics, however, differed to a
greater extent. Except for clerks, salesmen, and chauffeurs
and truck drivers, the 111en in the 10 largest occupations were
older than the average urban worker on relief. The women were
younger than the average except in the case of domestic senants. The workers in these 10 occupations had had, in general,
a longer experience at their usual occupations, but approximately the same educational background as the average unemplo1ed worker on relief with t~e exception of clerks and salesmen.
The duration of unemployment in these IO occupations was shorter
than the average for servants, chauffeurs and truck drivers,
salesmen, operatives in the clothing industry, and painters,
but longer than the average for laborers, carpenters, clerks,
coal miners and operatives in the iron and steel industries.
In the occupations where both men and women are employed, for
example, operatives in the clothing industry, salesmen, senants, and clerks, women were younger than men, had had less
experience at their occupation but better schooling, and had
been unemployed for shorter periods of time than men.
It is important to discover what types of skills are represented in the occupational experience of unemployed workers on
1O 0111tt1n1 rr011 conalderatton a leas bo•o1eneoua claaetftcatlon or occupatlODI IUCb ae ·••cb&DlCI not Otberw1H apecltled, • a cau,or:, lD Wblcb
lkilled wor1ter11 rr011 a 1ar1• Yarlet:, or occupations are claaaltted b:, tb•
Bureau of th• Cen1ua,
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UNEMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
37
rban relief rolls. A sulllfflary of ski 11 analysis has been atterapted in the following socio-econ0111ic classification of the
usual occupations reported. 11 In this classification, workers
11
Table 22-SOCIO-[CO•(),IIC CLASS Q< L'Sl.AL OC:cPATIO• CF csE•IPLOYrJ N()R~[r:/5 I• Te[ l.'ROM llfll[F SAMPLE
,.,,_y 193' OD OF GAl~Fl:L ,l()R<[RS IN I•[ C['5US $AIJPLIP<G A;?(A 1910• Br SEX
" vs s
IN
SOCIO-E.COIIICIIIC O.ASS
• •
f:£..,ALE
-.
TQT4L
""LE
i:E .. ALE
'1 . >67
1. 762 . •39
1,781.250
100.0
100.0
100.0
481 . 1B9
100.0
M-. i te col la r
1B.1
ll.B
21.6
JI. 1
•9 . 9
Stul led
19 . 1
26.1
2B. 2
2B . 9
0. 7
32.8
U.9
40 . 6
16.•
22. 7
21. 2
20.3
19. ~
1.0
26.B
22. 3
frrturrt>er
Tot ,1 aori.~ ,~ reoort i "9:
P~rcent
n .~
Se,usk i 1 led
31. 3
Unski 1led
- - - - - - --
-
-
-- -
n.z
....L.._
•,•• ,.,....,, ,-.1 11111 ar•• ••• o)t•'"'"" 11, • • '''"'I to H•• ott .. ;i 1tt io ,.al cl1ta ,n '"• Canw1 of •oo.o1 1t •o n o f 11,0 , ro, 1tacl'I or
Ille t i cit• • · . , I0 , 000 o• , ,.,. P• • · - · ,.,.. 1, 110 ,., •• ,,,., "' ' " 0 1u•11 .. ,.o i l'I llllt lf'lttl•O" or, •• • • , , . , . , ' " l!ACII c ,t,
for il\ C l 111 i 1tl'I 111 t11i1 . . , •• , . '"• '"""' or ,,. • .., 10 1 w1l1t'1 '"11o r 1t1 ton,t,t..,t e, ll•• c..,....,, , --, li11; • •• • ,o r occ ,net >o,.,
f11e
, ... 1,111 ar•a ; , l •• itN to t i co1,e , '" 111 , a u,ua,i,ce OK..,M c~•••I• data wre ,001 ._..,,,1•1• for 79 c i ties ,or ootfl
u• ralier .. , • .., --, ,,.., te,.,,,,., or 1•,o.
••na, a a►•• ,aara ef 19• ,,. '"• ,..,,. ' " t i citi •~
••• • . . ., , at la11 joo at "•v•I occ•••t , on
c,., ..... t ....... , ., ....
htko• ,, .....
l•Cl•O•• ~ . l'tl
••''°"' _.. ,. .. ,...,., ..,,.ff or
"'°· ,oi,..1a110... ,01. u. ,..... ,...., la,t':I' , .
' ' '"'"' .. , ... ,.,a, ••
.-0 ,...,
,,o,.,.
_.,tiff••••
MIO
ow,, .
fl'OIII professional, proprietary, and clerical occupations were
C0111bined into what may be loosely called a "white collar" iroup.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
CLASS
Percent
_ 4"'o~-----"'<o
White Collar
Skilled
■ Relief 1934
Semiskilled
~ Census 1930
Unskilled
CHART 7-SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASS OF USUAL OCCUPATION OF
UNEMPLOYED WORKERS RELIEF SAMPLE, 1934
AND GAINFUL WORKERS, 1930
Urban Relief Sample
Moy 1934
AF-1201,W. P. A.
Table 22 and Chart 7 present this information for ■ajor sod~
economic groups for the relief smnple in the cities of !>0,000
population and over. Over half of the 111en 157.1 percent) and
11
Tbe
soc10-econo■ 1c cla■ a1t1cat1on UHd •aa denloped b7 Dr. Alba K, Edwards
or t111 Bureau or tbe Census. .Tovfflal of tlle
ti011, Dece ■ ber 1983, pp. 877-387.
A■ 1rica11
ltathUcal Assodo-
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CHART D
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DISTRIBUTION
~~
T
OF TOTAL AND RELIEF WORKERS
ii&J~
L..--.L..----11
WHITE COLLAR
CENSUS
1930
0
cci"
""
i'j"
~
~
0
URBAN RELIEF
SAMPLE 1934
SKILLED
SEMI-SKILLED
UNSKILLED
llllllttt iii 11111 lilt
lilt 1111 lllltt lllltt~
0
-
~
( i)
EACH GREY FIGURE REPRESENTS
EACH BLACK FIGURE REPRESENTS
5
5
PERCENT
PERCENT
OF TOTAL
GAINFUL WORKERS
OF WORKERS ON RELIEF
AF-1&49 ,W. P.A.
UNEMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
39
over tbree-tourths of the w011en (77.7 percent) in the entire
sa111ple were fr011 semiskilled and unskilled occupations. Less
than 1 percent of all woaen studied were from skilled occupations, although one-fourth of the men were formerly employed
in occupations of this type. Orer one-fifth of the women bot
only 18 percent of the ~n bad been formerly employed in the
white collar occupations, of a professional, proprietary, or
clerical nature. These differences reflect the employment opportunitJ of woaen as c011pared with 11en, and also show the concentration points of workers oD urban relief rolls.
Tbere are iaportant differences in the socio-economic class
distribution of workers on relief by co111parison lfith the distribution of gainful workers in 1930. In the Census sa.mpling
area for the 51 cities of ,o,000 population or over, approxi11&tel1 one-fifth of all gainful workers were unskilled whereas
in the relief saaple fr<JI the saae areas one-third of the one■ployed were unskilled.
Se■iskilled and stilled workers were
also so■ewhat ■ore beaYily represented in the relief group
tban a■onir the gainful workers, but white collar workers constitated a aucb sutler pa.rt of the workers on relief than of
the gainful wrkers in the saapling area (Table 22).
Table 2)-SOCl~COIIOIIC CL.ASS OF USUAL OCCUPATIOM OF U!IEMP\.OYED IIO!lK[RS OM RELIEF WITH AND
AM ALT[RIIAT[ OCCUPAT IOlo,URSAII RELIEF SAMPU IIAY 19)'
_,
Total worker, rei:,orting:•
N\.NBER
Plrcent
511;11e<1
34. 515
38.9~
»'llisld lled
Unsk;I led
57 , )91
7),988
hch,tlea • ••11 ••'•"•for . . .
.,. ,. .. •..,•r •r•N , or ta.oae
ftO
PERCENf
Al TERNATE
OCCUPATIClN
204.~
lhite collar
.
WITI<
TOTAL
SOCl~ECONClillC CLAS1
WITHOUT
Al TEANATE
OCCUPATION
152,821
52,034
25,4
17.S
22.5
15. 0
2J.J
J4.2
1•.e
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
■ ITHOOT
65 . 0
16.1
65 .8
hforael l•" o.a elhr11e1e occwpel l o111 NI .,•ii.Ole , llloO•
leu
• t '"'- l ■ &t IIOl'- r el i ■ f jo•.
""'°"'ed .. ,•• ~
t"'"" • ..,..,
Tbree-foarths of the une11plo7ed workers ia the Urban Relief
SorYeJ reported experience or training at aa alternate occupatioa (Table 23). Of all groups, white collar and skilled workers bad the bitbest proportion with an alternate occupation.
Unskilled workers, <lll the other band, had the lowest proportion
witb aa altenate occupation.
llld•try of U.• 1 Occupat Ion
The industrial oririas of the ane11plo7ed workers on urban
relief rolls in 193ij ba•e alreadJ been suggested in the occupational analysis. This infon1&tion is presented in Table 2q
and Chart 8 for uin industry irroups.
Three times as high a proportion of workers in the url>an relief saaple as in the supling area in 1930 were fro■ agriculture
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
40
and m1n1ng. Domestic and personal service had the next highest
proportion of workers on relief in comparison with its proportion in 1930; and manufacturing and mechanical industries the
third highest. Workers from transportation and communication
were also slightly more heavily concentrated in the relief
group than among the gainful workers, but the three remaining
industry groups, trade, and professional and public service,
were much smaller proportions of the urban relief sample than
of gainful workers in the sampling area.
T,ble 1•-t.SLAL 1'rl'5TPY 0> ~SEVPLOYED A')QKERS I~ THE l'R6AN R£l lEF SAMPLE IIAY 193•
Al,D CF GA I '•LL N()RKE'1S IS T"E CE•SLS SAIIPL! 1'G AREA 1930'
=-=------=~==--=-=~~-----.-===--=-=================
RELIEF 54'.IPLEb
CENSUS S.wPl,. ING AR[Ac
211. 769
100.0
2.179.•99
100.0
A~ricul ture
3. 7
F"i5t-ina 1nd forf"",lry
[)l(tPJct1on of m,ner:!1s
0.6
0.9
0. 2
1.6
37.8
10.4
21.3
4. 3
\l'!nuf:!clunnq :,,nrl rned1,niul industries
Tnnc;,oortation ~nd COl'ffllun1c-1t1on
f nde
Prnfpc;,,;1'1n-1I
'Service
Domestic 1nd oerson'll 'S@l'rvic~
~::it o;occi fied 1nduc;trie~ -'ll"ltl serv1res
"'1,,,.
43.8
11.3
12. B
1.0
3. 2
3.0
e.,
18. l
13. l
l.•
3. l
=i,
C'!'n!.u~ ~--pl '"'7 a•r• ••• oDlaon,p-CJ
lt?Pl)'•"9 to tl'le ,nd"str,o.1 ,,.,. ,n II'•• Cenws of l'001.1lat,of' of 19)(1. tor'"•<" of
lhf' 1t (ot,r~. 1,-,. ~ll'lr ,.,.01,n1 •at,o l"l~t rue t!Pl"n ,.~.,o "' P•II" S.Pll'rl,ol\ ol rpli•f c•'"" 1n t,aCII ci\1 for inC:lu,,t;n 11,
t,11~ wr ... ,. l1'1' \..i"I of'"'"'" .c!Ju~t"CI f11ur111 cot'IU,t,.tfO\ \llt, C•nsu1 1.-.olin9 arl'• for iriClu!ttr,.
t,~r•l'r~ u--111 ,,..,, of "'9"·
r,,o,..__,_.,,,.r
C•cluOl'l 11,011 per10n1 •"'O "'•" n•w•r 1110nl'C or _..o nad .irlit"<' l•st. ,,,.,.. • .e.i.s et las.\
JOfl,
'-,,,i, ■ "lti>o c,.,nn of l h U•nt,d 3tau, 1•JO. l'opulAI on 'fol. IV,
2~.00J ;iopul •I ,on,
G1,nful
5t•t• facile ,o 8"1d unpuDl,w,ed d•t• for c,ti•1 unC•r
.or•,.r~ 10 , , , , , 0f 11ql' .,,:, o,.,,,
The five industries 12 with the highest proportions of workers in the relief sample relative to their proportions among
gainful workers in the sampling area were agriculture, coal
mining, other extractive industries, building and construction,
and cigar and tobacco factories (Appendix C, Table 191,
When comparisons are made between Census and relief data
analyzed by the socio-economic classification of occupations
within each industry, equally significant differences are evident. Table 25 presents this information for major industry
groups and Table 5 in Appendix C for all industries. In general, only one-third as many workers from the clerical, professional, and proprietary occupations, or what might be called
the "white collar class", were represented on urban relief rolls
relative to their proportions among gainful workers id 1930,
although the relative proportions from these occupations in
professional and public service industries were more nearly like
those of the gainfully employed than in other industries.
Skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled workers were more heavily
represented in the urban relief sample than in the gainfully
1 2P-1shlng and rorestry, and road and street construction, 1n both or which
wort reuer employ111ent 1ntluenced the data on usual 1ndustr:,.were excluded.
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UNEMPLOYED WORIBRS ON RELIEF
e11plo1ed populati ,u. Unskilled workers were a particularly large
proportion in the relief salllJ)le for agriculture &nd transportation and c011t1unication. Relative proportions of skilled,
se111iskilled, and unskilled workers did not differ lllllteri&lly &s
between the gainfully employed population in 1930 &nd those on
relief in 1934 in the aanufacturing and 111echanical industries
and ■ ining.
0
10
20
Percent
30
40
50
60
Agriculture
Forestry and Flshlno
Extraction of Minerals
Monufocturinc;i and
Mechanical Industries
Transportation and
Cornroonication
Trade
Public Service
■ Male
mm Female
Professional Service
Domestic and
Personal Service
CHART 8 - USUAL INDUSTRY OF UNEMPLOYED WORKERS
Urban Rellaf Somple
May 1934
AF· 1179, W.P.A.
When the data for individual industries are examined, however, a number al interesting differences are seen (Appendix C,
Table 5). In aeat packing industries, automobile factories,
saw and planing mills and woodworking plants, and rubber factories, for example, there were more semiskilled but fewer unskilled workers in the urban relief sample than in the gainfull1 eaplo1ed population. To a less extent, the sa111e fact
is true of textile ■ ills and iron and steel •ills. With due
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"2
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
allowance ts for possible differences of classification of skill,
there appears to be a significant concentration of se■ iskilled
manufacturing operatives in the urban relief sa11ple when compared with those among the gainfully employed in certain industries of importance in urban areas. There is a possibility
that the date of taking the survey in the spring of the year
may have influenced the distribution according to skill because
of seasonal operations in such industries as meat packing and
automobile, rubber, and woodworking factories. In many of the
centers of these industries represented in this survey, there
is a dif!erence of timing in the employment of skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled workers. It is possible that skilled
workers and unskilled workers in maintenance operations had
gone back to work with the "beginning of the season", but that
a large group of the production workers who were machine operators were still on relief rolls.
DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT
Equally significant with the occupational and industrial
background of workers on urban relief rolls and their social
characteristics is the question of the length of time they have
been out o! work. Although the urban relief group studied appears to have been a reasonably representative cross-section
of the unemployed population in 193", comparative studies of
the total unemployed and of unemployed persons on relief indicate that there was an accumulation on relief rolls of those
who have been out of a job for long periods of time. For this
reason, it is important to relate the various occupational
characteristics of unemployed workers covered in this survey
to the length of time they have been out of work. Significant
differences in duration of unemployment were found for sex, race,
and occupational or industrial groups. In addition, duration
of unemployment varied with age and other occupational or ~
ployment characteristics such as length of experience and
schooling. These relationships are studied in detail for occupational groups and selected occupations in Chapter ijof this
report. City differences in the duration of unemployment reported by workers in the 79 cities covered by this survey are
also important to mention. These are described in Part II of
this report. At this point, only the most important facts
about the duration of unemployment of the unemployed workers
on urban relief rolls in 193q as a group will be described.
Two measures of du rat ion of unemployment have been used in
this study: one measuring the length of time from the last
tS8eeAppend1x B tor note OD method or occllp&tlonal clau1t1oat1onand codlng.
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fable 25-USUU INOU5T11Y BY SOCl~ECONCIIIC Cl,lSS C1' l.lNEIIPI.OYEO IIOlll!RS 1• HE lJl64N RELIEF SAMP\£ IIU 193'
00 CF ~IIFUL GKERS IN TOE GCNE~U POF\Jl,lTll)IO 1930
C
:z:
In
:x
USUAL INDUSTIU'
TOTAL
e1tlT'E
I
COUAA
IIIMl(A
Teta I #Orli.ers reoort i no
211,
Agriculture
Fishing 11nd forestry
[xtr,ction of "linen.tis
~nohcturing ~tld mechenicsl irdustries
Transpcrut ion !Ind connunicat ion
Tnoe
Pt.bl ic s~r-vice
0
co;,.·
,;-
~
~
Profossion,1 sorvic•
l>on,ostic •nd oorso"'I service
fjot soecilioj industries
•l•H ,,..,. o. os perc•"" ·
8 wor•ers 1 ► 6111 ... ,.. •' •te •
tl1'/1u•U C•uu
of
AppeftCl i c I, p, 1aJ.
,.w
76rr-~~-O
7.861
1,158
9,208
92,370
2',027
27,074
2.05f
6.333
1 38.362
1 3,322
tul.,..• .U,GIJ7 ,ersoftS .,..
PEOCt•T
Md,.,,.,
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100 . 0
100.0
100 . 0
ICC . O
100 . 0
100.0
..,M41., •fMI
,-u .. 1 .. , .. 1f')o, ,.,.1e11011 ••' · •. ••· au-tu.
C.a i rif11I •or .. r1 10 7Mr1 of . . . allld . , . , .
,..d
S(MI'"'
StUllEO
SICILLEO
TOTAL
UN'$1Ul1.EO 1 - - - - - ~ - - - - 1
I PERCENT
N\MIER
16. 7
18.9
27. 7
36. 7
25.3
2.8
1.B
6.9
12.5
6'.0
23_,
75.0
2.9
).,
1.1
5.2
7.2
35.8
20.2
2.3
15.1
2.2
o.,
1.1
1.,
3.9
1.9
39.9
27.6
23.6
26.3
10.2
1B.7
3.1
72.2
88.1
89.1
.
II
11.,
39.7
10. 1
35.2
12 . 6
78.0
92 . ,
~M-41 IHI t~• • .... ,el 1••• •-r•lfef
,_ .. ,""°'of
--0
CEIISUS 19'01
5....,,LE 19),•
"€LIEF
,...rr•"li .. c,11ew ••u, ...
MIil[
COLL.All
SKILLEO
sou-
St11;ILlEO
t"'
0
I
I
-<
UNSKILU:D
l:a;I
0
I'8,829.920
100.0
,2.1
13.0
16.2
I
28. 7
0
IO,,B3.917
268,992
1.156,377
I 1'.3'1.372
, ,.,38,U3
7, 530,06f
1·
I.Of9.576
3.,08.9'7
,.aU.573
I 1.337.689
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
57.,
7.5
0.7
).2
II. 7
32.8
20.9
1.7
26.1
0.7
0. 6
,.,
•
2.5
1.9
32.2
19.5
6,(
21.2
3.6
27.3
17.2
I
'1.9
86.B
80.0
18.B
26.3
5.0
18.3
7.0
63.8
5'.5
::0
I
i•-
&.,
16.2
33.3
86 . 9
3, _,
88.7
8.3
23 . 9
I
C
~
t>;J
::0
en
0
:z:
::0
t>;J
....
t"'
...,
CZ,
C')
0
-
~
(v
.t::
\.)j
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
ijij
non-relief job of 1 month or more, and the other measuring the
length of time since the last job of 1 month or111ore at the usual occupation. The data relating to the first aeasure of duration of unemployment are andyzed by the industry and socioeconomic class of the usual occupation and the data relating
to the second measure are analyzed by the occupational group
and occupation of usual employment.
Average Duration of
Une•ploy■ ent
The full impact of the depression is reflected in the figures on duration of unemployment. The great majority of workers studied had lost their jobs during the depression. Less
than one-third of the total had been unemployed under 1 year;
the majority had been unemployed from 1 to 5 years, and a small
group for over 5 years (Table 26). The best way of summarizing
these data is to describe (1) the average duration of unemployTable 26-0U!IAT ION OF UNEMl'I.C'T1,t(NT SINCE u\ST JO!l AT USUAL OCCUPATION ANO SINCE u\ST NON-llELIEF JOII
OF UNE.MPLOY[O Wl)!K[RS OIi RELIEF BY SU,URBAH RELIEF SAMPLE MAY 19)6
-OUR AT I ON OF UN ENPlOYMEN T
SINCE LAST JOB AT
SINCE LAST
USUAL OCCUPU tClf•
NON-•ELIEF JOr/'
MALE
Total worlcers reporting:
Number
Percent
L.ess than l year
Less than 3 months
3- 5 ""'"ths
6- 8 months
9-11 """'ths
1--' y~11.rs
l yeAr
2 years
3 years
,. years
5 years ,1md c,ver
5--9 years
10 years and CNer
~ian tin months)c
FEMAlE
MALE
F0itALE
1•5.>-47
100.0
52,609
100.0
153.161
100.0
53,236
100.0
22. 7
5.1
5.2
6.5
5.3
33.8
10.3
8.4
7 ,3
7.8
j0. 7
7 .5
1.2
9.0
7.1
38.9
12.0
9.8
8.5
8.6
63,2
16.6
19.4
16.3
10.9
46.8
17.9
13.1
9.3
6.5
64.3
19.-3
20. 7
15.5
8.8
46.0
18.8
12.9
8.6
5.7
14.l
11.0
3.1
29.6
19.4
II.I
5.0
4.1
1.1
20.j
Z3.9
~-
15.1
9.3
_ _____?_,_L_
17.2
•hcl\E•s Jl,64110 e,er1ona •PIO Plad l\e'Ver •ori,.ci, •l'lo flad •on.eel less 11\e.n • -.t• •t tN l••t Jobe& ■M■I occ..,atio11 0 or
duration of u,.ap10,-nt sine• last job ■ I ■ si.o■ I occupel ion ns un11....,.,11.
•l'IN•
,...,.r
bbclvd•• :tt.Jtt parsona •flo Plad
■erll.•d. •ho hlid •erll■ d l•H tfl■n 1 . . ., . at tM
duration of u,..pi,,y-nl sine• last nc,n-r ■ ll ■ f job•• 11nlrno-t1.
c•dla111 celc111lated Ofl totals aaclVCli,. ,,._. 111ne-,10,ed 10 ,..,. ■ ncl ower.
1 ■•1 IIOD-r■lief
job, or •MM
ment in different industries and occupations and (2) the occupational distribution of the long-time unemployed whether depression or pre-depression unemployed.
The average period of time out of work 16 fr0111 the last job
at the usual occupation was 30 months for men and 20 months
1411ecuans quoted 1n th1s chapter have been co•puted 0011 for those reporting
duration or unemplo.Y111ent under 10 1ears. Th1s was done to u:clude rro•
conslderat1on a group or unemployed persons who might not be a part or
the nol"lll&l labor supply.
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UNEMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
for women. Variations in duration of unemployment are found
in the 10 111ajor occupational groups studied (Chart 9 and Appendix C, Tables 6 and 71. Higher proportions of short-time unemployed (under one year) are found in fishing and forestry,
trade, and domestic and personal service than in other occupations for men. In women's occupations, higher proportions of
workers from manufacturing and mechanical industries and domestic and personal service were une111ployed under one year.
The average duration of unemployment since the last non-relief job lasting one month or more was two years for men and
just under a year and a half for w■en (Appendix C, Table 81.
When these figures are anal7zed for race, white workers are
found to have been out of work longer than colored workers.
Hen have, iD general, been out .of work longer than women when
all industries are combined.
In Table 27 the average duration of unemployment since the
last non-relief job for the nine major industry groups of the
usual occupation by race and sex is presented.
Table 27-010 Ot'1lTIOOI
rT UN(WP\.:)Yl(•T SIICE L45T ijO'l-'l(Llff J08 rT UN!: WPLOYEO M(JIJ([qs 00111£LIEF
BY L5Ull IOOOS1'1f R4CE 00 $[(, Ul84• 11!:LIEF S4WPLE IM T 1934
·=====--=-=--=--=--=--U'SUA l
::= .:.c. ·-::.
- - - - - - - -- ·- - -
=--=-----=
-
-
-- --- --- - -
••·•TE
-
-
_ !Ml; -_-r: [WALE~
I •OUS TAT
--- -
I
lll.ll'q
24 . 4
4gr,culture
hlnction of "'•ner11ls
W!lnufacturing a,_, 111Khanic•I i ndustries
r,.,nsport&I ion •nd COfl'ftlUnic1t ion
fr''"lde
Publ ic sen, ice
F(WALf
19 , 169
15 .9
R.~
15 .9
1.0
24 . 9
74 . 9
23.8
18 . l
ll .l
I 1. 6
1~ -1
1' . 0
17. 3
I
I
16.9
J3 . I
21. 7
L8. 7
20 .8
,~. 9
18.1
19.5
19.1
16.6
~ s t ic ~Nj ~r'\on. I ser"' ,c p
Not s~ified •rdustr i es -lnd sf!'r-,, c ~~
"'LE
78 ,8'5
ll.6
lJ. 1
70 . 7
ProfPS1i onal y,rvic,-.
-- ---
JO , 175
18. Z
16 . 0
7 ,ij
30 . l
26.4
r1sh11-J and for~str,
-
-- · Ill GAO ,u·o O!MfA
I
t
14 . 7
3' .0
19. 7
t
20.5
IS. I
t
fao ..O i a.._ celculalff ro, , . . . r l"&" 'J,O •or••'• ·
"l• c llld•• Jl_.,, ,,. , ,o .... •Jrio "'41dl ,...,.r •o' ••dl. • 'lo 'lad • or,ed ,.,. lflol'I I ••••• et I"• 1111 l'IO~r•I • •' JOD .
'"° ••• (>ol•r HI,.,,,. or
'"°" .,,...pto,-ed I Q, •• , . ' " "
• " i,'" dlwro1t i on of """'..,, i,,-111 t •"Ce l 1tl ,.. ... , . , • • ,
l1'1Ca latt "0-r•ll•f joil •It 1,11'1IIIOl' "I ,
?l-di1111 ,
'" -01'11"• · c:elc111l1l1dl OIi 101 1l1 •• Cl ..d ,,,,.
• 1101 ■ dl1,1r 1t i o11
or 111fll•olo,•"'
c,,,er .
In general, this analysis supports the conclusion of the
analysis bf occupational group of usual occupation. The highest average duration of unemployment for men is found in mining
and the lowest in agriculture and fishing and forestry. 15 The
highest average duration of unemployment for women is in the
transportation industries and the lowest (except agriculture
in which fewW0111en were employed I in domestic and personal service for white workers and manufacturing and mechanical industries for Negro workers. White workers were unemployed for
1
"nie low a••ras• duration ot un•plo:,wient tor Mlrkera tn rtabtnc and tor••t17 la due to tta• lntluene• ot c1..-111a11 Conur..-atlon Corpe ewplo:,wient
upan tile data.
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
longer periods than Negroes, except in the case of ■en in public service, and women in agriculture and transportation. industries. Men were unemployed for longer periods of ti ■e than
women except in the industry groups of transportation and coamunication, trade, and professional service in which approximately one-firth of all women on urban relief rolls were e■ployed. Although this group is small in relation to the total
picture, reference to the detailed list of industries and socioeconomic classes represented may offer SOiie clue to the industrial origins of women workers who have been out of wort lonaer
than men, on the average, or who are re-enterina the labor ■ar
ket in larger proportions than in other industries 18 (Appendix
C, Table Bl.
Chart 10 presents the ranking of industries in order of decreasing size of average duration of unemplo111ent for workers
of all races and both sexes combined. The five industries in
which workers reported the highest averaae duration of un.e■ployment are as follows: blast furnaces and steel ■ ills, other
iron and steel industries, other metal factories, oil aad aas
wells, and coal mines. The lowest averaae duration of un.e■ployment from a non-relief job lasting over four weeks was reported by workers from fishing and from cotton ■ ills.
When duration of unemployment from the last non-relief job
is analyzed by the skill-class of the worker's usual occupation, major occupational and sex differencesaremore accurately
portrayed. These data are presented in Table 28 and in Table 8,
Appendix C. It will be recalled that over three-fourths of
the women and 60 percent of the men among the unemployed on
urban relief rolls were formerly employed in semiskilled and
unskilled occupations. Knowledge of the length of ti ■e which
they had been out of a job of any type, therefore, is essential
to an understanding of the general nature of the unemployment
relief problem.
From one-fourth to one-third of the ■en and
16
wa■ en had a higher average duration of une■ployaent than ■ en in the to11ow1ng industries: ( 1) White collar workers In che■ ical. clotlllng, (other)
foo<1. (other) Iron and steel. electric ■ achlner:, and ■ lscel1111eoua ■ ana
facturlng an<1 printing an<1 publishing, steam railroad and other transportation, telephone and telegraph coD1J11unlcatlon, banking and brokerage,
Wholesale and retail trade, an<1 public service. (2) Sealaltllled ■orltera
ln the Collowlng types of manufacturing est&bllsb■ents:
cigar 111d tobacco, clothing, b8kerles, ■ eat packing, 111to■ ob1le, printing and pabltshlng, cotton, stlk, knitting, woolen and worsted, and electrlc&l ■ a
cblnery, and (other) professional pursuits, and llllndrles. (!) .lll t~P••
of workers ln hotels and restaurants: White collar, an181t1lled, 111d unskilled.
When the 11edlan durationofune11ployment ls calculatedtorthoae reporting 101111 or Job since 1929 rather than since 11124., a 11uch a■ &ller nuaber
of Industries show a higher average for wo ■ en tban tor ■en: ( l) 'llllt•
collar workers ln ■ etal plants other than Iron and steel, clotlllng tactor1es. chemical plants, telephone and telegraph lndustrlea,llli bllllt-;.
lng and brokerage. (2) Skilled workers in clothing factorl••• (3) Salskllled workers ln cigar and tobacco factories, ltnittlng ■llla, ad professional service. (~) Unskllled workers in proteselon&l ••"lee.
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UNEMPLOYED WORIIRS ON RELIEF
P7] Less than
k:L.11 year
~3-4
1&2!1vears
~5-9
laiyears
~~
10 y.ars
and over
•
MALE
Total
Agriculture
Forestry and Fishing
Extraction of Minerals
Manufoch.ring and Mechanical Inds.
Transportation and Communication
Trade
Public Service
Professional Service
Domestic and Personal Service
Clerical Occupations
Percent
FEMALE
0
IO
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Total
Agriculture
Forestry and Fishing
Extraction of Minerals
Manufacturing and Mechanical Inds
Transportation and Communication
Trade
Public Service
Professional Service
Domestic and Personal Service
Clerical Occupations
CHART 9- DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT SINCE LAST JOB
AT USUAL OCCUPATION
BY USUAL OCCUPATIONAL GROUP
Urbon Relief Sample
May 1934
AF-1185, W.P.A.
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URBAN WORIKRS ON RELIEF
Mon!hs
USUAL INDUSTRY
15
20
25
30
35
·--.---~-
Blast Furnace and Steel Holling Milts_ ___ •••.
Melot tnduslries (E.cept Iron 6 Slee!) ... ••••
Qi I Wei Is 6 Gos We I ls_ .•..•••••••.••••.•
Cool Mines ..•..•. .. •.........••••••••• .
Olher Iron 6 Slee I Industries •..••..•.••.•.
Electric Machinery elc ., Factories .••..•••..•
Cloy, Gloss 6 Slone tnduslries •• • • .••••..••
Olher Mines 8 Quarries ....••.. .• .• _ ....•
Auto Foclor ies . . • . •..........•••• .. .....
Sleom Railroads .• •••..•.••...• . •....•• ,.
Sire el Roil roods • • •.....•..• .••• ....•. . • .
Chemical 6 Allied lnduslries •.• • ••.. • •...•
Sow 8 Planing Mills •.••.••. ••• ...••.•...
Build ing lnduslry
.. ······· · ·····-·····
Telegraph 8, Telephone ....•••••••..•.•••.
Olher Woodworkina lnduslries . ....••...•...•
Bonkong e, Brokerage ....... •.••• • ••••..•
Insurance 8 Real Eslole . .. . . .. • _ .. ...... .
Mi scel loneous Monufocluring Industr ies ....•..
Pr inting, Publishing 6 Engraving . •. • .••• __
Rubber Foclories . . •.• _ .•••. • •• _ • .. _ .•. •
Slaughter 6 Pocking Houses . . . .. •. . . . _ . • .
Olher Tex Ii le lnduslries. . . . - . .. . - . - - .
Conslruclion of Slreels, Sewers, Bridges, elc .. .
Poper 8, Allied lnduslries . . • . . ... .• _ •• .
Other Tronsporlclion
Kn1ll1ng Mi 11s
Semi-Professional Pursuits
Lound,ies
OlhP.r Profess ional
Postal Service. _ .
Wholesale e, Reloil Trade !Except Aulo )
Olher Trade Industries
Olher Lealher lnduslries
Bakeries
Public Service . . .
Garages, Auto Laundries, etc. __ ..
Hotels, Restouranls, Boarding Houses.
Cleonong , Dyeing, Pressing Shops ..• ..••....
Aulo Repair Shops _. ... .. _ .•.•. .... ..... _
Clothing lnduslry
Aulo Agenc ies, Stores, Fil ling Slot ions.
Re creat ion 6 Amusement
lndependenl Hand Trodes . _ ..•. . . • _ . _ .. . .
Silk Mills .... . . . ... .. .. .... .. ........ .. .
Shoe Foclories
Agricullure .. . .• . ... ...... _ . .• ... .. . ..•
Not Specified lnduslries e, Services
Forestry
•. . .... .. . . .• •.... . _.
Oomeslic 6 Personal Service (N. E.C) • •.....•
Cigar 8 Tobacco Foclories . .•.. . .. .. ..... . •
Woolen 6 Worsted Mills . .•. . . _ . .•. .. .. ....
Olher Food 6 Allied lnduslries
Colton Mills
Fishing.
. ·· ·-· · ·--·
···· ···· · · • ······ -
CHART 10 - MEDIAN DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT SINCE
LAST NON-RELIEF JOB
Urban Rel ief Sample
Moy 1934
AF· 1207, W. l'A
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UNBMPLOYBD WORKERS ON RELIEF
fl'OIII one-fourth to two-fifths of the women had been unemployed
less than a year. Over three-fifths of the men but less than
one-half of the women had been unemployed from one to five years,
and a S11all proportion of men 15 percent I but a la~ger proportion of w0111en 115 percent I had been unemployed over five years.
In the men's occupations, there is a concentration of the shorttime unemployed amc1ng semiskilled workers and a concentration
Table 28-41£01AN IXJRATION Of UNEMPLO'!MENT SIICE LAST NOII-R£LIEF JOB~ UNEMPLOYED IOl!K[RS ON RELIEF
8Y SOC:10-ECON<MIC CLASS Of USUAL OCQJPATION Al() S(J(, lJIBAH RHl[F SAMPLE MAY 1934
SOC IC>-(COIOIIC Cl.ASS
-------Total -,rti;era reporting:•
MALE
liled11111b
. , i te col! ar
Skdled
S.,,i sk;) led
Unski I led
-::'.!.-:!r!!i!:1 or::::,:::.:-r. ~=r ,:~~;...;~ I ~
., •• ·••t __,.., ••, J• -· .11111,...•.
111
FEMALE
----t-~--l~.694
48,561
17 .2
13.9
22.1
22,4
24.0
26.1
21.7
16,7
~.6
15.2
N1.111ber
j=-= !::: !:-;.:r~:: ::o:....d~r·:: ,:rt;;•!!:!,l:'~-
-,1._. I••••• calc•latN .. I.WOii ••cl_,I .. , ......... ,.,.. It ,-ra ••
.,.r.
o!>the long-ti ■e uneaployed •ong skilled and unskilled workers,
particularly the former !Chart 11, Table 281. Although less
thaa 1 percent of all WOiien on relief had worked in skilled occupations, they also reported the highest average duration of
uneaplo711ent and white collar workers were next to the highest.
t.0-thirds of all women on relief, however, were unemployed
less tbaa two years.
The Long-tlae
Une■ployed
-Depression
Une■ ployed
While the avera,e worker on urban relief rolls had been out
of wort for what would be considered a "long" time, a number
of workers in this suney bad been out of a job for prolonged
periods, and ■&J be called the long-time unemployed. Two years
■ay be chosen as the dividing point between the long-time and
the short-time unemployed. Workers unemployed over two years
should be divided into the depression and the pre-depression
uneaployed in order to portray two types ot unemployment problea in the relief program. Those unemployed from two to five
years may be called the depression unemployed. If an analysis
is 111ade of those who reported loss of the last job at the usual
occupation from two to five years prior to 193q, twice as many
■en as women are found in this group.
The 10 largest occupational cateiories for each sex include 38 percent of all men
and 73 percent of all women unemployed from two to five years.
The 36,913 persons from these 18 occupations represent one of
the 111ost important single .groups of persons on urban relief
rolls in 193q. Many of these occupations recur among the list
of the 10 occupations which formerly employed the largest number
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
of workers on urban relief rolls mentioned earlier.
It should be noted that the men who had been unemployed for
more than two years came from a wider variety of occupations
than did the women who had been out of work the same length of
time. Men formerly employed as Ill chauffeurs, truck and tractor drivers, 121 laborers (building and general), 131 carpenters, 141 operatives in iron and steel mills, (!)I coal mines,
161 painters, '71 salesmen, (81 miners, other than coal, 191
clerks, and ( 101 farm laborers make up the bulk of those unemployed from two to five years. In the case of women, workers formerly employed as (11 senants, 121 saleswomen, 131 operatives in clothing factories, 141 laundresses, 151 laundry
operatives, (61 waitresses, 171 stenographers and typists, 181
clerks, 191 operatives in food industries, and 1101 bookkeepers
make up three-fourths of the women who have been unemployed
from two to five years. 17
Another way to distinguish the long-time unemployed is to
disregard the numbers involved and look for the occupations
w~ich show a high average duration of unemployment for whatever numbers are reported. Tables 9 and 10 in Appendix C present this information by sex. It will .be recalled that the
average duration of unemployment from the last job at the usual
occupation for men was 29.6 months, and for women, 20.3. Workers who reported that they had been out of a job for 10 months
more than the average for their sex might be classified as
among the long-time unemployed. The occupations for men which
farmers and farm
meet these conditions are the following:
managers, furnacemen and smeltermen, moulders and casters,
rollers and roll hands, locomotive engineers and firemen, boiler washers, brakemen, switchmen and flagmen, and telegraph and
telephone linemen. Milliners and millinery dealers, operatives
in lumber, chemical, and paper industries, telephone operators,
teachers, clerks, bookkeepers, and workers in semiprofessional
and recreational pursuits had been out of work lOmontbs longer
than the average 1(0man on urban relief rolls. It is important
to note that the median age for workers in the occupations
listed above was higher than the average age of all workers in
the ur~an relief sample in practically all of the men •s occupations and in some of the women's occupations.
The Long-ti ■e Une11p I oyed -
Pre-depression
Une■ p I oyed
The pre-depression unemployed, those unemployed five years
or more, were represented on the urban relief rolls in May
17 Ranlted 1n order or decreu1n1 size and 0111tt1ng ._echanlca, not· otherwise apec1 r led• and •operat1 Yea, a1acellaneoua ■ anuracturlng lndaatrlea•,
each holding ninth place.
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UNBMPLOTBD WORIBRS ON RBLIBF
•
51
~ Female
Male
Years
-3.
-4
40
TOTAL WORKERS
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
40
40
WHITE COLLAR WORKERS
30
20
10
0
40
c
•
i
SKILLED WORKERS
30
30
c
fl)
u
20
20
10
10
0
0
~
0.
40
30
20
10
0
40
30
20
10
0
0
Year,
CHART 11- DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT SINCE LAST
NON-RELi EF JOB
( By Socio-Economic Group of Usual Occupation)
Urban Relief Sample
May 1934
AF-1205, W,P.A.
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52
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
193", although their proportion of the total was small. This
proportion is naturally larger when duration of unemplopent
is mea~ured from the last job at the usual occupation than when
measured from the last non-relief job of one month or more,
The proportion of women among the pre-depression unemployed was
two or three time~ as great as the proportion of men. Obviously
the re-entrance of married women into the labor market accounts
for this high figure for women. It is, however, significant
that 5 percent of the men on urban relief rolls had held no
job lasting one month or more for over five years and that 14
percent had lost the last job at their usual occupation prior
to the spring of 1929.
If duration of unemployment is measured from the last nonrelief job lasting four or more weeks, it is found that threetenths of 1 percent of the men and 6 percent of the women covered in the survey had been out of work before 1924, or 10
years prior to the survey. Women whose usual employment had
been in transportation and COllllllunication showed a high percentage unemployed prior to 1924. Five percent of all men and 15
percent of all women reported the loss of the last non-relief
job lasting over a month prior to 1929 or five years before
the survey was made I Appendix C, Tables 11 and 12J. The percentages of pre-depression unemployment in certain industries
were higher than for all industries combined, notably oil and
gas wells, mining, and certain types of manufacturing or mechanical industries, such as silk mills, and lumber mills, clay,
glass, and stone works, and miscellaneou3 manufacturing for men.
Women in public service and transportation and co11111unication
reported a high percentage of unemployment prior to 1929.
When duration of unemployment is measured from the last job
at the usual occupation, the proportion of pre-depression unemployed in the urban relief sample is found to vary by city
and by occupational group, as might be expected.
In 8 of
the 79 cities studied, for example, over one-fifth of all men
on urban relief rolls in each city might be classified as predepression unemployed. 19 These and other city differences in
duration of unemployment are discussed in greater detail in
Part II of this report. Occupational group differences with
respect to the proportion of pre-depression unemployed are al.so
significant. While 14 percent of all men in the urban relief
18 oetro1 t, JCenosba, s10111: Cl t7, Wheeling, Anson I a, Enid, HI bblng, and Porta•ou th, or these cities, Wheeling, West Virginia, and Hlbb1ng, Minnesota,
experienced considerable displace•ent or workers due to the ■ lgratlon or
plants to other centers or to technological dUplace■ent. Detroit,
Nichig&n, Kenosha, Wisconsin, and Ansonia, Connectleut, are spec1al1Nd
1unuracturing centers Which were arrected b7 a high incidence and/or severit7 or unemployment during the depression. Enid, Okl&ho■ a, and Sioux
City, Iowa, are couerclal centers tor agrlcult11r&1 areas, at leut one
or wbich was aerioua17 arrected b7 drought prior to 1916.
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UNIMPLOTBD WORIIRS ON RBLIBF
saaple reported loss of the last job at their usual occupations
prior to 1929, 16 percent of the aen fro■ public se"ice and
clerical occupations and 2Ci percent of the en fr011 agricultural
occapatioas were in this category (Appendix C, Tables 6 and 7).
The fiaares for w011en concerning loss of last job at the
usu.l occupation prior to the depression are less important
thaa for aea because there are only one-fourth as ■any women
as • • i■ the su"ey and less than one-third of these are household beads, whose aaempldyaent might be responsible for the
faail1's beina on relief. In considering this group, there is
probablJ a considerable but indeterminate nu111ber whowould have
been out of the labor ■arket it the depression had not forced
the■ to seek wort.
With this caution in ■ ind, it ■a.y be noted
that 19 percent of all wa.n studied reported loss of the last
job at their usual occupations prior to the spring of 1929
(Appendix C, Tables 6 and 7). Women fro■ the largest occupational aroup, that of doaest ic and personal service occupations,
reported a s■aller number of pre-depression unemployed. In the
other occupational groups in which significant nU111bers of woaen
workers bad fonerly been employed, a higher proportion of workers froa clerical and professional service and transportation
aad coaaaaication occupations reported loss of jobs prior to
1929. The workers who reported loss of the last job at their
asaal occupations prior to 19211 constituted 3 percent of the
total number of men and 8 percent of the total number of w0111en
reportina date of loss of last job at their usual occupations.
SUMMARY OP OCCUPATIONAL AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF UNBMPLOTRD WORIERS
Perhaps the best picture of the characteristics of workers
fr011 different occupational groups can be obtained fr011 a sum■ar1 of the aae, length of experience, schooling, and duration
of uneaployaent of each group as compared with the average worker in the urban relief sample. It will be recalled that the
averaae ■an on urban relief rolls in 19311 was 38 years old and
nad been eaployed at bis usual occupation for 10 years. He had
practicall1 coapleted an elementary school education (7.6years
schooliai) and had been out of wort fr011 his usual occupation
two years and one-half at the time that this study was made.
The average woman, on the other hand, was five years younger
(33 1ears) and bad had only half as long an experience at her
usual occupation (11.9 years). She also had had an eleaentary
school education (7.9 years schooling completed) but had been
out of work only orie and one-half years (20.3 months) when this
sa"ey was ll&de. A composite su111111ary of these 11111.jor occupational or employaent characteristics is presented in Tables 9
aad 10 of Appendix C, by occupation and occupational iroup.
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
Amonr men on urban relief rolls, workers fr<>11 the ■ ininr
occupations were the oldest, bad bad the lon,~st experience in
their usual occupation, had had the shortest 11111ber of years
of schooling, but had been unemployed for the longest periods
of tiae, on the average. lfone excludes the fignres for fishing and forestry because of the influence of ,the Civilian Conservation Corps progr&111 on the findings here, one sees that
clerical workers were the youngest and bad had next to the best
educational background and the shortest average length of experienc~, although their average length of time unemployed was
higher than the average for the whole group, in fact, third
from the top . The shortest average duration of unemployaent
w&s reported by workers in do111est ic and personal senice, as
might be expected from the seasonal character of certain types
of employment in the industry and its high rate of labor turnover. Since workers in manufacturing and aechanical industries
constitute the largest proportion of all workers in the urban
relief sa111ple, asuD1111ary of their characteristics is highly important. They were next to the highest in average age, and
length of time unemployed, and the highest in length of experience, alt hough their average years of schooling was slightly
less than that for workers when all occupational groups were
combined.
In the occupational groups in which woaen had fomerly been
employed, workers in the clerical occupations, who constituted
only 9 percent of the total, were the youngest, had bad next
to the best educational background but next to the lowest number of years experience at the occupation, and next to the
highest length of unemployment. Women fr0111 d0111estic and per.sonal service, who constituted over half of all women oa urban
relief rolls, were older than the average, had worked lonrer
at the usual occupation, had slightly less educational b&ekground than the average and had been unemployed for rel ►
tively shorter periods. The best educational background was
reported by workers from the professional occupations, asrdght
be expected. The highest average duration of unemployaent was
reported by workers in transportation and co111111unication, most
of wbo11 were telephone operators. The longest experience at
the usual occupation was reported by a small group of woaen
agricultural laborers who were also the oldest group of women
workers. Women from the manufacturing and mechanical industries who constituted one-fourth of all women workers on urban
relief rolls were younger than the average, had been out of
work a shorter period of ti111e, had had a shorter schooling than
the average worker and a shorter length of experience at the
occupation.
The occupational groups in which both 111en and women were
employed in significant proportions relative to each other are
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UNIMPLOTBD WORIERS ON RELIIP
tbe 111anufacturing tind ■ echanical occupations, trade, and professional and clerical occupations. In all of these groups except professional emplo1111ent, W0111en were considerably younger
than men. In all four groups they had only about half as Jong
an experience at the- occupation as men. Their educational background was onifol'llly better than that of the 111en in these occupational groups. A c011parison of the average duration of oneaplo)'fflent for both sexes shows that 11en had been out of wort
considerably longer in the 111anofacturing and 11echanical occupations. In the other occupational groups, the differences
were 111och less significant bot professional 111011en seem to have
been out of wort longer than professional men.
If one c0111pares tlle occupational and industrial origins of
on employed workers on urban reli et rolls in 1934 with the usual
occupation and industry of the gainfully enployed population
in urban areas in 1930, certaia striking differences are apparent. There are fewer workers relatively fro111 the clerical,
professional, public senice, and trade occupations, in the urban relief s•ple than in the gainfully employed population.
There is a heavier representation of workers fr011 the manufacturing and 111echanical industries, particularly building and
construction, and two or three ti ■es as 111any workers fro111 agriculture and 111ining as are non11ally employed in those industries
relative to the total nu ■ber of gainful workers.
When the socio-econ011ic classification of occupations for
the (lainfullJ employed population in 1930 is c0111pared with that
of the urban relief s•ple of 193't, these differences are even
aore apparent. Only one-third as many workers frolll the socalled •white collar• classes are found on urban relief rolls.
Higher proportions of skilled workers and still higher proportions of semiskilled and unskilled workers are represented in
the urban relief s•ple as c011pared with the gain folly employed
population in 1930.
The average age of one111plo7ed workers on urban relief rolls
in 193q was higher than the &Terage age of the 1ainfully employed population in 1930. Although there were ■ore than three
ti ■ es as 11any white workers as workers of other races, the
relative proportion of the latter to the total number covered
by this suney was higher than their proportion of the gainfully e111ployed population in the country. The proportion of
W0111en workers on urban relief rolls at the time the study was
■ ade is the s•e as that of the urban gainfully eaployed population of 1930.
Fr011 the point of view of se.erity of the problem and the
need of a special progr• of one111plo1111ent relief, the 11ost i11portant single group in this su"eJ of Gnemployed workers on
relief rolls was the nucleus of persons who had been e11plo7ed
for long periods of ti ■ e and whose chances of speedy re-e11plo1111en t
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URBAN WORKERS ON RBLIBP
in private industry were therefore low. It is significant that
percent of the men,who constituted the vast majority of workers on urban relief rolls, had held no job lasting over one
month for over five years and that 1q percent of this group
had lost the last job at their usual occupations prior to 1929.
The average male worker on urban relief rolls had been out of
work from the last job at his. usual occupation for two and onehalf years and out of any job for two years. A significant
proportion o! the total number of persons in this suney, approximately half of the men and 29 percent of the women, had
lost the last job at their usual occupations from two to five
years before this survey was made.
!)
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Chapter III
EHP~OYED WORIERS ON RELIEF AND THEIR JOBS
One of the purposes of the survey was to ascertain the employment status and occupational characteristics of workers on
urban relief rolls. This study was planned to measure the size
of the group engaged in regular employment while receiving relief, as well as to learn something of the occupational characteristics of the individuals employed. Interest also centered
in conditions under which they worked, namely, their weekly and
hourly earnings and the number of hours worked; and their relationship to the family unit of which they were a part.
Since this group of employed workers was not the chief interest of the survey, the results are neither so comprehensive
nor so precise as would have been possible in a study designed
solely to investigate the problem of supplementary relief. The
cases selected for study were taken from a complete file of
those receiving relief at any time during the month of May 193q
in the 79 cities. The sample thus included cases recently accepted for relief. cases which had been receiving rel il'!f for
varying lengths of time, and cases cut off relief during the
month because they had obtained regular private employment.
All employment status information was related to the week of the
last relief order in the month of Hay; it is therefore obvious
that for the closed cases relief was not supplementary in the
real sense of the term, since it was probably granted only until
receipt of the first pay envelope. Even with these iml)lied
limitations, certain clear-cut conclusions mav be drawn from the
CJnrvey, both as to the extent of supplementary relief and as to
the characteristics of the employed workers and their jobs.
THE PROBLEM OF SUPPLEMENTARY RELIEF
Character and Extent
The increase of unemployment relief from public funds during
the depression has roused special interest in the problem of
relief to families with workers engaged in private employment. 1
ot tllle proble■ ••• t&ken b7 Chtef JUetlce eug11ee ln tile N••
torll ■lal ■ua
caee wben be elld: •TIie eerlousneee or the soclal prob1• le preaented ••• Inqulrlee ••• disclosed tlll larfe number or wo ■ en
,-■ploJed la
laduetrJ wl:IOH "•CH "ere lneuttlclent or tile support or
tb-•l••• and tho ■• dependent upon tile ■• For tbat reason they bad been
accepted tor rellet and tblllr "ages were be1n11 eupple ■ .ated b7 paywiente
rroa the 11Mrceac1 l•l ht Bureau.• SUpre ■ e court or tbe united Sta tee,
IO· .... October Ter■ 1936, "orebead ••• People ez rel Josepb Tlpaldo.
1coantsanc•
•&1•
57
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URBAN
58
WORIERS ON RELIEF
How large a proportion of relief cases contain eaployed workers?
Are employed workers receiYing relief because tbeJ are the sole
support of unusually large fuilies, because other workers in
the fa111ily are une111ployed, because of low wage rates, or because
of part-ti111e employment? Two types of factors i111portant in this
connection were explored in the study: Ill those factors relating to th.e worker and his dependents, such as age, status in
the family, and number of dependents; and 121 those relating to
the earnings of the worker and the characteristics of bis job.
In each of the 79 cities surveyed, a significant proportion
of cases receiving relief in Ptay 193q reported SOiie members
holding a regular job (Appendix C, Table 131. · The proportions
varied from 5 percent in Little Rock, Arkansas, to q2 percent
in Gloversville, New York. In the latter city, as in several
of the cities in which high proportions of cases- reported a
worker employed, a strike was in progress when the study was
made. Sinc:e strikers were reported "et11ployed", they undoubtedly
are partially responsible for the extremes in this direction.
In other cities, a pick-up in employment was responsible for
Table 29---lUl8ER Of CITIES BY RATIO Of RELIEF CAS£S WITH ONE OR IOlf: IOR1(£RS IN PltlYATE BIPl.ONENT
TO ALL CAS[S ON llELl[F, uR8AN IIELIEf S.WPLE IIAY li}4
RAT 10 OF CASES WI TM WORKERS ew,LOYEO TO ALL CASES
Under 5 percent
5 - 9 percent
10 - 14 percent
15 - 19 percent
20 - 24 percent
25 - 29 percent
JO - 34 percent
35 - )9 percent
40 percent and over
Total
Nl"'8ER OF CITIES
1
4
19
29
11
6
7
0
2
79
removini;? large numbers of cases fr011 relief rolls during the
month, thus also increasing the proportion reporting employment. 2 But in most of the cities in which high percentages of
cases reported members employed, average weekly earnings were
low, indicating the existence of suppleinenta.ry relief in the
2uther definitions should aiso l>e noted 81nce tbey arrect ■aterl&lly tbe
proportion or cases re port Ing e11plo1111snt. ror e:ra11ple, a person was reported e11ployed It he worked l>ut one day durlng the weer. or hU latest
relief order, or It he worll.ed but one weell. out or the entire ■ onth, If
that week also happened to be the wealt or the latest rel1et order. P'urther•ore, no acc011nt was t.all.en or the a■ ount or re1111r recelYed. As •
result, caaes rece!Ylng only Inc !dental relief orders euch as ■ llk or
clothing were 1ncluded with those recel•lng tull relier budaets. "or was
allowance
ror !111111 e ■ergencles such as Illness, ln wblch cues relief was only teaporar111 granted. The nu ■ber ot persons reportlna earnlncs uy also ha•e been Increased 1>1 a pol1c1 which necessity dictated,
na•ely, that or a11ow1n1 youna workers who were the sole support or older
persons to retain so11e or their earn1ngs ror the11selYee.
•ad•
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BMPLOTBD WORIBRS ON RBLIBP
real sense of the tera. Gloversville and Little Rock represent
the extremes, for in over half of the 79 cities between 10 and
20 percent of the cases reported workers in private emplo111ents
ITable 29 and Appendix C, Table 131.
In the suple as a whole, 18 percent of the cases reported
■embers employed.
Over three-fourths of these households were
white, the other fourth chieflf Negro, for onl1 2 percent
were of other races. The proportion of all Negro households
with workers e■plo1ed was about the sue as the proportion of
all white households. The proportion of white families receivinii supplementarJ assistance in the real sense, was probablf
lower than that of Negro families because of the fact that
cases closed bf private eaplo,aent would reduce the white proportion ■ore than the Negro.' Althouiih the inclusion of an unknown number of closed cases ••J h.ave caused a slight overstatement of the extent of relief supplementation of earnings,
the results of the survey are probably representative of the
■aiinitude of the problea.
The findings of the studJ have been
corroborated bJ later studies in which the element of closings
did not enter into the picture. 1 Purthennore, anJ overstate■ent resulting from the inclusion of cases recently closed is
partlf counterbalanced bJ s011e understatement or conceal■ent
of inc0111e fr0111 interviewers.
Worker Coapo1ltlon of Relief Ca1e1 with Neltber1 Eaployed
In approxi111ately q6 percent of the relief cases reporting
workers in private emploflllent, the only employable member in
SID ts ctU••• 12 or wlltcb •r• included 1D tllll au"•'• Ul.7 percent or
tile caHI ucepted tor re1ur tn 11186 (eircludlq caaH reopened becau,e
ot 1011 or lforlr.a Pro1re11 AdlllnUtrauon eaplo111ent or Inadequate Worlta
Proar••• .Adlllnlatratton 1arn1111•) reported on• or ■ ore worlr.era ln prtYat•
1■plo111•nt.
TbU proportion Y&rted conalderablJ rroa aontll to aontll ud
c1t1 to cu1, tile eirtr•••• ln 1ear11 •••races betn1 6,11 percent ror San
rranctaco ud 11,6 percent tor NucbHter (data rroa Clla"i'"I J.s,ecb of
lr/»,s leUef, 1836, aono1rapb ln preparation bJ tb• DlYUlon or SoctlJ.
leaearcb, Wor1t1 Pro1r••• Adlllntetratton), In Detroit troa I to 12 percent
or tbe ca••• accepted tor re11er fro■ loYe■ b•r 19M tbrou1b Na:, 1955 C'Ontatned at leaat one worlter Who waa 1atnru111 aap101•cS at tb• ttae or opentn1 (au Wtlll&a Raber and Paul Stucbtleld, 11M•1>lo,-ent le H•f c&n4 SecvrA 3,wve, of x,ch,tc&n•s l•l'•f c&n4 Unea,io,-.nt J>robln, Harcb 19311),
Tille proportton (8 to 12 percent) or ca••• wttb aeabera eaploJ•d at open1111 11 conatderablJ lower tban tbe proportion or caaea ln Detrol t •1 tll
. .p101•cS worker, reported bJ tbe Urban Reuer SUrYeJ' tn Na1 1936 (19.7
percent), It abould be reaeabered tbat tile cloetq or ca••• was a ■ ore
laportant factor tn Detroit ln Kay 1934. tban tn ■oat or tile other cltl••
tn tbe au"•1, Conuquentl1, tbe dl rr.rencea betwHn tbeae two
or
data abould not be conatdered t1ptca1 or other cttt••• In addltlon adatnlatrattY• poltcy aa:, baYe tended to reduce tbe nuaber or 1uppleaentar1 rellet caau ln De trot t ln tb• lntenal betwHn tb• couectlon or tbe two
Hta or data.
61Yen tbou11l reuer bud1et1 for ••1ro runt•• are 1ea•r&111 lower tban
tor ntt• run1u, tbe earntn1• reported ln tbU atucSJ are ao lo• tor
■oat N•1ro worura tbat tew ••1ro rutll•• would llaYe been uon1 tile cloaed
ca .. ,.
6 reder&1 lller1ency Reuer .t.dalnUtratton, NontlllJ' Report, June 1936, P&&• 11,
,t,,
••ta
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URBAN WORIIRS ON RKLIBF
(i(}
the family was employed. In the other5" percent of these cases
the element of under-employment for the fuily group was in part
responsible for the presence of these families on relief (Appendix C, Tables l'J and 1!5). Without taking account of whether
the employed persons were working full- or part-ti ■e, it is obvious that additional employment for other workers in the household would probably have increased the income of many futilies
enough to assure self-sufficiency fr0111 earnings from regular
jobs.
Almost half of the eaployed workers were heads of families.•
It was not subsidiary workers, therefore, who were chiefly responsible for low earnings which required supplementary aid.
Of t?.e employed women, only 21J percent. were reported to be
heads, Mt of the employed men, somewhat over two-thirds were
heads of households (Table 30).
Table ;»-l!Oll!(ERS ON RELIEF ENGAGED IN PlllVATE EMPLOYM[NT BY STATUS IN l()USOOLD
RACE ANO SEX, URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE MAY 1934
fot;,,I workers reporting
Male
Female
White
Male
Female
Negro and other
Male
Female
STATUS IN HOUSEtl)LO
TOTAL
RACE ANO SEX
NUMBER
PERCENT
MEAD
OTHER THAN HEAD
40.247
2:,,671
16,576
100.0
100.0
100.0
49. l
66. 7
23.8
50.9
33.3
76.2
31.100
20,478
10, 702
100.0
100.0
100.0
!>0.4
66. 7
19. l
80.Y
9,067
3,193
5,874
100.0
100.0
100.0
44.3
66.4
32.2
55. 7
33.6
67.8
49.6
33,3
Relationship between Size of Case and Extent of
Supple■entary Relief
The proportion of cases reporting workers in private employment showed a definite increase as the size of the relief household increased. 7 Not only were there more workers in search
of work in large families, but also the larget" the family the
higher the relief budget and the greater the need for supplementary aid when earnings were low. This relationship is shown
clearly by the fact that the median size of the cases with members employed was IJ. 2 persons as compared to 3.1 persons for
cases with no members employed (Table 31).
"rhta proportlon 1110uld be reduced ao■eWhat b7 u:clualon.ot closed cuH;
n1Yerthel1s11, the proportlon or heads or ra■ 111,s would atlll b• a1sn1r1cant.
7Unpubllahad data rro■ C"4nt'nt ,s~•cts of lrl>Gn 1,i,,1. 1~35, or the D1Yla1on ot Social Research or the Works Progr,1111 .Ad■ lnlatratlon, ehowa alaltar lncrau, in tbe proportion or cu•• with ••■bera a■plo7ed at tl ■a or
acceptance tor r,11ar aa the else or cu• lncreaaee.
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EMPLOYED WORKIRS ON RELIEF
61
T•bi• 31-RlLIEF CASlS WITH c<l WJTHClJT fUPL0Y[D ..,u,l(q<; 9Y SIZE Of" CASl,
u~,A~ "1.LllF :iAUPLi UAV
l•J4
CASES
RAT 10 OF CA';i,ES
TOT AL
NUM8ER OF PERSONS PER CASE
lrll['-IBERS
WfW8fR5
l6J, 1"8
Total cases report inq:•
JJ,436
37,730
31.'78
3;, /JI
Jt,,Ud
29,llb
Jl,Hl
ii,414
u,;sJ
'::::l,Jo•
5. 9
4,99J
6,)07
13.2
•.Ho
Ll,ol1-l
.o~
'J ,t l•
J,;,~l,ocJJ
J,d,
l.'151
l.u/b
1,274
j,J
3.1
4.2
l, lbO
---
---+-------
11 htl...,_, J.ltf-;•;•• --:-i;:-,,.,...i:, . . ~ t ~,.,,,..;-.!"~••~ ---;;;~;,., -:-,..,.;;(~1.-d. --bot tflis ,.u90er 12,1 percl!J-"t re.,orted l"Or'!
t"""
o,..
17 .5
1,.8
b,Jlltl
l)l,lllH
- .
Med,,.,,
1,958
5,o"6
j,,'><>
IJ perso,,~
10 or l'fl()r"' persons
I
17,4/d
TOT AL
17 ,6
J•. 900'
<>,bv)
ro
-
•or1,.,r •'"ploye:2,
Average weekly earnings reported by employed persons also
increased markedly with the number of persons in the case as is
shown bythe median weekly earnings (Table 32,Chart 12). These
variations were consistent for each of four geographic areas, 8
namely, in the Eastern, Southern, Central, and Western regions.
Table )2-.11:DIAN #EEKLY EARl<INGS Cf IIELIEF CASES WITH ONE CJl MO?£ 1£U!IERS IN PRIVATE EMPI.0YIENT
BY SI lE Of" CASf , UIRAN RELIEF SAIIPLE MAY 193-4
NUMIER OF
Total ca.s.es reporting:b
PERSONS PfA CASE
MEDIAN WEEKLY EARNINGS•
27,779
Numoer
Wed ian
$ 8.30
S 4
1 person
2 pe,rson5
3 persons
4 persons
5 ptorsons
.,o
5 .20
7. 20
8.90
9.50
9.60
6 persons
7 persons
8 person5
9 person:,
10 or more persons
10.30
9.90
11.10
10,90
4
,,.. eernf"t• er• for ,,.. entire c•••·
bl•cludes c•••• •iln •••r• .,,.p10,ed b""t w,tl'lout earl'lil"'IJ•• •ith .. ,...,., e-,10,.d on
c.n eccount. end cest•1 ••ll'I sit• or eern11191 not speclri~d.
However, much lower earn i n2s were reported in the Southern
region than in the other three.
This may reflect not only
lower earnings and wage rates but also lower relief budgets in
the South (Appendix C, Table 16).
8Tbu1 1101rapblc ar1aa are a co■blna'tlon lnto tour groups ot tb• 111111
1eo1raPblc dl•Ulona u11d by thl Bureau of tb• Cenaua. Th• Eaat1ru region lncludea ••• England and thl Mlddl• .ltlantlc Statu; tbl Soutbern
re11011 lncludea tbe South .ltlantlc and Soutb Central States; tti• Central
re11011 111cl11dea tbe lfortb Central States; and tbl Wutll'D r111011 1DClUdl8
tt11 Kou11ta111 and Pac1r1c States.
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URBAN WORIERS ON RELIBF
62
12
f!
0
8
10
IO
8
8
6
6
e
0
a
0
4
4
2
2
0
0
2 -
3
4
5
6
Persons In cose
7
8
IOor
9
over
CHART 12- MEDIAN WEEKLY EARNINGS OF CASES WITH ONE
OR MORE MEMBERS EMPLOYED,
BY SIZE OF CASE
Urban Relief Sample
May 1934
AF-1213,W.P.A.
How do average weekly earnings for cases of various siz-es
compare with relief budgets for cases of the same size? Unfortunately, adequate data are not available to make this c011parison for the sample as a whole or for lll&ny cities in the
Table )3----0),(PARISC»I rye MEDIAN MONTHLY EARNINGS rye RELIEF CASES WITH ONE DR MORE IEM8El!S EIIPL<71"ED AND
IOITHLY RELIEF BUIX.ETS IN NEW YORK CITY AND IIILWAIJKEE BY SIZE rye CASE
MILWAUKEE
NEW YORK CITY
NUMBER OF PERSONS PER CASE
MONTHLY
EARNINGS
1 person
2 persons
3 persons
4 persons
5 persons
6 persons
7 persons
8 persons
9 persons
10 or n10re persons
f1o ---•••
$16.50
20.40
26.00
3).80
38.10
41.60
49.40
«.20
62.80
4).80
8
~THLY RELIEF
BUDGETb
$2).92-31.50
31.93-38.65
)9.64-46.)6
44.l!rS0.86
51.99-59.14
55.42-62.57
66.16-7). 75
68.24-75.8,3
d
d
MONTHLY RELIEF
IIIONTHlY
EAANINGS
8
BUDGETb
•
t
•
$24.40
47.60
59.80
57.110
66.70
64.00
65.00
$62.42-65.62
72.2!>-74.95
77 .55-80.40
d
d
d
d
d
t
t
ca1c•l•tN for , ... , than SO UHS.
••• ,..,.,.,_, 111 Uw UrHn 11l lef SU,le. • , u,,.
bSoarce: NpubllUed data In tbe fllet of the •on.a ,rogreH ld•l11l1t1"'8tl0111, Dlvlalon of Soclal ..... ,ell •
..,,. ar ,.,.., quotation, Sprl,. n,s. ludt•t data ror NII••-- .ar• f•r Uw Co.,nty,
c..._. •• •al1•1•.
de...1- ...., .. ,, rell•f Ndget .,,,, ...
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EMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
su"ey. Fro• the range of budgets in two cities, it appears
that the 111edian weekly earnings reported in this study were
considerably under the a111ount quoted for relief budgets <Table
33). This fact strengthens the validity of the data here presented. In ■any cities, especially s111all cities and Southern
cities, relief budgets are much lowt-r than those quoted for
New York City and Milwaukee, but earnings reported in this study
in such cities were also lower.
Supple111entarx relief is thus definitely related to family
factors by the budget principle. 9 Of equal importance in analysis of the proble111 are the characteristics of the employed
Tablt 34-EIIPLC7NENT STATUS CJ'" IIOl'K[QS OIi RELIEF 8Y R..CE .U0 SO,
URSNI RELIEF S.1111'1.E ,u,,y 19~
UC( .. 0 SU
--.,
EMPLOTED
,o.2,1
UHEWPLOYEO
,1.2
21~.E90°
100.0
1,.1
~ .9
•ite
77 .5
50. 9
2t . 6
76. 7
60 . 2
16.5
N119ro and other
Male
22.5
n.~
Total workers r-eoort ing:
...,.
...r.,..1.
,.
Percent
100.0
'M!.8
F.,..le
7. 9
1, . 6
F.,..1 e
13.9
9.,
worker, and the type of jobs which they held, for these are the
source of the income which of necessity is supplemented by relief.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EMPLOYRD WORKERS
Race and Sex
OYer three-fourths of the employed workers studied were
white; !51 percent were white men and 27 percent were white
wo111en. Of the remaining 23 percent, 15 percent were Negro women or women of other races and only 8 percent were men of Negro
9 T11e llud&et principle wa• used aa the accepted standard by tile Federal
11terce11c1 Relief Ad■ lnlatratlon tro ■ the YII7 outset.
In tile Hearln&a
be tor• the 8Ub-co-utu ot tb• House co-1 ttee on Approprlat1one ln Charge
ot Det1c1enc1 Approprlattona ln tile 74th congreea, tile set tlng o t tbe budget or a ra■ n1 was deacrl bed as roll owe: "Th• social worker, wl tll tile applicant 1 1 a111l1tance, deter■ lned tile e:rtent ot tile applicant's needs by
conelderatlon ot sqcb tacts as 1111111 ot ta■ llJ, lnco ■•• e:rpenses, health,
and ■ork records. On tile bul• or ■ 1nl ■u ■ 11tandard11ot be<b and decency,
tnld&eta17 detlctenctee were deter■ lned and the rellet ad ■ lnlstratlona at,
U■pted to ■eet to• ba11c needs.•
1:rtract tro■ Hearlnca be tore tile SUbco-lttee or the House Coulttee on .A,pproprtatlone 1n Cllsr1e ot Der1cunc1
J.pproprlatlona 1D the 74tll Congre111, Second Beaston, Btate ■ents or Harry
L. Bopklna, Ad ■lnletrator, Work• Pro1re1s Ad■ lnlstrat1on.
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
or other races. The color distribution of these eaplo7ed workers was thus si•ilar to the color distribatioa of the aneaployed10 in the sample. Bat the sex distribatioa of the eaployed workers on relief differed greatlf froa that of the
unemployed. Women were auch 110re heaYilf represented amne the
employed workers on relief. Of the aneaployed gainful workers,
women constituted 26 .1 percent bat of the eaplofed ther accounted for 1u percent • 11 Lower wa,e rates ior woaen and their coacentnt ion in occupations in which there is a ereat deal of
seasonal and casual emplo1111ent undoubtedly contributed to their
higher ratio among employed receiving relief {?able 3q).
Table 3>->l[OIAN YEARS OF SO<OOLING OF IIORK£RS C.. RELIEF BY [IIPUlYMENT STATUS, RACE,
ANO SEX, URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE MAY 19'.34
UN-LOYED
A.CE AND SEX
Bf'LOYEO
WI TH E>CPERI ENCE
Number
Total workers reporting:• Median
WI TMOUT ElCPERI ENCE
37.332
7.4
198,943
7.2
19.435
8.5
8.1
8.5
7.9
8.4
9.1
9.3
6.4
6.1
5.9
6.6
8.o
8.2
wt,ite
llale
F.,,..le
M~qro and other
lilale
F.,..,1 e
School Ing
The median number of years completed in school bf the eaployed male workers, both white and Negro, was sliebtlf higher
than the median for experienced unemployed workers, bat considerably lower than for the inexperienced seekine their first
jobs. The median years of schooling of the eaplo7ed white
women was about the same as for the unemployed woaen rith experience, but lower than for the inexperienced. &■ployed Negro
women bad lower 11edian years of schooling than either the experienced or inexperienced Negro women out of wort. Schooling,
apparently, is not a very important factor in deteraining eaployment status, but is rather a reflection of the social and
economic backgrounds of the particular group of workers under
consideration and of their age cbaracteristics. 18
10
une ■ployed tncludee au penons who ban worked a117 leaatll ot t1M at
tbetr usual occupation.
11
E:1c1u11on or workers 1n closed cases would further tncreue the dlfterence between the aexes, for a constderably larger proportion ot • ■ployed
than • ■ ployed wo■en bad earnings a11rt1c1ent11 111&)1 to llldlcate tbat
they bad left the relief rolls.
12
The differences between the seJ:es and between tbe two e■plo:,aent 1tatua
sroups were conatatent for al•ost e·nry age r;roup. Ti. anrac• nllllber of
school years co■ pleted differed coostderal>ly 1>7 ace. hCIINnr.
■en
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BMPLOTED WOIIERS ON RELIEF
Extent to Which E■p1oyed Worker, Were Engaged
at Their Usual Occupation•
The workers who held jobs in private employment while receiving relief were very largely employed in occupations of the
same type as their usual ones. The need for supplementary relief did not, therefo\-e, result fr0111 any marked drop in the occupational' scale. The breadth of the classification here used
ma,, however, obscure ,aany genuine occupational shifts. Of the
total number of workers employed in each of the occupational
groups, the percent employed at their usual occupations varied
fro• 89 for skilled to 60 for proprietors, aanagers, and officials. But in each of the largest occupational groups over 00
percent remained in jobs of the saae occupational class as their
usual ones <Table 361. Differences in the extent to which men
and 1«>11en were employed in their usual socio-economic class ma,
be seen in Chart 13.
Table 36-PROPORTIOII Of IIOIIKERS ON RELIEF DIPLOYED IN THE SAME SOCl~ECOHOMIC CLASS AS OF
THEIR USUAL OCCUPATION, URBAN RELIEF SAMPU MAY 1934
EMPLOYED
TOTAL
SOCIO-ECOl<<»,IIC CLASS
Total workers reyort ing•
llhite collu
Professional
Proprietary
Clerical
SI.died
s..,;,k;llod
Unsk; I I od
Servant
Laborer
....,ER
PERCENT
IN USUAL SOCIO-
IN OTHER THAN USU.Al
ECONCMIC Q.ASS
SOCICr-ECONCMIC CLASS
'1,323
100.0
82.2
17.8
7,433
658
l.618
5.0':17
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
78.5
88.0
60.0
21.5
12.0
40.0
16. 7
11. 4
16.0
18. 7
17.9
19.8
3,590
11,960
18, 3,0
10,860
7,480
83-3
88.6
84.0
81.3
82.1
80.2
Occupation,
All occupational groups were represented among the employed
1110rters though of course their proportion varied. The unskilled
constituted the largest occupational group, more than half of
them being servants. 18 Semiskilled workers and white collar
workers were the two next largest groups (Table 37, Chart 1qJ,
k,ong the male white workers the three largest occupational
groups in order of size were. unskilled, semiskilled, and
white collar wrkers. The specific occupations represented in
large numbers by white collar 1110rkers were: salesmen, wholesale and retail dealers, and clerical 1110rkers proper. The se11istilled occupations include factoq operatives and chauffeurs
Ulln coaparlaon •1th tilt occupatlonal dlatrlbutlon or tht gtntral urbaa
population lD 1980, tilt untlr.llled 8.ICIPt ltrY&Dtl •trt 0Dl1 al1glltl7
o•er-rtpre,enud uong tht •Plo1td on rtuer; 11naat1, ho••••r, nrt
great11 o••r•rtpr111nted.
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66
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
and deliverymen. The unskilled occupations of importance were
miners, farm laborers, and longshoremen and stevedores 16 (Appendix C, Table 171.
Negro male workers employed while in receipt of relief were
most heavily concentrated in the unskilled occupations, more
than half of the unskilled being laborers; semiskilled M>rters
888
Working in usual socio-economic class
~ Working in other than usual socio-economic class
Percent
Total
While Collar
Skilled
Semiskilled
Unskilled
FEMALE WORKERS
Total
While Collar
Skilled
Semiskilled
Unskilled
CHART 13- PROPORTION OF EMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
IN JOBS OF THEIR USUAL
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASS
Urban Relief Sample
Moy 1934
AF-1223,W.P.A.
were the second largest group. Only 8.7percent were in skilled
occupations.
The semiskilled occupations represented among
Negro male workers included: barbers, chauffeurs, truck drivers and deliverymen, and factory operatives; the occupations
classified as laborers were chiefly building, factory, and
14 Tha 1ongshore111en 1 s atr1ke on the West Coast was in progress 1n eo■e of
the c1t1es dur1ng the ■ onth 1n wn1cn the stue11 was ■ &Cle. Strllters were
counted as employeel.
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EMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
67
general laborers; and the se"ant occupations included bootblacks, janitors and sextons, porters and se"ants proper (Appendix C, Table 171.
Hore than one-third of the e11ployed wbi te women worked as
se"ants, whereu 83 percent of the Negro women worked in the
ser,ant occupations. The largest of these occupations were
charw0111en and laundresses, waitresses (for white women only),
Janitors, and se"ants proper. Forty percent of the white
woaen and 12 percent of the Negro women were in semiskilled
occupations, working for the aost part as factory operatins
and dressaaters and seamstresses. The clothing industry alone
accounted for about one-fourth of the semiskilled white women
who were employed. Ten percent of the white WOiien were working in clerical occupations and 9 percent as salespersons !Appendix C, Table 171.
Table 37-SOC10-ECO'OollC CLASS
..
or
PR£Sf:,T E:~PLOY~E>T
or
<lQPKE'lS
o,
RELlff 3Y RACE AND SE.x,
URBA~ P[U ff SA~PL[ MAY l~J4
MALE
PRESENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASS
FEMALE
TOTAL
Motl TE
TOTAL
NEGRO ANO
TOTAL
.. ,re
NEGRO .t.NO
OTHER
OTHER
Toul wcrk"°rs rePort i ng:
White coll"llr
Prof e~.., ion., I
lriiumber
Percent
40,247
100.0
23. 671
100.0
20,478
100.0
3.1!13
100.0
16,576
100.0
10,702
100.0
5,874
100.0
17. 7
1.5
J. I
12.5
19.3
1.,
'.). 7
12. l
20.6
I. 4
5.8
13,4
11.4
15. 2
I. 4
1.0
12.8
0.5
JO,O
54.3
5J. 7
0.6
22. 5
1.8
I. 4
19.3
0.8
40,0
-Y:,. 7
36.2
2.3
0.9
0.4
1.0
9.1
15.0
16. l
2. 2
4. 8
4.4
8. 7
Semiskilled
28.9
28. 2
29.0
22.0
Unsk i 11 N:t
44.3
26. 4
17. 9
37, 5
7,4
30.1
34. 2
5. 3
28.9
57 .9
20.6
Pr()p,..i,ot,1ry
Cl,-riol
S~; I lod
Serv'1nt
L~bo,..er
--
31,3
0.t>
•
11.8
85.9
85.1
0.8
Age
The employed ■en on relief were slightly younger than all
male gainful workers in the general population of 1930. This
is evident fr011 a c0111parison of the median ages 13"·" for eaployed on relief and 36.!5 for general population I. The age
group of 16 through 2" years accounted for proportionally more
men uong the employed than 1110ng the aale gainful workers in
1930 ITable 38 I. The eaployed wo■en of the saaple showed opposite, age characteristics. Their median age was 31.8 as compared to 29.9 for women gainful workers in 1930 IT&ble 1",page
3"1. These differences are in a large part a reflection of age
patterns in the occupations and industries in which the men and
women receiving relief were employed (Appendix C, Table 181.
The median age of both the employed men and w0111en wu lower
than the median age of experienced workers in the sample who
were unemployed.
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URBAN WORIBRS ON RBLIBF
68
Although the eaplo7ed mea were 1ouaeer oa the oera,e t'8a
workers in 1930, those ia this su"eJ vllo reported t•at
they were eaplo7ed in certain industries were older t'8a tile
workers in the sue industries in 1930 lespeciallf ia fis•i ■c,
"other extractiTe iadustries•, aat0110bile factories, aad ot•er
iron and steel industries I. But in ■oat iadastries, eaploJed
11en in the saaple were on the aTera,e soaevllat JOa■eer t•aa tile
saae classificatioa of workers in the 1930 Ceasas (Appeadix C,
Table 181. This should not be iaterpreted, howeYer, as aa indication of decliae ia the aTera,e ace of ■ale workers la aaJ
■en
IOO
80
Female
Mole
Percent
l'efcetll
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Unskilled
Semiskilled
White Collar
□ White
~ Other Races
Skilled
CHART 14 - SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASS OF PRESENT OCCUPATION
OF EMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
Urban Relief Sample
Moy 1934
AF- 1227, W.P.A.
industry or aaoae the eaplo7ed in the eeneral popalatioa. TIie
employed workers here studied are not necessarilJ aarginal workers; bat they should certainlJ not be considered as representative of all workers, since their eaplo,aeat is coexistent la
most cases with their relief status. Furtheraore, in so■e industries the occupations represented aaone the eaplo1ed ■ales
on relief may be the ■essengers, office bo7s, clerks ~d other
unskilled workers in which the avera,e a,e is lower than in
other occupations in the sa11e industries.
The employed women on relief also were, as a whole, soaewhat younrer than the wo■en workers as reported ia the 19,0
Census; bat the opposite was true for WOiien in a nu•ber of industries in which the 11edian a,e of the women employed aad on
relief was higher than the ■ediaa for all women in the s•e
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EMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
69
industries in 1930. For 'l«>men employed in domestic and personal service, for example, the median age was 1.14 years higher
than for all the 'l«>men in that industry in 1930 I Appendix C,
Table 18 I.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE JOBS OF EMPLOYED WORKERS
The Proble• of Subsidization of Wages or Earnings
Any discussion of supplementary relief to workers in private
employment leads naturally to a consideration of the industries
in which such 'l«>rkers were employed and the conditions of 'l«>rk,
i.e., their weekly earnings, rates of pay, and hours \o!Urked.
A wage subsidy, however, in the strict sense, is clearly present only when the rate of pay is so low that it is impossible
Table )8-CllU.ATIVE PUlCENT 0ISTRIOOTI~ Of AGE Of OKERS ENGAGED IN PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT, URBAN RELIEF
SAMP!.E MAY 19)1 ANO Of ~INFUL IIOIKERS IN Tit[ GENERAL POP\JLATI~ 1930 BY SEX
CENSUS 19,0•
RELIEF SMIPLE 19)4
-~
AGE IN YE.AAS
MALE
16 Urder
Uoder
Under
Under
Uneler
17
19
24
29
34
39
l.wlder ••
Order 49
Unaer 5,4
lJrder 59
l.nder 65
Tota I workers report i ng
FEMALE
----
4.R
2. 7
14.9
7. 2
20. 7
)3.9
46.4
59. 2
3, 7
10. 2
26. 7
39.6
51.4
63.0
74. 9
84.9
92. I
97.1
100.0
86.5
92.9
97. I
100.0
23. 671
16,576
35. 3
46. 7
57.0
6A.2
77.6
FEMALE
MALE
5.0
14. 2
37.1
52. I
62.9
73. I
"U
60.5
A8.9
95.3
100.0
35.647,284
---
81.3
88.2
93.6
97.4
100.0
10,266,120
-------
for a l«lrker employed full-time to earn enough to support himself at a subsistence level. Social and economic philosophies
have not yet reached the point of defining or accepting any
standards or tests to determine precisely at which point in
the scale of wage rates a wage subsidy may be said to exist.
Further complications arise when the worker's family responsibilities are considered in this connection. The difficulties
of reaching any clear-cut conclusion as to subsidization within these limitations are obvious. 16 In the broader sense, all
aid, public or private, to employed 'l«>rkers can be interpreted
as subsidization of income. But with this broader problem the
present study is not concerned.
16
on Septeaber 18, 19:54, the Adm1n1Strator Issued a J"lll!ng that it •as not
the iot ■ ntlon or the P'ederal Eaergenc1 Reller Adainistration to suppleaent by relier the rull-tiae earnings or workers eaployed in priYate industry. Since •ide d1scret1on was exerted b7 local relier agencies. the
errect or the ruling 1s dirricult to estt ■ ate. Since it wu ■ ade subsequent to tbis study 1ts ,rrect would not be ahown ln tbe results.
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
70
Analysis of the results of this study indicates that the existence of low earnings and the need for supplementary relief
is greater for workers employed in certain industries than in
others. 18 It also reveals that the amount of part-time employment and rates of pay differ widely among industries.
Table J9-INDUSTRY OF EMPLOYED AND UNEMPLOYED IIQRKERS IN THE URBAN RELIEF SAl.f'l.[ MAY 1934"
AND OF GAINFUL WJRKERS IN THE CENSUS SAMPLING AREA 19J0
CENSUS
RELIEF SAMPLE 19}4
s-..1NG
I NOUS TRY
Total workers reporting:
EIM>LOYED
UNEMPLOYEDb
40,247
100.0
211,769
100.0
2,179,499
100.0
2.3
0.3
3. 7
0.6
4.3
43.8
11.J
12.8
1.0
J.O
18.1
1.4
0.9
0.2
1.6
37.8
10.4
21.J
J.2
8.4
13.1
J.1
Number
Percent
Agriculture
Fi sh i ng and for~st ry
Extraction of minerals
Manufacturing and mechanical industries
Transportation -'nd cormunication
Trade
Pub I ic servicP
Professional service
rhnestic ond personal service
Not specified industries
~,resent indu1tr7 or 911plo7ed and usual lnd11stry or uneaplo1ed.
bwor1r.ers 16-11 tnra of •e•. hc.1vdes 21.on persona •ho "ad never wor•u•d or
1a1t non-r•I ier job.
5.9
32.3
8.0
15.2
1.1
J. 7
JQ.6
0.6
~ t16d aorllff leu tllaft
,1
AREAc
.,.11,,
et tM
19,0, P'opuhtlon Vol. n, State Tabh 20 and un,ubll1Md data froa nie lur•au of tN
C•l'lsus ror cilin 1.mdu 25,000 population. aalnful -ciri••rt. 10 ,,ars of age and over. For d•flnltion of ...,11ng area IN
footnot• •• Table Z4, Chapter II, p. ,s.
c1'/t .... o Cu.s-, of•-'• lt1Ud 3fcltu
Industries in Which Workers Were Employed
Almost one-third of the employed workers in the sample were
in manufacturing and mechanical industries, slightly less than
one-third in domestic and personal service, and 15 percent in
trade. 17 The other 22 percent were scattered among the six
18certain quaUtying tactore should perhaps be restated at this point to
prevent misinterpretations. Since relier is generally granted on a budgetary basts, the size or the budget depending in a large part upon the
slze or the tamlly, earnings or workers employed in the various lndUstrles must also be interpreted wlth the budgetary principle ln mlnd.
F'urthermore, the workers who had recently round jobs and whose cues would
have been closed during the month ot the study were probably concentrated
lo a tew industries in which employment increased markedly during the
month. The automoblle industry 1S an exainple to polnt. In Detroit a
large number ot cases were closed in May 193-1 by emploY11ent ot workers
in automobtle tactories. For turther d1Scussion or this, see tootnote 17.
17 The errect or the closed cases upon the industrial distributlon or employed workers has been measured arbi trarUy by the exclusion or all workers with earnings or ■ ore than St2.00 a week. Thie changes the ranking
or the main industr:v groups ao that domestic and personal service renka
highest and manuracturing and mechanical industries second. Trade still
ranks third. It la interesting to see that within the ■ anutacturtng and
mechanical lndustrles certain sub-groups or induatrlea retain the aaae
proportion ot the total employed, or have a higher proportion than be tore
the exclusion or those with earnings over $12.00. Alllong these are: cigar and tobacco tactories, clothing industries, bakeries, rood ud allied
industries, shoe ractorles, other leather industries, lumber and rurntture 1oduatrie8, and an types or textUe industries. .Auto■oblle ractorus, buUding and construction, and all lron and steel and other ■ etal
lndustrtea, account tor S111aller percentages or workers lfben those "1th
earnings or ■ore than $12,00 are excluded. The detans tor each lnduatr:, •BY be seen 1n Appendix c, Table 19.
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EMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
71
other ma.in groups of industries. Manufacturing and mechanical
industries also accounted for the largest number of gainful
workers both in the sampling area of 1930 snd among the unemployed in the relief sample. Domestic and personal service, on
the other hand, was very much more heavily concentrated in both
the employed and the unemployed on relief than in the gainfully
employed population in the sampling area (for other industry
groups see Table 39).
In most of the 79 cities where the study was conducted the
largest number of workers were employed in manufacturing and
111echanical industries. 18 The exceptions to this were the Southern cities, 18 and New York and St. Louis, each of which had more
workers in domestic and personal service and the second largest
number in manufacturilli and mechanical industries. Trade ranked
third in the number of workers employed in all cities except
San Francisco, New Orleans, and Portland, Kaine.
Although manufacturing and mechanical industries as a whole
were slightly under-represented among the industries employing
workers on relief according to their proportion in the sampling
area, sub-groups of inaustries revealed the opposite tendency.
Clothing, cigar and tobacco factories, bakeries, other food and
allied industries, automobile repair shops, saw and planing
mills, cotton and knitting mills,and independent hand trades 20
showed greater concentration among the employed in the sample
than in 1930(Appendix C,Table 19). Ingeneral these were also
the industries in which the lowest weelcly and hourly earnings
were reported. Variations anaong cit1es21 existed in respect to
18 The order and rank otunutactur1n1 and mecban1cal, and doaest1c and personal ••"tee would be reversed 1D ■oat c1tlea bJ the exclualon or workers tn closed cases. See footnote ti on pa1e 70,
181zcept llaltt■ore •
.eo. Independent band tradu• Include worker a ln occupa t lone such aa the tol1ow1111: drHaukera and •Ullners not In tac tortes, and their apprentices; Jewelers ud watcb-ukera not ln tactoriu; abceukera and cobblers
not ln ractortee; and blacu ■ itba and certain otber workers at band tradH
it workina on their own account in tbetr OWD abopa.
21 t11e clotlltna induatr1 la a 1ood exa■ple ot citJ variations. Yet in each
c1t1 ln which the induetr1 was l ■portant, in the re11er aa■ple tbe ratio
or workers e ■ plo1ed ln clothln1 1ndustr1ea toall e ■ plo1ed workers on relief exceeded the ratio or 1a1nru1 workers ln the clothing lndu1tr1 In
1830 to all pintul workers ln tbat cltJ ln 1830.
o,
CI TY
RATIO
WORKERS I I CLOTHING
INDUSTRIES TO ALL WORKERS
RELIEF
New York
Baltimore
Rochester
Bridgeport
SAMPLE
CENSUS
7.8
7.2
22.4
7.0
5.8
7.2
10.5
,.1
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72
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
each of, these industries, but in general the results for individual cities in which each such industry was important substantiate the conclusions reached for the sample as a whole.
Workers employed in domestic and personal service included
servants in homes and probably consisted chiefly of day workers. Most of these were Negro women. In the Southern cities
the proportion of employed women in domestic service was universally high.
The employed workers in trade were chiefly in wholesale and
retail trade and probably consisted of messeniers, deliverymen,
and salespersons. Workers reporting employment in extraction
of minerals were largely accounted for by a strike of copper
miners in Butte, Montana. Strikers were reported as employed
but without earnings.
Earnings and Hours Worked
Not all of the gainful workers who were employed had earnings. Strikers and apprentices were reported employed, but had
no earnings during the period of the last relief order. Other
persons were working for themselves; their earnings were reported as "on own account", and actual earnings were not entered
o_n the schedule. The analysis of weekly and hourly earnings,
therefore, centers around the workers whose earnings were in
the form of wages. 22 Most of the employed workers, of course,
fell in this group of wage earners. 23
The median weekly earnings of those workers reporting earnings were $7.50; the median hourly earnings $0.29; and the
Included a cash value set ror roo■ and ror board. Tbt s
uount varted ao■ ewbat fro■ citJ to c1t1.
23 Earntngs stat1'.S dlrtered bJ sex and race. Eleven percent or all e■p101ed
■ ale workers reported no earnings, wbereasonlJ 1 percent or the e■plo1ed
re ■ ale workers fell 1n tbts class.
The nu■ber ts st1n1r1cant because tt
Indicates the pro port ton or workers wbo were probablJ on strtke. The
■ aJorltY or thls group were wblte.
The proportion reportln1 no earnings
ehowed great variation by lnduatrJ. Most or the 7 percent or all the
employed workers tn the sample who reported no earntng11 were concentrated
ln •other extractive lnduatrtes• and were cbleflJ workers ln copper ■ tn
tng who were on strike tn Butte, Montana. or the workers e■ plo7ed ln
thls tndustr:,, 9e percent reported no earnings. In a few other lndustrtes stgntrtcant proportions or workers reported no earntnga, nuely:
tn other tran11portat ton and couunlcatlon ( chtetly water transportation),
street railroads, sllk ■ ills, saw and plantng ■ tlls, clothing industries,
and blast rurnacee and steel rolling ■ 11111. In all or these tndustrtes,
strlkes were ln progress tn so111e or the cittas tn wbtch the atudJ was
made, -and 1 t ls 1tltel1 that the· persons reporting no earnings were 1ar1e11
atrlltere who were rece l vlng rellet, although some ■ &1 have been apprentl ces.
Ten percent or the male and 7 percent or the re ■ all workers e■plo1ed
were reported as working on •own account.• The persona report1n1 earn1nge or thl s type Included the small buetneas persona such as peddlers,
hucksters, and Junlt dealers, and persona such ae dressmakers, ■ llllnera,
and tailors, and certain bulldtng workers such ae plumbers, painters, and
carpenters. (P"or earnings statue bJ ■ ain Industry 1roups see AppendU c,
Table 21.)
22wage11 reported
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EMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
median number of hours worked per week, 35. White male workers
had the highest average weekly and hourly earnings and also reported the highest average hours worked per week. White women
ranked second; Negro men third; and Negro women lowest of all
in respect to both earnings and hours worked. It should be remembered that white and Negro workers of each sex were largely
employed in different types of industries and occi:p,H ions. This
fact is in part responsihle tor the wide race and sex differences in weekly and hourly earnings. For example, most o! the
Negro women were employed in domestic and personal service, so
that their earnings are largely a reflect ion o! the casual type
ot employment and low earnin 6s in this industry .
Two other factors sho11ld be mentioned in re lilt ion to ei\rnin6s reported in this s tudy . Firs t, some pressure miiY h.:w e
hble t0--1,{ DJU ll[[ KLY ANO HO!Jl l Y [ AR •11C< l lf.J HOll'S nmo P[ O ,WF[K BY E~ PLOYlO IIO< lll."" '-"' ><tlll>
BY OA([ ANO Sl:X , lPRU llf l l( F 5A¥Pt.E !M Y 191•
- -- --- - -- - -- -- - - - --- ---
-- - ---- -
-
-
-
---
-
ME D IO H~S
WCJI KEO
- - - --- - - ---
- - - - - -- -
lolole
FemalP
y
H~lY
PER IWEE K
31 , q73•
S 7 . 50
Jt. • 06·
S 0.29
35 .457"
35. 3
W([,< l
10 . 40
5.10
D.36
39 . 1
0.22
29.J
11.20
7 .00
0. 37
0 .26
39.6
36.1
Negro aind ol ~,
6. J O
2. M
fMle
•t•cl11 d • .. . . HIii MO)O y .,, . . , ... , . - . , "'•d llO ... , .,, .,~, .
0.25
0. 17
34 . 9
17 . I
- - - --
~ ..,, ... d 0" 09'1 IC[ OWIII . or .,,QH' . ..-io 1,. •• ,,,, ng \ _,., !'IOt
_-c:, f• .-d.
t> l•< lw d " " 1 . 141 . . . 10 , . , . . ,,,.,, -o "",,. .,.,,..,,, ~. -,.o -ontd o ,i Ollf\ .c , ovnl. o, • o u
IOl"( t( ofl'(II.
. . , . not ,. tt,r, , o.
"'O" ' ' •• c o n1 , d• r 11Jt>l1
.-o.,,,, ...,n ,ng ,
" '•
f'IOt
""O••
,.., t ""' ' "HI <h1r,n1 l'• I" ~ •• ( 1t r1 ••r1) or
" Ou r\_,, .,,.,.
.. ,.,.,, ol'I o .,., .-c:: co., ,, , , .,,,arl •" "'""' " -o r•t O t. ul no l •• rn i n';l• ; llh,o l 0•• l ot•1 to, t t,o u• r eo o r t ,no
Cl •c lvdfl' I a .1 90 ..-o t opl'd .., , .,,.,, ~ " "Po ,tM '"•l
111 i 9 " • '
,,..,..
O•• at"• '
,,.., " 11d
tot.t, lt1 , ,.,, t .i>I • .
consciously or unconsciously been exerted upon workers on relief to acc~pt whatever employment w~s available, no matter i\t
what wage rates, thus tending to increase the number with very
low earnings. Second , the higher med -iiin earnings tor white
m;ile workers reflect the influence of the closed c/\ses upon
this group. Yet even amon 6 the white male workers over hi\lf
had earnin 6s under $12.00 a week.
Average earnings !or men who were heads of families were
higher tlran ;iverage earnings of m:ile workers who were not heads.
This was true o! both white i\nd Negro male workers. Rut women
workers who were heads of !i\milies reported lower averi\ge earnings th;in did other women workers. These differences for both
male and female workers by status in the household existed not
only tor those employed full-time, but also for those employed
part-time (!able 41). The higher median weekly earnings for
white male heads of families working full-time may seem to cast
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
some doubt upon the extent to which earnings reported in this
study are actually supplemented by reljef. It is a well-known
fact that even in large cities relief budgets are not so high
that earnings of $16.50 would be supplemented by relief except
Table 4!-V(11A~ 0A,T- ANO FLJLL-TUJ[ EARNl~~S CW l'l<'ll~E:1S ~ RELIEF ENCAGED IN PIIIVAT[ [MPLOn~NT
BY STATUS IN HOUSUtOLD RACE A'fl SEX, IJ?SAN RELIEF SA~PLE 1,11,Y 19~
MEDI AN WEEJU Y EARNINGS
RACE AJrW STATUS I H HOUSEHOLD
------ -
PART-T1wf"'-
-
FULL-TIME
FOUI.E
""LE
FEMALE
MALE
6.075
$ 6.60
7,100
$ 2.90
10,791
7,376
$ !~.RO
$ 7 .50
7. 10
5. JO
3.30
4.30
16.50
12.60
8.60
10.10
He~d
4. 20
Other than hea1
2.90
2.40
2.50
11.40
8.00
5.00
5.90
----
--------Nurrt.er
Ued ian
Wl'-it~
Ho?-'.11
0!.her thn head
"ilegro arvl other
11
11.,t-t""" -0\o~f'r-t is""'" cons1'1♦ rl'd •' ll"l 'f tl'III" ,0 "Ours a~•"·
0 cocluCll'1 1.90!1 f"-.plo1..C 11110,11.,,s .,,o 1'1&0 no •arn,ngs, .no 90rtied on O-"' account or •o•• !'lours -,rtiecl
or •arf'li ri;~ •f'fl!' not ll)l'C, 'i•d.
perhaps in emergency cases of illness or for very large faailies. But three facts should be noted in connection with these
relatively high earnings of white male heads working 30 hours
or more a week. First, the total nu111ber was comparatively
small, lij percent of all employed workers; second, even among
Taole 42-CIMJLATJVE Pt:RCENT DISTRl8UT!ON Cl' .wEEKLY EARNINGS Cl' O,IPLOYED WOOKERS ON RELIEF
BY RACE AIID SEX, URBAN RELIEF SAMPL[ ijAY 1934
'Mil TE
TOTAL
NEC.~O A.NO OTHER
WEEK LY EARN I N'S
MALE
S 5. 00
11.00
13.00
15.00
Under 20.00
Unaer 25.00
Unaer 30.00
Under
Unaer
Under
Unaer
Total percent
8
Toto I report i ngb
1
FB,IALE
MALE
18.5
44.4
15.5
50.•
81.6
BB.I
94 .•
l6.6
55.8
64. I
59.•
67. 2
85. 7
93. 4
97. 3
100.0
17,140
1ncludea • '•• •0,.ker• •ith Hrnings of 1:,0.00 or .. on.
~.4
a•. 1
99. 3
99. 7
100.0
14,783
92.6
96.9
100.0
14. 494
FEMALE
-
2B.2
72.6
82.2
91.1
97. 5
99.0
99.6
100.0
9,458
MAL[
35.•
71.8
79.2
85.0
95.0
97.9
99.5
100.0
2,646
FEMALE
72.9
97.4
98.6
99.•
99.9
99.9
100.0
100.0
5,325
bC.cludtls l,J2• -ployea •or11ers wno had no Nrni"9S, wtio wor11ed on own accouflt, or •ho1• •arninQa ••r• not sprc,fil'O,
this number over one-sixth had earnings under $11.00 per week;
third, the higher earnings are largely accounted for by closed
cases or reprelsent earnings of one week out of a aonth. 86
Although median weekly and hourly earnings show clearl7 the
marked differences by color and sex, it is also interesting to
see what pro11ortions of workers were earning specified aaounts.
ksee
footnote 18, page 70.
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EMPLOYBD WORKERS ON RELIEF
Half of all ■ale workers bad earnings of less than $11.00 a
week; q 7 percea t of the white ■ ales fell in th is group and 72
percent of the Negro ■ale workers. Of the w■ea, 82 percent
earned less than $11.00, 73 percent of the white WIien and 97
percent of the Negro waen being in this group. Alaost threefourths of the Negro 1«>11en reported earnings of less than
a week. The nuaber of hours worked per week was also low for
s,.oo
80
70
60
...•els
50
0
40
~
~
~
~
3
c
•
~
30
White Mole
White Female
Other Mole
Other Female
20
20
0
S5 Ttru S10
WHkly
Eornon91
CHART 15- EARNINGS OF WORKERS ON RELIEF EMPLOYED
IN PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT
Urban Relief Sample
Moy 1934
AF-1211, W.P,A.
the Negro WOiien, but low hourly rates were of eqaal iaportance
in accounting for these low weekly earnings, the median hourly
rate being 17.l cents.
In line with the higher average earnings for ■ale white
workers is the proportion with earnings of $1,.00 or over I about
one-thirdl. Some of those with earnings of $1,.00 and onr
were probably in large families, but in addition ■ any were undoubtedly aaong the cases which left the relief rolls either
during the week for which these earnings were reported or very
soon thereafter. Nearly all of the white WOiien and aost Negro
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URBAN
76
WORKERS
ON RELIEF
s1,.oo
workers of both sexes had earnings under
a week, and
in fact a large 11ajori ty of them earned under $11.00 a week
!Table ii2l.
Hourly earnings are of equal importance with week17 earnings
in the problem of supplementary relief. Over two-thirds of the
workers with earni~gs reported hourly earnings of less tbu qQ
cents. In fact, 9 percent reported hourl7 earnings of less
than 10 cents and 22 percent 10 to 19 cents; thus almost onethird were earnings under 20 cents an hour. Of the Negro woaen
63 percent worked for less than 20 cents u boar. The ■ale
white workers reported the highest bourl7 rates 16 (Table q3J.
Earnings of Workers in Different Industries
Both earnings and hours worked Taried widel7 amonr the main
industry groups. Weekly earnings ranged froa amediu of $16.30
Tobi• 4}-HOURl.Y EARNINGS OF EMPLOYED IIORKEIIS ~ RELIEF BY RACE AND SEX,
URBA~ RELi EF SA!f>LE MAY 1934
.. ,re
TOTAL
MEGIil AIIO OTHER
tOURL Y EARNINGS
Total workers repart i ng:"'
Under
SO. lO
0. 10 - 0.19
0.20 - 0.29
O.JJ - 0.39
o.,o - 0.49
0.50 - 0.59
0. 60 and over
Number
~rcent
FEMAI.E
FEMAI.E
MAlE
FEMALE
MALE
16,849
100.0
14,557
100.0
14,242
100.0
9,289
100.0
2,flJ7
100.0
5,268
100.0
5.6
14.5
16.3
22.0
15.4
13.~
12. 7
12.0
JJ,9
26.3
20.1
4.9
3.3
2.5
4.3
12.2
t5.4
22.9
16.6
14. 7
13. 9
8.1
2).8
27.8
26. 7
6. 7
).9
3,0
12.4
27.0
20.8
17.5
9.2
6.8
6,3
18.11
MALE
43. 7
23,8
8.6
1.8
2.5
0. 7
in mining to $3.10 in not specified industries; aedian hoarl7
rates from !51 cents in extraction of minerals to 17 cents in
agriculture.
Hours worked showed somewhat less variation
ITable '41il. With the exception of the "not specified" group,
the lowest average weekly earnings and hours worked were in
dome-stic and personal service; hourly rates in this indastrJ
were second only to agriculture. In trade, fishing and forestry, and agriculture weekly earnings were also low but hours
worked were long, as indicated by medians of over 140 hours a
week in each. In extraction of minerals the highest weekl7
earnings 1$16.301 coincided with the highest hourly rates (!51
cents I. Within these broad industry groups wide variations
occurred in both weekly and hourly earnings and hours worked.
25aee pp. 715-74 tor co-•nt on blgber ,arn1na11 or ■ al• lllllte h•ld• ot
uua.
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CHART E
HOURLY EARNINGS OF EMPLOYED
WORKERS ON RELIEF
DOMESTIC
PERSONAL
a
.
EACH SYMBOL REPRESENTS
O CENTS
SOURCE : URIIAH R£LIEF SAMPU
1134
AF-1550 ,W . P. A.
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
18
Earnings in Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries
In m~nufacturing and mechanical industries, the largest industry group among the employed, only 13 percent reported earnings under $5.00; 35 percent under $9.00; 68 percent under
$15.00, The other 32 percent earned $1~.00 or OTer. The wide
range of earnings for sub-groups of industries is shown clearly by the median weekly and hourly earnings (Appendix C, Table
22). For example, median weekly earnings varied froa $21.'IO
for workers in auto11obile factories to $6. 70 for those iD cigar
and tobacco factories and $5.'IO in independent band trades.
As previously noted the earnings for workers in aut0110bile factories are influenced by the higher earniDrs in cases leaTiq
Table 44--lf:OIAN 11£EKLY ANO HOO!LY EARNIIGS •ND HOIJlS WORKED FER 11£EK BY EMPLOYED WO!KEl!S
ON RELIEF BY PRESENT INDUSTRY, lJlBAN RELIEF ~MPLE ~y 1934
IEOIAN EARNINGS
HOURLY
PER WEEK
31,406"
0.29
0.17
0.29
0.51
0.38
0.40
0.27
0.42
0.30
0.18
0.23
35,457"
35.3
45.1
43.4
40.9
35.9
37.4
40. 7
42,1
31.9
26.9
16.4
i#EEKLY
Total workers reporting:•
Numer
Median
Agriculture
Fishing and forestry
Extraction of minen1ls
Manufacturing and nechanical industries
Transportation and C01111.1nicat ion
Trade
Publ le service
Profess i 0nl!l 1 serv ice
ic and personal service
Not specif ieid industries ard services
Dcn,st
IEDIAN
HOUIS WORKED
INDUSTRY
31,923•
7.~
6.30
9.30
16.30
11.20
s
11.70
8.10
15.40
1.10
4.10
3.10
s
•see footnote a, TaDle ao, ,. U.
b:lee foohote ... TaDI• 10, p. u.
CS.• rootnole c:, TaDle ••• p. O.
the relief rolls at that tiae. The hourly rates in this iJl.dustrJ were also the birhest in the saaple, as indicated bJ a aedian of 61 cents. In some aeasure the aedian bo11rl7 earniDfS
and hours worked indicate whether low rates of pay or 11ndere111plo1111ent are responsible for the fact that workers in these
industries are on relief. (For percent distributions of weekly and hourly earninrs for each industrJ see Appendix C, Tables
23 and 2'J.)
Any attempt to compare the earnings reported for workers in
certain industries with earninrs of workers not on relief but
employed in similar types of industries should be Ila.de with
great caution. In the first place, classifications of industries vary widely; secondly, earnings for the present stndJ are
not from payrolls but represent the estimate of a responsible
member of the family as to weekly earnings and hours worked,
from which the average hourly rate was calculated; thirdly,tbe
median is the only average used here and prOTides at best a
rough comparison with other averages.
But reliability and
reasonableness of the weekly and hourly rates for workers on
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19
EMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
Cents
PRESENT INDUSTRY
0
10
20
7
-
30
40
50
60
T -T -----r--
Automobde Factories ..•.•.....•..••••••• --- • ---- ••.
Coa I Mines . ...• _ ... _ ......................... .
Construction of Roods, Streets, and Sewers_ .... . .. .
Buddong and Construct,on _ .... ______ .. ____ . ____ .
Blast Furnaces and Steel Md Is ... _. __ . __ ... ____ . _.
Machinery and M,scel loneous Iron and Steel. ... ___ .
Non-ferrous Metal Industries ••••• _ •. _ •••• _ ••..•.
Cloy, Glass, and Stone Industries. __ . ___ • _____ • __ .
Public Service. ___________ .••••••••••••••.•
L..eother Industries Except Shoe Factories._. __ • __ _
StPOm Railroads __________ •••• ___ •••• __ _
Chemical and Allied Industries__ •••••• _. __ ••••
Silk Mil Is .. ___ .. ___ . __ . . _ . . ___ . _ . . . _ ..
Electric Machinery and Supply Factories. ____ • ___ .
Insurance. ___ ._ •••••• _ ••..•.• _._ •. _ ••••••.••.
Banking and Brokero99 ••••••••.• _ •• __ •• _ ••••••
Furniture and WoodworkinQ Industries. ______ • ____ ._.
Wooten and Worsted Mil ts ••• _ ••• _ •••• __ • ____ _
Ruboer Factories •• _ •• _ •• _ • ___ •• __ • _____ • _
SloUQhle, and R:x:l<inQ Houses •••• ____________ _
M1scel toneous MonufacturinQ Industries__________ .
Shoe Factories _____________ • ______________ _
Riper and Allied Industries __ • _______ • __ ._ •• __
KnillinQ Mills. ______ •• __ •••••. _______ ••••••
PrinlinQ, Publishing and EngravinQ ___ • __ • __ •• __
Saw and PtoninQ Mills _____________________ _
Collon Mills____________________________ ••
Automobile Repair Shops. __ •••••• __ •• _ •• _. __
Miscellaneous Textile Industries._. ____________ •
Professional Service_ ••• _ • ___ •• _ ••••••• __ ••••
Clothinc;i Industries••• _ •••• _ •••• _ • ____ • ______ _
Tel&Qropll and Telephone Companies. ______ • _____ _
Bakeries •••••• ___________________________ _
Food Industries Except Bakeries and Meal R:JckinQ. __
Recreation and Amusement.._. _______ •• _____ _
GoroQH. _______ . __ • _____ • _. __ • _. _____ • _ • _
Automobile A119ncies and fillinQ StotionL •• _____ • _
Wholesale and Retail Trade. _________ ._. ____ •
Cleaning, Dyeinc;i, and PressinQ Shops ___ • __ •• __ ••
Independent Hand Trodes. __________________ _
Semi-Professional Service. __ • ______•_______ • _ ••
Cigar and Tobacco Factories. ______________ • _
Laundries._._. _. _. ___ •• ___ • _. _. ___ • _. ___ ••
Hotels, Restaurants and BoordinQ Houses. ________ _
Domestic and Personal Service. ____ •• _______ ••
Agriculture. ____________ • __________ •• __ •
CHART 16 - MEDIAN HOURLY EARNINGS OF EMPLOYED
WORKERS ON RELIEF
Urban Relief Sample
Moy 1934
AF· 1225, W.P.A.
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80
URBAN WORIERS ON RBLIBF
relief and employed in the various manufacturing and ecbaaical
industries are supported by the order in which the industries
fall when ranked by median weelcly earnings. It would be expected, for example, that both the weekly and hourly rates for
workers in automobile factories and in other heav7 industries
would exceed those of workers in such industries as food, clothing, and cotton ■ ills, as they do in the present saaple.
In the four geographic regions considerable uniforait7 appeared in week17 and hourly earnings and hours worked as reported by workers in each of these manufacturing and aecbanical
industries. The weekly earnings in the southern region were
slightly lower than in the other three regioas, probably reflecting both lower wage scales and lower relief budgets. Median weekly earnings were highest in the central region in many
industries partly because of the concentration of a11t0110bile
factories, blast furnaces and steel rolling ■ills, and other
iron and steel industries in that area. Workers employed in
these industries reported relatively high earnings (Appendix C,
Table 25).
Earnings In D011estlc and Personal Service
The second largest group of workers reported eaplo:,aent ia
the industries classed as d011estic and personal se"ice,and of
these 55 percent reported earnings of less than $5.00 and 8IJ
percent under $9.00 (Appendix C, Table 23). The earnings of
ltorkers in domestic and personal se"ice proper were lower than
for workers in hotels, restaurants, and boarding houses, as well
as in laundries and cleaning and dyeing establishents. Of
course, the extent of part-time emplo)'lllent was aach greater in
domestic and personal service proper than in the other industries in this group. Nevertheless, hourly rates were also lowest in domestic service proper as indicated by a median of 18
cents (Appendix C, Tables 22 and 2q). The earnings of workers
in the domestic and personal service industries were considerably lower in the Southern region. This was in part due to the
smaller number of hours worked and in part to lower rates of
pay (Appendix C, Table 25).
Earnings in Trade
The weekly earnings of workers in trade, the third largest
industry group among the employed, were also the third lowest
in the sample. 28 Over half of them earned $8.00 a week or less
and 70 percent earned less than $13.00 (Appendix C, Table 23).
28
0.1ttlac •not ai,eclfled llldutrlea ■114 aerYlcea.•
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EMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
81
At tile same time there was less part-time employment for this
group as indicated by a relatively high median for hours worked.
Hourly rates were in a large measure responsible for the low
weekly earnings, the median being only 27 cents (Appendix C,
Tables 22 and 2it). Wholesale and retail trade accounted for
ll()St of the workers in trade. The median weelcly earnings for
wllolesale and retail trade nried !rom a low of $5.80 in the
South to $9.20 in the East. The hours worked showed practically
no differences by region (Appendix C, Table 2,).
Earnlnt1 In Niece I la•Nt lnduetry Groups
Tbe seYeral reaaining 11&in groups d. industries together constitated about 5,000 woners in the sample, a number only slightly larrer tban the naaber ia the saallest of the previously
r•t•
45-IE)IM IIEEKLY .Ill{) HOUllY E.ARNIIGS All() HOUIS IIIJ!l([O PER IIUK BY OIPI.OYEO W(J!l([RS OIi RELIEF , BY
$0CID-{COIOIIC Cl.ASS~ PRCSCIIT OCOJPATIOII MO RACE, UlfflAII RELIEF SAMPU IIAY 19>'
IIIEOIM (..,.INt.S
IIEKL v•
SOCl~(~IC CLASS
IIUT(
Total - " • " reporting :
N-r
Mldia11
a,1tt coll•r
ProfessiOftal
Propr ietary
Cl erical
Salt1
Skil lod
S.Oiakillod
U...kll led
Servant
IAborer
WfOIM HOURS
IORKE.O PEA WEEKc
~lYb
NEI.JIO
MO Oht(A
.. n,
NE C.AO
•E~AO
AIIO OTHCR
IIU TE
26,760
)8 . 5
8 ,697
22 . 2
,1.1
30 ,3
17 . 9
,o. 6
J 2 .5
13 . 952
S 9. 20
7. 971
23, 5)1
$3.60
S 0.) 2
1,815
S0. 18
12 . 80
11.10
1.10
IJ . 10
7. 50
15 . 10
9. 10
1.0)
5 .40
11 .40
6.,o
6 . 60
2 .60
8 . 90
3.eo
9. 70
5.50
3.13
2.10
6 . 30
0 . )5
0 . 5'
0.26
O.J5
0.26
0.50
0.3'
0.26
0.19
0. )9
0 . 12
O.JO
0. 1'
0 .}4
0.21
0.18
0 . 16
0.29
0 .32
o.,o
2, ·'
,s.,
, 1.5
,o.o
)8 . 2
36. 8
)6 . 9
)5 . 9
37. 7
ANO~~
39, ,
)6.3
),t.6
18 . 8
17 . 2
29. 2
. . . . , . . . . . . . .. , . . , •••• , . '7 •
.... , .......... , .. ,•••. , . u .
c ... , ....... c. , .. , •••• , .
17 .
aeatloaed industr7 groups. The weelcly and hourly earnings in
eacb of these and tbe hours worked differed mrkedly as revealed
bJ the aedians (Appendix C, Table 22). It is surprising that
a■J workers fr011 professional senice were employed while on
relief bat it should be pointed out that professional service
iaclades tbe attendants, helpers, and other workers who are
not in any sense of professional character. Transportation
aad coaaunication include such workers as longshoremen and
stnedores, chauffeurs and truck drivers, la.borers on roads and
streets, and telegraph messengers. These facts help to explain
tbe low earnings reported in the two industry groups of professional se"ice and transportation and communication. In the
foraer , 73 percent of the workers reported earnings of less
than $13.00; of the latter ~ percent of the workers reported
less than $13.00 a week. In public se"ice only 38 percent bad
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URBAN WORKERS ON RBLIBi
82
earnings of less than $13.00; "' percent had earnings of less
than $1!>.00; leaving 55 percent with earnings of $15,00 or over
(Appendix C, Table 23), This would seem to indicate that ia
public service a c011paratively large proportion of the workers
with earnings 1111.1 have been in the cases leaving the relief
rolls in that 110ntb (for regional differences see Appendix C,
Table 2,).
SOCIO- ECONOMIC
CLASS
Professional
Proprietary
Ce•itc..
0
10
I
20
I
30
~--
40
I
:-: .:.:-: .:-: .:-: .:-: .:-:-: -: . ]
Qwhite
~~
. . .. : :. :- :. :. :. :-:
Soles
60
:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-: :-:-:-:-:-. :-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:,
~ Other races
-:-· :-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-1
r.terical
50
I
:- :- :- :-,
~
.. : :-:-:- .. :-:-:-:-:-:-·.. :-·.: .. :.:-: .:-: .:.:-: .:- :-:-:-:1
Skilled
X
Semiskilled
Unskilled
X
X
X
VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV
... : ... :.: :.:.: .:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:. J
:- : -: . :- .. : .:- : .:. : .:- : -: . :- :- : . :. :- :- :- : . :- : I
~
,v
Servant
X
IV
-: . :- :. :. :-: -: -: . : :- ]
~
CHART 17 - MEDIAN HOURLY EARNINGS OF EMPLOYED
WORKERS ON RELIEF
Urban Relief Sample
Moy 1934
AF-1221, W P,A
Soclo-econoalc Cla11 and Race Differences In Earnings
The skilled workers in the sample reported both the highest
weekly and hourly rates of pay. This would be expected. Bat
certain unskilled workers, more particularly white ■aleworters,
reported higher earnings, both weekly and hourly, than did aost
of the semiskilled. Among the occupations classed as •white
collar•, average earnings were frequently lower than for the
unskilled. Such.disparity in weeklJ earnings might be accounted
for by differences in hours worked, but the lower hourly rates
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83
EMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
for se111iskilled and white collar workers require some explanation. These differences ma, be quite accurate and characteristic of the various types of jobs and indicate that a classification such as the one here used is not strictly an economic
one. Many of the semiskilled jobs probably carry wage rates
th&t are lower than for unskilled jobs in which employment may
be highly seasonal or irregular (Appendix C, Table 261.
Race differentials in both weekly and hourly earnings are
clearly indicated for employed workers in this sample. Weekly
and hourly earnings of Negroes were not only lower than for
white workers in the same major socio-economic class but also
-in the sue occupation. In some occupations hours worked by
Negroes were longer. Servants and allied workers, for example,
showed the greatest race differentials in weekly earnings, but
this was due in a large measure to the longer number of hours
worked by white workers, for the median hourly earnings showed
less disparity between the two races. In many occupations,
however, the differences in the hourly rates reported by white
and Negro workers were large.
These differentials by race probably reflect differences in
existing wage scales, but it should be remembered that the data
are not entirely representative of wage rates as such. Relief
standards also influence the hourly earnings as they do weekly
earnings. Thus if a Negro worker were employed 30 hours a week
at 30 cents an hour he might be dropped from relief, whereas a
white worker in some cities might continue to receive supplemen t&l'f aid.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS IN RESPECT TO PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT
OF WORKERS ON RELIEF
The discussion of private employment of workers on relief in
urban areas may be brieflJ summarized.
Supplementation of
earnings fr0111 private employment was common to all of the 79
cities in which the study was made; but its extent varied greatly
from city to city. In the sample as a whole 18 percent of all
cases reported one or more members employed and 1!5 percent of
&11 workers were employed. Even if some allowance is made for
the influence of cases leaving the relief rolls during the
month of Hay 1931', it ia clear th.at supplementarr relief existed
on a significant scale throughout the urban United States.
A few important differences should be noted between the characteristics of employed and of unemployed workers on relief.
By comparison with the unemployed, proportionally more women
than 11en were employed. 27
The average age of employed men in
r,Tbt• proportion la ■eanred arter a11owtn1 tor closed caa••·
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URBAN WORkERS ON RILIKP
the sample was almost four years lower than of experienced unemployed men; the average for employed women was about one year
lower than that of unemployed women. The occupations and industries of these employed workers indicate different points
of concentration from those of the unemployed on relief in 1934
or of the normal working population in 1930. Thus domestic and
personal service bulks larger among the employed receiYing relief than among either the anemployed on relief or the gainful
workers in the sampling area in 1930, Trade is also more heavily represented among the employed than the unemployed, though
it accounts for proportionally fewer employed workers on relief
than of urban workers in 1930. Next to manufacturing and mechanical industries, domestic and personal service and trade
are the largest industry groups, and earnings of workers in
both groups, as reported in this study, were low. 28
Of the main socio-economic classes, the unskilled, including
both servants and other laborers, were more heaYily represented
among the employed than among the unemployed on relief or a110ng
all gainful workers in 1930, White collar workers constituted
a larger proportion of the employed than of the une11ployed
workers on relief, though accounting for a smaller proportion
of the employed on relief than of the working population of
1~. Average weekly earnings reported for workers in both of
these occupational groups were low. For most of the white collar workers, the average number of hours worked was comparatively
high, indicating that wage rates were at least equally as important as amount of working time in necessitating supplementary relief. Among servants and other unskilled workers, wage
rates were even lower and part-time employment was 1110re general
than among white collar workers.
Average weekly earnings ranged from $11.20 for white men to
$2.80 for Negro women. Full-time earnings(full-ti111e being defined here as 30 hours of work a week) were highest for aale
white heads of households, as indicated by a median of $16.,o;
most of these workers were undoubtedly in cases which ceased
to receive relief shortly after the study was lllade. Full-time
earnings for all other workers ranged from $12.60 for male white
workers other than heads of households to just under $6.00 for
Negro women, whether heads of households or not. Part-time average earnings for all groups were under $6.00 a week. Of the
white women, 59 percent were employed full-time; and their median weekly earnings of. $8. 60 for heads of households and $10.10
for persons other than heads indicate that low wage rates were
important factors in accounting for their presence on relief.
28 0omest1c and personal aerY1ce ranks first and m&nutacturlng and ■echanl
cal lndustrles second after allowing tor clOHd cues. Trade re■alna
thlrd,
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EMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
8,5
Wa,e rates for Negro women were lower than for white women, and
colored WOilen also reported greater part-time employment, only
32 percent being employed full-time.
Almost half of the employment reported by l«>rkers in this
study was part-time; about half was reported to be by secondary
workers in the family whose earnings were frequently lower than
the earnings of heads of families. In over half of the families in which one or more workers were reported employed, other
workers in the household were unemployed. On the other band,
most of the jobs reported were in the same socio-economic class
as the usual jobs of these workers. In a measure, this indicates that most of the employment was a normal type and need
for relief to supplement earnings from it may, to a considerable
extent, have been doe to emergency circumstances either within
the family itself or in respect to the amount of employment
available. To a large extent it is al.so a reflection of conditions within the labor market in 19~4. These conditions indicate not only low wage rates in many occupations or industries but al.so chaotic conditions of employment, especially extensive part-time employment in domestic service. Higher standards of relief in the past few years have probably focused attention on these problems. Changes have taken place, since this
study was made,botb in the administration of relief and in eaployaent conditions, but the fact remains that the results of
the study outline a basic social and economic problem.
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Chapter IV
DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND THE EMPLOYABILITY
OF WORKERS ON RELIEF
Attention has been paid in a previous chapter of this report
to the incidence of unemplo,Y111ent and its duration among workers
on urban relief rolls in Hay 1931', The significance of these
economic factors in the une111ployment relief problem cannot be
overestimated. Other considerations, such as family type or
size, employability composition of the relief househ_old, and
its financial resources, appear to have been secondary to the
ujor economic or industrial influences. The part-time employ■ent or low earnings of full-time workers in relief households
account for only a. small percentage of the total relief problem. The presence of the vast majority of workers on urban relief rolls in 193q was due to the complete unemployment of the
chief wage earner in the household or of all wage earners. This
unemplo7aent may have been seasonal in character, it may have
been cyclical, or it may have been the result of pre-depression forces at work which have created "stranded" col!lfflunities,
•stranded" occupations in a given community, or •stranded" age
groups in a. given occupation.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM OF THE LONG-TIME
UNEMPLOYED ON RELIEF
There is evidence from other studies of the relief problem
that there is a. high rate of turn-over on relief and that the
nrba.n relief population as a. whole is not suffering from chronic
unemployment. Seasonal unemployment accounts for a large proportion of the torn-over group who have been on and off relief
rolls at various times throughout the deyression.
Another
group of workers whose situation might be described as the result of short-time or emergency unemployment is also found in
the torn-over group on relief. The workers who stay on nrba.n
relief rolls for extended periods a.re less numerous than the
turn-over group, but their situation is more serious because
they stand less chance of going off relief by reason of securing jobs in private employment. They are, in general, an older
group of workers who have been out of work for longer periods
and they constitute a high proportion of the relief load in
certain occupations and co111111unities.
81
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88
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
It is probable that the turn-OYer group on relief rolls rill
gradually be absorbed into private eaplo,.ent as sacll opportaaities increase and that, eventually, uneaplo:,aent c011pensation
under the provisions of the Social Security Act will take the
place, at least in part, of Emergency Relief Appropriations
for •tiding over" the seasonal or emergency aneaplo:,aent responsible for this group's presence on relief rolls. The residual or stable group on relief rolls, on the other band, is
less likely to be able to qualify for uneaployaent benefits
and, therefore, constitutes a ■ore penianent charge on relief
appropriations. Many persons in this group are not old enough
to qualify for old age pensions but are too old to secare eaployment readily under present conditions in the labor artet.
Irrespective o! age, workers on relief who have been out of
work for long periods of tiae find it aore difficult to secare
employment than those who have been uneaployed !or shorter periods.1 In other words, the persons who have been oat o! a
job for the shortest periods o! tiae leave relief rolls first.
THE ANALYSIS OF FACTORS IN DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT
The average length of unemployaent can be used as a rough
measure of the chances ofre-employaent or the relative eaploJability of unemployed persons. It is one of the aost significant available llleasures of the relative eaployabilitJ al. the urban relief population. For this reason,& aore detailed analJsis has been made of the relationship of other eaplo:,aent or
occupational characteristics to the duration o! uneaplo,aent
o! workers in the Urban Relief Survey as aeasured !roa the
last job at the usual occupation. The limitations o! a detailed
statistical analysis of these relationships a.re obvious. The
reasons why some workers get jobs and others do not or why soae
workers are unemployed longer than others uJ not be capable
of stat ist ica.l measurement. Furthermore, in an analysis of
this sort, the assumption has to be made that trends in hiring
or !iring policies with regard to such obvious characteristics
of workers as age, sex, and race, !or exaaple, have reuined
the same throughout the depression. Anyone familiar with local
labor market conditions knows that the demand for labor of
1 1n an an&1Ts1s or the duration orune■plo;raent ror oYer 100,000 worur1 ln
13 selected cities ■ ho obtained Jobe at ti ■e or closing the ca1e, .JanuarT Dece ■ber 11135, 1t was round that ea percent had been une ■ploTed less than
one Tear. Clltlng inf As f,ech of f},-ba11 l• lwf, 1935, D1Y181on or Social lesearch or the Works Progress Ad ■ 1n1strat1on. In addition, an analT11S or
the duration or une ■plo;raent reported bT u,eee ■ orlr.ers ta reuer cans
crosed between Dece ■ber and May 11136, in 1'11cb1gan, showed tbat 88 perceat
or the persoll8 had been une ■ ploTed les1 tb&n one Tear. Will1U Baber &ad
Paul Btancbrteld, UMs9lo,u11t l• lwf and Secrit,. , 3vrw, of •u:la'fa••s
le lw/ Gnd U...•1>1o,-11t Probl••· page 102.
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DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT
89
specific age, race, or sex groups is subject to considerable
change within short periods of tiae. Variations in the rate
of labor turn-over in different types of occupations also affect the validity of iieneralizations for large groups. Despite
these limitations, however, there are certain broad trends in
re-eaplo,.ent which are reflected in the relationship of duration of uneaployaent to the other occupational characteristics
of persons on relief.
The pattern of uneaplo,-ent will, to a large extent, follow
the pattern of gain.fol eaplo,aent with regard to occupational
characteristics. The eaplo,.ent of Negroes, for exaaple, is
concentrated in certain types of occupations; the eaplo,.ent
of women is also concentrated in certain occupations. In soae
types of work, employees ■ust be physically stronii and, therefore, theJ tend to be JOUDlf persons. In other kinds of eaploy■ent, age appears to bear no re lat ions hip to success on t be job.
la some occupations, experience is an iaportant factor; in others,
educational background is a determinant. There are so■e occupations, however, in which neither of these qualifications see11S
to be of iaportance. These occupational patterns have to be
borne in ■ ind in interpretiq the results of a study of the relationship of duration of uneaplo,.ent 2 to the characteristics
of unemployed persons in various types of emplo:,aent.
Sex, Race, and Age as Factors In Duration of Uneaployaent
Sex and race differences are apparent in duration of unemployment. Men bad been out of wort on the average longer than
women, and Negroes longer than white persons. The average
duration of unemployment since the last job at the usual occupation for workers in this study, for example, was 30 110nths
for men $nd 20 months for women; the average for white persons
was from two 1110nths to three 110nths higher than the average
for Negroes. The majority of WOIIIE:C who are gaiD!ullJ eaployed,
however, work in semiskilled and unskilled occupations. These
occupations are frequently characterized by a relatively high
rate of labor turn-over or for other reasons have offered relativelJ iireater job opportunities during the depression. This
characteristic of the emplo1111ent opportunitJ for woaen as compared with men applied equally to Negro and white women workers.
In occupations eaploying men, the age and other characteristics
of workers and their emplo1111ent opportunities are si ■ ilar for
white and Negro workers. The reason Negroes appear to have
been out of wort for shorter periods than white persons is because tbeJ were out of wort, in large part, fro■ aastilled and
8ua1ua otllal"WlH noted, all data on d11rat1oa of un,10,-ac la tllla c11a.ter relate co tile leqcll of Cl ■• alaee tll• 1uc Job ac Clle u•al occuatlo■•
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90
URBAN WORIBRS ON RBLI&F
seaisltilled tnes of jobs in ■anu!actarinr and ■ ecbanical occupations and doaestic se"ice. In general, tbe average daration of une11plo111ent was ■ucb lower in these than in tbe ■ore
skilled occupations where white persons are eaplo7ed.
A more adequate test of the sirnificance of sex and race
differences in duration of uneaployaent is fouad in the coaparison of differences obse"ed in occupations in which all
races and both sexes are eaplo1ed in fairl1 equal proportions. 1
When race and sex differences in duration of uneaplo111ent in
nine selected occupations are ■easared for statistical significance, the obse"ed differences are found to be less significant than might be expected. Men were out of mrt lonrer than
w111en in sh of the nine occapatioas, but white persons were
out of work longer than Negroes in onlJ tm occupations, and
Negroes were out of work longer than white per90ns iD tm occupations. The other differences were not statisticall1 reliable when tested. For the su"eJ as a whole, the obse"ed
differences in duration of uneinplo111ent between tbe sexes and
between the races were statisticall7 significant. The diffe~
ence between the average duration of uneaployment for white
and Negro 1o10men was not reliable, although the fact that white
men were out of 1110rk longer than Negro 11en was statisticallJ
significut.
Age is perhaps the most importut characteristic related to
duration of unemployment. In general, the older a person is,
the smaller are bis chances of re-employment. But the average
age of 1110rkers in some occupational. groups or occupatioas rises
much 1110re rapidly with an increase in duration of uaeaplo:,aent
than in others or than the average for all occupational groups
combined. Data on this point are presented for 10 •aJor occupational groups in Tables ii6 and ii7 and for each of 213 occupations in Appendix C, Tables 27 and 28. When the races are
combined and sexes compared (Table I.J61, age is found to increase with duration of unemployment in all occupational groups,
as might be expected. It rises much more rapidlJ for men than
for women, however, in all occupational. groups except agriculture. Here so few women are employed relative to all WIilen in
the study that the data may not be representative and this
trend, which is in the opposite direction fro■ that in all
other occupations, can be disregarded.
On the average, sex differences in the rapidi tJ with which
5 ror unnp101•d worker• ln the Urban Reuer lunq auch occupauona are:
operatlYH ln clear and tobacco ractorlH, op1rat1Yu 1n rood ud alllld
lnduatrua, aalla■en and aalHWo■ ID, barber• and halrdrHHra, 1l1Yator
t1nd1r1, l&llndr, operatlYH, do■ eatlc H"111ta, waltera and waltr••••••
ud 011r1t1. Th• tut tor the reUab1Ut7 or the a1sn1t1cuc• or 4Uter•nc•• 1n aY1r&11 411ratlon or 11ne■plo1■ent la
occ11patloaa na Md•
b7 Mr ••• J. Wlnalow,
th•••
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DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT
91
age rises with increased duration of unemployment are three
times as great as race differences. When the sexes are combined and the races compared, it is found that the range of increase in average age with increased duration of unemployment
is almost the same for both races when all occupations are combined (Table q71. In all occupational groups except manufacturing and ■ecllanical industries, the average age of white workers rises ■ore rapidly with increased duration of unemployment
than that of Negro workers.
Table 46-liEDIU AGE BY DU!ATION rF lJIEMPLOYlf:NT SIIC£ LAST J(II lT USUll OCCUAlTION rF UIEMPLOYED
IQIICEIIS ON IIELIEF BY OCCUAlTICML GROUP ll(I SEX, U!IIAN IIELIEF SAMPLE W.Y 1934
CICCUNTIOIIAL -
Toal •In 1'9PO<ti119:
_,
--
Transportation and c~nicat ion
_,
Public Mrvic1
Profess i ore I Mrv Ice
Ocwest ic and persore I Mrv ice
Cler ica I cccupat ions
Agriculture
lenufacturing and niec:hanical il'\::tustrin
Transportation an:, c~nicat ion
r.--
, _ . . . . . calolelH , _ , . . , U••
33.065
32.2
91,960
38.5
16,074
43,3
4,448
50.S
37.4
42.3
42. 7
40.1
36.2
35.4
43. 7
38.)
)7.2
)0,4
24,636
32. 7
46.2
50.4
45. 7
43,4
41.3
43. 7
45.4
42. 7
43.8
52.3
3).0
27.1
23.2
39.9
35.0
30.0
27 .1
32.S
26.9
32.8
25.9
17,772
28.6
35.2
31.6
30,4
29.9
35.0
35.0
28.3
28.8
27.4
27 .o
23.8
29.1
31.0
2).0
32 ,1
30.2
27. 7
28.6
32.9
35. 7
26.5
7,010
38.6
1,205
8,023
71,0U
22,249
14,889
1,538
3,2118
10,155
6.138
52,610"
28.0
42.9
39,9
36.1
3'. 7
41.9
35.2
37.2
31,6
MIClian
Profna i0f9 I Mrv ice
Oc,aast ic and persore I aerv Ice
Clerical occu,.t ions
!1-9
38.3
Mlnufacturing and fllCha"ical industrin
. ...
•..,
449
13,3'6
775
4,326
l. 789
27,585'
4,318
-·
,_,
U5,S47
llltdian
Extract ion ~, •inerah
Total f-ln report i119:
,....
.....
IIIDIAN
A9r-iculture
Fishing and forestry
r.--
DUIATIOII OF UW£MPLOTIIENT
II YUIIS
TOTAL
ANO SEX
I
)8.)
6,153
35.S
39.S
)4.6
29. 7
35.1
35. 7
38,2
31.9
10 ANO
I
52.0
49.3
50.5
52.2
55.S
49.)
51.8
49.2
4,019
41.1
46.6
40.3
38.0
41.3
43 .1
43 .1
38.9
,.
~. . ., , - ~ - - • , , . . •.&lie ••rwlc• eNI ••lreClle11 or ■ lflereh (ult . . 111)
IN ■ lcl....,. I• 11111 Iola! 11191 er• ,to1 ...... I• lflt •c•,.11.-1 tre-,,
lie¥•
If one compares the figures for individual occupations with
the rate of increase for all occupations combined (Appendix C,
Tables 27 and 281, interesting differences are apparent. Many
of the skilled mechanical occupations, such as blacksmiths,
brick masons, cabinet makers, carpenters, electricians, stationar7 engineers, machinists, moulders, and painters, show a
very small span between the average age of those who have been
out of a job for less than a year and of those who have been
unemployed over 5 or over 10 years. The average age of all
persons from these occupations is relatively high, so that age
is apparently less of a handicap in re-employment in these occupations than in many others. There are other occupations in
which the average age of persons unemployed less than one year
is considerably lower than that of those unemployed over one year
and particularl7 those unemployed over five years. Examples of
such occupations are farm laborers, musicians,elevator operators,
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
92
deliverymen, men bookkeepers and clerks, sale'Sfflen and saleswomen, waitresses, women stenographers, men operatives in food
and allied industries, and women operatives in clothing factories. In these occupations, age is a more serious handicap
in re-employment opportunity as measured by the rapidity with
which it rises with increased duration of unemployment.
Table •7-MEDIAH AGE 8Y DURATION OF UIIEMPL.OYIICNT SINCE LAST J08 AT USuAL OCCUPATION OF LIIEIIPL.OYED
WOIKERS ON RELIEF BY OCCUPATIONAL GROUP AHO RACE, URSA/I RELIEF SNIIPI.E MAY 19)4
TOTAL
DUA AT ION OF UNEMPLOYMENT IM YEARS
OCCU PATIONAL GROU P AHO RACE
NUW8ER
Tota I .ti i le persons reoort i ng:
H_,, r
Fishing and forest r y
Extract ion of minerals
Manufacturing and rrechnnical industri es
Transporut ion and cc,rm,,n icat ,on
Trclde
P\.tbl ic service
Professional service
Donest ic and personal service
Clerical occup.!ltio"s
Total Negroes reporting :
Humber
Agricu I tun~
Fishing and fo re stry
f•o Mdla!\, ea lc1i1ht.o t o r h
5,U7
1,090
7 ,52•
61,)45
l7 ,J19
16,.54
1, 290
4,302
16,565
9,926
46 ,894
Median
tx trac t ion of mi~rals
Manuf acturing and mKhanical ind ustr ies
Transportation and corrm.mication
Trade
Public service
Professi0'1a1 service
Domestic and personal serv ice
Clerical occupations
rtl'II!\
,.
LESS
AGE
Tl<AH I
•-•
~-9
37. 4
37,023
)0. 7
89,893
J7.8
17 .229
41. 7
7.117
•6.0
37.J
•1.6
•2 . 9
39.4
J5.9
)4.9
•6.6
52.0
•6.1
•2. 5
,0.1
40.9
45 . 6
39,3
41.6
)4.8
52.1
•6.0
•0.3
46.0
JS. •
25.8
ZJ.2
39.8
33.2
29.2
25.5
32.0
27.8
JI. 7
2• .2
1).814
J l.4
37.6
27 .1
41.9
J7. 7
36.2
28. 7
40 .0
32.4
)4. 2
30. 4
31.2
ZJ.1
41. 3
33 . 2
32.9
24 .1
34 .2
27 .4
31.3
23.5
151,262
Median
Agr,cul tu re
liilEOIAH
2, 022
116
507
13,042
5,705
2. 761
261
775
21 ,175
530
J8.6
28.0
• 3.0
38 . 9
35.6
)4.4
42.4
35, 7
;37.9
29.8
JO AHO
OYER
U.4
35.7
38.9
28.6
26,702
35.9
36 . 6
'
)8.9
J8,J
36.0
29 . 3
41.7
32.5
)4. 7
30.6
4,998
39.l
•2.
'
'
45.2
44.7
40.3
1,JSO
46.0
51. l
'
I
u.3
)9. 9
40.2
37.5
50.3
46.3
48.9
46.8
'
)8.6
4). 7
)4.9
37.9
36.5
'
I
In general, the handicap of age appears to be the greatest
in the re-employment of unskilled workers, and the next greatest in the re-employment of semiskilled workers. In the skilled
mechanical occupations, age is a less serious obstacle to securing a new job. These points may be illustrated in the comparison of the rates of increase in median age by duration of
unemployment for the building trade occupations identified in
this study. The average age of laborers in building and construction, for example, rises much more rapidly with increased
duration of unemployment than that of skilled workers in this
industry. The average age of brick and stone masons, tinsmi tbs
and coppersmiths, and plasterers and cement finishers, for example, varies less than 2 years whether the workers have been
unemployed under 1 year, or over 5 or 10 years. The average
age of other skilled l!IC,rkers such as carpenters, electricians,
painters, paper hangers, plumbers, roofers and slaters, and
structural iron workers rises 3 to 11 rears as duration of unemployment increases from 1 to 10 years or more. The average
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DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT
93
age of laborers, on the other hand, increases over 13 7ears in
a 10-year span of du rat ion of unemployment and 19 years when
unemployment lasts over 10 years. Age, therefore, appears to
be 1i ttle or no handicap in employment in many of the skilled
occupations in the building industry although it is a more
serious handicap for building laborers.
Another illustration of the relative rapidity with which
age becomes a handicap as duration of unemployment increases is
found in the occupations in iron and steel mills identified in
this study. ~t will be recalled that workers from iron and
steel mills reported the highest average of any industr7 represented in this study for length of time out of work from a
non-relief job lasting one month or more.• In the skilled DCcupations in this industry, namely, blacksmiths, filers and
grinders, machinists and toolmakers, and moulders and casters,
the aver.see age rises fr011 two to seven years in a 10-Jear span
of increasing duration of unemployment. For semiskilled operatives and laborers who are among the youngest workers in iron
and steel mills, on the other hand, avera,e age increases a
year for each year of increased duration of unemployment with
a sharper increase in the first than in the second !5-year period. For those unemployed over 10 years the trends are less
consistent and the group less representative. The average age
of blacksmiths and operatives declines while the average age
of all other occupations rises to approximately equal levels.
There is evidence from the available data relating to workers in clerical and professional occupations that their average age rises very rapidly with increased duration of unemployment as compared with the rate of increase in all occupations.
In other words, the relative employability of white collar
workers is more seriously affected by age than is the employability of the average unemployed worker on relief and particularly than that of the average worker from the skilled mechanical occupations. Onl7 a small proportion of all workers on
relief, however, came from the skilled or clerical and professional occupations. The vast majority of unemployed workers
in the Urban Relief Su"ey were formerly employed in unskilled
and semiskilled types of work. It is of significance that age
is such an important factor in the relative employability of
persons in these occupations.
For the vast majority of unemployed workers on urban relief
rolls in 193q, length of experience at the usual occupation,
years of schooling completed, and the possession of an alternate
4 In the tollo"lng cltlea, rroa 15 to 42 percent or tbe workers 1n tbe Urban
Reller SUne7 bad toner17 been engaged 1n the lron and steel industries:
lenosha, Detroit, Rockford, Roell'. Island, Reading, Sag1na", P1ttaburgb,
Wheeling, and CleYeland (1n order or decreulnc percentages).
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
occupation bear a definite relationship to the length of ti11e
they had been out of work. These relationships were less consistent ior persons over q5 years of age, for whom age alone
is probably the most important handicap in securing employment.
These relationships were usually more consistent for the IIIOdal
age groups than for other age groups, and in some instances
were more consistent for one race or sex than another. Experience at the usual occupation appears to be a 1110dif7ing factor
in length of unemployment for all types of occupations, but
the relationship is less consistent for skilled workers than
for the other groups. The possession of an alternate occupation appears to be fairly important for all types of workers
except those in semiskilled occupations. Schooling is significant for all types of occupations except those of a proprietary character, although the relationship is not as marked as
might be anticipated. In the following analysis, these relationships have been studied for each sex, race, age group, and
socio-economic class of occupation in order to re110ve the influence of these four variable factors. 6
Experience as a Factor In Duration of
Une■p1oyNnt
In the skilled occupations, experience is not as definitely
related to duration or unemployment as it is in the semiskilled
and unskilled occupations in which men are employed (Appendix
C, Table 29), It is also less significant for the skilled occupations than for clerical and professional occupations. This
relationship varies to some extent for different race, sex, and
age groups within an occupational class. In the skilled occupations, for example, length of experience does not decline consistently with increasing duration of unemployment in any age
group for white men and actually increases with the first three
years of unemployment in the two modal age groups (3Hq), For
Negro men, on the other hand, the decline in length of experience is consistent in the modal age group (3!,-QLi), although less
consistent in other age groups.
It is possible that the unemployed workers in the skilled
occupations come from obsolescent types of occupations in which
experience at the usual occupation as a factor in duration of
unemployment has been overshadowed by other and more general
economic influences. It is more probable that the technical
problem of measuring length of experience in the building industry occupations had some influence on this factor for all
5.rhe rtnd1nga concerning these relat1onsh1pe ror the Urban Reuer SUrn7 u
a whole are adapted from a special analys1 s made b7 Dr, Paul Lasarafelc1 of
the Untvers1tyor Newark. 1n hls study, all or the pre-depre111on uneap101ed "ere co ■blned anCI persons or •other• races were excluded. TIies• f1Dd1ng11
appl7 to approx1aately 168,000 workers. Deta1lec1 c1ata on Dr. i.asarafeld•a
•ethods are available 1n the r11es or the D1v1ston or 8oc1al Re11earcb,
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DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT
95
skilled workers. OYer half of all the skilled workers in the
Urban Relief Su"e:, come fr011 the bnilding industr:, which is
highly seasonal in character and one in which total occupational
experience is likel:, to have been spaslllOdic rather than sequential. When two of the latl'est gronps of workers in this industr:,, carpenters and painters, accounting for 30 percent of all
skilled workers in the stud:,, are separately analyzed, duration
of uneaployment shows a consistent relationship to length of
experience for persons in the IIIOdal age groups and for all others
above 3, :,ears of age. This would indicate that if further
data were available or if a special studJ could be lllade of each
occupation separatel:,, one might find a ■ore consistent relat ionsbip between length of experience a11d tenet h of t iae out of
wort in the skilled occupations than is obtained in the present
ualpia.
In the se■ istilled occupations, experience declines with
increased duration of unemployment in all qe groups up to &f!)
for white workers of both sexes and for Neero women bot not for
Negro men. One mieht interpret this to mean that experience is
a highlJ important factor in securing employment for all se■i
stilled workers except Negro men, particularly in the age eroups
ander "'· Seaistilled workers over q' years of aee would probablJ find aee a ■ore iaportant bar to re-employment opportuni tJ
thu lack of experience as such.
In the 11Dstilled occupations, the relationship of experience
to duration of uneaploJaent ia not consistent in all race, sex,
and age groups. For Negro and white men under &f!) fears of aee,
the decline of experience with increased duration of une■plo:,~
■eat is fairl7 regular.
For w011en in unskilled occupations,
the decline is less consistent. This may be accounted for bJ
the fact that in certain types of occupations such as domestic
se"ice or hotel and restaurant emploJ111ent, experience is less
iaporiut than aee as an eaployaent characteristic for women.
In clerical and professional occupations, experie1Jce declines
with increased duration of ueaployment in all age eroups for
■en but the decline is less pronounced until after two Jea,·s
of uneaplo,aent have ensued. The relationship in these occupations is less consistent for woaen than for ■en. In the proprietarJ occupations, on the other hand, there appears to be
no consistent relationship between experience and duration of
aneaplo1■ent.
The relationship of :,ears of experience at tbe usual occupation to duration of uneaplo1■ent is very important to anal7ze,
particularl7 for workers on urban relief rolls who are a relativel7 experienced eroup of persons. Becanse experience seem
to have a consistent relationship to duration of unemploJaeat
onl7 in certain t:,pes of occupations or for certain age, sex,
and race groups, another test of the relationship was ude.
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
This re lat ions hip was studied for the 10 occupations in which
the largest number of persons in the Urban Relief Survey had
formerly been employed. Workers in each of these occupations
were tahulated separately for each age group, and, in the case
of servants, for sex and race (Appendix C, Table 30).
All
types of occupations are represented in this group of 10 except
those of a professional and proprietary character.
In the modal age groups of 7 of the 10 occupations, experience declines fairly consistently with increased duration
of unemployment. These occupations are carpenters, painters,
coal mine operatives, iron and steel operatives, chauffeurs
and truck and tractor drivers, laborers, and servants. In one
of the largest of these occupations, namely, that of laborers,
experience declines with increased duration of unemployment in
most age groups. For carpenters and painters, experience declines more consistently for the age groups above 35 years of
age. Among servants, the relationship of experience to duration of unemployment is more consistent for men than for women
and still more consistent for Negro women than for white women.
For Negro women, who constitute the majority of all servants
in this survey, the relationship studied is consistent for all
age groups up to q5 but less so above q5. Obviously, other
factors, particularly age, militate against the employment of
servants above age q5, Thus, for workers in the largest age
groups of 7 of the 10 largest occupations, and in some occupations for all age groups, length of experience at the usual
occupation shows a consistent relationship to duration of unemployment.
In the other three occupations, those of general office
clerks, salesmen and saleswomen, and clot bing factory operatives, the relationship between years of experience and duration of unemployment is not consistent. Obviously, a factor
other than experience has been an important element in determining the average length of time out of work for unemployed
persons in these occupations. In all three occupations, the
majority of the workers studied are under 35 years of age, and
this fact may have influenced the effect of experience. Some
factor not capable of statistical measurement, such as personality, may have been of more influence than age or experience.
This may be particularly true for salespeople, but in the
case of clothing operatives such an explanation does not appear
logical. For semiskilled workers in general, experience at the
usual occupation declines regularly with increased duration of
unemployment. But in this instance, experience appears to increase with length of time out of a job in all age groups up
to a 3- or q-year period of unemployment. It is possible that
timing of large lay-offs of experienced workers in the clothing
industries in relation to the date of the study accounts for
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DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT
this apparent inverse relationship.
To test further the general findings with regard to the relationship of experience to duration of unemplo,Y111ent, the length
of time on the longest job with one employer was c0111pared with
duration of unemployment for the workers in the Urban Relief
Su"ey as a 1'hole, and for those in the 10 largest occupations.
The results of this analysis were largely negative and no data
are presented. These relationships were less consistent than
the relationships of experience at the usual occupation to
duration of unemployment. Although workers OD. relief represented
in this study probably have as long experience with one employer,
on the average, as other workers in the same types of occupations, this factor has been of less importance than others
either with respect to the date of the loss of the last job at
the usual occupation or the possibility of securing another
job during the depression.
Ion of an Alternate Occupat Ion
In Dwatlon of Une ■ploy•nt
P011111
H
a Factor
An alternate occupation was reported by 75 percent of the
total eainful workers in this study, although the proportion
of men who had an alternate occupation was considerably higher
than the proportion of women. In general, the possession of
an alternate occupation increased the chances of employment
for a worker oa urban relief rolls in Hay 193q (Appendix C,
Table 31). This was more important for white 1111le workers than
fo~ any other eroup. The relationship between duration of unemplo~nt and the ratio of workers with an alternate occupation to those without one is most consistent for white male
workers in skilled, unskilled, and professional occupations,
for white women in clerical occupations, and for Negro women
in unskilled occupations.
Although an alternate occupation
was reported by a majority of semiskilled workers, it bas, if
anything, an inverse relationship to their chances of employment. This is probably because the workers wbo reported an
alternate occupation were older than those without one, on the
11.veraee, and age is a more important handicap in eaployment
opportunity of workers in semiskilled occupations than in soae
other t7Pes of eaplo)'llent.
School Ing as a Factor In O.rat Ion of
Une■ploy•nt
Schooling bears some relationship to the duration of uneaployment of workers on urban relief rolls for those formerly
employed in skilled, semiskilled, clerical, and professional
occupations (Appendix C, Table 32). This relationship is aore
consistent for white than for Negro workers and 11ore consistent
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URBAN WORKERS ON RBLIEF
for some sex or age groups than for others, as ■ight be expected
from tne sex, race, and age differences in opportunitJ for
schooling. The average rears of schooling coapleted declines
with duration of unemployaent for white ■en of all aee eroups
in the skilled occupations. This relationship is not consistent for skilled workers who are Nee-roes. In the semiskilled
occupations for all workers whether ale or feale, white or
Negro, the relationship is consistent in the IIOdal age groups
but it is less so for other aee groups, particularly those
above q5 years.
In clerical and professional occupations,
where one might expect schooling to bear a urted relationship
to duration of unemplo)'llent, the relationship is not so marked
as in other types of occupations. Years of schooline decreases
slightly with increased duration of unemployment for professional workers and for white ale clerical workers in the aodal
age groups under 35. The relationship is less consistent for
women clerical workers. Perhaps the fact that all workers in
these occupations have a relatively high degree of education
conceals the relationship to duration of unemployment as ■ea.s
ured by an insensitive average like the median. For workers
formerly employed in the proprietary occupations, the relationship between schooling and duration of unemployment is not consistent. The same is true for workers from unskilled occupations except for white ■en in the age groups 16 throueh 2q and
55 throtrgh 6ti where a slight decline in schooling is related
to an increase in duration of unemployaent.
Since the average years of schooling is not a highlJ sensitive measure of educational background, these findings were
further tested by a comparison of the lower quartile with duration of unemployment. This measure isolated the group of workers with the least amount of schooling not including those reporting no formal schooling at all. The findines fr011 this
analysis substantiate the conclusions just outlined, although
there is a higher degree of relationship between.schooline and
duration of unemployment, particularly amone white men fro■
unskilled occupations, when the lower quartile rather than the
median Jears of schooline is used.
Relatlonshlp Between Lenoth of Tl• Since Last Job
At Usual Occupation and Last Non-Relief Job
An analysis of the relation of duration of unemployaent
from the last job at the usual occupation to the length of time
out of wort frOIII any non-relief job lastine over one 1100th presents interesting evidence with regard to the abilitJ of unemployed workers to pick up •oc1d jobs• during a depression (Appendix C, Table 33). In this analysis, it is assumed that the
closer the average duration since the last job at the usual
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DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT
occupation is to the mid-point of each intenal of duration of
unemployment since the last non-relief job, the more probable
it is that the two jobs were the same. For all race and sex
groups in all types of occupations except clerical, there is
a consistent decline in the span of time between loss of last
job at the usual occupation and loss of any job as duration
of unemployment increases. In other words, workers who lost
the last jobs at their usual occupation one or two years before this study was made, secured other jobs more readily than
workers who lost their last jobs at the usual occupation three
or more 7ears prior to 193"· It may be noted that unskilled
workers appear to have a more difficult time in securing odd
jobs than seaiskilled or skilled workers. Since the groups
unemployed for shorter periods lost their jobs in 1932 and 1933
when unemployment was at its height, it is probable that the
relationship outlined is the result of duration of unemployment
alone rather than the result of the timing of loss of job during depression.• The findings of this anal7sis ■ a, be summarized
in the statement that persons who have been out of work a long
time are as handicapped in picking op "odd jobs• as in securina emplo711ent in their customary occupations, or to pot it
another W&J, the influences which handicap a worker in securing
re-eaploy■ent in his usual occupation also affect his chances
of securina other emploraent.
THB EMPLOYABILITY OF WORKERS ON RELIEF AND THE
POLICIES OF A WORI RELIEF PROGRAM
It is evident that a residual group of the long-time unemployed are found on public relief rolls. The size of this
group for the coDDtrJ as a whole is not known al though it is
recognized. that the nu■bers var7 considerabl7 in different
co•unities. The occupational characteristics of this group
in the Urban Relief Su"ey have been described, and the relationship of these characteristics to the length of time such
workers have been uneaployed has been analyzed.
Grantha that duration of unemployment is only a rough ■eas
ure of the C!!lll)loyability of workers on relief, there is no
doubt that the long-time unemployed on relief have relatively
little chance of beina quietly re-absorbed into their customary
occupations in private emplo111ent under present conditions in
the labor ■ arket. Nor do they stand ■uch chance of securing '
8 1t uoald lie noted tllat the lll&h correlation llet ...ll arauoa or uap107-
ua, rroa the lut aon-r-Ulef Joli ud troa the 1ut Joli at th• anal occupation ■ q lie affected 111 the ■atbnat1ca1 u111■pt1on or a aor■al dlatrlbatlOD Wlthlll HCh lllte"al Of daratlOD troa thl lut llOD-rtllef Job.
It ■q also lie affected 111 the fact that all Odd Job HCUred flYI 1ear1 &&O
■ llht Ill r,oallld u
or lhort,r duratlOD thall on• ••cured llZ ■ODthl aso.
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URBAN WORKERS ON RBLIBF
other types of jobs readily. Those who have a better educational background or a longer experience at their customary
occupations are in a relatively better position with regard to
re-employment opportunity than others. The possession of an
al tern ate occupation has been shown to be of definite re-employmen t value to many of the unemployed workers on urban relief rolls. All of these qualifications, however, are of more
value to younger than to older workers, and age is perhaps the
most important factor in re-employment opportunity. There is
reason to believe that in a highly selective labor market such
as bas prevailed during the depression, or at all times in certain occupations, intangible qualifications are more important
than objective factors in securing employment. Such qualities,
for example, as personality and physical appearance, have not
been analyzed in this report and these undoubtedly influence
the chances of employment of a given group of unemployed workers on relief applying for 1110rk in certain occupations.
It follows that a wrk relief program which emphasizes giving unemployed workers on relief 110re experience at their customary occupations, or offering an opportunity to learn an alternate occupation and to secure a better general educational
background, will help to reduce the size of the residual group
of long-time unemployed now on public relief rolls in many urban areas. Such a program will prove of more value to persons
under than over q~ years of age. Any progr• which improves
job-hunting facilities in local cotlllllunities by expaasion of
the placement senices of public employment exchanges and by
promotion of research in vocational opportunities and experimentation in vocational guidance and rehabilitation, will indirectly help to reduce the length of time out of work for the
average worker on urban relief rolls. For those unemployed
from obsolescent occupations or fro111 isolated and specialized
industrial centers where there has. been a steadily declining
employment opportunity for years, a more specialized program
is necessary. The same is true for those too old to be readily
re-absorbed into private employment but not old enough to qualify for old age pensions. These constitute a group of "stranded"
workers for whom a more fnndamen tal program of economic rehabilitation is necessary if they are not to constitute a permanent
unemployment problem.
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APPENDIX A
COPY OF SCHEDULE
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P..&.ILA.. l'orm 0118--4.1
FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION
HARRY L HOPKINS, Adminl.trator
DIVISION 01' RESEARCH AND STATISTICS
CORRINGTON GILL, 01,..tor
SURVEY OF OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
PERSONS RECEIVING RELIEF
NAME AND ADDRESS OF AGENCY
•
County _________ _
Village, town, or city _____________
_
FAMILY RECORD
w-nuniba)
(Pini - - (ol z..i)}
LA..,_=,----------
-
- - - - - ~ (l>Mlofluc...rj-
103
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lOLI
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
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•
APPENDIX B
DEFINITIONS AND OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS
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Appendix B
MAJOR TERMS ON THE SCHEDULE OF
TBB URBAN RELIEF SURVEY
DEFINITIONS OF
The following definitions hclnde only those items of the
schedule which haTe been used in this report. 1 Eachdefinition
is li ■ited to the essential meaning of the term and does not
atteapt to cover all details in the instructions to enumerators
for filling the schedules. Other terms used in the report but
not specifically related to the schedule are defined on pages
111-112.
Yu recorded in years for last birthday preceding the
first day of the month studied. Thus, a person who beca111e 16
years of age on or after May .1 was returned as 1!5 in the surTey ( Column 3).
Aie.
Alternate Occupatton.
See Occupatton.
Color or Race.
Was reported in three groups: white, Negro,
and other races. A person known to have any Negro blood was
returned as Negro; a person of mixed Indian and Negro blood was
returned as Negro unless Indian blood predominated and the status of Indian was generally accepted in the co111111unity. Everyone. who was not definitely white or Negro was reported as other.
Mexicans were classified as other unless they were unquestionablJ white (Column !5).
Dtsabtzttv. Any serious ph,sicalor mental disability which
was apparent to the inte"iewer or which •the person inte"iewed
reported on being questioned and wbich might be a handicap to
a worker•• was entered for all persons 16 Jears of age and over,
whet her working or seeking wort or not seeking wort. If a person had 110re than one disabllitJ, only the principal one was
elftered (Colun 26).
fro■ two dates: the date
on which a worker's last non-relief job of four weeks or more
ended, and the date on which his last job of four weeks or more
Duratton of OneaplolfllSnt. Was measured
1ror 1r1at1r detail than btrt &IYU and tor addltloaal l t t • oa tilt 1cbedul1
••• 1111" and 8uppltMata 1. 1. &ad a.
107
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
108
at his usual occupation ended. Last job at usual occupation
may have been a work relief job or any job provided as an emergency unemployment measure. The length of the period was measured by counting back from May by calendar months, May being
the first month of unemployment.
Earnings of employed workers included all cash or
non-cash income received during tbe calendar week of last relief within the month studied. If persons were employed at own
account, their earnings were classified as not ascertainable.
Earnings in form of room and/or board were estimated by local
supen-isors and were uniform within each locality. Strikers
were reported as employed but with no earnings and no hours
worked (Column 1q).
larntnts.
Was reported for all persons 16 years of age and
over in total numbers of years completed in school. A person
in the second year of college would have been returned as having 13 years of schooling: eight years grammar school, four
years high school, and one year college (Columns 9-10).
lducat ton.
Was recorded as of the week of the last relief order in May 193q for all persons 16 years of age or over.
For those not working or seeking work, the reason for not doing
so was entered. All other persons 16 years of age or over were
considered workers. Both experienced and inexperienced persons
were included in the general classification of 1,JQrkers (Columns 11-2,). An une•ployed worker was any person 16 years of
age or over who was not engaged in private employment, but who
was seeking work. A person on work relief was considered unemployed (Columns 16-18). An e•ployed worker was any worker who
held a job in private employment during the last week in which
relief was given in May 193q. Persons receiving only room
and/or board, apprentices receiving no wages,workers on strike,
and persons working "on own account" were considered employed
(Columns 11-13).
laplov,.ent Status.
laployed ¥orkers.
See lmplo/114ent Status.
Represented the number of years
experience a person estimated he had had at his usual occupation. The experience may have been had in several industries
with any number of employers. Brief temporary layoffs were not
deducted in estimating number of years experience (Column 21).
lxpertence at Usual Occupat ton.
1'aatly.
See Rellef laid ly.
Head. of 1'aatly.
See Reltef 1'amtly.
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DIFINITIONS AND OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS
.,_.1,
amt.. of Pa,.
hp bJ tlie
■aber
of
109
Vere obtaiaed bJ dbidiq ue week's earn~
lfOl'bd
d■riq
tile week •
..,._ IO'llld. llous worbd bJ eaplo,ed lfOl"lers i ■chded lloars
act-.U. 11Urted d•ri• tlie cale■dar wet la nicll tile last relief as 1he■ i■ 1117 19'11. brslfOl'ted •re e ■tered for persoaa wadi• aa •ma accout• (Col- 15).
,.,..tr,.
las reported as t•t hd■stl'J la nicll tile worler
m e•-,ed for t•e loacest tiae at Ills ••1 occapatlo■• If
a persoa lad ■eftr lfOl'bd except at wort relief tlle hdastl'J la
wHcll lie ns eq-,ed o■ a project ns Ills as■al hdastrJ; 110rt
o■ tile Cbilia■ Co■seffatio■ Corps, for e:u.aple, ns classified
as •PonstrJ.•
l,onlNt t'lal wUh One lapl011er. T■chded the aadm allllber of
1ears a perso■ ns co■ti ■■oasl1 eaplo1ed bf o■e eaplo,er. Brief
teaporar1 laJ-offs or cllaqes la occupation while with one eaplo,er were ■ot re1arded as laterraptions of contlaaous emplo1ae■t (Col- 23).
larttal Status. Vas reported iD fbe 1roups: sin1le, •rried,
vidClllfed, separated, a■d diYorced.
OccupaUon: ~lternate occapatio■ ns defined as a■J other tit&■
tbe a • l occapatioa of a worler la wHch he bad school traiaiq or ia nicll Ile llad ezperieace, or botll. lxperie ■ce obtaiaed
at 110rt relief ns iacladed here if tile perso■ co■sldered tills
as bis alteraate occapatioa (Cola• 2'J). Usual or prtnctpal
occapatio■ ns e■tered for all persoas 16 ,ears of age aad OYer
a■d m defiaed as tllat occ■patioa vllicll a person considered
to be Ills usual occapatioa or tllat at which be worled loqest,
or at nicb Ile vorled last. Oecapatioa aeant HJ Job for which
a perso■ recebed 110ae1 or 110ae1 eqaiYaleat, or assisted iD the
prodactioa of aarketable 1oods, iacladi■1 ille1al p■rsaits and
excl■diq -■paid boasewort. If a perso■ had worked at all at
aa1 occapatio■, aa occupation ns entered. If a person had
aeYer worked except at wort relief or a ■1 other trpe of eaer1eac1 eaplo,-eat, the occapatio■ iD whicll he had been ea,a1ed
oa a project ns bis usual occupation (Colou 19).
Race. See Color
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
Rel tef Case or Household.. Consisted of a group of related or
unrelated persons who lived together and received unemployment
relief as one unit and were considered one case by agency giving them relief. The head of the household was the person whom
the household regarded as the head, usually the economic head
(Column 2).
Rel tef fa11tly. Consisted of husband, wife, and their unmarried
children, or of either parent with unniarried children. Tvo or
more families may have been included in a relief household.
The head of family was the person whom the family regarded as
the head, usually the economic head (Column 2).
Schooltnt.
Sex.
See ld.ucatton.
(Column 4).
Unemployed. Worker.
Usual Occupatton.
Worker.
See l•ploy•ent Status.
See Occupatton.
See l«ployment Status.
Work Relief. Was noted in conjunction with the present occupation and industry, and included any kind of emergency employment such as Civilian Conservation Corps or Civil Works Administration, unless the person was on the administrative staff.
A person employed at work relief was considered to be seeking
work. A person's alternate occupation, or bis last job at his
usual occupation, may have been work relief (Columns 11-13).
DEFINITIONS AND CLASSIFICATIONS USED IN THE CENSUS
AND RELIEF DATA
Comparisons are frequently ma.de in this report between Census data and data collected by the Urban Relief Survey. Li■ i
tations are inherent in all of these comparisons. In the first
place, various factors have affected the c011position of the
general population so that age and occupation characteristics,
for example, as they existed in 1930 no longer obtained inl93'4,
Furthermore, in some instances the Bureau of the Census has not
published figures for the urban United States as distinct from
the general population. In spite of the existence of urbanrural differentials which are concealed in the figures for the
general population, a few comp~risons between the urban relief
population and the general population have been made in the belief that even inadequate comparisons are better than none at
all. Host of the comparisons, however, are for urban areas.
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DEFINITIONS AND OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS
111
Differences in definition also ~omplic.11te the prob lent of co111parison between the Urbu Relief Survey and Census data. The
ntost important of the Census-Relief Survey comparisons and the
differences in the two sets of data are the following:
The definition of race of head of household was identical
in the Census of Population and the Urban Relief SurTeJ. •Other
races• were c011bined with Negroes in both sets of data for this
report (data on race are aTailable for the urban population
in 1930t.
The definition of household in the Relief Sut'Tef was si ■i
la.r to the defim. tion of faatl11 in the Census of Population.
In the tables for size of fuily, howeTer, the Census uses a
stricter definition, excluding the unrelated persons who are
included in the household by the Relief Suney. Although a
non-faatl11 person is defined slightly differently in the two
sets of data, the comparisons are probably valid for the general purposes for which they are 111ade (data on size of fami ly are available for the urban populationl.
larttal Status was similarly recorded in the Census of Popul&tion and in the Relief Survey except for those persons who
were separated. They are included with married persons in the
Census and consequently were so treated for comparative purposes in this study, although they hlld originally been recorded
as a specific group Ida.ta on Mllrital status are avai111ble for
the urban population in 19301.
ilorkers in the Relief Suney were defined as persons 16-64
years of age working or seeking work, including those who had
never worked.
This definition differs from that of fatnful
wrkers in the Census of Population in that the latter includes
persons 10 years of 11ge and over who have worked regularly,
whether employed or une111ployed 011 the day of enumeration. No
&djustment for age has been •ade in most of the co111parisons between Cen!';us and relief data beclluse exactly comparable data
are not available. In all occupation and industry tables in
this report, footnotes explain the limitations of the c0111parisons Made.
Occupatton and tndustr11 data in the Relief Survey are identical with Census data in respect to coding and classification
of entries on schedules, but in other respects the data are not
identical. The definitions of present occupation and industry
were the sa111e for both sets of data. For unemployed persons,
the Census of Population records the occupation and industry
of the last regular job; the Urban Relief Suney records the
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112
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
occupation and industry of the last usual or principal occupation. In cases of doubt, the Urban Relief Su"ey recorded what
the worker considered his custoury occupation. Both the Census
and the Relief Survey excludes inexperienced persons seeking
work from all occupation and industry data.
Codtnl and classtftcatton of occupatton and tndustrv returns
in the Relief Su"ey followed the practices of the Census of
Population of 1930. Workers whose occupation was unknown were
classified, according to Census procedure, with se■iskilled
operatives in "not specified industries." The most detailed
occupattonal classtftcatton used in this report is the 213 ite■
stub which is presented in the Censua for all cities of 2,,000
to 100,000 population.
The 213 occupational stub was used for all data on unemployed
workers in Chapter II of Part I of this report; in ■ost tables
the complete stub is presented but occasionally it is reduced
by 0111itt ini occupations in which fewer than
!lforters reported their length of experience, duration of uneaplo1■ent,or
other informatioo. In certain tables in Part I, oll17 the 10
occupational groups are presented.
,o
Various tables in this report use six socio-econ011ic classes,•
na111ely: professional, proprietary, clerical, stilled, se11iskilled, and unskilled workers. In certaia tables the professional, proprietar~ and clerical workers are colllbined into oae
group, called "white collar" workers. In other tables, preseat
occupations of employed workers are shown ia soae detail under
the main socio-econ011ic groups. Minor adaptations of the original socio-economic classification have beea llade here.
Industry tables show the stub of !>3 industries used by the
Census in its su111111ary for the urban United States. In certain
tables only the main industrial groups are presented.
Comparisons are made at various tiaes in this report between
data in the Relief Survey and the Census Saapztn, area.
Ia
each instance the Census sampling area is derh'ed by applyiag
the sampling ratio used in this survey in each city to the
Census data for industry or occupation in that city; the sua.
of these adjusted city figures constitute the Census saapliag
area for industry or occupation as the case uy be.
8,,11.1a 1roup1a1 or occupaUona bJ aoclo-econo■lc clua wu dtnlopad 117
Dr. Alba 11. ldwarda or the lareau or tile Cenaaa. Jaw•i
Ue
,U•UsUccal ,uoc'4UOA, Dece■ber 11aa, pp. 8'7'7-817.
o/
,.r,c••
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DEFINITIONS AND OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS
113
In the comparison of Relief Survey d/\ta and Census d1tta on
socio-economic class of workers in each industry, the Census
data were derived by combining occupations shown in Table 2,
Chapter 7, Volume V, which gives the detailed occupational
breakdown within ea~h industry. (This table is for the general
population rather than for the urban population.)
In the city tables in P1trt II, the stub of 213 items has
been condensed to 118 items for brevity. The origin/\l tabul/\tion, however, was by the 213 stub. Occupations in which no
workers were reported in a given city are omitted for that city.
(C.omparable Census data are available for cities of 25,000 and
onr.)
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APPENDIX
C
DETAILED TABLES OF URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE
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APPENDIX C
117
Table I-CASES IN UR8AH IIELIEF SAMPl.£ MAY 193-4 BY NIM!ER ()' PER5CIIS
ANO N\l,IBlR Of IIORKERS
-- ---- -- ----
----TOTAL CASES
..-ER OF PER50NS PEA CASE
....,.
•o
Total cases report i r.g•
1 person
2 persons
3 persons
NLlilBER
PERCENT
199,035
100.0
9.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
~-~91
31,9~
100.0
,2,4!i0
100.0
25.6
15.0
4. 9
J,l
)I, 226
31. 113
4 persons
5 persons
6 persons
7 persons
8 oersons
15,005
100.0
9. 3641100.0
5,6!ll
100.0
3,256
100.0
9 persons
10 persons and ,,,~,.
'!._·!!_7_
•lscl.._• 1,,st ic•M• •ii'- n.-.r ; ; ~ ; ; ; - ;
..,,,0111
~~-0
--~----
PfRCENT OF CASES •1TH:
I
'C>RIC.ER
4 IIIOQ,<ERS
WQAl(ERS
WOR"ERS
OR ..:>RE
2,.9
7.0
J.J
2.5
51.2
58.9
56.9
5J.6
n.8
31. 2
28.2
25.8
5.0
10.3
13 .0
1.5
5.1
2.3
I. 7
2.0
1.2
0.9
49.5
44.9
40. 7
35.0
24 .9
25.0
24 .6
l4. 5
,4 .o
22.2
14 ,3
16.1
17.6
20. 7
22.8
8.9
12. 7
15.2
19.1
29. 2
57 .5
74 .4
""'"'citiN.
Table 2-AGI: Of MJRl([RS IN TH[ URBAN RELIEF SAMPU WAY lg-j4 BY OIP\.OY"1£NT STATUS
AHO AG[ Of GAINFUL illOIIKE<?S IN THE G[NlSAL FIJRJLAT IQ!( !\/'JU
[WPLOT£0 Al
TOT Al
11()AMfAS
Tot.111 .,,..~ers ,.,-porting:
Nt,~r
~rcent
16-24 Y,-JJirs
t!'r.W Year-s
35-44 YeJJirs
•~5-4 Years
55-.;;4 Years
.,., ....... ~.~~ ~ ,,.,~.41 .,: ••~. ;.,----;,
,.,.,IHlo"
NON-IULIH
"°""
276.<J4J
100.0
40,2'7
26.9
LJ. 2
22.9
17.rl
9.,
J0.J
2.J.5
,L .2
100.0
Wo1. 111. p. IO.
lb. 5
7 .5
UNE:WPLoYFD
*I TM
EXPERIENCE
0:PE.Ml[flllCf
215,bYU
100.0
20. l:J6
100.0
45,913.404
100.0
20.5
81.8
4 .8
3.1
2 .b
1.1
24. 3
24. 9
24.8
19. 5
10.3
Wt THOVT
-1-----
G11,r1ful •or1t•r1 1•-•• yt'US cf 1111••
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.t~.8
' ' .9
17
.0
10.U
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
118
Table )-USUAL OCCUPATION OF UNEMPLOYEO WORKERS BY RACE AND SEX,
URBAN RELi[< SAMPLE IIAY
- - - - - ~ --c===:
11134
=======---- ==--=---::===========
USUAL OCCUl'ATIOII
Total workers report in1:•
NuMJer-
Percent
Aqr icul ture
Far.ners l011ners and tenants}
Farm 111anager5 and forenen
121,0l5
100.0
33,916
100,0
28,1114
4.4
o.e
6.4
1,4
0.1
2.9
Farm laborers
F 1shing and forestry
Fishenren ard oysterit1en
Foresters, forest rangen, and t illlber cruiMn
0.ners and rrenngers of 1og and t ifflber Ca,llplll
L!Alben~n. rafbnen, and •oodchoppen
Extraction of minerals
Operators, "9n!lgers, and officials
Forenen, overseer5,, and inspectors
Coal mine operatives
Other operatives in e•lract ion of "'inerals
Manufacturing ard ff'l9Chanical industdes
Apprentice5 to building and tiand tradfl!S
O.•
0.2
0,5
0.2
•
•
6.3
•
0.1
3,2
2.9
50.9
0,1
0.1
0.6
0.5
Brick and stone 1Msons ard tile layers
Bui Ide rs and bui Id ing contractors
Cabi~trrekers
Car-penters
Compositors, I inotypers, and typesetters
DressFl'll.kers and seamstresses (not in factor-yl
Dyers
E:lectr ic ians
0.1
1.1
fngravers
Filers, gr inden., buffers, and polishers (~tal I
Firemen (except 1ocorot ive and fire departnent)
For~n and overseers (rrenufacturingJ
•
•
1.2
•
0.5
o.B
0.6
FurMcemen, .snel tennen. heaters, puddlers, etc.
Glassblc:.ers
Je,,elers, *ll.tchnelicers, goldsmiths, and s i I wersmi ths
Loom fixers
Machinists, mill.rights, ..,,nd toolmeikers
0.3
lit\Mgers and officials (mainufacturing)
0.2
0,2
Manufacturers
te-cturin ica (n. o. s.
I
Millers !grain, flour, feed, etc.)
Milliners and millinery dealers
Moulders, foutners. and casters (rretlt,l)
O, lers of "'9chinery
hinter1, gla.1.iers, -1arn1shers. enanelers, etc.
Paper hangers
Pattern and natel makers
•
0.1
2. 1
2. 7
•
0. 7
0.1
4.1
0.1
0.1
•
Piano and organ tuners
Plasterers aind celTl!!nt fin is hers
PllJ'Jlbcrs and ges a.nd steam fitters
Pressmen and plate printers (printing)
Rol 1ers and rol I hands l•ta I J
0.2
0.1
Roofers and s Inters
0.3
5,wyers
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
Shoert11.kers and cobblers (not in factory)
Skilled occupations (n.e.c.J
Stonecutters
1.3
u
1.,
•
1.,
1.8
•
I.I
o. 7
40.9
•
0.1
••
0.3
0.3
9. 7
0.1
0,1
1.0
0.1
•
l. 7
4,3
0.1
Engineer-s lstation.1ry). cranenen. hoistffien, etc.
•
•
•
•
1.5
0.6
0,4
0.3
20,015
100.0
•
o.,
COOl)Ors
Electrotypers, stereotypers, ard I ithographers
•
5. 7
0.4
B,,kers
Boiler nekers
o. 7
0.9
A.pprentice5, e•cept to building and hand trades
81.scks.mi ths, forgenwm, and hanamrnen
•
•
0.5
100.0
0, I
O. 1
•
0.1
2.5
•
•
•
•
•
•
0.1
0.1
•
•
•
•
•
•
0,3
•
•
•
•
1. 7
o.,
o. 7
•
0.1
0.1
•
•
o.s
•
•
•
•
Digitized by
•
•
0.3
0.1
1.6
2.1
0.1
•
•
2.4
0.2
0.2
o. 2
0.2
0.1
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hb I e ) - USUAl OCC UPAT 10
URBU
R[l I H
119
OF UNE WP lOHO IIOO [RS IY RA CE UO
SA WPU IIA Y 19) • -co •I
EX.
l • ■ od
USUAL OCCI.Mt AT ION
W. nufactwr , ng and
ha n acal 1ndustr 1e $-< on t 1nued
St r uct ura l , ron .or ke r, (bu 1Id I
l.e i 10f'I
Tins,11 i tha and coc,pers,.i ths
0. 5
0.)
0.5
0. 2
J
Upholsterers
.
o. 2
•
•
0. 1
0.)
0.1
•
()perat ives In, o. • · f
0.)
& i ld i~ i.rdustry
Clwa i ca l and •' I ied i ndu1trie1
o.,
0 .1
0.)
0.5
0.)
Cl oth i "9 i r'dustr i n
0. 2
0. )
0. )
0. 9
2.5
0. 1
8.1
Food and 11 I ied indus tr i es
1. 1
5. 2
I.I
Ir on and stee l, • chinerr, and veh ic le industr it'&
Wet.al i ndustr ies, except i ron and ateel
LHth« i ndustr ies
~ r and furn i tw~ i ndustr i n
Paper, pr i nt ing , and a ll ied ind ustr ies
) .•
0. 1
0.7
0. 7
1. 2
2.1
0. )
0. 2
0. 7
0. 2
1.6
0.1
Ci tt,r and toba cc o factor ies
Clay , 9 \ us, and stone , no us trie1
'••t i l e inch,str ies
Cott on 11 i ll1
Kn i tt ti11 9 iw il ls
Si Ile 111 d ls
Te xtile d ye ing , fini s hing , and print i ng ,. il ls
lioo l en and • orsted Mills
Other t ext il e t1.ll s
' .6
0. 2
CheM ical ard al I i ed industri e s
Ci gar and tobac c o fa c tor ies
Clay , glass, and s t one industr i es
Clot h ing ifdustr ie a
o. 2
•
Food and allied ind us t r ies
Ir on and s tee l, 1111 ch,nery, al'l:J vehicle irtdustr i es
Me tal indu stries, e xcept iron •nd s teel
Lea ther i r-du, t r1 e s
Luff'Oer a nd furn, ture ind ustr ies
Paper, pr , nt,ng , al'l:J allied 1ndus tr 1es
Te.t i l e 1nd~tr1 n
Cotton 11t1 1\l s
111111s
m, I l s
Textile dyeing, f i n 1sh 1ng, ard orint i ~
• oolen a nd • orsted m, I ls
0. 5
0. 2
0.)
0.1
0.1
o. 2
•
Laborers In. o. s . I
Bu1 l ci1n9 , ge ne ra l , and not si:,Kif i ed laborers
K■ 1tt 1 ng
1.2
1.5
0. 5
2. 0
Wisce 11 aneous 119nuf ac tur i ng i ndustr in
No t 1pec1 f 1ed i ndustr i es and serv ices
Sil"
o. 7
mil l s
Mi s c el 1a ne OU$ n111nufac tur ing 1ndu.str 1es
Trans por t a tion aM c °"""n 1cat 1on
'lill t e r transportat ion fs.o. J
t fflen, canal men, and lock kee pers
1'19t e5, and p, lo ts
gshoremen and stevedores
1 I or s
and dee k hands
pta ,ns, "8S t e rs,
R011d and str ee t tra nsporta t ion ls . o.)
Bt.G c ond uctors
Chauffeurs and t rue.It and tractor drive r s
Or a yniien, t e &rrft t e rs, and carr ,age driver s
rage o. ners, "'1t na gers, and of fie , als
rage labo r e rs
tiers and stab l e h&nds
bore rs , truclt, tr11ns fer , a nd ca b c ~ n ies
bo rers. r CMd a nd s tree t
ners and ,rene ge rs , truclt, t ransfer, and cab c CJ'l!IOen ies
0.)
1.0
0. 2
0. 1
0. 7
0.1
I. 9
I.)
O. t
.• ...
o.•
10 . 2
0. )
•
o.,
•
•
•
•
•
•
0. 1
•
o. 7
0.1
0. 6
•
0. 7
2. 2
I. I
•
•
•
•
•
•
0 .1
0.8
0. 1
0. 1
•
•
0. 7
2. 2
20. 5
I. 7
0. 2
•
•
.•
7. 5
0. 7
•
0.8
0.1
0 . 1'
). 8
0 .1
~ ilrO!ld transport a tion ls .o. I
& gga9l!f"l!n and fre igh t agen t s
Digitized by
0 .1
0.1
0. 5
0.1
0. 2
I. 5
0. 1
0. 2
0. 1
•
•
•
0. 1
0. 9
0 .5
0. 2
•
..
0.2
) .)
•
•
•
0.)
6. )
o. 5
0. )
0. 1
0. 5
0. 9
.
•
.
.. •
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1.6
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0.2
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
120
Tab I e 3-USUAL OCCUPH ION
or
UN[IIPLOYED WORKERS BY RACE AND SH,
URBAN RELIEr SAMPLE IIAY 1934-Co•llnuod
USUAL OCCUPATION
1141 TE
NEGR> ANO OTHER
Transportation and cOf'l'l'Unication~ontinued
RailrO!ld transportation (s.o.J-continued
Ro,ler •as.hers and engine hostlers
Bralw.~n (steam railroad)
Conductors !steam r31ilroad)
Conductors {street railroad)
For~n and
laborl!rs
overseen
locOO"Ot ive .-ngine-ers
Loe omot i ve f i renen
Motor~n
Officials ard superintendents
Switchmen, fl"-91T'C", and yardrren
Ticket and '->lat ion agents
Express. post, radio, telegr4ph, a,-:t telephone ls.o.)
Aqents (exprt:"ss Cc,T'(),anies)
Express "'E'ssengers and railway 1111 i 1 c lerlcs
Mail carriers
~tffl'lsters
Rar:tio ~rators
Teleg,..aph and telephone 1 inernen
Telegraph ~ssengers
Telegraph operators
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.4
0. 2
0.1
0.1
0. I
I.I
3.3
0.1
0.2
o.,
0.2
0.2
.
o.,
0.2
•
•
•
0.1
0. I
•
'
0.2
0. 2
0.1
•
•
0. I
•
•
0.1
2.0
Telephone operntors
I
O. I
Other transport.st ion and cormunication pursuits
Apprentices
IN ia tors
Foremen a.rd oveneers In, o. s.)
Ins pee tors
L!horttrs (n. o.s.)
Proprietors, l'T\.1,'\ag~rs. and officials ln,o.s.)
Other occu~t ions
•
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
•
0.2
o.,
0.5
I
Trade
Advertising Agents
4pprentices, t1rholesale and retail tra.Je
Bankers, brokers, and ~ Y lenders
"Clerks• in stores
CCW'l"lerc ial tr.ivelers
Decorators, drapers, and •ind011r dr~sers
De 1 iverynen
F1 oor-.a I kers, foref"len, and overseer-5
Inspectors, gauoers. and sa~lers
Insurance agents, nenagers. ard officials
Laborers in crul anj luntier yards, •arel'iouses, etc.
laborers, porters, and helpers in stores
Ne.shays
Proprietors, ""n-39ers, and officials fn.o.s.}
Real estate agents and offic ia1s
Retail dealers
Sales~n ~nd. s.,,les'#Cl"en
Under ta Ice rs
Wholesale dealers, importers, ard exporters
Other pursuits 1n trade
Pvbl ic service
10.,
0.1
•
0.1
0.5
•
1.5
0.1
..
•
•
J.1
•
0.1
0.1
•
•
•
1.0
2.5
0. 2
•
0.2
1.2
••
•
•
0.1
•
•
0.)
0.6
0.2
•
0.3
•
0.1
I
•
•
•
1.8
o.,
3.9
10.5
o.e
0.1
0.B
0. I
0.1
0.6
0. 7
•
•
o.,
0.2
•
•
•
1.0
•
I.I
Ulborers fpubl ic service)
Mershals, sheriffs, detectives, etc.
Officials and inspectors (city alld county}
0.3
Pol icemen
•
•
0.1
0.1
•
0.3
Officials and inspectors (State and United St,..tes)
•
9. I
0.3
F'ir~n (fire department)
Guards, -atcl'ir,en, and door~eepers
Soldiers, sailors, and l'l'erines
Other public 'inv ice pursuits
I 2. 2
0.1
•
•
0.1
0.2
0.1
•
Digitized by
o. 7
•
0.2
,. 7
•
•
0. I
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121
APPENDIX C
Table 3-USUAL OCCUPATION
URBAN RELIEF
or
UNEMl'LOYEO IORKERS 8Y RACE ANO SEX,
SAMl'LE MAY 1934-CoUluod
•nTE
USUAL OCCWATIOII
l"rof••i-1 Nrvice
Actor• and • ' - "
An:hitacta
Arti1t1, aculptora, and tuchers of art
Author,, ect i tors. and reporters
ChMi1t1, ....,.,., and •tallurgl1t1
Cler,_
Coll• PrNidant1 and prof-n
Dent i I l l
llasijlnen, draft-. and ln"8ntor1
t.,en, Judge•, and Just I ce1
FEMALE
MALE
FEMALE
2.4
0.2
4.3
0.4
1.6
0.1
1.9
0.2
o. t
O. 1
•
•
e
•
•
•
•
0. t
•e
•
0.2
e
..,.ici.,. 1111d t-hen of - l e
Oat-the
l'hotographera
1'1,y1lclMa 1111d aurgaona
T-hera
0.3
Technical e,.1,_,.
Trained.,.,.._
V■ ter i ner, aurgeona
Other prof••i-1 puraul ta
S.,,iprotnaianal and recr•ti-1 puraulta
Attendanta 1111d helpera Cprofn1ionel service)
0.3
O....tic 1111d penonel Hf'Yice
•r1>er1, hairdrwser1, alld •nicurl1t1
.,_rding Md lodging houH k-..-a
llDotblacks
Cha- and cl .... rs
Cl uni ng, dye i ng, and prn1 I ng ahop M>rk ■ ra
NE&IID AIID OTHEII
-E
•
•
0.1
0.1
•
•
O. I
0:2
0.4
4. 7
0.5
•
o. t
•
•
•
-e
0. I
0.2
e
e
e
0.5
0.3
-
•
0. I
•
-•
o.,
0.7
0.5
•
•
0.1
•
1.4
-
0.9
0.3
0.2
)3.6
0.6
0.5
-
0. I
0.2
1.2
0.7
El •••tor tenders
Hotel k-rs and • - r s
Housek-r1 and 1t-rd•
Jani tors and Nxtona
leborer1 ( - t i c and penonel 1erviceJ
0.2
0.2
0.1
1.2
0.5
leundreUN (not in l ■undl')'I
laundry_.,., • - r a . Md offici•h
Laundry -••ti ...
•
•
0.3
Miclaivn end nurlft (not trainedl
O. I
0.2
,.,rten Cexcept in 1tornl
AINtaurant, cafe, and lunch
Servants
•itera
Other pureutu
'°""' k - r t
Clerical oc._tiAgents, col lectora, and credit _.
loold1..,.rs, c•hiers, and account1nt1
Clerks ( - t "clerks• In atoresJ
MNaangar, errand, and office boys and 9irl1
Ste""9"aphen and typi Ill
•
•
0.5
-
•
17.0
0.4
•
0.6
0.2
0.5
O.A
-
•
-
--0.2
-
•
•
O.t
1.0
-
O.t
•
0.2
84.9
0.4
0.2
-
1.4
0.2
o.•
•
0.6
3. t
0.5
0.4
•
0.2
12.5
2. 7
0.4
o. t
5. t
0.8
3.4
•
0.2
1.4
0.6
O.t
0.2
17.0
5.2
0.1
5.1
1.5
e
0.1
61.5
1.3
4.9
0.3
0.9
3,1
0.5
O. I
12.4
e
).t
4.3
0.1
4.9
t.3
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0.1
0.2
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0.9
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0.1
0.4
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
122
Tobie 4-USUAL OCCUPATION OF UN[WPLOYEO WORKERS IN THE URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE MAY 19)4
ANO GAINFUL WORKERS IN TH[ CENSUS SAMPLING AREA 19)0•, BY SEX
--RELIEF
USUAl OCOJPAf IOtrl
- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - Total workers rePort ing:
Percent
Agr'"iculture
Farfflers (owners and tenants)
"lefl ,
""LE
fEWA\.E
0.7
0,9
•
0.2
2.0
0,6
0.6
0.1
0.1
•
•-
•
.,.
•
•
0 .)
1.9
Extraction of 1'tiner"Jls
•
•
1.5
Operators. t'Mlnager-s, and officials
Foremen, overseers, and inspectors
Coal ,,.,ine ope-rat ives.
Other operatives in extract iOt"I of flllinerals
I
0.,4
lllanufacturii,g and l'lleehanical indu5tries
Apprentices to building 11nd hand trades
Canpositor~. I inoty~rs, and typesetters
1.6
0.5
0,4
).8
0.3
Coo()t!rs
0.1
Briclc ,.nd stone
""11SOl"IS and ti le l~yers
Builders and building contractors
Cabinetmakers
C"Jrpenters
•
0.1
Electrotypers . ster~typers. and l ithogr<1p~
...
..,'
·""
[ng ineers Istationary J. cranemen . hoist'ftefl. etc.
Engra..,ers
Filers . grinders, buHers, and pol ishers 1-..e
F i r ~ (e'CCeDt locCl'flOtive and fire del"d.r11'N9
For~n &nd overseers (manufacturing)
f'urnact!'"len. smeltermen. heaters. pudd lers. f"tt.
Glass blowrs
J~lers, •~tc""'-'lkers. goldsmiths, and .._i Iv er5"1i th!li
Loo,i f i,cers
lri&achinists, 111illwrights, and toolmakers
Ma"i'l~ers and officials (~facturingJ
Manufacturers
-.Chanics (n.o.s. J
Millers tgrain, flour, feed, &tc.l
Mi11ine,rs and milline-ry dealers
Moulder~, foundt!rs. and casters {metal J
Oilers of mach inerr
Painters, glaziers, varnishers, cn.-elers. etc.
Paper hangeors
Pat tern anct fflOde I fMlcers
0.9
•
1.0
'I
i
I
•
0.5
0.9
0.5
0. 2
0.2
2.5
'
•
•
0.8
0.1
4,1
0.2
0.1
•
!
Roi lers and ,ol l hands I.eta I)
1.6
1.,
O• .!
0.1
Roofers and !!.hters
S9wyers
0.)
ShC>e"'aliiers and cobblers tnot in factory)
0.2
O• .!
I
'
•I
I
I
--0 .1 I
- II
2.0
•
20. 0
0. 2
0.2
0.6
O.}
0.2
0.6
0.5
0.)
2.6
0.8
•
•
•
1.0
0.1
0.)
0.4
1,0
-
0.2
•
•
0.1
-
•
I
•
•
•
-
0 .)
•
•
•
0.1
•
1.5
•
•
•
•
•
-
0.4
•
0. 1
0.1
.•
o.,
-
Digitized by
•
-
1. 1
0.8
2.1
0.9
0.2
..
-
0.1
0.1
•
•
•
•
).1
0.1
2.0
0.1
0.1
-
•
0.2
•
0,1
-
•
41.B
-
•
•
•
•
•
0.2
1.0
0.1
O.J
•
1.8
i
0.4
0.1
0.1
••
•
I .•
0,1
i
.•
-
I
OresS1Mliiers ,nrl se.y,istres'.Ws (,:,ot in hctor V)
Dyers
Electric iar,~
•
•
•
0.6
0,1
I
0.1
•
-
25.3
51.5
0.1
0.1
0.6
0 ,5
0.3
Aoprent ices except to building and hand trad es
8.\kers
Blacksmiths, forg~n. and h,1n11er'fflen
Boiler 111akers
•
--I
-I
0.4
r~ft5"'eft, and woodchoppers
Pi""no aM organ tuners
Plasterers a~d ct!"'ll!nt finishers
Plumbers and g,1s ,1nd steara fitters
Pres5fflen ~nd plate pr inters I pr int ing 1
FBIOI.E
2. 7
0.7
0.1
Foresters, forest rangers, and t il'llber cruis
Owners and managers of log and t.iflber c~s
u,nlb,eor
,..lE
•
Farm managers and fortlft'll!n
Fa""' laborers
Fi sher-men and oyste""'9n
19.10 CENSUS
SIIMPl.lllG 1111£4•
108, 70) 41,)67 1.281,250 481,189
100,0
100.0
100.0
100.0
-er
Fi sh i ng and forestry
S.-i.E 1934•
•
•
0.5
•
•
•
••
0.1
-•
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0.3
•
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•
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APPENDIX C
123
Table 4-USUAL OCCUPATION OF UNEWPL0YED *ORK[q5 IN THE URBAN RlLl[F SAWPLE WAY 1934 AND
GAINfUL •ORKHS
IN
THE CENSUS SAWPLING AREA 1930",
BY SEX-Co•ll•••d
RELIEF
USUAL OCCUPAT IC)ti
19SO CENSUS
SANPLf
193,4b
!,NriiPL IN(. -.REA•
tULf
FEM4L.E
Ml,lf
Hlif-.lf
f-----
IMnufactur,nq \nd "lleehan,c,il
industr•eS-COl'tt 1nved
Skilled ocrupations jn.P.c.J
S.tonecut ters
Structural iron workers lDui ldingJ
h1i I ors
Tin,,.iths and copperYttiths
Uoholsterer,
()pen1t ives (n. o. s.)
rl,ui lding p•dustry
u.•
v.J
u.5
u.,
Ckeni,cal aM 'II I ied 1ndustrie1
0.J
0.J
Ci
~M tobacco he tor I es
0.2
glass,
0.J
'1,.,.
•
0.1
0.1
O. l
0.1
0.1
0.8
O.J
U.2
•
o.•
0.1
0.J
0.2
C. l
C.2
0.8
0.3
0.6
0.1
Clothing 1ndustrie1
1.1
1.6
0.1
6. 7
Food and al I ,ed in1u,tr1~s
Iron 9nd ,teel, "'5Chi~ry, and vehicle il'Wiu1tries
Metal industries, except ,ron and steel
Leather iMu'!.trie-s
L ~ r -!Ind furr,itur~ i"'1ustries
Paper, or1nting, and ,,.11 i~ industries
1.0
J.0
0.5
3 .6
0.5
0.5
2. 2
1.1
0.6
c1,,.,.,
an.1
stone •ndustrin
Te•ti(e industries
Cotton 1t11lls
0.6
1.2
',0
0.J
Ci.)
0.9
0.5
o.,
0.6
1.0
0.J
u.l
u. 2
0.8
1.0
0.6
0.1
U • .!
0.5
1.3
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.3
U.1
0.2
0.1
0.8
u. 3
0. 7
2.1
2.5
I.I
U.-4
o.,
6.0
0.3
J.l
0.1
Knitting 111ills
o.,
Sdlc •ii Is
Textile dye1"9, f,ni"ih1n~. ,,.nd pr,nt,n9 •ills
Woolen an-J wor5tl!'d ,., \Is
Other h,•t i le mi 11 s
0.1
U.1
Wiscella"4!ous tMnuhcturinq indu,tri@s
Not specified indu-stri .. s ,nd serv,ces
Laborers tn.o, s. J
Bu,lding, ~_.,,,.,.al, and not spipc,fied laborers
Cheniical 11r-d alliM 1""1lJ~tr,,os
Cigar .. nd too11cco factr,r res
City. gla:n, <'Ind ,tone ,ndu,trif'S
Clothing industries
Food and allied indu,1ries
Iron and steel. rMch,n'1!ry, Jtnd vehicle industries
llletal indust r ie,. e•cert iron s,nd steel
l@a1her i"'1u~tri@s
Wl'llber Atl(j furni lure inoustries
Paper, printinq, and all,ed industries
Te•t i le industries
Cott°" "'ii ls
Knitting "'•\ls
Si lie t11i I ls
Textile dye,,..'}. fin,,h,ng, M'C1I printing "'ills
Woolen and .or~ted ''" 11 s
Other te•t1l@ ,,.,11s
Miscellanf'ou'\ "'8nuhcturin9 industries
Transportation and cO"l'l'IJn,cation
Water t r,1Mpor\Jlt ion
1,. o.)
0.;
0.3
U.J
•
o.•
1.5
0.2
0.1
U.J
0.1
•
•
••
•
•
1.5
•
•
U.J
0.4
•
U.4
0.1
2 .l
0.2
0.1
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
U.l
0.J
O. l
0.1
•
•
•
0. l
0.5
1.0
0.2
15. 7
11.2
3.0
•
•
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.4
•
6.8
0.5
•
0.J
Ko"it lers ,..nd ~table h11r,rls
laborers, truck, transfer, ,'Jnd cab Cc,o,tp,tnies
2.6
u.,
Se, I ors 11nd dKlc h-!nd5
laborers
1.1
•
•
•
0.9
~r~t!
0.3
u.4
Boat~. can"! men, and lock kttpers
U'lpt1t.1n,, rt111Mers, 'Mt,.,, and pi lots
Longshoren.n ;,nd stevedores
Ro}td and strttt transportation (s.o.)
Bus conductor,
Chauffeur~ ~nd truck .11,nd tr11ctor drivers
Dr.'lyn'll'"n, teMtsters. 11nd c11rriaqe, drivers
C..rage (Miners, 1Mn.1Jqers, .\nd officials
4 .3
•
•
•
0.J
Digitized by
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3.6
0.J
0.1
0.2
0.1
•
•
•
•
•
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URBAN WORKERS ON R&LIEF
Tabla 4-USUU OCCUP'ATIOII CW UN[IIIPL0Y[D •0HERS IN Tit[ URIAII IIELl[F SAIIP'LE MAY 111)4 AND
GAINFUL •0IIK[RS IN TH[ C[NSU6 SAMPLING AIIEA 19)0", IY SE•-coall• ■ •d
11111.liF
utuAI. OCCUPATIOIIS
.-119)4.
IIAI.I
F81AI.E
1.8
0.1
•
•
Tran1portation and CCltllllnicatic,,-continued
Abad and strfft transportation (s.o. )-continued
laborers. road and st rwt
°""8rs and "':9"ager1. t rvcll.. transfer. and cab cCRpMin
Railroad transpo,.tation ts.o. J
S..,age,,ien &nd he i9ht agents
Bo i I er •she rs a,-f engine hoet ler1
8rakenen tsteftf'l'I railroad)
Conductors (stea,i rai I road)
Conductors (street railroad)
For9fllle'n and OYerseers
l.Morer1
l.ocCIIOt iv• eng i neer1
Loca110t ive f i rlfflltfl
Yoto,_,,
-ts
Officials and superintendents
S-itc'-", flag,oen, and y a . Ticket and stat ion
urpress, post, radio, telegrepl,, and telephone ls,o,)
Agent, (express ccnpenie1J
E•press •ssengers and rail•r • i 1 clerks
Mai I carriers
Post••ters
Radio operators
Telograpl, and telephone 1i Tele,graph messengers
Tel99rai,t, operators
Telephone operators
Other transportation and CCIIIUlicatiOft pur1uit1
Apprentice,
Awiators
for..-en and O¥erseers (n.o.s,)
Inspectors
Laborers tn.o.s. J
Propri•tors. l'INlnagers. and officials (n.a.s. J
Other occupations
Trade
Advertising agents
Apprentices, wholesale and retai I trade
Bankers, brol<ers, and 1-r•
-Cl9"ks• in stores
eo..rcial tt-avelers
Dtcorators. drapers. Ind window drNMrs
0111 iverywien
Floorwalkers, forenien. and cwerseers
•
o.;
•
0.)
•
•
•
0.1
0.2
0.1
•
•
•
0.2
11.)
0.1
•
•
0.4
•
2.0
0.1
0.1
-boys
0.5
1.1
0.2
Proprie-tors, -.gers, and officials lo,0,1, J
Aeal estate agents and officials
0.2
Sal•- and s a l Undertakers
Wholesale dealers, ilopo,·t..-s, Md exportert
Other pursuits in trade
Public service
Fi,_• !fire cleport... tJ
Guards, • t ch. . , and doorkeepers
Laborers !public service)
lilttrshals, sheriffs. detectives. etc.
a
•
•
•
•
•
•
1.4
0.1
0.)
•
•
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
••
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0. 1
Laborers in coal and llllber yards. •rehouWI. etc.
Retai I dealers
0,1
0.)
0.2
•
o.;
1.0
0.)
0.2
0,)
0.2
Inspectors, gaugera. and SMplers
lnsur'ance agents. l'ftlln&gers. and officials
laborers. Porters, and helpers in stores
0.1
0.1
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
0.2
2,6
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
8.0
19.1
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
0.1
0,2
10.0
0.1
0.8
0.1
0,9
1.5
•
•
•
•
0.8
•
0.1
•
1,0
0.4
0.8
0.1
0.1
a
0.2
1.8
).5
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.)
6.7
0.5
5.2
6.2
0.1
0.4
0.4
1.1
•
•
•
).6
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.1
•
•
Digitized by
•
0.1
0.6
0.1
•
0.1
•
•
•
o.;
0.1
•
0.)
o.,
•
•
0.2
0.2
0.2
0,1
0.1
•
•
•
0.1
0. 1
0.)
0. 1
0.1
0.1
1.6
0.6
0.1
0,9
•
0.1
0.1
0.1
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•
•
0,4
0.1
1.0
6.0
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125
APPENDIX C
Table •-USUAL OCCUPATION OF UNEMPLOYED WORKERS IN TH[ URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE MAY 1934 AND
GAINFUL WORKERS IN THE CENSUS SAMPLING AREA 1!130", BY SEX-Coollo1•d
19~ CENSUS
S....l I NG AREA•
USUAi. OCCUPATIOII
WALE
FEMAI.E
WAI.E
FEMALE
f\,bl ic Nrv ic...-cont inued
Officials and i"spectors {city and county)
Off;cials end in1pectors (State and United Statnl
Pol ic-.n
Soldiers. sai lora. and •rine1
•
•
0.1
0.2
0.1
Other pub I ic service pursuits
Profess iona 1 sen, ice
0.2
•
•
•
0.2
0.6
0.1
2.5
J.5
6.0
0.2
0.4
0.J
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
Clerg_.
Col l1t99 presidents
0.1
n
•
0.1
•
•
0.2
orofe"sors
Dtnt ists
Designers, dr1ft-n, and inventors
•
Lao,ers, judga, and just ices
..,,iciana and tNChers of ,.,sic
O.t-tha
l'hotographers
0.4
•
0.1
"'rsician1 afld eurgec,is
T-her1
0.1
•
•
r.·.1
0.2
0.4
O.Ut ic and personal •rvice
0.1
0.J
0.1
•
•
•
•
1.1
0.4
Boarding and lodging houM keepers
Bootblacks
Cha,- 1111d cle-rs
ClNfting, d,eing, and pressing shop workers
0.2
0.1
Elevator tenclera
Hotel keepero 1111d -,.gars
Hauaekeepers 1111d st-nls
Jani tors and •xtona
Laborers (d-1 ic and personal sen, iceJ
•
0.2
•
•
0, 1
•
•
0. 7
•
0.1
0.1
0.1
5.J
•
J.2
51. 7
7.J
29.5
0.5
0.4
0.9
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.J
1.3
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.J
0.J
0.3
1.0
0.4
0.1
0.1
1.1
0.2
0.1
1.8
0.5
•
0.2
•
•
0.1
5.1
•
0.1
J.9
1.6
0.4
0.1
0. 7
1.9
0.2
32.9
J.6
0.4
1. 5
0.8
0.1
0.J
9.J
9.4
0.1
1.9
6.1
0.5
0.2
Laundry Olffll'ra, ..,..,,, and officials
Laundry operatives
0.4
0.1
l'llners (ellCept in atoresJ
1.0
llnt•rent, cafe, and lunch rooo keepers
S.n,ants
•iters
Other 111ra,IU
0.2
2.J
0.9
0.1
•
•
•
..,1,,
collectors, 1111d credit...,
Boollkeepers, eashier1,
accountants
5.0
0.3
0.8
Clerk• lacept "clerk•" In stores!
lltsaenger, errlllld, and office bo),1 and 9lrl1
Stenographers and typi sh
J.2
and
•
•
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
Midwives and nura1 (not trained!
Clerical occupations
0.4
0.1
0.5
0.4
12.5
0.J
0.5
0.1
1.4
0.2
0.1
l.aundresMS (not In laundry)
0.6
0.J
•
•
1.1
0.5
0.6
0.9
0.J
7.9
0.5
Barbers, hairdressers, and 111anicurists
0.1
0.J
0.J
Technical engl11Nrs
Trainad nu, ...
Yet er i ,..ry 111rgec,i1
Other profeuional pursuits
S..iprofeasional and recreational pursuits
Attend.,ts 1111d helpers (professional sen,iceJ
=-~~--~- ~-.:-:4:•c
•
•
•
0.2
Actors and s h Architects
Artists, sculptors, and teachers of art
Authors, editors. and reporters
0-.ista, 11suyers, and 119\al lurgists
•
•
•
2.2
3,5
0,5
0.1
0,1
J.5
2.1
l.J
•
15.5
2.4
•
24.8
0.1
5.3
9.4
0.1
9.9
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relief
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~
Tobie 5-USUAL INDUSTRY ANO SOCIO-ECONO~I~ CLASS or UNEMPLOYED ~ORKERS IN THE URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE MAY 1934,
ANO OF GAl~F~L NORKE~S IN THE GENERAL POPULATION 1930
UNE'4PL:JYED lflORt<ERS RELIEF S.WPLE
USUAL I NOUS TRY
TOTAL
==1
~ERIP-E.-HCE"-T
Agriculture
7 ,t161 ,
lJO.O
I
1.1
l,l'i8
2.8 !
0. 2
5. 2
5. 2
538
620
100.0
100.0
100.0
9,208
4,635
282
4,291
100.0
100.0
ICO.O
100.0
1.8
0.9
9.2
2.3
1.9
1. ~
5.0
2.2
E•traction of miner"lls
Coal ,,,i ,,es
Oil -ells and g-1s •~lls
()tt-er ..,ines and (lu~rries
W..nuhcturing and !'¥Chanical industries
~
~
0
0
-
~
( i)
51< I LLEO
Fist-in~ and forestry
Forestry
i'j"
""
SKILLED
100.0
211, 7(.9
Fi 5ri ng
cci"
UH-
Building industry
O,er,1c3l and allied industries
Ciq.-H ~.,d tob'.lcro hctories
C~ -1y, q 1ass, and stone i ndust ri es
Clothinq industries
Food and "!11 ied industries
Bakeries
Slauqhter and o~cking houses
Other foOd and allied inou~tries
Iron and steel, ~chinery, and vehicle in'1ustries
Autanobi I e factories
~tOt"'IObile reipair shops
Blast furnaces ~nd steel mi 11 s
Other iron ~nd steel industries
Metal industries except iron and steel
l&ther industries
S,,ce he tori es
Other leather industries
\.~t!
11~~ lur~·,\ure iodu,tri . .
Sa• and p\aning mills,
I
:
'
le. 7
25.3
18.9
3.8
30. 1
9.3
92. 370
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
3.9
16. 4
I?. I
5.8
8. 7 I
1.6341
1,410
3. 715
100.0
100.0
100.0
6. 1
9. 7
1. 5
2. 756
1.847
1. 577
10,072
3,096
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
6. 2 I
4.0 I
,. 2 I
7. 2 I
1,669
990
100.0
100.0
2.959
100.0
6.9
I
I
I
'
6.0
I
::: I
3. 2
9. 7
7 .2
30, 25?
1.872
I. 788
I, ?44 :
5,649 I
I
-
27. 7
~
GAINFUL 'M)RKERS 19:,0 CElrilSUSt,
~-
SE.,.1-
!
Toul .worNers r~oort Inc,
0
SK I LLEO
COLL AR
I
19)4a
--
-~I TE
I-'
_.IT[
T()TAL
!ri!UlillBER
PERCENT
COLLAR
5'<1LLED
SE\11-
UN-
SK I LLEO
SKI LLEO
36. 7
48,829,920
100.0
42. 1
1. 4
72.2
10,483,917
100.0
57 .4
0. 7
•
41.9
3. 9
0.4
6. 9
88.1
99.4
7&. 2
268. 992
73,8?7
195. 165
100.0
100.0
100.0
7. 5
0 .•
10.1
3.2
0.1
4.4
2. 5
0.2
J.4
86.8
99.3
82. 1
89.1.
93.8
55. 7
86.2
1,156.377
631 .288
198,446
266.643
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
6.4
11.7
6.6
25.6
14.4
1.9
0.6
3. 9
4.1
80.0
90.2
~-0
73.0
35.8
58.4
I 7.1
1.1
14.9
8.9
39.9
}. 7
35. 9
82.1
41. I
80.6
I. 5
3.4
4.2
85.5
65.8
74.5
23.2
75. 0
32 .2
37. 1
20.9
17.4
2.6
16. 5
8.5
13.0
16.2
28. 7
:>:I
100.0
16.2
32.8
32.2
18.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
9.3
33. 5
11.2
14.2
12.0
71. 5
16.6
4.1
16.0
23.3
2.6
23.1
70.4
29. 1
62.4
16.6
26.8
14.3
40. 7
2.3
21.1
13.8
281,885
164,882
460.4tl6
100.0
100.0
100.0
22.4
26.9
28.0
2.8
8. 1
10.9
69.2
37. 2
37.8
5.6
27.8
23.3
60.4
18. 1
20.0
39.2
44.3
10. 2
2. 9
•3.6
16. 5
28.8
640,474
257. 925
620,894
1,763.910
332,976
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
13. 7
11.4
13.0
16.3
17.8
31.9
74.!
25.2
40.0
26. 7
34.1
9.5
19.5
26.!
34, 7
20.3
5.0
42.3
17.6
20.8
3.2
2. I
88. 5
79.3
1.4
12. 7
271. 451
102,618
100.0
100.0
10.1
14.8
4. 5
6.2
78.0
7.4
58.3
20. 7
21.5
41. 5
33.8
4~4. !'J03
100.0
8.2
15.9
17.6
58.,
6. 3
txl
>
:z:
C
14,341.377
2,574,968
621. 986
149,563
371,961
789,846
24.0
:JQ.6
4. 7
38. 2
1.8
C:
0
::,g
r;,o::
t:13
::,g
en
0
:z:
::,g
Clil
t--
Clil
"'II
Table ~-IIS~AL INDUSTRY AND SOCIO-ECO•C~IC CLASS ~r L•E~PLCYED WORKERS IN THE URDAN RELIEF SAUPLE ijAY 193•.
AND OF GAINFUL •OOKERS IN THE GENERAL PQPULATIO• 1~30-Coollourrl
LJIIIElrilPLO'l"EO f()Q)(.ERS RELtE!-
USUAL
I Nil.JS TRY
~
_ _ ro;!L_
- -... illMI TE
"'IU1r,iBER
PE~CEIIIIT
COLLAR
"a.nufactur1ng ;sna
r-iec'1·1n1c1l
I
S.tAotPLE
SKI LLEO
193' 1
.iAl "'IFUL -.O~ERS
SE'\,11-
UN-
SKtLLED
Si<I LLED
-~
TOT~:-
NU... 8ER
~
_
~
111t1tTE
PERCE-.T
COLL4f:I
19,0 CENSUS ti
I
Sl(IUEO
1nau~tr,es-cont1nt.1""'1
LLl"lber 'Ind furniture ,n1u"'itr,cs-continu~
Other wooctwork,n:) ,-,ctones
2. 996
100.0
•. 2
32. 2
51. 2
12 .•
4Jb, ;,73
100.0
12 .8
3U
2 .Oel
100.0
100.0
28.8
10.6
34 .0
'3.?. 5
L.'
69. 4
•. 7
1,.6
Su ,EJ€
24!. :'i,9
!00.0
!Ou.O
~~- 9
O'S'l
U.9
n.9
1, 3'-t
789
890
413
I, !03
!00.0
!OC. C
100.0
100.0
!OC.O
3. 5
3. 9
2. 9
3. 7
4. 3
5, 2
HS.!
85.4
66. 9
76. l
79. 3
100.0
100.0
lJG.O
!JC.O
lC0.0
3. 9
P:uier. pr1ntinQ. tnd ,11 ied industries
Dut1l,5~ina .:,nd enQr.aivin;..
Paper 'Ind allied 1n:1ustr1es
Printinci,
Tt>xtile indu!ltr,es
Cot ton 11111-.
~n1tt1nQ i,1lls
Silk ffll l l':,
'Noolen .,nd worsted "t!i l ls
Other telltile 1N1ustries
Miscell~ne,ous "'-!lnufacturina inou:stries
I ndepenaent l'IMd t r!des
Electric m~h1nery, etc., factories
Rut::ber he tori es
Other m1 scel l1tneo.Js lftdnuhcturi nq in.just r, es
T r-,nsporut ion and CO"l"'l.ln i ot ion
0
cci"
""
i'j'
CD
0.
O'
'<
0
0
-
~
(i)
Construction ,nc, mainten!nce of 5treets. etc.
GanQes. auto 118undri e~. etc.
Post))! service
Ste))m n.1 I ro!d
Street r1;i 1 ro.id
Telegr'.\oh ,,nd telept'lf')ne
Ottier trainsoorUtion and C01'fflUn1c!tion
Tnrlt!'
B,.,kinQ ,na bro~en'le
lnc;un,nce .:oina r~al esute
Aut:::noo1le \Qf'ncies, store!;, 'Ind filling st\tions
Wt-r,l..,Blt> .-\nd retail tr~de
Ott-er ~M not soe-c1f1e,1 tr,,de
2,009
2.639
~- 9
4.8
!!. 7
7,8
O.!
13.6
6.'
13.l
JO. 5
19.6
3.~71
!OC. O
100.J
!N.O
100.C
24,027
IOC.0
12. 5
5, '-08
3.0
2, ltlO
209
€. 514
!, 122
!. 702
6. 79,
lOC.O
lX.O
!00.0
lOC.O
180. 0
!OC.O
!OJ.0
27,074
!OC.O
64.0
2.3
940
I. 450
1. 14?
22. c•O
'.!'C'.O
BB. 5
100.0
1JO. 0
lC-..'>.O
!OC.J
97. 5
79.E
EC. 7
48.6
0. 3
0. 5
4. 9
2.1.
'l',9
s;,2
•· l
83. 3
10. 5
7, 3
75. 4
7. 9
7. 5 '
?.8
4.6
7.9
7. 7
rn. l
11,. :n2
!71. 140
14'.~1?
27J,660
1m. ,n
9. 7
9. 7
e.6
l 7.0
l?.?
0. 3
9. 7
10.,
18. 4
!6t. 391
1.190.607
100.0
ll'c.0
100.0
!OC.O
20.?
27.6
,9. 7
•.4,S,413
!OC.0
15. 5
67.,
15. 5
7 .8
6. 7
t5.0
2C. 2
9. l
39.tJ
~~. 7
,s-4, 923
421,rl,4~
?:f~. ~36
!OC•.O
!00.0
!OC.0
100.0
!00. 0
100.0
l.xJ.O
33. 3
9. 5
?4. ~
96.!
26. 2
12. 4
78, 4
la. 4
10:i.c
10-'.0
1JC.0
0. 9
2€. 5
2~. ~
s.o
s. ~
..
~
:.n.2
~1:1~. s10
l_~~.l){7
'iO.,
~~- 9
l:!5.•0~
57b,602
91~. /34
2'.6
2.6
I. 0
5. 3
10.1
7.~10.0U
.JJ.2
1"'.l
26. 9
2;.A
...
":'
u:
'
'
E?•.
,e,
79).49!
I
I
I
I
I
I
SEWI-
Ulli-
SKI LL.ED
SK I LLEO
3•.•
21. 2
16. •
41.8
26.2
2.8
I
,n. ;,o-s
69.l
57. l
78.0
56. 3
3. 4
I
'
l!.2
lC. 2
•~.?50
s. ~~-f.: ~ ~
lOC.0
h.'\C.O
?3.7
:~C.275
:oo.o
3C. 9
2C.8
24. 3
~- 2
6.0
7.1
7, 7
9.1
I
I
'
4?.9
24.B
I
10.2
19.8
I
P.8
78.4
7€.0
7~.1
61.6
'
14.l
5. 9
7. 2
10.6
12. 3
57.1
33.9
'iO. 3
32. 3
10. 4
16. 7
23.6
19. 5
26. l
11. 5
54. !
0.6
2€.l
32 .6
17.!
7.J
9. ~
4. 9
0. 7
! 7.0
J9.9
!. 5
48. !
'
69. 5
16. 7
2.6
30. 7
15. l
3. 0
2€.2
86.9
1.7
9~.o
0.6
0. J
i. 4
!. 7
5.0
6.•
1.4
0. 2
1.9
'
t-•. 7
70.•
8. J
6.6
CZ)
:z:
....
t::,
><
20. 9
99. 2
a9. 4
>
"Cl
"Cl
0
5.0
3.0
0. 3
~- 3
5. 3
16.0
......
I\)
-.J
I-'
~
Table S-USUAL INDUSTRY AND SICIO-[CONOMIC CLASS OF UNEMPLOYED llOll[IS IN TN[ UIBAII RILII' SAll'L[ MAY 1934,
AND OF GAll,UL IORK[IS IN TH[ GENERAL POPUUTIOI 19JO-CoNtlaeed
c:::
~
...,_
•-L°'ID - - 118.IIP --.1 19'4•
USUAi. I NOUSTWY
111Toll.
N1.1,18ER
a.3
Profnaional Nrvi ce
llec:,...tlon and - . - t
6,:m
2,,79
3,!501
453
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
75.0
65.5
82.2
61.9
2.2
,.1
1.1
10.2
11,7
1,8
,0.5
:,S,362
9,519
25,415
2,816
2.9
8.2
o.,
o.s
112
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
3,'22
100.0
c,.,,1 119 , 11ye1"'.
""
~
~
0
0
-
~
( i)
"·2
15.1
hau-.
anc1 ,,.,,, ...
•"°'8
llot 111ec:lfled l11G11trin Ind Hrvicaa
-
■LNI l'M I.ti ,..-..1.
. . ,...,. .._.. ,..,. 1ac1.-1 R.19 ,.,..., ... , .. ._., wrtiN er -
.. ..,_ ....,., .,...,. .,..,. ., ... ....
1,041,571
12.,
12.7
14.2
0.2
Z,71J,ffl
20&,ffl
...,.,,
,
•.
'11.0
11.1
14.1
4.7
17,0
0.2
1.,
1.1
11,7
4.5
14.5
11.4
71,8
2.,
,.1
'·°"·-,,.
J.4
1.1
,.1
tu
o.,
... •ftN , . . . _ I Nllil al lut ..,.,.Nlllf ,...
•11~t1 0..... e/ ............... ■JI, ,.,., .......,. 9, H, • ~ • ht ...... ef ,_,,... , .. CMIIII .... - --- ■ I,
-.a.e.-•ltl ....... CIINlflN.
'IIWM.
SIIILL•
2',4
o.,
- ·,.....
....,,.,
IIIILLEO
100.0
Oa.s l i C and po,..,,,. I sarvl ca
Hotels, rnt111rants, boardln9
etc.
Doniestlc Ind parsonal Nrvice (n.e.c.J
Laundries
0
!KILL•
2,054
S.,,iprofossional puraultl
i'j"
IO<ITE
COLL AA
l'llbl lo Mrvice
Other professional servicN
cci"
l'IIIC81T
IAIN'IIL -1111 IHO
'PCINT
100.0
MIO.0
lGO,0
100.0
MIO.0
l,'97,.
MIO.0
JW!,0
lOl,141
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.m.•
100.0
IIIITI
COLLAII
,..,
-.1
71,5
91.7
75.2
..,
n.1
c.. a,1•
911LLIO
a.1
0.7
1.,
o.,
-
H.2
UN911LLIO 911UIO
21.2
11.,
10,4
7.0
11.2
o.,
24.1
o.e
21.,
0.2
1,.2
27.7
7',0
o.,
,,.,..
"·'
:r,., ,.,
o.,
...,.
,..
tD
z►
•••-
.,.1
e,.1
71,1
ID.4
7.2
4,t
17.2
94.1
-=
0
::a
pilllf
cia
PO
C'll
0
z
~
11111
....
rt
11111
"Ill
Table 6-0UIIATION OF UNEIIPLOYIIENT OF IIEN SINCE LAST JOB AT USUAL C'CCUPATION BY OCCUPATIONAL GROUP,
URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE IIAY 1934
-OCCUPU IOlifAL GROUII"
DUl4T1011 r, la£W\.O\'IIENT
I.GAi-
TOTAL
CUI.TUI£
----~·--
Total •• repc,rting:•
NUlllber
Percent
Less then 1 ,ear
0 - 2 _,ths
3 - 5 _,ths
6 - 8 IIC)nths
9 - 11 .,nths
1 1
2
3
4 )'ffrs
,...,
years
years
4 years
0
cci"
""
i'j"
~
~
0
5 years and over
5-9 yHrs
10 - 14 yaars
15 - 19 yeers
20 yNra and over
~ianb ( in ..,,,ths)
-
F ISMING
,UC)
I E)l:~AC-
FCRESTI\Y
TION (I
IIIIINEltALS
,_IIUF.CT\.1111116
All)
MECH-\NICAL
TWAlfSPQRTAT ION
Alll
COIAIJNICATICIN
TIIAI)(
PUBLIC
"'"ES-
DOl,IEST IC ANO
CI.EAICAl.
SERVICE
suvia
PEOSONAL
SERVICE
CXCUPAT 1011$
SIONAL
U5,547
100.0
7,020
100.0
1,206
100.0
B,023
100.0
71,011
100.0
22.2•9
100.0
14,889
100.0
1,538
100.0
3. 211!
100.0
10,155
100.0
6,138
100.0
22, 7
5. 7
5.2
6.5
5..3
28.5
5.•
4.8
11.3
7.0
66.3
37.3
10. 7
13.4
•.9
15.6
5.1
3. 7
•• 5
2. 3
20.8
5.5
4.6
5.8
4.9
23.2
5. 7
5.6
6.5
5••
26. 7
5.5
7.0
25.3
5.9
6.5
7, 1
5.8
27.6
5.5
6.6
8.3
7. 2
17.5
3. 7
6.8
2•.8
7.9
5.5
4, 7
6.7
63.2
16,6
19.4
16.3
10.9
47,5
16.•
13.4
10.8
6.9
27.1
8.4
7. 3
5.9
5.5
70.3
13.0
2f. 2
20.2
10.9
i;.,9
15.3
19.•
17, 7
12. 5
62.9
17.2
19. 5
15. 7
10.5
62.5
20.3
19. 2
14.3
8. 7
59.0
17. 7
17.2
15.4
8. 1
62.3
20.2
19.3
13.9
8.9
61.1
20.6
19.2
13.3
8.0
66.6
19.1
19 ••
16. 3
11.8
14.1
11.0
2.2
0, 7
0.2
24.0
15,8
6.1
1.5
0.6
6.6
4.1
1. 7
0.7
0.1
14.1
10.9
2.3
0.6
0.3
14.3
11.5
2.0
0.6
0.2
13.9
10.8
2.2
0. 7
0.2
10.8
8.8
1.•
0.5
0.1
16.2
13.0
2.4
0.5
0,3
12.•
9.9
11. 3
0.5
0.3
9.0
1.6
0.5
0.2
15. 9
12.•
2.3
0.9
0.3
6.2
33.1
---~-
31. 7
28.9
25.2
28.1
26.0
211.4
31.2
29.6
2•.9
-- -- --~
•1sc1_... IJ.12• . . . . . . "- NYer ..,,111 ... a"'O ,..., .ont'd Ian uaa,1 • . . . u
of ...._10,..111 t i • • Int J" al •-•• occupatio• ... 11M,.....
• ... 1... calc11htM H total, a■cl.,lllf INN 11~l01ed ll ,eara or o,,ar.
1.•
1. 7
•.o
5.1
•• 7
►
"ti
"ti
c;o
:z:
....Ii<
t::,
0
at ,,.. hat j . . ot 11-.ial occu,atioa 0 or 9'1GM cl11rat1oet
0
-
~
( i)
.....
~
....
\.><
0
Tobie 7-DURATION OF UNEIIPLOYll[NT OF •Ow[N SINCE LAST JOB AT USUAL OCCUPATION BY OCCUPATIONAL GROUP,
URBAN R[ LIEF SAMPLE
OU'IATtOIII ()F UNE~O'f'IENT
TOTAL
Total ~ rePOrting:•
~umber
Percent
52 .609
100.0
Less ll\an 1 rear
0
l
6
9
-
2
JJ.8
10. 3
8. •
7. l
7. 8
l'IIOf1lhS
5 MC>nths
8 ,-onths
11 """'lhs
l - • years
4c.R t-
CUL T!..AE
U9
100.0
n.,
...
9.1
10.0
8. 5
•6 . 8
17. 9
13.1
9.3
6.5
39 . 0
1'. 7
10 . 0
8.0
6. 3
cg:
15 - 19 years
20 years and ow r
19.•
11. 7
• •2
2.1
1.•
29.0
17.8
6. 7
1.6
2.9
~
Wed i en• l inllllOf'ths J
20 . J
22. 2
1 year
2 years
J rears
• year•
0
N.
!Z
CJ
0
-
~
rv
5 years and over
5 - 9 rears
10 - U re11n
t,sc,_..•
ec:c:.,,.11•"• • iU , . - , 111e11 •
.,.,1.,.,., n,lU .... fl
...,
0CCUP4 f I ON"L GAOJP
l='(P[ S TAY
--
-
TION Of
•NO
MIN(QAl, S
14:CHAN IC.lrl
I
I
I
I
--
-'
'
-'
-
t
I
-I'
t
•run.
.... ._.,...,., . . , ....
. . . . . . . . . . r11M
.... , ..... I ..f'llt, ., , .. , joe ., ---·· O<C•··• •ol'I ,
or .._ .. dsr11 loft of • ...,,.,..,_, 11-c• , ... jH . , ..... , MC•HI , ...... -,AIIA09fl,
~ ... ,,,_. c1lc•hleO •• l•hh ••ct .. , .. , ....
•--••,.a
lf 1•ar11 •' owar.
.,.,_,.ui-•CJuqlNG H4NSPOAUT 10-
£XTQaC-
F IS"'tlilG
-
WAY 193•
I
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I
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,.._
PV9l IC
S[AVIC[
: :..wJNtCUION
PROFESSIDJtAl
DOME ST IC .00
P(ASO-.Al
c:::
CLERICAL
OCCUPATIONS
SERVI CE
SERVICE
n . J•5
100. 0
779
100. 0
• . 326
100.0
I
I
l. 789
17, 58£,
100. 0
100. 0
• . 318
100,0
36. 7
1• . 5
7.8
7. 8
6. 5
a. 1
27 .•
5.8
11 . l
-
2,. l
7. 2
•.9
•.9
7. 3
)6. 8
10. 2
9.0
8,3
9.3
20.f
5. l
6.2
l. 5
5.6
l.f
-
5.5
-
'6. 6
11.8
12 . 8
9. 9
12.1
'8. 8
17. 5
1•. J
9. 9
7.1
I
I
I
I
I
'2.8
13 . 8
12. J
8.3
8.•
•9.2
20.0
13.8
9.3
6.1
50. 2
16 . 6
23. 8
'
)2.9
17.2
R.O
, .1
3. 6
1'.0
9.•
2.5
1.2
0.9
29. 2
16.•
7 .5
l .~
•5 . J
25. 2
11 . 9
6.2
2.0
18.f.
•5. o
2, . 1
28. 0
18. 5
29.6
•o. 9
15. 1
II.I
a. 6
6.1
7.2.•
12. 5
5.2
2.~
I
I
1.1
I. 7
3.1
•. 8
1• . J
5.1
2• •
2.0
I
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II. 7
8.1
3. 5
I.A
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0
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PC
[lQ
::0
en
0
:z:
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APPENDIX C
131
Tabla 8-ll(OIAN OURATION OF UNEIIPLOYIIENT SINCE LlST NON-RELIEF JOB BY INDUSTRY lND
SOC 10-ECONOII IC CllSS OF USUll OCCUPATION BY RlCE lND SEX,
URBU RELIEF SlllPLE lllY 193C
NEGRO ANO OTHER
WHITE
IIIOUSTIIY ANO SOC: IO-E:0110111C CLASS
MALE
Total mrkers reporting:•
Nuoiber
FEMALE
Madiana• in ""'"ths
Agriculture
16.0
20.2
29.1
22.6
13.C
ltlite col l ■ r
Skilled
S.,.iskilled
Unski I led
Fishinv and ,_1,,
White collar
Ski lied
Seooiski lied
Unski lied
18.0
Fishinv
White collar
J.c
I
-I
30.2
28.C
29.9
28.0
30.3
18.0
31.1
Oil .,.11s and 118• .,.111
lhlto collar
Skilled
31.6
I
I
I
Other •inn and Qll!.rries
White collar
Ski I led
S.,,,isk i lied
lhite collar
Skilled
.
28. 7
28. 7
30.3
32. 7
28.C
26.C
25.8
26. 7
2C .2
30.0
IC .9
7.0
I
-t
6,C
t
-I
I
I
-I
I
t
t
-I
t
t
I
I
I
I
26.6
I
27.0
t
t
t
t
--
2C.C
I
I
2C.9
I
37.0
15.9
1).3
I
-
)0.8
17.3
31.3
Seoiiskilled
Unskilled
Unski I led
-
I
Coal 11ines
lhite collar
Ski lied
S.isk i I led
Unsk i lied
Ci gar and tobacco factories
I
-
I
Extraction of •inerals
..,ite collar
Skilled
S.,,,iskilled
Unski lied
C1-ical and allied i n:fust r ies
White collar
Ski I led
S.,,,iski I led
-
).C
15.8
15.3
S.,,,iskilled
Unski lied
I
I
-
I
White collar
Ski lied
8.3
7.1
Skilled
S..isk i I led
Unoki I led
Building industry
White collar
I
I
Forntr,
Manufacturing ind 111Ct-enical industries
White collar
Ski lied
S.,,,iskilled
Unski lied
8.5
7.8
Ski lied
Se,oi ok i lied
Unski lied
IJnski lied
.,.._E
123,849 30.97'i 28,845
2C .C
18.2
21.6
25.1
t
I
t
FEM.t.LE
19,169
15.9
17.3
I
17.8
I
-
-I
-I
t
-
----
I
I
I
21.C
I
21.5
--
16.9
22.0
25.5
16.1
20.3
2C.9
IC. 7
21.2
2C .1
20.9
27.)
t
t
-
-I
I
13.8
17.8
t
27.3
27.2
26.9
25.8
29.6
22 .3
22.C
2C.C
t
23,C
19.5
25. 7
-
27.5
21.1
27. 7
29.2
31.6
26.9
29.C
25.3
t
26.6
26.6
25.6
20. 7
17.5
1.6
c. 7
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-I
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
132
uo
Tobie 8-... EOIU OU~HION OF UNEMPLOYMENT SINCE LlST NQN-~ELIEF JOB BY INOusrqy
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CL4SS OF USUU OCCUPHION BY q4cE 00 SEX,
uqe4N ~ELIH SlMPLE MU 193•-conll . .ed
--·-
- --------.
-· ---·•--·--- - -- -- ---·· ·-------
···NEGltO A"D OTHER
MUTE
I NOUS TAY ANO SOC IC>-ECONOMIC CUSS
-
FEMALE
FEMALE
MAI.[
22.4
23 .6
5,0
9. 5
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
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Msnu(actu,. ing and nriech1nial i ndustr i es-continued
Ci9&r ~rd tobacco f1ictories-cot1t inued
Setniski lled
Uns~ i I led
Clar. gh,ss. ~nd stone industries
White collar
29.1
33 . 6
24 .o
28.4
33.2
Ski lied
~iskilled
Unski I led
Clothing industries
White co114r
Skilled
Se,,!is1d lled
Unskdled
Food ard al I ied i ndustr i es
811lleries
lfh i te co11ar
Unsk i 11~
Slaughter a.nd pecking houses
•h i te col Ju
;i
White coll;,r
Ski I led
Semisk i 11~
Unsk i I I~
Iron .\nd steel, ,,..,,,ninery, 1.nd veh icle industries
Auto hcto,..ies
Wh i te coll,r
St. i I le1
S,e,,l i 5kil l~
Unsk 11 led
I
I
20. 1
27.9
21.6
18.4
I
I
I
I
I
19.1
24 .6
22.0
17. 3
I
I
21.5
21.2
24 ••
23.6
t
I
I
t
20.8
26. 7
I
18.I
I 10.5I
t
6.0
27.9
I
13.6
22.8
27.6
25.8
25.6
27 . 9
33.2
31.3
33.4
Blast furn,ices and !iteel ,.-oiling mill s
Wh ite colhr
Ski lied
Semi~killed
Unski I led
33.1
34 .2
31.8
31.5
35. 2
Other iron !lnd steel ltd not soec if ied nieh I irdustries
l#hite col 1,r
Skd led
Semi sk i I led
Un•• ;J led
Metol industrie,s e•cept iron •rd ste-el
leather industries
S~ factor ies
#hite col hr
Ski lied
Seffliski I led
Ul"6kille-d
2• .0
16.0
18.1
21.5
13.9
17.8
18.6
16.6
18.9
19.0
'#hitt co l hr
Ski lied
~isli(itled
Unsk i ll~d
15. 7
I
Auto re~ i ,.. 1hoos
Wh it e c oll'lr
Sk; I led
S,e,,nislii ii IN
Unsk ;J led
I
.
II
16. 9
15.0
20.0
16. 6
21.0
21.5
Ot~r food and a 11 i e-:1 industries
I
I
29.0
28. 9
16.5
22 . 7
31.8
15 . 9
t
le1
Semisli i I led
Unsk i I led
Sk
-
I
I
21. 9
20. 7
20.4
22 . 5
29.6
I
Sk i I l ed
~ i sl(illett
I
28. 7
t
I
I
5.4
t
I
31.0
I
I
I
I
--
t
i JI.II
I
37,6
17 .5
I
19.4
13 . 6
I
I
33.1
-
29 . 7
35.2
33.•
30. 0
27.2
29.1
J0 . 2
34 . 0
28. 2
30. 7
29.4
I
29. 3
28.3
31.1
31.6
30. 2
22 . 0
JO .O
t
I
I
24 .5
I
I
I
31.2
35.1
22 . 6
17. 7
28.0
13 . 0
I
I
I
I
17 .o
12.0
I
'
Diriuized by
I
I
34.8
I
36 . 0
30.2
36 .0
I
t
I
I
II
I
I
15. 4
I
I
I
I
-
!
t
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-t
t
-
8.3
I
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I
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APPENDIX C
133
Ta~I• 1-aDIU DUIIATl01 (Jf UIElll'l0Yl«IIT SIIC[ LAST I011-•EL1[, JOI IT IIOVSTH UD
SOCl~£C01011IC CllSS (Jf 1/Sllill OCCUl'Ul01 IY UC[ AID SEX,
l/1!8U 11£LIH SAlll'l[ IMY 1113•-coall•Md
.... n:
IIIOUITllf UO SOCl~COIIOIHC Cl.AU
---
•111<1 ..,.,
110l£
FE ... LE
21.8
17.1
I
t
IIOl[
en-
•EIIOL(
Mlnufacturi"I and 111Khan ical induttrin-cont inutd
lalltw industrl..-cont i Other leether industr in
lhite col l1r
Skd led
S-isk i lied
Unsk i I led
L...-,.,
22.0
16.2
17.l
2e .,
27 . 0
26.5
26.0
27 .1
~-1
28.1
t
t
t
t
29 .•
26.3
28.8
2e.,
35 . •
27.2
2•.6
27 .2
20. 2
n.•
t
I
I
t
and furniture industriH
S.. and planiftg •i l h
Mil i te collar
Sloilled
S-i, .. illed
Unok i lled
°'""'
-
t
-t
-
t
t
21.3
- k i no
II
inctustr,et
..,ite col ler
Sk ;J led
i
I
4iie-1sk i I led
Unok i lied
I
-
t
t
t
I
I
t
-
t
27. 7
19. 5
25.9
21.5
I
t
I
Plooer . printing.and allied i ndu,tr iH
Pr int ing, outd ishing, tnd engrav i"9
S..i slti lled
Unski I led
l'lloer 1n11 111 ied
'lhi te collar.
Ski lied
Seniislt i I I~
Unoki I led
Jext i le il"dus1r ie1
Cot ton Mi 11,
!White collar
Ski lied
S.- isk i I led
Unski lied
0tt11Pr tewl i le i ndust r iea
•hite coOtr
Ski lied
Senliski l led
Unski I led
10.2
I
8. J
16. 2
-
15.8
I
-
9.6 I
t
t
I
I
I
I
I
15.6
23.6
I
I
18.3
15.3
I
I
I
I
t
15 . ~
12 .5
15.4
I
I
-
11.5
11.9
I
I
24.6
20.0
22 .1
I
I
-
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I '
I
I
-
-
I
I
I
I
-
I
._nd
I
23 .2
19.3
27.0
-
I
t I
I
-I
-
-
'
I
t
I
-
-
I
13.1
12 .J
t
I
I
I
I
-I
-
7
JO.O
22 .1
t
I
I
I
n.•
13.5
15 . J
18.2
I
18. 4
2) .
'Mi see l laneOIIS 1111nufact ur i ng industries
lnclec,enctent
trades
llh it ti collar
Ski lied
Se,oi sk i II ed
Unski llod
EIKtric .ch t ,._r,, etc.
I
I
I
I
14 .5
Seooisk i lled
llnsk i lied
'
I
9.2
Unski lied
Woolen afd aorst~ 19i I ls
'lht le collar
Ski lied
19.9
I
I
S-isk i ll.H
-
I
I
Sill. 111ills
White collar
Skilled
I
I
I
II
i
Ski lied
S,e.,iisk i I led
Unski I led
t
20.1
I
,.ills
Milite col hr
21.9
I
'i
lnitt irtg
-
19.9
31.2
I
I 22.4
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
t
23 .5
2,. 7
industri"
20.,
27.8
25 . 7
12 . 1
22 . 7
22 .9
22 . 5
21.8
Wh f le collar
Skilled
-
I
n .1
I
t
I
t
IJ .6
-
I
15. 9
t
-
I
I
factor ies
--
- - ------
- ~- ~ 10. 0 - 25.4
Digitized by
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
Table 8-M[OIU OUl!UION Of UNEMPLOYll[NT SINCE UST NOii-RELiEF J09 BY INDUSTRY 00
SOCIO-ECONOijlC CLASS Of USUAL OCCUPATION BY !!ACE AND SEX,
Ul!BO l!EllEF SAMPLE' IMY 193C-CoUUaod
IEGIIO AIIO CITNER
WHIT(
1..:>usfAY ANO SOCtO-ECONOMIC CLASS
WALE
--
FEMAlE
MAL£
FDIAl£
lil!l.nu f acturi"9 and lll!Ch!in i cal i ndust r i es-continued
Wiscel la,-ous •nuf ac tur i ng i l'dustries-cont i nued
[lectric nach inery, etc. fsctor ies-cont i nued
ifhite c ol hr
Sk ,I led
Set11isk i I lee,
Unsk i I led
Rubber factor ies
White co l lsr
Skdled
S-i sk i lled
Unsk i lled
Other 1111 isceo l laneous •nufa.ctur ing i ndustr i es
Sh i te c ollar
Sk i l led
S- is ki l led
Uns k ;I led
Transport!t i on an:I c ~ n i cat ion
-.h ite collar
Sk ill ed
Se-nt is k i lied
Unski 1I~
Construct ,on ind ,.ai ntene.nce of streets , roads, br idQes, af'd sewers
•h i te col ltr
Ski I led
Semi sk i l l e1
Unsk i I led
Garages, !uto laundries, etc,
#hite col lsr
Ski I led
Sem i ski I led
29.3
29. 7
?8.9
3'.0
2, .2
22.0
led
5efn i sk i I led
U,,sk ii led
St r~et r1 i I ro,:j
Wt, i te c o lhr
~k i lied
~ i5 J. i ll ed
Unsk i lled
fel'!Qr~oh ird telephone
White colhr
Ski lied
Semi sic i I led
Unslc i I led
,,t~r tr11n5portat i on
White c oll,r
Ski I l'!d
Sem isN 1 11ed
Unsk i I led
Tra?e
Whi t e c o llar
~ lr1 1 l~d
-;-,-.:,i Jled
t
'
-''
-
-
25 . 9
27.9
27 . 6
22 . S
n.2
22 . 1
31.2
16. •
21 . 1
U.2
18.0
2C.6
23. 7
33.l
33 -'
23.8
23 . 7
22.7
22.8
2,.2
)C.0
23.0
2• . 2
21.3
26 . 0
'
22. 7
25. 7
22.0
17.5
2, .6
18. 2
17. 7
s, d
29.S
'
''
Ur,slc i 1 led
St l!,,"" ra i l road
#h i ll! c ollir
12.0
-
9.0
~tal se'"" ic"
Wh i tt! col hr
S@ffl is ll: i I l e d
1.JnsW: i I lea
'
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t
t
22 .3
31. 3
19.3
26.0
20.1
17. 7
U.7
Sk , li ed
33.S
29. 9
''
'
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19.l
'
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t
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20.9
I
26.3
20 . S
20.5
I
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31.3
28.5
t
25.6
28.0
28.9
27. 8
23.2
27. 7
26 . 7
30.8
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31.2
-t
t
29.•
t
t
t
t
21. 7
16.5
23.7
28.l
39.2
)C . 6
3'.7
21.1
2C .1
20.S
19.2
2C.6
28.3
28.8
22.5
20.l
2,.0
20. 7
20.9
2C.1
19. l
''
21.7
22 . 2
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10.8
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28 . 0
26.9
28 .1
26.6
29 .8
t
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-'
-'
-
19.,
21.2
19.3
-
'
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-
19.6
'
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-
t
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18.7
20.2
19. 7
21 .2
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APPENDIX C
r.~,. ___ o,u
135
DIJIIUIDI Of Ull(IIPL0YIIEIT SIIIC( LAST 101-ll[LIEF JOI IY IIDl/STRY UD
SOCl~COIIOIIIC Ct.ASS Of IISUll OCCUl'llTION IY ~lCE UO SU,
UIILU IIELl(F SlllPL[ IIU u1•-cou1ued
ll(Gl>O 4110
WNU(
1-.Sfrf ,_, S.CC l()..fCOIIIOIUC Cl ASS
MAI.[
~
-- - - - -- - IIAI.£
'EIMU
,tllALE
frade-<Ofll i -
Unok i lied
8an1,i"II end broloeraoe
White collar
Ski I led
S...iokilled
Unok i I led
Insurance
1ftd
9hite col
l ■r
Allto age~ iea . stOf'el , f i lling 1tat i 0N
lh i te col l ■ r
51, d led
31.}
IJnok i lied
tholnale and reta i l trade (except outol
lrt'lite collar
Ski lied
S.-iokilled
Uno•i lied
01"-r , , _ i- t r i n
'lh ite collar
51, i lled
S.,,iski lied
U..ki I led
-
-
t
t
t
2' . I
2, . ,
23 . }
23.4
24 .9
26.1
'
'
'
17. 7
17. 7
20. 5
20. 5
2} . 5
19. 2
25.1
22 .}
25.2
'
15. 6
18. }
Mtic •rvice
18. 7
lhite col1 ■ r
Skilled
S..,i ski lied
Unoki I led
18. 5
18. e
16 . 5
21.}
l'rofno ION I ..,,, ice
Profeuional •r.ona
Proc,ri1t or1 , •,agers, and offic ial•
90f".._,,
Skilled
Se,,,isk i lled
Unok i lled
"9crut i Ot"I and ,..,.....t1t
Prof111 ional persons
Propr ietor1, •naeers, afld off ic ia l1
Clarks Jnd kirdred .orlwrs
Sk i lied
S-i 1k il led
Unok i lied
Ol"-r profns iONI
Profns iON I •rsons
PrOt)f"ietors, •ragers, arw:,
Clerks •1111 kindred worker,
Sk; lied
Se,,oiskilled
Unak i lled
official ■
S..lprofns i- 1 pur•uit•
Profestic,,W,I Clllr&ons
Proprietor, • • ,.gers, arw:I official,
Clerks •nd kindred ..,,.kar,
Sl,illed
s.,.;.. i lied
Unok i lled
w ,.._, _,,,.,.
t
t
t
I
Sellli1k i l led
a.ite collar
21.6
29. e
)0.0
t
t
51,il led
Se,olok i lied
Unok i lled
.,,_.tic
19••
22 . e
23 . 2
'
rMI fftate
Cler ks •nd kindred
23.7
17.~
t
t
t
t
t
-
21.0
-
21.,
21.9
18.5
19.0
21.6
23 .}
-
t
t
t
-
t
t
t
18.9
t
t
''
I
l1.3
16.2
21.9
'
11.2
-t
-
18.0
19. 5
20.9
18. 7
19.2
t
t
t
'
18. 0
t
t
-
' -'
' 't
22.2
t
t
I
t
t
22.5
22.0
I
I
19.5
22 .8
17. 7
21.5
27 . 5
II.I
12 .6
20. 8
20.4
17. 6
l&.8
20.5
20.0
't
28. 3
27.0
t
t
t
12 .4
19.8
23.1
17. 8
23 . 5
15.}
27 . 2
25. 8
9.4
IZ. 7
21.,
19. 6
16.0
l}.6
14 . 7
12 . 9
t
t
t
t
t
11. 7
19.6
20.8
22 . 5
20.7
20. e
19. 4
20.J
t
2, .e
t
27.0
'
-
15.•
2'2.0
''
t
t
12 .8
28.}
21.2
22.5
21.5
-'
26.0
26.•
-t
16.6
-'
t
It.I
20.8
15 . t
20.1
Digitized by
t
I
-
19.}
-t
t
t
t
22.1
2,,4
t
t
20.2
23.}
t
-'
t
-
I
I
I
-'
18.1
2'3 . 0
t
t
t
15. 7
t
Google
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
136
Table 8-ME014N DURATION Of UNEMPLOYIIENT SINCE LAST NON-RELIEF JOI BY INDUSTRY
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASS OF USU4l OCCUPATION IY RACE AND SEX,
URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE IIAY 1934-Co•ll•ud
NEGAO ANO anER
WIIITt
I NOUS TRY ANO SOC 10-iCOIIOIIIC CLASS
MAI.£
Done1t ic and personal Nrvice-cont inUld
Ski I led
Setoiski lied
Unski I led
4NO
FEM41.£
MALE
FEIIALE
21.4
lt.8
18.2
t
t
19.3
14.7
18.3
17.9
19. 7
15.3
18.3
21.8
20.6
25.9
21.5
19.9
#hite co1lar
Ski lied
S.,,,isk i lied
Unsk i I led
20.7
17.6
21.7
20.1
t
t
t
-
20.1
Hotels. restaunnts, boerding hou-
t
Dcnnt ic and persorel
White collar
Ski lied
NrYiCe
,....... ,
laundrin
White collar
12. 7
10.7
17.5
15.0
I
t
20.1
19.I
16.2
11.9
18.2
17.0
18.5
15.0
19.5
17.0
24.7
19.9
18.0
20.0
19.4
'
18.0
17.0
Cleaning, dyeing. and pressing shops
White collar
Ski lied
S.iski lied
Unski lied
t
18.9
t
Not spec i r ied industries !Ind services
White collar
Skille<I
Set,,iskilled
Unsk i lied
t,o ....,dla11a uleuleled 'or , ... r tN11 so -or•er1,
•twc. lYIHs Jl,"I peraons •JIO tl&d N¥1r •orllad, w,io hN
16.6
t
t
19.5
16.6
..,-...er
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
18.0
20.1
t
t
t
17.4
19.6
-
25.0
18.9
19.5
t
t
14.0
'
'
t
t
t
t
t
14.0
-
t
-t
t
t
t
t
t
l1U tMft • ..... at
!:! :!!~ ~=r~::
!':·.::::•d~~~:~!:"o;'.:.";':!;:-ht"':.•:: :::: ==::::;
,,,
...........
t
19.9
t
Ski lied
Semiskilled
Unsk i lied
t
18.5
t
t
Se,.iskilled
Unsk i lied
-
I
f:
bNNlllfll9 111 ao111tfllS c1lcal1t1d 011 totals ..Cl41dl .. ttioN .....,1.,... .,,,. H ,..n.
a.,.c.-not ,, ........,
cl ■ uHiH.,
Digitized by
Google
APPRNDIX C
137
T, ble 9-~EOIAN AG[, YEA~S or EXPERl[NC[, DU~AT ION Or UN[UPLOYllf~T . ANO Y[ARS
COIIPL[T[O AT SCHOOL, or UN[IIPLOY[O IIEN RY USUAL OCCU PATION,
l/118AN RELIEF SAMPLE
IIAY 1• 3•
USUAL OCCUPATION•
3R.3
,o.,
I15~.•n
u9 .ns
Total men r•porl inq :
1'1.~
79.6
1'6,)61
7.6
38.5
11.•
2•.~
7.1
•R. I
41. I
17. 5
•o. 7
Far• "lll'Wl~rs and forenen
)2.•
1).5
8.R
•I.I
Fam laborers
7.J
7.5
7.0
1.0
9. A
6. 2
8. 0
J.8
7. 7
5. 9
R. 5
Aqr ic1i1I ture
Far1111Prs f~rs o111"'1 tet'llntsJ
Fishtni. and forestry
28.J
F t s ~ ~ and o,ste~
LUfflbermen. raftsnien. and wood c hoppers
htr41Ct i on of rainer,.Js
ror~n. OYe~ttrs. and i"s~ctors
Cml fflli''lf' o~rJ11tive,s
Other opef"31t ives in extract i on of rr i nerc1ls
Manufacturing and l'Jeehanical
industries
APO rent ic ~ to bu i 1-t i nQ .J ""1 ~"1 tr"!l1~
Aoor~nt1ces. e•cept to bu i ld in g arw1 h.a"'1 tradn
&t.-.,r5
Rl ,tt lii5"'1lhs, fon:Jetten,a,.., ham,er~n
Ro , le r r111lcers
Rr ici. ""1 stOl'le flll!lsons ,1nj ti le layers
Rudi,er5 ~nd builrJ1ng contr11 ct ors
Cab•~t"'1'-ers
CarPl'nters
C01Pos i tors. I inotypers , and typesetteors
Coopers
Dyers
Ele ct ricians
Electrotypers, ,ter~otyl)(!rs, -tnd I ithoqraphers
Eng i nee r s !stationary). , ,..,nemen. hoistl'len. etc .
(nqrAve,.s
f i lers, gr itYters, buffers, 'Ind pol ii hers (fflltta l J
F'iretn!n (nceot loc0110t ive and fi,.e departlften1)
F'orf!'fflen -,nd oversee,., l"1!1nufactu,.ingl
furr,,ece 111en, StRelter l'l'ltn, heaters, puddler,, ttc .
Jewe lers, •atchntlliiers , goldsmiths, and sil~r1111iths
Mt!t.chi n 1stl, mi I l•r ,ghts, a nd toolmakers
lilanag~rs and offic i .1 \ s lflllnufac t1..1ringJ
llfanufacturers
lilech.anic1 (n . o,t .
J
Youlders, founders , and casters (Metal J
Oile rs of "'l!llchinery
Pll inters, glaziers, varnis~ers, ena. . len, , etc.
Paper' hangers
Pattern and model fll!lken,
Plaster•,, and cttff'l!nt f i n i shers
Pt unC>ers and gas and s tea111 f, t ten
Press.""" and plate pr inters (pr int i ngJ
) I. 5
20. 7
ZJ . 9
O.•
•2.9
50.0
• 2. 5
•2 . 7
15. 7
16.0
15. B
U.5
)). !
)9. 9
11.6
JI. 7
7.5
n. s
2.6
77. 1
33. 9
•6 . 8
•3.A
2.1
9.3
16.5
IS.•
3J. O
1•.6
7•. I
36 . •
8.R
A. A
7. 7
) IU
7.)
'l. 5
• 9.0
•• . 3
•6 . 7
3' .0
17.0
19 . )
19. )
IR. 5
10 . 9
3) . ]
7. 3
A. 1
7. 5
7 .6
8.8
,o.o
•2 . 9
) 6.1
13. 5
• 3. 7
9. 7
10.1
17. 2
9.5
12.9
J?. 3
21U
3? .6
37 . 1
I S.A
P.6
11.5
17.•
9.8
2P. 7
38 . t
37. J
JR . •
•0 .6
,0. 0
• 1. 9
16.6
30 . 7
J 7 .•
U.)
1• . 2
3' . R
3' . •
,o,q
•s.o
U .R
•2. 2
•~.8
32 . 9
) ). 0
J 7.~
Jf,.
2
11 . 1
2• .8
29. I
)6 . I
6.A
7.9
5. 7
7,t
1. 7
6.•
6.6
A,6
A. 7
7.6
A.I
7,]
6. 2
), ~
6.•
•• . 2
33 . 2
u .•
8.G
]7 . 1
8.1
B.O
1n_q
A.1
A. I
•J. 7
3•. 5
39 . 2
)!> . 9
•3.8
12.R
7.1
17. 7
17.2
16.B
•1.1
7, I
• 2.8
tO , )
J8. 8
•1.0
J8. 0
13.•
..
J~. R
,
26 . 0
7 ·"
.e
72. 3
JC , 7
A.A
IJ . 7
13. J
15. 7
10 . ~
10.•
3).6
J 3. 2
7. 9
,o.J
•0 . 5
tl . O
•1.6
•1.0
1
1. n
3' . •
A. 1
39 . 9
2fl . 5
6. 7
7 .6
10.•
15.8
8.5
IJ . 2
IJ. 5
)3.6
71 .0
)8 . 2
J•.9
)5.5
7. 1
7 .o
Upholsterers
•S . 3
39 . 0
3' . 5
20 . 6
IJ . B
8.8
2" . 8
31.5
JO. •
A.I
()perat ives (n.o.s.)
&, ild ing industry
)9 . 5
12.2
3'.5
7, A
Rollers and rol 1 hands (,..ta 11
"loafers al'd slaters
S.ifYers
Sh0e"llliers am cobblers (not in factory)
Skilled occupatio,- (n.e.c.J
Stonec utters
Structural i ron •orkers ft,vi ldinqJ
Tailor,
Ti,-mitha and coppersfll iths
Digitized by
..
,
7, )
7,6
7. 2
),ij
Google
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
138
Table 9-MEDIAN AGE. YEARS or EXPERIENCE, DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT, ANO YEARS
COMPLETED AT SCHOOL, OF UNEMPLOYED MEN BY USUAL OCCUPATION,
URBAN REL IH SAMPLE MAY 1934-Co•llued
-·
1111(01/!M
US:.W. OC:CuPAT 1ow•
Mi,nuf~cturing and ~cht.nical industritt-<ontinued
Oper,H ives (n . o . s. )-<ont i nued
Cf\eff!ical 1nd allied inrtustries
YEARS OF
,o.,
39,8
,o.,
8,3
11.4
10.0
15. 6
35,2
21. 7
37.5
26 . 5
6. 7
7.3
7,1
32,0
39.2
23 . 0
37, I
7.5
7.5
7. 5
)7. 6
38.5
31. 9
5. 8
8.1
7.9
11.2
9. 6
7.6
2).5
32.2
29.9
7. 7
3) . 6
27.5
38. I
29,3
36. 9
38. 7
9. 7
6.5
12.2
4. 7
A.I
8.5
10. 7
20.4
15. 2
22.8
5.9
7.8
30.0
7.6
7.5
7. 8
)f.0
1.3
30.5
7.9
38.6
tl.6
•0.5
33.6
f 1.6
11.3
10.0
9. 1
6,3
9.9
29.5
J7..6
6.3
36.1
6.2
6.9
5.9
Met,11I in1ustries, e•cept iron aM steel
leather , n1us tries
lurotier and furniture irdustries
Paper, pr int ing, ind al I ied industries
Tc11:t i le injustries
Cotton rr,ills
36,8
3'.5
36.3
B.t
7.8
10.0
6.t
39.0
2'l.7
33,9
25.8
28.5
6.0
It.I
4. 7
lrliscel laneous tTdnufacturing irdustries
37,3
8.9
:,).6
6.0
J6. I
8. 7
28.9
7.5
48.0
43.1
17.9
IJ.2
10.2
20.6
27.8
:lt.O
8.4
5.6
7 .6
16 . 6
2!1. 7
35,6
5. 7
20. A
7. 8
8.2
JO. 7
26.R
7.8
6. 3
7 .5
6.8
6.8
7.9
Cigar and tolMcco fsctories
Chy. glass , and stone indvs tries
Clothing i~ustries
Forxt and allted industries
J,-on and steel , fn'lth inery, and vehicle industries
Metal irdustries, except iron and steel
leathe r industrieis
lUl'l"be>r and furn i ture itvtustries
P-ilper , printing, and allied industries
Textile industries
Cotton !'t il ls
l<ni tt i ng i,i i I ls
Silk mi I ls
Text.le rtye ing , fin i shing, and pr i nting lftills
'IJoo len and ... orsted rr i I ls
OthP. r textile r-:ill s
Wi se e l laneous nenufacturi ng iMus tries
39.6
36.6
)8,3
19.9
7,4
7. 6
7.9
7,4
Lahorers (n.o.s. I
Ruil11n9, genertl!, in-:t not spe,cified la borers
r.henic.:tl am all ie1 inr1ustr i es
Ch~. glass. ~M ste>nc! in1ustries
Food ;11nl !11 ied in1ustr i es
Iron .1nd steel. 1'8thinery, and veh icle in:1ustries
lnn<iportat ion ard co,r"'nicat ion
Wa t er transportation (s . o. J
C4pta i ns, ".:,,sters, ~tes, and pilots
l ongshoremen ~nd stevedores
Sa i 1ors an1 ::tee.I( "ands
Roa-t ~nd strttt transport11t ion (:s.o. J
C~uffcurs dnd truck and tr~t or 1rivers
Orayrre-11, tea"'1i ters, ,1nd carr i age dr ivers
Garage laborers
Uborers, truck, tr'lnsfer. an1 C!b COl"~nies
laborers, r~d :t nd street
0-.ners and tr11Sna~rs , truck, transfer, aro cab cc,npanies
Ra i I roa::t transport a tion (s . o . J
~ ilcr •ashers ,Jnd eng ire hostlers
39,3
37,3
31.6
48.9
29. 2
37,0
39. 1
•3.1
Brakefflen {s tear,. ra i I road J
::onr1ucton (st e3"' railroad)
CQrduc.tors (street rililroadl
Forerrien ard overseers
t2. I
t0,3
50.9
41. 7
47.8
laborer~
42.3
locCJT'Ol ive, e11g ineers
48 . 0
39, 7
40, 6
locOffOtive fire,,en
'-'otor~n
S.i tct-men. flagrren, an:1 y-!lrdn-en
[xpr~s. post . r11::tio. tele9raph, an::t telephone (s.o.)
fla il carrier s
Telegraph an1 telephone I inei,en
Telegr-,ph "'l"Ssengers
Telegrapt- operators
'2. l
)2. 5
3',4
18. 5
41.3
24. 2
39,3
2-4. 2
26. 7
5.•
5.9
7 .5
7.0
6.J
1.•
9. 3
36,2
12. 7
18.8
11.0
40.3
40.0
37.9
38.2
6. 1
7.9
8.3
8.J
7.J
9.8
16.0
12.4
9. 5
12. I
35.9
•2 .6
40, I
36.8
40,3
7.~
8.0
7.9
7.9
6.1
7.5
I. 7
26. 0
39.8
16.8
8.7
8. 2
U .3
33-~
10.5
1•.•
Dis11tized by
5. 7
R.6
Google
APPENDIX C
139
Table 9-MEDIAN AGE, YEARS OF EXPERIENCE, DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT, AND YEARS
COMPLETED AT SCHOOL, OF UNEMPLOYED MEN BY USUAL OCCUPATION,
Ul!8AN RELIEF SAMPLE IIAY 193•-coua ... d
USUM. OCCuPATION 8
tlfOIAII
YEARS OF
A(;(b
YEARS OF
WDU.1111
IIJNTHS OF
(XP(RI-
UNfMPLOY-
OCEC
~l•r'
lrll[OIM
WEOIA.JII
YEA~S AT
5CHCX>t •
Traf"ISportat ion and COllfflJnic,11t ion-cont •"'4.led
o,.,.,,
transPortation and Cc:lffl\.ln1cat1on pursuits
F'oret"len and ower~rs (n.o. •·)
12.4
5.0
7. 2
31.3
37. 9
29. I
3).0
8.0
7. 9
7. 7
7 .6
7.6
11.0
12 .6
12. 6
4.0
11 .0
25.2
30. 2
36. 7
2'1.fi
27.1
37. 3
8.3
11.3
11.9
10.1
7. 7
7. 9
12.9
9. 5
9. 7
5. 6
2.1
30.9
JO. I
25. 7
25. 2
12. 7
7. 9
10.5
5.8
7.3
CB . 7
4). 9
)I.I
35 . 7
C5. 5
35. 8
l 2. )
17. 2
)) . 0
27.2
6.,
74. 7
7.0
16 . 0
9.1
38.5
32.1
9.6
7.8
9. 1
9.9
10. 3
72.)
7.8
41.6
51.1
JR. 2
• 8.5
•6 . J
2R .)
40 . 6
7.3
7.0
6.9
13.1
R.6
5. 7
8. 7
28.1
7. 5
7.4
~.9
R.4
A.O
)5. I
9.2
76.0
II. 5
Ac. tors ,"1 s.,a.,,,ien
Arc h,tec.h
,lr t •~ts, s cul r,tors , , n1 ,.-..,cher, of .. n
4utt'lors , e-1.tors. vu repo rt ~rs
(t,ei"',,ls, -,ss tyer1 . .tn1 fteUI lur 9 i1t1
3) . 9
4) . 6
)2. 4
• 2. I
36 . 5
II. 7
1q. R
10. )
10.3
P.9
25. 7
37 . A
27 .4
R.6
15.5
11. 7
1' . !
26. 7
IC . I
:: 1,q~n
r)eo; ,qners, jr1ft\"ll!'n, •"1 inv~ntors
J.lri,s, c,-t~ -lM tct1chers of ""'' •c
Pt.pto~r1.phers
Tt!1.c hers
50.8
34 . J
3~ . 7
37. 5
36.1
20.1
10.1
t• .2
12. 4
7 .5
27 . 8
JO.,
ZP . 9
12. •
12.2
9.8
27 -~
24.0
15.,
Tee t-in ic~I ""q 1n~rs
3R. 8
35 . 0
)9 . 0
2• .o
10. 9
2. 6
8. 9
3. 3
31.)
)2. 5
73.7
17.2
15. 7
15.1
9.6
)7. 2
A.6
16 . B
2. 7
7.,
7. ~
5. 8
2, .•
?1.•
1' . I
20 .0
77.~
29.9
7. 5
7 .5
7.9
7. 3
7. 9
7. 7
L,boreo (n . o.• . )
•5.B
45. 2
37 . 0
Other occupat •ons
36.fi
Ins pee tors
Trade
}1.8
A1vertising "~ts
Rankers, brOker,,
--1
,o. 3
lenders
COl"fflPrc ,al tra ... clers
Del iveryftW!'n
F'loor,...Jkers. fore,,en, am o..-.rseers
Inspectors. '}-'ugers, ..m H"'Olers
ln&ur111nce agents, ""n,1gers, >,n1 off i c •Als
I ufft)er yar1s. •are-ho.,,s.s. etc.
laborers. pcrters, an:J ht"lpers ,n stores
~.,-t,oys
L1borers 1n COIi
""
~e,,I e-shte i~nu an1 oH ic ia h
Retail de!ilers
Sa lesn-n ~nj salM•orten
Un1e r ldil ~rs
•.,o lt>S\ I~ 1ei ler1, 1"C)Mters . 4ncl e•~rters
Ot,..er pursu i ts in tri1e
Put, 1, e serv,ce
Guads, •!tch""'", .!ln1 doorkeepers
Ll bo r~rs {pub I 1c ,-er¥" ,eel
li\!rst-i,. ls, sheriffs, detecti¥"es . etc .
Pol 1Ct!'"e"
Sol11er'io, s;i1 lors, an1 l'ftr,nes
Ott-er put.l ,e pursu • ts
Pro fess iona I serv ,ce
"'~~,
profess in,,.. I pursu 11S
l ,1n1 r~ re, t ion:t 1 pursuits
At ten1ants anj helper1 (pr o f~siona l )erv ice)
~ 1 prof ~ss I on.:1
fl~f'St I(
tn-1 personal wrv ice
0J rl:.,er s, ..,d ,r1ressers, ,n1 "8nicu ri sts
floott -1,ct..s
Ch.tr• ~" :tn-1 r_ le.111P\ers
: 1e11 nin:J . 1~•1"1Q, ~nrt press in,~ shop_ • or lllers
£l '? v-1t o r ten1~rs
U .8
43. 0
74 . 5
45.9
42. 3
,o. g
41.6
31 . 2
18. •
42.2
22 . 3
)5.0
J0. 4
)1.8
,, .n
11 . 9
8. 9
)4 . '
I
?I.R
)R.?
39. 7
22.9
25.6
e.J
7 .•
71 .•
R. 9
8. 7
I
Hou,,.l.eep,:!rs ,n,,1 ,tN.!r1s
J11n, t o rs ,in1 SPllll'lf'tS
l.atwir~r\ f'1()t!e-5t,c !lrt:1 personal serv ic e)
L,iu n-i ry o~r:r1I 1¥"~
l.4 ,ja ,ves 1ri1 nut\6 Inot trained)
'1 . 3
3) . 8
3). 1
35.1
11.6
8.2
7 .5
7.3
5.6
?!I. 5
2R. ~
16.5
2, . 1
28.)
7. 9
6.8
5. 7
7.6
8. 7
Porter, lexct1rt in ,tores)
Rest5urant, c~fe, •nd I unch r()()l'ft "eepers
Serv,.nts
.,, i ters
)6.4
45. 0
)6.J
36 . 8
7.9
10 . 9
8.9
10.2
2A.6
)0.3
7.1
7 .6
7 .5
7.9
Digitized by
n.,
21.e
Google
140
URBAN WORKERS ON R&LIEF
Table 9-MEDlAN AGE, YEARS OF EXP[RiENCE, DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT, AND YEARS
COMPLETED AT SCHOOL, OF UNEMPLOYED MEN BY USUAL OCCUPATION,
URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE MAY 19,H-Contlu•d
MEDIAN
YEAAS OF
AGEO
USUAL OCCUPATION•
~ t i c and personal
Clerical occupations
Agents, col lee tors, and credit men
Bookkeepers, cashiers, and accountants
Clerks (except "c Jerks• in stores)
Messenger, errand, ard off ice boys and
Stenographers and typists
---
E>CPERIEOK:Ec
11£0 '""
-THS OF
UNEIFLOY-
MENT"
IIEOIM
Y[AA'S AT
SCHOOi..
sen, ice-continued
Other pursuits
--
IIIEDIM
YEARS OF
8.9
28.)
)1.6
6.0
)1.2
9.8
40.4
9.1
9. 2
6. I
1.5
3.2
33,0
31.1
32.5
24.3
10.8
11.6
9.2
8. 7
11.5
)6.9
31.8
21.2
26.6
girls
7, 1
C4. 1
-
23,2
--·---
a[•c.ludil"!i occupation• •itl'1 f•-er '"•" 50 tiVrl!era.
•"°
bC•tludes lf.11111 ~n
"•d never -or•ed or •'-Cl f'l•d worlled 1eH tt1an ■ ••-•al tne last job of usu•I occupation.
cbc11H1es IJ,l)t ,.,n •tao lt■d ... ver worked or whose e11perience ■ t u■ ual occupatio11 • • 11u•f10-n
dhcludea 17,971 -n •ho l'led ne¥ar -ori.ad, •hO had worlle,d
than• •ee111 et tlle laat joD ot us.u&I oCcu-Station,
wN:lSl' duration or 11ne111plo,-l'lt sirc:e la~t job at uwal occ·Jpation ••s unllr.own, or whose dura1ion or u~lo,-.11t
sioe• last job or usual ocrupl!lt,on was o¥er 10 years. Duration of una-.,10,,...nt i• --•sured fro• last job of
11
or 1110re at usual 0<:cupat ion.
9 b'c1P,Pdes 11,111 ~n •ho had ne.. er "°ned, .,hO 11.«1 never attended sc"Ool, or wt1oee sc11ooling - • 11n.11nown.
•••s
-••s
n.o.a..-not othf'rw,se spt<•riecl.
n.e.c.-not ehewnpre clusitied.
s.o.-sel ectl!<I occup ■ t ions.
Digitized by
Google
141
APPENDIX C
Tab 1e 10-ll(DI AN AGE, YEARS
or EX PER I ENC[,
or UNE .. PLOYED
COMPLETED AT SCHOOL,
URBAN REL I H
DUR AT I ON
or
UNEIIPLOYll[NT, AND YEARS
WOMEN BY USUAL OCCUPATION,
SAMPLE i,AY
1!1)4
lllOU.N
Yt:.,.S al
[u-(Jtl-
---<
5,a,457
4.9
48,561
20.)
8.8
22.1
8.8
20.9
31.6
3.9
4).6
)7.8
)8.2
,JO. 7
8.0
6.8
18.6
16.4
6. )
2. 9
)8.1
44.8
12.0
t
27. 7
)1.5
)0.6
,J0. 8
29.0
2.1
4.1
).9
).2
lrOfl and at .. 1, mchl,wry, and vehicle induttriH
•t•I industries. ncept Iron and ltNI
)0.8
27 .6
).)
30.0
28. 7
Leather indu1trie1
L,..._, and fut'niture industrlH
P.tper, printing. Md allied industries
28.5
).6
16.9
)0. 1
).2
4.0
)1. 1
7.8
7. 7
8.0
7.8
)1.6
7.t
1.4
4. 2
11.2
28.0
5.9
Total -
report ino:
Agricu1 tu,.e
Fara laborers
Manufacturing Md 11Khlinical industri••
OresSIIAken and se. . t,HMI (not in factoryJ
ForMen and ove,...,,., (aanufacturingJ
Mi 11 iner"S end •i 11 i nery deal•rs
Painte,.,. glaiiers. varni$hert, ~ler1, etc .
Tai ton
Oper ■ t
ive, (n.o. • · I
al 1 itd industrin
Chel9ic ■ I and
Ci91r and tooacco factorie ■
Clothing industrie1
food Md ■ 11 ied iftdu1trie1
29.7
' " ' " ' i ndustr iu
Cotton •ills
Kni tt i"9 •i 111
Silk •ills
lloolon ■nd .,r,t ■d •Ills
Other text i 11 ail la
YiK ■ I l ■neoul
)2.8
30. 5
laborers (n.o. s. I
Buildino, v-n■ r■ l.
■nd
not
._ifi ■d l ■borert
r..11■a1
....,u
ntoto
Retai 1 dealer,
tel ■grapl,,
■nd
■nd t ■ lep-
officials
Other pursuits in trade
Pn,fnaional Nrvice
Actors ■nd MusiciMt and teecher1 of .,sic
T-h■ rs
Trained r,,rNI
Other proresaic,ft,11 r,ursuitl
S..ipn,fesaional and rwcrNtlonal pvrsuits
l t t - U ■nd h■ lpera (pn,fouional Nrv;coJ
llo,oest ic ■nd
)1.9
21.6
7.4
29.6
).2
28.)
a.o
,J0.5
4.1
44.I
9.2
29.9
4.0
45.4
9.)
2V.9
).2
7. D
6.0
9.0
10.4
8.2
9.2
8.0
28.8
29.4
).0
24,2
29. 7
29.1
24.5
).0
15. l
)5.0
31. 7
:)8.2
5.1
10.1
12. 4
)5.7
4.4
)4 . 5
)4.9
JP.5
29.9
7.)
4.2
6.5
).2
28.0
24.0
29. 7
)I.I
22.2
22 .5
30.4
28.8
~ .o
)2.6
Elevator t - r •
HouMli-rs
■nd
47.6
40.0
)6.1
2&. 7
45.8
st-rda
i tors ■nd -tona.
.....,..,..... (not in 1-ryl
Laundry operat iv••
lliclo,ivn ■nd ,,.,,.... (....t trained)
llnt .. r■nt. c ■fe, ..., IUIICh ,..,... ~ -...
41.5
41.9
S.rv ■nu
)).4
J ■n
•
7.6
1.,
(1.0.J
)5.0
cl•-ra
1. 7
111.0
persci,,al aervlce
Cleaning, dyeinv, and prnaing shop wrker1
7.8
7.4
17.0
Barben, hAirdretNra. Md Mnicuri1t1
Boarding ■nd lodging houoe "-9rs
Ch■,- ■nd
8.)
7.)
5.t
4).8
Salo- ■nd s■ l ■-
16.9
17.8
9.0
2&. 7
Trenspurtat io,1 Md COMllfticat io,1
C.press, po,t, radio,
Telephone operators
I
4.4
).8
)0.4
)).6
~facturing indu1tri11
2.t
)2.4
7. 7
7.9
8.)
8.9
7.9
7. 7
)4.2
45. 0
46. 7
.. ,
4.5
9. 4
4.6
5. 4
18.5
20.9
25.5
1).2
9. 7
11.6
14.5
15.l
U.7
10.t
9. 7
7.2
8.8
7,4
21.)
6.5
21.5
8.2
).)
28.3
8. 7
6.6
21.4
2).0
15.1
8.0
7.0
5. )
6.9
8.4
8.9
7.1
) .9
11. 7
4. )
2&.9
8.5
7. 6
27.5
6.4
17.6
Digitized by
19. 6
Google
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
Table 10-MEDIAN AGE, YEARS OF EXPERIENCE, DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT, AND YEARS
COIIPLETED AT SCHOOL, OF UNEMPLOYED WOMEN BY USUAL OCCUPATION,
URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE MAY
1934-Co~I hoed
-·
IIEOIAN
USUAL OCCUPATION&
Domestic ~nd ~rsona1 service-cont i nued
Waitresses
27.8
Clerical occ ups t ions
Bookkeepers. cashiers, and account ants
Clerks {~xcept •clerks• in stores)
MessengP.r, errand, and office boys and girls
Stenographers and typists
- - ----~-
f■o
-.<liaM, calculated for feftr than H
8
YEARS OF
[xcludes oc;cu,atiOftt •itl'I ' • - r tl'lall M
b[xclud•s 12,712 wo-n •ho had notVer
28.3
31.4
29.4
23.8
2,.9
MEDIAN
YEARS Of
EXP£RIENCE.c
ME.DIAN
.._,..THS OF
UNEIPLOY-
!ENT•
3.3
21.1
3. 7
29.6
30.2
33-3
24.0
26.9
4. 7
3- 7
1.7
3-3
IEOIA ■
YEARS AT
scHO:L•
8.3
11.2
11.1
10.3
9.9
11.0
-,ri.:ert.
•--•ra,
..,,..,_ft
or •he> 1tad •rll:ed less'"•" 11 ..... at tM last jolt of •H■I occu,atio11,
c[xc1..cles 12. z•• ~ " •ho had 11...,er 90rri,ed or whose expadenca at 1111sual occupation
••s
un1tno11Y1.
dhcl11das ll. l•1 _,..,. •ho had ne-wer worloed, •'"> t1ad -orll.d l•n ltlan • -...111 1l t i . last jotl ot usual occu,allo11,
•hos• duratiol'I or une,,iiploy-.nt since lu,t jotl 111 usual occupation NS ov•r 10 1ears, Duration of uneaplo,-11t ia
-•swred rr0'1 last JOtl or 11 _.11, or 110r• at 11111al occupat,on.
e£•cludes 1•.1•1 wo.-n •ho tlad riever -,,111:d • .._, Jlacl Mver atlendecll KIIOOI, or Whose actiool Int NS u•II•-·
n.o.s.-not otl'l1t,...iH ,pecifiH.
il.O.-s•lec:tad occupat iona.
•
Digitized by
Google
APPENDIX C
Table
11-DU~lT 10ft OF UJtltlPLOY.,EIH OF W(N SINCE LAST NOfrt-R[LIEF JOB
BY USUAl
INDUSTRY, URBAN R[LIH SAWPL[ WU l'#J4
-~-------- -
~
-
--- ---1
U5UAl
IIIIOIJSHff
-- - -
,o,.,
~!~
I
I
100.0
~
JO.
'i 19.J
Al;ariculture
7 .2~1
100.0
4).1' ld. 7
Fish1"9 ~ forntry
F,v,,nq
1.o;s
100.0
6(,.81 lt,')
~I
1 "~"' -
!I-'
2
PflK£11T ,._,.._ ,_,,_,_R l n_•~
•"'9•
Forf'\try
r-r1.. !
---=,;==;:==::;:::==--;:=====:;
~---r- _
111u,r,,1tE~
Total -.., report
143
TE~s
~
I!>.,
10.:1
-r
I o~tR
t----
TE~~
,!~s
8.8
,.,
I ~-'
,.a
a.:,
2.J
0.3
I.J
J.l
0.5
----t
1!)_5 I
I
?J.1
0.3
100.U
71.11 8.A
II.I
1.;
J.•
,.1
u
lW.lJ
,;. JI lb. I
14.1::i
IJ.s
6_,
100.0
10,/'l~.li il.d
20.1
6.1
0.5
5.8
0.5
8.8
I
E•tr9Ct•OII of ll'1nf'r11ls
S.U52
eo.. 1 191t!'le1,
lW,U
u.11,.11 JJ_;I 21.5
l/i
I
1..N,V
4, iii
i
H.A.,,u
;;:: !~:~ !::;
l.J1.,.O
d.d lt;., j d.l I 11.l,
4,)-4,
Q,! _.11'!. 8f'lo'.I 1-n -,ells
Other ~,nes ,11\(J ;;»u.srr•e!.
lllanuf~tur1n1 !lnd niie-chy,,c,.I
I
in'1u'5trif"S
&.,,lj,nq ,""1.,,try
Cl'•-,ral -t"l ,ll,f'-1 ,rv1,.;,tr,p1,
lti,'1~
,-1. ,.,, '
l~. 1 I 11.U
t::i. l
i : : : I 11.U
,,./j
,~.', Lf.LI
17./
l.t"~
~,:.
L.1,,,,.,
Cl""• '.11'\'\'5,Y'd '\lone 11'1du,.tr1,e,.
l, IY I
ll.A..l
~
J. L
ili. U
,1.11
Cloth•""J 1ndv-.trie'\
cW'J:
ll.AJ.l,
iJ.J'
,LJ
l':1./
C,·p1r ,,..,., '"t'lrtn f'lrtor,,-'I,
Food .iinrl 11\ I ,Pd ,nc,u-.tr,es
~,11!,.~r lf"S
51,uJhl'°r <'.IM p.oi,:lo,,.J ~OU'-"\
Other foo,1 ,1n,1 al I ,Pd in1u:,-trif''5
Iron -W"d 'l.tHl. Ma(h,~r,. al'lf1 v•h,cle ,nju'ltr,es
Auto fM"tor,f''I
Autn r,.p,., r "'i ► 0p-.
l.il,-.t furn,.Cf''\ "M '\t~I rnll,nq ,,,.11,
(/t,if'r ,r()f"l,'\tf"•l,1M~''ll ,odu,tr,f''"i (n.n,'1.)
1.lbl
l,\"1
I
l,bH,
llAJ.U
l,).,,.V
lJ.,,:J
~~:: ~·~:~ : ~~:~ I
Jt,:l .:0.d
lb.b
15.J
i ,u.,
t4 . .ii 11::1.1
l,!"111
1, ~-" 1
~~: ·;1 ~~:~ !
't,:,01
l!.•11, .• 1
,,._.1
;or.b
l1"'t>•r ,t\11 f11r,..,turp ,,..'1ustr,es
'i1• -11"11 pl_.,..,,..l ""; 11-.
31.' 14.j
J,. IJ.O
'i
M)0'1.-:,rlo1n1 ,,,du-;trif'S
Piw•r, pr,.,!'"], 11""1 ,11 ~ ir•·1ts'ltr,,-.,
Pr,.,t ,.-.q, cu'll .._.,,~, ,n1 ,.,..,,.,.v,ri~
P.:t~r ,n.1 ,.11,~ •""•1uc.tr1f'"'i
I
l'J'·-~
u
I
I
Con'ltruct,on 'Ind 'Mint ..nal'ICf' of ~treet,, roAd'I, f'tc.
11ulo 14ur,dr,es, elc.
Poc.t11l '\ervt<'.f'
Ste.w,i ra, I r()Nj
St rp~I ,. .. , I rMd
fple-:ir ,ph ~1 , .. 1.-pttnne
Othf'r , r,n-.pQrt"t ,o,,
,,.~.
&nlci~ •lf'd brn"''"'"9f'
ln'5Ufll1'<f! and real P'll1itf"
,.,to 'lq!'!'nc1!!''\, ,,,.,,e.,, .oind f,ll1n-:;i !!.tlltions
'llt,c,l.-.,,.1 .. ¥'Id ret<'l1 I trMe l.4!'•c~t 11utoi
Other tr"ll'1e 1ndu..,,tr1es
Prof4!'ssional ,erv,ce
~,,.,.t
inn ,.nd a.Jser,ient
0th@'r proff'<;SH)f'l-11
S..iprof~~s,on.sl pur'\uits
~.s
3: J
I
O.
l
u.,
o. ~
•.b
I
J. /
I O.J
5.5
0.5
I
J.tl I V.4
11
1
I
S.J I
lt1./
ltl.~
u,.I
I
I
Y>.
llN.U
Jl.0 tl.R
4,.Gj l'l.4
11.'l
lJ.'1
lu.~
bll
11..iu.o
~~:~I!~:,:
':J.t,
24.t,
6Ui.
1w.:i
JO.J ,2.5
I. !JI
lUU.U
ll...ll.U
lOU.U
1'.1
JI.I Hl.8
it, ◄ lb
w:,.o
J() • .l
~- !90
l. li4
18'
100.0
IUJ.O
IU,.O
38.0l lb.,
lUl,.U
b,17')
100.U
1,U9tl
100.U
11..0.(1
soo
,0.1
,32.9 i.U.i
JJ.u[ ,4. J
l,3,4 l!i.l
~~:~1· : ~~
0.1
6.d
O8
1
lj.J
':;, '1 I U.4
1'.1 I
7.J
...
I
Q,:)
I
0. l
,. I I "·'
h.V
1.t:.,
I
b.
>
0.5
u.,
b.1
1"''
11.,
18.1
I
I
I
'·' !
0. l
l.b
U.J
o.o
~., i
1.8
...
i,., I
IJ.l
I
17.Y
14.4
,..
21.::>
1~.5
B.5
19.5
15.6
B.O
.i:1..2
11.~
17 .~
5.0
B. I
11..,
9. 1
lJ.3
19.3
18.1
lO.i
13.1
1/.~
u.,
0.5
8. I
lb.1
11.'l
11.6 I II.I
15.2
•. 6
11.61
14.8
16, 1
1'1.i 1/.71 U.4
JJ.HI
,.1
J.1
'·'
i
hX.J.0
«ol
I
lt._.) '
I
I, .0
l;.'.8 ,
14 .d
1u1
1
77-)
.1uh
56/
ll)IJ.u
16.9
lol: .9 '
,, ., :
'
tl.b
; l~.b
" ,I
I
I
/Ul
c.a,,.q......
I
I
t7 .b, ,"i.s
J,.bl 11:S.H I ld.d
le•t, If' ,.,1•J"'il r•f'"'i
r,.,...,port,1t ,on an1 cCffll'll.ln,cat ,on
4.1
b. l I O.J
d.S
;J.B
'lh".lf' factnri~ ...
Ot,,@'r 14!'11tt>•r 1"Cfu"tr,e-.
'91vf'IIN1M1JS .....,.,..ufac1,,r,rig 1"'1u1tr,.-1
I "-'1f'~"'1f'nt ., \rvt t r.tdl"'I
{1-c.tr,c lf\JKh,,,,..ry, "'''·• fKtor,es
l{.,,L
l~:~ l~:: ·
I
1':,.~•lj,4
Cnl!Of'I "'' 11-.
•n•t t ,n11 ~; 11'5
~, !lo "'i 11'1
llio,11.-n ""'1 ....,, .. tM ~,11'1
0th4!'r tf'•f,lf' ,r,,j,,str,f's
I o.,
j
.... b,H
Le,11tl'l,-r ,n,1u"'itr•e'I
Ot.,•r
5.l
I
I ,, .ul "-, 1vl
1 4L . .i: 1 ,U.J
0.5
lU . .1
w.,
0.5
0.1
o.,
0.1
o.•
J.9
I
U.2
'·" I
1.0
J.b
u
J. l
j.
I u.,
l I C.2
l.~ ' U.B
6.;<5
1(1(.i,0
JJ. 7 ,u.ti
IJ.b
1,1
4.4
20.u<6
100.0
}4.1 d.7
12.8
6.8
,. , I o.3
13,
100.0
100.0
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
Table 11-0URAI ION or UN[IIIPLOY .. ["T or W[N SUIC[ LAST NON-R(ll[F JOS 8'1' USUAL UIDUSJ~Y .
U~8411 RlllEF SAMPU MAY 19J•-co111 IIIHd
lB.5
TOTAL
·-·
USUA.l fNC'IUSfR't
~ s t ic end personal ~rvice-
Hot !!'IS. ,~$1 au rant~ . 1)0Hdirt1 hou~
OCY-.st ic ani:1 ~rson11l s.erv,c.e (n.~.5.
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11.J
11.9
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100.0
100.0
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100.0
44.0
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T(.tllS
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u,,11 • " - • ,.,.. ,..,., _.lrled,
,,
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J
Laundr ie"
Cleaning, d1ei"9, preuing shops
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APPENDIX C
or
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146
URBAN
WORKERS ON RELIEF
Table IJ-RUlo• OF CASES WITH ONE OR MOf!f WOR•ERS IN PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT TO ALL CASES ON RELIEF
IN 79 CITIES, URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE ~AY 193•
CASES WI TH
[MPLOYE0
CITY NIIO STATE
11()RKERS
RAT 10 Of CASES
CASES WI TH
All
WI TH EMPLOYED
WORME~S TO
CI TT Ni!D SU.TE
CASES
EwPLOYED
110AKERS
Litt le 'lock, Ark.
Ne• Orleans, La.
3,670
14,812
175
,.0
8ufhlo, fill. Y.
ZJ,"50
l,;\ll
8.1
•. ,70
'1.650
3.•58
B.J
2,040
182
8!i
a.9
J,b82
60<
,118
San Fr.1ncisco, C11I if
Lynn, Mass.
Findlay, Cl,io
Wilmington. Del.
25.630
Ao!ton. lrMu.
3.612
6,7
108
6'8
«.!Hli
•.508
t,J2
168
109
i1.1,o
10.0
10.9
11.0
II.I
11.•
Siou• Falls, S. O&k,
Clf!'Yel11nd, Ohio
1.600
46,144
JIO
8.69'
1,,21
9tU
.::72.St:IO
1,904
6. 771
225
&LS
11.8
1£.t
24, j~j
~I. YbO
2.968
1,140
JJJ
12.2
12.3
Pittsburgh, Pis.
Salt LAke City, Utah
~nan.1oah, Pa.
[nid, Okla,
- - York, N. Y,
Joo I in, Mo.
Pr0tidence, ~- I.
•uhington, D. C.
Lo-,, Angeles, Calif.
'#l'lttling, •· Va.
lfoclo. Island, Ill.
(vll!'rett, -.uk.
Chicago, 111.
Evan~ville, Ind,
Ports,.iouth, h. H.
Sch~tAdv, ft. Y.
Dougl"s, Ariz.
HiDomg, lilinn.
Hou !'it On. Tp,i:.
Winne.1Jool 1s, lilinn.
Jackson. Wis,.
AIDu~uer~e. N. til,e,c,
[I P1'so. lelf,
Oa1o.L,,,d, C.11\if.
liim1nghan, Ala.
Pl!lterson, Irr!. J.
Rochester. N. Y.
SiouJt City, lo•a
~rir19 .. oort. Conn.
i-leM1ng. P.ii.
Detroit, ~1ch.
Le•in-;ton, I(:,-.
lndien.1pol1~, IM.
San D•~o. Calif,
,.soo
i.WS
1.,.,
9,3
12.J
Mi l'llf8ukf!'f!, Wis.
Alcron, Ohio
Mar::iuet te, Mich.
22.158
8,565
6j9
4,070
•.3'7
19.6
1.600
19.7
1~.9
Duluth, "inn.
Port I .!nd. Maine
1.!l&l
,.622
F'ort lavne, Ind.
U.6
ts11lt i'JIOre, "1.
lj,
b.7
7
KINMth Fal Is, Oreg.
Lake Charles. La.
615
140
10
1,A70
2. IJ7
IJ.8
Kansas City, Mo.
~
15.2
~7~
15.S
15 S
16:0
17. };>9
II'. 191
z,,10
1
f,.74'
J. 7~
'S 97F.
15.R13
1
I
<., 177
l4.4'i7
2,l()f,
4 rnA
/,~i
927
2,!l34
I
tt-.2
1,;.2
'3"7
F--'l7
15.2
17 0
11:0
7~2
1
15.3
"il5
2.~•s
¥-. ~70
l,fr14
I""' ► ,;,,f"'1
~:7'1P
n,
1'.0
14.2
14.9
15.0
f., 1'}0
lH'>
l 7'i8
°638
Atl..nto11, Gl!I.
St. Louis, \lo,
~inot, N. Oak.
,oo
1,0<0
112
193
2J,7
t.;.1
3.122
97
3,087
7,720
2•.J
'24.7
13.8
z•.O
"'
16,J
16.3
2A9
17
3. 75-0
2,20,
296
997
f'SA
21i.~
16.f'
28.6
29.1
U9
.linsonia, Conn.
Cnarleston. S. C.
Ro"\ 1n~ 1:ir~. Ky.
Rut te. \tont.
SJ1
'· 71~
272
7. 130
191
1,,.,.
86
1.-HO
85
2.288
'>81
17.0
17.2
17.f.
l(""rin,ha, 'tis.
J. !IJ
270
I, 130
ChMlott'°, N. C.
i,526
l.u~o
l7.f..
Glcwer~vi1Ie, N. Y.
47,i
Ml
f¼nton Harbor, \lich.
2.i.•
Ill!
5'8
\1111 S,
22.S
412
a1,
Shelton. Conn.
Gastonia, N. C.
~orfolk, Va.
'll~nche!.ter, N. H.
Oerby. Conn.
0shkOSh,
;o.o
21.1
2J,J
13.132
404
12,719
31.210
l\url in9ton, Vt,
127
81,
•.368
9,5'8
18. 118
St. Paul, ~inn,
J.7«
,o.aso
Al9
~ ~ . l ~ I ~ I~~~
•~~00_L_ __ ,=!3~ ___
11 c.clw4•• c•w• .,t11 11n.110'0'11 11...-ar or
Of' •iu, ""'""'•" 11.-.r or ••olO,.O -orlrit'r1,
-•er•
18.3
18.i
19.I
19.1
19.5
125
2'0
lL.,
l.i.6
494
11,9
17.9
3,005
1,232
U.9
1.04~
rq
17.8
17.8
11.8
Wi I kes-earre, Pa.
l.alceland, Fla.
16.J80
bl~
,1
4.4~0
4,620
rn.,60
1.H22
4,Sl7
,/0
IIOAl<E~S
Cincinnati, Ohio
12.i . .140
179
WITM EMPI.OYEO
All CASES
ALL CASES
Saginaw, lilicl't.
8ilOlli, lliss.
RATIO OF cas[S
l0.2
Jl.2
31.)
J2. I
J2.9
31.0
j,4.1
,1.6
•2.•
!_1_-!__
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APPENDIX C
Tabla 14-R[LIEF CASES HAYING IIEIIBERS IN PRIVATE EIIPLOYIIENT BY RACE OF HEAD
ANO WORKER COIIPOSITION, URBAN RELIEF SAIIPLE IIAY 1i34
RELIEF CASES WITH ONE CA MCAi
IAa (J# HEK, All) a::JIKUI CCMl'O'SITICII
~~~AS
ltt PAIV~TE EWLOYIIIE.Nt
PERCENT
NIM!ER
Total cues r-ec,ort ing
15,886
19,014
100.0
45.5
~-5
With additional workers ul'Mlllployed
27. 315
12,635
14.6IIO
100.0
46.3
53. 7
lle9ro and ot"er
With 911Ployed woners only
With additionel 110rillers urwmloyed
7. !'185
3,251
4 H4
100.0
42.i
57.1
34.900
*ith .-ployed ~rlaer, on1,
With additional 111::u11ers unaaployed
White
*ith M1Plo,ect 110rker1 only
Tab la 15-REL I EF CASES HAY I NG IIEIIBE RS IN PR I YA TE EIIPLOYIIENT BY TOTAL NUIIBE R OF
EMPLOYED WORKERS BY TOTAL NUIIBER OF WORKERS 1• THE CASE
ANO RACE OF HEAD, URBAN RELIEF SAIIPLE IIAY li34
RAC£ (F
HEAD AIC) Jl.,llll8£A
a,
PERCENT
--
TOTAL CASES
11CRKERS AEPan I . . EIIA..O'f'IENT
I
IOORK£R
01 CASES WITH
2
WORKERS
3
WORKERS
4 ~KEAS
..,..,ER
PERCENT
34. :IOO
30. )9:,
J.927
578
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
39.4
45. 2
34.6
3•.6
40.0
16.2
13. 7
JJ.5
28.9
9.8
6.5
26.5
71.1
1 ""'Ployed ..,ner
2 ""Ployed 110rk~rs
J or.,,.. MPloyed c,rlaera
27. 315
2),845
2,998
472
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
40.5
46.3
32.2
)2. 3
)6.9
-
16.i
14.4
35.0
30-3
10.4
7.0
28.1
69. 7
lla<jro and otl>er
1 eniployed .:,rker
2 MIP I oyed .orkers
'3 or 1110re MID I ovcd 11110rkers
7. 58!,
6.5,0
929
100.0
100.0
100.0
35.4
41.0
43.3
43.0
49.8
13.4
11.1
28.9
7.9
4 .11
21.)
22 Y
77 l
Total cases reporting
1 911P I oyed worker
2 f!lllployed a,rkers
J or ..,,.. _.1 oyed -,ners
White
'""
HY\
n
--
-
-
OR WORE
Table 1e-11EOIAN WEEKLY EARNINGS OF RELIEF CASES WITH ONE OR MORE EMPLOYED IIEMBERS BY
SIZE OF CASE ANO GEOGRAPHIC AREA,• URBAN RELIEF SAIIPLE MAT 19)4
WE.DIAN 'IIE.EKLT (MININGS IT AREAS
-ER <1F PERSOIIS IN CASI.
Total ca~, reporting:•
EASTER JI
._,
7,832
S9. 70
6.00
6.50
8.)0
10.10
10.10
10.50
11.20
10.80
12. 70
10.90
Median
1 ~non
2 persons
persons
• persons
5 per50ns
J
6 person5
7 per"°ns
8 per!'tOr'!S
9 perM>ns
10 or "'Ore persons
-~
'#ES TERN
CENTRAL
SOUTHERN
2,723
10,6!10
sa.40
4.50
S9.50
4.60
5.60
8.30
9.60
10.90
9.10
8.60
10. 70
9.40
10.90
5.80
8.00
10.10
10.90
10.90
12.10
12.00
12.20
12. 70
6.$4.80
2.50
3.)0
4.20
4.90
5.60
6.10
7.20
5. 70
7.50
7.80
~~
•r•
•1.,. "clti••
1ro ■,H i"\IO ,o.r 1eo1r••1c •r••• ... 1ct1 are• c~l11alie11 ef ,.,. 111 .. ,..,,.,,.,, dl•i•I•••
■ Md tip the lvr•- •' U•• C.anMI.
'"• laater11 ■ re• lnclvdn cltloa 111 ■ n l"'9l1nd and the 111ddla lllutlc
Slate ■;
1111 ... u,,11 1r,1 iMI.O•• c,1i11 in 11111 No1111t1i11 afld ,acific st,111; I"- C111tr1l 1ra1 ,,iclud11 cities
111 no 11ortJ1i Ce11tr1l Slate ■; 1IICI
SchitMr11 u11 l11clvde1 cilia ■ 1111 ,.,. Savi" At1111\lc Md Sovltl Central S\1111,
t•
b011l7 CINI eltll - • r s . . . lo7N &ad Mrlllftl 1,aclrle,c11
-■flll . .,,
IMI-,...
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
Tabl• 17-PRESENT OCCUPATION OF EMPLOYED WORkERS BY RACE AND SO,
URBAN REL I (F SAWPL( WAY
ll'AE.SUIT OCCUPAJ 1011
Jotal
-,r ■ ers
report •ng:
.......,
Mu sicians and teachers of r,usic
1. 5
0.5
1.0
Proprietors , Nne!)ers . and o ffic i als
Agricultural proprietor!I and rrenagt-rs
Bu il den and building con tractors
Hote-1 and resta ufl'lf\t kf'1!'~rs and Nna~rs
"3r,ufacturer, and propr ietors , lftanagers·. and off ici als ln.e.c.)
Wholesale and re1a i l oit11lers
Cle r ic4I -or•ers
Boolc•e-ec,e,rs "Ind cashi er,c
Cl f'r ical workers ( prope,rJ
;Jv,ni-<lerical workersd
Off ice bors, telegraph and other -eswnger5•
Salf':s Pf!'OPle
Advert ising aqenu'
C~rcial travelerl'I
Ne,..c;b~v!I.
Re-!11 estate and i nsurJ.nce agents
S-\le:s,,en 11nd salll!'swo,,ien (pro~rj
2J. 671 20 , 4,a
100. 0 100. 0
40. 247
100.0
Other profeuional pe nonsb
......
TOU.l.
M)lh1. EIIS
~rcent
Professional ~non,
193-4
3. 1
o.,
0.1
0.1
0. 1
2.4
Ca r~nters
Electric i 11r,s
£ng i n-e-rs !stationary). cr.,.,....n, Ji.oi,t_,.., •tc.
lil.lch i n 1st s, 1111i I l •r ights, and toolPMkf!'rS
:-.C.hanics (n. e , c.. ) h
-..,Jdflr\ , founders, al'lrl ca!lt ers {,,..t,.1 I'
P11inter,-, •M'""lf'rs, varni!thers {bid~.), and paper ha.riqers
Pa in t @r s , gblli,.rs, enamplers, 11."1 varri isM' rs in factor ie,
Pll.l"'Cers and gas 4nd steattt fitters
Sa-yer"
S~lien
.,.nd cobhl,-r,
tnot iri fac tory }
For~. ov~,s~rs, 11ri1 insp-.,ctorsli.
~
Or~!>~""'~- sfl!~t,..esses,
Fill!rs, o, ;,,.,.,,.,_ bu ff~ rs,
arrl 1111ill iners
and pol i ,M"rs llllllfUIJ
()per.st ;y~s
1.4
•
o.•
0. 1
5. B
•.B
o.~
1.1
) .6
0.4
0.1
0.2
0 .6
).5
1. )
0.1
0.6
0. 2
0. 4
0.)
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.8
0. 6
0. 2,
0.4 i
0. 2
0.4
1.4
0.6
5. ~
0.1
0.6
0.6
:!1
~
5.21
0.J
0. 5
0.6
2,0
1.7
0.5 ,
0.9,
1.0
0. 1
0. 5
0. 8
.
D.6
0.4
1.5
0.6
0.2
D. 7
0.1
• •
D.1
0.1
D. 1 I
28. 11 29.0
21.9
0. )
1.6
-
)0.0
0.2 I
1.0
1.2
8.5
•
4.1
0,1
0 .9 .
1. 1
.,
U.6 '
1). 9 .
1~:;1
0.4
2. 1
0.1 .
) . O!
11. ~
JO.ii
) .0
0.4
1.4
9.1
15. 2
1.0
o.,
D.;
1.4 :
6 .:
D. B
Ii
I
0.1 I
I
o.8 I
15.o
14 . )
28.•
i
I
6,6
0,2
16-~
I
11 . 8
0.2
1.1 1 0.9
o.5
1,7
,·
0.2
0.5
0. 1
1.)
0. I
t.D
31 .,
9.6
11.8
7.B
1. 1
1. 1
1.B
I
2. 2
1.1
)7. )
I
o.6 ,
0. 5
0.2
0.8
o.J
0. 2
~-·
)8.i
0.1
0. J
10.4
1).2
1.0
28.J
0. )
1. 2
-
1
0.2
0.2
I .:::
4.6
0, 4
2. 1
0.9
2. 7
0.4
1.2
0.2
:
I
I ::: I
o. , '
3,1
0.2
;;i 2:j I
5.)
20. 6
0.)
4 .1
1.2
0,1
0. 1
2.J
4.9
0.1
1. 1
0 .2
).9
1.3
O.B
0.8
4,6
1.2
1) . 4
1.1
0.J
1. 4
0.3
«a i ters. wa i tresses . and bartenders
o.•
0.2
0.2
0.)1
0. 1
8.J
0.J
1. 4
sextons
0 .1
0.1
0.1
0. 7
0. 2
0.2
2. 6
0. 8
0. 4
0.2
2.8
4nd
0.1
0,1
1.2
0.5
1. 6
0.2
2. 6
0. 4
Porten
9. J
8. 7
26.4
J.,l'litors
1.4
6. 2
0. 2
S.rvanu llnt1 al I i ed 190rkert
hund n!sses
0.9
0.5
5.6
9.0
0.6
(ha""'01'11rn , cleaners , aM
EIPVator tender~
0.1
1.5
l11borl!rs (n . e,c .J
Ott,.,. unsll i I led -arkers 0
8ootbh1cks
0.)
5.2
J.1
0.4
0.5
1.,
5.J
9. 7
).4
0.5
0.4
0.4
1.2
1.9
O. l
O.B
6.4
0.6
1. 41
I
I
0.1
0. 1
0. 2
0 .1
,1
·
:::1
0. 4
o.,
i
0.
0.22 1
0.9
2.1
.
0. )
0. 2
0.2
0.6
0.6
).0
2.
0 .6
0., 1
0.9
0. J
o.,
16 .1
1. 1
0.6
I.D
1.1
).6
0.6
0.4
0. 8
0.3
0. 3,
15.0
).51
0.4
1.5
0.4
0.3
U.2
14 . 6
lonq shor'l!ffll!!n .. nd Stl!'Yf!"d Orl!'S
Wint"rs l'nd oi I, g,n and s.al t -.el I ooer11t ives
1. 0
5. 7
0.6
0.)
0.2
1.0
2,9
Ott"f!'r indust r i~!I•
Fam laborers
Fir~n te.:ctopt locCll1Wltiv@ and fire deoart111ent)
0.6
8. 5
).1
Unslu 11~ -orl.e r s
0.9
1. 1
17.6
Ott~r .se- i s killed 1110rkers"
1, 8
D.6
1.2
0.2,
1. 4
C:lothinq f~ctor;H
Watc~n. gu,v d'!., -5nd 1norl.p,e~rs
1.4
0 .5
0.9
7. 1
'8. B
i sl. i i led w:,rli.ers
8,,i~.-rs
B.artw!ors, h11 i rf1r.,,,.,., , atw1 l'l,\nicurists
Bo11rd i nq 11nd lodqir19 house l(eepe,..s
Chauff~urs, d.. 11veryr"'l!!n, arvl truck and tractor drivers
1
Ass i !':t.lnt ,,I'd atte-ndants to prof,.s\iona l persons
2.2
0.1
1.5
4. 6
0. 4
2.6
0.1
1.,
0.J
Tallon °'":I tailor es~s
Sk i 1 l'!'d -ori.: .. .-s [n , e .c. )j
l.4
4. 1
I
5,81'
100.0
0.4
1.0
0. 4
2.1
9.1
1.0
10.102
100.0
l.~
5. 1
1.6
2.2
0. 1
1. 2
5.J
16. 576
100 •.i
0. 5
1, 0
) .6
0.J I'
Slc i llM 1110rliiers
).19)
100. 0
•
)). 7
18. 0
0. 2
2.5
)0. 0
J.O
o.2
o.6
,.)
1.2
zz,o
44 . l
0.1
•• J
L--
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APPENDIX C
T1ble 17-P~ESfNT OCCUPATION
149
oi: fWPLOY£D IOIUP"qs BY RAC[ AMO SEX.
URBAN R(LI Ef' SAWPL( WAY 19)4-COIIII 11ud
.
l-••·""· .. •ou,.,
•·•• ..•k••·•
•t••'·
•1,c1.,•••
",, ... , ,,o,,,,,oul ,., .... ,
IOl(l ..... KIOf'I .... , _.. ; .. , •• , •. K .. 1,, ....... ,_,..,, ef .,,, •• ,1, •• , •••• ,,., __
.... 1•c.,,1e1:t1, 111•,1,c,.,., •"'II '"'O••"t: OtftliOt.
,..,, ..., , , .
t-•111.
tr11 .... " " ' " ' ·
.....,.; ...,. -...... ,............,,.
c...,_.,,,,,,,
a114
c,,.,11,1:
d~ .. ;-,1,,,c,1 . . , .. ,,,:
•• ,,IU
••rl,
1-1111••·
wtU••"'•~, 111,,_,,,; 111111,110,1; 1~111r1 {t<•ool .... ttll . . tj. 1...:0,.,;c:•I
<11•1•-"· 1 .. t"O•t. N1l1r1 ,..., ••111rt1r1,
J"ll•C:11, , ... , . . , . ..._,,;
to,,.,, .. , .. ,,. •••• ~,.,,,,10,1, •••••••• .. •;
••<••' ,.,. ""•••
eo•••••· 11c.
I~•••,..,,, ....
1.:1,..,1 ~, •• ,.11•11. ,,,_,, .. ,.,,,. 1A41 1,-;n,.
IJICl..dtt •• , •••• . ,... ,,; ••, •••• _ , ...... , ...... ,,11117 . . . . ,1,, ....
tll911r-,11 _..,. . , .... , . . . . . . . . ,.l
1•1 .....
111.,,.e ... , lel .. tai,11,
....
-ii,., ..•...
tlcllel.,., UII•··
r•le ... ,., ••••
IJICl..,_t . . . .,,, t.elleclert, • .,. c•e,(11• -"•
t1Kl.,..1 ••l••to•,. •••••••<••le•••'•••••••' .. •••••; clllrot•~••••; ,..•I•••;
0Ulc1tlt; •• IO<tt••· ••c .... ,.,10,n '"''····· le<." .. " • · · · · . . . . ,,.,o,, ........ , ...... oH;c,.,. 11, ••, •••, •••• 1 ,v, ..1111; Oll'ler
-l•••'•11io .. •••.. •.-:•••••--• .. ••ert,
".. ,.,,,.,c, {,..I •I"•'-'•• d•••'i•IIII), l1Kl.,f•1 ••••-•Ill•.'•••-"• •..a"-•-"~••"••-••••• ttlc• .-i ato• ...,.., ....
1,1,
t.••-1 - • t 1 ; ,1,111•••• ,,.. ,_., ,,~;••••·
,1111,,., tl•••o•• ,,.. <•H•' .. ''"''• -c-...1c1 •·•·•·
•-vlO.•t, , ...... , ...... cHl•rt (-t•llt tllC.1.,.et rolle•t lfllf rel I••...,• (-t•ll,
J$1,dll'd -•••rl jllOI •IM-•e cl111,t1 ... ):
IIIICIOldet
i.ert 1.i fir-•. t•lt•r11 . . . . . . .II
llP-.Clvr•I
.... 1 w•U•t ft11illl!I, ... ); ....olll•••rt; • · ' " "
o,,,,.,"' ................... ellw• Uolled . , ..... "l .•. c.
•,o,•-•• o•arM••••.,.. ,,..,._clo•t (pc-,1 •••-•.,.. 1•-,ect••• •• ,..-., ,,..,, l•..-c•••• h rat1or,11, aflf ,er-111 ill 1-..,n,rlea
a..a d•1 c1e,.,,..,. •t1••••-"lt•t.
1
u,,11 ■ 11t1 •Ml 111tt• ... .,.•• te ,,.,., ..
,..,M11• 1 •ac,,.._, alt•,..•"''.,..,..,_. •• , I• ,,ore111-1 1onlco. roc, . .11 ... •11111
,.,.,.11,1,""f . . . . , , 1
ite••t•o'••••o-• .... ••••••io,..1 -•••••:
••r•••;
••o'••• .,..
!--·••• ....
-••rt,
-o••··· '" ....,..... ,.
i...,,
- .. t - • I ,
•• , . . . . . . . . . 1••• ,
,...,,.,,1,,.
, . , ......,. •• ,, ••• lo ...... .,_,.,, •••
-oroers (._111.tll•f);
a..a -~i,,-At}, -.O•M-••11cer1,
",11,.. ,
.,.,1c.._n,
11 i..... ,. .. _,.. . , ,
c••-, .....,.11.,...., ••
•"I••
_, Ill IM •••• , ...
llll<lo1du; •ooltr •• ,,..,1 &1111
,,...u,,1, ,,,.._"• , ... ,.,, (•'•'•••10111,I 11nlc1 0 recr1etle11,
lle•■ •dl, ■r,d arttl •'el ,..,,111. oilers et_.,,..,.,,, Miler•, . ., ........ ,
Oflil C&Aal •••
fl . . - , . , • • , . , ~ .. ;
101 ■,,.,.,.
aM laha1'0,.
,,-"I.
0 ., ......... o , l l H -•--rt;
ilKl .... , .,., .... ,a-11••·· ... ······-·· ,, ....... .,., ., ••• , -•.
..0 tOHldler•; 1..- ■•-•• r1H1••• aflf . . . .c .... ,ert.
·••t•l'I,
,.,.ac ........ ,11,-,
...... , ••
•.•.c..--1 .,....,_. •• clanifl••·
ll.O. ■ .-flel
o•llOr•IM ...-i,iN.
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
150
Table 18-MEDIAN AGE or EMPLOYED WORKERS IN THE UR8AN RELIEF SAMPLE MAY 1934
ANO or ALL GAINFUL WORKERS IN THE GENERAL POPULATION 1930
BY INDUSTRY ANO SEX
_,
Al I workers:
Median (in years)
Manufacturing and ffll!ChAnica1 industries
UNEMPLOYED
OORl<ERS RELi EF
GAINFUL IIIORKERS
19JO CENSUS c
SMIPLE 19).lb
MALE
23,671
34.4
FEMALE
WALE
16,576 36,106,026
;1.8
36.2
10,472,496
29.6
34.9
26. 7
;6.2
26. 7
Building and construction
;9.2
39. 7
Cheniic ■ I and a11 i~ industries
Cigar and tobAcco factories
Clay, glass. and stone industries
Clothing industries
;1. 7
t
27 .4
24 .4
24.9
25.0
26.5
33.3
38.1
26.5
'
39.6
28.0
24 .6
27.4
;;.o
26.4
)1.9
25.9
25.5
24 .6
;3.8
t
t
Food and al I ied industries
Bakeries
Slaughter and packing houses
Other food and al 1 ied industries
)1.5
40.0
24,4
27.5
29.1
37.8
36. 7
3;,3
25.8
28.8
Metal industries
Autcmobi le factories
Autcrnobi le repair shops
Blast furnaces and steel rolling milh
Other iron. steel, l!ind 1Mchinery industries
Metal industries except iron and steel
37. 7
;1.;
23.6
37 .;
2;.8
;1.8
36.0
)1.2
35.8
30.3
z;.,
3;.s
27.5
24.5
38.4
26.1
25.0
t
Leather industries
Shoe factories
Other leather industries
24.9
26.3
25.0
24. 7
;5.9
)6.3
24. 9
Lumber and furniture industries
Saw and planing mills
Other JurN)oer and furniture industries
3;,9
27.9
34.0
36.3
26.0
25.9
Paper and a 11 ied industries
Printing, pub I ishing. and engraving
28.6
24.1
24 .6
29.2
34.8
33.5
24. 7
;6.7
32.8
24 .8
n.o
Textile industries
Cotlon mills
Knitting niills
Silk 111i 11 s
Woolen and worsted mi 1 ls
Other texti1e industries
Miscel laneou5 manufacturing industries
Electrical machinery and supply factories
J6.6
33.J
3• .6
,~. 2
28.2
32.5
27 .4
22.6
28.6
28.3
;1.1
38.2
35.7
2;.;
;1. 7
22.1
33.1
Rubber factories
;1.6
25.9
Independent hand t rad~s
Other miscellaneous manufacturing industries
u.o
43.8
Jl.O
25.1
Donestic and personal service
43.7
)1.5
;;.9
34.4
;5.4
;1 .4
35.9
36.6
;7.5
)1.5
Laundries
Cleaning, dyeing, and pressing shops
;o.8
36. 7
;1.1
32.1
Traide
Bani. ing and brokerage
Insurance
Real estate
Autcmobile agencies. stores, aind filling stations
Wholesale and retai 1 trade
Other and not specif i ed trade
Transport at ion and Caffll.Jnicat ion
Construction and maintenance of streets, roads, 58Wltrs, bridge?
Gar11ges. autOl"IIObi le laundries, greesing stations
Post a I service
Steam rai I roach
St reel ra i 1roads
Tel~raph and telephone
Other transporat ion and cOlffl'Unicat ion
32.3
27.9
36.0
25.3
;3.6
36.6
23.9
47 .2
41.4
;1.2
45.1
'
27 .6
24.0
24 .4
;5.2
23.2
38.8
t
t
t
30.4
35.2
J9.;
40.0
21.0
;4.3
'
t
22.6
28.;
Digitized by
JS.2
;1.1
Jl.6
24.6
;1.;
;4.0
34.2
;2.1
29.5
24 .;
29.;
29.2
27 .2
2).8
25.4
40.5
24.2
floonestic and personal service (n.e.c.J
Hotels, restauranu, boarding houses, etc.
;o.o
25.6
24.4
ZJ.7
;;.;
;6.0
;1.1
36.0
35_5
31.5
;9.;
38.8
J9.4
31.2
33.8
26-3
24.9
35.1
26.5
28. 7
26.5
25.5
28.9
26,6
37.9
30.7
31.1
34.9
25.7
Google
APPENDIX C
Taal,
IN THE \JQ9AH RELIH SAMPLE lolAY 19)4
18-'4E01A• AGE QF ElolPLQYED WQ~KEPS
A•D OF
ALL ~AINFUL WOQKERS
d't'
IN
151
THE GESERAL
POPULATION
!~JO
INDUS~f?Y AJrfD SEX.-Conllnusd
- =--=-----=-- ------ -==-·~--======-====:.cc-=
UH['4Pl0YE0
Wll()Ql(ERS RE.l I H
Su.tPLE 19Hb
f--· lil.AL~E
l
FElitAU
GAINFUL llllQRl(ERS
19}0 CEN~USc
----MALE
FE .. ALE
I
l•tr-,ct ,on of miner,tJl,s
)6.4
27. 7
Jl.6
28. 2
}l.B
J7. I
27 .5
27. 7
I
J8.2
JQ.O
2Y. 7
JY.J
2',.8
JY. I
J4 .8
Co.ll '"int>'\
'
J~. 5
Proffll~"i, on'II service
JO.
Pr-offl!SS•on"l yrvic'! (n,e.c.)
Y'"'ir,rofP,;"i1on,,1 ~rvirf! (including .:ittl .. ndants and helpersJ 1
Rf"Crfll'at ion -ind Nnus~nt
A,griculture
Public Sl!'rvice tn.~.c. J
Nnt s~ifu•,1 inrlu"i,lr,e! :11nd "ierv,CL95
-·
2':1.8
JI. I
JJ.5
J;i.O
J5.0
JI .L
Jt,.2
28. 7
J7.9
2Y. I
J7 .5
JJ.2
JI.&
36.6
J<.4
;u,
}l.6
, ... 4
--~--- -----
'lU,-1 tJlarl l-OC..IUI.
•1flllllv,1r,e1 .,. 11ere r,u,~•d accor(l,"'ll 1.i l ►••r ••parte"Ce
••Oft9
ttw
••plo1f'CI,
b[•olo,•O •or11e,, 1•-•• , .... , ot 1911.
clifl••"'U Ce111..a of t.W Ut1Ue-t .!'lelu
19)0.
l'opul ■ t ,on wol
dl"rore,,,onal •M 1e•,profe11o,o.,1I ,., .. ,ce ■ r• rQIIIJ,n.ed 1"
"-~.c.
-not
Y, pp. 101-111.
<•"'"'·
el1e•1'1ere c ,,.,,,, ,e-d.
Digitized by
Google
URBAN WO RKERS ON REL IEF
152
Tabl e 19- I NOU STPY" OF [ WPL OY [O AN O UN[ ~PLOY[O WORKERS I N TH[ URBAN RELl[F SAMPLE
MAY 193 • ANO OF GAINF UL WORKERS IN THE
C[ N t S SA WPL I HG AREA 1930"
AEll EF 5.-.,LE 19:k
I NDJSTRT
-
--
<LOYEO
W:,AKEA Sc
UNDl"LOYEO
w:>AKERSd
G.AI NFUL IIOfll(EJtS
19,0 C915US
SMl'LINV AREA.
• 0 . 2'7
100. 0
211 , 769
100. 0
2 . 179,499
100.0
32. 3
37. 8
6. 5
1.4
0. 4
0.5
2. 9
-- - - - -- -- -- - - -- - - -- - - 1-------<'--....:...-'----1-- - - - --
Total worl,,er s reoort,nq:
\l ;ii nuf 'l c t ur1ng ino ~har"Hc I industries
c1., ....
C,qH dnd t ob<lCco factor,es
q\." ss, 1nrt s t one ,ndustr,es
o. ,
Clo t h i ng 1ndus t r 11H
3. 7
•3 . 8
14 . 3
0. 9
0.8
0. 6
2. 7
t. O
0. 6
1.8
0. 8
0. 7
1.8
0.9
0.6
1.1
1.6
0. 7
0.6
3, ,
1.3
1.3
0. 9
0. 7
, .8
1.5
1. 8
0. 6
1. 0
0. 7
0. 3
0.8
0.5
0. 8
0. 4
LU"'ber 1nd f u r n, tu r• , ndust r, es
.\nCI pl:,n,ng ,,.,.Jls
OtP"e r lu"Plber Md furn,ture industries
I. 6
1. 2
1. ,
1.4
0. 9
I. I
P., oer and .,Jl,c-d 1ndus t nf." ~
Pr,n t ,ng , publ,st 1n4 , and engraw,na
0.3
0.8
0.4
1.0
0. 3
I. 7
0. 9
0.6
0.5
0.2
0.6
0.6
0. 4
o.,
0. 2
0. 5
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.1
0.8
0.9
0. 5
1. 3
I. I
1. 3
0.5
0.9
I. 7
1. 5
0.6
0. 9
3,3
)0. 6
18.1
12.0
4. 5
1.6
13 , l
15. 2
0, 3
1.0
0. 8
12 . 7
12.8
Ot her •ind not soec, f,ea t r .!de
o.,
21.3
1.8
2. 4
1.2
15.1
0.8
Tr,1JnSC>Ortl!l t1on aM ComTWJn1CAt1 on
8.0
11.3
2. 6
1.0
0. 1
3.1
0. 5
0.8
3,2
Aui ld 1n!1 "'"d constn,ction
Che,,1,ul ,n d <"II•~
'· 5
0. 6
0. 6
1ndus t n ~
F'oc,,1 1n d all 1!CJ 1ndus tr 1es
c;1~uQht er "'"d oaclo nq houses
Othe r f ood .11nd allted ,noustr,es
Aut(1Tl()0 1 le
hct or,es
AulO"IOD• le re-11 '!1 1 r voos
81}1!'\\ fur n'lcf'.-. mo stttl ro l\,nq 111,l ls
Otli e r , ron. st~\, ~mo "'l!Ct ,ne r, indus tries
Ue ,1 ,,.1uo;tries ~•cept I rnn , .,d st~l
l e-.., he r , n,Ju")tr,es
Shoe factories
Othe r 1e~tt>,-r , noust n es
s, ,.,
f f" •t • le ,nrlu"> tri,. ,
Co t ton "'i 11 s
Ifni t t I no "''
11s
S, h , "''II~
'lli ool.-n and 11110r s te-o "'' I ls
Other te•tde 1ndl.Js tr ,es
4. 9
I.I
•J, scf"l 1-,n~s "'l nuhc t unng ,neus tn e s
[lec tr ,c,l "lt-\Ct- nery anil ~oply factories
Rub tie r fd.c tor, "'S
lndeottto~t h.3n1j tra1es
Oth,-r ~• s,,.1 hricou~ l't\anu f actur, no
~
I
ndust
r1
es
st,c "'1d ~rs.on1l se r vice
est , c an-, P"rson,11 s ervic e ln.e.c . J
Hoteh re sP1ur,n t ~,.1nd bo,rd,na houses
Launor,es, cl e,1n 1n9 ,and 0ress 1n9 sho ps
Tr,1de
;,inlona ,1nd bro\rer,ge
lnsu rl!ln c.r ,,.d r e , 1 e \ ta t e
• utc:,,not.1 e 1aenc, es, st o res , and f '1 I i nq s t at i on s
ol e s.ale
re t a, l trade
1nrJ
Const ruct ion Md "'''nten.-ince of s t ree ts, roads , e t c.
Garaa e s. a ut(lffW')bt le b 1unor1 e s , greasing s t a ti on s
Po st.i i se rv,ce
SteiW'I r a 1 I ro.l!lc:JS
St r eel r-t I I ro -%1 5
Teleqr~oh !nd t el ec,hone
Other t ransoor ut ,on and c
Extr~c t ,on of .., ,nera ls
Co, I .,., nes
0, I nnd ()!JS -el 1s
Oth e r tle t r a c t
1 we
,n dus t ries
n i ca.t , on
23. 7
' ·7
2. 2
1.9
0. 7
0. 1
1.3
0. 1
0.8
3. 1
5.9
.
0.5
5. 4
7.6
4.1
1.4
0. 5
0. 7
0.5
ID. 7
o.,
• .3
2. 2
0. 1
2.0
Digitized
10 . ,
0. 6
0. 9
0. 6
3.4
0. 6
1.6
2. 7
1. 6
o. 7
0.1
0.8
JY Google
153
APPENDIX C
Table 19-INDUSTRY" OF [WPLOYlD ANO UN[MPLOY[O •ORK[RS IN TH[ UR9AN RELIEF SAMPLE
MAY 1934 ANO or GAINFUL •ORK[RS IN TH[ C[NSUS SAMPLlhG
AR[A 19JO"-cooll•••d
--
---- - - -
---
-----
19j,() CtlrilSIJS
E'-'PL:)YfO
UIH: .. PLJYl D
WJ~l:~,;,C
.-0.1:M;(~c;d
J. 7
, .1
J.O
H.•
Proff''5'5ional '5ervirf' (n.e.c.J
Rec rea t I on and al'l'IJs"""'nt
l.b
1.9
I.I
1.4
J. 7
o.~
Professional serv,ce
Agriculture
S4WPL I llfG 4~E.Atl
1.0
Public service ln.e.c.J
I.I
1.0
J.2
fi1hing and forestry
O.J
0.6
0.2
0.6
1.4
J. I
-.-
flat specifif'd if"dustries and services
L ••· tt.•11 1,01 •ercelll.
•,,He11t ifWl••trr or..,,.,.,..,.. .. _., iM••trr or .,....,10,N. Mill iMlw1tr1
t'•••• , .....,. eccoro, .. to 1..,.,1,,w;, - " ' I , ... .,..,o,N .. ,...,,.
bfi/tu11U Co..., o/ t.W l11U44 ltolo1
"'°•,,.ooo
'•••ht1011 wol, Ill, ~t•t•
•~wl1t,011. ,ai11fi,,I
""'°''
l'I, alld .111,111111,..4 dat& for c,t,e\
If 70,,, of •t ♦ al'ld O•er.
f11,e C•"l11\
11, . . .
I i119
lfOI
■ al
Tallo
■orkers
OOlOillff Dy •ll'll'lril'f
to,.._ ind,111tr,a1 O•t• 111 IM ce11,111 of l"opwl1tio11 ,r t•Jo. ro, •ac"' or 1111
ft cities. tM • - ,..,1,"'I rallo lllat l'lad •-,. wMcl ,,. ll•• Mle<tiofl of ral1ef
ca1a1 in aac• ,,17 tor i11<1.,,io,i lfl tl'lil 111r.a,; IM ..,_ of theH adj.,1IN
ti911raa c:911Uil11ta1 IM (eAtwl ,..,11-. araa for l•w1lr7.
CU.lop- .. , ... ,.. !6-64 1••n ef ....
11 w,11er1 1 ►••
, • .,.
or .... (•c: 1we1a, 1,.111 , . , . . . ..,. _.., . .
. . ,kN le11 ll'lan 4 --••• •I INI ... .-rel ,et
l\.e.c.-•I
1•••
,,eci
or ..._
el . . . . . re ClaHlfl.-.
Digitized by
Google
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
154
Table 20-PQES[~T INDUSTRY DF EUPLOYED WORKERS BY SEX AND RAC(,
UR~AN RELIEF SAMPLE MAY 1934
liilALE
TOULb
PRfSENT INOUSTrn 8
WORKEi:fS Tou.Lb
Total workers reporting:
,o.,H
1111(1TE
----- ~ -
23,671 20.'78
100.0
100.0
100.0
Percent
Manufacturing o1nd mechanical indu st ries
fOTAL b
3.1~3 16,516
100.0
100.0
~I~
10. 70,
1rc.o
NEGROt,
5,H/4
100.0
6.0
39.Y
1.6
0. 7
0. 2
0.1
1.5
27.0
1.6
1.,
0.2
0, I
0.6
lJ.Y
0.1
o.,
1.2
J. 7
7.6
0.1
0 . .,
0,/
1.,
6.9
10.0
•
0.8
0.1
1.2
1.0
0.6
1.8
1.1
0.t1
1.5
1.1
0.8
1.5
0.5
0.1
1.6
0.8
0.5
,.1
1.1
o. 7
0.2
0.1
1.6
l.b
0.1
0.6
,.5
1.,
1.1
2.6
0.3
0.4
J.•
5.J
o. 7
l.J
1.8
1.5
0.6
1.2
J.5
1.8
u.,
1.0
0.6
0.1
O.J
0.6
0.4
0.1
0.4
0.1
0.J
0. 7
0 • .1
O.j
0.1
1.6
1.,
2.b
1.7
J.O
1.9
U.5
0.8
0.1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.8
0.j
1.1
O.J
1.2
0.1
o.,
0.5
0.6
0. 7
0.1
0.9
0.8
0.J
0.5
U.2
0.5
0.9
0.3
0.6
0.,
0.5
0.1
1.5
1.8
O.B
0.5
0,9
0.1
0,3
1.0
1.1
0.5
U.J
0. 7
1.1
0.5
0.9
1.2
0.1
O.J
0.1
1.6
0.9
0.6
l.Y
1.0
l.J
0.9
l.b
.1J.,
60.,
43.8
YO.•
4 .J
16.3
,!I.U
7 .5
1.2
0.Y
3.,
30.J
9.5
3,,
0.6
SJ,l
3,8
J.3
O.i
17.8
0.1
0.3
0.J
0.B
15.9
10.2
15.2
0.5
0.8
0.9
0.1
12.6
0.3
32.J
4 .5
0.6
0.6
Building and cnn"iotruction
Che-,,ic.al 111nd .,11 if'<i industri~s
Ci9;:1r '\nrl tobi'Jcco factories
Clay, gl.l~s. i,,nd stone industri es
Clothing industries
FElrilALE
NEGROb
o.,
J8.4
I
JJ.6
0.1
0.b
1.,
•
I
Food Md al 1 ied industries
Bakeries
SI aught er and pack; ng houses
0th1'r food and allied 1ndustr ies
lrk-tal industries
Aut~bi le factories
Automobile repair shops
Blast furnace!'> and stttl rol 1 ing mi I ls
Other iron, steel, and rnachln ery industries
Metal inctustr,ec;, except ,ron and steel
l.l
1.0
5.5
1.8
.•
2.4
-
•
Lei,,ther industries
Shoe factoriec;
Other leather industries
Lumber and furniture industries
Saw and pl<1ning mills
Other lumber r1nd furniture in du-;t ries
Paper and 1.111 ied industries
Printing, publishing, and engr,111 ving
Te)(ti1e, industries
Cotton mi 11 s
i<nitting mills
Si Iii. mi 11 s
Wonlfln "lnd worsted mi 11 s
Other textile industries
0.5
0.2
0.6
Miscellaneous 111i'lnufi\cturing ind u!iit r ie,
Electrical machinerv ,1nd supp I y factorie~
Rubber factories
Independent hP.lnd t ndes
Other mi~cellaneous 1Mnufo11ctu r1 ng industrie~
0.9
0,5
1.:;
1.1
1.0
U,4
C,,9
J0,6
v.s
9.1
5.9
;, 7
0.6
0.5
15.2
18. 7
18.8
O.J
0.5
0.5
0.8
12. 7
O.J
O.J
0.4
o.,
1.,
15.1
0.6
O.b
Domestic and personal service
Oonest ic and personal service n.e. c. I
Hotel~. rest'!urants, boarding hOU5PC., etc.
Laun1ries
Cl~~ning, dveing, and pressing 5h0ps
23. I
'. 7
1.1
Trade
li~nking 3nd brokeraye
ln!iiurance
Real P.State
Autc,nob i I e al'.lenc i P~, store!ii, f i 11 ing stat ions
ilmole-;~le ,,.n-d rfltP.1il trM~
Other anr1 not ,;peci fied trade
Tr~nsportat ion P.lnJ CO'MIUnicat ion
Con'i.truction anrt f"laintenance of st re~ts, etc.
GllrP.lges, auto I .:iundr ies, greasi ng stat ions
Postal !\E'rv ic@
St~;,r,'I ra i 1ro.i.ds
St rPet rai I ro.lrtc;.
Teleoraph and t.-l~phone
Other t r,3insport<1t ion and cO'ffl'IUn icat ion
Extraction of minerals
Col\l mines
Oil 11nd gar. wells
Other e)(tract ive industr,fls
---
--
·--
----
I
1. ~
o.,
t . .t
o.,
0,5
o.,
0.4
.•
-
'.8
0.5
O.J
0.6
0.6
.
1.0
,.,
1.5
0.4
l.J
15. 7
u.6
o.,
8.5
0.2
8.0
1.9
0.7
0.1
1.3
0.1
0.8
3.1
12.8
3,1
1.2
0.2
2.2
0.2
0.d
5.1
12. 7
15.1
1.0
1.6
J.l
1.1
0.2
2.1
0.2
0.9
5.1
J.5
2.1
•
•
•
•
0.1
0.9
0.1
1.3
0.2
5.9
0.5
10.1
0.9
11.6
1.0
o.,
-
•
-
5.,
9.2
10.6
o.,
•
•
•
.
•
o.,
J • .I
0,3
I
5.6
0.8
•
Digitized by
. .•
I
I
-
-
•
.•
•
-
.
•
•
0.4
-
.-
1.1
0.1
l.J
O.l
0.1
•
-
1.0
O.l
0.1
•
-
-
•
0.1
-
Google
-
--
APPENDIX C
155
T•l• 20-,_[SUT 1•D11STRY OF [IIPLOYED -ORK[RS 8Y SE~ AND RAC[,
URIAN RtLI EF SAMPLE IUY 19J4-Conl
-S(IIT • • - ~
,..LE
TOTAL b
,.._lllS
lo ■ od
FEMALE
TOTAL t.
'IIIMIT(
111£1", AO•
TOTAL II
'941TE
NEGRO'
3. 7
3. 7
3.J
6.0
3. 7
4.~
1.6
0. )
1.6
l.~
2. 9
2.)
0.4
1.0
J. l
0.2
2.0
1. )
0.2
1.8
1.~
0.9
0. 1
atrlaolture
i.3
).6
3.4
~-1
0.3
0.2
0.6
Mlic •rvice (n.e.c,l
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.1
0.4
0.6
U. l
O.J
o.~
D.~
0.4
•
•
-
0.6
0.9
0.6
2.9
0.1
0.1
-
-~
Pref_i_l ...-vice
l'raf... ional •rvice '"·•.c. J
9-1,n,tauional aerv ice I incl. •tt.-danu etc.J
a.c,..t ion
Flohl .. -
Md
_,....,.t
forestry
lat a,-:iliild illdw1tries and Nrv icn
- --
•
J.1
U.6
1. 2
--
o.~
....... ....
·~· ....... ,.,c .....
•••• ,....._,, ,,...,. ,..., •c.,.., .. •• ,....,,uc• --. , .. ._,.,.. ..,...,•.
,
■ .e.c.-.-
..,,
••---n ••-•r••·
Digitized by
Google
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
156
Table 21-EARNING STATUS OF EMPLOYED WORKERS BY MAIN GROUP OF PRESENT INDUSTRY,
URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE MAY 1934
EMPLOYED 1'0At<EAS
PRESENT I NOUS TRY
TOTAL
NUMBER
Tota 1 work~rs reporting
Agriculture
Fishing l!lnd forestry
Extraction of miner31ls
Manufacturing and mecti11nico1I indust f'"ies
Transport at ion and cDffl\Jnicat ion
Trllde
F\.ibl ic service
Profess i ona I service
Oonest ic and personal service
Not specified indu~tries and services
PERCENT
WITH
l#ITH NO
EAANINGS
EARNIJfGS
SPECIF I ED
°"-
WI TH EARN I NG$
ACCOUNT NOT SPECIF I ED
40,241
100.0
7 .1
79.4
8.1
4.8
Y09
0.8
5. 7
87 .2
3.1
6.8
77 ,4
15,0IB
3,222
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
80.J
17 .1
22 .8
1.5
7.6
5. 7
4. 7
17.1
0.6
3,7
1.2
6,098
454
1,475
12,299
251
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
5,2
1.1
0.9
0.5
0.8
69.0
90.J
77 .5
90.0
71.J
14,8
11.0
4 .2
6.1
1
12.J
123
•.398
54.4
10. 7
85.6
...
15.5
7 .8
5.6
z.
--
Digitized by
Google
APPENDIX C
157
Tab lo 22-IIE~ I AN WEEH Y AND HOURLY [ARNI NGS OD HOURS WORKED PER WE[ K OF EMPLOYED #0RKERS
BY Pll£S[NT
INDUSTRY
URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE
MAT 1934
1€D1A• E,UUU NGS
PEA WEE ..
N_,
Total c,rken re,,orting:
Median
fllanufactu,.ing Md 11Kh11nical indu1trie1
Auta-obi le factories
Blast furnaces and steel rolling •ills
Clay. glass. and stone industries
Othe-r iron, steel, and nw1C.h1nery industries
Building and construct ion
SI itughter and pack i "9 fow:,u~s
Chentical and al I ied industries
Electrical ,uchinery ard supply factories
Other •t•I industries except iron and steel
Other leather industries
Paper and al I ied indu1trie1
Knitting 11ilh
Other ll.lllber and furniture industries
lriliscel laneous fUl"IUfacturing industries
Printing, publishing, and engraving
Rubber factories
S- and planing
Shoe factories
■ ills
Other textile industries
Bakeries
Woolen and -,rsted 111ills
Other food and allied industries
Clothing industries
Auto,aobile repair shops
Cotton
■ ilh
Silk ,wilh
Cigar and tobacco factories
•
I ndepende<lt hand trades
Dcaestic and personal service
Cleaning. dyeing, and prf!Ssing shops
Hotels, restaurants. boarding houses, etc.
Laundries
Or.estic and penonal service (A .. e.c.J
Trade
Insurance
8Mk i ng and broke roge
AuttRObile agiMCies. 1tore1, and fi111ng stations
'Mlolesale and retai I trade
Other and not specified trade
Real estate
Transport at ion and c01111M.1nicat Ion
Con1tn,ctio11 and •intenance of streets. roads. sewers. bridges
st ...
rai1 roada
Tel99n,ph llnd telephone industries
Garages. autORObile laundries, greasing stations
Other transportation and C011111Unication indu ■ trin
E1rtract ion of 11inerah
Coal 111ines
Other extractive industries
Professional service
Profe~sional service (A.e.c.)
S..iprofessional S@n,ice (including attendants and helpers)
Recreation and -.,sement industries
'9riculture
PER HIJUf-
WE:014111
"""''
WORKED
PEA WEEKd
----35,457
3~-3
31,n3
17.:,0
31.406
11. 20
21.40
14. 90
14.60
14.20
l).90
0.38
0.61
0.47
0.43
0.44
0.48
1).)0
12.80
11.90
11.40
11.40
0.)6
0.39
0.38
0.44
0.41
-,;.0
11.00
11.00
10.90
l0.80
10.00
0.35
0. 35
0.37
0.35
0.35
)4.8
)6.9
39.,
39.9
39.0
10.50
10.40
10.10
9.30
9.00
0.37
0.35
0.36
0.)4
0.)0
32.4
34.0
)!,.5
33- 9
35.4
9.00
8.90
8.80
8.60
8.40
0.37
0.30
0.32
0. 34
0.35
Jl.8
38.5
35. l
40.4
27 .4
7.60
6. 70
)6. 2
5.40
0.)9
0. 24
0.25
4.10
8.90
7.10
7 .10
3.40
0.18
0.27
0.19
0.24
0.17
26.9
41.4
43.4
35.8
20. 7
8.10
15. 70
15.50
10.20
7.60
7.30
0.27
5.90
0.38
0,36
0.27
0.27
0.32
0.15
40. 7
40.)
40.8
45. l
40.3
31.3
47.5
11. 70
14.40
13.00
10.00
9.20
8.90
0.40
0.50
0.)9
0.)0
0.27
0.)6
37.4
)4. 2
40.8
42.5
42.6
33, 7
SO.l9
35.9
40. 2
39.2
-,;.1
38.3
)4. 7
37. 7
40.3
33.9
28.6
19.4
27.6
16.)0
0.51
17.80
14.00
0.55
0.4:il
40.9
40,3
41.6
7. 70
9.~
6.50
6.50
0.30
31.11
0.33
0.25
0.28
37.l
3).6
22.6
6.30
0.17
45.l
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byGoogle
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
158
Tab I• 22-MED I AN #EEK LY A~D HOURLY [ARN I NGS AND HOURS IIIO~KED PER WEEK OF EMPLOYED IIORl£RS
BY PRESENT
INDUSTRY,
URBAN REL I fF SAMPLE
MAY 1934-ConllnMod
YEDIAN ENIJIINGS
PRESENT
IE.DIAN
NOIJIS
INOUSTA.,a
PEA WEEKb
-Pub1 ic service (n.e.c. J
PER HOURc
~
PEA IIEEKd
15.40
0.42
42.1
Fi sh i nq and fon•~t ry
9.30
0.29
43.4
Not '>PKifiPd industries llr'ld services
3.10
0.23
16.4
•1ndw\tr1 11ro11ps raMl'd accordin9 to iaportance
a,-gri,g
••ployeO aor••r•. indullri•• •illlin l"-•• 9ro11ps acc•r•l"f
to •119niludf' or •diet1 !fflfll.17 urn1n11s. o-ill1n9 industrif'I ••'" ,,,,.., tha11 lCI -or••r• r•~rtint Ndlu ..._.,
t'Afl'llll<;JI.
bh,th,Oe, 1. H• fll'IPl07eO -on,•rs
wN>
had no .. ,,.,1, itarn1n1s, •flo -orlled on own acco,,.,t, or etwtH .... 1, Nrnl . . •
•l'IO
had no howrl1 ••rnings,
.. r• 1101 ,,•citied.
c,.c,.,a.,
1.111
•~loyitd -or-ers
•lrlo
-orked on own eccounl., or ...,.M earnl,.s
not 5-pe-c,t,•d.
•r•
j:1tri11•r~J .tio r•port•O that lPleJ had r,ot aooed durtnc, .... or""'°" Mura
eor11•C "'" <MJt sp•cir,.o. O•n acco~t -or1iers. reported houri 1110rliN out not ••rnines; t1111& Ifie total for
lhO'H r•pcrt,l"liJ hOurs ,, con1id•ratol7 high•r than the oth•r lotah in this tU1•.
dhcluoS•, ,. 790 e-ployf'd won,er:1
n.e.c.-ftOt ••u•"'•
c;la,s,tied,
Digitized by
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159
APPENDIX C
T•r, l f' ;J - r •. w, 1_.1, l , 1,£ o r ~ r r ~ t r1 5 1~1-t·, t1 J .. M" • HictY £A~-. 1.. . ;~ or [ YPLOYf[I • ORll'.fPS
!'r
pQ t
-. ( NI lll i)J,;,J OY , ' J,tl!,A II IHL I H
: U'Wl( A
,"}
w.. nuf,rr ,,,,"lq
4nd ,..-c h tn,ral
.... ·-~
'tfl-1 111 , ~
UlroO(~
LIIIIOlA
U"Ot.A
TOT A&.
1 1,
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no
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l..ru . u
ll.92)
100.0
11 . 141
1 11. B
100.0
l OV.iJ
hA.1. ll
lVv. u
I. )8;
1vo. u
1,l03
1,.n
,e~
Clott>,nq , mu,,, ,,.,
~
u..OC:-'
n
•nt1u s• ,,,.,
f' ,g,tr 1...., fr.i bV C<'.1 f-,1 , , , .,.._
c1 .. , . 11 .... ~. """ .,, ..,..c ;"'1,,,.,,
f(W"'j
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,n,ju'\I " •"',.
Bv,lrt,no -1 "'1 C'>n\tfY"1•?"
f.n ...,. ,r • l , ,...., il l', ~
5 AWPL[ UA Y l :134
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I 11.6
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1().81
Au : ....,...b, II! f1 r1 or,"'
A.,1 , --.ri,1" ""'0-'l•r '\ ...... C'~
6. )
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ftl .1-.t 1u r n-'M;f" .... ,vj \(ttl ,.,JI,~ Moll,
O t ► rr ,ron. '\1 11!'1" 1 , 4""1 ""Cf'l ,~ ry ll'l(h,1,troH
I ~:~
14 . 6
u .o
1. 5
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H .8
"> 1.4
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'; l.,UQhl"!lr Al'Yj p.-Clio , ""J l'•('.hJ~ \
Ot~, fooi anO •ll,t'd 11\d,, ,1, , ....
.,,1 ;,,,,,,,, .... "!!,
W. t al
l,..,.,._,
o"IJu'\P • PS ,
l!d""!l()l
':f .6
to0. 4
I
• fCVI .tl'ld '\lt"t'I
1
;u
no
l!J}
JIJ
W. I
9A.8
95.0
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2,0
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62.I
.8.J
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17 1
%.1,
~). ".,
:fd . 4
h.lO . O
E_.,,O
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IW .O
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1.,.9
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1nd\,•Ur•••
~ f11Ctnr 1f'S
Ot her i f''lt~r '"°"str•e'\
Pep•r ,11f'W1 1t1l ,..-f
in1•,,t, ,,...,
Pr,n t , ng, outil,sl'l i r;,, llnd enq ra-w-,,-,
69.2
18.8
"'·'
&I . 1
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Jt .0
b< .I
81 .9
I.J 1. 1
IJIJ.6
t,J. 4
18. l
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1\)(.1. 0
41 . 0
1".J . 7
)J.b
72 , ".,
94. 0
90. 4
9A. ~
94.6
100. 0
100.0
••.J
9';. 7
100.0
l W.O
n1
81.6
8'.5
'.18 . 6
9).0
"6.4
':f".,. 7
95.5
~ .".,
100.0
99.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1\1)
92
200
61.•
71. ".,
81,.6
92 .6
95.0
96 . 9
8!1.2
71.2
91. 5
87 .9
Tr•t • 1• ,.,,, u,tr ies
Co l !or, "' ' I l s
Kr, ,t t , nq '"'' Is
5 ,lt. 'II • I 1..,
•oo l e" ,,...., .-ir..,ted 111 i 111
Othf'r le•t, Ip 1"<11,1str ,es
lil iv •I l"'t'lf'0"1 ,...,..uf4<tvr•l"lq 1""1v1tr,e1
llPctric;I\I ~h,,,.,y 411"1d \upply f:11c;tor1e1
~ubb•r f~tor ""'
1.....,., p•Mer,t ""'f'ld 1r11,ie,,
Other ""~e111u'l""OUS ,,.,,.,,..,fM.tur , ng i t"dustr i e,
Oon.1tic 3nd pPr"lnal serv ice
~stic 11nd M'f'V)n41 wrv i c,. 1" -• -c. l
Kotels, re,uu, .. nt s , boe.r1 •~ P'IOu'\es , etc .
L._,ndr ,e-,
Cl e<1n , rig, d1e 1r,q , at'ld pre,,s , "Q s~s
"-
91. 7
18. 0
81 . 6
Otl'ler an1 not sPf'( i f •ed t r&.H
'°""""''"''
iol'I
Transoortat ion and
Con1tn,ct1 on and ,..;nt,.~ nce of s t r HII , e-t c.
Wraqes. &uto,,ot,, le laundr ••s . 9reu i ng stat ion,
Po '.'l t" l w , .., ; cp
St~Y" , a ; lrn'lls
'>t ,..,.,., ra i I ,o,.d\
lel•q r ,pl'I ,.,,.., tpl~Mt!ie
Olh• r tr.1nspc,rt ,t , on !,U~ c~nicAt•Of'
C•trection or "'inerals
Coal ,.. , ~,
Oi l .!ln11u.-lh
Other e•lMCt•'tf' '""""'" ' ""
Prof •ssio,..al w,..._ , cf
PMfes-.ion.11 ~rv ice ' " · • . c . )
5",-1prof ,. ,,,,,.,_..1 ..,.,.,., ,cl! 1, nc lud •rtg Attendant, . etc,)
Recrp,.t,on .,nd .,.._,~,..t
':11.l.8
7R.7
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8. 7
29.0
~-3
1.0
<>.I
8. 5
10.~
6(,.1
JJ.9
62.v
81. 8
60 . 8
"'·'
96 . 6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
55.0
8' . l
95 . J
96. 9
99. 2
99.8
100. 0
10.9'1
63.9
90. l
63 . 8
61. 1
ea.,
•7.2
98 . l
99 . 5
91. 7
9 1. ,
100.0
100.0
8 .5)7
1.588
81:1 . 4
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98.5
93.9
\18 . 6
99.)
100.0
655
•6. 6
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82 . 0
96 . J
119 .,
100. 0
161
51.9
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91.1
42. 1
81 . 4
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9'. 7
99. )
95.•
97 . )
, , ,97
11,
1)0
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71. 6
79.J
9' . 6
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100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100. 0
95. 2
96.2
ltN. O
89.9
95.J
100. 0
UI
62. 8
8' . I
9) . 1
eo.o
91.J
97.0
100.0
100. 0
100. 0
2. 585
715
227
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20. 5
29.0
8,in ■ , nq and broker•
lris1,1r"'nc"
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Au t o,11100,l p aqenc , es , st oru , 11nd f i1\i "Q stat ions
11hole1a l ll!' 11""1 rr.t>1,I tradf
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61 . 4
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'1.8
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91 . 1
9).11
100.0
100. 0
298
25. ,
77.2
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17. 5
35. I
,2 . J
6' . 0
75 . 2
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no
118.6
t
t
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100. 0
118
225
). 75)
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t
I
t
t
t
t
2. 8
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•6.0
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11!,. 2
99 . 2
100. 0
t
100. 0
158
177
7
1,
26 . 5
~ -I
72.6
1.1,2
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100. 0
•6 . 4
61. U
6'.0
76 . 8
61 . 8
118. J
86. 2
11). )
18.9
18.l
)7.5
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ii. I
100.0
100.0
100.0
596
11
•69
118 . )
96. 0
99.0
100.0
70<
•s.,
10 .0
100. 0
,10
5.1
7. 5
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lJ .•
Jl.6
81.)
)7 . 8
)9. 0
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
160
Table 2)-CUMULATIYE PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF WEEKLY EARNINGS OF EMPLOYED -KERS
BY PRESENT I NOUS TOY , URBAN R[L I EF SAWPLE WAY 111)'-CoU tau4
Ull)(A
Nl:UEIIIT INDUSTityA
"
F i shing and forestry
1'.8
Nol s.pecified industries and sitrvices
66.2
.
- -· u- ---~
SP
'" "'
l:IO
,
TOUL
1'£1tC£1fT
_.c
47.6
61.1
68.6
94.0
100.0
67
114.2
90.4
9',8 100.0 100.0
100.0
178
f .. "rc·••t...,. c•lc•llt.,. ,., ,.-, ,..,.. M •n•ra.
• . . i. • ...._,,, , , . . . .
rlll'IIIIN -.c••I .. •• 1...,.u.••--. ne ..,,.,..
"°l ■ cl . . . , l,)a ..,,.,.. ... ,._.,, .._ ..... M ..,.., .... -
c,., ... , e , .. --~
•llll _,.1 . . 1
er
121 . ..
...._. . . -
•l'NN.
IICC. . . , -
..... . . , ..... .-re Mt . . . lf!411i.
ff...._
n . e . c . - • 1 e l ........ ChMUI ...
Digitized by
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APPENDIX
Tab I e 2•-CU .. ULAT IV[ PE•CENT OISTlillBUTIO._
161
C
or
- - - - - - - - - ----
,,.,..
OF [WPLOY[D tWQRl(f RS
HOUQLY [AJ:l'itl -.GS
BY PO[S[NI I NOUSTlil'f', URBAN OH I [F SAMPLE
""
-- --
19)4
- - - --~-
-
UNOE•
---
-
UIIIOEA
UlfO[R
U'IDE.A
,.~o
1.00
,. 7J
TOT.t.l
,. 10
UlfDER
20
s.
S. lO
Total a:,rtiers reporting•
B.5
)0. 7
51. 7
12.9
BJ.5
J2.2
Jtfi.i
100.0
ll,406
llllnuflcturing and .ckanical indusHiH
1.8
1.5
1.8
8.2
9.1
8.0
24. 1
7).4
BU
·H.::i
100.u
lJ.~
52.::i
lW.U
'6.4
'1.7 Al.1
A6. 7 :,4.0
s9.1 lUV.O
J'AiSENT 11110\JSTll'I'•
----------
Buildi"II and construction
Chela1cal and al 1 ied ,l'ldus.triet
Ci9ar and tobacco fMtor ,es
Clay, glasa, and st0fl4' industries
Clothing industries
Ufli0£A
,.,v
l.J
Baltenes
...u,
industries
Au1.C1110bi le factoriH
Aut0fll0bi I• r•p.ai r shops
Blut furnaces and stHI rollino 11ills
Other i ror,, st.el. and machinery industries
•t•I industriH, except iron ~ stttl
6.6
l.l
5.0
6. 7
1.0
,.,
18.5
/1.2
)(,.I
6.6
li.J
6·:,.4
'1/. -~
b.0
U..8
59. 'J
16.4
JL.1
lUi.'.0
10...J.U
"1.~
76. /
87.1
;J.B
:11.4
100.G
1. !6A
Ul
21S
151
1./34
lr,.6
,,._,
t(J."J
"'·"
95.0
>C.8
'J].':J
100.0
1uo.u
100.0
2,1
6)7
23.8
6.5
2).8
'7.6
0.3
21.0
0.9
).2
1.2
).l
,U,7
4.9
6. 7
11.i
25.9
21.8
111.U
,1.)
,.J
9.6
l.Nthar industriH
Shoe factoriH
Other IHther industries
).2
~ r a.nd furniture industries
S. and plenir,,g 111i11s
Other llalber and furniture industriH
0.2
2.9
8.)
17.B
21l.J
Paper and all led industries
Printi"9, pull! ishing, 91d -,.grl'Ving
1.5
,.2
8.3
10.9
22.6
JJ.•
J.2
2.2
).1
Tntile industriH
Cotton ,.; 11 I
lt1itt ing •ii 11
Si It. ■ i11s
Woolen and -,rst~ ,.il11
Other textile industries
Miacellaniaoua Nnufacturi"I industriH
Electrical Nehinery and supply factories
Rubber factor iet
I ndec,endent hand t rides
Other ■ ,scelleneous Nnufachiri"I ifldustrin
Draant le -.:I per10MI Hrvice
0-.stic a.nd per-sonel Mr-vie• 1111.a,c. I
Hotels, rHtaurenu, boarding housn, ate.
L.Aundr ies
Cleat1i"'9, dyeing, and pressi"I shops
Trodt
a.n111,.
and ltrollerave
lnsura,,ce
RNI HUte
Autc.>bile ~l'l('iet, stores, Ind fi 11 i"'9 stat iOftl
Wholes.ale and reui I
Other and not specified t ride
,,..,.
Trllfta,ortat ion and corn.iniut i0t1
Construction and 11111inh•,.ance of 1trNtl, etc.
Garages, 1Utc,110bi le laundries, greHi"'il stat ions
Postal aervica
Ste• railroads
St reet ra i I roads
Tele,vraph and telephoM
Other transport•tion and c°"""nicati011
£.xtraction of •inerals
Coa1 •ines
Oil Md ;as .. 11,
Other "tractive industrin
,rofessional Hr-vice
Professional tar-vice '"·•-c. l
S..,iprofessional w,...,ic• (incl. att~a1ts, etc.)
RecrNtion and --..~t
Aericul tur•
Pwb1ic Nrvica
l"·•·c.J
1rt!.M'1£~
55. 7
)5.8
51.4
17.1.
Food and al I ied industries
Sl41.19hter end padlinq house,
Other food and al I ied industries
PE~C[!iiT
-
78.4
60.0
76. 7
1).4
62.0
24.6
~-3
34.•
116.J
88.l
26.9
10.0
5',.6
66.J
66.6
l,X;.U
JX)
100.0
~
82.' Rll.4
100.0
88.•
,,.8
Bb.O
'J4.~
100.D
100.0
100.0
lt,3
223
1.1)9
488
45.4
94.3
81.6
~,.u
79.1
66.9
S2.9
~7.1
811.>
.a.,
100.0
100.0
2)9
124
91.J
8).0
"6.8
!14.1
J9.J
97.1
100.0
100.0
•33
88.0
76.J
97.0 100.0
'l().0 ~J.'::I
100.0
0..9
88.1
83.9
60.1
84.,
114.8
100.0
100.0
'·'
76.0
69.l
!)(i.8
62.)
71.6
:,8.8 100.0
95.1 'Jl.3
ff.1.6 'JT.,
15. 7
21l.8
22.J
1).5
13.)
35.0
!16.0
,·,.o
1.5
1.6
)9.0
12.6
15.5
20.0
59.8
28.5
55.0
60.6
74.J
82.1
Bl. 1
82.,
88.9
'l0.6
"4.8
94.6
95.J
!16.,
'6.1
96.J
57.8
8).1
61.ll
,1.1
91!.5
91!.7
!i7.B
!18.7
100.0
J().O
'J':I.~
22.J
96. 7
iJ.2
98.•
6.8
7).1
60.9
llJ.1
IIJ.6
91.6
91.9
115.1
95.9
96.0
•.&
8'.11
79. 7
100.0
100.1)
8.1
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6.)
)2.•
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7.8
27.)
).6
7.1
67.,
)J.1
27.B
10.,
8).2
91.1
98.,
58.0
5).2
90.2
77.2
BS. 7
70.8
73.2
IJ.•
95.5
88. l
92.8
7!i.8
96.1
BJ.ii
87. 5
'6.4
;J.6
97.2
90.2
95.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
l()(l.0
66. 7
tr,.1
n.e
100.0
49.>
79. l
95.0
90. 7
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100.0
100.0
' ' ' ' &;.o'
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2.2
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12.J
2.2
16.8
19.J
•. 5
56.1
16.1
2).5
78.8
54.,
58.•
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1). 7
29.0
o.,
2.6
28.4
51.6
1.2
0.2
4.0
10.4
22.0
64.,
46.7
1,.:1
61.8
,...
~
82.,
64.5
49.9
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i~.•
86.,
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100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
342
190
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)9.2
100.0
10. 747
99.)
100.0
8. HS
1.556
650
161
;e.e
"8.2
,;. )
98.2
99. 1
.a.a
'
'
114.0
!lO.J
!18.0
84.0
!lll.O
i2.5
100.0
100.0
29.•
47.7
68.1
61.2
84.6
82.9
100.0
100.0
' '
t
48.0
74.8
)6.6
!>6.4
1.6
I.I
5.5
2.8
15. 7
12.5
347
100.0
:Jl.8
100.0
100.0
87.9
t
JJ.9
l!i.O
13)
284
224
19)
90
197
t
51. 7
t
9.•
6.0
550
t
100.0
,.,n
112
128
11,
IX>
). 705
1"
2,548
71'
222
4)
'73
)1
298
761
2).4
)(,.6
' ' ' '
9.6
21.9
•2.5
1,.0
86.J
91.B
100.0
255
175
1
73
6.4
27.)
49.1
1.111
•J.4
58. 7
54.B
89.5
90.1
100.0
25.0
J/.4
18.6
71.J
75. 7
74.8
7
77.1
84.6
5.2
66.6
62.4
~·· 7
83.~ 88.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
75
462
,.o
8.2
70. 7
t
1,.
84.8
88.0
'
580
15.5
59. 7
77.B
88.9
94.9
91.2
98. 7
100.0
68:,
2. 7
12.il
2).1
"·1
65. 7
86.1
92.J
100.0
'°'
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
162
Table le-CUMULATIVE P[RCEOT OISTR18UTION OF HOUHY EARNlOGS OF EMPLOYED WORKERS
!Y •RESEOT lMOUSTRY, URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE
,_ESE ■T
INDUSTIII.,..
Fist,in9 and fo~str-y
Not ,p«ifiPd industries and servicH
MAY 1934-Coua ... d
Ull>£R
.._.
UIC)(A
UNDER
I. 20
'·'°
s.•o
...,..
,...
U11)£11
,. 10
1.00
u-•
I,
16.9
35.3
50. 7
72.2
79.9
86.1
96.9
100.0
~
8.3
)!l.8
66.6
&1.5
91.6
96.4
97.6
100.0
168
10
♦ .. ,.,u .., ... , celc•l•t.,. '•r , ... r 1111.. M .. , ... ,._
,._,,.,
TOT"'-.
PUtCElliT
-
''°"""' ,._.,.
• . . ,_. i.,c1.a1r,
acconlll .. h , - . . , , - • _ . . • • ..,,.,._, ..,. .. ,.._
8
1scl11N1 .... , ... ,., . . . . , ... , . . . . JIM - _,.., . . . . . . ~ . . acc..-, .,. . . . . Hnlht• · " - · ..-cltlN.
clacl .... • • ,_ .. ,.,.,. •1111 .. ,.1.,, ,, 1.1t .,. ......
n••• C..-Ml
. , ...... , . Cl . . . lflN.
Digitized by
Google
APPf!:NDIX C
Table 2~-WEOIU WEEKLY UO HOURLY EU•l•GS OF EMPLOYED WOR<ERS BY PRESEMT INDUSTRY
ANO GEOGR•PH IC •RE•,• URB•N R[LI EF S•MPLE WH I 914
Ulll ■ i-.s
IIIEOJA.frrl
Total .orliier1 report ,ng:
Manvfaetur,"9 and
Buildi!'Mjl
-----PE;~~ --l--"EA---;E-Kd - _--
.
'tll!c"'""'u'
1' CE .. TAALI i0.111"
EAST-r "(ST
- +
..-,
8,9CC
Wtdi.sn
I
'10.3'4 1 iu
il"du,tries
and con,truct,on
Chy, ;In,. ""1 ,to,_ ,nck,,tr,es
Clo,,.,,"'9 ,nd,n,tru~s
FOOd i1nd all ,ed 1ndu1triH
S.lteriH
Slaught•r aftd pacl11"9 houi@'S
Other food and al I iea ,nctvstriH
,o 1 10.11
o.'le
0.,1
"l.'l'.l:
0.'.l'l
o.n
Ch&'tl1ul .Jl'd al I •M 1ndustr,•1
Cii;ar and to~cco factor •H
1
2.'J5'-: 11.197
1
,_.,~_ 1
~'.I~
1
I (AST
+
:
-
T •BT
icflilTW-Ai. ,.-SO,,T,-1
IJ.4.,o
i',P1
O.l9
!
2. 1 1 1c,.,,..:11.40
1?.10
0.47
1
IJ. H; lEd"
l',.10 11:.,~
c.,·) 12.oc
ll.20
t
0.JO•
t 1
o.49 1
t
0.37
0.J2
c.1e
0.16
0.,3
0.JJ
D.Jl
o. Jl
O.l'6
0. JI
I
0.16
0.4J
0.)5
O.IR
O.JI
0.17
0.JJ
0.61
0.47
0.44
0.4J
11.00
t
0.10, 7.00
8.50
0.47111.001
t
0.40 11.10 14.00
0.)4 10.80 14.20
0. J8
0.40
11. JO
O. ll
t --
j - - t--
1,"),,lf ?,19q 117,,-;,r;
"'~); 11.wJ
5,c,,o
t
0.18
8-'>"I
11b.~1:
1
!
9.?n
t
n.,c
I
t
6.>'l
6.l0
1':l. :r
10.:x)
9.~• b.,o
8.8;
10.00
8.6l'
1,.00
10.IIO
10.'iO
6.00
t
9.60
IJ.70
10.&i
1... 00
9.1'0
t
5.10
lilttal ,ndustr•••
l,uto,110b1 le fACtor,H
r•oe i r shops
AutOfllOtl i I e
.SI ast furnKes and stHI rol 1 •~
11,
11 s
Other iron, steel, al"ld 111aChiMr7 industries
lilttal il'ldustrin, ellC.ept iron and stNI
o. JR
I
0. JS ' O. JJ
0.41
I
0.4 7 0.51
0.46 0.41
o.n
15.'lO
I
10.10
lb.00
15. 00
IJ.10
10.10
12.10
B.,o
13. l<'
I.either industriH
St-,. factoriH
0.15
o.u
Ot"-r 1.ather it'dustrin
9.90
Ufllller and furniture lndustriH
S.. and p\anint •ills
Other lla'IIMr and furniture industries
0.)7
0.44
O.J7
Paper and all,«1 industrin
Printi"Q, pt,tbl ,~ift9, and e"9rav1"9
o. 34
0.J7
t
o. J.I
t
0.18
0.)7
0.16
I
0.)2
I
Textile il'ldustriH
Cotton ,,Ii 111
0. J6
0.16
0.19
0.)8
0. 17
Knilling 111ill1
Silk Mi II s
lb:llen and .orsted •ills
Other textile irw:tu1tr1H
1fi,e•llaneo1ots 1N11nufacturi"9 industriH
Electrical lftlctlinery ~ supply factories
Rl.itib4tr f.tctori•s
lndr~nt lvlnd trftdto1
Othfor 111i1eeth,,.ous •nufacturing industries
Dallls t i c and per90fta I 1•rv ice
36
r,_
8wtli i"9 and brok•r..,e
Insurance
RMI estate
AutO"Obile aq•ncin, ,tores, and filling station,
lholeul~ 8nd r•tail trade
Other and not 1~if1ed tf'ade
TransportatiOft and cCfllllUnic11tion
Con1tNction and •intl!'nance of 11trNts, rON:ts, etc.
GAra-Jes, autCl'IQbil• laundries, greas,ng stat,ons
Postal serv,u
I
I
0.J5
I
I
I
0. )8
9. 10
10.40
9.00
I
7.60
8.90
t 10.70
I 7.60
t B.90
0.21
I
I
I
I
I
11.60
5.80
11.10
11.00
4.50
II.JO
9. 50
11.,0
B.lO
I II.RO
t 10.10
I
t
I
0.15
5,40
5.00
4.60
2. 'iO
0.15
0.15
4.10
6.RO
1.20
5.50
J.l!O
7. 20
1. JO
6.10
0.2)
4.70
8.50
8.60
9. 70
7.40
9. 70
,.'lO
B.;o
0.Jl
0.28
0.29
0.23
9,70
7.70
t
I
O,J8
I 11.10
I
O.JJ
0.27
0.16
0.18
I 11.10
I
6.10
0.1) 11.50
0.11
9.70
0.27 10.00
I
4.90
9.10
7.~D
6.00
9.00
14 .10
14. JO
7.10
10.00
1.,0
7.50
6.10
0.45
0.44
0.10
0.15
0.29
O.Jl
O.IJ
0.17
0.29
O.J5
0.42
0.51
0.JO
0.45
O.S9
0.JJ
t
t
0.11t
0.45
0.12
0.)l
0.,2
0.5J
0.15
'
0.)9
I
8.10 6.50
10.60 16. JO
O.JJ 11.60 14.lO
0.16 14.00 17.60
0.1) 11.90 9.JO
I
t
16.00
9.40
I
12.'iO
I
9.'iO
5.80
7.00
9.JO
II.ID
6. lO
t
I
I
ll.40
10.80
t
t
D.27
0.40
0.16
0.)0
IJ.10
8.50
0.45
0. JJ
0.45
11.00
4.00
0.19 13.00 14.RO
I
-.11,
4griculture
10. 'lO
I
11.50 10.20
0. 19
Coll "'ine1
Oil !ind gas
Othl>r e,i:tract ,we industriH
helpers)
9.'iO
9.80
0.1B
0.19
0.1,
D.29
0.)7
!Ind
10.10
11.10
0.10
0.1 7
0.25
0. JO
0.16
j
htract i0t1 of "'iner,111
Profession.al servic• ln.e.c.)
S.,,iprofession,!il ~rYtC!' j incl. atlerdants
~ecr.. t ion and S'IIUS..,.nt
14.'iO
0. J7
0.)8'
Prc:,fessionel service
I ll.50
9.60
0.45
0. 15
o.,o o.•5
Stea,,: ra i I r011ds
Street railrt'.W!lds
Tele9rapt1 and te,lephone
Other transportation and ,.,..,._,nic!lt ion
0. J8
D.14
0.18
0.15
0.19
0. )41 0. 15
0.22
0.10
0.14
0.18
0.27
Do,.est ic and personal Mrvic~ lt1.e,c.)
Hotrls, rHt&lft•nh, boardi"9 houMs, etc,
leundriu
Cl•ning, dyei"9, and pressir19 shoos
0.)6
0. 19
Q,
0.34
O.J7
11.50
10.'iO
t
I
9.00
10. 70
6.•o
18.60
14.00
10.80
t 19.20
I
t
I
I
15.00
'
I
10.80
11.00
I
O.JJ
D. 41
0.11
0.16
0.)4
O. )1
I
O.J6
0.JI
0.41
0.15
O.lO
0.15 9.JO 8.lO
0.1B 11.50 11.00
0.29
0.1)
D.17
0.14
t
o.n
6.'l'.l
t
1.40
1.10
6.90
8.40
7. 'l!
5.50
9.50
6.90
7.00
Digitized by
5.BO
I
6.60
7.50
t
4.10
s.oo
Google
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
Tab I• 25-MEO I U
WEEKLY ANO HOURLY EARii NG5 OF EMPLOYED WORKERS BY PRESENT I NOUS TRY
.UO GEOGHPHIC AJi[1,,• URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE lfAY 19)4-CoUlu:ed
--
-
MEDI 1M EARii i NC.S
-
~RESENT INDJSTRY 111
so.so so.,2
Fishing a.Md forestry
Not
-♦ ..
Sf)KI
'
fje,d indu~tries .!Ind servicH
--
-
------
PER '11[0Cd
-,------
UST
Pub I , c se,..., ice
. .,
PEA NOUAc
0.31
COCUAL
S0.'1
'
0.35
0.26
-
0.1,
"'"'"
EAST
WEST
S0.39 $17.20 SU.SO
' ,.10'
0. 15
12.SO
,.5('
C91TAAl
"'"'"
S15.40 $14.60
' '
3.00
1.00
•HI•• c1IC"lllatHI Per, . . . , O • . •n1r1.
•,., H clllea ..,, ,,o-,H i1110 ''"' 1•11'•"ic: ,,.,, •ic:• ,,, 1 c001Di111tio• or u,1 ""''
l•t••"'•C dl.-iliDf>S 1111-d llr I"• 111••- of H•I t ...... ,.
T•1 l1111rn ,,_, incl11cko1 C:iloll ;,.
11• lfttl.,.. e,,4 lfll •IOdlll' 111.,li( :!.11111;
tl'II -.u1r11 1r11 i11c:l11d11 cit,11 ,n
1111 llo,.,,1111
.,., ,ac:fPic: '11111. u, t1n1,,1 , , , , ••cl•d•• c:,tin i11 1111 -.,o c . . 1,,1 s1,t11; a11111 u ,
S.11U•1r" 1r11 l11c1..,_, c:ill11 111 UI SO-Ill Atl•tlt . . . . . ,,. C...trll st1t•L
•••I• i11N1l,-, , , . . . ,.,., . . aur.ii .. I• l""•rtaM•....,
cl•(l,.d•t •·••1 _..,.,_ .,.•• ,,.,.. ,._, M ....
-OM •lrlli"fl . ., . ,.., .,..:, riM,
...... •••Ir -.10,... ,.,.,. ..
U•• -••,..
•"'•'L
,1, •.,..1 .. .._ -. •"-' - .- •c-1,
db(l,.t1•1 1,)11
II . . M . . . . , . .nii191, . . . ,,,. . . . • • ICC.•ll.
.,,~llillft ... ,. ,.., e,Kir, ...
•r
•r
11,a.c.-111e1111-•re(l11•i'i•d.
Digitized by
Google
APPENDIX C
•£•
ll(U Or [MrlOTCO M!HCRS,
T••'• 16-11(0111 ll([llT UO ltOOllT (AIIIICS UO HOUIS 110. . (0
. , '8(S[IT occu,,r,01 uo ., IIC[, uuu UltH SAMrl(
... 19)4
r port lr\f:
1
rrof. . tONI ,ef'&Ol'W
l(latll and t•t rl Of.,.,,
Other,..., .s iONI •nOMd
rs. and off,ciel1
Proprleton.
A,rlcwltwr-.1 pro,rletcw-. end---~
llders W bwtldi,. contr.cton
ttot.1 and ruttwrant tteepe,.. 6l'ld ..,.,.,..
fect.urert. Pf"O,rletors, _,. en, W offlclah (n. e .c. J
leMle a.NS retail 6-lers
...-s
Clodcal
,.,.,.
..........,alld
~:::.;~~~=")
"°"•
....,.
•ttgenl
telegra.,trt,.,_, other
Off,ce
,
~wert11 ,. •te"llh
•I
1
lf\lollr&IICO
..,,la
,..,_,,
20.,
17.1
,.oo
5.1
)'.2
lt.2
1. 10
2.IO
t
t
t
I
t
t
21.!IO
5. 70
I
I
lt.2
)8.1
1).10
1, ., 0
1,.10
12.00
1.90
)2.5
I
9.00
t
zt.5
I
t .!IO
I
I
15, 10
15.90
1).00
rpel\lers
1111
l1t.tlon1,,,.
C(MeNfl,
hoi1
=~:::!';,t!~~~JJQtll , •~ tool•ller1
"· Ole.
15.
18, 70
1,.00
u.1Jlr.
Id n, foutw:Nn, and cHllt'I
n~r•
Pa1nt1r1, .,...1,ra, ...-arnlaher-1 lfkli1diftfJ. and 1111per
Iara, a"CI wr1111he,.. 1n fac:torln
Pa1nttr1, 9laz11rs, •
f1tl1rt
It
a1'd
"Cf
,l~rs
.,.
15.to
16. 10
12.10
11.90
11 . 10
S..r1 Md coe.-1 ... , (ftOt u, fect.Of"11
T■ llora
and t.tilo
,.oo
ua
, owraeer, 1
m lfttNCtor . .
....,.
•• ~.11 ..
•rben . filelrclreuer1. rid •nic.wrllll
r,
brdl"I •"<I lodtl"t ...._ •
ffe1i1r1, del , ... ,,..,... •nd tnck and tractor driver,
ti to profnsi~1 ,er1ona"
A.u,,i.nts rd at •
Or-e _..ltei,, IH•Ureuu. and!
f' 11era, grird•rs, '-'tf•ra, and
Ope ,a l i ¥ff
tll ine-r1
,ol ahers(.. ulf
Cloth•"' f.c.tofl•
~lulled •Of'Mrs
r•
I Norer1
F' •r-.en lucept lotO'IIOl ,we el'd Ore depart
lonflhor
n
fl:I
tI
tlevedor-•
t
9. 70
7. 70
o. o
0.17
0.50
0.51
0. 5'
0.17
I
1.00
0.55
0.'1
I
I. ,o
I
I
I
I ,
I
5.00
I
o.,
0.5)
O.•O
0.6'
0.)1
0.50
0.60
I
I
o.25
5.BO
8. 20
5.IO
0.,1
0.'5
0.)2
t
)t.8
)1.0
2, ,5
I
t
)I.I
29.5
t
t
JU
t
'5.)
o.,
41.1
)t.l
t
0,)8
0.29
f
0.11
0.15
,.,o
o. ,8
I
0.56
0.52
rYAllll l'dall,ect • Of" rs
Boou,lac
nera, net I lrldr
fl, c I
(1..,.tor leftders
Janttor-, e-,o H•t~
5. , o
5.00
2.IO
10.)0
5.
2.10
2.IO
1.80
9.90
0,19
0.12
0.25
0.17
J.l2
5.20
t
)4.1
20.0
1.)0
).90
o.,o
o.u
I
I
41.5
11.,
I
I
I
0.ZI
7,)0
8.80
I
0.17
0.18
o.,e
12.00
11.110
.
I
,,
,,.1
0,32
0.)0
5.80
..
'°·'
t
t
0.1)
0.17
o. 22
I
21.5
J.))
t
J.80
16.20
t.to
)8.2
,.,2
I
0.17
0.2)
,.,, ,.,,
)&.)
0,l)
o.:,o
)4.5
31.,
O,l2
0,17
5. ,o
2.110
21.,
.,.1
0.)1
o.,.. o.n
1.20
5.!IO
,e.5
•o.e
, 0.1
'1.2
0.:,0
o.o
•2.5
41.0
15. 7
~ .5
o.:,,
t
t
w,ne,..., and oil, gu, and Nit .. 11 operetlve1
t..bot"lra (n.e.c.)
Other """'" I lad .. or-.raQ
aes
0.15
o.,,
I
11.70
11.10
t
t
I
11.,0
1. 10
11.,0
7.10
17,60
, o.o
0.21
5.,0
8,IO
10.20
r ,nd111trlHo
t
t
t
0.'2
0.)1
0.11
5.lD
..,
, 0.1
0.
o.
).
,. 10
11.eo
I.BO
r
7.:,0
I.
15.IO 1),20
I
15. 10
1l1ad • Of"'-rl fn, 1.c,JI
Ot
1.60
5.!IO
15. 70
a.:,o·
"I
t..en
c,.,,...,..
11.10
2.:,0
1.:,0
8.70
1profe1110l"91 and rec:r•tt0f'la1 • •
Clectr,c,
8,117
Sl2.2.
t.!IO
•rd .. ,
died
M,7IO
S'8.5
7.50
16.50
co-erc.,al ,,...., len
•
HtllC end
"·"2 7,171
.20 S,.60
1
'2.)
I
,0.1
'°·'
I
, 0.1
)0.8
11.5
,a.1
I
"·'
"·'
.,.,
)4.5
)4.1
)4.5
)).I
,2.2
)1.5
)7. 7
29.2
)4.5
,a.,
•J.I
I
I
0.)7
I
0.)1
0.)0
24 . 5
u.o
)5.2
)8.8
29.0
,2.0
0.11
)5.9
0.01
)11.5
1).1
17.2
,2.1
10.2
50.t
)9.1
0.18
0.22
0.11
Digitized by
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,,.,
)5.7
I
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
166
Table 26-MEOIU WEEKLY ANO HOURLY EARNINGS ANO HOURS IIORKEO rER WEEK OF EMPLOYED MIRKERS,
BY PRESENT OCCUPATION ANO BY AACE, URBU RELIEF SAIWLE
MAY 19),-oo•e••••d
----
....•s..,....
IIEOI All EMIII
ll'RESDT OCCUl'AT IO•
.. ,n:
._,
IIESIIJ
-T£
ANO
OlNER
0.26
0.18
0.16
0.16
OlNER
Servants aNI allied .orkers-continued
Porters
7.80
5.10
1.,0
Servants
Waiters. aitresses.
!•
!I~
0.17
O.ll
44.9
211.2
45.0
_,.._rs (1\rdiert)
•"° r•porttod
, ...,
.0,1,.,.. lt"'t
tllllr .... IIDl
IIOl aanii"t•: u111
. . . . er . . . . . ...-rs -rl\_ltl WA •I
t• O.rlllf
total ror lNN r...,.tl .. ...,.. le e_,, .. ,... 1,
•r•"-•• ,..,..,.,.._
0,,.., ,roro,ti•-1 p e r - :
1.clllMln actors and 1~11; 1rtlU1, ac•lptor1,.,... , . ., . . ,., of ar'I; . . . 1...,....
•"".•r-c•it1<l1; ltf'r•ici . ., aflllll ••r.,..0111; d,nti1l1; ••terl"'lrr ,11r,-011a; Nt•o,,lllll•; lee,i;:lller• (KlilNI allllll ce11...,), lecflonlcal
•"11•-ra; ,,...,,h; trai,.... ••r•••; c1,,,,..,.; ••t"Ort. ,i!itor,.,,.. ,-..n,,., 1..,.-n, ,_.,..,atllll J•tlaa; ...-,..,-... ,,;
cc,.urit1 ,,.111s; fara ~ l r a l o n ; Jillrarian,, ,oc11I aNI . . 1rar1 - • • n . ate.
••°'"•""''' ,,.. caalliara:
1.:Jlldas Ktoulltanh. n,aQ9rap•ar1, ,.., tnlala.
'eua,i-<l&ri,al _,._,.:
e■ i,ren ,.-1111: a11i,r••• _ .. ,..,. aM
- u c.1ana: ••• c.errler1.
at•nll; !Mlf. .V-" a""' rraltM ,__.,••
9orrice 11,,,, i.1..,,-.11 aad ,,.,.,
1111:1...0,, , , , , , . _ , 1,,.,,-.11,aa, ,_.,, .,.,,twa.
•t•at1: 111cJUIN1 aganh, coll•ct0r1,,..., cr.cllit•11•
1-=t•••
!r, :~::::•::•~,::;
,,11.,
Uc.,.t
..S statl•a
••••ftf''•:
1'11111,..,,,,,1..,
i
40.4
40.8
42.5
IIEGAO
MO
OTHER
ln1 tlla• IO -rll•ni ra,-rtN.
1,,-cir,H1 . . _ acc-•t -n•r• r•porlad llovn
•l;ller u,.,. O• ot.._r totals la Oh htlle.
0
6.40
3.70
5. 70
_.
==: :::11::;:/:: ===::=::-.:.~:;==••:..-.::.•Ni
-er.;_7;,:,..clfled,
-o-
.u ... t i • 1ft •llliicll
-.di•• c•lr.•latff t•r
b~::::: ::~: =•':;:
=::;:
1,,...
ch:cl~• 1,,.. . . .
bart~ers
IIEOI M tCJURS
ll)Rlt(D .... · " " '
~~~~•:!~":;: o,i"';' !:~ :~,.; ~!;:~c ~!!!;~!!;~;.::~~~!!~:.:.:, !:':;; :~: ,'7~-=~.::::~•,!,.e:i,~!:~
M91lpror,1t;o,..1 ,.., rac,. . tio,._I _,.,,,.,
J_..cl\f,nit1 (IIIOt alW.'-r• clauifi•d):
1nc:lllda1 lllatk. . llla, farte•"••IIII .._raa; Hiler •llars; llriC:111 alllll at•- . . . . . aM
lile la,-r,; calli""'l ..... ,,.; i,h,llarar1 and c-111 fl1111,..r1; roatara 1M tlatar1; th1•IU• . . . , . . . ., _..... aK .... ICI ll.0,1,
■r'I
1!:~~!~ fr.:~;! ~j7t u:!:i;~~r~;•::: ::::I ;,o,!~~~~•roll,!~~~:-:.:~~~,.;~
,::.!!~:~: ':!~~•~1:"..!r=:~~.:~;:"••ral
l,,••ldara, fo.,.ers,a• ca11ar1 (•lal);
lntl!ildaa
a ... rail ....,., l•tal).
atNI
,....,.,.1"
"For••"• -n-r,
a,.. iiq_..:tors (••capt tor-" and illSNtlora i111 1...,., ,..,. •• IM,-ctora la fKlorl,.___. ,.,..,. 1111
aflddry~lee11i,..,11n11..-..110).
".u1i1l•"'' ,,.. att,...,11111 •• ~or,aa1.,..1 paraot1•: 1111:1111ta1 attaad11111a ..,. .,.,,,,. I• ,,.r,asl••• sank•• nc,-11 . . , allll
_,_,,,_
0
otl\er -or••rs 1s-1,,111 . .):
l111tlud•• lloilar ,u,,,.,. al'ld ' " ' ' " ..,.,,an; •r•~•; ••orart (,refaaal-..1 Nnlce. ,c,...tl•11,
and
"O"~'"""''• ,t ....,di.1nd pract;cal ~rwa; ollart •' aac:1111,,.,7; sailer,,,-,..__.,,•• ...•• •11111 ea.I WI;
•ilt'-"• r1,,-11,..,. ,a,,,...,; l•lt9r1pl'I al'ld lelapl'I011a 11-11.
,,..,,-,.1);
Pou.. ,. 11111,illff _,.,.,a:
1..-IOIIIMa •rar-",
••-oar,,_...
alld ,vddlen; 1.-.,..,. r1r1_.., alld -ooilt/lo111,.ra,
n.e.c.-not
•praa... ,,., fisller-,i _.. orate,....
t•raac-. _It..._••
IIIINl•n•
• l ~ r • cla1siflacl.
n.o.L-IIOI •U1arwlN ..,...:iri ...
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APPENDIX C
167
Tabla 27-IIEOllN AGE OF IIEN BY DURATION OF UNftlPLOYIIENT SINCE LAST JOB
AT USUAL OCCUPATION, BY USUAL OCCUPATION,
URBAN RELIEF SAIIPLE IIAY 1934
W[OIAN
AGE ANO OUAAT10fil OF UN[WPLOYIIENT
IN YEARS
LESS THAN
,_.
I 't'E.\A
YEARS
~-9
YEARS
USUAL OCCLP.U I ON•
TOTAL
.
Nu<11bfl'r
Total 111en reporting; 8 Median age
Agriculture
Fa~rs (OWl"\ers and ten~nts l
Farni laborers
Fishing and forestry
F ishe~n and oysterwen
raftSffiein, and .oodchoooen
Lu-.-.-.
[xtracl •on of Minerals
fo,.et'len, over-seiers, and inspectors
Coal ,.ine ope,_.t ives
Other ope rat i ve,s in extraction of fflinerals
IMnufacturing and me-chanical industries
Apprentices to buildinq and hand tr.!de,
Appre-nt ices, exceot to bui I ding and hand
Sake rs
Black51111iths. f o r ~ . and h~n"ll!tn
Boiler ffil!li..ers
trades
Brick and stone •sons, and tile layers
Builders ,.nd building contractors
C11b i netl"8kers
Carpenters
CCl'ftposi tors. I inotype-rs, and typesetters
1'5.~7
38.J
33.065
91,960
jB.5
16.0I•
•J.3
,.us
}LI
38.6
•8.2
J2 .5
27.1
37 .,
,6.2
U.5
•6.5
32. 5
•9.u
'1.7
52.3
5-1.3
50. I
28.0
2).2
,2.3
so.,
t
JI. 5
l;.6
)0.1
20.0
39. 7
,3,9
t
t
,2 ,9
39.9
,2.1
,a.6
•2.6
,5. 7
50.0
"-9
2'.6
t
'l. I
38.7
,o. 7
J9.9
35.0
d.•
t
2,. I
JJ.8
•6.8
,3.1
'2.5
,a.a
U.J
'
28.6
•2.5
t
,2.0
, 1.0
39.8
•6. I
3,.0
3•. 7
Oy,rs
Electr-itis,,s
Eng i nel!'rs (sf.llt ionerv). cranerMn, hoi~tflllll!n, etc.
Filer'\, 1r ,n14!'r,, buffers, snd poli-,h~r, (""'tal J
Fi rem!n {except loc~tive and fire 1ep11rt,ne,,tJ
,2 .8
)6.0
,3. 7
,o.s
•5.1
38.5
3J.O
40.2
38.0
,2.6
For~n and OYl!'r'\,.fl"r, (ff\llnufacturingJ
Furn11ce rt1en, ..,.,,~, 11en, h-..11tf!'rS, pu<kt I ers, etc.
Jeweler,, watch""1.Mers, gold'Sffl• ths, and silversmiths
Machinists. mil l•r1gt1U, and too linaktn
lllan.sqers and off i c i :!I Is (manuf acturi ngJ
U.9
4<.3
,u. 7
'1.9
,0.1
U.J
t
U.3
llll!lnufacturers
Mectianics ln.o. s. J
Moulders, founders, and casters 1... t.1 J
Oilers of "'4thinery
Painters, gt.u iers, varnishers, enan..lers, etc.
3J.2
,3.1
3,.,
39.2
Paper tianqer1
P11t tern and lftOdel i,ekers
Pl11stll!rers and ce"lf'!f1t finisher,
Plui,t,ers a"1 gas and steMt fitters
Pressmen and pl.~te printers (print ingJ
38.•
,J.8
,2.a
,o.,
38.9
Roller, 11nd f'oll l"l!!linds 1... 1.1
qoofer, :itnd sl!!liters
Sllwyer-.
ShOll!f"l.1ker~ ,snd cobblers (not
5killed occupations (n.o.c. J
'1.1
38.1
•0.3
•0.5
41.0
J
;n factory J
10 YEARS
.IND OVEA
U.J
t
50.5
t
52.0
t
f
,5.a
'"·'
,s.6
51.8
51. 7
,0.1
,3.,
,9.3
23.3
I
3',0
,6.9
,3_5
39.6
,9.9
•J.8
'
'7.2
,2 .3
•3.5
5, .,
•J.~
t
t
t
t
n. 1
,a.,
,5.a
,6. 7
jJ.9
•6.5
36.2
,3.2
,0.1
·~-•t
'
J9.b
t
t
5-1.3
'
t
't
,~.,
... ,
,1.6
U.l
'7,6
t
t
'1.6
'1.7
'1.3
,3.0
U.l
,o.6
30.8
,2.1
,3.a
JJ. l
t
t
4L .5
37.J
,5.3
•1.6
,9.,
t
35.0
39.J
,2. 9
't
• 1. 9
37. l
3,.0
t
'1.6
)6.2
'
t
33.8
35.5
)i.2
t
t
38.Z
,3.1
,2 .9
39.8
'1.3
37. l
J9.5
,0.3
,o. 9
'1.9
Sto,,e cutters
Structur11I iron llll'Orkers (building)
T.~i I ors
T inS""i ths and copper,mi ths
Upholsterl!"rs
,3.,
,1.1
•5.2
39.l
3,.3
'1.6
,o.a
38. 7
32.2
,3,,
,0.2
,6.3
38.6
3'.2
Operatives (n.o.s. J
Suilding industry
Chemical o!nd al I ied industrin
Cigar and tooacco factories
Cl•y, glass, and stone industrin
39.5
J9.5
•0.2
39.8
36.,
35.8
30.0
29.8
,o.o
38.0
'3.2
,o.9
Digitized by
•6.3
•J.5
't
U.J
t
•3.b
,3.2
t
''I
'7.5
t
t
U.6
t
~o.,
•9.1
t
t
t
50.1
t
t
t
t
,8.5
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
I
'1.9
t
t
t
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URBAN WORIBRS ON RELIEF
168
Table 27-WEOIAN AGE Of IIEN IY DURATION OF UNEIIPLOYIIENT SINCE LAST JOI
AT USUAL OCCUPATION, IY USUAL OCCUPATION,
URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE IIAY
1934-Co ■ ll ■ ••d
MEDIAN AGE AMI -ATIIII a, - •• YEMI
USVAl. OCCUPU ION,1;
,_.
t-9
10 YUIii
YUIii
ff-
MO CIW8I
TOTAL
LESS TH . .
I YEAR
40 . 4
32 . 0
J9.2
31.0
37.6
)8.8
26 , 2
40.7
)2.4
32.1
)9. 4
29.6
_34.6
J&.5
42.0
37.1
CJ.I
)8 . 5
Jl.9
.34.5
,6 . 9
J8.2
42.8
42.8
51.9
35.8
27.5
)9 .3
t
t
~focturing ~nrl tt11Khanical industries-continued
01,erat ivl'!:r. (n .o .s. J-cont inoed
Clottting industries
Food and all ied industr ies
Iron and steel, n19chinery , and Yehicle industr ies
lletal industriM. except iron and steel
Leather industries
luie>t"r lln-1 furniture industr i es
Paper. printing . and 4Jli«t i ndustr ies
T~xt i le i n:1ustries
Cotton 1tti 11 s
31.4
4).7
311.6
41.3
t
48.8
•s.3
t
t
t
Silk mi I ls
Je,ct i le dyeing. f i n i sh i ng, and printing •ills
b> len and worsted 111 i 11 s
)J . 7
27 . J
37 . 9
29.J
)0.8
25. 8
39.5
)6.6
29.0
Other tellt't i le ,.ills
38. 7
t
35.6
)0. 0
J7.5
40. 6
_34.0
)0.7
33.7
J9.0
41.6
40.6
JJ. 7
)0,4
35. 0
26. 7
40. 6
4).1
41.2
34.8
41 . 7
34. 7
42.2
44.2
36.8
)4. 7
39.5
28.9
)11.3
38.6
39,4
45.4
44.8
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
50.5
Kni tting mills
Wi scel l11neovs qnufac:turing inc:Llstries
Laborers tn. o. s. J
Bui ldi119, g~r•I, and not specif ied laborer-a
0-..,.ical ' and o1ll ied industries
Clay. ilass. and stone industries
Food Wld all ied industries
Iron and stttl. l'I\Khinery. And vdlicle industries
llleh1I industries . e,ccept iron and stHI
laather industries
Wfllber and furniture industries
Paper. prin1 ing. ar.d al I ied industries
lllliscel laneous ,..,nufacturing industries
Transportation and cCJM1.,nication
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
41.3
49.2
4).6
49.7
•5.5
t
t
t
t
t
4•.5
t
t
t
t
37.3
29.5
t
)8.8
)6.4
)8.1
)6.1
JQ.0
)6.2
41,3
4).1
)6.2
47.6
32 . D
)6. 0
50. 7
44.2
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
.)6.0
34.J
Water transpc,rtation ts . o. J
l.ongshor-,, and stevedores
Sailors and deck hand!
load and strttt transportaUon (s.o.J
Olauffeurs , truck , and trAc:tor drivers
drivers
Dray,aen. teawsters, end carr i•
Garage I llborers
laborers, truck, transfer. and cab C.Clfflpefties
Laborers. road and street
Otllnera and 1Mnagers. trud, tl"IIMfer. ll'ldcabc~i•
43 . 1
37.0
Jl.6
48 . 9
28 .3
42.4
29.2
37 .0
39_3
4J.l
28 .J
Railroad tr11nsportat i0f'I (s.o.J
Boiler •shers and eng i ne hostlers
8ralc..en lste• r ~ i I roadj
Conductors tstrttt rai 1roadj
Foreaen and owerseers
42 . 1
40.3
41. 7
47. 7
laborers
loc090t iv~ eng inttrs
loca110t ive fi renief'I
llotormen
S.itc1-. flagmen . and yar-..
hP'"MS. post, radio, telegrlll)ft, and telei,hone (s.o. I
Mail carriers
felegraph and te l eohone I ; Telegraph .-ssengers
Telegraph operators
27 . 5
27 . 0
t
49.0
28.7
)8.8
42.1
4) . 0
t
t
t
40.8
)8.8
)9. 3
46. 4
42.J
48 . 1
39. 7
40 . 6
42 . 0
)8 . 5
41.5
t
46.7
)8.6
39. 4
41 . 0
32 . J
t
.34.4
40.4
40. 8
t
U.5
t
t
.S.4
53.5
t
t
t
45.5
53.J
)9. 2
t
t
47.8
41.0
50.5
43.0
t
t
t
t
28. 7
31.8
19.3
18.5
:io.2
41.3
t
40.0
45. 7
45.2
)6.8
)6 . 6
t
t
•s.2
28. 3
27.5
Other transportation and coaunicatlon pursuits
forenen and over$eers (n.o. s.)
Inspectors
t.borers (n.o. s . )
Other occup,1t i ans
44.7
)8.8
)7.J
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APPENDIX C
169
Table 27-11£D!AN AG[ Of IIEN BY DURATION Of UNEIIPLOYIIENT SINCE LAST JOB
AT USUAL OCCUPATION, 8Y USUAL OCCUPATION,
URBAN REL I [f SAIIPLE IIAY 1934-Coftl I ned
MEDIAN AGE AIO OUf:IATIOlt OF UNEMPLOYMENT
IN YEARS
USUAL OCCUPATION•
TOTAL
Trade
Advertising agents
Bankers. brokers. and 1110ney lenders
Cc:.Yll"lercial travelers
Del ivery,t1en
Insurance agents. ,aanagers. and officials
Labor•r• in coal and 1\l'llber yards. ,..,.eh01aes. •tc.
Laborers. porters, and helpers in stores
NNSt>o,,s
Real estate - t • and official,
Retai I dea1ers
s.1-
Wholnale dealers, hoporters, and exporters
Other pursuits in trade
LESS THMt
I TEAR
)4. 7
27.l
40.6
44.9
4J.1
24.5
40.6
t
'
41.6
21.1
J8.J
41.4
31.0
19.1
48.6
43.8
32.8
24 .6
18. 7
31.0
45.5
)5.7
2f .4
'
'
39.1
29.6
l'llbl le Hrvice
Guards, wetci-, and doorkNpers
Laborers (pub I ic service)
PolitSoldier,. sailors. and •rines
41.9
51. l•
38.4
46.5
32.5
4J.O
J7.5
al.J
26.8
Professional service
Actors and . . , _ ,
Artists. KU I ptors, and teachers of art
Cheini et s. aasayera. and •tallurgi1t1
Clerg)'l"lfl
Designers, draft-. end ;.,.,entors
35.2
34.0
31. 9
36.5
51.0
34,2
J7.0
26.9
32.0
37.6
36.6
38.6
}4. 7
39.2
24.0
t
t
Mu1ician1 and
teacher■
of na,sic
Photographers
TNChers
Technical
Other profest ional pursuits
S..iprofes1icnal and recreational pursuits
Attandanto Md helpers (professional Hrvicel
lft9i"""
0-.tic end personal service
Barben, halrdrNNr1, and 111nicurl1ta
Bootblacks
Cha,- c1e..ers
ClNni"I, dyel"9, and prn1i"9 shop writers
Elevator tenders
Jenitors alld -tons
uboren 1 - • t I c and personal urviceJ
Laundry operatl•n
llidwivN end nu,_ lnot trained)
l'orten (except In otorn)
"-sta,rant, cefe, and lunch rooa keepers
Servant,
•11en
Clerical occupetlons
Agents, collectors, and credit ooen
Bookkeepers, cashiers. and, accountants
Clerl<s lexcept "clerks" In storesl
11n._.r, errand, and office boJ• and girls
Stenographers alld typi 111
t.. aNfMe celC•l•t•
•tsc111Ne Kc ■,al lNe
fW , . ., UM II ..,. ...rt.
lllM II.., ..., ••
•U• ,..,
..
.,.,.,,... w....., ••ratMil,_..,
ICM et ---,1e,-M •lace INl
ltlaClllllfH 1'.116 _ . ....
n.o••• --..
..... c._...
t
t
t
t
t
24.9
35. 7
t
)4. 7
19.8-
37.2
42.1
22.2
35.4
30.6
31.5
42.4
32.8
40.4
21.2
33.3
33,1
35.2
36.3
45.1
36.2
36.9
27. 7
31,2
31.6
40.4
36.9
31. 7
21.2
26.6
25.9
t
29.3
28.9
38,9
t
29.7
4J.1
32,4
31.0
t
32.2
26.6
19.2
24.2
1-4
TEARS
35.4
40.0
44.1
42.4
25.J
40.6
44.3
J2.6
19.6
4 7.4
4).6
5-9
YEARS
10 TEARS
ANO OYER
4). 7
52.2
'
t
t
t
t
'
49.8
37 .J
t
t
t
t
t
'
't
48.J
54.5
Jl.2
4J.5
J7 .1
J9.9
53.1
45.5
t
t
t
43. 7
51.4
41.4
47,3
27 .5
45.4
55.5
52.8
t
t
'
t
t
t
t
36.3
34. 7
32.5
34.0
49. 7
24.0
38.2
42. 7
49.3
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
J8,J
34,2
38.8
34. 7
37,5
27 .6
37.2
41.8
22. 7
36.9
31.3
JO. 7
42.0
39.2
33.2
35. 7
36.2
44.7
36. 7
37.3
)0.4
,39.2
36.0
30.5
21.5
27.6
)8.6
'
'tt
t
47. 7
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
't
43.8
51.9
51.8
t
-
t
t
45.0
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
39.9
45.0
54.1
51.11
38.3
45.B
38,8
38.1
49.2
t
t
t
t
43.2
49.3
t
t
't
t
al IM IMI J• of . . . ,
al•••••a_..._.
ecc••I•-, 111tlllft09II.
,IIN ..... IIIM ..,..., 1eH \lleft
jell
et..,..IN e,-1,1• •
.1..-.,e ,1 ... u1•.
•.o.--l•IN ecc..-1 . ..
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48.7
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URBAN WORKERS ON RELIRP
170
Table 28-MEDIAN AGE DF WOMEN BY DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT SINCE I.AST JOB
AT USUAL OCCUPATION, BY USUAL OCCUPATION, URBAN RELIEF
SAMPLE MAY 19)4
IEDIAI AGE A-0 OIIIATIOII
Of UIEll'l.0-NT IN YEARS
USUAi. OCCUPA Tl 011"
rarAL
Total women. rl!Port i ng:b
N....t>er
Median age
Agriculture
Fam 1a.borers
Manufacturing and naechanical industries
DressrMkers and seNft.Stresses (not in factory)
LESS THAI
I YUA
,_.
5-9
10 YEARS
YEARS
l'EARS
AIC) OVER
52,609
17.772
.33.0
28.6
;ll).2
34.)
28.8
29.5
31.8
JB.9
t
31.6
43.4
27.4
41.6
)0.2
42.9
:,4.6
46.)
40.3
50.7
t
24.9
)1.6
29.4
28.6
,0.6
~-1
34.3
3).8
;7.7
t
t
t
24,633
'JUI
)2.1
Openstives 1n.o.e.1
Iron and steel, l'Nllchinery, and viehicle industries
Tl. 7
31,5
)0.5
28.9
31.0
Metal industries, except iron and steel
27.5
Chemical and al I ied industries
Cigar and tobacco factories
Clothing industries
Food and allied industries
Leather industries
Lumber and furniture industries
Paper, printing, and allied industries
28,3
)0. 7
29.6
!7.8
25.0
2b.3
24.1
23.0
25.4
28.5
27.0
6,153
4,IU9
;ll).5
41.l
'6.6
,a.5
t
t
41.3
37.9
t
t
25.5
28.5
3).5
31.3
31.8
28.4
25.2
26.2
32.5
38.5
41.8
3).2
38.B
)5.5
t
27.4
27. 7
t
33.8
Textile industries
Cotton mi 11 s
Knitting rail ls
Silk mills
lloolen aod worsted mills
Other te,ctile 11ills
Miscellaneous nenufacturing industries
Transportation and c01ffl'Unic11t ion
Express. post, radio, telegraph, and telephone te.0.1
Tele-phone operators
Trade
R,,ta; I dealers
SalesOther pursuits In trade
)2.8
)0. 7
)0.4
33.9
)1.7
29.6
32,0
28.4
24.8
28.2
26.9
30.9
29.8
28.9
32.3
38.0
)0.4
27.0
27. 7
29.7
38.0
29.9
28.3
26.9
29.5
37,2
29.9
43.8
28.1
29.5
2).8
28.6
)5.1
41.3
22.,t
45.0
Professional service
Actors and ohowoen
..,sicians and teachers of 11111ic
Teachers
Trained nurses
Other professional pursuits
Attendants and helpers (professional service)
)5.0
Domestfc and personal service
Barbers. hairdressers. and nanicurists
Board ; ng aod l odg i ng house keepers
Charwomen and c 1eane.-s
Cleaning. dyeing, and pressing shop workers
[I evator tenders
Houselceepers aod •t-rds
Jani tors and sextons
l.auodresses (not in lauodryJ
Laundry operatives
Midwives and nurses (not trained)
Servants
Waiters
Clerical occupations
Bookkeepers, cashiers. and accountants
Clerlts (except •clerks• in stores)
Stenographers aod typists
27.5
31.8
29.l
25.5
)8.1
)5.5
35.1
26.1
),1.6
)4.9
29.9
32.2
)5.0
)1.0
24.4
45.8
32,6
47.1
)11.9
)6.1
26.1
45.8
41.5
41.9
)4.2
t
t
38.0
t
t
41.2
32.9
35. 7
4,.l
)1.4
)6.4
)1.4
t
t
34.8
34.l
34.2
lli.8
t
t
t
4,.5
,S.7
3).7
47.8
40.6
JB.2
43.1
45.0
... a
33.4
28.f
34.5
27.8
23.f
27.t
28.3
31.)
29.4
25.9
23.0
2).8
26.5
29.5
27.2
24. 1
2).2
22.6
t
3).8
26.5
47.0
40.5
43,4
3).6
45.5
42.4
)9.7
)0.8
t
27.5
26.4
36.a
t
t
4,.a
t
t
t
t
t
4,.o
t
t
t
t
4',5
36,8
.,_,
37.2
32,7
:,1.9
)3.1
)2.4
;J).6
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
1
t
t
47.4
)8.9
46.8
43,0
)11.4
)11.9
39.8
)8.6
38.3
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•1xc11,o.1 Kc-,atlo•• ■ l\tt , . . . r ,...,. M wner1.
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ttad M••r .,....,. a11o M.111 wrlled l•u ,...,, • ..... el IN IHI
KC•,ello•, or . . . . duratlo11 ., • ...,1.,...i lil'ICe IHI j . . . , . . . . ,
n.o.a.-ftOI olherwlN apec:lfl ....
e.o.-NlN\... KC . . . 11 . . a..
J" •' ....,
1e,..,.u ...............
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APPENDIX C
171
Table 29-IIEOIAN Y[ARS OF [XP[RIENC[ AT USUAL OCCUPATION BY DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT
SINC[ LAST JOB AT USUAL OCCUPATION, BY SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASS,
AG[, RAC[, UD SU,• URBU RE LIEF SAMPLE IIAY 1934
OUIATION 0,
. . . .L~lfT IM 'IIAIIS
1!-44 YEARS
2S-J4 YEARS
1~2.a YlAAS
MALE
FEMIIU
MALE
FEMALE
IOALE
,s-64 YEARS
0--!I< YEAR~
FEMALE
M4LE
FEMALE
MALE
FEMALE
1•1t• lklllN lerlllWI
Tota I ,.,ortl na•
ln1 tlan 1 - r
1 ,.,
2 ,.,.
3 ,..,.
4 ,-ra •n:t ower
2,10&
2.9
3.1
3,1
2. 7
2. 7
Total ,_Porting•
ln• tlan l ,-r
1-•
2 ,..,..
3 ,.,.
f _ , . and ..,.r
t
..... ._...........
ftlta
la■ l1kl
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
6,434
7.9
8.0
8.0
7.~
7.0
t
t
t
t
t
t
8,455
14 .4
15.0
14. 7
14. 7
1).5
t
t
t
t
t
t
7,375
21.8
21.2
21.6
20.9
25.6
t
t
t
t
t
t
3,911
27.9
27.1
27.8
28.8
26.4
t
t
t
t
676
8.4
8.1
7.6
7,4
7. 7
t
t
t
9t8
12 .5
12 .6
12 .2
12.0
11.0
t
666
17 .5
17. 7
1 7.9
16.2
16.9
t
t
t
t
t
I
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
'
''t
t
t
lied l•lllre
Tota I rePort ing•
lns tlan 1 ,-r
1 ,-r
2 ,-rs
3 ,.,.
4 rear ■ afd ower
5,210
2.2
2 ,3
2.1
2.1
1. 7
3,086 7,366
1.8
7.3
1.8
6.9
6. 7
1.8
6.0
1.8
I. 7
5.6
2,732 6,281
5.2 12 .8
5.2 12.3
5,1
11.8
4 ,3 11.4
3.5 10,7
2,664 4,528
7.4
l 7.2
7.4
16.1
6.6 16.6
6.4
15.9
5.6 15.4
t
t
t
t
t
t
'
1,807 2,258
ID.I
22.0
10. 3 22 ,3
8.6 19.3
8.5 17.8
7.8 18.0
135&
12 .2
IJ.8
13,5
13.7
10. 7
11.-0 laalOIIIN l•lllr1
Total ,.porting•
l.ns tlan 1 ,-r
2 _ ..
1 -·
3 ,..r.
4 ,ear ■
• nd
Oler
913
2.4
2 .4
2.9
2.3
2.9
t
t
t
t
t
t
1,093
7.1
7.3
6,9
6.2
7.1
834
6.0
5. 7
5.0
4.6
4,1
956
11.3
11. 7
11.0
9.4
10,3
602
9.4
9.6
7.2
7.6
5. 7
581
16.2
14 ,3
14.4
14 ,3
10.5
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
I
t
t
t
t
t
t
ftlte .,_killed lerlllre
Tota I report Ing•
lsH !Ian 1 ,.ar
I -r
2 years
3
YMrl
4 ,ear, and ewer
4,327
1.9
2.2
2.1
1.9
1. 7
2,131 4,478
1.4
7.3
7.4
1.6
7.1
1.8
6.9
1.6
1.9
5.9
1,203 5,242
14,0
4 .2
5.0 13,6
5.4
13.6
5.1 13.4
3.6 12.4
1,434 5,890
5.9 18.8
6.8 18.7
7.1 19.3
5. 7 19.5
4.8 18,5
1,246 3,740
8.8 23.•
9.0 22.8
8.9 25.1
7.3 23 .8
6.7 23.6
625
10.3
11.5
11.6
11.6
10.1
1,862
2.9
2. 7
2,9
2 .4
2.1
2,n4 3,268
7.8
2.6
8.0
2.5
2.8
7.6
J.O
8.6
6.2
2.5
3.809 3,282
13.1
12.8
12.9
12.3
10.9
3,254 2,530
17.8
13.4
12.8 16.9
13.2 17. 3
12.5 16. 7
10.2 16.2
1,917 1,292
19.0 25.3
19. 7 22 .3
18.2 22.8
20. 7 22. 7
22 .2
15.1
n1
26.4
21.9
27.0
22.8
23,0
2.913
1.9
2.0
1.8
l.9
1.6
2,301
2,578
1.3
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.7
6.6
6.4
6.1
5.6
4.6
2.232 2,259
5.5 11.5
5.8 11.8
5.3 11.2
4.5 10.8
,. 7 10.8
1,595 1.583
7.5 16.0
8.3 16.0
8.6 15.9
7. 7 14.5
6.1
15. 7
t
t
t
t
t
t
520
7.2
7.1
6.6
6. 7
5.8
... ro .,_kl lied l•lllre
Total reporting•
r••
Ins tlan 1
1 ,-r
2 ,....
3 ,ears
4 , . , . •nd o,,er
7.9
7.5
7. 7
6.8
5.2
.. It• Clerical l•lllr•
Tota I reporting•
lns !Ian 1 ,-r
1 ,-r
2 yeers
3 ,.,..,.
4 """rs and """
698
9.8
10,8
11.8
11.9
7.5
796
19.9
22 .1
19.1
22 -•
19.8
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
.. It• l'l'ofeul-1 1ori.r1
Total reporting•
lns ti,an l ,esr
1 ,..,
2-rs
t
4 ,..,.. and .,..,
t
3 ,.,..
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
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t
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
172
Table 29-IIED14N YE4RS OF EXPERIENCE 4T USU4l DCCUP4TION BY DUll4TION OF UNEMPLOTIIENT
SINCE l4ST JOB 4T USU4l DCCUP4T ION, BY SDC 10-ECONOM IC cuss~
4G£, RACE, 4ND sex.• URBAN RELIEF S4MPLE M4Y 1934-CooCl•••d
16-24 YEARS
DIRATION OF
UNE.lriFLOftlENT IN YEARS
25-H TEARS
IIALE
FEIMLE
IIALE
Tota I reporting'
less than 1 ,-ear
1,-.2 ye~rs
3 years
4 years and <Ner
t
t
t
t
t
t
S80
6.9
7.0
7.3
6.8
6.5
f.o _,,,.,..
■or ..,,.
F(IUU:
55--44 YEARS
IIALE
45-54 YEARS
5 - YEARS
FEIIALE
MALE
FEIIALE
IIALE
FnlALE
t
1.435
19.4
17.0
18.1
16.2
16.2
t
t
987
25.3
23.6
25.2
24.0
24 .o
t
t
t
Whitt Pro,rltttry Workert
t
t
t
t
calc•l•ted tor , . . . , 1111,11 101
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
1,300
13.1
12.6
12.3
11.7
11.7
•r,.,, table h NMd •,on• aPKial tlDvllaiu• 111 ■fllU• ,,.. -orNrs of •ottier race,•
t
t
t
t
t
•re
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
••eluded,,..,
In ■ fliCPI a ,1191111, (litr ... ent •Uiod or •lgflllilll - · IIIHd. TM total,....,.., ....... ,.. 11 tfllll · - - - ,
. . 11., tr..a11 tor 11'4 ot,-r 10101.
bltt:1 ..... t"'Me ftO tied,.. ... , -,,--.c,, no Mid -..r-41 , .., tNn • . . . . ., 1UI . . . , occ.,-tiOfl, .... -
d1Jf'atio11 of • ....,10,-1tt
111111:1
lut ..,..,,
occ ■ ,atl••
or ..-,.rlace at . . . , acc.,.,, . . - . . ,.....
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173
APPINDII C
Ta~,. ,o-11t:DIU YUltS OF EXPUIEIIC[ AT usuu OCCUl'ATIOI Of •onus IN 10 LARGEST
OCCUl'UIOIS, IY DlaATIOI 0, IJl[llf'LOY- ■T SIIICE LAST JOI U USUAL
occa ...no■ IY AGE, UIIIIU IELIEF SAIIPU IIU 1934
-TIOII 0,
-....ona:n
16-24
T(M$
2!1-H TIMS
)'!,-44 YEMIS
•!1-54 YEAIIS
,5-64 YEARS
lllle W'1u wYMle
.,_,
Total ,_-ti•:• lllctiatt , - "
1.-tl••l,-r
l ,_,
, __
2 ,."
371
,m
6.7
6.7
11.7
5.8
no
12 . 8
13.7
12.6
12.7
14.5
17.4
17.3
21.0
14.3
-
t
t
-
t
t
t
t
t
t
1.8'19
1,2
1.1
1.3
l.9
l .l
810
4.0
4 .1
•. 2
5. 2
3.4
1,127
6.1
6 .0
7.2
1.1
5.2
8.9
5.8
,.2
1,011
7.8
8.1
8.4
10.0
6. 7
10.1
6.9
6.1
U.2
9.5
10.6
7.8
337
208
17 .6
2).8
290
1.8
1.1
2 .l
1.8
I
t
t
4 ,."
5 - • ,.,.
10 , . , . ... - ·
I
f
213
2) .6
t
I
I
I
t
t
t
, _.. .. ,u ........
.....,
Total ,_.i1,.,• IINlan ,_,.
lne tl•ll 1 , . ,
1 ,.,
2 ,.,.
,_
,.,.
4 ,_,.
. ,.............., •.
5-•--
10--- _,
t
t
1.9
3.7
2.4
322
2. 7
2.5
2. 7
2.9
414
6 .9
7.6
6.e
7. 1
6.4
-
602
10.8
ll.3
n.o
11.3
,,,
Total .._ti•:• IINlaa ,-rs
......... 1 , . ,
1 ,.,
2 ,.,.
3 ,.,.
4 ,.,.
5-t ,.,.
10 , . ,. . . . - ·
,_,...,,.,.a.nut,
Total ._i1,.:•
.,_,
lad lan ,-ra
Ina thall 1 l'NF
1 ,.,
t
t
t
2,9!8
1 .6
2. 5
2. 5
2.6
).2
2. 6
) .1
2 ,.,.
3 ,.,.
4,.,.
5 - • ,.,.
10 , . , . ... - ·
I
,...,••.,., Tr••••• Trattar ,,._,
.....,
Total .._ti•:• 11Nla11 , . , .
lne ti.111 , . ,
1,.,
2 ,."
)
.,.,..
,.
.....,
,....
7,3
7.9
7.9
I
t
I
t
3.0Je
12.6
u.o
12.6
n.4
U.8
U.9
10.a
6.8
l.537
18.3
19.4
19.4
19.6
19.5
18.2
U .5
U .5
2,380
11.,
.... tl•11 l ,-r
1 ,.,
2 ,.,.
3 ,."
4,.,.
5_,,..,..
10 , ....... - ·
2.4
'·"'
1,596
8.0
i.m
8.6
7.9
7.8
7.0
5.6
n.4
16.4
1).6
1) . 2
13.5
11. 6
ll.4
1, 679
20. 5
25 .)
lt.2
21.,
20 . 1
20. 2
16.1
t
t
I
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
-
t
111.2
16.8
t
, .o
540
23 . 4
25.6
24.8
27. 6
n.1
2)7
I
2.2
2.5
2.9
2.4
1. 7
I
t
t
I
t
15.4
15.)
15. 5
16.0
14 . 5
14 .1
IAN'era (hlltll.. • • a..rat)
, ... , -11,.:• 11N la11,..,..
t
t
1125
6.7
7.1
6.2
1.,
81
15.)
t
2.1
-
-·
3.825
7.3
8.1
7.4
7. 4
7. 2
6.7
4 .•
J.1
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
1).9
17. 0
12 . 7
11.9
12.l
12.7
11.,
11.5
11.2
2. 6
5_,,.,.
10 , . , . -
2,018
2.6
2.5
2.6
2.8
I
I
I
11.,
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29.7
29.6
28.9
25.7
ze.•
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URBAN WORIBRS ON RELIBF
171.l
fa~•-
,u•s
3~DIU
OF [ll'HIEICE AT usuu DCCUl'UIDI OF IDHHS II 1D LARGEST
DCCUl'U 1011,. IY D~U 1011 OF UIIElll'LD'rll[WT S IIC[ LAST JDI AT USUIIL
DCCUl'UIDI . , &GE, ~au RELIEF S&lll'L[ . , 1'34-Coauaud
-..r,011 CF _
...lOl'IElfT
-·
16-241'[MIS
~)4YEAIIS
35--4' Y(.IRS
4--
3.(115
1.6
1.3
1.8
2,198
5. 4
6.0
6 .6
6. 3
5.1
4.9
3,8
2.6
I, 7'53
4.5
1,027
13.0
14,9
13.9
16.0
14.1
14.6
12.1
7.3
1126
8.3
9. 7
8.5
9.1
8.1
7.6
6. 7
1,:,a
15.4
11.3
16. 7
16.2
15.1
15.3
12 . 9
l,Bl3
22.5
23. 7
23,4
23.2
23 ,3
22 . 7
17.9
.. ,._ ... Sale•-·
Total reporting:• lltdian ,eers
1.ns than I - •
I,_,
23 ,..,.
_,.
1.8
2.0
1.8
1.5
4 ,..,.
5 - 9 ,..,.
10 ,..,. and owr
car,....
.._,
Total reporting:• Mldian ,..,..
I.no than l - •
I-•
2 -··
1-,.
4 ,..,.
,.,__
510- ,..,.
9 - ·and
· ewer
Total
..._u,.,•
......
Mid ian ,..,,
lnl ti.n I ,-ar
.
I,..,
2 ,..,.
3 years
,..,.,
5 - 9 ,..,.
10 ,..,. and ""•r
Clerks (Hce,t 0 clern• la 1lc.-a1)
~r
Toh I reporting:• Mid ian years
Leu than I ,..,
1 ,ear
2 ,ears
3,eers
• rears
5 - 9 , ....
10 years atl:I over
O,.,atlvH 1ft Iron 111111 SIMI,
lllohl,.rJ aftll Ya~lcle lftll•lrlH
Nner
Total reporting:• led ian years
less t hon 1 year
1 ,-ar
2 ,..,.
3 , ....
' ,-ara
5 - 9 JMrS
10 ,eers and ""er
O..ratlvH 1ft Clot~h'I ·••Ir lea
-r
rota I reporting ; • .._.i ■ n rears
I.est ti.n l ,..r
I year
2 , .....
l ,-rs
4 ,....
5 - 9 ,-rs
10 ,ears and .,..r
t
207
3.0
2.4
2.9
t
t
t
t
629
3.0
2,9
3.5
2.6
3.1
t
t
1,579
2,1
l.8
2.2
2.3
2.2
1. 7
1, 7
-
661
1.9
l.O
2.0
2.4
2,3
1.9
t
1 ,338
1.9
1.8
1.9
1.9
2.0
t
t
-
9.4
11 . 0
11 . 1
10. 5
10.6
8.9
e. 1
-466
18.9
19. 1
20.6
18.8
17.6
23,0
17.0
13,8
t
1,234
28.l
30.1
29.6
29.9
29.9
27.1
23.9
17.8
1,190
20. 5
23.6
21.5
21.8
19.8
18.0
17.5
29.8
30.4
30.1
29.0
30.3
26.1
28.6
t
t
t
1,892
5. 4
6.9
6.1
6.3
4.9
4 ,3
4.8
3,1
1,149
9.4
10.7
11.1
10.1
10.7
12.0
a. 7
5.2
e6
13,3
15.8
18.4
14.8
11 .6
12.8
15.5
8.2
15.9
1,247
5.6
6.7
5;9
6.4
5,4
4. 7
4.2
1,425
9.5
1,083
12. 7
460
16.6
t
•t
1,452
7. 7
8.5
7.7
8.0
7.5
6.9
6.4
1. !ill
14,0
15. 4
15.2
14,4
13,8
12.6
11.3
t
t
1 ,029
5.4
6,3
6.1
6.8
6.9
5.5
3. 7
3,4
U.2
14.4
11. 0
10.9
10.0
8. 1
7.9
6. 9
11.6
14.9
11.8
13.0
12.1
10.2
I.OBJ
692
15,3
18.6
18.3
20.0
21.0
16.3
13.9
7.2
10.5
13 , 7
10,8
12.9
12. 6
13,7
8.3
6.1
Digitized by
634
293
15,3
t
't
t
13.3
t
t
t
14.8
17.2
18,8
14.4
t
296
23.0
20.2
t
'
t
t
t
t
Google
APPgNDIX C
175
Table , ~ 0 1 0 YHl!S OF EXl'El!l!NCE 4T USUAL OCCUPHION OF •ORKEl!S IN lO Ul!CEST
OCCUPATIONS, 9Y OUIATION OF UNEIIPLOYIICNT SINCE LAST JOB AT USUH
OCCUPATION BY l'f, UHAN l!EllEF SlllPLC WAY l9l4-Coalluod
DIJIA T IOII IP 1111( ...LCffllE 11T
. ,• -.-r
,.,_2' Yt:AAI n-" Y£••s
J!l-44 Y(ARS
0-5' YEARS
!IS-6' Y(ARS
C.I NI• _,.atlVN
Total , . ~ ;
lilldian years
Lau than 1 ,-r
1 ,_,
2 ,..,..
',_,..
4 ,_,.
5 - 9 ,_,..
10 _,., and on,r
•,........... ....
!Ml
8.2
4"
2.6
2.8
2.8
2.9
2.,
'
t
-
' .,.., ... ., ...,,.,......... ,_, --· .....,.............
10.1
9.2
8.2
7.5
9. 7
6.4
1,005
15.8
17. 7
l5.9
16.6
15.l
14 .4
13.4
t
t
1,229
22.8
24 .4
n.,
23.7
23.l
22. 7
19.8
17.6
.. aNI._ ce1ulatN ,., , . ., , .... H ..,.., ••
~ . , .... ,., .... • • ..., ...,. ...--.. • .._ ..., -.rlMN ' " ' U••
-4- .... •• lut n•I
ecc.,., 1.,..
•NN
5911
29.0
'
29.)
28.8
29.5
)0.6
25.6
'
,,
Digitized by
Google
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
176
Table 31-RATIO OF WORKERS WITH ALTERNATE OCCUPATION TO THOSE WITN NO ALTERNATE
OCCUPATION, BY DURATION Of UNEMPLOYMENT SINCE LAST JOB AT
USUAL OCCUPATION.• SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASS, RACE, ANO stx.•
URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE MAY 1934
AATIO AIIO YEARS OF UNal'\.On.ENT
TOTAL REPORTIM&c
SOC I 0-ECO"IOII IC CLASS~
RAC£,
ANO SEX
LESS
THAN
I YEAA
I
YEAII
2
YEARS
3
YEARS
• YEARS
AIIO OVER
••nt
At. T'ER . .TE
WITH NO
AL TEIIIIAf£
White N.le
Ski lied
S..,iskdled
Unski lied
Clerical
Proprietary
Professional
4.9
2. 7
4. 3
8. 2
4.8
5.4
5. 5
2. 8
4.8
11.4
4.5
5.5
6.9
2. 7
5.2
9.0
4.2
5.4
6.8
2. 7
5. 6
12.5
J.5
5.3
7. 5
2.6
5,3
9. 1
J .8
23,921
21,857
17,218
8,370
4, 074
1,318
4,)0
3,696
6,J88
1.m
•27
311
1.3
1.1
1.9
1.3
1.2
1.8
1.5
1.4
1. 7
1.5
1.4
1. 7
1.2
1.1
1.5
6,285
3,586
4,442
4,837
3,072
2,009
10. 2
5.9
11.9
7. 9
3,3
10.1
8.6
3.0
14. 7
9. 6
3.5
2,504
3,280
9,266
473
J.1
14.8
6. 1
3.2
2,813
2. 7
1.6
2. 7
1. 5
2.9
1.5
J.1
1.4
1.8
1.2
1, 711
7,443
667
5,004
5.9
111,ite f.,..,le
S..,iski lied
Unsk i lied
Clerical
Negro ""le
Sid II ed
Semisk•l led
Unsk i lied
211
Negro f.,,..le
Semi ski 11 ed
Unski I led
ah,la ta,.h I ■ based 11,on ■ special t ■ow l • ti o• IA M'll1cti, IM ~Hll.ars of •otl\er race .. "r• u·chldH, &ad i•
.._,,11 a all91'ttlJ dirferNit •lllod or .. igl'lli .. - • uaeid. TM total nwN•r or .orllian Is ,~us aoa.fllat
._liar U1an for tit• otl\oair ta&llea.
b[xchidaa ft\l1o1PI •lU1 f.-r tMl11 100 . . rllart.
cl11cl11da• .ur11an ror ~ l•fonu.tlo• o" altar11ata occi,patio,i ••• not reported or-.,•• e11rallo• ot
.,_.,10.,..,-t •IIKO 1aal jM ol ••-.al .c:,•paitoa ...
•r.llN9ft.
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Google
APPBMDU C
177
T•"• 12-11- ■ TUIS • SCIIOOl.1111 IT . .ATIOII OIF . .MPlcmEIT SIIC[ WT JOI AT
USUU OCCUMTIOI, IT SOClo-ECOICIIIIC CLASS, A8[, IAC[,
-- su.• - ·
TIOII OF
~IIT
u-,._
16-2• IW.[
KLI[, SAMPU
FtW.U
IMl£
FEMAl£
. , ,.,.
, _ l'[AIIS
,,_.. 'IURS
... LE
•~54 Y£AltS
FOOALE
W.l£
fOIAU
I 7,338
'7. 5
I
7. 5
I
7.5
t
7.)
I
7.3
I
I ),9Z2
7.)
I
7.3
I
7.)
I
7.3
I
7.0
I
I
t
t
t
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
t
t
I
I
I
I
I
I
t
I
t
I
t
I
I
FOW£
ll4l.E
lllllta lklllo4 fcrlwo
Tot.1 ....,.,ri1,.•
2,109
9.0
8.8
8.7
8.6
8.4
ti•• 1 rear
Leu
1 .,...r
2 ,..,.
)
,..,..
4 ,..,..
nd ..... r
I 6,416
8.•
I
8.•
I
8.)
I
8.1
I
8.2
I
I 8,401
7.8
I
7.8
t
7. 7
I
7.6
I
7. 5
I
lltr• lklllo4 Worlltro
Total n,porti,.•
Leas than I ,-r
I ,.ar
2 ,..,.
)
4
,..,..
,-rs aftd over
I
I
I
I
t
I
I
I
I
I
I
t
5,1811
8.5
8.4
8.4
8.2
8.3
},07)
8.4
8.3
8.2
8.1
8.0
7,2811
8.1
7. 9
8.0
7.9
7.9
907
7.1
7.0
7.1
7.6
7.4
I
t
I
t
I
I
I.Olll
6.6
6.6
6.5
6.•
6.5
866
I
6. 4
6.9
7.2
7.0
6.2
t
I
I
t
t
917
5,9
5.8
5,6
6.•
6.0
657
•.8
5.8
5.8
•.8
5.1
W Ito S..ltklllo4 Worlw•
Tota 1 reporting•
last n l ,ur
1 rear
2 ,..,.
3 ,..,.
• ,..,. and .,..,
ll1ro
S. ■ laklllo4
2,n3 6,217
7. 7
7.4
7.9
7.•
7.2
7.9
7. 1
7.8
7.6
7.1
2,64-r 4,483
7.2
7.3
7.0
7.6
7.4
7. l
7.)
I.I
7. )
6. 5
I. 797 2.2•0
6. 5
7.3
7.6
7.1
7. 0
7. 2
7.1
7.4
6.)
7.2
8'5
1.,
7.5
7.5
7.8
7.)
Wortoaro
Tota 1 report 1,.•
Less than l )'e r
l 1Ur
2 ,..,..
3 ,..,.
4 ,.,. rs !'Id ower
1129
6.5
6.7
1.0
7.6
7.1
947
5.0
5.7
5. 5
4 .4
5. 7
599
5.9
6.2
6.1
5.)
6.6
I
I
t
t
I
.. ,
568
4.1
4.9
4.5
5.0
t
t
I
I
I
I
I
t
t
t
I
I
t
6.8
7.0
7.2
6.8
6.2
Wlllto IIMkll lod Wor1ara
Total roport1,.•
l.ess than 1 ,..r
l ,.ar
2 ,..,.
3 ,..,.
• ,.,..,. and cwr
8.0
8.1
8.0
2,127 4,438
8.5
7.6
7, 7
8.6
7.5
8.6
7.5
8.5
7.6
8.2
1.197 5.2«
6. 7
8.0
7.9
6.2
5.7
8.0
7.9
5.)
7.8
5. 7
1,427 5,896
7.)
5.7
7.)
5.4
7.)
• .9
4 .l
6.6
4.6
7.1
1.2« ),729
7.0
6.0
6.5
5. 6
6.6
5.1
4. 8
7. 1
6.4
•.8
1.851
6.9
7.3
7.2
7.2
7.3
2,722 3,213
7. 7
6.0
7. 7
5.5
7. 7
5.5
7.8
5.9
7.6
5.9
3,799 3,226
6.5
4.8
6.5
4.8
6.)
4. 7
6.1
• .6
4 .4
6.7
3,247 2,495
5.6
3.8
4. I
5.4
4.1
5.5
).8
5.5
5. 7
4.1
1,897 1.2n
4.4
).2
).5
•• 5
4 .3
3.0
4 .l
3,6
4.6
2.9
2,903
10.1
9.8
9.6
9.2
9.0
2,303 2,573
11.2 10.6
10.6 10.0
10.1 10.2
9.6
10.•
10.)
9.1
2,225 2,238
9.4
10.6
10.0
9. 7
9.4
10.1
10.5
9.3
9.8
8.8
1.59' 1,571
9,0
10.1
8.9
9.2
9.8
9.6
9.4
10.0
9.5
8.9
4,308
8.)
I,)
622
lttro IIMkllled Wortoara
Total report 1,.•
Leu tt.n l rear
1 ,..r
2 ,-ra
)
,..,.
4 ,.ars and cwr
717
).9
3.8
3.5
4,)
•••
lllllto Clorlc:al Worlaro
Tota 1 roport1,.•
le
than 1
r
l ,eor
2 ,.,..,.
3 ,.,..,.
4 ,...,. nd orter
691
10.1
9.8
8.9
9.5
9.)
8.9
8.7
8.6
t
t
t
I
t
t
I
t
I
I
I
I
t
t
I
I
I
I
t
I
I
I
t
t
785
8.5
a.a
w•II• Profou-1-1 Worker•
Tota I reporting•
l.ess tt.n l ,..r
1
r
2 ,..,.
3 ,.. ...
4 ,..,.. and o,,er
I
I
I
I
t
I
I
I
I
I
I
t
513
12.5
12,4
12.)
12.8
11.9
t
I
t
t
I
I
I
t
j
t
I
I
t
I
I
I
t
I
t
t
I
I
t
I
Digitized by
Google
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
178
Tsble 32-MEOIAN YEA~S OF SCHOOLING BY DURATION OB UNEMPLOYIENT SINCE LAST JOB AT
USUAL OCCUPATION, BY SOCIO-ECONOUIC CLASS, AGE, RACE,
00 SEX, 0 ,URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE IIAY 19)4-Co■ Uu•d
°'-"ATION OF
UNEWPLO'l'IENT
16--24 TEARS
"'LE
5s-44 TEARS
2~14 TEARS
FEMALE
"'lE
FEMALE
"'LE
•~!14 YEARS
FEMALE
... LE
55-6< YEARS
fEWAL£
"'LE
FEMALE
Whito Pro,r letary Worker•
.
Total reportingb
, ..,
less than 1
1 ye11r
2 years
3 years
4 years and over
f1a
t
t
t
t
I
t
t
t
t
I
t
t
578
8.9
8.8
9.3
8.3
8.1
t
t
t
t
1,289
7.9
8.0
8.3
8.2
I
7.9
I
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
1,425
7.8
7.5
7.8
I
t 7. 7
t 7.6
I
t
979
7.5
7.5
7.6
7.8
7.3
-.d la!K c•1cv1ated for , . . . , tflan ~00 Nrllera.
•Tl'lls taOI• Is tlaHd upon a special taD11latio11 1ft •flllcfl tN •or .. ,1 or •ot11er r.ce1• . .,. ewclwd-4, alld lfl
■ hlch
a 1ll91'1tl7 dift•r•nt.-thod of . . i9flltl"9 . . . uMd.
r,-
total,. .... , of ...... r■
,.
tl'tut ■ --hllt
••liar tl\an for the otrier l&Dlel.
bt.cllldes persoM •"'o Md ~wer worlled, •tio had -or lied I••• thlln • . . . Ila at lut . . .-1 occ1111pH 10ft, • • d11rat 1011 or ur-.aplor,..nt since last 111,1,1111 occu,at ion or •hoae ac-.0011"1 • • u11,,...• aNII "4tr&OftS •N Mid
,......, aua•o ac1'14WI.
Digitized by
Google
t
t
I
I
I
I
179
APPENDIX C
Table 33-IIEDIAN DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT SINCE LAST JOB ATUSUALOCCUPATION BY DURATION
OF UNEMPLOYMENT SJ NCE LAST NON-RELIEF JOB, BY SOC I0-[CONOII JC CLASS OF
USUAL OCCUPATIO~, RACE
AND S[X~ URBAN RELIEF SAMPLE
MAY l9J4
~01-.N YEARS OF UNEMPl.OYIENT SINCE LAST JOB AT
USUAL OCCUPATION
DUR AT ION OF UNE~OYIIIENT
SINCE LAST NON-+IEL IEF J08
White males report,
nQb
less than l ytar
1 yeu
2 yt'!'ars
J ye-1rs
4 years and over
White fe-rMles report ,ngb
Les, than 1 y~,U
l year
2 yec!lrS
J year,
4 ye,.rs
1,488
4,526
10,0Bl
• 76
1.6!,
2. L3
J.bt
4.4 7
.84
. 74
1.65
2.64
1
ye11r
yt'!'ars
4 yea rs ~nd over
Negro fenmle-s reporting'
Le-ss than 1 year
1 year
2 yi-"rs
J.5'.l
4.49
4.4!1
I
I
6,861
t
t
t
t
t
t
.65
1.61
2. 58
J. 58
4.">0
ye~rs
f_,
UN5.-:ILLEO
26,114
25. 526
22,1J4
. 77
I. 67
;,,;3
3.49
4. 48
• 70
2.62
J.60
4. 49
.67
1.6J
2. SB
3. ~i7
4.00
11,050
l.679
1.66
t
t
'
t
t
.58
• 57
l.~9
2. ~G
I. 55
I
4.49
2.54
J.54
4.!,0
2,628
3, 7(,3
11,3<11
.84
.69
J. 55
t
I
I
I
I
t
I. 71
1.68
'
2.,;1
I
I
I
2.66
J.61
4.48
4 .4~
• 70
1.65
2.,S
J. 57
4,'7
''
'
I
2,377
12,494
'II
'I
'
'
t
'••r
_,hod
ta•I••·
I
SEMISKILLED
SM ILLED
I
I
I
4 years and over
1. 73
2. 72
J.12
'
1 yeltr
3
CLERIC41...
I
2 ye,us
3
PROPRIEU,RY
t
and over
Ne,gro rM.le'!. re-port i nqb
Lt'!-55 th~n
PROF ES510,,AI.
t
I
I
t
'
'
t
I
I
I
I
I
3.64
''
'
'
.62
I
. 58
1.68
1.55
2. 57
2. 53
J. '.,6
J.53
4,49
4.48
_.h"• calcvlalN for
lMl'I ~• perso,i, reporti,wa.
8 1111, taote i• ~•Md 1,1pon • -•ci•I t•uhtion ift l'flitl'I tM «1rll1tr1 cf •c1111tr racu• _.r1t ucllld~, aAd in
•icll a 1l1gllll7 different
of .. l91'1tl"f ••• 11..0. he lolal ~ • r of wortier, is tt1u1
. ., ,er tl'lan for
otller
•t•cl..._ •r11er1 wfloH d11rallofl of 11,..,10,-•l since latt joO at •ti11•I occupation or 9t!GH duration of
..._,0,-111 1inc:1t la1t ,.,._,ell•f joe ••• Yfllill'IO•-.
llr••
~-•t
Digitized by
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Digitized by
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APPENDIX D
TABLES FOR COMPARISON OF THE URBAN UNEM?LOYED
RECEIVING RELIEF AND TBS TOTAL UNEMPLOYED
•
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APPENDIX D
183
Table 1-SEX OF ALL UNEMPLOYEO WORKERS ANO UNEMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
16-et TEUS OF AGE IN EIGHT CITIES, 19J4
SIELIEFt.
UNBilPlO'f'(O•
--- -TOTAL
Cl Tl ES
PER-
N\H-
--
COIT
121. 704
10.Jn
11 .9611
2. 438
100.0
100 . 0
100 . 0
100. 0
CENT
--~
-
Boston
Br 1dqeoort
D11ton
Everett
l y- nn
Pit t,bvrgh
•i I 11 ~,- Barr-e
797 7J. 0
71. 7
7. )90 57.0
2,092 85.8
PEACENT
9ER
32. 907
1.9~
5 . 579
346
f!lj,
1.:m
27 .0
28.J
4J .O
14.2
5.892 :l() . J
27.610 28.0
2.637 24. 7
2.:J50 24. J
69. 7
72.0
75.J
75 . 7
100.0 13. 573
100.0 71,095
100.0 8.~l
100.0 7. 315
19.'65
96. 705
10.689
9.665
Read, ng
8
BER
8ER
-- -NU"-
P(A-
N\H-
10111r<•• o' wn.-,10,-.-ftl dataa
lc,1 0 ,., a11d 1.,,-n:
'" •••HC'h••U•
1,,a, .. on:
Ma1uc,.,u1etl1 O••rt ■ Hlt of 1.atior a,11d lt1dw1trle1.
•I;...,.,..,,. I,
c,.,.,,.
·-
TOTAL
FEMALE
WAI.E
t-· -
--
t--
!ER
FE\olALE
Wlol.E
P£A-
NIJ~
-PEq..
CENT
BER
CENT
NtNBER
PEACENT
-- -
-- - -
t - - - - · --
45. 794
4,861
8 . 116
1,674
100 . 0
100.0
lvO .O
100.0
34 . , ; ,
J . 94<!
5 . 937
1, 391
7~ .2
81.2
73 . 2
BJ. I
11. 340
913
2. 179
283
24.8
18.8
26.8
16.9
4,351
55. 5241
5. 2113
4,B83
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
J. 108
41. 7€2
'· 120
J.1123
71. 4
75.1
78.0
00.J
I, 244
IJ. 762
I, 163
960
28.6
24.8
••~,q
011 Ui• Ce11n• of , ...
22.0
19. 7
,10,-••t
J.IJ•. ruDI 1c Doc.,.••"' •o. U. •o•.-ti•r 19Ja.
,.o,anca •·· au, • ...,
·••1"•. ••rc.ri 1tn.
or laDOr
Uat11tlc1, , . . .
,,o,,a-• ,... ..,., of Ir••••""'• Co--ec-Ut11t,
atlO """"OI, '""' G•lL
" ' · · I011lll7 ' · " "
'""•r•I c.,.,,,.,nc, ■ •I••' Ada,11,,t,•l•o,. , O,no,oUo-1 CUrac:"C""""'' "•"""'' of fo,,1t1oe•r, C'ot.t1I),
De,to11:
Ocn.toll1M•I , •• ,,., .
OUo, .... , .. ,1 1'J•. f•d••·· l.la••IJlff'IC, •• ,,., ...... ,,t,at,on ...... U('°I , .. 11.1,n.
'•"••Uct of SA• l•U•/ oU lo..,-1.,U•f fo,-l•UOII h ,.,..,,.._ O•,o. S•riu I, ■o. J. ••cn .. u, 1t,S,
•aa,,i111ton t,.. ,ptnc, l•li•f ,..,n,,trat,ori , O,n.,-U~I CAarac:••"'•Uc1 o/ , ...
h·•r•tt :
1 .,, '•"•"•
h Ctuu of IJ.000 Ot' for• fo,,_,.,,.- , ••r c.11 lt)S.
ea.,,.,.c., lellef "•••111tret10,. , 1tftll11bli1Aeo d ■ t ■
r,uao.,,,,. _ •••Gin9, wo1 ~ • .,..,.,, • • ,.,.,.,,1wa,11e
ef U1e 'iotl ■ J Svr¥ey, ltJI .
r,.
,,.,to
~••t•
111,,..1" 1■ 1 i ef 1-.1 •
•a, ltJ■,
Tabla 2-RACE AND NATIVITY
or
ALL UNEMPLOYED WORKERS ANO UNEMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
16-64 TEARS
or
- -- -
--- -
1934
AGE BY SEX, FOUR CITIES,
-- ---- -- -- - - -DAYTON 1
•1 LK[~&AA'IE
READING
Pl TTSSJRGH
RACE AND IIATI VI T'f
NUMBER
PERCENT
Nl.N8ER
Nt.N,.ER
PERCENT
PERCEHT
NI.NSEA
PERCENT
Total reporting
71. 095
100.0
8 . 052
100 .0
7,)15
100 . 0
7,390
100.0
Jt.ittive '#hi tP
fo,-piqn-bom ..-.it•
Jrileqro and othe,r
~.049
70. 4
17. 2
8 , 836
12 . ,
J()4
85 . 7
10.5
).8
5.941
1,187
87
81 . l
12 . no
6 , 901
847
17 . 5
I. 2
5.153
419
818
8).2
5. 7
11.I
Total r~rt in9
17.610
100. 0
2,637
100 . 0
5,579
100.0
22, l!i5
I , 184
4, 161
00.6
2.469
58
110
100.0
9).6
2,350
Native white
Foreign-born '#hi te
Negro and other
2.1
,. 2
2. 268
62
20
96 . 5
2.6
0.9
4,665
123
791
B?.6
2. 2
14.2
Total reporting
41 . 762
100.0
4,120
100.0
3.923
100.0
5.937
100.0
Nativpllhite
For,,g~born .tiite
"egro and othpr
24 . 150
8 ,988
8 , 624
57 . 8
21 . 5
20. 7
,. 235
565
320
78.5
2,768
1,065
70.6
3 ,969
90
27 . I
2.,
1, 622
66.9
5.8
27. 3
IJ, 762
100.0
I, 163
100.0
960
100.0
2, 179
100.0
e. Y.>4
62 . 2
896
_4 , 3_1?
6.5
JI,)
857
65
83. 2
6.6
857
65
89.J
6.8
38
10.1
-----~
_1.~
1. 245
49
885
57. l
2.2
40.6
lll Unaaplo1ad Nalu•
lll ·•-loye<I FHale ■ •
,. J
15. I
lal i 11 Un-lo1ad Naho'
"·
7.87
346
11I tef Un..plor•d f•••••c
Total ,~,.ting
N!l t i vp .t, i teForeiqn-born wf'lite
fil_~9 ~~ a~ o_!h~r
•,o,.,., ■ 1 lef 1tfl~le1ed efld r•I ler ..... 10,ed.
tl1D1trce1 • ' lfft911PIO~efll dat•:
P itt ao .. ,, ..... _,,,,._
• ' ti-e
S.c, ■1
s..,,., ..,,
. ,..
•llk• ► larre1
'•""l11••ia
ll ■ le laer9eftc, l ■ I
I•'
.,..hi ■lra\1011,
Vft•wol ltflH dal ■
'""'"' &.•r9e-11c, let I ef ...,_I rd 11 r ■ t io,., o,~,.ICO'lel ~•fat l•rhHn , • .,..,., o/ •~r1a.•r1 Co.117.
h1ton1
Olio , av1111t 1•J•. '•doral llil•rgonc, lel i er Adil111,,1,atiofl •••••rcri l"'ll•tln. ,,.., Ocn.,e1,o-•l C'le.,..,u.,.,..,
Uu o/ &le ,_lhf ... lr.t~l ■ lh/ fo,-l•U• &e ,-,,... OU0 0 lerlH I. lo, J, reDrwary IOI.
c,,•.,. ••, ,., .... , •.• .,. •• , •.
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URBAN WORlERS ON RELIEF
Table 3-R4CE OF ALL UNEMPLOYED #ORKERS ANO UNEMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF
BY SEX,
IN BOSTON ANO LYNN, IUSSACHUSETTS,
1934
RELIEF•
UNE..... OYEO•
•-«
IOAI.E
""'-E
FEW.LE
FEliW.E
..,...ER
PEA CE NT
NUlillER
PERCENT
NUIISEA
PERCENT
Total report irig
92,840
100.0
34. 4>!
8!1,617
3.223
96.5
3.)
33.519
31,592
100.0
White
94.3
1,927
5.1
32, 900
l,»i
14,334
14,17'
160
100.0
6,043
100.0
3,108
98 . 9
1.1
5,959
84
98.6
1.4
3,03~
73
NUteER
PERCENT
100.0
11,340
100.0
95.5
4.5
10.528
812
92.8
100. 0
1,059
100.0
97. 7
2.3
1, 027
97 . 2
2.8
lootoo
Negro and other
7.2
Lynn
Total r~rt ing
White
He-gro and other
•1o.rce1 or •flleilp1•~' data:
lo1to11 aH L71111 :
,au ■ aovMtta O.,artM11t or L-..Or •-- 1-.d11str 1.. ,
••~I • ,..
•• •••Moe,...•U• o/ J•-'1 1, ,.,., ,.,., l e Doc.e"t to . u . aow...,er 1t)I.
bwrou lel let lallllih
. .,
U)a.
Per10A1 16-M
C.v..s
•I
32
,.._,a.,..,.t
,.,. .. ,., o••r U ,..,. ot ....
1••r• •' ....
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Table 4A-&G[ OF ALL Ul[MPLOTEO WORKERS &NO UNEMPLOYED WORKERS 01 RELIEF l'I SEX, FOUR CITIES, 19J4
- -
PlnsaMIN, PA.
READING, PA.,
._..IIER
l'OICENT
·-
PERCENT
100.0
21,e10
100.0
e.052
100.0
2,8)7
100.0
11.,
e.e
2'1. 7
26.9
19.e
12.0
8.1
3.5
1.079
l. 163
1.585
1.479
1.572
I, 174
13.4
u.•
19. 7
18.4
19.5
u.e
782
539
514
29. 7
20.4
19.5
a.4
10.2
e.8
FEIIAU
WAI.E
-,10,-•
Total reporting
71.095
111 - 19 , ..,..
20 - 24
25 - 34 years
e,ou
12.929
18,217
14,132
12,255
7,4~
,ears
:'5- .. ,.rs
45 - 54 years
55 - 84 years
lloclianage
- -
PEIICEIIT
-(
18.2
22.9
19.9
17.2
10.5
7,427
5.ceo
3,,oe
2,221
980
n.a
34.0
299
1'11
)S,3
-.,
-··
PBICEIT
7,315
100.0
2.350
100.0
2,092
100.0
34e
100.0
1.,211
1,)117
1e.2
11.7
18.8
42.4
:,0.8
a.4
7. l
4.0
2.,
IN
4.0
45
"'..,
ia.o
u.o
25.5
WAU
1'£11CENT
:'54
EWIIETT, WAIN.
WILAI~ ....., PA.
PEIICllT
FEMAI.E
1.J79
1.212
1.m
800
25.0
FBIAI.E
m
315
11.e
117
11.8
10.t
53
15
l'OICUT
4!11
418
'44
21.2
32.0
FEMALE
IIAI.E
:z,.e
20.0
20.0
1e.4
PBICINT
•
71
22:e
52
15.0
17.3
e.e
eo
2'
)0.1
311.2
41, 782
100.0
13. '712
100.0
4,120
100.0
l, 183
100,0
un
IDO.O
980
100.0
t,,et
100.0
283
100.0
),290
21, l
20.8
24.4
1e.e
11.e
3.4
8.4
9.8
22.1
24.t
21. l
13.7
:ez
19.9
13.5
25.e
21.8
12.3
e.9
545
1,••
11.2
18. 7
'40
,S.5
18. 7
18.0
110
U!II
:,01
7.9
13.5
21, 7
20.e
20.)
1e.o
115
52
:,o.o
5... e
9, 91!2
10,838
8,)18
3,892
2.912
2.856
).JM
2,582
I, 596
476
'47
20 - 24 ,aar1
7.9
13,0
23.9
28.0
19.9
9.3
38
13.4
12.7
e.1
35 - U t•rs
45 - 54 , ..,.
55 - 84 years
,,.,
Median age
•••1
Wihe..... rr•:
28.3
•03
910
l, 015
!!ell
567
PiUsti•qp1, l•ding,
Pe1tN1lva111a SUie C..rt1aflC, . . llal ,.._h,ittratl091, ... .-Ii__.
Ha111-.1011 l•r..,c, teliaf
,O,.l11h011, Narcfl ltjS.
•••"'••trat1•"•
157
298
253
143
eo
uo
132
903
"8
315
)7. 7
)1.5
38.9
~urc . . of ---,,.,...,
,.,.rett:
t:,
1e - t9 ,.,..
25-34,ears
tlQ
:z:
0
><
hllet•
Tota 1 report Ing
►
"'ti
"'ti
•ia
z,.o
Z,.t
9.3
180
173
182
eo
45
2).9
111.t
2ae
e.2
4.7
283
:m
38.4
18.5
11.,
•
311
n
25.t
et, ... 81Cial ..,...,. . . . . .
lcc...,_1,o.:11 e!llliffaclsr'-liU a/,__,,.,.. '"'9-, &111 IIIW.,
tt.•., .,..
111r11ea .. I I of . . . I• 111, • .,..
0
cci"
""
i'j"
CD
0.
O'
'<
0
0
-
~
( i)
!ii
""
55
°'
Table 411-AG[ OF All UNEMPLOYED IOIIK[f!S AND UNEMPLOYED WORKERS ON RELIEF BY SEX, FOUR CITIES, 19'4
MAL E
FEMALE
~ALE
FEMALE
MALE
FEMALE
D,lTTOfll, OHIOc
SRI DGEPOflT, CONN.
LYNN, WASS
IIOSTOH, MASS
AGE
FEMALE
WALE
HUMBER
PERCENT
JU,i8EA
,EACEHT
HUM9ER
,EACEHT
Nl.li'SEA
PEACEHT
HUM8EA
'VICENT
MIJM8ER
•EACEHT
HUMBER
'EACE•T
HUMBVI
l"ERCENT
88, 797
100.0
32,907
100.0
1),573
100.0
5,892
100.0
7,397
100.0
2,9215
100.0
7,)90
100.0
5,579
100.0
1,900
8.9
15.4
2:3.2
21.9
19.0
11.6
7,355
22. 4
27.5
19.1
1.152
I, 97J
2,857
2,979
e.5
U.5
21.0
22.0
20.6
U .4
964
16. 4
22. I
19.5
19.1
15.6
8.3
551
1.)87
1,45'
1,391
1,518
7. 4
18.8
19. 7
519
17, 7
686
23. 4
21.9
18.8
11.8
6.C
1,203
1.347
1.,56
I, 108
1,263
16. J
18.2
15.0
17, I
1,256
1.298
1.au
1,028
!:112
I, 113
15. I
32&
22.5
23,3
19.C
18,C
10. 6
5.8
Unta, Io,e4 •
Total report, ng
16
20
25
35
C5
55
-
19 rears
24 ,ears
JC rears
13. 709
20,641
19,408
16,864
10,275
« years
5C ,ears
64 years
Wedi1n age
9.0.3
6,296
C,58q
lJ.9
11.2
5.9
J,689
1,935
2, 7'16
1, 816
37. 7
25. I
36.1
1.306
t,088
1.126
921
'87
Jl.2
18.8
20.6
IC . 7
1.~
640
549
3«
188
J7.2
18.3
Total ""'°rt i ng
19
2C
JC
44
5C
6C
JC.cs,
100.0
11,340
,ears
),06'
yoars
years
years
years
years
4, 522
3. 178
2,J10
I, 708
1,666
1,529
952
co·
;c.
~
Median age
0
N.
CJ"
'<
0
0
~,..._
rv
~
-
7,896
8.9
13,1
22,9
e.oai
23-3
7,070
20.5
11.)
3,892
)7.2
100.0
),108
100.0
1,243
100,0
11.0
12.6
22.,
23.1
18.2
12.8
302
203
181!
230
198
122
24.J
16, 3
V.9
JC3
20.4
)92
15.1
692
719
565
J97
JC. 7
1). 5
8.4
)6,8
2&, I
•-.,u,·or
tinN11110,-n1 •ta r
IHt•• .... I.Jftftl -•NOWHtU O•Nrt"ffl or Le.Hr •1'14 IM11111r1 ... ,.,.,.. -
"- •1 le DotWMftt .. . ll. IO°' .... , lf)A .
Clerti. Jler.-c• ... ..,,.... •' l,a,Nr 11.all•tlu. ,-.,..,_••
CM
15.1
18.5
16.0
9.8
'.ll.2
913
100.0
5,937
100.0
2. 179
100,0
11.3
m
12. 7
22.0
2:3,0
20.1
10.9
142
29.8
15.6
21.1
18.8
10.5
5CJ
1196
I, 193
1,,25
1,288
892
9.1
11.7
391
358
459
16.C
3,948
100.0
448
502
965
907
795
431
)6.8 ,
o. ... •I ,_.,,.,,..111 '" ...... K .... ,u o/ ,.. ... ry , , " " ·
,_._,•I.,.,,.,.,•. o..._•W••• 1•.
.,.,...,.,It
•re",.,,.
·~1~!~~~- -;~•a.:!::,=-:==~~~::::,-{..--:!~:;:.:~. r~;-,:;:-~:::; ..:=:~ •'-•
::!!;..,'=•=~ ::r~:!.~!!·~!:!
,11e,, •., •.
•M • ..,..,,..., ,.,••
. . ,, . . 1 • ... ,. , . .
-.,... . . . . ., ...pie 11a, , . , • •
c .... , •• ........ ,.,. . . . . ,.,
-=
0
::0
~
Clil
::0
0
ltll•fb
16
20
25
35
45
65
►
:ii:
en
27. 2
33.,
29.0
c:::
::0
a,
1., .,...,.,...
- ■ 01, LaNr ""'••
193
172
96
,.2
38
27.2
39,0
20. I
22.,
21, 7
15.0
486
3V
158
32,4
17.9
21. I
22.3
15.0
7.)
:z:
::0
Clil
t""'
Clil
"'Ill
187
APPENDIX D
or
Tabla 5-0URATION
or
UNEMPLOYMENT
ALL UNEMPLOYED WORKERS ANO UNEMPLOYED WORKERS
ON RELIEF IN FIVE CITIES, 193'
CIJAATIO.. OF
UN~LONE:NT
905TON
--
,iyr,ll<J-
8AIDGEPOAT
--
DAYTOND
---
-
-
PEOCEMT
JUJM8[q
NU1119ER
PERCE.HT
NUMBER
PERCENT
--
~--
119.306
100 . 0
19.'75
100 . 0
11,051
100 . 0
135. 590
100.0
I. 7'0
100.0
32. 998
24 .841
28 . 866
18.416
14,179
27 . 7
20.8
24.2
15 .4
11.9
6,090
31.3
20.7
24 . I
13 . 7
10. 2
4,40(
39.9
17.9
18 . 7
14 . 2
14. 3
31.070
29 . 485
31. 919
7),048
20,068
Z2.9
21. 7
n.6
17 . 0
14.8
an
47.S
II.I
12 . 0
9.5
19.9
Une•,loyedc
0 - 11.9
12 - n.9
24 - 35.9
'6 - 47 . 9
"8 and over
1.YIIIIII•
'EACOIT
NUMBER
--Total rw00rt i ng
8
- --- - - --- ,.on
4 .61!9
7. 67Z
1,001
24 . 7
"-diM
1.4:16
2,070
I.~
1,585
12.9
NIJMMA
PERCENT
---
193
209
165
346
26. 7
21.4
14.7
1.11.,•
Total reporting
0 - 11.9
11 - 13.9
24 - )S.9
'6 - 47.9
48 and over
31. 732
8.€94
7,€30
6,860
4. 296
5.250
100.0
74. I
-~-
liledian
- -
3. 515
1. 134
623
668
373
717
26.6
13.3
21.0
13. I
16.0
100.0
3,555
100.0
48,n2
32. 3
17. 7
19.0
10.6
005
482
600
60'i
1.06'
22.6
13.5
16.9
17.0
7. 168
7 .938
10,486
10.094
12. 51!6
20.,
24 . 0
-- ~ -- - - -
•kt• '•' ... ..,10,ed 11..,e lleefl .. J11ttN le el
l ■ i11a1e ,., ... , II
:io.o
33.8
------
100 . 0
\4.8
16 . 4
21.8
20.9
26 . 1
34 .3
-- ----
1••'• a11d ower ,
100.0
9.531
2. 76€
I, 728
1,652
1.673
?. 21?
29.0
12.9
17.3
17 .6
13.2
29.6
--
. . . , •• , . , . . ..... ,.., •• , 1111-,10, ...
c ... ,, •• •' ......
.,...t .,,,:
•••wc:1111,,11 ■ h,a,, . . ,., er L•or a110 ,,....,.t,les, leJort" u, t, ... , of ..... ,,.,..,.,
111 ••ueir••u t u •I J-•"'J I , l•H. , .. 1,c ._t-•11t •• · II . ....... , 1tJa. o.,,•t• Oft is•••""'"' r,o,a
1 es1 JOO e1 11Jhlel 0<"1,et •Ofl.
le,1011 --• 1,11111 :
~;~~,:.:~~,,'1::~ ~~::=.·.~~c . ~;~r :!,'::::.~~:!~' ~~:~. ,.=~~~!'::"~ .':;:~,:: !:!!'~!~~•;c!-:~·~~~•·
.,, ... , ,Ofl.
Pi1tso11rp;
•-t1•rh1111ie .,., . . . .
,,.11e,
,.11., ... ,111.,,.,1 ... . •ftpwllltflff ••, . of U• loclal .. ,..,., _ 1,, • •
lillfeC l011 1, . . ,..,rM ,,oa laat ,.,. at , .. 111lar ecc.,.ecio11 .
"''~of'""''"'..,
i.,,.,
:"i/';, o~~:!!~!,i~•"'~;., ,..
·:
·o::::c:.:r:~
~,:~:,•;~!.:::!"!:'~~.
!!!';.,:~·::!
~!!~~.:-:!-:;
Is Na .. rNI •r• 1ut
. . ,,.,. :
, . . . ,., C..rt-"C1 lal 1., . . 1..
t'o.r,,
llfl, Oc<'IJf••«-•l t"la1"ectarhUt'S
...-rel lat j . . ef a • - • er . . , ••
••1
1tJ1. Duratl_,. •' 11111... 10,-..t alflCa Int jot at nv•I occ11patlo11. hcl.O•a l"°N
du~.-- lal,at 1-,la,
-.o fle,d 11a••r ,_,., ... .-OM O.ral,~ t f 111,....1.,..,., wu .,..,,..... , a,1(1 -"O •rtied laaa lflafl I .... , al IHI
j . . al 11 . . 11 MC..,111CHI.
Table 6-USUAL INDUSfRY
or
All UNEMPLOYED WORKERS AND
IN EVERETT, WASHINGTON, 1934
or
WORKERS ON RELIEF BY SEX
-
-
AEllU: 11
UtUMl•LOYED•
MALE
USUAL INClJSTlll"r
~
- -- -- -- -
- -- Total reporting
Agriculture
F;,hl"g
Forestry
C.traction of ,winenls
...,,wfacturinq and ...chanical indust r ie1
Trans,ort1t ion and cOM1Unicat iori
T,_
f\,bl ic service
ProfessiON1l service
Dames tic and persona I sen, i c•
Not soeci fied industries and sen, ices
- ----- -
BER
~-1.296 100.0
76
3.3
2.4
56
,.1
9J
18
C.8
5~.1
1.2&7
310
278
15
37
55
91
·- ·- ·FEMAl E
PEACEMT
13.5
12. I
0. 7
1.6
2.4
4.0
BER
-363
2
2
I
MAI.[
PEACEMT
--
BER
BER
PEACENT
100.0
1,504
100.0
228
100.0
0.6
0.6
0.3
95
16
80
18
723
6.3
1. 1
5.3
1.2
48.1
1
-1
J6
0.4
Cl.8
19 . 9
9.0
1.3
1. 5
8
,2
3.5
18.4
19
121
8.3
53.2
,9
13.5
4
1.1
28.3
1.1
8.8
)00
6
32
118
35.2
36
9.9
49
45
103
F91AI.E
PEACEMT
135
10
23
3.3
3. 0
-
o.,-
-
-
•a.•rc•• ef ...-.10,._, ••ta1
i::;:!'~/ ~;:;.;.,nt!:".!::'J:::.::!!~'-~!"!:;~~ll::~.:~~=·:::! ~:.~·~r:'!!:!,a/ .....,.. '•~ ,.
•,,...,. tel let ..., .. ••r ltJS, -r••r• 16-6• ,..,., ef ... NU .....1.,.,. _, ... ,.,.,.
11., ••f"C•I •' Ille lehl .,. relief,
TIie 1•1l•r •r•
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188
URBAN WORKERS ON RELIEF
Table 7-USUll INOUSTRY Of All UNEIIPLOYEO 90t!KUS ANO C1F WORICUS ON RELIEF IY SU
II BOSTON, IIASSACHUSETTS, 1934
.....
.....
USUU INDUSTR.,.
Total ,..port irw;
lanuhcturing an1 ..:hlnical ind14trles
Other transportation and CCIIIIUflicat iOfl
1.8
7
59
•
0.2
6,1102
35
4U
0.1
1.5
15,113
17.4
6,90t
275
537
5.877
215
24.2
1.0
1.9
20.6
0.7
2,8U
2,536
305
10.0
8.9
1,1
6,563
2,'19
756
3,398
n.o
585
o. 1
822
13,142
0.9
15.2
1.4
8.9
5,260
820
1,616
6.1
0.9
1,i
Other industries
3.331
3.8
Not specified industries and services
1,537
1.8
IM ••MCllvNtll ....,1.,_111
783
11,, . ...-..n
H
9,0t4
100.0
51.6
26.5
1.0
2.9
3.0
2.2
n8
11>4
336
!,HO
uo
238
.,620
z;e
1.1
O.•
0. 7
13.5
0. 7
•20
378
2.5
1.•
1.1
3.332
9.8
3.30I
2.6
11.9
1,691
291
1,344
5.0
0.9
3.9
1.008
308
218
0.8
938
1,031
3,6
416
8.5
810
462
70
36.6
0.3
1.1
11.1
3.6
0.3
2.5
32.8
10.0
J.I
1.988
19.7
2.1
168
1.7
1.•
224
2.2
c......
,_,...fl/ ... ,.. .,.,.,... f•IIJ ..,,-,..
•11ac1111U1t1 . . ,.,1 . . 111 9f LQer .... lllllln1rlN, ,.,.,., . . . . . . . . . , ..... ,..,..•• h
..,,.,.c.
•• 9
4.2
0.7
514
2.8
2.6
2.4
7.8
1,696
aN
490
15.6
1,1n
••1111 . . . . . 1o,N
19.0
0.6
1.5
16.•
0.5
.,370
Ooniett ic and oersona I service
Hole I 1 11nd restaurants
laundries, clee.nil"IQ. dyeing, press i ng shops
Other do.stic and personal
c..,. .. ,, ,..,... ,..,.. or ....
1,918
56
15'
1,652
56
2.562
0.6
3.3
2. 7
15.•
3.•
or
15.3
1.1
11•
2.0
"wllle Doc:-"' 10. 11, .....,.,
s,n6
485
0.8
3.1
1.0
7.0
1,764
r•••
0.3
1.1
2.690
820
2.936
,__,, I,
2.8
28
252
6,705
0.6
IM19'1l
280
1.022
756
56'
•...,.,.,..._ .. et INh111rlH aCa,1-4 fr . . lMt
•10..-ees .t 1t1Wa11lo,,.."' dah:
16. 7
5.0
3.2
0.8
980
ProfeasiONI Nrvice
Professional and set1iprofnsiorel pursuit&
Recreation and ....._,nt
•w■■ ....,. '·" ,.,.e.,.,.
5,712
1.n2
1,079
266
2,6'6
7.0
•.2
o.4
Banking 11nd brokerage
RHI astate and insurance
Wholesale and retail
Wiecellaneous trades
1.7
0.3
2.5
3.6
12.1
2,3n
3.n9
1,n1
2.0t6
Trade
168
28
252
36'
1.218
350
13.530
2.•n
2.259
Street construct ion and 11ainte,.rce
Stea,. ard street railr01ds
Guaon, filling station1
7.5
0. 7
2.5
1.0
•• 3
0.1
6,063
P£RCEn
100.0
34,146
17.612
913
-
mom
10.066
3.682
28
112
1.120
36'
28
100.0
)6.6
0.6
n6
0£L1Er
IIIERCE•T
28,512
10.01
159
211
2.001
1.193
122
509
Transportation am c01MUnicatiOfl
PERCENT
....
........
100.0
•9.1
20.5
0.6
2. 7
3.7
2.0
•2.627
17. 782
llotol in1119tries
Electrical 1111Chinery
Paper, printi"'-and a11ied industrln
Te•t I le lndustr ies
Other •nufacturing
.....
FEWALE
'llilCENT
86,770
Buildin,g and construction
Cheiaical am allied industrin
FooJ am a 11 ied i n1ustr iea
Leat'-r irdusl,.ies
luitiber am furnitu,.. irdustries
UNE~art:D1
TM l•U•r ..,,. u.1 ,.,.c .., .t
IM
. .NC' ........ . ,
latal .. ,.., .. ,.
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APPENDIX D
189
Table 8-0CCUPATIONAL CROUP OF ALL UNEMPLOYED WORKERS AND UNEMPLOYED WORKERS ON
RELIEF BY SEX IN BRIDGEPORT, CONNECTICUT,1934
AELIEF'
UNEWl"LOYEO•
OCCuPATICINAl I.ROUP
·- ·-
FEMALE
WALE
PE._
BER
PEA-
Total repart i ng
Agriculture
Fi sh i ng and foreatry
Extract ion of r111inerals
BER
CENT
SER
8.026
100.0
3.<b-4
127
17
1.6
0.2
0.1
63.9
7.2
3
6
IM1"1Ul11eturing and "'9Chanica1 industries
Tr•nsportat i Ofll and cOW'IIIUnicat ion
Tredo
P\.ib1 ic service
Profeu!ona1 seNice
Oo,,ie,,t ic and personal Nrvice
Clerical occupations
5.136
581
985
121
285
305
463
12.3
1.5
3.6
3.8
5.8
.._
WALE
•w-
CENT
MR
PEACENT
100.0
727
100.0
1.4
0.6
0.6
2
0.3
BEA
100.0 3.627
0.1
50
23
22
48.0 2.328
1.0
495
369
50.7
13.6
7
0.9
8.5
1.5
1.8
3.5
55
7.6
2)
3.2
28.6
8. 7
-
-
-
1.463
31
279
2
151
629
496
9.1
0.1
307
4.9
20.6
16.2
65
127
FEMALE
PEA-
64.2
55
,.,
155
-
208
63
-
-
....reH ., ---,1.,-111 fah:
lrl.,...,-t: Cl•r•, ,1ere,ice N., ,.,. . . of L&llor st ■ tl•tlc1. ,._,,.,...., ._,NJ •f
,.,,, . . . . ,,&el...- ....... .,.Cll l.,I, ....... ,.,.110.11 fah ....... n ..
..... ....., ...,.., ,.,..
a...,etW.t,
,..,.of ...~'•••'°"'•
and.,., .
Table 9-SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASS OF USUAL OCCUPATION OF UNEMPLOYED WORKERS
BY RELIEF STATUS IN DAYTON, OHI0".1934
RELIEF
USUAL OCCUPATION
NO..-AEL I EF
•-EA
PERCENT
NIMBER
PE~CENT
1.858
100.0
1. 759
100.0
217
11.7
S32
)O.J
<Ii
42
14Y
1.4
2.J
8.0
72
J94
4 .1
3.8
22.4
Skilled
480
Z>.8
342
19.4
S..i ski 11 Id
525
28.3
519
29.5
Unll!illed
636
)4.2
366
20.P
Servant
340
Laborer
296
18.3
15.9
259
107
14. 7
6.1
Total report inw
a,iteCollar
Professional
Pn,pr ietary
Clerical
. . . .,c •• .,
66
-~-,o,•111 ••t•:
::r.::1 -~~•r:!.!~~'t::,:-~;•~ ~!•!:!~:~!~a,~~!!~~ ;~:r ~:';~c~::~?::!,. ,•~-=!~:: ,~~!'~,o:::•
••'-I ... ,.._.•"•I
,.,_MU•'•,.,. • • O.U•, S.riu 1, lo. J, ,ac.r..ar, 11,1.
s-p1e ralud lO 100 percHI.
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Digitized by
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INDBI
Digi•ized by
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Digitized by
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INDEX
Age-
of al 1 unemployed, and unemployed on re 1i ef, by sex,
I.I cities ••.•••••.••••...••••.•••••••.•••••••••• 1.1, 185-186
of employed workers on relief, and gainful workers
1930, by industry, sex ••••••••••.•••••••••.•••• 67-69, 150
experience at usual occupation by age of workers, by
duration of unemployment, socio-economic class,
race, sex •••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 91.1-96, 171
experience in 10 largest occupations by age of workers, by duration of unemployment ••.••••••.••••• 96-97, 173
of men on relief by duration of unemployment, by
usual occupation ••••••••••.•••••.••••.•••.•.••• 90-91.1, 167
reason for not seeking work.......................
16-17
schooling by age, by duration of unemployment, ~cioeconornic class, race, sex......................
177
of unemployed men on relief, by usual occupation,
experience, duration of unemployment, schooling,
race .......................................... . 26-28, 137
of unemployed women on relief, by usual occupation,
experience, duration of unemployment, schooling,
race ........................................... 26-28, ll.11
of women on relief by auration of unemployment, by
usual occupation •••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••• 90-91.1, 170
of workers on relief by employment status a.nd sex,
and of gainful 110rkers 1930 ................. : • • 19-20, 117
Broken fa111ilies in urban relief sample 1931.1 and in
urban relief population 1933, by race..........
Budgets, relief, compared with earnings of relief
9-12
cases . ........................•................
62-63
Cities su"eyed, occupational-industrial classification, general size of •••••••••••••••••••••••••• xviii-xix
Clark, Florence M.: Unemployment Survey of BridgeI.In
port, Connecticut, 1931.1 ••••••••••••••••••••••• •
Coaparisons, of unemployed on relief with total uneaployed in several cities •••••••••••••••••••••
3-5
age, by sex ••••••••..••..•••.••.•••..•.....•• Al, 18,-186
occupational-industrial data, by sex ••••••• 1.1-5, 187-189
race and nativity, by sex .................•..
183-1~
193
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194
Comparisons, of unemployed on relief with total unemployed in several cities lcontinuedl
ratio of women to men .•.••.•••••••••••...••••
4
sex distribution •••.•••••••.••••••.••.•••..••
183
skills represented ..••••.••••••••••••••••••••
5
unemployment, duration of .••••••••.....•••..•
I.I. 187
Comparisons of urban relief sa111p1e May 1934wi th urban relief population 1933fami lies, type of .••.....••••.•.•••••.•.•.•.•
9-12
with urban relief population 1933 and urban
population 1930-households, race and size of .••.•.••••..•••.•
6-8
with gainful workers in ,1rban population 1930age, by industry and sex .•••.••..•.•.•.....••
150
by sex .•.•..••..•••..••••..••••••.•••.••
19. 69
industry by socio-economic class ••.••••.•••••
43, 126
industry, usual .••...•.....••.•..•••••.••••. 40, 70, 152
marital status ••.•..•.........•..•.•.•••.••••
11
occupation, usual, by sex ••.•••••••..•.••.•••
122
occupational group of usual occupation .••••.•
35
sex distribution •••••....••••.•.••••.••••••••
19
socio-economic cl;i.ss of, by sex ••..•.•••••.•.
37
workers per household ..•.•••••.••••.•.•.•••••
13
Dayton, Ohio, The Occ,1p:H ional Characteristics of the
Relief and Non-relief Populations in ••••.•••••
Definition of terms is study •.•••••••••••..•••••.•••
Depression, and pre-, unemployed ••.•••••••••.••••••
Disabilities, physicalreasons for not working· or not seeking work .......
in the urban relief population May 1934, preliminary
report of ••••.••••..•••••••.•••.••.••••••••••••
Dur:it ion of unemployment, see Unemployment, du rat ion of
3'!
107
49-53
16-17
17n
EarninJso! employed workers on reliefby areaand industry.................................
163
and size of case ..•••...•..•..••••••••••.•••. 61-62, 147
by industries ................... 76-78, 157, 159, 161, 163
domestic and personal service................
BO
man1Jfacturing and mechanical industries......
78-80
miscellaneous industry groups................
81-82
trade. • . • • • • • • . . • • . • . • • • • • . . • . • • . • . . • • • • • • • • •
80-81
by occupation and race .•••.••.•••.••..••••.•••. 81-83, 165
by race and sex................................
72-76
of relief casesby si7,e of case and area ....................... 61-62, 147
compared with relief budgets...................
62-63
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INDBI
Earnings lcontiaued)
socio-econ011ic class and race differences in ••••••
EarninR status of employed workers on relief, by
industry ...................................... .
Economic factors, relate<1 to
Education, aee Schooling
&ilployabil ity-
survey ............... ..
of f•ilies on relief ............................ .
of t«>rkers on relief, and work progra111 policies •••
See alao: !ltplo111eat status
&ilployed workers on reliefage ofand of gainful workers 1930 ••••••••••••••••••••
195
82-83
156
1-3
12-lti
99-100
69
by industry, sex ••••••••••••••••..•.•••..•••••• 67-69, 150
earnings of cases with one or 1110re- .
c011parison of and relief budgets...............
62
by siu of case and area.......................
61, ltt7
eaniings of workers ••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••• 72-83, 157,
159, 161, 163, 165.
eanin, status....................................
hours worked per week.............................
156
72-83,
157, 165.
industry ofand of une111ployed and gainful workers 1930 ••••• 7~72, 152
present, bJ se1, race .... ..................... .
115"
occupation, present, by race, sex •••••••••••••••••
lti8
occupational shifts ••••••.••...••.•••..••...•..••.
65
6Hti
race and sex of • •.•••••••••..••••••••..••.•.•.....
ratio of relief cases with one or 1110re in private
eiiploJ111ent to all cases........................
58, lti6
relief cases with, and with or without, by
sise of caae ............................... ~-'8, 61, 1&17
aocio-econ011ic class of present e111plo111ent........
67
school i nr of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . .
611
status of in hoosehold, bf race, sex..............
60
&aplo,-ent of workers on relief, su•ary of findings
in respect to .. .......................... • • . • ..
83-85
&aplo,-ent, private, of workers on reliefa,e distribatioa of worken engaged in, and of
«ainful -,rters 19,:)...........................
69
earnings of.................................. . . . . .
Earninrs; lllployed workers.
relief cases with 111e11bers inby race of head and worker COIIJ)Ositioa.........
ratio of relief cases with 011e or 1110re workers
in to all cases, bf city.....................
total eaplofed and total workers, by race of
7&1
See alao:
head.................................... . . . . .
states ia boosehold, race. sex....................
1q7
!58, lij6
1Q7
60
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196
INDEX
Employment statusof adults.........................................
lti-20
age and ......•...••..••••••••...••••••••••••.••••• 1~20, 117
of per5ons 16~ on relief........................
16
race and sex and, of workers on relief •••••••••••• 17-19, 63
reasons for not working and not seeking work......
lti-16
underemployment...................................
60, lti7
Experience, workas factor in duration of unemployment ••••••••.••••
9"-97
at alternate occupation ...•....•.•••... ·•.•.•.•••••
39
at usual occupation, years ofby age, duration of unemployment, schooling,
sex.. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 137, ltil
by duration of unemployment, socio-economic
class, age, race, sex •.•..•••••••.••••••••••• 9'J-96, 171
17-18
and employment status..........................
by occupational group, race, sex...............
32
of workers in 10 largest occupations, by
duration of unemployment, age •.•••••••••••••• 96-97, 173
family, types, in urban relief sample 193q and in
relief population 1933, by race................
See also: Households
~12
Gainful workers, see Population, urban 1930, gainful
workers in.
Baber, William, and Stanchfield: Unemployment
Relief and Security, A Survey of Michigan's
Relief and Unemployment Problem, March 1936 •••• 59n, 88n
Hours, worked per week, by employed workers on
reliefearnings and, by occupation and race ••••••.•• 82-83, 165
by present industry .••..•••.••.••.•••.••.•••• 72-76, 157
by race and sex..............................
72-76
Households in surveydefinition of ....••.••.••..•••..•••••.••••.••••.••
7n
7q
earnings by status in ....•...•..••••••••••.•...•••
earnings of ..•.....•......••..•.••••••••••••••••••
61, 11.n
employed members, with and without, by size of ....
61
heads ofas employed workers .............•••.•••••••••••
60
relation of unemployed workers to ...•••.•••.•••
25
one-person ..........•.............•••••••••.•.••••
7-8
race of . ......................................... .
8-9
race and sex of workers in private employment,
by status in •..............••..•.••.•.•••••••.•
60
size of ......•...................•.•..••••••••..••
7-9, lti
workers in, by size of ....••.•......•.•••...••••••
117
Digitized by
Google
INDEX
197
Illness, reason for not working or not seeking
Hi-17
work • •••••.•••••••.•.•••.•.•.•••••• •. • • • • • • • • • •
Income, .c;ee garnings
Industriesof ernployerl workers on reliefearnings of hy... •• •• • •• •• •• • •. • •• •••••. ••••• •. 7R, 157,
159, lfil, 163.
earning status, hy industr:,•.... ... ........ .....
156
and of gainful workers 1930 hy age, sex .•••••.. 6~69, 150
hours worked, by present industry..............
7R, 157
present inrlustry, hy race, sex.................
151'
and une111ployed workers on relief and
gainful workers 1930 •••••••••• "' ............. 70-72, 152
unemployment, duration of, hy industry ............ 1'5--1'6, 131
usual.of all unemployed and workers on relief by
sex, in Everett, Washington, and floston,
187-188
Massachusetts ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
by socio-economic class of unemployed
workers on relief and of gainful workers
q3, 126
193() ........................................ .
QO
with highest proportions of workers on relief •••••
Johs, characteristics of, of employed workers
on relief ..................................... .
Mari ta.I status, of persons in relief sample and
general population, by race, sex ..•••••••••••••
Massachusetts Department of Lahor and Industries:
Report on the Census of Unemployment in
Massachusetts of January 2, 1934 ••••••••••••••••
11-12
Qn
Nativity, race and, of all unemployed and unemployed on relief lfr.61' years, 4 cities •••••••••
183
Negroes on reliefetnployahility .... ..•....•.•.........••....•.......
12-11'
employed workersearnings of, by sex, industry..................
72-76
earnings and hours worked, by occupation ••••••• 82-R3, 165
heatls of households............................
60
hours worked per week, by sex..................
72-76
industries of, by sex .......................... 7()-72, 151'
occupations of, hy sex ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 66-67, 148
race and sex of................................
63-6LI
relief cases with .............................. 59-60, 11'7
employment status ................................. lll--20, 6q
Digitized by
Google
198
INDEX
Negroes on relief lcontinuedl
experience, workby occupational group, sex.....................
32
l'lt. usu-'tl occupation by duration of unemployment, socio-economic class, age, sex .•.•• 94-96, 171
as factor in duration of unemployment.............
89-90
families, types of................................
9-12
households, size of... • • . • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
7-9
marital stat1Js, by sex............................
11-12
occupat;ons, alterna.te, ratio of workers with
to those without...............................
176
and other races. • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • •
25
schoolingby duration of unemployment, socio-economic
class, age, sex •••••••..•••.•••••••••••••••••
177
by employment status, sex ••••••••••••••••••••••
64
by occupational group, sex .••.••••.••.....•.•••
28-31
llnemployed workersage of ••••.•••••••••.•••••••••.••.•••••••••••••
26-28
number of • •••..•••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••
25-26
and all 110employed, by sex, in Boston and
184
Lynn, Massachusetts ••••••••.•••••••.•.•••••••
1Jnemployment, duration ofat usual occupation, by socio-economic class,
age, sex ••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••• 94-96, 171
by schooling, socio-economic class, age, sex...
177
See also: Race
Occupational characteristicsof the relief and non-relief population in
Dayton, Ohio...................................
3n
of unemployed persons in cities of 11,000 or more
population, March 1935, Washington.............
4n
of unemployed workers in urban relief sample......
32-56
industry of usual occupation ••••••••••••••••••. 39-42, 126
occupation, usual .••..••••••.•••••••.••••• 33-39, 118, 122
s1Jmmary of ••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••• 53-56, 137, 141
unemployment, duration of •••••••••••• 42-53, 129, 130, 131
See also: Unemployed workers
Occupational shiftsproportion of workers on relief employed in same
socio-economic class as usual occupation.......
65
Occupationsa]ternateas factor in duration of unemployment..........
g7
workers with, ratio of to those without........
176
experience in 10 largest, by duration of unemployment, socio-economic class, age, race,
sex ..•••••••••••••••••••.••••.•••••..••••••.• 94-96, 173
Digitized by
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INDEX
199
Occupations !continued)
presentof employed workers on r~l i~f .......••..•.-.•.. 65-67, 148
earnings and hours worked by, by race ......•.. 82-83, 165
usualexperience at, by duration of unl!lllployment,
socio-economic class, age, race, sex ..•••••. 94-96, 171
by socio-economic class of unefllploy~d, by
relief status in Dayton, Ohio .............. .
189
of unemployed on relief and gainful workers
1930, by sex •••••••..•.•.••••••••••••..•.••.
122
of unemployed on relief and all unemployed
by sex in Bridgeport, O:>nnecticut .......... .
189
of workers on relief .••••.•.••••••.•••.•••.•••
33-39
i!ldustryof .•••••••••••.•••••••.••• • •.••••••
39-42
by race and sex ••••.•.••.•..••••••••.••.•.••
118
with largest number of persons on relief ...•.•..•
36
q9-'50
with men and women unemployed from 2 to 5 years ..
See also: Industries
One-person households, race of in relief sample,
193q, relief population 1933, and urban
population 1930 .••.•..••.•.•.••••••••••••••• • •
8
Pennsylvania State F.mergency Relief Administration,
Social Survey of..............................
4n
Physical disabilities, see Disabilities, physical
Policies, of a work program, employability of
workers on relief and.........................
9<:r-100
Population, urban 1930, gainful workers in,
compared with urban relief sample 19~age, by industry and se:c...................
150
by sex.................................
19, 69
industry by socio-econOl!liC class............
q3, 126
industry, usual ••...••••••••••••••••.•.••••• q0, 70, 152
marital status •••••. :.......................
11
occupation, usual, by sex...................
122
occupational group of usual occupation......
35
sex distribution .•••••...•.•.•
19
37
socio-economic class of, by sex.............
workers per household.......................
13
·········••r••
Raceas factor in duration of unemployment ..•••...••••
of households in urban relief s;vnple 1934, relief
population 1933, urDan population 1930 ••.•••
by employability ..... . .•••••.•....•.••.••.••
by employment status •...••....•...••.••.••••
by fcl/11ily, type of ..........•..........•..••
Digitized by
BCr-94
6-8
12-1q
lq-20
~12
Google
200
INDEX
Race lcontinuedl
by household, size of •.•.••••••••••••••••••••
by marital status, sex ••.•••..•••.•.••.••••••
and nativity, of all unemployed and unemployed
on relief 16-6q years, q cities •••••••.•..•••••
of unemployed workers on relief ••••••••••••.••••••
workers, number of, on relief, of other than
white or Negro race .••..••••••••••••.•.••••..••
See also: Negroes
Relief casesearnings per, by size of case •••••••.•••••••••••••
relationship between size of and extent of
supplementary relief •••••••••••••••••••••••••••
with and without employed workers, by si~e of
7-9
11-12
183
2'>-26
25
61
6o-63
case ........................................... .
worker composition of, with members employed .•••••
Relief, supplementarycharacter and extent of ••.•.•••.••••••.••••••••••• 57-59, 1q7
61
earnings per case.................................
6o-63
relationship between and si~e of case.............
69-70
and s11bsidiution of e/\r'lings, problem of.........
Schedule used in survey .•.••.•••••••••••.•••••.•••.•
School attendance, reason for not working or not
seeking work ..•••••••.•••.•.•••••••••••.•••••••
Schooling of workers on reliefas factor in duration of unemployment •••••••••••••
by duration of •Jne"lployment, socio-econornic
class, age, race, sex ...•••.••••.••••••••••••••
by employment status, race, sex •••••.•••..••.••••.
by race, sex, occupational group ••.•••••••••• 28-31,
Sexof all unemployed workers and unemployed on
relief, 8 cities ••.•..••••...•.••••••••••••.••.
and employment stat.us .•..••••.•••.••••••••••••••••
as factor in duration of unemployment .••.•.•.•••..
race a~d, of employed workers on relief ••••...••••
and relationship to head of household of unemployed workers .••.•••••..•....•••.•••.•.•.•.•••
Shifts, occuplltionlll, see Occupational shifts
Size of households .••...••.••.•••••.•••••••.••••.••.
by race .•...•••...•.••....•.....••..•..••..••. ••••
Skill of workersby duration of unemployment •...••••••••.•••.••.•••
represented in experience of unemployed workers ...
represented among relief unemployed and total
unemployed in Dayton, Ohio ..••.•.•.•••••..••.•.
D1g1tized by
103
16
97-98
183
16-19
s9-gq
63-6q
7-9, lq
8-9
5
Google
INDEX
201
Social characteristicsof families in urban relief population •••••••••.••
fa111i ly type ••••..••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••
marital status ••••••••••••.•••••••.••••.•••.••••
9-12
11-12
5
race ....... .................................... .
6-7
size of household •••••.••••••••••••••••••.••••••
of unell!ployed workers-
7-9
age • •.•••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••• • ••••••••
26-28
race . .......................................... .
schooling ...................................... .
25-26
28-31
2"
53
sex and relationship to head of household •••••••
summary of •• ••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••
Socio-economic classschooling by, by duration of unemployment,
age, race, sex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
177
of unemployed workers with and without alternate
occupation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
of nsual occupation of unemployed workersby relief status in Dayton, Ohio...............
189
sex.........................................
37
by
Stanchfield, Paul, and Haber: Unemployment
Relief and Security, A Survey of Michigan's
Relief and Unemployment Problem, March 1936 .••.
Strikes, incidence of in 79 cities during period
of study........................................
59n, 88n
2--3
Subsidization of wages or earnings, problem of......
69-70
Summary of findings of study ••••••••••••••••••••••• xxiii-xxvii
Supplementary relief, see Relief, supplementary
Terms
used in survey, definition of.................
107
Unemployablesage of hy race, sex . ............................. .
families with .................................... .
17
reasons for not working and not seeking work ..... .
12-lij
1q-17
types of ......................................... .
16-17
See also:
gmployment status
Unemployed workers on reliefageby occupational groups, sex, race .••.•.•••••• 28, 137, Iql
by
sex.........................................
. 26
by unemployment, duration of •••••••••••••••••• 91-92, 137,
1q1, 167, 170.
depression unemployed.............................
q9-50
experience at usual occupation, by occupational
group, race, sex •.••.••••••••••••.•••••••••. 32, 137, l"l,
171, 173.
Digitized by
Google
INDEX
202
Unemployed workers on relief lcontinuedl
industry of, and of employed workers and gainful
workers 193/J, •••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••• itO, q3, 70,
126, 152.
occupation, usualand of P,ainful workers 193()....................
122
occupational group of, and of gainful workers
1930........................................
by
3~
race and sex................................
118
socio-economic class of, and of gainful
work~s 1930 ........•.•....•...........•• • ..
37
socio-economic class of with and without
alternate occupation •••••••••••••••••.••••••
pre-depre~sion unemployed •••••••••••••••••••••••••
race . ......................... • .... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
schooling of, by occupational group and sex, and
by race and sex •••••..•..•....•.••.•.•.• 31, 137, llH, 177
sex and relationship to head of household .........
2q..25
unemployment, duration o!hj' sex, and by usual industry and race, sex .... tt5, 131,
ltt3, ltt5, 179.
by socio-economic class and sex ••••••••••••••••
ti9, 131
qn
Unemployment, census of in Massachusetts ••••••••••••
Unemployment, duration of ••••••••••.•••••••••• q2--53, 129, 130,
131, 137, lttl, ltt3, ltt5.
of all unemployed and unemployed on relief,
187
5 cities ...................................... .
ana.lysi s of factors in .... ....................... .
88-89
in different industries and occupations h>• sex,
race . ........................................••
factors inage, race, sex ....................•............ ag-.gq,
experience •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 9q..97, 171,
occupation, alternate..........................
97,
occupation, usual, relationship between
length of time since last job at, and last
non-relief job ...............•.•..•...•....• . 98-99,
171
173
176
179
schooling ...................................... 97-~, 177
industries with workers having longest............
methods used in mea5uring ••.••••••••••••••••••••••
Unemplo)'lllent survey of Bridgeport, Conn., 193Q ••••••
ll6
Wages, see Earnings
Women on reliefage of . ....................................... • 67-69, ~9'1,
llll, 150, 170.
eaployment status of..............................
experience at usual occupation •• .-.................
Digitized by
1'1-20
32, l•H
Google
INDEX
203
Women on relief (continued)
industry of employed workers by race ••.......•...• 70-72, 154
marital status of, in relief 5ample and
population 1930, by race ..••..••...•..••.•.....
11-12
occupation, alternate, ratio of worker3 with
176
and workers without ••..•.....•..••.•.........••
occupations of employed workers •.•..........••....
67, 148
schooling of ................................ 29, 64, 141, 177
.socio-economic clas3 of u5ual employment ..•.• , •...
37
une1nployment, duration of ......•.......••... 44-49, 130, 131,
141, 145.
Work, rea5on5 for not seeking ...................... .
14-17
See also: Fmployment; F.1~ployment status
Work experience, see Experience, work
Work program, policies of employability of
~orkers on relief and ......•...•••.•.....•••.•.
99-100
Worker:3 on reliefage of, and of gainful 1.-orkers 1930 ............. ..
19, 117
definitio11 of ••.•...•..•..•......•••..••..•....•••
13n
employment status of by race, ::;ex ............... ..
18, 63
familie:3 without .•.. , ••...•.•..••....•.•.•.••.....
12-14
household:3 with ....•.....••....•••....••..•.••..••
14, 117
number per relief caseand in urban population by race of head ..•••..•
13-14
by size of household and race ..•..•..•...••..•.
14
sex of on relief and in population 1930 .......... .
19
See also: Employed workers; Unemployed workers.
Digitized by
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@FedFRASER