Full text of 2007 : Text File, USDL 08-0092
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Technical information: (202) 691-6378 USDL 08-0092
http://www.bls.gov/cps/
For release: 10:00 A.M. EST
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Friday, January 25, 2008
UNION MEMBERS IN 2007
In 2007, the number of workers belonging to a union rose by 311,000 to
15.7 million, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics
reported today. Union members accounted for 12.1 percent of employed wage
and salary workers, essentially unchanged from 12.0 percent in 2006. In
1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available, the
union membership rate was 20.1 percent. Some highlights from the 2007
data are:
--Workers in the public sector had a union membership rate nearly five
times that of private sector employees.
--Education, training, and library occupations had the highest unioniz-
ation rate among all occupations, at 37.2 percent, followed closely
by protective service occupations at 35.2 percent.
--Among demographic groups, the union membership rate was highest for
black men and lowest for Hispanic women.
--Wage and salary workers ages 45 to 54 (15.7 percent) and ages 55 to
64 (16.1 percent) were more likely to be union members than were
workers ages 16 to 24 (4.8 percent).
Membership by Industry and Occupation
The union membership rate for public sector workers (35.9 percent)
was substantially higher than for private industry workers (7.5 percent).
Within the public sector, local government workers had the highest union
membership rate, 41.8 percent. This group includes many workers in several
heavily unionized occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and fire
fighters. Private sector industries with high unionization rates include
transportation and utilities (22.1 percent), telecommunications (19.7 per-
cent), and construction (13.9 percent). In 2007, unionization rates were
relatively low in agriculture and related industries (1.5 percent) and in
financial activities (2.0 percent). (See table 3.)
Among occupational groups, education, training, and library occupations
(37.2 percent) and protective service occupations (35.2 percent) had the
highest unionization rates in 2007. Farming, fishing, and forestry occupa-
tions (2.7 percent) and sales and related occupations (3.3 percent) had the
lowest unionization rates. (See table 3.)
Demographic Characteristics of Union Members
In 2007, the union membership rate was higher for men (13.0 percent)
than for women (11.1 percent). (See table 1.) The gap between their rates
has narrowed considerably since 1983, when the rate for men was about 10 per-
centage points higher than the rate for women. The rates for both men and
women declined between 1983 and 2007, but the rate for men declined much more
rapidly.
Black workers were more likely to be union members (14.3 percent) than
were whites (11.8 percent), Asians (10.9 percent), or Hispanics (9.8 percent).
Within these major groups, black men had the highest union membership rate
(15.8 percent) while Hispanic women had the lowest rate (9.6 percent).
Among age groups, union membership rates were highest among workers 55 to
64 years old (16.1 percent) and 45 to 54 years old (15.7 percent). The low-
est union membership rates occurred among those ages 16 to 24 (4.8 percent).
Full-time workers were about twice as likely as part-time workers to be union
members, 13.2 compared with 6.5 percent. (See table 1.)
Union Representation of Nonmembers
About 1.6 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union on
their main job in 2007, while not being union members themselves. (See
table 1.) Slightly more than half of these workers were employed in
government. (See table 3.)
Earnings
In 2007, among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median
usual weekly earnings of $863 while those who were not represented by unions
had median weekly earnings of $663. (See table 2.) The difference reflects a
variety of influences in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agree-
ment, including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion
employees by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region. (For a
discussion of the problem of differentiating between the influence of unioniz-
ation status and the influence of other worker characteristics on employee
earnings, see "Measuring union-nonunion earnings differences," Monthly Labor
Review, June 1990.)
- 2 -
Union Membership by State
In 2007, 30 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates
below that of the U.S. average, 12.1 percent, while 20 states had higher rates.
All states in the Middle Atlantic and Pacific divisions reported union member-
ship rates above the national average and all states in the East South Central
and West South Central divisions had rates below it. Union membership rates
were down from those of 2006 in 27 states, up in 20 states, and unchanged in
3 states and the District of Columbia. (See table 5.)
Among the five states reporting union membership rates below 5.0 percent
in 2007, North Carolina posted the lowest rate (3.0 percent). The next low-
est rates were recorded in Virginia (3.7 percent), South Carolina (4.1 per-
cent), Georgia (4.4 percent), and Texas (4.7 percent). Four states had union
membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2007--New York (25.2 percent), Alaska
(23.8 percent), Hawaii (23.4 percent), and Washington (20.2 percent).
The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.5 million) and
New York (2.1 million). Nearly half (7.8 million) of the 15.7 million union
members in the U.S. lived in 6 states (California, 2.5 million; New York,
2.1 million; Illinois, 0.8 million; Michigan, 0.8 million; Pennsylvania,
0.8 million; and New Jersey, 0.7 million) though these states accounted for
only about one-third of wage and salary employment nationally.
State union membership levels depend on both the employment level and
union membership rate. Texas had less than one-quarter as many union mem-
bers as New York despite having over 1.7 million more wage and salary employ-
ees. Similarly, Tennessee and Hawaii had comparable numbers of union members
even though Tennessee�s wage and salary employment level was more than four
and one-half times that of Hawaii.
- 3 -
Technical Note
The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current Population
Survey (CPS), which provides basic information on the labor force, employ-
ment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the Bureau of
Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected
national sample of about 60,000 households. The union membership and earn-
ings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are
limited to wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded.
The data in this release are annual averages.
Union membership data for 2007 are not strictly comparable with data
for 2006 and earlier years because of the introduction of updated popula-
tion controls with the release of January data. The effect of the revised
population controls on the union membership estimates is unknown. However,
the effect of the new controls on the monthly CPS estimates was to increase
the December 2006 employment level by 153,000 and the unemployment level by
10,000. The updated controls had little or no effect on unemployment rates
and other ratios. For additional information, see "Adjustments to Household
Survey Population Estimates in January 2007" in the February 2007 issue of
Employment and Earnings, available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/
cps/cps07adj.pdf.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200, TDD message referral
phone number: 1-800-877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there
is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population
values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies de-
pending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured
by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance,
or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no
more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of
sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level
of confidence. The state section of this release preserves the long-time
practice of highlighting the direction of the movements in state union mem-
bership rates and levels regardless of their statistical significance.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error
can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of
the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the
sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct infor-
mation, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and infor-
mation on estimating standard errors, see the Household Data section of the
"Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error" at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_
methods.pdf.
- 4 -
Definitions
The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly below.
Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union.
Represented by unions. Data refer to union members, as well as workers who
have no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee
association contract.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deduc-
tions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at
the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents
were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respond-
ents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings
(hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how
much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a
basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term "usual"
is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of
"usual", interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half of
the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months.
Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings
distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and the
other having earnings below the median. The estimating procedure places each
reported or calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which are
centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is estimated through the
linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies.
Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions,
tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both the
private and public sectors, but, for the purposes of the union membership and
earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not
their businesses are incorporated.
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their
sole or principal job.
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at
their sole or principal job.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who identified themselves in
the enumeration process as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose
ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics
(Numbers in thousands)
2006 2007
Members Represented Members Represented
of by unions (2) of by unions (2)
Characteristic unions (1) unions (1)
Total Total
employed employed
Percent Percent Percent Percent
Total of Total of Total of Total of
em- em- em- em-
ployed ployed ployed ployed
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over.......................... 128,237 15,359 12.0 16,860 13.1 129,767 15,670 12.1 17,243 13.3
16 to 24 years................................... 19,538 857 4.4 978 5.0 19,395 939 4.8 1,068 5.5
25 years and over................................ 108,699 14,502 13.3 15,883 14.6 110,372 14,731 13.3 16,176 14.7
25 to 34 years.................................. 28,805 2,899 10.1 3,195 11.1 29,409 3,050 10.4 3,358 11.4
35 to 44 years.................................. 30,526 3,997 13.1 4,356 14.3 30,296 3,972 13.1 4,362 14.4
45 to 54 years.................................. 29,401 4,710 16.0 5,131 17.5 29,731 4,664 15.7 5,087 17.1
55 to 64 years.................................. 16,095 2,568 16.0 2,832 17.6 16,752 2,691 16.1 2,967 17.7
65 years and over............................... 3,872 328 8.5 370 9.5 4,183 355 8.5 402 9.6
Men, 16 years and over............................ 66,811 8,657 13.0 9,360 14.0 67,468 8,767 13.0 9,494 14.1
16 to 24 years................................... 10,130 543 5.4 608 6.0 9,959 551 5.5 627 6.3
25 years and over................................ 56,682 8,114 14.3 8,752 15.4 57,509 8,217 14.3 8,867 15.4
25 to 34 years.................................. 15,677 1,650 10.5 1,793 11.4 15,994 1,736 10.9 1,884 11.8
35 to 44 years.................................. 16,159 2,309 14.3 2,488 15.4 16,070 2,318 14.4 2,501 15.6
45 to 54 years.................................. 14,867 2,617 17.6 2,807 18.9 15,040 2,578 17.1 2,745 18.3
55 to 64 years.................................. 7,990 1,370 17.1 1,474 18.4 8,286 1,403 16.9 1,532 18.5
65 years and over............................... 1,989 167 8.4 190 9.6 2,119 181 8.5 205 9.7
Women, 16 years and over.......................... 61,426 6,702 10.9 7,501 12.2 62,299 6,903 11.1 7,749 12.4
16 to 24 years................................... 9,408 315 3.3 370 3.9 9,436 388 4.1 441 4.7
25 years and over................................ 52,018 6,388 12.3 7,131 13.7 52,863 6,514 12.3 7,308 13.8
25 to 34 years.................................. 13,127 1,249 9.5 1,401 10.7 13,416 1,313 9.8 1,474 11.0
35 to 44 years.................................. 14,368 1,687 11.7 1,867 13.0 14,226 1,653 11.6 1,861 13.1
45 to 54 years.................................. 14,534 2,093 14.4 2,325 16.0 14,691 2,086 14.2 2,341 15.9
55 to 64 years.................................. 8,106 1,198 14.8 1,358 16.8 8,466 1,288 15.2 1,435 17.0
65 years and over............................... 1,883 160 8.5 180 9.5 2,065 174 8.4 197 9.5
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY, AND SEX
White, 16 years and over.......................... 104,668 12,259 11.7 13,424 12.8 105,515 12,487 11.8 13,715 13.0
Men............................................. 55,459 7,115 12.8 7,668 13.8 55,771 7,134 12.8 7,708 13.8
Women........................................... 49,209 5,144 10.5 5,756 11.7 49,743 5,352 10.8 6,007 12.1
Black or African American, 16 years and over...... 14,878 2,163 14.5 2,391 16.1 15,177 2,165 14.3 2,403 15.8
Men............................................. 6,788 1,056 15.6 1,158 17.1 6,945 1,097 15.8 1,205 17.3
Women........................................... 8,090 1,107 13.7 1,233 15.2 8,232 1,067 13.0 1,198 14.6
Asian, 16 years and over.......................... 5,703 592 10.4 657 11.5 6,016 654 10.9 720 12.0
Men............................................. 3,015 286 9.5 316 10.5 3,168 324 10.2 348 11.0
Women........................................... 2,688 306 11.4 340 12.7 2,849 330 11.6 372 13.1
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and
over............................................. 18,121 1,770 9.8 1,935 10.7 18,778 1,837 9.8 2,026 10.8
Men............................................. 10,842 1,064 9.8 1,144 10.6 11,163 1,108 9.9 1,208 10.8
Women........................................... 7,279 706 9.7 791 10.9 7,615 728 9.6 818 10.7
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS (3)
Full-time workers................................. 106,106 13,938 13.1 15,244 14.4 107,339 14,201 13.2 15,570 14.5
Part-time workers................................. 21,863 1,382 6.3 1,573 7.2 22,172 1,437 6.5 1,635 7.4
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union
affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because
full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or
principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their
businesses are incorporated. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics
2006 2007
Characteristic Members of Repre- Members of Repre-
Total unions sented Non- Total unions sented Non-
(1) by unions union (1) by unions union
(2) (2)
AGE AND SEX
Total, 16 years and over...................... $671 $833 $827 $642 $695 $863 $857 $663
16 to 24 years............................... 409 526 523 404 424 566 551 418
25 years and over............................ 718 850 845 691 738 880 876 712
25 to 34 years.............................. 621 773 766 606 643 789 781 622
35 to 44 years.............................. 748 853 849 728 769 910 907 745
45 to 54 years.............................. 773 888 884 750 790 900 899 763
55 to 64 years.............................. 765 882 883 741 803 925 921 766
65 years and over........................... 583 675 667 573 605 634 682 597
Men, 16 years and over........................ 743 887 885 717 766 913 910 738
16 to 24 years............................... 418 526 521 413 443 567 557 432
25 years and over............................ 797 904 902 771 823 930 928 796
25 to 34 years.............................. 661 831 822 640 687 823 819 664
35 to 44 years.............................. 836 918 914 816 873 971 969 847
45 to 54 years.............................. 897 936 939 883 909 958 961 892
55 to 64 years.............................. 902 928 930 893 933 954 952 926
65 years and over........................... 658 650 653 659 686 732 776 672
Women, 16 years and over...................... 600 758 753 579 614 790 784 592
16 to 24 years............................... 395 527 529 391 409 564 540 403
25 years and over............................ 627 768 763 607 646 805 800 620
25 to 34 years.............................. 583 727 716 565 597 753 745 580
35 to 44 years.............................. 645 759 755 626 668 826 820 640
45 to 54 years.............................. 659 807 798 628 677 813 810 650
55 to 64 years.............................. 658 819 822 627 679 886 881 641
65 years and over........................... 510 690 678 495 534 582 608 520
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY, AND SEX
White, 16 years and over...................... 690 859 854 659 716 889 884 684
Men......................................... 761 909 907 735 788 937 934 757
Women....................................... 609 777 772 588 626 814 807 603
Black or African American, 16 years and
over......................................... 554 707 694 520 569 732 727 533
Men......................................... 591 745 734 557 600 768 763 573
Women....................................... 519 665 656 502 533 697 691 513
Asian, 16 years and over...................... 784 834 840 774 830 853 881 823
Men......................................... 882 838 852 888 936 867 898 940
Women....................................... 699 828 824 681 731 842 871 712
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and
over......................................... 486 686 681 469 503 736 729 487
Men......................................... 505 732 724 490 520 793 782 505
Women....................................... 440 607 614 420 473 675 672 446
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union
affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not
presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or
principal job of full- time wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their
businesses are incorporated. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry
(Numbers in thousands)
2006 2007
Members Represented Members Represented
of by unions (2) of by unions (2)
Occupation and industry unions (1) unions (1)
Total Total
employed employed
Percent Percent Percent Percent
Total of Total of Total of Total of
em- em- em- em-
ployed ployed ployed ployed
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related
occupations...................................... 43,105 5,522 12.8 6,288 14.6 44,547 5,853 13.1 6,656 14.9
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations.................................. 16,471 802 4.9 964 5.9 17,003 849 5.0 1,020 6.0
Management occupations.................... 11,260 478 4.2 595 5.3 11,656 530 4.5 633 5.4
Business and financial operations
occupations.............................. 5,210 324 6.2 369 7.1 5,348 319 6.0 386 7.2
Professional and related occupations.......... 26,635 4,721 17.7 5,324 20.0 27,543 5,004 18.2 5,636 20.5
Computer and mathematical occupations..... 3,069 133 4.3 172 5.6 3,252 157 4.8 188 5.8
Architecture and engineering occupations.. 2,669 197 7.4 236 8.9 2,744 215 7.8 240 8.7
Life, physical, and social science
occupations.............................. 1,315 130 9.9 155 11.8 1,270 113 8.9 138 10.9
Community and social services
occupations.............................. 2,099 327 15.6 356 17.0 2,187 326 14.9 375 17.1
Legal occupations......................... 1,282 68 5.3 73 5.7 1,288 71 5.5 83 6.4
Education, training, and library
occupations.............................. 7,888 2,942 37.3 3,287 41.7 8,288 3,087 37.2 3,439 41.5
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and
media occupations........................ 1,930 124 6.4 140 7.2 1,955 152 7.8 182 9.3
Healthcare practitioner and technical
occupations.............................. 6,383 800 12.5 904 14.2 6,558 883 13.5 992 15.1
Service occupations............................... 21,569 2,460 11.4 2,658 12.3 21,784 2,481 11.4 2,692 12.4
Healthcare support occupations................ 2,999 312 10.4 340 11.3 2,987 304 10.2 332 11.1
Protective service occupations................ 2,919 1,012 34.7 1,067 36.6 3,025 1,066 35.2 1,127 37.2
Food preparation and serving related
occupations.................................. 7,478 321 4.3 353 4.7 7,500 325 4.3 371 4.9
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations.................................. 4,703 507 10.8 561 11.9 4,642 497 10.7 549 11.8
Personal care and service occupations......... 3,471 307 8.9 337 9.7 3,631 289 8.0 314 8.6
Sales and office occupations...................... 32,986 2,319 7.0 2,573 7.8 32,978 2,386 7.2 2,659 8.1
Sales and related occupations................. 13,883 430 3.1 489 3.5 14,079 462 3.3 521 3.7
Office and administrative support occupations. 19,103 1,889 9.9 2,084 10.9 18,900 1,925 10.2 2,138 11.3
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations...................................... 13,366 2,138 16.0 2,248 16.8 13,325 2,252 16.9 2,363 17.7
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations.... 880 31 3.5 33 3.7 876 23 2.7 28 3.2
Construction and extraction occupations....... 7,617 1,337 17.6 1,396 18.3 7,708 1,434 18.6 1,480 19.2
Installation, maintenance, and repair
occupations.................................. 4,870 771 15.8 820 16.8 4,742 794 16.8 855 18.0
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations...................................... 17,211 2,920 17.0 3,094 18.0 17,133 2,699 15.8 2,874 16.8
Production occupations........................ 8,964 1,392 15.5 1,468 16.4 8,903 1,243 14.0 1,314 14.8
Transportation and material moving
occupations.................................. 8,247 1,528 18.5 1,626 19.7 8,231 1,456 17.7 1,560 19.0
INDUSTRY
Private sector.................................... 107,846 7,981 7.4 8,688 8.1 108,714 8,114 7.5 8,870 8.2
Agriculture and related industries................ 1,059 25 2.3 27 2.6 1,046 16 1.5 19 1.8
Nonagriculture and related industries............. 106,786 7,957 7.5 8,660 8.1 107,668 8,098 7.5 8,851 8.2
Mining......................................... 632 48 7.5 56 8.8 705 66 9.3 72 10.2
Construction................................... 8,444 1,097 13.0 1,146 13.6 8,561 1,193 13.9 1,232 14.4
Manufacturing.................................. 15,643 1,827 11.7 1,949 12.5 15,341 1,734 11.3 1,845 12.0
Durable goods ............................. 10,072 1,190 11.8 1,263 12.5 9,770 1,107 11.3 1,172 12.0
Nondurable goods .......................... 5,571 637 11.4 686 12.3 5,571 628 11.3 673 12.1
Wholesale and retail trade..................... 19,245 957 5.0 1,023 5.3 18,896 990 5.2 1,075 5.7
Wholesale trade............................ 4,100 201 4.9 215 5.2 3,951 205 5.2 224 5.7
Retail trade............................... 15,145 756 5.0 808 5.3 14,945 785 5.3 851 5.7
Transportation and utilities................... 5,299 1,227 23.2 1,287 24.3 5,488 1,211 22.1 1,282 23.4
Transportation and warehousing............. 4,459 991 22.2 1,042 23.4 4,654 974 20.9 1,037 22.3
Utilities.................................. 840 237 28.2 245 29.1 834 237 28.4 245 29.4
Information (3)................................ 3,105 372 12.0 404 13.0 3,211 389 12.1 420 13.1
Publishing, except internet................ 833 58 7.0 63 7.5 850 62 7.3 65 7.7
Motion pictures and sound recording........ 296 30 10.3 32 10.6 309 35 11.5 39 12.5
Broadcasting, except internet.............. 522 31 5.9 40 7.6 588 51 8.7 62 10.6
Telecommunications......................... 1,183 245 20.7 261 22.1 1,186 233 19.7 246 20.8
Financial activities........................... 8,841 168 1.9 206 2.3 8,858 174 2.0 215 2.4
Finance and insurance...................... 6,503 92 1.4 123 1.9 6,531 99 1.5 129 2.0
Finance............................... 4,308 52 1.2 73 1.7 4,313 55 1.3 76 1.8
Insurance............................. 2,195 40 1.8 50 2.3 2,218 45 2.0 53 2.4
Real estate and rental and leasing......... 2,338 77 3.3 82 3.5 2,327 74 3.2 86 3.7
Professional and business services............. 11,398 274 2.4 329 2.9 12,022 290 2.4 360 3.0
Professional and technical services........ 6,601 90 1.4 116 1.8 6,962 98 1.4 147 2.1
Management, administrative, and waste
services.................................. 4,798 184 3.8 213 4.4 5,060 191 3.8 213 4.2
Education and health services.................. 17,853 1,483 8.3 1,694 9.5 18,120 1,591 8.8 1,815 10.0
Educational services....................... 3,540 478 13.5 562 15.9 3,513 444 12.6 529 15.1
Health care and social assistance.......... 14,313 1,005 7.0 1,132 7.9 14,607 1,147 7.9 1,286 8.8
Leisure and hospitality........................ 10,638 326 3.1 370 3.5 10,956 302 2.8 354 3.2
Arts, entertainment, and recreation........ 1,781 112 6.3 126 7.1 1,966 122 6.2 138 7.0
Accommodation and food services............ 8,857 214 2.4 244 2.8 8,990 180 2.0 217 2.4
Accommodation.......................... 1,422 131 9.2 141 9.9 1,414 109 7.7 123 8.7
Food services and drinking places...... 7,436 83 1.1 103 1.4 7,575 70 .9 94 1.2
Other services (3)............................. 5,689 177 3.1 198 3.5 5,510 159 2.9 181 3.3
Other services, except private households.. 4,873 172 3.5 191 3.9 4,727 150 3.2 172 3.6
Public sector..................................... 20,392 7,378 36.2 8,172 40.1 21,053 7,557 35.9 8,373 39.8
Federal government.............................. 3,381 960 28.4 1,139 33.7 3,423 916 26.8 1,079 31.5
State government................................ 6,102 1,843 30.2 2,049 33.6 6,384 1,943 30.4 2,168 34.0
Local government................................ 10,908 4,575 41.9 4,984 45.7 11,246 4,698 41.8 5,126 45.6
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union
affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed
workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the
release of January data.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry
2006 2007
Occupation and industry Members of Repre- Members of Repre-
Total unions sented Non- Total unions sented Non-
(1) by unions union (1) by unions union
(2) (2)
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and related
occupations...................................... $967 $966 $962 $968 $996 $996 $992 $996
Management, business, and financial operations
occupations.................................. 1,045 1,042 1,060 1,044 1,080 1,066 1,072 1,081
Management occupations.................... 1,127 1,144 1,154 1,125 1,161 1,172 1,165 1,160
Business and financial operations
occupations.............................. 930 950 947 928 941 934 950 940
Professional and related occupations.......... 928 956 948 921 951 987 980 942
Computer and mathematical occupations..... 1,166 1,057 1,103 1,170 1,229 1,188 1,204 1,231
Architecture and engineering occupations.. 1,155 1,148 1,157 1,155 1,213 1,179 1,178 1,221
Life, physical, and social science
occupations.............................. 984 1,114 1,086 977 1,053 1,147 1,144 1,036
Community and social services occupations. 740 886 872 707 755 920 909 732
Legal occupations......................... 1,144 1,422 1,415 1,136 1,148 1,180 1,151 1,148
Education, training, and library
occupations.............................. 819 929 917 725 841 959 947 742
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and
media occupations........................ 841 968 964 823 829 1,000 1,009 807
Healthcare practitioner and technical
occupations.............................. 905 995 979 889 920 1,005 1,019 906
Service occupations............................... 422 638 629 404 454 666 654 421
Healthcare support occupations................ 423 484 481 417 454 502 502 446
Protective service occupations................ 693 918 913 585 719 954 946 610
Food preparation and serving related
occupations.................................. 371 484 482 366 385 502 495 379
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance
occupations.................................. 406 524 520 393 422 551 543 407
Personal care and service occupations......... 407 530 529 397 434 585 585 420
Sales and office occupations...................... 589 706 697 578 598 717 715 587
Sales and related occupations................. 628 671 656 627 643 648 648 643
Office and administrative support occupations. 572 713 705 549 581 726 724 560
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance
occupations...................................... 653 934 925 608 670 973 961 617
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations... 387 (3) (3) 383 372 (3) (3) 369
Construction and extraction occupations....... 619 941 933 582 646 976 968 597
Installation, maintenance, and repair
occupations.................................. 742 931 922 709 749 975 962 709
Production, transportation, and material moving
occupations...................................... 557 741 733 519 577 759 753 540
Production occupations........................ 559 730 723 525 581 761 755 552
Transportation and material moving ..
occupations.................................. 556 752 743 512 570 757 750 523
INDUSTRY
Private sector.................................... $645 $792 $785 $631 $666 $818 $813 $651
Agriculture and related industries................ 422 (3) (3) 420 412 (3) (3) 411
Nonagriculture and related industries............. 648 793 786 634 670 819 814 654
Mining......................................... 912 (3) 1,044 899 969 960 950 975
Construction................................... 642 969 956 610 673 1,000 993 624
Manufacturing.................................. 702 755 753 692 719 783 779 708
Durable goods ............................. 729 785 780 719 744 818 815 732
Nondurable goods .......................... 650 694 697 640 669 714 712 659
Wholesale and retail trade..................... 578 637 632 575 587 639 632 584
Wholesale trade............................ 725 780 778 720 720 756 753 717
Retail trade............................... 520 583 582 518 538 608 601 532
Transportation and utilities................... 739 876 876 697 738 902 894 695
Transportation and warehousing............. 700 831 828 661 696 846 835 657
Utilities.................................. 978 1,041 1,051 939 994 1,056 1,052 954
Information (4)................................ 871 998 990 841 891 1,000 994 867
Publishing, except internet................ 848 (3) 950 830 881 931 933 877
Motion pictures and sound recording........ 813 (3) (3) 748 889 (3) (3) 797
Broadcasting, except internet.............. 737 (3) (3) 722 786 (3) 1,010 770
Telecommunications......................... 947 986 982 928 951 1,003 1,000 927
Financial activities........................... 757 674 691 759 782 728 738 784
Finance and insurance...................... 794 657 674 799 820 722 746 822
Finance............................... 811 (3) 673 817 835 717 773 836
Insurance............................. 767 (3) (3) 769 795 (3) 735 799
Real estate and rental and leasing......... 663 701 700 660 691 739 718 690
Professional and business services............. 749 744 752 749 783 800 822 782
Professional and technical services........ 996 940 966 996 1,031 991 1,041 1,031
Management, administrative, and waste
services................................... 504 653 643 499 524 733 686 519
Education and health services.................. 648 751 745 635 671 779 781 657
Educational services....................... 750 816 806 737 766 824 812 754
Health care and social assistance.......... 620 703 700 614 644 752 762 632
Leisure and hospitality........................ 417 538 533 412 440 580 572 431
Arts, entertainment, and recreation........ 545 617 604 537 587 633 634 581
Accommodation and food services............ 399 515 515 395 413 534 528 410
Accommodation.......................... 490 567 570 481 492 554 546 481
Food services and drinking places...... 382 480 481 381 399 476 490 398
Other services (4)............................. 568 816 794 550 581 803 789 574
Other services, except private households.. 597 824 800 588 600 822 806 593
Public sector..................................... 773 871 865 717 816 901 896 749
Federal government.............................. 919 896 900 938 965 927 933 996
State government................................ 746 835 824 699 772 865 856 731
Local government................................ 754 876 868 656 787 907 899 688
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union
affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
4 Includes other industries, not shown separately.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless
of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January
data.
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state
(Numbers in thousands)
2006 2007
Members of Represented Members of Represented
unions (1) by unions (2) unions (1) by unions (2)
State
Total Total
employed Percent Percent employed Percent Percent
Total of Total of Total of Total of
em- em- em- em-
ployed ployed ployed ployed
Alabama......................................... 1,930 170 8.8 194 10.0 1,895 180 9.5 201 10.6
Alaska.......................................... 280 62 22.2 67 23.8 284 68 23.8 70 24.7
Arizona......................................... 2,584 197 7.6 250 9.7 2,619 230 8.8 255 9.7
Arkansas........................................ 1,130 58 5.1 67 6.0 1,154 62 5.4 75 6.5
California...................................... 14,501 2,273 15.7 2,444 16.9 14,856 2,474 16.7 2,650 17.8
Colorado........................................ 2,154 165 7.7 186 8.6 2,204 191 8.7 202 9.2
Connecticut..................................... 1,591 247 15.6 263 16.5 1,617 253 15.6 269 16.6
Delaware........................................ 396 43 10.8 45 11.4 396 47 12.0 50 12.8
District of Columbia............................ 246 25 10.3 30 12.2 278 29 10.3 38 13.6
Florida......................................... 7,676 397 5.2 497 6.5 7,741 455 5.9 562 7.3
Georgia......................................... 3,974 176 4.4 230 5.8 4,181 186 4.4 226 5.4
Hawaii.......................................... 562 139 24.7 146 25.9 556 130 23.4 135 24.2
Idaho........................................... 620 37 6.0 45 7.2 635 33 5.3 41 6.4
Illinois........................................ 5,684 931 16.4 979 17.2 5,802 842 14.5 884 15.2
Indiana......................................... 2,787 334 12.0 362 13.0 2,779 333 12.0 359 12.9
Iowa............................................ 1,424 161 11.3 199 14.0 1,417 149 10.5 185 13.1
Kansas.......................................... 1,236 99 8.0 115 9.3 1,274 89 7.0 110 8.7
Kentucky........................................ 1,752 172 9.8 196 11.2 1,734 157 9.1 192 11.1
Louisiana....................................... 1,676 107 6.4 121 7.2 1,670 94 5.6 108 6.5
Maine........................................... 584 69 11.9 79 13.5 574 67 11.7 79 13.8
Maryland........................................ 2,614 342 13.1 386 14.8 2,598 335 12.9 376 14.5
Massachusetts................................... 2,859 414 14.5 438 15.3 2,882 379 13.2 402 14.0
Michigan........................................ 4,299 842 19.6 879 20.4 4,193 819 19.5 865 20.6
Minnesota....................................... 2,479 395 16.0 416 16.8 2,460 400 16.3 419 17.0
Mississippi..................................... 1,065 60 5.6 78 7.3 1,068 72 6.7 95 8.9
Missouri........................................ 2,610 284 10.9 310 11.9 2,585 275 10.7 308 11.9
Montana......................................... 397 48 12.2 52 13.1 399 54 13.5 62 15.6
Nebraska........................................ 831 66 7.9 79 9.5 836 65 7.8 81 9.7
Nevada.......................................... 1,124 167 14.8 191 17.0 1,177 182 15.4 208 17.7
New Hampshire................................... 620 63 10.1 70 11.3 631 61 9.7 70 11.2
New Jersey...................................... 3,827 770 20.1 825 21.6 3,897 748 19.2 802 20.6
New Mexico...................................... 796 62 7.8 92 11.5 800 62 7.7 91 11.4
New York........................................ 8,115 1,981 24.4 2,060 25.4 8,150 2,055 25.2 2,146 26.3
North Carolina.................................. 3,810 126 3.3 155 4.1 3,771 114 3.0 147 3.9
North Dakota.................................... 300 20 6.8 24 8.0 303 19 6.4 23 7.6
Ohio............................................ 5,170 734 14.2 801 15.5 5,187 730 14.1 797 15.4
Oklahoma........................................ 1,453 93 6.4 112 7.7 1,456 103 7.1 124 8.5
Oregon.......................................... 1,527 211 13.8 225 14.7 1,582 227 14.3 243 15.4
Pennsylvania.................................... 5,457 745 13.6 802 14.7 5,496 830 15.1 910 16.6
Rhode Island.................................... 498 76 15.3 79 16.0 497 75 15.0 78 15.8
South Carolina.................................. 1,775 59 3.3 74 4.2 1,873 78 4.1 111 5.9
South Dakota.................................... 351 21 5.9 25 7.2 354 23 6.5 27 7.7
Tennessee....................................... 2,550 153 6.0 174 6.8 2,596 138 5.3 166 6.4
Texas........................................... 9,751 476 4.9 576 5.9 9,899 463 4.7 566 5.7
Utah............................................ 1,121 61 5.4 69 6.1 1,153 67 5.8 78 6.8
Vermont......................................... 305 34 11.0 39 12.9 288 30 10.4 35 12.2
Virginia........................................ 3,446 139 4.0 179 5.2 3,502 129 3.7 167 4.8
Washington...................................... 2,772 549 19.8 583 21.0 2,874 579 20.2 616 21.4
West Virginia................................... 710 101 14.2 110 15.5 724 97 13.3 107 14.7
Wisconsin....................................... 2,587 386 14.9 415 16.1 2,631 376 14.3 405 15.4
Wyoming......................................... 235 19 8.3 24 10.0 239 19 7.9 22 9.4
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union
affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed
workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Updated population controls are introduced annually with
the release of January data.