Full text of Union Members : 2007, USDL - 08-0092 : 2007
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News Bureau of Labor Statistics Technical information: Media contact: (202) 691-6378 http://www.bls.gov/cps/ (202) 691-5902 United States Department of Labor Washington, D.C. 20212 USDL 08-0092 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Friday, January 25, 2008 UNION MEMBERS IN 2007 In 2007, the number of workers belonging to a union rose by 311,000 to 15.7 million, the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Union members accounted for 12.1 percent of employed wage and salary workers, essentially unchanged from 12.0 percent in 2006. In 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available, the union membership rate was 20.1 percent. Some highlights from the 2007 data are: • Workers in the public sector had a union membership rate nearly five times that of private sector employees. • Education, training, and library occupations had the highest unionization rate among all occupations, at 37.2 percent, followed closely by protective service occupations at 35.2 percent. • Among demographic groups, the union membership rate was highest for black men and lowest for Hispanic women. • Wage and salary workers ages 45 to 54 (15.7 percent) and ages 55 to 64 (16.1 percent) were more likely to be union members than were workers ages 16 to 24 (4.8 percent). Membership by Industry and Occupation The union membership rate for public sector workers (35.9 percent) was substantially higher than for private industry workers (7.5 percent). Within the public sector, local government workers had the highest union membership rate, 41.8 percent. This group includes many workers in several heavily unionized occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and fire fighters. Private sector industries with high unionization rates include transportation and utilities (22.1 percent), telecommunications (19.7 percent), and construction (13.9 percent). In 2007, unionization rates were relatively low in agriculture and related industries (1.5 percent) and in financial activities (2.0 percent). (See table 3.) Among occupational groups, education, training, and library occupations (37.2 percent) and protective service occupations (35.2 percent) had the highest unionization rates in 2007. Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (2.7 percent) and sales and related occupations (3.3 percent) had the lowest unionization rates. (See table 3.) 2 Demographic Characteristics of Union Members In 2007, the union membership rate was higher for men (13.0 percent) than for women (11.1 percent). (See table 1.) The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983, when the rate for men was about 10 percentage points higher than the rate for women. The rates for both men and women declined between 1983 and 2007, but the rate for men declined much more rapidly. Black workers were more likely to be union members (14.3 percent) than were whites (11.8 percent), Asians (10.9 percent), or Hispanics (9.8 percent). Within these major groups, black men had the highest union membership rate (15.8 percent) while Hispanic women had the lowest rate (9.6 percent). Among age groups, union membership rates were highest among workers 55 to 64 years old (16.1 percent) and 45 to 54 years old (15.7 percent). The lowest union membership rates occurred among those ages 16 to 24 (4.8 percent). Full-time workers were about twice as likely as part-time workers to be union members, 13.2 compared with 6.5 percent. (See table 1.) Union Representation of Nonmembers About 1.6 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union on their main job in 2007, while not being union members themselves. (See table 1.) Slightly more than half of these workers were employed in government. (See table 3.) Earnings In 2007, among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings of $863 while those who were not represented by unions had median weekly earnings of $663. (See table 2.) The difference reflects a variety of influences in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region. (For a discussion of the problem of differentiating between the influence of unionization status and the influence of other worker characteristics on employee earnings, see “Measuring union-nonunion earnings differences,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1990.) Union Membership by State In 2007, 30 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S. average, 12.1 percent, while 20 states had higher rates. All states in the Middle Atlantic and Pacific divisions reported union membership rates above the national average and all states in the East South Central and West South Central divisions had rates below it. Union membership rates were down from those of 2006 in 27 states, up in 20 states, and unchanged in 3 states and the District of Columbia. (See table 5 and chart 1.) Among the five states reporting union membership rates below 5.0 percent in 2007, North Carolina posted the lowest rate (3.0 percent). The next lowest rates were recorded in Virginia (3.7 percent), South Carolina (4.1 percent), Georgia (4.4 percent), and Texas (4.7 percent). Four states had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2007—New York (25.2 percent), Alaska (23.8 percent), Hawaii (23.4 percent), and Washington (20.2 percent). The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.5 million) and New York (2.1 million). Nearly half (7.8 million) of the 15.7 million union members in the U.S. lived in 6 states (California, 2.5 million; New York, 2.1 million; Illinois, 0.8 million; Michigan, 0.8 million; Pennsylvania, 0.8 million; and New Jersey, 0.7 million) though these states accounted for only about one-third of wage and salary employment nationally. 3 State union membership levels depend on both the employment level and union membership rate. Texas had less than one-quarter as many union members as New York despite having over 1.7 million more wage and salary employees. Similarly, Tennessee and Hawaii had comparable numbers of union members even though Tennessee’s wage and salary employment level was more than four and one-half times that of Hawaii. Technical Note The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides basic information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 households. The union membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All selfemployed workers are excluded. The data in this release are annual averages. Union membership data for 2007 are not strictly comparable with data for 2006 and earlier years because of the introduction of updated population controls with the release of January data. The effect of the revised population controls on the union membership estimates is unknown. However, the effect of the new controls on the monthly CPS estimates was to increase the December 2006 employment level by 153,000 and the unemployment level by 10,000. The updated controls had little or no effect on unemployment rates and other ratios. For additional information, see “Adjustments to Household Survey Population Estimates in January 2007” in the February 2007 issue of Employment and Earnings, available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/cps/cps07adj.pdf. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200, TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the “true” population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90percent level of confidence. The state section of this release preserves the long-time practice of highlighting the direction of the movements in state union membership rates and levels regardless of their statistical significance. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the Household Data section of the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” at http://www.bls.gov/cps/eetech_methods. pdf. Definitions The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly below. Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. Represented by unions. Data refer to union members, as well as workers who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of "usual", interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half of the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies. Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both the private and public sectors, but, for the purposes of the union membership and earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job. Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics (Numbers in thousands) 2006 Characteristic Members of unions 1 Total employed 2007 Members of unions 1 Represented by unions 2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed 15,359 857 14,502 2,899 3,997 4,710 2,568 328 12.0 4.4 13.3 10.1 13.1 16.0 16.0 8.5 16,860 978 15,883 3,195 4,356 5,131 2,832 370 13.1 5.0 14.6 11.1 14.3 17.5 17.6 9.5 Total employed Represented by unions 2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed 129,767 19,395 110,372 29,409 30,296 29,731 16,752 4,183 15,670 939 14,731 3,050 3,972 4,664 2,691 355 12.1 4.8 13.3 10.4 13.1 15.7 16.1 8.5 17,243 1,068 16,176 3,358 4,362 5,087 2,967 402 13.3 5.5 14.7 11.4 14.4 17.1 17.7 9.6 AGE AND SEX Total, 16 years and over ........................................................... 128,237 16 to 24 years ......................................................................... 19,538 25 years and over ................................................................... 108,699 25 to 34 years ....................................................................... 28,805 35 to 44 years ....................................................................... 30,526 45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 29,401 55 to 64 years ....................................................................... 16,095 65 years and over ................................................................. 3,872 Men, 16 years and over ............................................................ 16 to 24 years ......................................................................... 25 years and over ................................................................... 25 to 34 years ....................................................................... 35 to 44 years ....................................................................... 45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 55 to 64 years ....................................................................... 65 years and over ................................................................. 66,811 10,130 56,682 15,677 16,159 14,867 7,990 1,989 8,657 543 8,114 1,650 2,309 2,617 1,370 167 13.0 5.4 14.3 10.5 14.3 17.6 17.1 8.4 9,360 608 8,752 1,793 2,488 2,807 1,474 190 14.0 6.0 15.4 11.4 15.4 18.9 18.4 9.6 67,468 9,959 57,509 15,994 16,070 15,040 8,286 2,119 8,767 551 8,217 1,736 2,318 2,578 1,403 181 13.0 5.5 14.3 10.9 14.4 17.1 16.9 8.5 9,494 627 8,867 1,884 2,501 2,745 1,532 205 14.1 6.3 15.4 11.8 15.6 18.3 18.5 9.7 Women, 16 years and over ...................................................... 16 to 24 years ......................................................................... 25 years and over ................................................................... 25 to 34 years ....................................................................... 35 to 44 years ....................................................................... 45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 55 to 64 years ....................................................................... 65 years and over ................................................................. 61,426 9,408 52,018 13,127 14,368 14,534 8,106 1,883 6,702 315 6,388 1,249 1,687 2,093 1,198 160 10.9 3.3 12.3 9.5 11.7 14.4 14.8 8.5 7,501 370 7,131 1,401 1,867 2,325 1,358 180 12.2 3.9 13.7 10.7 13.0 16.0 16.8 9.5 62,299 9,436 52,863 13,416 14,226 14,691 8,466 2,065 6,903 388 6,514 1,313 1,653 2,086 1,288 174 11.1 4.1 12.3 9.8 11.6 14.2 15.2 8.4 7,749 441 7,308 1,474 1,861 2,341 1,435 197 12.4 4.7 13.8 11.0 13.1 15.9 17.0 9.5 White, 16 years and over ........................................................ 104,668 Men ....................................................................................... 55,459 Women ................................................................................. 49,209 12,259 7,115 5,144 11.7 12.8 10.5 13,424 7,668 5,756 12.8 13.8 11.7 105,515 55,771 49,743 12,487 7,134 5,352 11.8 12.8 10.8 13,715 7,708 6,007 13.0 13.8 12.1 RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY, AND SEX Black or African American, 16 years and over ....................... Men ....................................................................................... Women ................................................................................. 14,878 6,788 8,090 2,163 1,056 1,107 14.5 15.6 13.7 2,391 1,158 1,233 16.1 17.1 15.2 15,177 6,945 8,232 2,165 1,097 1,067 14.3 15.8 13.0 2,403 1,205 1,198 15.8 17.3 14.6 Asian, 16 years and over ........................................................ Men ....................................................................................... Women ................................................................................. 5,703 3,015 2,688 592 286 306 10.4 9.5 11.4 657 316 340 11.5 10.5 12.7 6,016 3,168 2,849 654 324 330 10.9 10.2 11.6 720 348 372 12.0 11.0 13.1 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over ...................... Men ....................................................................................... Women ................................................................................. 18,121 10,842 7,279 1,770 1,064 706 9.8 9.8 9.7 1,935 1,144 791 10.7 10.6 10.9 18,778 11,163 7,615 1,837 1,108 728 9.8 9.9 9.6 2,026 1,208 818 10.8 10.8 10.7 Full-time workers .................................................................... 106,106 Part-time workers ................................................................... 21,863 13,938 1,382 13.1 6.3 15,244 1,573 14.4 7.2 107,339 22,172 14,201 1,437 13.2 6.5 15,570 1,635 14.5 7.4 FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS 3 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics 2006 Characteristic Total Members of unions 1 2007 Represented by unions 2 Nonunion Total Members of unions 1 Represented by unions 2 Nonunion AGE AND SEX Total, 16 years and over ................................................... 16 to 24 years ................................................................. 25 years and over ........................................................... 25 to 34 years ............................................................... 35 to 44 years ............................................................... 45 to 54 years ............................................................... 55 to 64 years ............................................................... 65 years and over ......................................................... $671 409 718 621 748 773 765 583 $833 526 850 773 853 888 882 675 $827 523 845 766 849 884 883 667 $642 404 691 606 728 750 741 573 $695 424 738 643 769 790 803 605 $863 566 880 789 910 900 925 634 $857 551 876 781 907 899 921 682 $663 418 712 622 745 763 766 597 Men, 16 years and over .................................................... 16 to 24 years ................................................................. 25 years and over ........................................................... 25 to 34 years ............................................................... 35 to 44 years ............................................................... 45 to 54 years ............................................................... 55 to 64 years ............................................................... 65 years and over ......................................................... 743 418 797 661 836 897 902 658 887 526 904 831 918 936 928 650 885 521 902 822 914 939 930 653 717 413 771 640 816 883 893 659 766 443 823 687 873 909 933 686 913 567 930 823 971 958 954 732 910 557 928 819 969 961 952 776 738 432 796 664 847 892 926 672 Women, 16 years and over .............................................. 16 to 24 years ................................................................. 25 years and over ........................................................... 25 to 34 years ............................................................... 35 to 44 years ............................................................... 45 to 54 years ............................................................... 55 to 64 years ............................................................... 65 years and over ......................................................... 600 395 627 583 645 659 658 510 758 527 768 727 759 807 819 690 753 529 763 716 755 798 822 678 579 391 607 565 626 628 627 495 614 409 646 597 668 677 679 534 790 564 805 753 826 813 886 582 784 540 800 745 820 810 881 608 592 403 620 580 640 650 641 520 White, 16 years and over ................................................ Men ............................................................................... Women ......................................................................... 690 761 609 859 909 777 854 907 772 659 735 588 716 788 626 889 937 814 884 934 807 684 757 603 Black or African American, 16 years and over ............... Men ............................................................................... Women ......................................................................... 554 591 519 707 745 665 694 734 656 520 557 502 569 600 533 732 768 697 727 763 691 533 573 513 Asian, 16 years and over ................................................ Men ............................................................................... Women ......................................................................... 784 882 699 834 838 828 840 852 824 774 888 681 830 936 731 853 867 842 881 898 871 823 940 712 Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over .............. Men ............................................................................... Women ......................................................................... 486 505 440 686 732 607 681 724 614 469 490 420 503 520 473 736 793 675 729 782 672 487 505 446 RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY, AND SEX 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- time wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry (Numbers in thousands) 2006 Occupation and industry Members of unions 1 Total employed 2007 Members of unions 1 Represented by unions 2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed 43,105 5,522 12.8 6,288 14.6 16,471 11,260 5,210 26,635 3,069 2,669 1,315 2,099 1,282 7,888 802 478 324 4,721 133 197 130 327 68 2,942 4.9 4.2 6.2 17.7 4.3 7.4 9.9 15.6 5.3 37.3 964 595 369 5,324 172 236 155 356 73 3,287 1,930 6,383 21,569 2,999 2,919 7,478 124 800 2,460 312 1,012 321 6.4 12.5 11.4 10.4 34.7 4.3 4,703 3,471 32,986 13,883 19,103 507 307 2,319 430 1,889 13,366 880 7,617 4,870 17,211 8,964 8,247 Total employed Represented by unions 2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed 44,547 5,853 13.1 6,656 14.9 5.9 5.3 7.1 20.0 5.6 8.9 11.8 17.0 5.7 41.7 17,003 11,656 5,348 27,543 3,252 2,744 1,270 2,187 1,288 8,288 849 530 319 5,004 157 215 113 326 71 3,087 5.0 4.5 6.0 18.2 4.8 7.8 8.9 14.9 5.5 37.2 1,020 633 386 5,636 188 240 138 375 83 3,439 6.0 5.4 7.2 20.5 5.8 8.7 10.9 17.1 6.4 41.5 140 904 2,658 340 1,067 353 7.2 14.2 12.3 11.3 36.6 4.7 1,955 6,558 21,784 2,987 3,025 7,500 152 883 2,481 304 1,066 325 7.8 13.5 11.4 10.2 35.2 4.3 182 992 2,692 332 1,127 371 9.3 15.1 12.4 11.1 37.2 4.9 10.8 8.9 7.0 3.1 9.9 561 337 2,573 489 2,084 11.9 9.7 7.8 3.5 10.9 4,642 3,631 32,978 14,079 18,900 497 289 2,386 462 1,925 10.7 8.0 7.2 3.3 10.2 549 314 2,659 521 2,138 11.8 8.6 8.1 3.7 11.3 2,138 31 1,337 771 16.0 3.5 17.6 15.8 2,248 33 1,396 820 16.8 3.7 18.3 16.8 13,325 876 7,708 4,742 2,252 23 1,434 794 16.9 2.7 18.6 16.8 2,363 28 1,480 855 17.7 3.2 19.2 18.0 2,920 1,392 1,528 17.0 15.5 18.5 3,094 1,468 1,626 18.0 16.4 19.7 17,133 8,903 8,231 2,699 1,243 1,456 15.8 14.0 17.7 2,874 1,314 1,560 16.8 14.8 19.0 OCCUPATION Management, professional, and related occupations ............... Management, business, and financial operations occupations ....................................................................... Management occupations ................................................ Business and financial operations occupations ................ Professional and related occupations ................................... Computer and mathematical occupations ........................ Architecture and engineering occupations ....................... Life, physical, and social science occupations ................. Community and social services occupations .................... Legal occupations ............................................................. Education, training, and library occupations ..................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations .................................................................... Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ........... Service occupations ................................................................. Healthcare support occupations ........................................... Protective service occupations ............................................. Food preparation and serving related occupations .............. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ........................................................................ Personal care and service occupations ................................ Sales and office occupations .................................................... Sales and related occupations ............................................. Office and administrative support occupations ..................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ............................................................................ Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................... Construction and extraction occupations .............................. Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............... Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ............................................................................ Production occupations ........................................................ Transportation and material moving occupations ................. See footnotes at end of table. Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry—Continued (Numbers in thousands) 2006 Occupation and industry Members of unions 1 Total employed 2007 Members of unions 1 Represented by unions 2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed Private sector ............................................................................ 107,846 Agriculture and related industries ............................................. 1,059 Nonagriculture and related industries ....................................... 106,786 Mining .................................................................................... 632 Construction .......................................................................... 8,444 Manufacturing ........................................................................ 15,643 Durable goods .................................................................. 10,072 Nondurable goods ............................................................ 5,571 Wholesale and retail trade ..................................................... 19,245 Wholesale trade ................................................................. 4,100 Retail trade ........................................................................ 15,145 Transportation and utilities .................................................... 5,299 Transportation and warehousing ....................................... 4,459 Utilities ............................................................................... 840 3 3,105 Information .......................................................................... Publishing, except internet ................................................ 833 Motion pictures and sound recording ................................ 296 Broadcasting, except internet ............................................ 522 Telecommunications .......................................................... 1,183 Financial activities ................................................................. 8,841 Finance and insurance ...................................................... 6,503 Finance ......................................................................... 4,308 Insurance ...................................................................... 2,195 Real estate and rental and leasing .................................... 2,338 Professional and business services ...................................... 11,398 Professional and technical services .................................. 6,601 Management, administrative, and waste services ............. 4,798 Education and health services ............................................... 17,853 Educational services .......................................................... 3,540 Health care and social assistance ..................................... 14,313 Leisure and hospitality ........................................................... 10,638 Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................... 1,781 Accommodation and food services .................................... 8,857 Accommodation ............................................................. 1,422 Food services and drinking places ................................ 7,436 5,689 Other services 3 ..................................................................... Other services, except private households ........................ 4,873 7,981 25 7,957 48 1,097 1,827 1,190 637 957 201 756 1,227 991 237 372 58 30 31 245 168 92 52 40 77 274 90 184 1,483 478 1,005 326 112 214 131 83 177 172 7.4 2.3 7.5 7.5 13.0 11.7 11.8 11.4 5.0 4.9 5.0 23.2 22.2 28.2 12.0 7.0 10.3 5.9 20.7 1.9 1.4 1.2 1.8 3.3 2.4 1.4 3.8 8.3 13.5 7.0 3.1 6.3 2.4 9.2 1.1 3.1 3.5 8,688 27 8,660 56 1,146 1,949 1,263 686 1,023 215 808 1,287 1,042 245 404 63 32 40 261 206 123 73 50 82 329 116 213 1,694 562 1,132 370 126 244 141 103 198 191 8.1 2.6 8.1 8.8 13.6 12.5 12.5 12.3 5.3 5.2 5.3 24.3 23.4 29.1 13.0 7.5 10.6 7.6 22.1 2.3 1.9 1.7 2.3 3.5 2.9 1.8 4.4 9.5 15.9 7.9 3.5 7.1 2.8 9.9 1.4 3.5 3.9 Public sector ............................................................................. Federal government ............................................................... State government ................................................................... Local government ................................................................... 7,378 960 1,843 4,575 36.2 28.4 30.2 41.9 8,172 1,139 2,049 4,984 40.1 33.7 33.6 45.7 Total employed Represented by unions 2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed 108,714 1,046 107,668 705 8,561 15,341 9,770 5,571 18,896 3,951 14,945 5,488 4,654 834 3,211 850 309 588 1,186 8,858 6,531 4,313 2,218 2,327 12,022 6,962 5,060 18,120 3,513 14,607 10,956 1,966 8,990 1,414 7,575 5,510 4,727 8,114 16 8,098 66 1,193 1,734 1,107 628 990 205 785 1,211 974 237 389 62 35 51 233 174 99 55 45 74 290 98 191 1,591 444 1,147 302 122 180 109 70 159 150 7.5 1.5 7.5 9.3 13.9 11.3 11.3 11.3 5.2 5.2 5.3 22.1 20.9 28.4 12.1 7.3 11.5 8.7 19.7 2.0 1.5 1.3 2.0 3.2 2.4 1.4 3.8 8.8 12.6 7.9 2.8 6.2 2.0 7.7 .9 2.9 3.2 8,870 19 8,851 72 1,232 1,845 1,172 673 1,075 224 851 1,282 1,037 245 420 65 39 62 246 215 129 76 53 86 360 147 213 1,815 529 1,286 354 138 217 123 94 181 172 8.2 1.8 8.2 10.2 14.4 12.0 12.0 12.1 5.7 5.7 5.7 23.4 22.3 29.4 13.1 7.7 12.5 10.6 20.8 2.4 2.0 1.8 2.4 3.7 3.0 2.1 4.2 10.0 15.1 8.8 3.2 7.0 2.4 8.7 1.2 3.3 3.6 21,053 3,423 6,384 11,246 7,557 916 1,943 4,698 35.9 26.8 30.4 41.8 8,373 1,079 2,168 5,126 39.8 31.5 34.0 45.6 INDUSTRY 20,392 3,381 6,102 10,908 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Includes other industries, not shown separately. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry 2006 Occupation and industry Total Members of unions 1 2007 Represented by unions 2 Nonunion Total Members of unions 1 Represented by unions 2 Nonunion OCCUPATION Management, professional, and related occupations ........... Management, business, and financial operations occupations ................................................................... Management occupations ............................................ Business and financial operations occupations ............ Professional and related occupations ............................... Computer and mathematical occupations .................... Architecture and engineering occupations ................... Life, physical, and social science occupations ............. Community and social services occupations ................ Legal occupations ......................................................... Education, training, and library occupations ................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ................................................................ Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ....... Service occupations ............................................................. Healthcare support occupations ....................................... Protective service occupations ......................................... Food preparation and serving related occupations .......... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations .................................................................... Personal care and service occupations ............................ Sales and office occupations ................................................ Sales and related occupations ......................................... Office and administrative support occupations ................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ........................................................................ Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ....................... Construction and extraction occupations .......................... Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ........... Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ........................................................................ Production occupations .................................................... Transportation and material moving occupations ............. See footnotes at end of table. $967 $966 $962 $968 $996 $996 $992 $996 1,045 1,127 930 928 1,166 1,155 984 740 1,144 819 1,042 1,144 950 956 1,057 1,148 1,114 886 1,422 929 1,060 1,154 947 948 1,103 1,157 1,086 872 1,415 917 1,044 1,125 928 921 1,170 1,155 977 707 1,136 725 1,080 1,161 941 951 1,229 1,213 1,053 755 1,148 841 1,066 1,172 934 987 1,188 1,179 1,147 920 1,180 959 1,072 1,165 950 980 1,204 1,178 1,144 909 1,151 947 1,081 1,160 940 942 1,231 1,221 1,036 732 1,148 742 841 905 422 423 693 371 968 995 638 484 918 484 964 979 629 481 913 482 823 889 404 417 585 366 829 920 454 454 719 385 1,000 1,005 666 502 954 502 1,009 1,019 654 502 946 495 807 906 421 446 610 379 406 407 589 628 572 524 530 706 671 713 520 529 697 656 705 393 397 578 627 549 422 434 598 643 581 551 585 717 648 726 543 585 715 648 724 407 420 587 643 560 653 387 619 742 934 (3) 941 931 925 (3) 933 922 608 383 582 709 670 372 646 749 973 (3) 976 975 961 (3) 968 962 617 369 597 709 557 559 556 741 730 752 733 723 743 519 525 512 577 581 570 759 761 757 753 755 750 540 552 523 Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry—Continued 2006 Occupation and industry Total Members of unions 1 2007 Represented by unions 2 Nonunion Total Members of unions 1 Represented by unions 2 Nonunion INDUSTRY Private sector ........................................................................ Agriculture and related industries ......................................... Nonagriculture and related industries ................................... Mining ................................................................................ Construction ...................................................................... Manufacturing .................................................................... Durable goods .............................................................. Nondurable goods ........................................................ Wholesale and retail trade ................................................. Wholesale trade ............................................................. Retail trade .................................................................... Transportation and utilities ................................................ Transportation and warehousing ................................... Utilities ........................................................................... Information 4 ...................................................................... Publishing, except internet ............................................ Motion pictures and sound recording ............................ Broadcasting, except internet ........................................ Telecommunications ...................................................... Financial activities ............................................................. Finance and insurance .................................................. Finance ..................................................................... Insurance .................................................................. Real estate and rental and leasing ................................ Professional and business services .................................. Professional and technical services .............................. Management, administrative, and waste services ......... Education and health services ........................................... Educational services ...................................................... Health care and social assistance ................................. Leisure and hospitality ....................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ............................... Accommodation and food services ................................ Accommodation ......................................................... Food services and drinking places ............................ Other services 4 ................................................................. Other services, except private households .................... $645 422 648 912 642 702 729 650 578 725 520 739 700 978 871 848 813 737 947 757 794 811 767 663 749 996 504 648 750 620 417 545 399 490 382 568 597 $792 (3) 793 (3) 969 755 785 694 637 780 583 876 831 1,041 998 (3) 3 ( ) (3) 986 674 657 (3) 3 ( ) 701 744 940 653 751 816 703 538 617 515 567 480 816 824 $785 (3) 786 1,044 956 753 780 697 632 778 582 876 828 1,051 990 950 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 982 691 674 673 3 ( ) 700 752 966 643 745 806 700 533 604 515 570 481 794 800 $631 420 634 899 610 692 719 640 575 720 518 697 661 939 841 830 748 722 928 759 799 817 769 660 749 996 499 635 737 614 412 537 395 481 381 550 588 $666 412 670 969 673 719 744 669 587 720 538 738 696 994 891 881 889 786 951 782 820 835 795 691 783 1,031 524 671 766 644 440 587 413 492 399 581 600 $818 (3) 819 960 1,000 783 818 714 639 756 608 902 846 1,056 1,000 931 (3) 3 ( ) 1,003 728 722 717 3 ( ) 739 800 991 733 779 824 752 580 633 534 554 476 803 822 $813 (3) 814 950 993 779 815 712 632 753 601 894 835 1,052 994 933 3 ( ) 1,010 1,000 738 746 773 735 718 822 1,041 686 781 812 762 572 634 528 546 490 789 806 $651 411 654 975 624 708 732 659 584 717 532 695 657 954 867 877 797 770 927 784 822 836 799 690 782 1,031 519 657 754 632 431 581 410 481 398 574 593 Public sector ......................................................................... Federal government ........................................................... State government ............................................................... Local government ............................................................... 773 919 746 754 871 896 835 876 865 900 824 868 717 938 699 656 816 965 772 787 901 927 865 907 896 933 856 899 749 996 731 688 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. 4 Includes other industries, not shown separately. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state (Numbers in thousands) 2006 Members of unions 1 State Total employed Total Percent of employed 2007 Represented by unions 2 Total Percent of employed Members of unions 1 Total employed Total Percent of employed Represented by unions 2 Total Percent of employed Alabama ............................................................................... Alaska ................................................................................... Arizona ................................................................................. Arkansas ............................................................................... California .............................................................................. Colorado ............................................................................... Connecticut ........................................................................... Delaware .............................................................................. District of Columbia .............................................................. Florida ................................................................................... 1,930 280 2,584 1,130 14,501 2,154 1,591 396 246 7,676 170 62 197 58 2,273 165 247 43 25 397 8.8 22.2 7.6 5.1 15.7 7.7 15.6 10.8 10.3 5.2 194 67 250 67 2,444 186 263 45 30 497 10.0 23.8 9.7 6.0 16.9 8.6 16.5 11.4 12.2 6.5 1,895 284 2,619 1,154 14,856 2,204 1,617 396 278 7,741 180 68 230 62 2,474 191 253 47 29 455 9.5 23.8 8.8 5.4 16.7 8.7 15.6 12.0 10.3 5.9 201 70 255 75 2,650 202 269 50 38 562 10.6 24.7 9.7 6.5 17.8 9.2 16.6 12.8 13.6 7.3 Georgia ................................................................................. Hawaii ................................................................................... Idaho ..................................................................................... Illinois .................................................................................... Indiana .................................................................................. Iowa ...................................................................................... Kansas .................................................................................. Kentucky ............................................................................... Louisiana .............................................................................. Maine .................................................................................... 3,974 562 620 5,684 2,787 1,424 1,236 1,752 1,676 584 176 139 37 931 334 161 99 172 107 69 4.4 24.7 6.0 16.4 12.0 11.3 8.0 9.8 6.4 11.9 230 146 45 979 362 199 115 196 121 79 5.8 25.9 7.2 17.2 13.0 14.0 9.3 11.2 7.2 13.5 4,181 556 635 5,802 2,779 1,417 1,274 1,734 1,670 574 186 130 33 842 333 149 89 157 94 67 4.4 23.4 5.3 14.5 12.0 10.5 7.0 9.1 5.6 11.7 226 135 41 884 359 185 110 192 108 79 5.4 24.2 6.4 15.2 12.9 13.1 8.7 11.1 6.5 13.8 Maryland ............................................................................... Massachusetts ...................................................................... Michigan ............................................................................... Minnesota ............................................................................. Mississippi ............................................................................ Missouri ................................................................................ Montana ................................................................................ Nebraska .............................................................................. Nevada ................................................................................. New Hampshire .................................................................... 2,614 2,859 4,299 2,479 1,065 2,610 397 831 1,124 620 342 414 842 395 60 284 48 66 167 63 13.1 14.5 19.6 16.0 5.6 10.9 12.2 7.9 14.8 10.1 386 438 879 416 78 310 52 79 191 70 14.8 15.3 20.4 16.8 7.3 11.9 13.1 9.5 17.0 11.3 2,598 2,882 4,193 2,460 1,068 2,585 399 836 1,177 631 335 379 819 400 72 275 54 65 182 61 12.9 13.2 19.5 16.3 6.7 10.7 13.5 7.8 15.4 9.7 376 402 865 419 95 308 62 81 208 70 14.5 14.0 20.6 17.0 8.9 11.9 15.6 9.7 17.7 11.2 New Jersey ........................................................................... New Mexico .......................................................................... New York .............................................................................. North Carolina ...................................................................... North Dakota ........................................................................ Ohio ...................................................................................... Oklahoma ............................................................................. Oregon .................................................................................. Pennsylvania ........................................................................ Rhode Island ........................................................................ 3,827 796 8,115 3,810 300 5,170 1,453 1,527 5,457 498 770 62 1,981 126 20 734 93 211 745 76 20.1 7.8 24.4 3.3 6.8 14.2 6.4 13.8 13.6 15.3 825 92 2,060 155 24 801 112 225 802 79 21.6 11.5 25.4 4.1 8.0 15.5 7.7 14.7 14.7 16.0 3,897 800 8,150 3,771 303 5,187 1,456 1,582 5,496 497 748 62 2,055 114 19 730 103 227 830 75 19.2 7.7 25.2 3.0 6.4 14.1 7.1 14.3 15.1 15.0 802 91 2,146 147 23 797 124 243 910 78 20.6 11.4 26.3 3.9 7.6 15.4 8.5 15.4 16.6 15.8 South Carolina ...................................................................... South Dakota ........................................................................ Tennessee ............................................................................ Texas .................................................................................... Utah ...................................................................................... Vermont ................................................................................ Virginia .................................................................................. Washington ........................................................................... West Virginia ........................................................................ Wisconsin ............................................................................. Wyoming ............................................................................... 1,775 351 2,550 9,751 1,121 305 3,446 2,772 710 2,587 235 59 21 153 476 61 34 139 549 101 386 19 3.3 5.9 6.0 4.9 5.4 11.0 4.0 19.8 14.2 14.9 8.3 74 25 174 576 69 39 179 583 110 415 24 4.2 7.2 6.8 5.9 6.1 12.9 5.2 21.0 15.5 16.1 10.0 1,873 354 2,596 9,899 1,153 288 3,502 2,874 724 2,631 239 78 23 138 463 67 30 129 579 97 376 19 4.1 6.5 5.3 4.7 5.8 10.4 3.7 20.2 13.3 14.3 7.9 111 27 166 566 78 35 167 616 107 405 22 5.9 7.7 6.4 5.7 6.8 12.2 4.8 21.4 14.7 15.4 9.4 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Updated population controls are introduced annually with the release of January data. Pacific ALASKA CALIF. ORE. NEV. WASH. HAWAII ARIZ. UTAH IDAHO N.M. COLO. WYO. MONT. Mountain TEXAS LA. ARK. MO. IOWA MINN. West South Central OKLA. KAN. NEB. S.D. N.D. West North Central ALA. TENN. IND. KY. MICH. OHIO GA. FLA. S.C. W.VA. N.C. VA. MD. PA. # N.Y. # # South Atlantic DEL. 4.9% or less 5.0% - 9.9% 10.0% - 14.9% 15.0% - 19.9% 20.0% or more D.C. CONN. R.I. # # MASS. MAINE N.H. N.J. # VT. New England Middle Atlantic East North Central East South Central MISS. ILL. WIS. (U.S. rate = 12.1 percent) Chart 1. Union Membership rates by state, 2007 annual averages