Full text of Union Members : 2004, USDL - 05-112 : 2004
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1 Technical information: Media contact: (202) 691-6378 http://www.bls.gov/cps/ 691-5902 USDL 05-112 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Thursday, January 27, 2005 UNION MEMBERS IN 2004 In 2004, 12.5 percent of wage and salary workers were union members, down from 12.9 percent in 2003, the U.S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The union membership rate has steadily declined from a high of 20.1 percent in 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available. Some highlights from the 2004 data are: • About 36 percent of government workers were union members in 2004, compared with about 8 per. cent of workers in private-sector industries. • Two occupational groups—education, training, and library occupations and protective service occupations—had the highest unionization rates in 2004, at about 37 percent each. Protective service occupations include fire fighters and police officers. • Men were more likely to be union members than women. • Black workers were more likely to be union members than were white, Asian, or Hispanic or Latino workers. Membership by Industry and Occupation In 2004, workers in the public sector had a union membership rate more than four times that of privatesector employees. At 36.4 percent, the unionization rate for government workers was down slightly from 37.2 percent a year earlier. The rate for private industry workers, at 7.9 percent in 2004, was about half what it had been in 1983. Within the public sector, local government workers had the highest union membership rate, 41.3 percent. This group includes several heavily unionized occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and fire fighters. Among major private industries, transportation and utilities had the highest union membership rate, at 24.9 percent. Construction (14.7 percent), information industries (14.2 percent), and manufacturing (12.9 percent) also had higher-than-average rates. Within the information industry, telecommunications had a 22.4 percent union membership rate. Financial activities had the lowest unionization rate in 2004—2.0 percent. (See table 3.) Among occupational groups, education, training, and library occupations (37.6 percent) and protective service workers (37.3 percent) had the highest unionization rates in 2004. Construction and extraction occupations (19.6 percent), installation, maintenance, and repair occupations (19.4 percent), transportation and material moving occupations (18.8 percent), community and social services occupations (17.4 percent), and production occupations (16.3 percent) also had higher-than-average rates. Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (3.1 percent) and sales and related occupations (3.6 percent) had the lowest unionization rates. (See table 3.) 2 Demographic Characteristics of Union Members In 2004, the union membership rate was higher for men (13.8 percent) than for women (11.1 percent). The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983, when the rate for men was 10 percentage points higher than the rate for women. This narrowing occurred because the union membership rate for men declined more rapidly than the rate for women over the period. (See table 1.) Blacks were more likely to be union members (15.1 percent) than were whites (12.2 percent), Asians (11.4 percent), or Hispanics or Latinos (10.1 percent). Among age groups, union membership rates were highest among workers 45 to 54 years old (17.0 percent) and were lowest among those ages 16 to 24 (4.7 percent). Full-time workers were more than twice as likely as part-time workers to be union members, 13.9 and 6.4 percent, respectively. (See table 1.) Union Representation of Nonmembers About 1.6 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union on their main job in 2004, while not being union members themselves. (See table 1.) About half of these workers were employed in government. (See table 3.) Earnings In 2004, full-time wage and salary workers who were union members had median usual weekly earnings of $781, compared with a median of $612 for wage and salary workers who were not represented by unions. (See table 2.) The difference reflects a variety of influences in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region. (For a discussion of the problem of differentiating between the influence of unionization status and the influence of other worker characteristics on employee earnings, see “Measuring union-nonunion earnings differences,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1990.) Union Membership by State In 2004, 32 states had union membership rates below that of the U.S. average, 12.5 percent, while 17 states and the District of Columbia had higher rates. All states in the Middle Atlantic and Pacific divisions again reported union membership rates above the national average, while all states in the East South Central and West South Central divisions continued to have rates below it. The states in the Mountain division also recorded union membership rates at or below that of the U.S. (See table 5 and chart 1.) Four states had union membership rates over 20 percent in 2004—New York (25.3 percent), Hawaii (23.7 percent), Michigan (21.6 percent), and Alaska (20.1 percent). All four states have had rates above 20 percent every year since data became regularly available in 1995. Four states reported union membership rates below 5 percent in 2004. North Carolina and South Carolina continued to record the lowest union membership rates, 2.7 and 3.0 percent, respectively. These two states have had the lowest union membership rates each year since the state series became available. Arkansas and Mississippi had the next lowest union membership rates, 4.8 percent each in 2004. The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.4 million) and New York (2.0 million). About half (7.8 million) of the 15.5 million union members in the U.S. lived in six states (California, New York, Michigan, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Ohio), although these states accounted for just over one-third of wage and salary employment nationally. 3 The number of union members in a state depends on both its employment level and its union membership rate. Texas (the second largest state in terms of the number of wage and salary workers) had less than onefourth as many union members as New York (the third largest), despite having nearly 1.2 million more wage and salary employees. Similarly, Florida (the fourth largest state) and Wisconsin (the sixteenth) had the same number of union members, even though Florida’s wage and salary employment level was more than two and one-half times that of Wisconsin. Technical Note The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides the basic information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 households. The union membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. All selfemployed workers are excluded. Union membership data for 2004 are not strictly comparable with data for 2003 and earlier years because of the introduction in January 2004 of revised population controls used in the CPS. The effect of the revised population controls on the union membership estimates is unknown. However, the effect of the new controls on the monthly CPS estimates was to decrease the January 2004 employment level by 409,000 and the unemployment level by 27,000 relative to the December 2003 level. The updated controls had little or no effect on unemployment rates and other ratios. For additional information, see “Adjustments to Household Survey Population Estimates in January 2004” in the February 2004 issue of Employment and Earnings, available on the Internet at http://www.bls.gov/cps/ cps04adj.pdf. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200, TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the “true” population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the “true” population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90percent level of confidence. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the “Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error” section of Employment and Earnings. Definitions The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly below. Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. Represented by unions. Data refer to union members, as well as workers who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half of the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies. Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both the private and public sectors, but, for the purposes of the union membership and earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job. Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics (Numbers in thousands) 2003 Members of unions1 Characteristic Total employed 2004 Represented by unions2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed Members of unions1 Total employed Represented by unions2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed AGE AND SEX Total, 16 years and over .......................................................... 16 to 24 years ......................................................................... 25 years and over ................................................................... 25 to 34 years ........................................................................ 35 to 44 years ........................................................................ 45 to 54 years ........................................................................ 55 to 64 years ........................................................................ 65 years and over .................................................................. 122,358 18,904 103,454 28,179 30,714 27,567 13,633 3,361 15,776 966 14,810 3,097 4,308 4,848 2,300 258 12.9 5.1 14.3 11.0 14.0 17.6 16.9 7.7 17,448 1,124 16,324 3,455 4,717 5,307 2,547 297 14.3 5.9 15.8 12.3 15.4 19.3 18.7 8.8 123,554 19,109 104,444 28,202 30,470 28,039 14,239 3,495 15,472 890 14,581 2,982 4,173 4,771 2,390 264 12.5 4.7 14.0 10.6 13.7 17.0 16.8 7.5 17,087 1,019 16,069 3,316 4,590 5,233 2,617 314 13.8 5.3 15.4 11.8 15.1 18.7 18.4 9.0 Men, 16 years and over .......................................................... 16 to 24 years ........................................................................ 25 years and over .................................................................. 25 to 34 years ....................................................................... 35 to 44 years ....................................................................... 45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 55 to 64 years ....................................................................... 65 years and over ................................................................. 63,236 9,683 53,553 15,263 16,080 13,723 6,776 1,710 9,044 595 8,450 1,826 2,535 2,684 1,271 133 14.3 6.1 15.8 12.0 15.8 19.6 18.8 7.8 9,848 685 9,163 2,005 2,735 2,891 1,377 155 15.6 7.1 17.1 13.1 17.0 21.1 20.3 9.0 64,145 9,835 54,310 15,391 16,035 14,026 7,117 1,741 8,878 557 8,321 1,722 2,449 2,699 1,309 142 13.8 5.7 15.3 11.2 15.3 19.2 18.4 8.2 9,638 627 9,010 1,873 2,658 2,903 1,414 163 15.0 6.4 16.6 12.2 16.6 20.7 19.9 9.4 Women, 16 years and over .................................................... 16 to 24 years ........................................................................ 25 years and over .................................................................. 25 to 34 years ....................................................................... 35 to 44 years ....................................................................... 45 to 54 years ....................................................................... 55 to 64 years ....................................................................... 65 years and over ................................................................. 59,122 9,221 49,901 12,916 14,634 13,844 6,857 1,651 6,732 371 6,360 1,270 1,773 2,163 1,029 125 11.4 4.0 12.7 9.8 12.1 15.6 15.0 7.6 7,601 439 7,161 1,451 1,982 2,416 1,170 142 12.9 4.8 14.4 11.2 13.5 17.5 17.1 8.6 59,408 9,274 50,134 12,811 14,435 14,014 7,122 1,753 6,593 333 6,260 1,261 1,725 2,072 1,081 121 11.1 3.6 12.5 9.8 11.9 14.8 15.2 6.9 7,450 391 7,058 1,443 1,931 2,330 1,203 151 12.5 4.2 14.1 11.3 13.4 16.6 16.9 8.6 White, 16 years and over ........................................................ 100,589 Men ....................................................................................... 52,827 Women ................................................................................. 47,762 12,535 7,378 5,157 12.5 14.0 10.8 13,849 8,016 5,834 13.8 15.2 12.2 101,340 53,432 47,908 12,381 7,260 5,121 12.2 13.6 10.7 13,657 7,854 5,803 13.5 14.7 12.1 Black or African American, 16 years and over ....................... 13,928 Men ....................................................................................... 6,302 Women ................................................................................. 7,626 2,298 1,153 1,145 16.5 18.3 15.0 2,540 1,249 1,291 18.2 19.8 16.9 14,090 6,409 7,681 2,130 1,085 1,045 15.1 16.9 13.6 2,355 1,185 1,170 16.7 18.5 15.2 5,096 2,699 2,397 581 296 285 11.4 11.0 11.9 659 346 313 12.9 12.8 13.1 5,280 2,815 2,465 603 328 275 11.4 11.7 11.1 670 371 299 12.7 13.2 12.1 Hispanic or Latino, 16 years and over .................................... 16,068 Men ....................................................................................... 9,567 Women ................................................................................. 6,501 1,712 1,050 662 10.7 11.0 10.2 1,913 1,160 753 11.9 12.1 11.6 16,533 9,857 6,676 1,676 1,016 661 10.1 10.3 9.9 1,888 1,130 758 11.4 11.5 11.4 14,263 1,479 14.2 6.8 15,732 1,679 15.7 7.7 101,224 22,047 14,029 1,406 13.9 6.4 15,463 1,587 15.3 7.2 RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY Asian, 16 years and over ........................................................ Men ....................................................................................... Women ................................................................................. FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS3 Full-time workers .................................................................... 100,302 Part-time workers ................................................................... 21,809 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. NOTE: Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as "Hispanic or Latino" may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics 2003 2004 Total Members of unions1 Represented by unions2 Nonunion Total Members of unions1 Represented by unions2 Nonunion Total, 16 years and over .............................................. 16 to 24 years ............................................................. 25 years and over ....................................................... 25 to 34 years ............................................................ 35 to 44 years ............................................................ 45 to 54 years ............................................................ 55 to 64 years ............................................................ 65 years and over ...................................................... $620 387 662 594 687 723 708 516 $760 497 774 707 787 812 797 619 $755 494 770 701 783 807 798 624 $599 381 636 580 665 695 678 504 $638 390 683 604 713 743 725 560 $781 498 798 724 813 834 835 728 $776 494 793 717 808 831 835 744 $612 385 656 590 690 718 693 520 Men, 16 years and over .............................................. 16 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 34 years ........................................................... 35 to 44 years ........................................................... 45 to 54 years ........................................................... 55 to 64 years ........................................................... 65 years and over ..................................................... 695 398 744 628 775 834 827 612 805 498 821 737 841 865 834 713 802 493 821 732 839 865 842 720 667 392 724 613 759 822 821 603 713 400 762 639 804 857 843 641 829 504 846 751 868 878 870 753 828 496 846 748 865 881 877 776 685 395 743 620 787 847 829 620 Women, 16 years and over ........................................ 16 to 24 years ............................................................ 25 years and over ...................................................... 25 to 34 years ........................................................... 35 to 44 years ........................................................... 45 to 54 years ........................................................... 55 to 64 years ........................................................... 65 years and over ..................................................... 552 371 584 546 590 609 601 435 696 495 709 661 706 736 748 517 691 494 704 657 703 731 743 531 523 366 562 525 574 589 576 422 573 375 599 561 608 625 615 478 723 487 733 678 735 758 767 687 719 491 730 665 733 755 767 733 541 370 580 541 590 604 592 455 White, 16 years and over ............................................ Men ........................................................................... Women ..................................................................... 636 715 567 779 827 711 774 825 707 612 688 539 657 732 584 808 855 738 802 854 734 626 704 557 Black or African American, 16 years and over ........... Men ........................................................................... Women ..................................................................... 514 555 491 665 693 633 654 687 622 491 518 467 525 569 505 656 679 629 651 679 621 507 534 490 Asian, 16 years and over ............................................ Men ........................................................................... Women ..................................................................... 693 772 598 759 783 710 760 775 723 681 771 587 708 802 613 765 775 756 774 786 762 691 809 594 Hispanic or Latino, 16 years and over ........................ Men ........................................................................... Women ..................................................................... 440 464 410 632 664 586 622 652 584 419 437 394 456 480 419 679 697 623 670 690 616 428 455 401 Characteristic AGE AND SEX RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as "Hispanic or Latino" may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry (Numbers in thousands) 2003 Members of unions1 Occupation and industry Total employed 2004 Represented by unions2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed 40,883 5,331 13.0 6,130 15.0 15,465 10,713 4,753 25,418 2,947 2,592 1,203 2,118 1,134 7,584 727 436 291 4,604 154 202 108 351 54 2,861 4.7 4.1 6.1 18.1 5.2 7.8 9.0 16.6 4.8 37.7 882 546 336 5,248 197 240 136 395 65 3,207 1,879 5,961 20,183 2,824 2,699 7,150 140 733 2,318 312 974 292 7.5 12.3 11.5 11.0 36.1 4.1 4,426 3,084 32,323 13,378 18,945 490 251 2,642 533 2,109 11,894 921 6,412 4,560 17,074 9,261 7,814 Members of unions1 Total employed Represented by unions2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed 41,451 5,418 13.1 6,256 15.1 5.7 5.1 7.1 20.6 6.7 9.2 11.3 18.6 5.7 42.3 15,758 10,796 4,962 25,693 2,962 2,597 1,204 2,132 1,216 7,636 732 441 291 4,686 128 209 106 370 75 2,874 4.6 4.1 5.9 18.2 4.3 8.0 8.8 17.4 6.2 37.6 895 553 342 5,361 171 246 129 422 92 3,235 5.7 5.1 6.9 20.9 5.8 9.5 10.7 19.8 7.6 42.4 157 853 2,562 341 1,038 347 8.4 14.3 12.7 12.1 38.5 4.9 1,894 6,052 20,724 2,791 2,840 7,164 162 762 2,371 290 1,059 294 8.6 12.6 11.4 10.4 37.3 4.1 184 882 2,552 315 1,118 337 9.7 14.6 12.3 11.3 39.4 4.7 11.1 8.1 8.2 4.0 11.1 550 286 2,974 599 2,375 12.4 9.3 9.2 4.5 12.5 4,597 3,331 32,322 13,527 18,795 490 238 2,493 488 2,005 10.7 7.1 7.7 3.6 10.7 529 254 2,780 548 2,232 11.5 7.6 8.6 4.1 11.9 2,288 33 1,394 862 19.2 3.5 21.7 18.9 2,409 38 1,457 913 20.3 4.1 22.7 20.0 12,081 862 6,680 4,540 2,222 27 1,312 883 18.4 3.1 19.6 19.4 2,343 34 1,370 939 19.4 3.9 20.5 20.7 3,196 1,624 1,572 18.7 17.5 20.1 3,374 1,710 1,664 19.8 18.5 21.3 16,976 9,085 7,891 2,968 1,485 1,483 17.5 16.3 18.8 3,156 1,582 1,574 18.6 17.4 20.0 OCCUPATION Management, professional, and related occupations ............... Management, business, and financial operations occupations ....................................................................... Management occupations ................................................ Business and financial operations occupations ................ Professional and related occupations ................................... Computer and mathematical occupations ........................ Architecture and engineering occupations ....................... Life, physical, and social science occupations ................. Community and social services occupations .................... Legal occupations ............................................................. Education, training, and library occupations ..................... Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ................................................................... Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ........... Service occupations ................................................................. Healthcare support occupations ........................................... Protective service occupations ............................................. Food preparation and serving related occupations .............. Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ....................................................................... Personal care and service occupations ................................ Sales and office occupations .................................................... Sales and related occupations ............................................. Office and administrative support occupations ..................... Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ........................................................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ........................... Construction and extraction occupations .............................. Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ............... Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ........................................................................... Production occupations ........................................................ Transportation and material moving occupations ................. See footnotes at end of table. Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry — Continued (Numbers in thousands) 2003 Members of unions1 Occupation and industry Total employed 2004 Represented by unions2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed 102,648 1,089 101,559 504 7,126 16,130 10,049 6,081 18,343 3,878 14,466 4,942 4,081 861 3,297 781 333 489 1,414 8,360 6,246 4,079 2,167 2,114 10,588 6,146 4,443 16,635 3,062 13,573 10,207 1,764 8,443 1,396 7,046 5,425 4,645 8,452 17 8,435 46 1,139 2,173 1,411 762 1,130 197 933 1,294 1,051 243 448 58 40 45 296 176 98 63 35 77 243 88 155 1,324 371 953 281 95 187 116 70 181 174 8.2 1.6 8.3 9.1 16.0 13.5 14.0 12.5 6.2 5.1 6.4 26.2 25.8 28.2 13.6 7.4 12.0 9.2 21.0 2.1 1.6 1.5 1.6 3.7 2.3 1.4 3.5 8.0 12.1 7.0 2.8 5.4 2.2 8.3 1.0 3.3 3.8 9,264 23 9,241 53 1,188 2,314 1,497 817 1,210 213 997 1,350 1,094 256 481 60 46 48 316 237 142 96 47 95 312 125 187 1,560 452 1,108 333 111 222 126 96 203 196 9.0 2.1 9.1 10.5 16.7 14.3 14.9 13.4 6.6 5.5 6.9 27.3 26.8 29.8 14.6 7.7 13.8 9.7 22.3 2.8 2.3 2.3 2.1 4.5 2.9 2.0 4.2 9.4 14.8 8.2 3.3 6.3 2.6 9.0 1.4 3.7 4.2 Public sector ............................................................................. 19,710 Federal goverment ............................................................... 3,247 State government ................................................................. 5,636 Local government ................................................................. 10,827 7,324 1,004 1,706 4,614 37.2 30.9 30.3 42.6 8,185 1,196 1,929 5,060 41.5 36.8 34.2 46.7 Members of unions1 Total employed Represented by unions2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed 103,584 1,023 102,560 496 7,550 15,754 9,885 5,869 18,754 4,083 14,671 4,893 4,043 850 3,058 778 329 502 1,218 8,490 6,301 4,111 2,191 2,188 10,815 6,263 4,552 16,870 3,243 13,627 10,326 1,777 8,548 1,431 7,117 5,556 4,782 8,205 23 8,182 57 1,110 2,036 1,316 720 1,028 189 839 1,218 976 241 433 52 52 47 273 171 96 56 40 76 246 70 177 1,405 421 984 319 114 205 117 88 158 148 7.9 2.2 8.0 11.4 14.7 12.9 13.3 12.3 5.5 4.6 5.7 24.9 24.2 28.4 14.2 6.7 15.7 9.3 22.4 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.8 3.5 2.3 1.1 3.9 8.3 13.0 7.2 3.1 6.4 2.4 8.2 1.2 2.8 3.1 8,956 30 8,926 58 1,162 2,183 1,407 776 1,107 214 893 1,287 1,031 256 470 59 54 53 292 209 124 73 51 85 306 102 204 1,593 475 1,119 368 123 245 132 112 183 172 8.6 2.9 8.7 11.7 15.4 13.9 14.2 13.2 5.9 5.2 6.1 26.3 25.5 30.1 15.4 7.6 16.4 10.5 24.0 2.5 2.0 1.8 2.3 3.9 2.8 1.6 4.5 9.4 14.6 8.2 3.6 6.9 2.9 9.2 1.6 3.3 3.6 19,970 3,298 5,712 10,961 7,267 985 1,751 4,532 36.4 29.9 30.7 41.3 8,131 1,153 1,961 5,017 40.7 35.0 34.3 45.8 INDUSTRY Private sector ............................................................................ Agriculture and related industries ........................................... Nonagricultural industries ....................................................... Mining .................................................................................. Construction ........................................................................ Manufacturing ...................................................................... Durable goods ................................................................. Nondurable goods ........................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ................................................... Wholesale trade ............................................................... Retail trade ...................................................................... Transportation and utilities .................................................. Transportation and warehousing ..................................... Utilities ............................................................................. Information3 ......................................................................... Publishing, except Internet .............................................. Motion pictures and sound recording .............................. Broadcasting, except Internet .......................................... Telecommunications ........................................................ Financial activities ............................................................... Finance and insurance .................................................... Finance ....................................................................... Insurance .................................................................... Real estate and rental and leasing .................................. Professional and business services .................................... Professional and technical services ................................ Management, administrative, and waste services ........... Education and health services ............................................. Educational services ........................................................ Health care and social assistance ................................... Leisure and hospitality ......................................................... Arts, entertainment, and recreation ................................. Accommodation and food services .................................. Accommodation ........................................................... Food services and drinking places .............................. Other services3 .................................................................... Other services, except private households ...................... 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Includes other industries, not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data refer to the sole or principal job of fulland part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry 2003 Occupation and industry Total Members of unions1 2004 Represented by unions2 Nonunion Total Members of unions1 Represented by unions2 Nonunion OCCUPATION Management, professional, and related occupations ....................... Management, business, and financial operations occupations ............................................................................... Management occupations ........................................................ Business and financial operations occupations ........................ Professional and related occupations ........................................... Computer and mathematical occupations ................................ Architecture and engineering occupations ............................... Life, physical, and social science occupations ......................... Community and social services occupations ............................ Legal occupations ..................................................................... Education, training, and library occupations ............................. Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations ........................................................................... Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations ................... Service occupations ......................................................................... Healthcare support occupations ................................................... Protective service occupations ..................................................... Food preparation and serving related occupations ...................... Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations ............................................................................... Personal care and service occupations ........................................ Sales and office occupations ............................................................ Sales and related occupations ..................................................... Office and administrative support occupations ............................. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations ................................................................................... Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations ................................... Construction and extraction occupations ...................................... Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations ....................... Production, transportation, and material moving occupations ................................................................................... Production occupations ................................................................ Transportation and material moving occupations ......................... See footnotes at end of table. $887 $896 $892 $886 $918 $921 $916 $918 961 1,023 842 845 1,049 1,053 891 686 1,051 754 985 1,102 864 885 963 1,037 944 848 1,362 864 994 1,109 873 879 979 1,028 945 832 1,317 854 959 1,019 839 833 1,057 1,058 876 650 1,032 644 965 1,052 847 883 1,114 1,098 957 707 1,070 781 963 1,065 880 915 1,000 1,080 949 827 1,174 899 972 1,074 881 907 983 1,090 977 817 1,155 886 965 1,050 844 875 1,124 1,100 955 666 1,058 687 745 816 403 400 630 349 947 877 606 452 857 415 933 876 596 452 850 410 734 801 382 394 510 344 768 852 411 407 700 360 953 938 655 458 907 445 972 933 647 462 897 435 754 841 389 401 567 355 390 391 545 598 523 503 532 629 597 639 498 520 624 601 632 372 381 530 598 510 385 402 558 604 535 515 522 662 576 676 513 518 658 577 671 368 394 545 606 519 608 369 599 673 851 (3) $851 858 843 (3) $840 856 558 365 531 622 621 356 604 704 867 (3) $861 886 858 (3) $852 880 581 352 555 662 519 519 520 688 670 710 684 665 704 493 495 490 523 526 520 687 681 695 681 674 689 498 503 491 Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry — Continued 2003 Occupation and industry Total Members of unions1 2004 Represented by unions2 Nonunion Total Members of unions1 Represented by unions2 Nonunion INDUSTRY Private sector .................................................................................... Agriculture and related industries ................................................... Nonagricultural industries ............................................................... Mining .......................................................................................... Construction ................................................................................ Manufacturing .............................................................................. Durable goods ......................................................................... Nondurable goods ................................................................... Wholesale and retail trade ........................................................... Wholesale trade ....................................................................... Retail trade .............................................................................. Transportation and utilities .......................................................... Transportation and warehousing ............................................. Utilities ..................................................................................... Information4 ................................................................................. Publishing, except Internet ...................................................... Motion pictures and sound recording ...................................... Broadcasting, except Internet .................................................. Telecommunications ................................................................ Financial activities ....................................................................... Finance and insurance ............................................................ Finance ............................................................................... Insurance ............................................................................ Real estate and rental and leasing .......................................... Professional and business services ............................................ Professional and technical services ........................................ Management, administrative, and waste services ................... Education and health services ..................................................... Educational services ................................................................ Health care and social assistance ........................................... Leisure and hospitality ................................................................. Arts, entertainment, and recreation ......................................... Accommodation and food services .......................................... Accommodation ................................................................... Food services and drinking places ...................................... Other services4 ............................................................................ Other services, except private households .............................. $603 397 605 797 615 637 668 597 533 670 497 704 668 899 776 690 704 724 857 691 728 726 731 604 692 885 486 598 681 582 400 492 385 435 371 515 544 $717 (3) $718 (3) $884 689 714 635 590 694 562 817 782 965 868 740 (3) (3) $877 618 607 614 3 ( ) $642 699 897 640 670 756 627 497 546 478 485 467 726 730 $713 (3) $713 783 873 689 712 637 586 689 554 816 780 979 862 747 (3) (3) $875 625 623 640 3 ( ) $630 691 911 617 684 760 639 485 529 470 482 456 709 720 $592 396 595 799 580 626 655 590 528 668 494 653 620 857 758 684 669 703 848 694 732 730 734 603 692 884 482 590 659 577 395 489 381 423 369 510 533 $615 403 617 874 618 662 691 611 550 677 509 711 668 957 828 720 805 763 918 706 738 735 743 615 709 927 478 613 716 595 407 523 391 432 378 528 560 $739 (3) $740 905 893 694 707 670 596 722 567 854 819 979 893 844 (3) (3) $910 657 636 606 3 ( ) $677 679 940 607 717 828 656 518 677 477 481 467 749 764 $734 (3) $735 911 884 692 706 662 590 709 560 850 814 978 887 829 (3) (3) $897 649 629 616 3 ( ) $670 694 937 606 728 831 671 508 662 473 490 422 750 764 $604 402 606 865 588 654 687 602 547 674 507 662 619 948 808 710 762 749 929 708 740 737 744 613 710 927 470 603 679 588 402 513 387 422 377 521 551 Public sector ..................................................................................... Federal goverment ....................................................................... State government ......................................................................... Local government ......................................................................... 728 818 702 709 801 809 764 814 795 816 759 803 656 821 652 606 751 856 725 731 832 840 788 844 827 848 781 834 683 869 681 627 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. 4 Includes other industries, not shown separately. NOTE: Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state (Numbers in thousands) 2003 Members of unions1 State Total employed Alabama ..................................................................... 1,822 Alaska ......................................................................... 265 Arizona ....................................................................... 2,191 Arkansas ..................................................................... 1,035 California .................................................................... 14,350 Colorado ..................................................................... 2,007 Connecticut ................................................................. 1,489 Delaware .................................................................... 366 District of Columbia .................................................... 268 Florida ......................................................................... 6,652 2004 Represented by unions2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed 147 59 113 50 2,414 156 229 42 39 407 8.1 22.3 5.2 4.8 16.8 7.8 15.4 11.4 14.6 6.1 172 65 140 61 2,647 180 244 46 46 557 9.5 24.6 6.4 5.9 18.4 9.0 16.4 12.5 17.2 8.4 Members of unions1 Total employed Represented by unions2 Total Percent of employed Total Percent of employed 1,861 268 2,323 1,058 14,414 2,050 1,539 373 258 6,943 181 54 145 51 2,385 172 235 46 33 414 9.7 20.1 6.3 4.8 16.5 8.4 15.3 12.4 12.7 6.0 213 60 183 65 2,588 191 256 49 38 533 11.5 22.4 7.9 6.2 18.0 9.3 16.6 13.2 14.5 7.7 Georgia ....................................................................... Hawaii ......................................................................... Idaho ........................................................................... Illinois .......................................................................... Indiana ........................................................................ Iowa ............................................................................ Kansas ........................................................................ Kentucky ..................................................................... Louisiana .................................................................... Maine .......................................................................... 3,703 511 548 5,399 2,768 1,365 1,204 1,681 1,685 567 249 122 39 967 327 157 96 175 109 73 6.7 23.8 7.0 17.9 11.8 11.5 7.9 10.4 6.5 12.8 298 127 47 1,003 352 196 124 216 132 81 8.0 24.8 8.6 18.6 12.7 14.4 10.3 12.8 7.9 14.3 3,773 533 561 5,410 2,717 1,345 1,223 1,699 1,697 564 242 126 33 908 311 141 103 164 129 64 6.4 23.7 5.8 16.8 11.4 10.5 8.4 9.6 7.6 11.3 282 132 44 971 338 171 132 197 157 74 7.5 24.8 7.9 17.9 12.4 12.7 10.8 11.6 9.3 13.2 Maryland ..................................................................... Massachusetts ............................................................ Michigan ..................................................................... Minnesota ................................................................... Mississippi .................................................................. Missouri ...................................................................... Montana ...................................................................... Nebraska .................................................................... Nevada ....................................................................... New Hampshire .......................................................... 2,481 2,925 4,188 2,435 1,117 2,546 360 819 943 607 354 416 919 414 55 336 50 64 136 56 14.3 14.2 21.9 17.0 5.0 13.2 14.0 7.9 14.4 9.3 410 454 968 441 73 363 54 87 149 69 16.5 15.5 23.1 18.1 6.6 14.2 14.9 10.6 15.8 11.3 2,502 2,920 4,305 2,429 1,108 2,546 366 831 1,006 618 272 393 930 424 53 315 43 69 126 61 10.9 13.5 21.6 17.5 4.8 12.4 11.7 8.3 12.5 9.9 313 430 966 443 70 357 46 83 144 68 12.5 14.7 22.4 18.3 6.3 14.0 12.6 10.0 14.3 11.0 New Jersey ................................................................. New Mexico ................................................................ New York .................................................................... North Carolina ............................................................ North Dakota .............................................................. Ohio ............................................................................ Oklahoma ................................................................... Oregon ........................................................................ Pennsylvania .............................................................. Rhode Island .............................................................. 3,777 741 7,874 3,576 284 5,100 1,406 1,466 5,261 494 737 57 1,936 111 21 850 96 230 794 84 19.5 7.6 24.6 3.1 7.3 16.7 6.8 15.7 15.1 17.0 801 70 2,017 135 26 923 111 240 847 86 21.2 9.5 25.6 3.8 9.0 18.1 7.9 16.4 16.1 17.5 3,769 734 7,901 3,549 292 4,998 1,402 1,471 5,298 487 745 49 1,996 97 22 759 86 224 793 79 19.8 6.7 25.3 2.7 7.7 15.2 6.1 15.2 15.0 16.3 813 65 2,085 127 26 820 100 243 842 83 21.6 8.9 26.4 3.6 9.0 16.4 7.1 16.5 15.9 17.0 South Carolina ............................................................ South Dakota .............................................................. Tennessee .................................................................. Texas .......................................................................... Utah ............................................................................ Vermont ...................................................................... Virginia ........................................................................ Washington ................................................................. West Virginia .............................................................. Wisconsin ................................................................... Wyoming ..................................................................... 1,689 353 2,384 9,072 1,015 281 3,243 2,539 671 2,613 224 71 19 179 508 53 27 210 502 88 414 18 4.2 5.4 7.5 5.6 5.2 9.7 6.5 19.7 13.1 15.9 8.0 90 23 218 621 69 33 251 531 95 438 22 5.3 6.4 9.2 6.8 6.8 11.7 7.7 20.9 14.2 16.8 9.8 1,765 347 2,465 9,072 1,001 291 3,308 2,645 700 2,597 222 54 21 164 457 58 29 176 510 99 414 18 3.0 6.0 6.7 5.0 5.8 9.8 5.3 19.3 14.2 16.0 8.0 74 27 191 573 67 33 218 536 110 439 22 4.2 7.7 7.7 6.3 6.7 11.4 6.6 20.3 15.7 16.9 9.8 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Beginning in January 2004, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.