Full text of Union Members : 2003, USDL 04-53 : 2003
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Technical information: (202) 691-6378 http://www.bls.gov/cps/ Media contact: 691-5902 USDL 04-53 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Wednesday, January 21, 2004 UNION MEMBERS IN 2003 In 2003, 12.9 percent of wage and salary workers were union members, down from 13.3 percent in 2002, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The number of persons belonging to a union fell by 369,000 over the year to 15.8 million in 2003. The union membership rate has steadily declined from a high of 20.1 percent in 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available. Some highlights from the 2003 data are: --Men were more likely to be union members than women. --Blacks were more likely to be union members than were whites, Asians, and Hispanics or Latinos. --Nearly 4 in 10 government workers were union members in 2003, compared with less than 1 in 10 workers in private-sector industries. --Nearly two-fifths of workers in education, training, and library occupations and in protective service occupations were union members in 2003. Protective service occupations include fire fighters and police officers. Membership by Industry and Occupation In 2003, workers in the public sector had a union membership rate more than four times that of private-sector employees, 37.2 percent compared with 8.2 percent. The unionization rate for government workers has held steady since 1983. The rate for private industry workers has fallen by about half over the same time period. Within government, local government workers had the highest union membership rate, 42.6 percent. This group includes the heavily unionized occupations of teachers, police officers, and fire fighters. Among major private industries, transportation and utilities had the highest union membership rate, at 26.2 percent. Construction (16.0 percent), information industries (13.6 percent), and manufacturing (13.5 percent) also had higher-than-average rates. Agriculture and related industries had the lowest unionization rate in 2003--1.6 percent. (See table 3.) Among occupational groups, education, training, and library occupations (37.7 percent) and protective service workers (36.1 percent) had the highest unionization rates in 2003. Natural resources, construction, and maintenance workers and production, transportation, and material moving occupations also had higher-than-average union membership rates at 19.2 percent and 18.7 percent, respectively. Among the major occupational groups, sales and office occupations had the lowest unionization rate--8.2 percent. (See table 3.) Demographic Characteristics of Union Members In 2003, union membership rates were higher for men (14.3 percent) than for women (11.4 percent). The gap between men's and women's rates has narrowed considerably since 1983, when the rate for men was 10 percentage points higher than the rate for women. - 2 Blacks were more likely to be union members (16.5 percent) than were whites (12.5 percent), Asians (11.4 percent), or Hispanics (10.7 percent). Union membership rates were highest among workers 45 to 54 years old. Full-time workers were more than twice as likely as part-time workers to be union members. (See table 1.) Union Representation of Nonmembers About 1.7 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union on their main job in 2003, while not being union members themselves. (See table 1.) About half of these workers were employed in government. (See table 3.) Earnings In 2003, full-time wage and salary workers who were union members had median usual weekly earnings of $760, compared with a median of $599 for wage and salary workers who were not represented by unions. (See table 2.) The difference reflects a variety of influences in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region. (For a discussion of the problem of differentiating between the influence of unionization status and the influence of other worker characteristics on employee earnings, see "Measuring union-nonunion earnings differences," Monthly Labor Review, June 1990.) Union Membership by State In 2003, 33 states reported lower union membership rates, while 15 states and the District of Columbia registered increased rates. Two states reported no change in their union membership rates from 2002 to 2003. Twenty-nine states had union membership rates below that of the U.S., while 21 states and the District of Columbia had higher rates. All states in the Middle Atlantic and Pacific divisions again had union membership rates above the national average of 12.9 percent, while all states in the East South Central and West South Central divisions continued to have rates below it. (See table 5.) Four states had union membership rates over 20 percent in 2003--New York (24.6 percent), Hawaii (23.8 percent), Alaska (22.3 percent), and Michigan (21.9 percent). This is the same rank order as in both 2001 and 2002. All four states have had rates above 20 percent every year since data became regularly available in 1995. North Carolina and South Carolina continued to report the lowest union membership rates, 3.1 and 4.2 percent, respectively. These two states have had the lowest union membership rates each year since the state series became available. The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.4 million), New York (1.9 million), and Illinois (1.0 million). About half (7.9 million) of the 15.8 million union members in the U.S. lived in six states (California, New York, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania), although these states accounted for just over one-third of wage and salary employment nationally. The number of union members in a state depends on both its union membership rate and the size of its employed workforce. Texas had only about onefourth as many union members as New York, despite having 1.2 million more wage and salary employees. Technical Note The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides the basic information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 households. The union membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers. Data for 2002 presented in this release have been revised to incorporate changes to the class of worker status associated with the introduction of the 2002 Census industry and occupational classification systems into the Current Population Survey. In addition, the data for 2003 reflect revised CPS population controls introduced in January 2003. For a discussion of the revised population controls and the impact that their introduction had on CPS data, see "Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003" in the February 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings and available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf on the BLS Web site. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200, TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings. Definitions The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly below. Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. Represented by unions. Data refer to union members, as well as workers who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies. Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both the private and public sectors but, for the purposes of the union membership and earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job. Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics (Numbers in thousands) 2002 Members of unions(1) Characteristic Total employed Total Percent of employed 2003 Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed Members of unions(1) Total employed Total Percent of employed Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed AGE AND SEX Total, 16 years and over................... 121,826 16 to 24 years............................ 19,216 25 years and over......................... 102,610 25 to 34 years........................... 28,232 35 to 44 years........................... 31,253 45 to 54 years........................... 27,040 55 to 64 years........................... 12,952 65 years and over........................ 3,133 16,145 995 15,151 3,172 4,455 5,016 2,256 251 13.3 5.2 14.8 11.2 14.3 18.6 17.4 8.0 17,695 1,126 16,569 3,522 4,859 5,446 2,456 285 14.5 5.9 16.1 12.5 15.5 20.1 19.0 9.1 122,358 18,904 103,454 28,179 30,714 27,567 13,633 3,361 15,776 966 14,810 3,097 4,308 4,848 2,300 258 12.9 5.1 14.3 11.0 14.0 17.6 16.9 7.7 17,448 1,124 16,324 3,455 4,717 5,307 2,547 297 14.3 5.9 15.8 12.3 15.4 19.3 18.7 8.8 Men, 16 years and over.................... 16 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over........................ 25 to 34 years.......................... 35 to 44 years.......................... 45 to 54 years.......................... 55 to 64 years.......................... 65 years and over....................... 63,272 9,857 53,415 15,284 16,355 13,578 6,570 1,627 9,325 616 8,709 1,877 2,631 2,784 1,281 136 14.7 6.3 16.3 12.3 16.1 20.5 19.5 8.4 10,066 687 9,379 2,061 2,805 2,982 1,376 155 15.9 7.0 17.6 13.5 17.1 22.0 21.0 9.5 63,236 9,683 53,553 15,263 16,080 13,723 6,776 1,710 9,044 595 8,450 1,826 2,535 2,684 1,271 133 14.3 6.1 15.8 12.0 15.8 19.6 18.8 7.8 9,848 685 9,163 2,005 2,735 2,891 1,377 155 15.6 7.1 17.1 13.1 17.0 21.1 20.3 9.0 Women, 16 years and over.................. 16 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over........................ 25 to 34 years.......................... 35 to 44 years.......................... 45 to 54 years.......................... 55 to 64 years.......................... 65 years and over....................... 58,555 9,359 49,196 12,948 14,898 13,462 6,383 1,506 6,820 378 6,441 1,295 1,825 2,232 975 115 11.6 4.0 13.1 10.0 12.2 16.6 15.3 7.6 7,629 439 7,190 1,461 2,055 2,464 1,080 130 13.0 4.7 14.6 11.3 13.8 18.3 16.9 8.6 59,122 9,221 49,901 12,916 14,634 13,844 6,857 1,651 6,732 371 6,360 1,270 1,773 2,163 1,029 125 11.4 4.0 12.7 9.8 12.1 15.6 15.0 7.6 7,601 439 7,161 1,451 1,982 2,416 1,170 142 12.9 4.8 14.4 11.2 13.5 17.5 17.1 8.6 RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY White, 16 years and over(3)............... 100,923 Men..................................... 53,198 Women................................... 47,725 12,958 7,689 5,269 12.8 14.5 11.0 14,178 8,284 5,894 14.0 15.6 12.3 100,589 52,827 47,762 12,535 7,378 5,157 12.5 14.0 10.8 13,849 8,016 5,834 13.8 15.2 12.2 Black or African American, 16 years and over(3)..................................... Men..................................... Women................................... 14,108 6,493 7,615 2,386 1,183 1,204 16.9 18.2 15.8 2,624 1,281 1,343 18.6 19.7 17.6 13,928 6,302 7,626 2,298 1,153 1,145 16.5 18.3 15.0 2,540 1,249 1,291 18.2 19.8 16.9 Asian, 16 years and over(3)............... Men..................................... Women................................... 5,540 2,909 2,631 643 356 286 11.6 12.3 10.9 719 396 322 13.0 13.6 12.3 5,096 2,699 2,397 581 296 285 11.4 11.0 11.9 659 346 313 12.9 12.8 13.1 Hispanic or Latino, 16 years and over..... Men..................................... Women................................... 15,486 9,098 6,387 1,639 1,006 633 10.6 11.1 9.9 1,810 1,100 710 11.7 12.1 11.1 16,068 9,567 6,501 1,712 1,050 662 10.7 11.0 10.2 1,913 1,160 753 11.9 12.1 11.6 Full-time workers......................... 100,081 Part-time workers......................... 21,513 14,622 1,492 14.6 6.9 16,005 1,654 16.0 7.7 100,302 21,809 14,263 1,479 14.2 6.8 15,732 1,679 15.7 7.7 FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS(4) 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. 4 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. NOTE: Data for 2002 have been revised to incorporate changes to the class of worker status associated with the introduction of the 2002 Census industry and occupational classification systems into the Current Population Survey. Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as "Hispanic or Latino" may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics 2002 2003 Characteristic Total Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2) Nonunion Total Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2) Nonunion Total, 16 years and over................... 16 to 24 years............................ 25 years and over......................... 25 to 34 years........................... 35 to 44 years........................... 45 to 54 years........................... 55 to 64 years........................... 65 years and over........................ $608 381 646 591 668 706 674 502 $738 497 752 677 758 788 785 590 $733 495 747 668 753 787 783 592 $587 374 622 578 647 674 641 485 $620 387 662 594 687 723 708 516 $760 497 774 707 787 812 797 619 $755 494 770 701 783 807 798 624 $599 381 636 580 665 695 678 504 Men, 16 years and over.................... 16 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over........................ 25 to 34 years.......................... 35 to 44 years.......................... 45 to 54 years.......................... 55 to 64 years.......................... 65 years and over....................... 679 391 732 627 759 807 802 583 780 497 796 718 811 832 834 612 775 495 793 708 807 832 836 614 652 385 713 615 747 794 784 575 695 398 744 628 775 834 827 612 805 498 821 737 841 865 834 713 802 493 821 732 839 865 842 720 667 392 724 613 759 822 821 603 Women, 16 years and over.................. 16 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over........................ 25 to 34 years.......................... 35 to 44 years.......................... 45 to 54 years.......................... 55 to 64 years.......................... 65 years and over....................... 529 367 568 530 571 602 574 430 666 496 678 621 672 728 709 542 662 495 673 617 668 723 709 543 509 361 540 516 546 580 542 415 552 371 584 546 590 609 601 435 696 495 709 661 706 736 748 517 691 494 704 657 703 731 743 531 523 366 562 525 574 589 576 422 White, 16 years and over(3)............... Men..................................... Women................................... 623 702 547 762 804 694 756 801 687 602 674 520 636 715 567 779 827 711 774 825 707 612 688 539 Black or African American, 16 years and over(3)..................................... 498 614 611 476 514 665 654 491 AGE AND SEX RACE, SEX, AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY Men..................................... Women................................... 524 473 650 588 642 588 502 443 555 491 693 633 687 622 518 467 Asian, 16 years and over(3)............... Men..................................... Women................................... 658 756 566 706 733 669 705 734 662 650 760 552 693 772 598 759 783 710 760 775 723 681 771 587 Hispanic or Latino, 16 years and over..... Men..................................... Women................................... 424 451 397 622 663 560 616 651 573 409 423 382 440 464 410 632 664 586 622 652 584 419 437 394 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Beginning in 2003, persons who selected this race group only; persons who selected more than one race group are not included. Prior to 2003, persons who reported more than one race group were included in the group they identified as their main race. NOTE: Data for 2002 have been revised to incorporate changes to the class of worker status associated with the introduction of the 2002 Census industry and occupational classification systems into the Current Population Survey. Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. In addition, persons whose ethnicity is identified as "Hispanic or Latino" may be of any race and, therefore, are classified by ethnicity as well as race. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry (Numbers in thousands) 2002 Members of unions(1) Occupation and industry Total employed Total Percent of employed 2003 Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed Members of unions(1) Total employed Total Percent of employed Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed OCCUPATION Management, professional, and related occupations................................ Management, business, and financial operations occupations................. Management occupations.............. Business and financial operations occupations........................ Professional and related occupations.... Computer and mathematical occupations........................ Architecture and engineering occupations........................ Life, physical, and social science occupations........................ Community and social services occupations........................ Legal occupations................... Education, training, and library occupations........................ Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.............. Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations.............. Service occupations......................... Healthcare support occupations.......... Protective service occupations.......... Food preparation and serving related occupations............................ Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations................ Personal care and service occupations... Sales and office occupations................ Sales and related occupations........... Office and administrative support occupations............................ Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations.................... Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations............................ Construction and extraction occupations. Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations............................ Production, transportation, and material 40,610 5,384 13.3 6,153 15.2 40,883 5,331 13.0 6,130 15.0 15,553 10,799 838 521 5.4 4.8 1,003 627 6.4 5.8 15,465 10,713 727 436 4.7 4.1 882 546 5.7 5.1 4,754 25,057 317 4,546 6.7 18.1 375 5,150 7.9 20.6 4,753 25,418 291 4,604 6.1 18.1 336 5,248 7.1 20.6 2,938 119 4.0 157 5.4 2,947 154 5.2 197 6.7 2,573 200 7.8 222 8.6 2,592 202 7.8 240 9.2 1,164 117 10.0 142 12.2 1,203 108 9.0 136 11.3 2,116 1,162 361 61 17.1 5.3 409 79 19.3 6.8 2,118 1,134 351 54 16.6 4.8 395 65 18.6 5.7 7,352 2,799 38.1 3,124 42.5 7,584 2,861 37.7 3,207 42.3 1,928 164 8.5 196 10.2 1,879 140 7.5 157 8.4 5,825 19,766 2,564 2,670 725 2,352 317 981 12.5 11.9 12.4 36.7 822 2,570 339 1,036 14.1 13.0 13.2 38.8 5,961 20,183 2,824 2,699 733 2,318 312 974 12.3 11.5 11.0 36.1 853 2,562 341 1,038 14.3 12.7 12.1 38.5 6,811 281 4.1 328 4.8 7,150 292 4.1 347 4.9 4,497 3,224 32,249 13,341 531 242 2,616 504 11.8 7.5 8.1 3.8 596 271 2,879 554 13.3 8.4 8.9 4.2 4,426 3,084 32,323 13,378 490 251 2,642 533 11.1 8.1 8.2 4.0 550 286 2,974 599 12.4 9.3 9.2 4.5 18,909 2,111 11.2 2,324 12.3 18,945 2,109 11.1 2,375 12.5 11,517 2,359 20.5 2,462 21.4 11,894 2,288 19.2 2,409 20.3 976 6,354 45 1,473 4.6 23.2 48 1,529 4.9 24.1 921 6,412 33 1,394 3.5 21.7 38 1,457 4.1 22.7 4,188 841 20.1 885 21.1 4,560 862 18.9 913 20.0 moving occupations......................... Production occupations.................. Transportation and material moving occupations............................ 17,684 9,716 3,435 1,780 19.4 18.3 3,631 1,868 20.5 19.2 17,074 9,261 3,196 1,624 18.7 17.5 3,374 1,710 19.8 18.5 7,968 1,655 20.8 1,763 22.1 7,814 1,572 20.1 1,664 21.3 Private sector.............................. 102,153 Agriculture and related industries........ 1,126 Nonagricultural industries................ 101,027 Mining................................. 446 Construction........................... 7,080 Manufacturing.......................... 16,387 Durable goods...................... 10,235 Nondurable goods................... 6,151 Wholesale and retail trade............. 17,653 Wholesale trade.................... 3,619 Retail trade....................... 14,034 Transportation and utilities........... 5,186 Transportation and warehousing..... 4,266 Utilities.......................... 919 Information(3)......................... 3,334 Publishing,.except Internet........ 815 Motion pictures and sound recording 310 Broadcasting, except Internet...... 515 Telecommunications................. 1,398 Financial activities................... 8,251 Finance and insurance.............. 6,162 Finance........................ 3,972 Insurance...................... 2,190 Real estate and rental and leasing. 2,089 Professional and business services..... 10,916 Professional and technical services 6,493 Management, administrative, and waste services.................... 4,423 Education and health services.......... 16,088 Educational services............... 3,160 Health care and social assistance.. 12,928 Leisure and hospitality................ 10,286 Arts, entertainment, and recreation 1,904 Accommodation and food services.... 8,382 Accommodation.................. 1,394 Food services and drinking places........................ 6,988 Other services(3)...................... 5,400 Other services, except private 8,800 31 8,769 39 1,179 2,399 1,592 807 1,040 182 858 1,283 1,050 233 487 73 44 39 323 164 92 52 40 73 293 98 8.6 2.8 8.7 8.7 16.7 14.6 15.6 13.1 5.9 5.0 6.1 24.7 24.6 25.4 14.6 9.0 14.3 7.6 23.1 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.8 3.5 2.7 1.5 9,535 34 9,501 45 1,222 2,521 1,664 857 1,111 192 919 1,343 1,099 244 532 84 52 48 339 206 125 75 50 81 355 129 9.3 3.0 9.4 10.1 17.3 15.4 16.3 13.9 6.3 5.3 6.5 25.9 25.8 26.6 16.0 10.4 16.9 9.2 24.3 2.5 2.0 1.9 2.3 3.9 3.3 2.0 102,648 1,089 101,559 504 7,126 16,130 10,049 6,081 18,343 3,878 14,466 4,942 4,081 861 3,297 781 333 489 1,414 8,360 6,246 4,079 2,167 2,114 10,588 6,146 8,452 17 8,435 46 1,139 2,173 1,411 762 1,130 197 933 1,294 1,051 243 448 58 40 45 296 176 98 63 35 77 243 88 8.2 1.6 8.3 9.1 16.0 13.5 14.0 12.5 6.2 5.1 6.4 26.2 25.8 28.2 13.6 7.4 12.0 9.2 21.0 2.1 1.6 1.5 1.6 3.7 2.3 1.4 9,264 23 9,241 53 1,188 2,314 1,497 817 1,210 213 997 1,350 1,094 256 481 60 46 48 316 237 142 96 47 95 312 125 9.0 2.1 9.1 10.5 16.7 14.3 14.9 13.4 6.6 5.5 6.9 27.3 26.8 29.8 14.6 7.7 13.8 9.7 22.3 2.8 2.3 2.3 2.1 4.5 2.9 2.0 195 1,372 433 940 313 122 191 107 4.4 8.5 13.7 7.3 3.0 6.4 2.3 7.6 226 1,558 504 1,055 370 137 233 116 5.1 9.7 15.9 8.2 3.6 7.2 2.8 8.3 4,443 16,635 3,062 13,573 10,207 1,764 8,443 1,396 155 1,324 371 953 281 95 187 116 3.5 8.0 12.1 7.0 2.8 5.4 2.2 8.3 187 1,560 452 1,108 333 111 222 126 4.2 9.4 14.8 8.2 3.3 6.3 2.6 9.0 85 200 1.2 3.7 117 236 1.7 4.4 7,046 5,425 70 181 1.0 3.3 96 203 1.4 3.7 INDUSTRY households........................ 4,629 193 4.2 227 4.9 4,645 174 3.8 196 4.2 Public sector............................... Federal goverment......................... State government.......................... Local government.......................... 19,673 3,318 5,637 10,719 7,346 1,068 1,745 4,533 37.3 32.2 31.0 42.3 8,160 1,236 1,972 4,952 41.5 37.3 35.0 46.2 19,710 3,247 5,636 10,827 7,324 1,004 1,706 4,614 37.2 30.9 30.3 42.6 8,185 1,196 1,929 5,060 41.5 36.8 34.2 46.7 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Includes other industries, not shown separately. NOTE: Data for 2002 have been revised to incorporate changes to the class of worker status associated with the introduction of the 2002 Census industry and occupational classification systems into the Current Population Survey. Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Occupations and industries reflect the introduction of the 2002 Census occupational and industry classification systems derived from the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification system and the 2002 North American Industry Classification System into the Current Population Survey. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry 2002 Occupation and industry 2003 Total Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2) Nonunion Total Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2) Nonunion $859 $864 $857 $859 $887 $896 $892 $886 922 982 911 955 924 984 922 982 961 1023 985 1102 994 1109 959 1019 797 823 862 858 856 848 790 811 842 845 864 885 873 879 839 833 OCCUPATION Management, professional, and related occupations................................ Management, business, and financial operations occupations................. Management occupations.............. Business and financial operations occupations........................ Professional and related occupations.... Computer and mathematical occupations........................ Architecture and engineering occupations........................ Life, physical, and social science occupations........................ Community and social services occupations........................ Legal occupations................... Education, training, and library occupations........................ Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations.............. Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations.............. Service occupations......................... Healthcare support occupations.......... Protective service occupations.......... Food preparation and serving related occupations............................ Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations................ Personal care and service occupations... Sales and office occupations................ Sales and related occupations........... Office and administrative support occupations............................ Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations.................... Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations............................ Construction and extraction occupations. Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations............................ Production, transportation, and material moving occupations......................... Production occupations.................. Transportation and material moving occupations............................ 1026 972 959 1033 1049 963 979 1057 1009 995 995 1012 1053 1037 1028 1058 873 916 933 854 891 944 945 876 658 996 822 991 797 960 621 999 686 1051 848 1362 832 1317 650 1032 740 845 832 645 754 864 854 644 740 872 823 732 745 947 933 734 794 396 393 659 846 600 418 818 848 592 419 811 784 372 388 542 816 403 400 630 877 606 452 857 876 596 452 850 801 382 394 510 334 409 402 330 349 415 410 344 378 383 527 592 499 507 625 594 495 510 622 588 360 373 517 593 390 391 545 598 503 532 629 597 498 520 624 601 372 381 530 598 511 629 625 498 523 639 632 510 597 825 817 540 608 851 843 558 340 589 (3) 824 (3) 816 334 523 369 599 (3) 851 (3) 840 365 531 663 842 834 619 673 858 856 622 511 508 659 634 653 628 483 485 519 519 688 670 684 665 493 495 514 692 682 481 520 710 704 490 $591 367 593 786 605 $699 (3) 700 (3) 846 $691 (3) 692 (3) 837 $580 365 583 800 568 $603 397 605 797 615 $717 (3) 718 (3) 884 $713 (3) 713 783 873 $592 396 595 799 580 INDUSTRY Private sector.............................. Agriculture and related industries........ Nonagricultural industries................ Mining................................. Construction........................... Manufacturing.......................... Durable goods...................... Nondurable goods................... Wholesale and retail trade............. Wholesale trade.................... Retail trade....................... Transportation and utilities........... Transportation and warehousing..... Utilities.......................... Information(4)......................... Publishing, except Internet........ Motion pictures and sound recording Broadcasting, except Internet...... Telecommunications................. Financial activities................... Finance and insurance.............. Finance........................ Insurance...................... Real estate and rental and leasing. Professional and business services..... Professional and technical services Management, administrative, and waste services.................... Education and health services.......... Educational services............... Health care and social assistance.. Leisure and hospitality................ Arts, entertainment, and recreation Accommodation and food services.... Accommodation.................. Food services and drinking places........................ Other services(4)...................... Other services, except private households........................ 622 647 587 511 619 483 682 642 849 764 694 749 692 836 667 702 715 681 592 696 881 654 673 613 558 622 530 809 791 896 832 738 (3) (3) 834 634 667 (3) (3) 607 654 880 652 672 611 549 627 521 807 788 898 826 726 (3) (3) 830 622 661 666 (3) 595 653 863 617 641 581 509 618 480 630 602 818 750 691 725 681 839 668 703 716 682 592 698 882 637 668 597 533 670 497 704 668 899 776 690 704 724 857 691 728 726 731 604 692 885 689 714 635 590 694 562 817 782 965 868 740 (3) (3) 877 618 607 614 (3) 642 699 897 689 712 637 586 689 554 816 780 979 862 747 (3) (3) 875 625 623 640 (3) 630 691 911 626 655 590 528 668 494 653 620 857 758 684 669 703 848 694 732 730 734 603 692 884 468 582 683 554 392 499 371 411 558 666 767 602 487 588 434 459 556 665 748 606 483 564 433 469 462 572 662 547 387 492 368 405 486 598 681 582 400 492 385 435 640 670 756 627 497 546 478 485 617 684 760 639 485 529 470 482 482 590 659 577 395 489 381 423 358 498 397 688 390 654 357 491 371 515 467 726 456 709 369 510 520 702 664 514 544 730 720 533 Public sector............................... Federal goverment......................... State government.......................... Local government.......................... 705 792 676 684 769 779 737 781 766 786 735 773 637 804 633 595 728 818 702 709 801 809 764 814 795 816 759 803 656 821 652 606 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. 4 Includes other industries, not shown separately. NOTE: Data for 2002 have been revised to incorporate changes to the class of worker status associated with the introduction of the 2002 Census industry and occupational classification systems into the Current Population Survey. Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Occupations and industries reflect the introduction of the 2002 Census occupational and industry classification systems derived from the 2000 Standard Occupational Classification system and the 2002 North American Industry Classification System into the Current Population Survey. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state (Numbers in thousands) 2002 Members of unions(1) State Total employed Total Percent of employed 2003 Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed Members of unions(1) Total employed Total Percent of employed Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed Alabama................................... Alaska.................................... Arizona................................... Arkansas.................................. California................................ Colorado.................................. Connecticut............................... Delaware.................................. District of Columbia...................... Florida................................... 1,758 261 2,183 1,062 13,955 1,996 1,534 369 260 6,680 160 64 121 63 2,444 157 258 40 36 383 9.1 24.4 5.5 5.9 17.5 7.9 16.8 10.9 13.9 5.7 186 70 144 72 2,619 180 271 44 46 503 10.6 26.9 6.6 6.7 18.8 9.0 17.7 11.8 17.8 7.5 1,822 265 2,191 1,035 14,350 2,007 1,489 366 268 6,652 147 59 113 50 2,414 156 229 42 39 407 8.1 22.3 5.2 4.8 16.8 7.8 15.4 11.4 14.6 6.1 172 65 140 61 2,647 180 244 46 46 557 9.5 24.6 6.4 5.9 18.4 9.0 16.4 12.5 17.2 8.4 Georgia................................... Hawaii.................................... Idaho..................................... Illinois.................................. Indiana................................... Iowa...................................... 3,630 490 543 5,445 2,814 1,389 219 120 38 1,069 376 154 6.0 24.5 6.9 19.6 13.4 11.1 255 124 47 1,119 408 190 7.0 25.3 8.7 20.6 14.5 13.7 3,703 511 548 5,399 2,768 1,365 249 122 39 967 327 157 6.7 23.8 7.0 17.9 11.8 11.5 298 127 47 1,003 352 196 8.0 24.8 8.6 18.6 12.7 14.4 Kansas.................................... Kentucky.................................. Louisiana................................. Maine..................................... 1,216 1,639 1,650 581 100 165 138 75 8.2 10.1 8.4 13.0 120 185 170 87 9.9 11.3 10.3 15.0 1,204 1,681 1,685 567 96 175 109 73 7.9 10.4 6.5 12.8 124 216 132 81 10.3 12.8 7.9 14.3 Maryland.................................. Massachusetts............................. Michigan.................................. Minnesota................................. Mississippi............................... Missouri.................................. Montana................................... Nebraska.................................. Nevada.................................... New Hampshire............................. 2,460 2,999 4,335 2,500 1,049 2,508 361 790 970 613 354 427 911 440 70 332 51 64 148 60 14.4 14.2 21.0 17.6 6.7 13.2 14.2 8.1 15.3 9.8 411 464 947 458 86 366 56 89 162 68 16.7 15.5 21.8 18.3 8.2 14.6 15.5 11.2 16.7 11.2 2,481 2,925 4,188 2,435 1,117 2,546 360 819 943 607 354 416 919 414 55 336 50 64 136 56 14.3 14.2 21.9 17.0 5.0 13.2 14.0 7.9 14.4 9.3 410 454 968 441 73 363 54 87 149 69 16.5 15.5 23.1 18.1 6.6 14.2 14.9 10.6 15.8 11.3 New Jersey................................ New Mexico................................ New York.................................. North Carolina............................ North Dakota.............................. Ohio...................................... Oklahoma.................................. Oregon.................................... Pennsylvania.............................. Rhode Island.............................. 3,872 720 7,828 3,424 291 5,118 1,420 1,457 5,452 471 757 49 1,981 116 24 859 128 226 851 81 19.6 6.8 25.3 3.4 8.2 16.8 9.0 15.5 15.6 17.3 797 61 2,071 138 28 916 151 239 906 84 20.6 8.5 26.5 4.0 9.8 17.9 10.6 16.4 16.6 17.9 3,777 741 7,874 3,576 284 5,100 1,406 1,466 5,261 494 737 57 1,936 111 21 850 96 230 794 84 19.5 7.6 24.6 3.1 7.3 16.7 6.8 15.7 15.1 17.0 801 70 2,017 135 26 923 111 240 847 86 21.2 9.5 25.6 3.8 9.0 18.1 7.9 16.4 16.1 17.5 South Carolina............................ South Dakota.............................. Tennessee................................. Texas..................................... Utah...................................... Vermont................................... Virginia.................................. Washington................................ West Virginia............................. Wisconsin................................. Wyoming................................... 1,646 349 2,465 8,802 971 289 3,205 2,548 692 2,549 219 80 19 223 452 61 28 194 472 92 397 17 4.9 5.6 9.1 5.1 6.3 9.6 6.0 18.5 13.3 15.6 7.8 100 24 258 570 73 32 251 510 97 418 22 6.1 6.9 10.5 6.5 7.6 11.1 7.8 20.0 14.1 16.4 9.9 1,689 353 2,384 9,072 1,015 281 3,243 2,539 671 2,613 224 71 19 179 508 53 27 210 502 88 414 18 4.2 5.4 7.5 5.6 5.2 9.7 6.5 19.7 13.1 15.9 8.0 90 23 218 621 69 33 251 531 95 438 22 5.3 6.4 9.2 6.8 6.8 11.7 7.7 20.9 14.2 16.8 9.8 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data for 2002 have been revised to incorporate changes to the class of worker status associated with the introduction of the 2002 Census industry and occupational classification systems into the Current Population Survey. Beginning in January 2003, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.