Full text of 2002 : Text File, USDL 03-88
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Technical information: (202) 691-6378 USDL 03-88
http://www.bls.gov/cps/
For release: 10:00 A.M. EST
Media contact: 691-5902 Tuesday, February 25, 2003
UNION MEMBERS IN 2002
In 2002, 13.2 percent of wage and salary workers were union members, down
from 13.4 percent (as revised) in 2001, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau
of Labor Statistics reported today. The number of persons belonging to a
union fell by 280,000 over the year to 16.1 million in 2002. The union mem-
bership rate has steadily declined from a high of 20.1 percent in 1983, the
first year for which comparable union data are available. Some highlights
from the 2002 data are:
--Men were more likely to be union members than women.
--The union membership rate for blacks was unchanged and remained higher
than the rates for either whites or Hispanics.
--Nearly 4 in 10 government workers were union members in 2002, compared
with less than 1 in 10 workers in private-sector industries. The trans-
portation industry had the highest private-sector rate of unionization.
--Nearly two-fifths of workers in protective service occupations were
union members in 2002. Protective service occupations include fire-
fighters and police officers. This group has had the highest union
membership rate of any broad occupation group in every year since 1983.
Membership by Industry and Occupation
In 2002, workers in the public sector had a union membership rate over
four times that of private-sector employees, 37.5 percent compared with
8.5 percent. The unionization rate for government workers has held steady
since 1983. The rate for private industry workers has fallen by nearly
half over the same time period. Within government, local government
workers had the highest union membership rate, 42.8 percent. This group
includes the heavily unionized occupations of teachers, police officers,
and firefighters. Among private industries, transportation had the high-
est union membership rate, at 23.8 percent. Construction and durable goods
manufacturing also had higher-than-average rates, at 17.2 percent and
15.6 percent, respectively. The industry with the lowest unionization rate
in 2002 was finance, insurance, and real estate--1.9 percent. (See table 3.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Changes in Union Membership Estimates |
| |
| Estimates for 2001 and 2002 presented in this release are based on |
| Census 2000 population controls. Consequently, the estimates for |
| 2001 appearing in this release may differ from those published earlier,|
| which were based on population controls derived from the 1990 census. |
| In addition, the data on "represented by unions" incorporate a minor |
| change to the allocation procedure for that item. The change in proce-|
| dure had a small effect on the estimates. Estimates for 2001 and 2002 |
| are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years. For fur-|
| ther information on these changes, see the Technical Note. |
------------------------------------------------------------------------
- 2 -
Among occupational groups, protective service workers continued to have
the highest unionization rate in 2002, at 37.0 percent. Precision produc-
tion, craft, and repair workers and operators, fabricators, and laborers also
had higher-than-average union membership rates at 20.7 percent and 19.1 per-
cent, respectively. Workers in these occupations typically are employed in
the highly unionized industries of manufacturing and construction. Profes-
sional specialty workers, a group that includes teachers, also had a higher-
than-average union membership rate in 2002, at 19.2 percent. Sales occupa-
tions had the lowest unionization rate--3.6 percent. (See table 3.)
Demographic Characteristics of Union Members
In 2002, union membership rates were higher for men (14.7 percent) than
for women (11.6 percent). The union membership rate for men fell from
15.0 percent in 2001, while the rate for women was unchanged. The gap be-
tween men's and women's rates has narrowed considerably since 1983, when
the rate for men was 10 percentage points higher than the rate for women.
Blacks were more likely to be union members (16.9 percent) than either
whites (12.8 percent) or Hispanics (10.5 percent). Black men had the highest
unionization rate (18.2 percent) among the major demographic groups, and
Hispanic women and white women had the lowest rates, 9.8 percent and 10.9 per-
cent, respectively. Union membership rates were highest among workers be-
tween the ages of 45 to 54 years. Full-time workers were more than twice
as likely as part-time workers to be union members. (See table 1.)
Union Representation of Nonmembers
About 1.7 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union
on their main job in 2002, while not being union members themselves. (See
table 1.) Over half of these workers were employed in government and about
20 percent worked in the services industry. (See table 3.)
Earnings
In 2002, full-time wage and salary workers who were union members had
median usual weekly earnings of $740, compared with a median of $587 for
wage and salary workers who were not represented by unions. (See table 2.)
The difference reflects a variety of influences in addition to coverage by
a collective bargaining agreement, including variations in the distributions
of union members and nonunion employees by occupation, industry, firm size,
or geographic region. (For a discussion of the problem of differentiating
between the influence of unionization status and the influence of other worker
characteristics on employee earnings, see "Measuring union-nonunion earnings
differences," Monthly Labor Review, June 1990.)
Union Membership by State
Union membership rates in many states also declined slightly in 2002,
with 33 states and the District of Columbia reporting lower membership
rates and 15 states registering increases. Two states reported no change
- 3 -
in their union membership rates from 2001 to 2002. Twenty-eight states had
union membership rates below that of the U.S., while 21 states and the
District of Columbia had higher rates. Once again, all states in the East
North Central, Middle Atlantic, and Pacific divisions had union membership
rates above the national average of 13.2 percent, while all states in the
East South Central and West South Central divisions had rates below it.
(See table 5.)
Four states had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2002--New
York (25.3 percent), Hawaii (24.4 percent), Alaska (24.3 percent), and
Michigan (21.1 percent). This is the same rank order as in 2001. All
four states have had rates above 20.0 percent every year since data became
regularly available in 1995. North Carolina and South Carolina also con-
tinued to report the lowest union membership rates, 3.2 percent and
4.9 percent, respectively. These two states have had the lowest union
membership rates each year since the state series became available.
The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.5 million),
New York (2.0 million), and Illinois (1.1 million). Over half (8.1 million)
of the 16.1 million union members in the U.S. lived in six states, although
these states accounted for only 35 percent of wage and salary employment
nationally.
The number of union members in a state depends on both its population
size and union membership rate. Texas (the second most populous state) had
less than one-fourth as many union members as New York (the third largest),
despite having nearly 1.0 million more wage and salary employees. Similarly,
Florida (the fourth largest state) and Indiana (the fourteenth) had virtually
the same number of union members, even though Florida's wage and salary em-
ployment level was more than double that of Indiana.
Technical Note
The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current Population
Survey (CPS), which provides the basic information on the labor force,
employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically
selected national sample of about 60,000 households. The union membership
and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample
and are limited to wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed
workers.
The estimates for 2001 and 2002 presented in this release incorporate
two changes. Consequently, the estimates for 2001 appearing in this re-
lease may differ from those previously published, and the estimates for
2001 and 2002 are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years.
One change is the use of Census 2000-based population controls in the
estimation process for both the 2001 and 2002 data. Sample results from
the CPS are weighted up to independent estimates of the population by sex,
age, race, and Hispanic/non-Hispanic origin. The weights, or population
controls, are developed using counts of the civilian noninstitutional
population derived from the decennial census and are updated using infor-
mation from administrative records. Previously published estimates of
union membership in 2001 were based on population controls from the 1990
census. For a discussion of the introduction of Census 2000 population
controls and the impact their introduction had on CPS data, see "Revisions
to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003" in the February
2003 issue of Employment and Earnings and available at
http://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf on the BLS Web site.
Second, the data on "represented by unions" incorporate a minor change
to the allocation procedure for that item. The change in procedure had a
small effect on the estimates.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200, TDD message referral
phone number: 1-800-877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there
is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" popula-
tion values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability is mea-
sured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent
chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ
by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because
of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent
level of confidence.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error
can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of
the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the
sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct
information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and
information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings.
Definitions
The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly
below.
Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union.
Represented by unions. Data refer to union members, as well as workers
who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an
employee association contract.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other
deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually
received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Prior to
1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since
January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for
them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly,
annually, other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time
period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a
weekly equivalent. The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If
the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed
to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or
5 months.
Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings
distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and
the other having earnings below the median.
The estimating procedure places each reported or calculated weekly earnings
value into $50-wide intervals which are centered around multiples of $50. The
actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in
which the median lies.
Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions,
tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both
the private and public sectors but, for the purposes of the union membership
and earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, regardless of whether
or not their businesses are incorporated.
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week
at their sole or principal job.
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per
week at their sole or principal job.
Hispanic origin. Refers to persons who are of Mexican, Puerto Rican,
Cuban, Central or South American, or other Hispanic origin or descent.
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; hence, they are included
in the numbers for the white and black populations.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics
(Numbers in thousands)
2001 2002
Members of Represented Members of Represented
unions(1) by unions(2) unions(1) by unions(2)
Characteristic Total Total
em- em-
ployed Percent Percent ployed Percent Percent
Total of Total of Total of Total of
em- em- em- em-
ployed ployed ployed ployed
SEX AND AGE
Total, 16 years and over................... 122,482 16,387 13.4 18,114 14.8 122,007 16,107 13.2 17,771 14.6
16 to 24 years............................ 19,698 1,015 5.2 1,184 6.0 19,258 985 5.1 1,132 5.9
25 years and over......................... 102,784 15,372 15.0 16,930 16.5 102,748 15,122 14.7 16,639 16.2
25 to 34 years........................... 28,809 3,264 11.3 3,659 12.7 28,251 3,164 11.2 3,540 12.5
35 to 44 years........................... 31,962 4,733 14.8 5,191 16.2 31,296 4,442 14.2 4,876 15.6
45 to 54 years........................... 26,909 5,068 18.8 5,543 20.6 27,086 5,011 18.5 5,470 20.2
55 to 64 years........................... 12,032 2,063 17.1 2,265 18.8 12,982 2,257 17.4 2,469 19.0
65 years and over........................ 3,072 243 7.9 272 8.9 3,133 247 7.9 284 9.1
Men, 16 years and over.................... 63,756 9,578 15.0 10,410 16.3 63,383 9,335 14.7 10,135 16.0
16 to 24 years........................... 10,137 607 6.0 704 6.9 9,862 610 6.2 691 7.0
25 years and over........................ 53,619 8,971 16.7 9,706 18.1 53,521 8,724 16.3 9,444 17.6
25 to 34 years.......................... 15,627 1,983 12.7 2,169 13.9 15,297 1,878 12.3 2,075 13.6
35 to 44 years.......................... 16,657 2,821 16.9 3,028 18.2 16,390 2,632 16.1 2,821 17.2
45 to 54 years.......................... 13,561 2,840 20.9 3,070 22.6 13,611 2,793 20.5 3,006 22.1
55 to 64 years.......................... 6,168 1,195 19.4 1,292 20.9 6,593 1,285 19.5 1,386 21.0
65 years and over....................... 1,605 131 8.1 148 9.2 1,630 136 8.3 156 9.5
Women, 16 years and over.................. 58,726 6,809 11.6 7,704 13.1 58,624 6,772 11.6 7,636 13.0
16 to 24 years........................... 9,561 409 4.3 480 5.0 9,397 375 4.0 441 4.7
25 years and over........................ 49,166 6,400 13.0 7,224 14.7 49,227 6,398 13.0 7,195 14.6
25 to 34 years.......................... 13,181 1,281 9.7 1,490 11.3 12,954 1,285 9.9 1,465 11.3
35 to 44 years.......................... 15,305 1,912 12.5 2,163 14.1 14,906 1,810 12.1 2,055 13.8
45 to 54 years.......................... 13,349 2,227 16.7 2,474 18.5 13,474 2,218 16.5 2,464 18.3
55 to 64 years.......................... 5,864 868 14.8 973 16.6 6,390 972 15.2 1,083 17.0
65 years and over....................... 1,467 113 7.7 124 8.5 1,503 112 7.4 128 8.5
RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX
White, 16 years and over.................. 101,546 13,209 13.0 14,574 14.4 101,081 12,929 12.8 14,227 14.1
Men..................................... 53,731 7,909 14.7 8,585 16.0 53,304 7,699 14.4 8,334 15.6
Women................................... 47,815 5,300 11.1 5,989 12.5 47,776 5,230 10.9 5,893 12.3
Black, 16 years and over.................. 14,261 2,409 16.9 2,668 18.7 14,127 2,383 16.9 2,648 18.7
Men..................................... 6,488 1,221 18.8 1,330 20.5 6,499 1,184 18.2 1,297 20.0
Women................................... 7,773 1,188 15.3 1,338 17.2 7,628 1,198 15.7 1,351 17.7
Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........ 15,174 1,679 11.1 1,876 12.4 15,522 1,637 10.5 1,822 11.7
Men..................................... 8,997 1,032 11.5 1,136 12.6 9,130 1,012 11.1 1,113 12.2
Women................................... 6,177 647 10.5 740 12.0 6,392 625 9.8 709 11.1
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS(3)
Full-time workers......................... 101,187 14,921 14.7 16,445 16.3 100,201 14,591 14.6 16,077 16.0
Part-time workers......................... 21,057 1,437 6.8 1,637 7.8 21,573 1,484 6.9 1,658 7.7
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. Beginning in 1994, these data
will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of
multiple jobholders.
NOTE: Data for 2001 have been revised to reflect the introduction of Census 2000-based population controls. In addition,
data on "represented by unions" incorporate a minor change to the allocation procedure for that item. The change in
procedure had a small effect on the estimates. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.
Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Detail for the above
race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and
Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics
2001 2002
Characteristic Members Repre- Members Repre-
Total of sented Non- Total of sented Non-
unions(1) by union unions(1) by union
unions(2) unions(2)
SEX AND AGE
Total, 16 years and over................... $595 $717 $711 $573 $609 $740 $734 $587
16 to 24 years............................ 375 471 473 368 381 497 494 374
25 years and over......................... 629 732 727 610 647 753 748 623
25 to 34 years........................... 576 654 645 559 591 682 670 577
35 to 44 years........................... 655 742 736 634 669 759 753 647
45 to 54 years........................... 691 775 773 661 707 789 787 675
55 to 64 years........................... 641 745 744 614 673 787 784 639
65 years and over........................ 472 607 604 441 502 592 594 484
Men, 16 years and over.................... 668 764 759 642 680 780 776 652
16 to 24 years........................... 390 481 485 384 392 498 494 385
25 years and over........................ 718 779 777 700 732 797 793 713
25 to 34 years.......................... 616 697 688 605 627 722 710 614
35 to 44 years.......................... 752 798 793 741 759 810 806 747
45 to 54 years.......................... 797 811 811 788 808 831 831 796
55 to 64 years.......................... 767 800 807 749 799 836 838 779
65 years and over....................... 550 693 709 522 583 610 616 576
Women, 16 years and over.................. 511 643 638 493 530 667 662 510
16 to 24 years........................... 353 456 455 348 366 495 494 361
25 years and over........................ 541 655 651 518 570 679 674 542
25 to 34 years.......................... 513 600 597 502 531 624 619 517
35 to 44 years.......................... 544 641 639 522 573 669 666 548
45 to 54 years.......................... 587 720 715 553 603 730 726 581
55 to 64 years.......................... 539 656 658 512 574 706 705 542
65 years and over....................... 372 494 483 359 428 550 551 414
RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX
White, 16 years and over.................. 610 739 734 589 624 763 757 602
Men..................................... 688 782 779 663 702 804 801 674
Women................................... 521 666 660 503 549 695 688 521
Black, 16 years and over.................. 486 604 598 462 498 615 610 477
Men..................................... 517 651 637 497 523 651 640 502
Women................................... 452 563 563 424 474 588 588 445
Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........ 413 575 572 398 423 623 617 408
Men..................................... 433 606 605 413 449 666 656 422
Women................................... 385 500 499 371 396 558 569 381
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data for 2001 have been revised to reflect the introduction of Census 2000-based population controls. In addition,
the data on "represented by unions" incorporate a minor change to the allocation procedure for that item. The change in
procedure had a neligible affect on the estimates. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers. Excluded
are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Detail for the above race and
Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are
included in both the white and black population groups.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry
(Numbers in thousands)
2001 2002
Members of Represented Members of Represented
unions(1) by unions(2) unions(1) by unions(2)
Occupation and industry Total Total
em- em-
ployed Percent Percent ployed Percent Percent
Total of Total of Total of Total of
em- em- em- em-
ployed ployed ployed ployed
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty....... 36,660 4,665 12.7 5,417 14.8 36,969 4,788 13.0 5,534 15.0
Executive, administrative, and managerial. 17,075 945 5.5 1,148 6.7 17,296 1,005 5.8 1,223 7.1
Professional specialty.................... 19,585 3,720 19.0 4,269 21.8 19,674 3,783 19.2 4,310 21.9
Technical, sales, and administrative support 36,335 3,208 8.8 3,632 10.0 35,767 3,175 8.9 3,552 9.9
Technicians and related support........... 4,448 474 10.7 537 12.1 4,349 469 10.8 524 12.0
Sales occupations......................... 13,749 480 3.5 549 4.0 13,810 496 3.6 559 4.0
Administrative support, including clerical 18,138 2,253 12.4 2,545 14.0 17,607 2,210 12.5 2,469 14.0
Service occupations......................... 17,434 2,296 13.2 2,504 14.4 17,898 2,249 12.6 2,473 13.8
Protective service........................ 2,482 936 37.7 1,004 40.5 2,584 957 37.0 1,021 39.5
Service, except protective service........ 14,952 1,360 9.1 1,500 10.0 15,314 1,293 8.4 1,452 9.5
Precision production, craft, and repair..... 12,886 2,740 21.3 2,874 22.3 12,413 2,570 20.7 2,686 21.6
Operators, fabricators, and laborers........ 17,250 3,394 19.7 3,590 20.8 16,901 3,235 19.1 3,422 20.3
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors............................... 6,676 1,338 20.0 1,413 21.2 6,269 1,184 18.9 1,244 19.8
Transportation and material moving
occupations.............................. 5,226 1,215 23.2 1,292 24.7 5,294 1,163 22.0 1,241 23.4
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers................................. 5,347 841 15.7 885 16.6 5,338 888 16.6 938 17.6
Farming, forestry, and fishing.............. 1,917 83 4.3 98 5.1 2,058 89 4.3 104 5.1
INDUSTRY
Private wage and salary workers............. 103,142 9,201 8.9 10,028 9.7 102,419 8,756 8.5 9,548 9.3
Agriculture............................... 1,725 27 1.6 36 2.1 1,819 42 2.3 48 2.6
Nonagricultural industries................ 101,417 9,174 9.0 9,993 9.9 100,598 8,714 8.7 9,501 9.4
Mining.................................. 531 66 12.4 70 13.1 458 39 8.5 46 10.0
Construction............................ 7,054 1,275 18.1 1,321 18.7 6,883 1,184 17.2 1,228 17.8
Manufacturing........................... 18,501 2,697 14.6 2,861 15.5 17,324 2,484 14.3 2,621 15.1
Durable goods......................... 11,252 1,690 15.0 1,787 15.9 10,344 1,612 15.6 1,687 16.3
Nondurable goods...................... 7,249 1,008 13.9 1,073 14.8 6,979 872 12.5 935 13.4
Transportation and public utilities..... 7,502 1,752 23.4 1,851 24.7 7,432 1,712 23.0 1,810 24.3
Transportation........................ 4,501 1,077 23.9 1,140 25.3 4,524 1,078 23.8 1,133 25.0
Communications and public utilities... 3,001 675 22.5 711 23.7 2,908 634 21.8 677 23.3
Wholesale and retail trade.............. 25,354 1,182 4.7 1,298 5.1 25,475 1,134 4.5 1,256 4.9
Wholesale trade....................... 4,615 254 5.5 273 5.9 4,514 220 4.9 238 5.3
Retail trade.......................... 20,740 928 4.5 1,025 4.9 20,961 914 4.4 1,018 4.9
Finance, insurance, and real estate..... 7,742 156 2.0 217 2.8 7,849 151 1.9 196 2.5
Services................................ 34,733 2,046 5.9 2,376 6.8 35,178 2,011 5.7 2,344 6.7
Government workers.......................... 19,340 7,186 37.2 8,086 41.8 19,588 7,351 37.5 8,223 42.0
Federal................................... 3,324 1,046 31.5 1,221 36.8 3,296 1,063 32.3 1,244 37.7
State..................................... 5,729 1,737 30.3 1,980 34.6 5,706 1,758 30.8 2,005 35.1
Local..................................... 10,287 4,403 42.8 4,885 47.5 10,585 4,530 42.8 4,974 47.0
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data for 2001 have been revised to reflect the introduction of Census 2000-based population controls. In addition,
data on "represented by unions" incorporate a minor change to the allocation procedure for that item. The change in
procedure had a small effect on the estimates. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.
Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry
2001 2002
Occupation and industry Members Repre- Members Repre-
Total of sented Non- Total of sented Non-
unions(1) by union unions(1) by union
unions(2) unions(2)
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty....... $859 $865 $860 $859 $884 $890 $884 $884
Executive, administrative, and managerial. 865 869 881 863 890 892 903 889
Professional specialty.................... 854 864 855 854 879 889 880 879
Technical, sales, and administrative support 521 614 606 513 550 633 625 536
Technicians and related support........... 673 731 737 663 694 775 762 682
Sales occupations......................... 574 557 554 575 601 572 570 601
Administrative support, including clerical 486 598 588 472 503 613 609 490
Service occupations......................... 377 553 546 351 384 595 585 358
Protective service........................ 628 807 794 518 647 820 811 519
Service, except protective service........ 345 426 423 333 352 448 445 341
Precision production, craft, and repair..... 624 821 815 588 629 821 814 590
Operators, fabricators, and laborers........ 464 618 611 424 482 635 627 445
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors............................... 454 585 579 419 474 616 608 440
Transportation and material moving
occupations.............................. 572 722 714 520 579 728 716 525
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers.............................. 387 529 522 368 400 555 549 381
Farming, forestry, and fishing.............. 351 588 580 342 363 548 524 357
INDUSTRY
Private wage and salary workers............. 578 682 674 563 591 701 691 581
Agriculture............................... 368 (3) (3) 367 372 (3) (3) 371
Nonagricultural industries................ 582 683 675 569 595 702 692 585
Mining.................................. 791 815 815 784 822 (3) (3) 825
Construction............................ 605 865 853 562 599 845 836 559
Manufacturing........................... 610 642 638 604 624 654 653 619
Durable goods......................... 631 674 668 622 647 675 673 640
Nondurable goods...................... 580 604 602 573 595 613 614 591
Transportation and public utilities..... 704 796 791 668 707 810 805 664
Transportation........................ 643 781 775 609 642 782 778 605
Communications and public utilities... 793 816 813 781 810 857 850 785
Wholesale and retail trade.............. 466 539 525 462 480 552 540 477
Wholesale trade....................... 622 653 659 620 626 664 659 623
Retail trade.......................... 420 494 486 417 434 505 497 430
Finance, insurance, and real estate..... 655 587 598 657 676 598 601 681
Services................................ 579 598 597 578 596 650 645 593
Government workers.......................... 684 753 748 620 708 770 767 640
Federal................................... 771 761 767 775 795 780 788 809
State..................................... 650 718 712 610 675 738 735 631
Local..................................... 667 764 755 580 688 782 773 597
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
NOTE: Data for 2001 have been revised to reflect the introduction of Census 2000-based population controls. In addition,
the data on "represented by unions" incorporate a minor change to the allocation procedure for that item. The change in
procedure had a neligible affect on the estimates. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers. Excluded
are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state
(Numbers in thousands)
2001 2002
Members of Represented Members of Represented
unions(1) by unions(2) unions(1) by unions(2)
State Total Total
em- em-
ployed Percent Percent ployed Percent Percent
Total of Total of Total of Total of
em- em- em- em-
ployed ployed ployed ployed
Alabama................................... 1,803 169 9.4 194 10.7 1,761 157 8.9 185 10.5
Alaska.................................... 268 58 21.7 66 24.7 262 64 24.3 70 26.7
Arizona................................... 2,174 127 5.9 141 6.5 2,184 120 5.5 144 6.6
Arkansas.................................. 1,036 65 6.3 80 7.8 1,064 63 5.9 73 6.8
California................................ 14,219 2,299 16.2 2,526 17.8 13,983 2,454 17.5 2,639 18.9
Colorado.................................. 1,990 173 8.7 203 10.2 1,999 157 7.8 180 9.0
Connecticut............................... 1,555 246 15.8 260 16.7 1,534 257 16.7 273 17.8
Delaware.................................. 375 46 12.1 50 13.3 369 41 11.1 45 12.1
District of Columbia...................... 262 42 16.2 54 20.6 260 36 13.8 46 17.8
Florida................................... 6,760 425 6.3 572 8.5 6,697 380 5.7 507 7.6
Georgia................................... 3,652 259 7.1 301 8.2 3,643 218 6.0 256 7.0
Hawaii.................................... 522 123 23.7 136 26.0 492 120 24.4 125 25.4
Idaho..................................... 551 41 7.5 48 8.7 547 39 7.1 48 8.9
Illinois.................................. 5,613 1,016 18.1 1,083 19.3 5,450 1,066 19.6 1,122 20.6
Indiana................................... 2,761 395 14.3 424 15.4 2,826 376 13.3 411 14.5
Iowa...................................... 1,365 175 12.8 209 15.3 1,395 155 11.1 190 13.6
Kansas.................................... 1,200 111 9.3 139 11.6 1,217 99 8.2 120 9.9
Kentucky.................................. 1,665 189 11.3 208 12.5 1,639 164 10.0 184 11.2
Louisiana................................. 1,729 131 7.6 175 10.1 1,649 134 8.1 170 10.3
Maine..................................... 569 73 12.9 83 14.6 582 75 12.9 88 15.1
Maryland.................................. 2,426 335 13.8 408 16.8 2,460 346 14.1 415 16.9
Massachusetts............................. 2,940 433 14.7 468 15.9 3,003 428 14.2 469 15.6
Michigan.................................. 4,488 975 21.7 1,016 22.6 4,335 914 21.1 953 22.0
Minnesota................................. 2,432 428 17.6 445 18.3 2,503 439 17.6 457 18.3
Mississippi............................... 1,099 61 5.5 99 9.0 1,052 69 6.6 84 8.0
Missouri.................................. 2,570 365 14.2 395 15.4 2,514 332 13.2 366 14.5
Montana................................... 362 48 13.2 54 15.0 362 51 14.1 56 15.5
Nebraska.................................. 789 61 7.7 86 10.9 793 63 7.9 88 11.1
Nevada.................................... 954 162 17.0 175 18.4 971 147 15.2 162 16.7
New Hampshire............................. 609 61 10.0 70 11.4 613 60 9.7 69 11.2
New Jersey................................ 3,833 746 19.5 798 20.8 3,870 749 19.4 799 20.6
New Mexico................................ 721 57 7.8 68 9.4 723 48 6.6 63 8.7
New York.................................. 7,802 2,063 26.4 2,152 27.6 7,844 1,987 25.3 2,088 26.6
North Carolina............................ 3,521 129 3.7 151 4.3 3,427 111 3.2 138 4.0
North Dakota.............................. 293 22 7.5 25 8.6 291 24 8.1 28 9.8
Ohio...................................... 5,135 909 17.7 982 19.1 5,123 858 16.7 918 17.9
Oklahoma.................................. 1,391 117 8.4 130 9.3 1,421 127 8.9 150 10.6
Oregon.................................... 1,463 229 15.6 247 16.9 1,460 227 15.5 242 16.6
Pennsylvania.............................. 5,366 910 17.0 984 18.3 5,452 847 15.5 907 16.6
Rhode Island.............................. 466 83 17.8 86 18.5 471 81 17.2 84 17.9
South Carolina............................ 1,623 73 4.5 91 5.6 1,643 81 4.9 101 6.1
South Dakota.............................. 339 20 6.0 26 7.6 350 19 5.6 24 6.9
Tennessee................................. 2,421 185 7.6 211 8.7 2,466 222 9.0 258 10.5
Texas..................................... 8,872 489 5.5 591 6.7 8,818 451 5.1 571 6.5
Utah...................................... 971 66 6.8 75 7.8 973 60 6.2 73 7.5
Vermont................................... 283 31 10.8 35 12.3 289 27 9.5 32 11.0
Virginia.................................. 3,233 163 5.0 209 6.5 3,208 189 5.9 249 7.8
Washington................................ 2,487 460 18.5 498 20.0 2,553 471 18.4 512 20.0
West Virginia............................. 719 105 14.6 115 16.0 693 92 13.3 97 14.0
Wisconsin................................. 2,587 420 16.2 448 17.3 2,554 398 15.6 420 16.4
Wyoming................................... 221 20 8.9 25 11.1 219 17 7.8 22 9.8
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data for 2001 have been revised to reflect the introduction of Census 2000-based population controls. In
addition, data on "represented by unions" incorporate a minor change to the allocation procedure for that item. The change
in procedure had a small effect on the estimates. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers.
Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.