Full text of Union Members : 2002, USDL - 03-88 : 2002
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Technical information: (202) 691-6378 http://www.bls.gov/cps/ Media contact: 691-5902 USDL 03-88 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Tuesday, February 25, 2003 UNION MEMBERS IN 2002 In 2002, 13.2 percent of wage and salary workers were union members, down from 13.4 percent (as revised) in 2001, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The number of persons belonging to a union fell by 280,000 over the year to 16.1 million in 2002. The union membership rate has steadily declined from a high of 20.1 percent in 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available. Some highlights from the 2002 data are: --Men were more likely to be union members than women. --The union membership rate for blacks was unchanged and remained higher than the rates for either whites or Hispanics. --Nearly 4 in 10 government workers were union members in 2002, compared with less than 1 in 10 workers in private-sector industries. The transportation industry had the highest private-sector rate of unionization. --Nearly two-fifths of workers in protective service occupations were union members in 2002. Protective service occupations include firefighters and police officers. This group has had the highest union membership rate of any broad occupation group in every year since 1983. Membership by Industry and Occupation In 2002, workers in the public sector had a union membership rate over four times that of private-sector employees, 37.5 percent compared with 8.5 percent. The unionization rate for government workers has held steady since 1983. The rate for private industry workers has fallen by nearly half over the same time period. Within government, local government workers had the highest union membership rate, 42.8 percent. This group includes the heavily unionized occupations of teachers, police officers, and firefighters. Among private industries, transportation had the highest union membership rate, at 23.8 percent. Construction and durable goods manufacturing also had higher-than-average rates, at 17.2 percent and 15.6 percent, respectively. The industry with the lowest unionization rate in 2002 was finance, insurance, and real estate--1.9 percent. (See table 3.) -----------------------------------------------------------------------Changes in Union Membership Estimates | | Estimates for 2001 and 2002 presented in this release are based on | Census 2000 population controls. Consequently, the estimates for | 2001 appearing in this release may differ from those published earlier,| which were based on population controls derived from the 1990 census. | In addition, the data on "represented by unions" incorporate a minor | change to the allocation procedure for that item. The change in proce-| dure had a small effect on the estimates. Estimates for 2001 and 2002 | are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years. For fur-| ther information on these changes, see the Technical Note. | ------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | | | | | | | | | | - 2 Among occupational groups, protective service workers continued to have the highest unionization rate in 2002, at 37.0 percent. Precision production, craft, and repair workers and operators, fabricators, and laborers also had higher-than-average union membership rates at 20.7 percent and 19.1 percent, respectively. Workers in these occupations typically are employed in the highly unionized industries of manufacturing and construction. Professional specialty workers, a group that includes teachers, also had a higherthan-average union membership rate in 2002, at 19.2 percent. Sales occupations had the lowest unionization rate--3.6 percent. (See table 3.) Demographic Characteristics of Union Members In 2002, union membership rates were higher for men (14.7 percent) than for women (11.6 percent). The union membership rate for men fell from 15.0 percent in 2001, while the rate for women was unchanged. The gap between men's and women's rates has narrowed considerably since 1983, when the rate for men was 10 percentage points higher than the rate for women. Blacks were more likely to be union members (16.9 percent) than either whites (12.8 percent) or Hispanics (10.5 percent). Black men had the highest unionization rate (18.2 percent) among the major demographic groups, and Hispanic women and white women had the lowest rates, 9.8 percent and 10.9 percent, respectively. Union membership rates were highest among workers between the ages of 45 to 54 years. Full-time workers were more than twice as likely as part-time workers to be union members. (See table 1.) Union Representation of Nonmembers About 1.7 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union on their main job in 2002, while not being union members themselves. (See table 1.) Over half of these workers were employed in government and about 20 percent worked in the services industry. (See table 3.) Earnings In 2002, full-time wage and salary workers who were union members had median usual weekly earnings of $740, compared with a median of $587 for wage and salary workers who were not represented by unions. (See table 2.) The difference reflects a variety of influences in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region. (For a discussion of the problem of differentiating between the influence of unionization status and the influence of other worker characteristics on employee earnings, see "Measuring union-nonunion earnings differences," Monthly Labor Review, June 1990.) Union Membership by State Union membership rates in many states also declined slightly in 2002, with 33 states and the District of Columbia reporting lower membership rates and 15 states registering increases. Two states reported no change - 3 in their union membership rates from 2001 to 2002. Twenty-eight states had union membership rates below that of the U.S., while 21 states and the District of Columbia had higher rates. Once again, all states in the East North Central, Middle Atlantic, and Pacific divisions had union membership rates above the national average of 13.2 percent, while all states in the East South Central and West South Central divisions had rates below it. (See table 5.) Four states had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2002--New York (25.3 percent), Hawaii (24.4 percent), Alaska (24.3 percent), and Michigan (21.1 percent). This is the same rank order as in 2001. All four states have had rates above 20.0 percent every year since data became regularly available in 1995. North Carolina and South Carolina also continued to report the lowest union membership rates, 3.2 percent and 4.9 percent, respectively. These two states have had the lowest union membership rates each year since the state series became available. The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.5 million), New York (2.0 million), and Illinois (1.1 million). Over half (8.1 million) of the 16.1 million union members in the U.S. lived in six states, although these states accounted for only 35 percent of wage and salary employment nationally. The number of union members in a state depends on both its population size and union membership rate. Texas (the second most populous state) had less than one-fourth as many union members as New York (the third largest), despite having nearly 1.0 million more wage and salary employees. Similarly, Florida (the fourth largest state) and Indiana (the fourteenth) had virtually the same number of union members, even though Florida's wage and salary employment level was more than double that of Indiana. Technical Note The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides the basic information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 households. The union membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers. The estimates for 2001 and 2002 presented in this release incorporate two changes. Consequently, the estimates for 2001 appearing in this release may differ from those previously published, and the estimates for 2001 and 2002 are not strictly comparable with estimates for earlier years. One change is the use of Census 2000-based population controls in the estimation process for both the 2001 and 2002 data. Sample results from the CPS are weighted up to independent estimates of the population by sex, age, race, and Hispanic/non-Hispanic origin. The weights, or population controls, are developed using counts of the civilian noninstitutional population derived from the decennial census and are updated using information from administrative records. Previously published estimates of union membership in 2001 were based on population controls from the 1990 census. For a discussion of the introduction of Census 2000 population controls and the impact their introduction had on CPS data, see "Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003" in the February 2003 issue of Employment and Earnings and available at http://www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf on the BLS Web site. Second, the data on "represented by unions" incorporate a minor change to the allocation procedure for that item. The change in procedure had a small effect on the estimates. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200, TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings. Definitions The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly below. Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. Represented by unions. Data refer to union members, as well as workers who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies. Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both the private and public sectors but, for the purposes of the union membership and earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job. Hispanic origin. Refers to persons who are of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Hispanic origin or descent. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; hence, they are included in the numbers for the white and black populations. Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics (Numbers in thousands) 2001 2002 Members of unions(1) Characteristic Total employed Total Percent of employed Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed Members of unions(1) Total employed Total Percent of employed Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed SEX AND AGE Total, 16 years and over................... 122,482 16 to 24 years............................ 19,698 25 years and over......................... 102,784 25 to 34 years........................... 28,809 35 to 44 years........................... 31,962 45 to 54 years........................... 26,909 55 to 64 years........................... 12,032 65 years and over........................ 3,072 16,387 1,015 15,372 3,264 4,733 5,068 2,063 243 13.4 5.2 15.0 11.3 14.8 18.8 17.1 7.9 18,114 1,184 16,930 3,659 5,191 5,543 2,265 272 14.8 6.0 16.5 12.7 16.2 20.6 18.8 8.9 122,007 19,258 102,748 28,251 31,296 27,086 12,982 3,133 16,107 985 15,122 3,164 4,442 5,011 2,257 247 13.2 5.1 14.7 11.2 14.2 18.5 17.4 7.9 17,771 1,132 16,639 3,540 4,876 5,470 2,469 284 14.6 5.9 16.2 12.5 15.6 20.2 19.0 9.1 Men, 16 years and over.................... 16 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over........................ 25 to 34 years.......................... 35 to 44 years.......................... 45 to 54 years.......................... 55 to 64 years.......................... 65 years and over....................... 63,756 10,137 53,619 15,627 16,657 13,561 6,168 1,605 9,578 607 8,971 1,983 2,821 2,840 1,195 131 15.0 6.0 16.7 12.7 16.9 20.9 19.4 8.1 10,410 704 9,706 2,169 3,028 3,070 1,292 148 16.3 6.9 18.1 13.9 18.2 22.6 20.9 9.2 63,383 9,862 53,521 15,297 16,390 13,611 6,593 1,630 9,335 610 8,724 1,878 2,632 2,793 1,285 136 14.7 6.2 16.3 12.3 16.1 20.5 19.5 8.3 10,135 691 9,444 2,075 2,821 3,006 1,386 156 16.0 7.0 17.6 13.6 17.2 22.1 21.0 9.5 Women, 16 years and over.................. 16 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over........................ 25 to 34 years.......................... 35 to 44 years.......................... 45 to 54 years.......................... 55 to 64 years.......................... 65 years and over....................... 58,726 9,561 49,166 13,181 15,305 13,349 5,864 1,467 6,809 409 6,400 1,281 1,912 2,227 868 113 11.6 4.3 13.0 9.7 12.5 16.7 14.8 7.7 7,704 480 7,224 1,490 2,163 2,474 973 124 13.1 5.0 14.7 11.3 14.1 18.5 16.6 8.5 58,624 9,397 49,227 12,954 14,906 13,474 6,390 1,503 6,772 375 6,398 1,285 1,810 2,218 972 112 11.6 4.0 13.0 9.9 12.1 16.5 15.2 7.4 7,636 441 7,195 1,465 2,055 2,464 1,083 128 13.0 4.7 14.6 11.3 13.8 18.3 17.0 8.5 White, 16 years and over.................. 101,546 Men..................................... 53,731 Women................................... 47,815 13,209 7,909 5,300 13.0 14.7 11.1 14,574 8,585 5,989 14.4 16.0 12.5 101,081 53,304 47,776 12,929 7,699 5,230 12.8 14.4 10.9 14,227 8,334 5,893 14.1 15.6 12.3 RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX Black, 16 years and over.................. Men..................................... Women................................... 14,261 6,488 7,773 2,409 1,221 1,188 16.9 18.8 15.3 2,668 1,330 1,338 18.7 20.5 17.2 14,127 6,499 7,628 2,383 1,184 1,198 16.9 18.2 15.7 2,648 1,297 1,351 18.7 20.0 17.7 Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........ Men..................................... Women................................... 15,174 8,997 6,177 1,679 1,032 647 11.1 11.5 10.5 1,876 1,136 740 12.4 12.6 12.0 15,522 9,130 6,392 1,637 1,012 625 10.5 11.1 9.8 1,822 1,113 709 11.7 12.2 11.1 Full-time workers......................... 101,187 Part-time workers......................... 21,057 14,921 1,437 14.7 6.8 16,445 1,637 16.3 7.8 100,201 21,573 14,591 1,484 14.6 6.9 16,077 1,658 16.0 7.7 FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS(3) 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. Beginning in 1994, these data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. NOTE: Data for 2001 have been revised to reflect the introduction of Census 2000-based population controls. In addition, data on "represented by unions" incorporate a minor change to the allocation procedure for that item. The change in procedure had a small effect on the estimates. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics 2001 Characteristic Total SEX AND AGE Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2) 2002 Nonunion Total Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2) Nonunion Total, 16 years and over................... 16 to 24 years............................ 25 years and over......................... 25 to 34 years........................... 35 to 44 years........................... 45 to 54 years........................... 55 to 64 years........................... 65 years and over........................ $595 375 629 576 655 691 641 472 $717 471 732 654 742 775 745 607 $711 473 727 645 736 773 744 604 $573 368 610 559 634 661 614 441 $609 381 647 591 669 707 673 502 $740 497 753 682 759 789 787 592 $734 494 748 670 753 787 784 594 $587 374 623 577 647 675 639 484 Men, 16 years and over.................... 16 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over........................ 25 to 34 years.......................... 35 to 44 years.......................... 45 to 54 years.......................... 55 to 64 years.......................... 65 years and over....................... 668 390 718 616 752 797 767 550 764 481 779 697 798 811 800 693 759 485 777 688 793 811 807 709 642 384 700 605 741 788 749 522 680 392 732 627 759 808 799 583 780 498 797 722 810 831 836 610 776 494 793 710 806 831 838 616 652 385 713 614 747 796 779 576 Women, 16 years and over.................. 16 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over........................ 25 to 34 years.......................... 35 to 44 years.......................... 45 to 54 years.......................... 55 to 64 years.......................... 65 years and over....................... 511 353 541 513 544 587 539 372 643 456 655 600 641 720 656 494 638 455 651 597 639 715 658 483 493 348 518 502 522 553 512 359 530 366 570 531 573 603 574 428 667 495 679 624 669 730 706 550 662 494 674 619 666 726 705 551 510 361 542 517 548 581 542 414 White, 16 years and over.................. Men..................................... Women................................... 610 688 521 739 782 666 734 779 660 589 663 503 624 702 549 763 804 695 757 801 688 602 674 521 Black, 16 years and over.................. Men..................................... Women................................... 486 517 452 604 651 563 598 637 563 462 497 424 498 523 474 615 651 588 610 640 588 477 502 445 Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........ Men..................................... Women................................... 413 433 385 575 606 500 572 605 499 398 413 371 423 449 396 623 666 558 617 656 569 408 422 381 RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX 1 Data refer to 2 Data refer to union affiliation NOTE: Data for members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 2001 have been revised to reflect the introduction of Census 2000-based population controls. In addition, the data on "represented by unions" incorporate a minor change to the allocation procedure for procedure had a neligible affect on the estimates. Data refer to the sole or principal job of are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not included in both the white and black population groups. that item. The change in full-time workers. Excluded Detail for the above race and presented and Hispanics are Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry (Numbers in thousands) 2001 Members of unions(1) Occupation and industry Total employed Total Percent of employed 2002 Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed Members of unions(1) Total employed Total Percent of employed Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty....... Executive, administrative, and managerial. Professional specialty.................... 36,660 17,075 19,585 4,665 945 3,720 12.7 5.5 19.0 5,417 1,148 4,269 14.8 6.7 21.8 36,969 17,296 19,674 4,788 1,005 3,783 13.0 5.8 19.2 5,534 1,223 4,310 15.0 7.1 21.9 Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support........... Sales occupations......................... Administrative support, including clerical 36,335 4,448 13,749 18,138 3,208 474 480 2,253 8.8 10.7 3.5 12.4 3,632 537 549 2,545 10.0 12.1 4.0 14.0 35,767 4,349 13,810 17,607 3,175 469 496 2,210 8.9 10.8 3.6 12.5 3,552 524 559 2,469 9.9 12.0 4.0 14.0 Service occupations......................... Protective service........................ Service, except protective service........ 17,434 2,482 14,952 2,296 936 1,360 13.2 37.7 9.1 2,504 1,004 1,500 14.4 40.5 10.0 17,898 2,584 15,314 2,249 957 1,293 12.6 37.0 8.4 2,473 1,021 1,452 13.8 39.5 9.5 Precision production, craft, and repair..... 12,886 2,740 21.3 2,874 22.3 12,413 2,570 20.7 2,686 21.6 Operators, fabricators, and laborers........ Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................... Transportation and material moving occupations.............................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers................................. 17,250 3,394 19.7 3,590 20.8 16,901 3,235 19.1 3,422 20.3 6,676 1,338 20.0 1,413 21.2 6,269 1,184 18.9 1,244 19.8 5,226 1,215 23.2 1,292 24.7 5,294 1,163 22.0 1,241 23.4 5,347 841 15.7 885 16.6 5,338 888 16.6 938 17.6 Farming, forestry, and fishing.............. 1,917 83 4.3 98 5.1 2,058 89 4.3 104 5.1 Private wage and salary workers............. 103,142 Agriculture............................... 1,725 Nonagricultural industries................ 101,417 Mining.................................. 531 Construction............................ 7,054 9,201 27 9,174 66 1,275 8.9 1.6 9.0 12.4 18.1 10,028 36 9,993 70 1,321 9.7 2.1 9.9 13.1 18.7 102,419 1,819 100,598 458 6,883 8,756 42 8,714 39 1,184 8.5 2.3 8.7 8.5 17.2 9,548 48 9,501 46 1,228 9.3 2.6 9.4 10.0 17.8 INDUSTRY Manufacturing........................... Durable goods......................... Nondurable goods...................... 18,501 11,252 7,249 2,697 1,690 1,008 14.6 15.0 13.9 2,861 1,787 1,073 15.5 15.9 14.8 17,324 10,344 6,979 2,484 1,612 872 14.3 15.6 12.5 2,621 1,687 935 15.1 16.3 13.4 Transportation and public utilities..... Transportation........................ Communications and public utilities... 7,502 4,501 3,001 1,752 1,077 675 23.4 23.9 22.5 1,851 1,140 711 24.7 25.3 23.7 7,432 4,524 2,908 1,712 1,078 634 23.0 23.8 21.8 1,810 1,133 677 24.3 25.0 23.3 Wholesale and retail trade.............. Wholesale trade....................... Retail trade.......................... 25,354 4,615 20,740 1,182 254 928 4.7 5.5 4.5 1,298 273 1,025 5.1 5.9 4.9 25,475 4,514 20,961 1,134 220 914 4.5 4.9 4.4 1,256 238 1,018 4.9 5.3 4.9 Finance, insurance, and real estate..... Services................................ 7,742 34,733 156 2,046 2.0 5.9 217 2,376 2.8 6.8 7,849 35,178 151 2,011 1.9 5.7 196 2,344 2.5 6.7 Government workers.......................... Federal................................... State..................................... Local..................................... 19,340 3,324 5,729 10,287 7,186 1,046 1,737 4,403 37.2 31.5 30.3 42.8 8,086 1,221 1,980 4,885 41.8 36.8 34.6 47.5 19,588 3,296 5,706 10,585 7,351 1,063 1,758 4,530 37.5 32.3 30.8 42.8 8,223 1,244 2,005 4,974 42.0 37.7 35.1 47.0 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data for 2001 have been revised to reflect the introduction of Census 2000-based population controls. In addition, data on "represented by unions" incorporate a minor change to the allocation procedure for that item. The change in procedure had a small effect on the estimates. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry 2001 Occupation and industry 2002 Total Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2) Nonunion Total Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2) Nonunion Managerial and professional specialty....... Executive, administrative, and managerial. Professional specialty.................... $859 865 854 $865 869 864 $860 881 855 $859 863 854 $884 890 879 $890 892 889 $884 903 880 $884 889 879 Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support........... Sales occupations......................... Administrative support, including clerical 521 673 574 486 614 731 557 598 606 737 554 588 513 663 575 472 550 694 601 503 633 775 572 613 625 762 570 609 536 682 601 490 Service occupations......................... Protective service........................ Service, except protective service........ 377 628 345 553 807 426 546 794 423 351 518 333 384 647 352 595 820 448 585 811 445 358 519 341 Precision production, craft, and repair..... 624 821 815 588 629 821 814 590 Operators, fabricators, and laborers........ Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................... Transportation and material moving occupations.............................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and 464 618 611 424 482 635 627 445 454 585 579 419 474 616 608 440 572 722 714 520 579 728 716 525 laborers.............................. 387 529 522 368 400 555 549 381 Farming, forestry, and fishing.............. 351 588 580 342 363 548 524 357 OCCUPATION INDUSTRY Private wage and salary workers............. Agriculture............................... Nonagricultural industries................ Mining.................................. Construction............................ 578 368 582 791 605 682 (3) 683 815 865 674 (3) 675 815 853 563 367 569 784 562 591 372 595 822 599 701 (3) 702 (3) 845 691 (3) 692 (3) 836 581 371 585 825 559 Manufacturing........................... Durable goods......................... Nondurable goods...................... 610 631 580 642 674 604 638 668 602 604 622 573 624 647 595 654 675 613 653 673 614 619 640 591 Transportation and public utilities..... Transportation........................ Communications and public utilities... 704 643 793 796 781 816 791 775 813 668 609 781 707 642 810 810 782 857 805 778 850 664 605 785 Wholesale and retail trade.............. Wholesale trade....................... Retail trade.......................... 466 622 420 539 653 494 525 659 486 462 620 417 480 626 434 552 664 505 540 659 497 477 623 430 Finance, insurance, and real estate..... Services................................ 655 579 587 598 598 597 657 578 676 596 598 650 601 645 681 593 Government workers.......................... Federal................................... State..................................... Local..................................... 684 771 650 667 753 761 718 764 748 767 712 755 620 775 610 580 708 795 675 688 770 780 738 782 767 788 735 773 640 809 631 597 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. NOTE: Data for 2001 have been revised to reflect the introduction of Census 2000-based population controls. In addition, the data on "represented by unions" incorporate a minor change to the allocation procedure for that item. The change in procedure had a neligible affect on the estimates. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state (Numbers in thousands) 2001 Members of unions(1) State Total employed Total Percent of employed 2002 Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed Members of unions(1) Total employed Total Percent of employed Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed Alabama................................... Alaska.................................... Arizona................................... Arkansas.................................. California................................ Colorado.................................. Connecticut............................... Delaware.................................. District of Columbia...................... Florida................................... 1,803 268 2,174 1,036 14,219 1,990 1,555 375 262 6,760 169 58 127 65 2,299 173 246 46 42 425 9.4 21.7 5.9 6.3 16.2 8.7 15.8 12.1 16.2 6.3 194 66 141 80 2,526 203 260 50 54 572 10.7 24.7 6.5 7.8 17.8 10.2 16.7 13.3 20.6 8.5 1,761 262 2,184 1,064 13,983 1,999 1,534 369 260 6,697 157 64 120 63 2,454 157 257 41 36 380 8.9 24.3 5.5 5.9 17.5 7.8 16.7 11.1 13.8 5.7 185 70 144 73 2,639 180 273 45 46 507 10.5 26.7 6.6 6.8 18.9 9.0 17.8 12.1 17.8 7.6 Georgia................................... Hawaii.................................... Idaho..................................... Illinois.................................. Indiana................................... Iowa...................................... Kansas.................................... Kentucky.................................. Louisiana................................. Maine..................................... 3,652 522 551 5,613 2,761 1,365 1,200 1,665 1,729 569 259 123 41 1,016 395 175 111 189 131 73 7.1 23.7 7.5 18.1 14.3 12.8 9.3 11.3 7.6 12.9 301 136 48 1,083 424 209 139 208 175 83 8.2 26.0 8.7 19.3 15.4 15.3 11.6 12.5 10.1 14.6 3,643 492 547 5,450 2,826 1,395 1,217 1,639 1,649 582 218 120 39 1,066 376 155 99 164 134 75 6.0 24.4 7.1 19.6 13.3 11.1 8.2 10.0 8.1 12.9 256 125 48 1,122 411 190 120 184 170 88 7.0 25.4 8.9 20.6 14.5 13.6 9.9 11.2 10.3 15.1 Maryland.................................. Massachusetts............................. Michigan.................................. Minnesota................................. Mississippi............................... Missouri.................................. Montana................................... Nebraska.................................. Nevada.................................... New Hampshire............................. 2,426 2,940 4,488 2,432 1,099 2,570 362 789 954 609 335 433 975 428 61 365 48 61 162 61 13.8 14.7 21.7 17.6 5.5 14.2 13.2 7.7 17.0 10.0 408 468 1,016 445 99 395 54 86 175 70 16.8 15.9 22.6 18.3 9.0 15.4 15.0 10.9 18.4 11.4 2,460 3,003 4,335 2,503 1,052 2,514 362 793 971 613 346 428 914 439 69 332 51 63 147 60 14.1 14.2 21.1 17.6 6.6 13.2 14.1 7.9 15.2 9.7 415 469 953 457 84 366 56 88 162 69 16.9 15.6 22.0 18.3 8.0 14.5 15.5 11.1 16.7 11.2 New Jersey................................ New Mexico................................ New York.................................. North Carolina............................ North Dakota.............................. Ohio...................................... Oklahoma.................................. Oregon.................................... Pennsylvania.............................. Rhode Island.............................. 3,833 721 7,802 3,521 293 5,135 1,391 1,463 5,366 466 746 57 2,063 129 22 909 117 229 910 83 19.5 7.8 26.4 3.7 7.5 17.7 8.4 15.6 17.0 17.8 798 68 2,152 151 25 982 130 247 984 86 20.8 9.4 27.6 4.3 8.6 19.1 9.3 16.9 18.3 18.5 3,870 723 7,844 3,427 291 5,123 1,421 1,460 5,452 471 749 48 1,987 111 24 858 127 227 847 81 19.4 6.6 25.3 3.2 8.1 16.7 8.9 15.5 15.5 17.2 799 63 2,088 138 28 918 150 242 907 84 20.6 8.7 26.6 4.0 9.8 17.9 10.6 16.6 16.6 17.9 South Carolina............................ South Dakota.............................. Tennessee................................. Texas..................................... Utah...................................... Vermont................................... Virginia.................................. Washington................................ West Virginia............................. Wisconsin................................. Wyoming................................... 1,623 339 2,421 8,872 971 283 3,233 2,487 719 2,587 221 73 20 185 489 66 31 163 460 105 420 20 4.5 6.0 7.6 5.5 6.8 10.8 5.0 18.5 14.6 16.2 8.9 91 26 211 591 75 35 209 498 115 448 25 5.6 7.6 8.7 6.7 7.8 12.3 6.5 20.0 16.0 17.3 11.1 1,643 350 2,466 8,818 973 289 3,208 2,553 693 2,554 219 81 19 222 451 60 27 189 471 92 398 17 4.9 5.6 9.0 5.1 6.2 9.5 5.9 18.4 13.3 15.6 7.8 101 24 258 571 73 32 249 512 97 420 22 6.1 6.9 10.5 6.5 7.5 11.0 7.8 20.0 14.0 16.4 9.8 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data for 2001 have been revised to reflect the introduction of Census 2000-based population controls. In addition, data on "represented by unions" incorporate a minor change to the allocation procedure for that item. The change in procedure had a small effect on the estimates. Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.