Full text of Union Members : 2001, USDL 02-08 : 2001
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Technical information: (202) 691-6378 http://www.bls.gov/cps/ Media contact: 691-5902 USDL 02-28 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Thursday, January 17, 2002 UNION MEMBERS IN 2001 In 2001, 13.5 percent of wage and salary workers were union members, unchanged from 2000, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The union membership rate has fallen from a high of 20.1 percent in 1983, the first year for which comparable union data are available. Some highlights from the 2001 data are: --In both 2001 and 2000, about 16.3 million wage and salary workers were union members. --Nearly 4 in 10 government workers were union members in 2001, compared with less than 1 in 10 private wage and salary workers. --Protective service workers, a group that includes police officers and firefighters, had the highest unionization rate among all occupations, at 38 percent. Membership by Industry and Occupation In 2001, workers in the public sector continued to have unionization rates that were about four times higher than their counterparts in private industry. The unionization rate of government workers was 37.4 percent, compared with 9.0 percent among private sector employees. Union membership rates of government employees have held steady since 1983, while those of private nonagricultural employees have declined. Local government, which includes many workers in the heavily unionized occupations of teachers, firefighters, and police officers, had the highest unionization rate, at 43.1 percent. Among the private nonagricultural industries, the union membership rate was the highest in transportation and public utilities (23.5 percent). The construction and manufacturing industries also had higher-than-average unionization rates, at 18.4 percent and 14.6 percent, respectively. The nonagricultural industry with the lowest unionization rate in 2001 was finance, insurance, and real estate--2.1 percent. (See table 3.) Among the occupational groups, protective service workers continued to have the highest union membership rate in 2001, at 38.0 percent. Precision production, craft, and repair workers and operators, fabricators, and laborers also had above-average unionization rates, at 21.5 and 19.9 percent, respectively. These workers typically are employed in the highly-unionized industries of construction and manufacturing. Professional specialty workers, a group that includes teachers, also had a higher-than-average union membership rate, at 19.1 percent. The rate was lowest among sales occupations (3.5 percent). (See table 3.) - 2 Demographic Characteristics of Union Members In 2001, union membership rates were higher among men (15.1 percent) than women (11.7 percent). This has been the case since 1983, but, because of a more rapid decline in rates for men than for women, the gap in unionization rates has been closing since that time. Blacks were more likely to be union members (17.0 percent) than either whites (13.1 percent) or Hispanics (11.3 percent). Black men continued to have the highest rate of union membership among all the major worker groups, at 18.9 percent. Hispanic women and white women had the lowest rates of unionization, at 10.7 percent and 11.1 percent, respectively. Workers ages 45 to 54 were more likely to be unionized than either their younger or older counterparts. Full-time workers were more than twice as likely as part-time workers to be members of a union. (See table 1.) Union Representation of Nonmembers There were 1.6 million wage and salary workers represented at their place of work by a union in 2001, while not being union members themselves. (See table 1.) Nearly half of these workers were employed in government. (See table 3.) Earnings In 2001, full-time wage and salary union members had median usual weekly earnings of $718, compared with a median of $575 for wage and salary workers who were not represented by unions. (See table 2.) The difference reflects a variety of influences in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region. (For a discussion of the problem of differentiating between the influence of unionization status and the influence of other worker characteristics on employee earnings, see "Measuring union-nonunion earnings differences," Monthly Labor Review, June 1990.) Union Membership by State State union membership rates continued to show a clear geographic pattern in 2001. All states in the East North Central, Middle Atlantic, and Pacific divisions had union membership rates above the national average of 13.5 percent, while all states in the East South Central and West South Central divisions had rates below it. (See chart and table 5.) Overall, 29 states had union membership rates below that of the U.S. average, while 21 states and the District of Columbia had higher rates. Four states had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2001--New York, Hawaii, Alaska, and Michigan (in rank order). Two states had membership rates below 5.0 percent--North Carolina and South Carolina. Half of the 16.3 million union members in the U.S. lived in six states-California, New York, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. These states accounted for only 35 percent of wage and salary employment nationally. Technical Note The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides the basic information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the U.S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected national sample of about 60,000 households. The union membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200, TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings. Definitions The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly below. Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. Represented by unions. Data refer to union members, as well as workers who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, - 2 annually, other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies. Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both the private and public sectors but, for the purposes of the union membership and earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job. Hispanic origin. Refers to persons who are of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Hispanic origin or descent. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; hence, they are included in the numbers for the white and black populations. Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics (Numbers in thousands) 2000 Members of unions(1) Characteristic Total employed Total Percent of employed 2001 Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed Members of unions(1) Total employed Total Percent of employed Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed SEX AND AGE Total, 16 years and over................... 120,786 16 to 24 years............................ 20,166 25 years and over......................... 100,620 25 to 34 years........................... 28,406 35 to 44 years........................... 32,470 45 to 54 years........................... 25,651 55 to 64 years........................... 11,204 65 years and over........................ 2,889 Men, 16 years and over.................... 62,853 16,258 1,010 15,248 3,369 4,822 4,815 1,998 243 13.5 5.0 15.2 11.9 14.9 18.8 17.8 8.4 17,944 1,152 16,792 3,720 5,293 5,305 2,193 281 14.9 5.7 16.7 13.1 16.3 20.7 19.6 9.7 120,760 19,819 100,941 27,710 32,124 26,503 11,609 2,995 16,275 1,034 15,241 3,180 4,807 5,015 1,997 242 13.5 5.2 15.1 11.5 15.0 18.9 17.2 8.1 17,875 1,188 16,688 3,539 5,242 5,455 2,185 267 14.8 6.0 16.5 12.8 16.3 20.6 18.8 8.9 9,578 15.2 10,355 16.5 62,727 9,502 15.1 10,268 16.4 16 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over........................ 25 to 34 years.......................... 35 to 44 years.......................... 45 to 54 years.......................... 55 to 64 years.......................... 65 years and over....................... 10,440 52,412 15,197 17,028 12,898 5,770 1,519 618 8,960 2,030 2,871 2,739 1,191 129 5.9 17.1 13.4 16.9 21.2 20.6 8.5 697 9,657 2,207 3,077 2,956 1,268 148 6.7 18.4 14.5 18.1 22.9 22.0 9.8 10,165 52,562 14,856 16,832 13,359 5,935 1,580 617 8,885 1,913 2,881 2,808 1,152 132 6.1 16.9 12.9 17.1 21.0 19.4 8.4 705 9,562 2,082 3,075 3,018 1,241 147 6.9 18.2 14.0 18.3 22.6 20.9 9.3 Women, 16 years and over.................. 16 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over........................ 25 to 34 years.......................... 35 to 44 years.......................... 45 to 54 years.......................... 55 to 64 years.......................... 65 years and over....................... 57,933 9,726 48,207 13,209 15,441 12,752 5,434 1,370 6,680 392 6,288 1,340 1,951 2,077 807 114 11.5 4.0 13.0 10.1 12.6 16.3 14.9 8.3 7,590 455 7,135 1,513 2,215 2,348 925 133 13.1 4.7 14.8 11.5 14.3 18.4 17.0 9.7 58,033 9,654 48,379 12,855 15,292 13,145 5,673 1,415 6,773 417 6,356 1,267 1,927 2,208 846 109 11.7 4.3 13.1 9.9 12.6 16.8 14.9 7.7 7,608 483 7,125 1,457 2,167 2,437 944 120 13.1 5.0 14.7 11.3 14.2 18.5 16.6 8.5 White, 16 years and over.................. 100,455 Men..................................... 53,105 Women................................... 47,350 13,094 7,911 5,183 13.0 14.9 10.9 14,453 8,541 5,912 14.4 16.1 12.5 100,384 52,970 47,414 13,125 7,849 5,276 13.1 14.8 11.1 14,400 8,474 5,926 14.3 16.0 12.5 RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX Black, 16 years and over.................. Men..................................... Women................................... 14,544 6,701 7,843 2,489 1,282 1,208 17.1 19.1 15.4 2,744 1,388 1,356 18.9 20.7 17.3 14,515 6,660 7,855 2,465 1,256 1,209 17.0 18.9 15.4 2,705 1,357 1,347 18.6 20.4 17.2 Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........ Men..................................... Women................................... 13,609 7,884 5,725 1,554 972 582 11.4 12.3 10.2 1,740 1,063 677 12.8 13.5 11.8 13,782 7,950 5,832 1,559 935 624 11.3 11.8 10.7 1,729 1,024 705 12.5 12.9 12.1 99,917 20,619 14,822 1,395 14.8 6.8 16,306 1,593 16.3 7.7 99,599 20,926 14,809 1,437 14.9 6.9 16,218 1,625 16.3 7.8 FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS(3) Full-time workers......................... Part-time workers......................... 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. Beginning in 1994, these data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics 2000 Characteristic 2001 Total Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2) Nonunion Total Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2) Nonunion Total, 16 years and over................... 16 to 24 years............................ 25 years and over......................... 25 to 34 years........................... 35 to 44 years........................... 45 to 54 years........................... 55 to 64 years........................... 65 years and over........................ $576 361 611 550 631 671 617 442 $696 437 709 627 716 755 727 577 $691 436 705 624 712 752 723 565 $542 355 592 529 614 639 592 422 $597 376 632 579 658 693 640 472 $718 473 733 654 743 776 744 607 $712 475 728 646 738 774 744 605 $575 370 612 563 637 663 613 440 Men, 16 years and over.................... 16 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over........................ 25 to 34 years.......................... 35 to 44 years.......................... 45 to 54 years.......................... 55 to 64 years.......................... 65 years and over....................... 646 376 700 603 731 777 738 537 739 458 753 678 776 801 755 613 737 457 752 675 774 799 757 613 620 370 682 591 718 769 729 514 672 392 722 621 755 799 766 548 765 482 781 699 799 814 801 686 761 488 779 691 794 813 807 705 647 387 705 610 744 790 748 520 Women, 16 years and over.................. 16 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over........................ 25 to 34 years.......................... 35 to 44 years.......................... 45 to 54 years.......................... 55 to 64 years.......................... 65 years and over....................... 491 342 515 493 520 565 505 378 616 406 627 579 605 697 659 485 613 405 623 578 604 692 647 484 472 339 497 483 506 522 481 365 511 354 542 514 545 588 539 372 643 458 656 600 643 721 656 497 639 456 652 597 641 715 659 487 494 348 519 503 523 554 512 358 591 716 711 565 612 741 736 591 SEX AND AGE RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White, 16 years and over.................. Men..................................... Women................................... 669 500 757 631 755 627 641 482 694 521 784 667 781 661 669 503 Black, 16 years and over.................. Men..................................... Women................................... 468 503 429 596 619 564 590 614 555 436 479 408 487 518 451 603 649 563 599 637 564 463 498 424 Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........ Men..................................... Women................................... 396 414 364 584 631 489 580 620 492 377 394 346 414 438 385 578 611 503 578 612 501 398 414 372 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry (Numbers in thousands) 2000 Members of unions(1) Occupation and industry Total employed Total Percent of employed 2001 Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed Members of unions(1) Total employed Total Percent of employed Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty....... Executive, administrative, and managerial. Professional specialty.................... 35,378 16,434 18,944 4,536 875 3,661 12.8 5.3 19.3 5,277 1,075 4,202 14.9 6.5 22.2 36,276 16,916 19,360 4,654 949 3,705 12.8 5.6 19.1 5,355 1,133 4,222 14.8 6.7 21.8 Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support........... Sales occupations......................... 36,124 4,279 13,677 3,119 431 481 8.6 10.1 3.5 3,521 500 533 9.7 11.7 3.9 35,953 4,393 13,639 3,193 474 481 8.9 10.8 3.5 3,587 533 545 10.0 12.1 4.0 Administrative support, including clerical 18,167 2,207 12.1 2,487 13.7 17,921 2,239 12.5 2,509 14.0 Service occupations......................... Protective service........................ Service, except protective service........ 16,953 2,384 14,569 2,234 938 1,295 13.2 39.4 8.9 2,441 1,003 1,438 14.4 42.1 9.9 17,156 2,460 14,695 2,274 935 1,339 13.3 38.0 9.1 2,464 998 1,466 14.4 40.6 10.0 Precision production, craft, and repair..... 12,716 2,783 21.9 2,910 22.9 12,635 2,716 21.5 2,839 22.5 Operators, fabricators, and laborers........ Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.............................. Transportation and material moving occupations............................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers................................ 17,642 3,498 19.8 3,687 20.9 16,888 3,353 19.9 3,534 20.9 7,043 1,366 19.4 1,442 20.5 6,502 1,317 20.3 1,383 21.3 5,182 1,195 23.1 1,260 24.3 5,153 1,202 23.3 1,276 24.8 5,417 938 17.3 984 18.2 5,233 834 15.9 875 16.7 Farming, forestry, and fishing.............. 1,974 89 4.5 109 5.5 1,853 85 4.6 96 5.2 Private wage and salary workers............. 101,810 Agriculture............................... 1,821 Nonagricultural industries................ 99,989 Mining.................................. 499 Construction............................ 6,666 9,148 38 9,110 54 1,220 9.0 2.1 9.1 10.9 18.3 9,969 45 9,924 57 1,268 9.8 2.5 9.9 11.4 19.0 101,605 1,667 99,938 531 6,881 9,113 27 9,086 65 1,264 9.0 1.6 9.1 12.3 18.4 9,871 33 9,838 69 1,305 9.7 2.0 9.8 12.9 19.0 INDUSTRY Manufacturing........................... Durable goods......................... Nondurable goods...................... 19,167 11,688 7,480 2,832 1,791 1,041 14.8 15.3 13.9 2,999 1,894 1,105 15.6 16.2 14.8 18,149 11,059 7,091 2,657 1,666 990 14.6 15.1 14.0 2,807 1,757 1,050 15.5 15.9 14.8 Transportation and public utilities..... Transportation........................ Communications and public utilities... 7,508 4,573 2,935 1,805 1,135 670 24.0 24.8 22.8 1,920 1,203 717 25.6 26.3 24.4 7,422 4,441 2,981 1,743 1,069 674 23.5 24.1 22.6 1,834 1,126 708 24.7 25.4 23.7 Wholesale and retail trade.............. Wholesale trade....................... Retail trade.......................... 25,133 4,766 20,366 1,194 243 951 4.7 5.1 4.7 1,315 265 1,049 5.2 5.6 5.2 25,045 4,540 20,505 1,174 249 926 4.7 5.5 4.5 1,284 268 1,016 5.1 5.9 5.0 Finance, insurance, and real estate..... Services................................ 7,488 33,528 121 1,884 1.6 5.6 156 2,208 2.1 6.6 7,648 34,261 158 2,026 2.1 5.9 211 2,328 2.8 6.8 Government workers.......................... Federal................................... State..................................... Local..................................... 18,976 3,233 5,464 10,278 7,110 1,033 1,641 4,436 37.5 32.0 30.0 43.2 7,976 1,186 1,867 4,923 42.0 36.7 34.2 47.9 19,155 3,284 5,677 10,195 7,162 1,037 1,732 4,393 37.4 31.6 30.5 43.1 8,004 1,201 1,957 4,847 41.8 36.6 34.5 47.5 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry 2000 Occupation and industry 2001 Total Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2) Nonunion Total Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2) Nonunion Managerial and professional specialty....... Executive, administrative, and managerial. Professional specialty.................... $836 840 832 $840 834 841 $834 854 829 $836 839 832 $859 867 854 $865 869 864 $860 880 855 $859 865 853 Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support........... Sales occupations......................... Administrative support, including clerical 506 648 550 469 598 748 526 588 590 741 522 579 497 635 552 453 521 673 574 486 613 731 559 597 606 738 556 588 513 662 575 472 Service occupations......................... Protective service........................ Service, except protective service........ 355 623 324 554 786 423 542 771 419 327 502 316 377 629 345 556 809 426 550 797 424 352 518 333 Precision production, craft, and repair..... 613 784 778 570 629 822 817 590 Operators, fabricators, and laborers........ Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.............................. Transportation and material moving occupations............................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers................................ 446 605 602 411 467 620 613 425 436 575 572 408 457 587 582 421 540 694 690 502 573 724 715 521 378 555 551 355 389 530 523 369 Farming, forestry, and fishing.............. 334 516 506 325 354 587 582 345 OCCUPATION INDUSTRY Private wage and salary workers............. Agriculture............................... Nonagricultural industries................ Mining.................................. Construction............................ 549 347 555 768 584 663 (3) 664 746 814 656 (3) 657 748 810 530 344 537 774 529 580 371 583 795 609 684 (3) 685 816 864 676 (3) 677 816 854 566 370 572 789 569 Manufacturing........................... Durable goods......................... Nondurable goods...................... 595 618 553 630 662 594 628 659 594 587 610 537 613 634 583 645 675 607 641 669 606 607 625 577 Transportation and public utilities..... Transportation........................ Communications and public utilities... 679 615 776 768 744 808 762 741 798 639 582 766 705 644 794 796 781 816 792 776 813 669 609 782 Wholesale and retail trade.............. Wholesale trade....................... Retail trade.......................... 444 595 403 518 607 495 514 608 490 439 593 399 468 624 421 540 654 497 528 660 488 464 621 418 Finance, insurance, and real estate..... Services................................ 620 543 596 567 593 574 621 540 655 580 584 599 600 597 658 579 Government workers.......................... Federal................................... State..................................... Local..................................... 665 745 633 650 730 736 685 746 726 738 681 738 609 755 606 562 684 772 649 667 753 762 718 764 749 767 712 756 620 777 610 580 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state (Numbers in thousands) 2000 Members of unions(1) State Total 2001 Represented by unions(2) Members of unions(1) Total Represented by unions(2) employed Percent Total of employed Percent Total of employed employed Total Percent of employed Percent of employed Total Alabama................................... Alaska.................................... Arizona................................... Arkansas.................................. California................................ Colorado.................................. Connecticut............................... Delaware.................................. District of Columbia...................... Florida................................... 1,878 259 2,015 1,052 14,359 1,923 1,508 353 244 6,399 181 57 130 61 2,295 173 246 47 36 434 9.6 21.9 6.4 5.8 16.0 9.0 16.3 13.3 14.7 6.8 198 64 148 71 2,546 193 262 52 40 554 10.5 24.8 7.3 6.7 17.7 10.0 17.4 14.6 16.5 8.7 1,834 267 2,058 1,026 14,557 1,931 1,497 371 242 6,473 174 59 121 64 2,395 168 237 45 41 422 9.5 22.0 5.9 6.3 16.4 8.7 15.8 12.2 16.8 6.5 195 66 134 79 2,617 196 250 50 50 550 10.6 24.7 6.5 7.7 18.0 10.1 16.7 13.4 20.8 8.5 Georgia................................... Hawaii.................................... Idaho..................................... Illinois.................................. Indiana................................... Iowa...................................... Kansas.................................... Kentucky.................................. Louisiana................................. Maine..................................... 3,632 497 533 5,639 2,687 1,333 1,200 1,729 1,711 556 228 124 41 1,046 418 182 109 208 122 78 6.3 24.8 7.6 18.6 15.6 13.6 9.0 12.0 7.1 14.0 267 129 48 1,101 461 215 135 235 155 92 7.4 26.0 9.0 19.5 17.1 16.1 11.2 13.6 9.0 16.6 3,613 513 554 5,466 2,696 1,351 1,179 1,678 1,750 559 259 123 42 999 385 173 110 192 135 72 7.2 23.9 7.6 18.3 14.3 12.8 9.3 11.4 7.7 12.9 298 133 48 1,060 413 205 136 209 176 81 8.2 25.9 8.7 19.4 15.3 15.2 11.6 12.4 10.1 14.5 Maryland.................................. Massachusetts............................. Michigan.................................. Minnesota................................. Mississippi............................... Missouri.................................. Montana................................... Nebraska.................................. Nevada.................................... New Hampshire............................. 2,423 2,841 4,513 2,307 1,120 2,567 369 775 881 576 353 406 938 419 68 338 51 65 151 60 14.6 14.3 20.8 18.2 6.0 13.2 13.9 8.4 17.1 10.4 406 445 985 434 104 365 58 89 165 67 16.7 15.7 21.8 18.8 9.3 14.2 15.7 11.5 18.8 11.6 2,450 2,840 4,452 2,337 1,104 2,543 365 770 881 593 346 420 968 411 62 362 48 60 150 60 14.1 14.8 21.8 17.6 5.6 14.2 13.2 7.8 17.0 10.1 414 451 1,006 427 99 390 55 84 161 67 16.9 15.9 22.6 18.3 9.0 15.3 15.0 10.9 18.3 11.4 New Jersey................................ New Mexico................................ New York.................................. North Carolina............................ North Dakota.............................. Ohio...................................... 3,668 692 7,683 3,404 272 5,071 762 56 1,958 124 18 879 20.8 8.1 25.5 3.6 6.5 17.3 801 70 2,036 148 21 955 21.8 10.1 26.5 4.4 7.8 18.8 3,637 702 7,575 3,388 284 5,075 712 56 2,024 125 21 899 19.6 8.0 26.7 3.7 7.5 17.7 759 67 2,098 146 24 967 20.9 9.5 27.7 4.3 8.6 19.1 Oklahoma.................................. Oregon.................................... Pennsylvania.............................. Rhode Island.............................. 1,384 1,457 5,149 438 94 234 870 80 6.8 16.1 16.9 18.2 108 251 926 83 7.8 17.2 18.0 18.8 1,385 1,444 5,228 434 117 228 888 78 8.5 15.8 17.0 17.9 130 245 956 80 9.4 16.9 18.3 18.5 South Carolina............................ South Dakota.............................. Tennessee................................. Texas..................................... Utah...................................... Vermont................................... Virginia.................................. Washington................................ West Virginia............................. Wisconsin................................. Wyoming................................... 1,740 329 2,387 8,755 945 274 3,199 2,593 718 2,533 216 70 18 212 505 69 28 179 471 103 446 18 4.0 5.5 8.9 5.8 7.3 10.3 5.6 18.2 14.3 17.6 8.3 89 22 239 645 85 34 227 516 111 473 22 5.1 6.7 10.0 7.4 9.0 12.4 7.1 19.9 15.5 18.7 10.0 1,642 328 2,395 8,855 945 276 3,255 2,475 732 2,533 220 75 19 182 497 64 30 163 462 106 411 20 4.5 5.9 7.6 5.6 6.8 10.8 5.0 18.6 14.6 16.2 9.0 91 24 207 593 73 34 209 496 116 436 24 5.6 7.5 8.7 6.7 7.8 12.2 6.4 20.0 15.9 17.2 11.1 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.