Full text of 2000 : Text File, USDL 01-21
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Technical information: (202) 691-6378 USDL 01-21
For release: 10:00 A.M. EST
Media contact: 691-5902 Thursday, January 18, 2001
UNION MEMBERS IN 2000
The share of wage and salary workers who are union members averaged
13.5 percent in 2000 as compared with 13.9 percent in 1999, the U.S.
Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The
number of union members, 16.3 million, also fell slightly from its 1999
level. The union membership rate has fallen from 20.1 percent in 1983, the
first year for which comparable data are available. Some highlights from
the 2000 data are:
--Nearly 4 in 10 government workers were union members, compared with
less than 1 in 10 private sector employees.
--Protective service workers, a group that includes police officers and
fire fighters, had the highest unionization rate--39.4 percent.
--Blacks were more likely than either whites or Hispanics to be union
members.
Membership by Industry and Occupation
In 2000, government workers continued to have a substantially higher
unionization rate (37.5 percent) than workers in the private sector (9.0
percent). Within the public sector, local government workers--a group that
includes public school teachers as well as police and firefighters--had the
highest unionization rate at 43.2 percent. Among the private
nonagricultural industries, the highest unionization rate occurred in
transportation and public utilities (24.0 percent). Unionization rates in
manufacturing (14.8 percent) and in construction (18.3 percent) also were
well above the rates in other private nonagricultural industries. Finance,
insurance, and real estate had the lowest unionization rate among private
nonagricultural industries--1.6 percent. (See table 3.)
Among the occupational groups, protective service workers continued to
have the highest unionization rate at 39.4 percent. Precision production,
craft, and repair workers and operators, fabricators, and laborers had
union membership rates that were higher than most other occupational groups
at 21.9 percent and 19.8 percent, respectively. Many workers in those
occupations are employed in the manufacturing and construction industries.
Professional specialty workers--an occupational group that includes
teachers--also had a higher unionization rate than most other occupational
groups at 19.3 percent. The unionization rate was lowest in sales
occupations (3.5 percent). (See table 3.)
- 2 -
Demographic Characteristics of Union Members
Union membership continued to be higher among men (15.2 percent) than
women (11.5 percent). The gap in unionization rates between the sexes has
been closing; in 1983, the rate for men was 24.7 percent and the rate for
women was 14.6 percent.
Blacks continued to have higher unionization rates (17.1 percent) than
whites (13.0 percent) and Hispanics (11.4 percent). Among the major worker
groups, black men had the highest union membership rate (19.1 percent),
while white and Hispanic women had the lowest rates (10.9 and 10.2 percent,
respectively). Workers ages 45 to 64 were more likely to be union members
than their younger and older counterparts. Full-time workers were more
than twice as likely as part-time workers to be union members. (See table 1.)
Union Representation of Nonmembers
About 1.7 million wage and salary workers were represented at their
work place by a union in 2000, but were not union members themselves. (See
table 1.) About half of these workers were employed in government. (See
table 3.)
Earnings
In 2000, union members had median usual weekly earnings of $696,
compared with a median of $542 for wage and salary workers who were not
represented by unions. (See table 2.) The difference reflects a variety
of influences in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement,
including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion
employees by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region. (For a
discussion of the problem of differentiating between the influence of union
status and the influence of other worker characteristics on employee
earnings, see Kay E. Anderson, Philip M. Doyle, and Albert E. Schwenk,
"Measuring Union-Nonunion Earnings Differences," Monthly Labor Review, June
1990, pp. 26-38.)
Union Membership by State
Every state in the Middle Atlantic, East North Central, and Pacific
divisions had unionization rates of 15.0 percent or more in 2000. In
contrast, every state in the East South Central, South Atlantic, or West
South Central divisions had union membership rates below 15 percent. (See
chart and table 5.)
Five states had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2000--New
York, Hawaii, Alaska, Michigan, and New Jersey. Two states had membership
rates below 5.0 percent--North Carolina and South Carolina. Overall, 23
states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates above the
U.S. average (13.5 percent), while 27 states had lower rates.
California (2.3 million), New York (2.0 million), and Illinois (1.0
million) had the greatest number of union members. More than half (54
percent) of the 16.3 million union members in the U.S. lived in seven
states, though these states accounted for only 38 percent of wage and
salary employment nationally.
Technical Note
The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current Population
Survey (CPS), which provides the basic information on the labor force,
employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the
Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census from a
scientifically selected national sample of about 50,000 households. The
union membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the
CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. Excluded
are all self-employed workers.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200, TDD message referral
phone number: 1-800-877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling
error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed,
there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true"
population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error,
varies depending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability
is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-
percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample
will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population
value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at
the 90-percent level of confidence.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error
can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of
the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the
sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct
information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data.
For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and
information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and
Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings.
Definitions
The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly
below.
Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee
association similar to a union.
Represented by unions. Data refer to union members, as well as workers
who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an
employee association contract.
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other
deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually
received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Prior to
1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since
January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for
them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly,
annually, other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time
period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a
weekly equivalent. The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If
the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed
to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or
5 months.
Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings
distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median
and the other having earnings below the median.
The estimating procedure places each reported or calculated weekly
earnings value into $50-wide intervals which are centered around multiples
of $50. The actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation of
the interval in which the median lies.
Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, salaries,
commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes
employees in both the private and public sectors but, for the purposes of
the union membership and earnings series, excludes all self-employed
persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week at
their sole or principal job.
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week
at their sole or principal job.
Hispanic origin. Refers to persons who are of Mexican, Puerto Rican,
Cuban, Central or South American, or other Hispanic origin or descent.
Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; hence, they are included in
the numbers for the white and black populations.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics
(Numbers in thousands)
1999 2000
Members of Represented Members of Represented
unions(1) by unions(2) unions(1) by unions(2)
Characteristic Total Total
em- em-
ployed Percent Percent ployed Percent Percent
Total of Total of Total of Total of
em- em- em- em-
ployed ployed ployed ployed
SEX AND AGE
Total, 16 years and over................... 118,963 16,477 13.9 18,182 15.3 120,786 16,258 13.5 17,944 14.9
16 to 24 years............................ 19,606 1,110 5.7 1,239 6.3 20,166 1,010 5.0 1,152 5.7
25 years and over......................... 99,358 15,367 15.5 16,943 17.1 100,620 15,248 15.2 16,792 16.7
25 to 34 years........................... 28,657 3,415 11.9 3,785 13.2 28,406 3,369 11.9 3,720 13.1
35 to 44 years........................... 32,438 4,918 15.2 5,428 16.7 32,470 4,822 14.9 5,293 16.3
45 to 54 years........................... 24,665 4,881 19.8 5,377 21.8 25,651 4,815 18.8 5,305 20.7
55 to 64 years........................... 10,880 1,932 17.8 2,107 19.4 11,204 1,998 17.8 2,193 19.6
65 years and over........................ 2,718 221 8.1 247 9.1 2,889 243 8.4 281 9.7
Men, 16 years and over.................... 61,914 9,949 16.1 10,758 17.4 62,853 9,578 15.2 10,355 16.5
16 to 24 years........................... 10,116 716 7.1 781 7.7 10,440 618 5.9 697 6.7
25 years and over........................ 51,797 9,232 17.8 9,977 19.3 52,412 8,960 17.1 9,657 18.4
25 to 34 years.......................... 15,330 2,142 14.0 2,325 15.2 15,197 2,030 13.4 2,207 14.5
35 to 44 years.......................... 17,020 2,993 17.6 3,241 19.0 17,028 2,871 16.9 3,077 18.1
45 to 54 years.......................... 12,395 2,800 22.6 3,026 24.4 12,898 2,739 21.2 2,956 22.9
55 to 64 years.......................... 5,622 1,186 21.1 1,267 22.5 5,770 1,191 20.6 1,268 22.0
65 years and over....................... 1,431 111 7.7 118 8.2 1,519 129 8.5 148 9.8
Women, 16 years and over.................. 57,050 6,528 11.4 7,425 13.0 57,933 6,680 11.5 7,590 13.1
16 to 24 years........................... 9,489 393 4.1 458 4.8 9,726 392 4.0 455 4.7
25 years and over........................ 47,560 6,135 12.9 6,966 14.6 48,207 6,288 13.0 7,135 14.8
25 to 34 years.......................... 13,327 1,273 9.6 1,460 11.0 13,209 1,340 10.1 1,513 11.5
35 to 44 years.......................... 15,418 1,924 12.5 2,187 14.2 15,441 1,951 12.6 2,215 14.3
45 to 54 years.......................... 12,270 2,081 17.0 2,351 19.2 12,752 2,077 16.3 2,348 18.4
55 to 64 years.......................... 5,258 746 14.2 839 16.0 5,434 807 14.9 925 17.0
65 years and over....................... 1,287 110 8.5 129 10.0 1,370 114 8.3 133 9.7
RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX
White, 16 years and over.................. 99,147 13,349 13.5 14,668 14.8 100,455 13,094 13.0 14,453 14.4
Men..................................... 52,492 8,246 15.7 8,896 16.9 53,105 7,911 14.9 8,541 16.1
Women................................... 46,655 5,103 10.9 5,771 12.4 47,350 5,183 10.9 5,912 12.5
Black, 16 years and over.................. 14,346 2,463 17.2 2,757 19.2 14,544 2,489 17.1 2,744 18.9
Men..................................... 6,585 1,348 20.5 1,464 22.2 6,701 1,282 19.1 1,388 20.7
Women................................... 7,760 1,116 14.4 1,293 16.7 7,843 1,208 15.4 1,356 17.3
Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........ 12,810 1,525 11.9 1,684 13.1 13,609 1,554 11.4 1,740 12.8
Men..................................... 7,457 966 13.0 1,052 14.1 7,884 972 12.3 1,063 13.5
Women................................... 5,353 559 10.4 632 11.8 5,725 582 10.2 677 11.8
FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS(3)
Full-time workers......................... 97,626 14,974 15.3 16,501 16.9 99,917 14,822 14.8 16,306 16.3
Part-time workers......................... 21,065 1,459 6.9 1,634 7.8 20,619 1,395 6.8 1,593 7.7
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. Beginning in 1994, these data will
not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple
jobholders.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed
workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups
will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the
white and black population groups. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household
survey.
Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics
1999 2000
Characteristic Members Repre- Members Repre-
Total of sented Non- Total of sented Non-
unions(1) by union unions(1) by union
unions(2) unions(2)
SEX AND AGE
Total, 16 years and over................... $549 $672 $667 $516 $576 $696 $691 $542
16 to 24 years............................ 341 437 433 335 361 437 436 355
25 years and over......................... 592 688 683 569 611 709 705 592
25 to 34 years........................... 518 604 601 506 550 627 624 529
35 to 44 years........................... 611 691 687 594 631 716 712 614
45 to 54 years........................... 652 750 745 617 671 755 752 639
55 to 64 years........................... 604 696 697 582 617 727 723 592
65 years and over........................ 404 616 623 381 442 577 565 422
Men, 16 years and over.................... 618 711 708 599 646 739 737 620
16 to 24 years........................... 356 449 443 348 376 458 457 370
25 years and over........................ 668 727 726 648 700 753 752 682
25 to 34 years.......................... 577 627 623 560 603 678 675 591
35 to 44 years.......................... 702 735 734 691 731 776 774 718
45 to 54 years.......................... 763 789 787 751 777 801 799 769
55 to 64 years.......................... 725 735 737 718 738 755 757 729
65 years and over....................... 470 666 665 421 537 613 613 514
Women, 16 years and over.................. 473 608 606 449 491 616 613 472
16 to 24 years........................... 324 418 416 321 342 406 405 339
25 years and over........................ 497 618 616 477 515 627 623 497
25 to 34 years.......................... 470 557 555 457 493 579 578 483
35 to 44 years.......................... 503 612 611 486 520 605 604 506
45 to 54 years.......................... 534 686 679 502 565 697 692 522
55 to 64 years.......................... 492 623 621 467 505 659 647 481
65 years and over....................... 370 567 596 329 378 485 484 365
RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX
White, 16 years and over.................. 573 692 689 534 591 716 711 565
Men..................................... 638 731 730 615 669 757 755 641
Women................................... 483 619 618 461 500 631 627 482
Black, 16 years and over.................. 445 575 575 415 468 596 590 436
Men..................................... 488 588 589 459 503 619 614 479
Women................................... 409 548 545 388 429 564 555 408
Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........ 385 561 559 363 396 584 580 377
Men..................................... 406 604 597 384 414 631 620 394
Women................................... 348 490 490 329 364 489 492 346
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers
regardlesses of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will
not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white
and black population groups. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household
survey.
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry
(Numbers in thousands)
1999 2000
Members of Represented Members of Represented
unions(1) by unions(2) unions(1) by unions(2)
Occupation and industry Total Total
em- em-
ployed Percent Percent ployed Percent Percent
Total of Total of Total of Total of
em- em- em- em-
ployed ployed ployed ployed
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty....... 34,693 4,594 13.2 5,352 15.4 35,378 4,536 12.8 5,277 14.9
Executive, administrative, and managerial. 16,000 903 5.6 1,138 7.1 16,434 875 5.3 1,075 6.5
Professional specialty.................... 18,693 3,691 19.7 4,215 22.5 18,944 3,661 19.3 4,202 22.2
Technical, sales, and administrative support 35,514 3,191 9.0 3,609 10.2 36,124 3,119 8.6 3,521 9.7
Technicians and related support........... 4,188 461 11.0 523 12.5 4,279 431 10.1 500 11.7
Sales occupations......................... 13,451 549 4.1 613 4.6 13,677 481 3.5 533 3.9
Administrative support, including clerical 17,874 2,182 12.2 2,474 13.8 18,167 2,207 12.1 2,487 13.7
Service occupations......................... 16,829 2,151 12.8 2,336 13.9 16,953 2,234 13.2 2,441 14.4
Protective service........................ 2,427 927 38.2 991 40.8 2,384 938 39.4 1,003 42.1
Service, except protective service........ 14,403 1,224 8.5 1,346 9.3 14,569 1,295 8.9 1,438 9.9
Precision production, craft, and repair..... 12,474 2,800 22.4 2,929 23.5 12,716 2,783 21.9 2,910 22.9
Operators, fabricators, and laborers........ 17,514 3,627 20.7 3,830 21.9 17,642 3,498 19.8 3,687 20.9
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors.............................. 7,255 1,490 20.5 1,572 21.7 7,043 1,366 19.4 1,442 20.5
Transportation and material moving
occupations............................. 5,041 1,148 22.8 1,216 24.1 5,182 1,195 23.1 1,260 24.3
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers................................ 5,218 989 18.9 1,042 20.0 5,417 938 17.3 984 18.2
Farming, forestry, and fishing.............. 1,940 113 5.8 125 6.4 1,974 89 4.5 109 5.5
INDUSTRY
Private wage and salary workers............. 100,025 9,419 9.4 10,216 10.2 101,810 9,148 9.0 9,969 9.8
Agriculture............................... 1,721 43 2.5 48 2.8 1,821 38 2.1 45 2.5
Nonagricultural industries................ 98,304 9,376 9.5 10,168 10.3 99,989 9,110 9.1 9,924 9.9
Mining.................................. 531 57 10.6 60 11.4 499 54 10.9 57 11.4
Construction............................ 6,230 1,187 19.1 1,224 19.6 6,666 1,220 18.3 1,268 19.0
Manufacturing........................... 19,323 3,024 15.6 3,209 16.6 19,167 2,832 14.8 2,999 15.6
Durable goods......................... 11,824 1,941 16.4 2,063 17.5 11,688 1,791 15.3 1,894 16.2
Nondurable goods...................... 7,499 1,083 14.4 1,146 15.3 7,480 1,041 13.9 1,105 14.8
Transportation and public utilities..... 7,317 1,865 25.5 1,956 26.7 7,508 1,805 24.0 1,920 25.6
Transportation........................ 4,450 1,136 25.5 1,186 26.7 4,573 1,135 24.8 1,203 26.3
Communications and public utilities... 2,866 729 25.4 770 26.9 2,935 670 22.8 717 24.4
Wholesale and retail trade.............. 24,671 1,278 5.2 1,406 5.7 25,133 1,194 4.7 1,315 5.2
Wholesale trade....................... 4,573 248 5.4 281 6.1 4,766 243 5.1 265 5.6
Retail trade.......................... 20,098 1,030 5.1 1,126 5.6 20,366 951 4.7 1,049 5.2
Finance, insurance, and real estate..... 7,588 156 2.1 191 2.5 7,488 121 1.6 156 2.1
Services................................ 32,645 1,809 5.5 2,121 6.5 33,528 1,884 5.6 2,208 6.6
Government workers.......................... 18,938 7,058 37.3 7,966 42.1 18,976 7,110 37.5 7,976 42.0
Federal................................... 3,264 1,047 32.1 1,275 39.0 3,233 1,033 32.0 1,186 36.7
State..................................... 5,233 1,527 29.2 1,781 34.0 5,464 1,641 30.0 1,867 34.2
Local..................................... 10,440 4,484 42.9 4,911 47.0 10,278 4,436 43.2 4,923 47.9
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed
workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised
population controls used in the household survey.
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry
1999 2000
Occupation and industry Members Repre- Members Repre-
Total of sented Non- Total of sented Non-
unions(1) by union unions(1) by union
unions(2) unions(2)
OCCUPATION
Managerial and professional specialty....... $797 $826 $819 $792 $836 $840 $834 $836
Executive, administrative, and managerial. 792 823 829 789 840 834 854 839
Professional specialty.................... 800 826 817 794 832 841 829 832
Technical, sales, and administrative support 488 583 580 477 506 598 590 497
Technicians and related support........... 618 714 711 608 648 748 741 635
Sales occupations......................... 523 513 519 523 550 526 522 552
Administrative support, including clerical 447 574 564 429 469 588 579 453
Service occupations......................... 336 536 529 314 355 554 542 327
Protective service........................ 592 737 728 477 623 786 771 502
Service, except protective service........ 311 412 409 303 324 423 419 316
Precision production, craft, and repair..... 594 755 747 546 613 784 778 570
Operators, fabricators, and laborers........ 429 591 584 398 446 605 602 411
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors.............................. 423 572 566 394 436 575 572 408
Transportation and material moving
occupations............................. 513 668 657 478 540 694 690 502
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and
laborers................................ 363 507 499 340 378 555 551 355
Farming, forestry, and fishing.............. 331 512 514 322 334 516 506 325
INDUSTRY
Private wage and salary workers............. 521 633 627 510 549 663 656 530
Agriculture............................... 340 (3) (3) 337 347 (3) (3) 344
Nonagricultural industries................ 525 634 628 513 555 664 657 537
Mining.................................. 734 710 731 735 768 746 748 774
Construction............................ 552 778 772 509 584 814 810 529
Manufacturing........................... 576 614 611 561 595 630 628 587
Durable goods......................... 594 628 625 584 618 662 659 610
Nondurable goods...................... 529 584 579 518 553 594 594 537
Transportation and public utilities..... 651 748 742 613 679 768 762 639
Transportation........................ 596 727 718 551 615 744 741 582
Communications and public utilities... 751 773 770 738 776 808 798 766
Wholesale and retail trade.............. 421 499 492 418 444 518 514 439
Wholesale trade....................... 573 584 570 573 595 607 608 593
Retail trade.......................... 391 472 463 387 403 495 490 399
Finance, insurance, and real estate..... 598 582 587 599 620 596 593 621
Services................................ 517 554 563 515 543 567 574 540
Government workers.......................... 641 714 709 585 665 730 726 609
Federal................................... 729 721 723 737 745 736 738 755
State..................................... 615 683 677 578 633 685 681 606
Local..................................... 623 726 720 525 650 746 738 562
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regard-
less of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population
controls used in the household survey.
Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state
(Numbers in thousands)
1999 2000
Members of Represented Members of Represented
unions(1) by unions(2) unions(1) by unions(2)
State Total Total
em- em-
ployed Percent Percent ployed Percent Percent
Total of Total of Total of Total of
em- em- em- em-
ployed ployed ployed ployed
Alabama................................... 1,833 201 11.0 225 12.3 1,878 181 9.6 198 10.5
Alaska.................................... 251 51 20.4 59 23.6 259 57 21.9 64 24.8
Arizona................................... 2,047 137 6.7 168 8.2 2,015 130 6.4 148 7.3
Arkansas.................................. 1,058 79 7.5 91 8.6 1,052 61 5.8 71 6.7
California................................ 13,811 2,286 16.6 2,527 18.3 14,359 2,295 16.0 2,546 17.7
Colorado.................................. 1,927 181 9.4 199 10.4 1,923 173 9.0 193 10.0
Connecticut............................... 1,455 264 18.2 279 19.2 1,508 246 16.3 262 17.4
Delaware.................................. 339 47 13.8 53 15.5 353 47 13.3 52 14.6
District of Columbia...................... 245 32 13.1 38 15.4 244 36 14.7 40 16.5
Florida................................... 6,263 410 6.5 543 8.7 6,399 434 6.8 554 8.7
Georgia................................... 3,483 253 7.3 313 9.0 3,632 228 6.3 267 7.4
Hawaii.................................... 494 114 23.2 124 25.0 497 124 24.8 129 26.0
Idaho..................................... 527 48 9.2 59 11.3 533 41 7.6 48 9.0
Illinois.................................. 5,514 993 18.0 1,054 19.1 5,639 1,046 18.6 1,101 19.5
Indiana................................... 2,704 424 15.7 454 16.8 2,687 418 15.6 461 17.1
Iowa...................................... 1,334 184 13.8 209 15.7 1,333 182 13.6 215 16.1
Kansas.................................... 1,224 119 9.7 141 11.5 1,200 109 9.0 135 11.2
Kentucky.................................. 1,656 192 11.6 213 12.9 1,729 208 12.0 235 13.6
Louisiana................................. 1,795 145 8.1 180 10.0 1,711 122 7.1 155 9.0
Maine..................................... 544 84 15.4 93 17.1 556 78 14.0 92 16.6
Maryland.................................. 2,444 367 15.0 438 17.9 2,423 353 14.6 406 16.7
Massachusetts............................. 2,875 465 16.2 492 17.1 2,841 406 14.3 445 15.7
Michigan.................................. 4,490 963 21.5 1,009 22.5 4,513 938 20.8 985 21.8
Minnesota................................. 2,302 444 19.3 471 20.5 2,307 419 18.2 434 18.8
Mississippi............................... 1,086 67 6.2 94 8.6 1,120 68 6.0 104 9.3
Missouri.................................. 2,458 353 14.4 376 15.3 2,567 338 13.2 365 14.2
Montana................................... 362 55 15.3 62 17.2 369 51 13.9 58 15.7
Nebraska.................................. 748 66 8.8 92 12.2 775 65 8.4 89 11.5
Nevada.................................... 823 161 19.5 172 20.9 881 151 17.1 165 18.8
New Hampshire............................. 565 60 10.6 69 12.2 576 60 10.4 67 11.6
New Jersey................................ 3,609 741 20.5 807 22.4 3,668 762 20.8 801 21.8
New Mexico................................ 660 65 9.9 78 11.8 692 56 8.1 70 10.1
New York.................................. 7,490 1,897 25.3 1,986 26.5 7,683 1,958 25.5 2,036 26.5
North Carolina............................ 3,359 109 3.2 132 3.9 3,404 124 3.6 148 4.4
North Dakota.............................. 268 25 9.3 27 10.1 272 18 6.5 21 7.8
Ohio...................................... 5,008 896 17.9 955 19.1 5,071 879 17.3 955 18.8
Oklahoma.................................. 1,403 124 8.8 140 10.0 1,384 94 6.8 108 7.8
Oregon.................................... 1,420 216 15.2 234 16.5 1,457 234 16.1 251 17.2
Pennsylvania.............................. 5,152 896 17.4 960 18.6 5,149 870 16.9 926 18.0
Rhode Island.............................. 433 77 17.7 81 18.8 438 80 18.2 83 18.8
South Carolina............................ 1,716 61 3.5 65 3.8 1,740 70 4.0 89 5.1
South Dakota.............................. 332 20 6.0 26 7.8 329 18 5.5 22 6.7
Tennessee................................. 2,411 181 7.5 213 8.8 2,387 212 8.9 239 10.0
Texas..................................... 8,725 520 6.0 611 7.0 8,755 505 5.8 645 7.4
Utah...................................... 935 60 6.4 70 7.5 945 69 7.3 85 9.0
Vermont................................... 273 26 9.7 29 10.8 274 28 10.3 34 12.4
Virginia.................................. 3,107 204 6.6 249 8.0 3,199 179 5.6 227 7.1
Washington................................ 2,585 535 20.7 610 23.6 2,593 471 18.2 516 19.9
West Virginia............................. 702 107 15.2 113 16.1 718 103 14.3 111 15.5
Wisconsin................................. 2,505 452 18.1 476 19.0 2,533 446 17.6 473 18.7
Wyoming................................... 212 19 9.1 23 10.8 216 18 8.3 22 10.0
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.
2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no
union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract.
NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers
regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.