Full text of Union Members : 2000, USDL 01-21 : 2000
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Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: (202) 691-6378 USDL 01-21 Media contact: For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Thursday, January 18, 2001 691-5902 UNION MEMBERS IN 2000 The share of wage and salary workers who are union members averaged 13.5 percent in 2000 as compared with 13.9 percent in 1999, the U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. The number of union members, 16.3 million, also fell slightly from its 1999 level. The union membership rate has fallen from 20.1 percent in 1983, the first year for which comparable data are available. Some highlights from the 2000 data are: --Nearly 4 in 10 government workers were union members, compared with less than 1 in 10 private sector employees. --Protective service workers, a group that includes police officers and fire fighters, had the highest unionization rate--39.4 percent. --Blacks were more likely than either whites or Hispanics to be union members. Membership by Industry and Occupation In 2000, government workers continued to have a substantially higher unionization rate (37.5 percent) than workers in the private sector (9.0 percent). Within the public sector, local government workers--a group that includes public school teachers as well as police and firefighters--had the highest unionization rate at 43.2 percent. Among the private nonagricultural industries, the highest unionization rate occurred in transportation and public utilities (24.0 percent). Unionization rates in manufacturing (14.8 percent) and in construction (18.3 percent) also were well above the rates in other private nonagricultural industries. Finance, insurance, and real estate had the lowest unionization rate among private nonagricultural industries--1.6 percent. (See table 3.) Among the occupational groups, protective service workers continued to have the highest unionization rate at 39.4 percent. Precision production, craft, and repair workers and operators, fabricators, and laborers had union membership rates that were higher than most other occupational groups at 21.9 percent and 19.8 percent, respectively. Many workers in those occupations are employed in the manufacturing and construction industries. Professional specialty workers--an occupational group that includes teachers--also had a higher unionization rate than most other occupational groups at 19.3 percent. The unionization rate was lowest in sales occupations (3.5 percent). (See table 3.) - 2 Demographic Characteristics of Union Members Union membership continued to be higher among men (15.2 percent) than women (11.5 percent). The gap in unionization rates between the sexes has been closing; in 1983, the rate for men was 24.7 percent and the rate for women was 14.6 percent. Blacks continued to have higher unionization rates (17.1 percent) than whites (13.0 percent) and Hispanics (11.4 percent). Among the major worker groups, black men had the highest union membership rate (19.1 percent), while white and Hispanic women had the lowest rates (10.9 and 10.2 percent, respectively). Workers ages 45 to 64 were more likely to be union members than their younger and older counterparts. Full-time workers were more than twice as likely as part-time workers to be union members. (See table 1.) Union Representation of Nonmembers About 1.7 million wage and salary workers were represented at their work place by a union in 2000, but were not union members themselves. (See table 1.) About half of these workers were employed in government. (See table 3.) Earnings In 2000, union members had median usual weekly earnings of $696, compared with a median of $542 for wage and salary workers who were not represented by unions. (See table 2.) The difference reflects a variety of influences in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region. (For a discussion of the problem of differentiating between the influence of union status and the influence of other worker characteristics on employee earnings, see Kay E. Anderson, Philip M. Doyle, and Albert E. Schwenk, "Measuring Union-Nonunion Earnings Differences," Monthly Labor Review, June 1990, pp. 26-38.) Union Membership by State Every state in the Middle Atlantic, East North Central, and Pacific divisions had unionization rates of 15.0 percent or more in 2000. In contrast, every state in the East South Central, South Atlantic, or West South Central divisions had union membership rates below 15 percent. (See chart and table 5.) Five states had union membership rates over 20.0 percent in 2000--New York, Hawaii, Alaska, Michigan, and New Jersey. Two states had membership rates below 5.0 percent--North Carolina and South Carolina. Overall, 23 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates above the U.S. average (13.5 percent), while 27 states had lower rates. California (2.3 million), New York (2.0 million), and Illinois (1.0 million) had the greatest number of union members. More than half (54 percent) of the 16.3 million union members in the U.S. lived in seven states, though these states accounted for only 38 percent of wage and salary employment nationally. Technical Note The estimates in this release are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), which provides the basic information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census from a scientifically selected national sample of about 50,000 households. The union membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200, TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Reliability of the estimates Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the "true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies depending upon the particular sample selected, and this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence. The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of the data. For a full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors, see the "Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error" section of Employment and Earnings. Definitions The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly below. Union members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. Represented by unions. Data refer to union members, as well as workers who have no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January 1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent. The term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Median earnings. The median is the amount which divides a given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having earnings above the median and the other having earnings below the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals which are centered around multiples of $50. The actual value is estimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in which the median lies. Wage and salary workers. Workers who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. The group includes employees in both the private and public sectors but, for the purposes of the union membership and earnings series, excludes all self-employed persons, regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week at their sole or principal job. Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per week at their sole or principal job. Hispanic origin. Refers to persons who are of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Hispanic origin or descent. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; hence, they are included in the numbers for the white and black populations. Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics (Numbers in thousands) 1999 Members of unions(1) Characteristic Total employed Total Percent of employed 2000 Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed Members of unions(1) Total employed Total Percent of employed Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed SEX AND AGE Total, 16 years and over................... 118,963 16 to 24 years............................ 19,606 25 years and over......................... 99,358 25 to 34 years........................... 28,657 35 to 44 years........................... 32,438 45 to 54 years........................... 24,665 55 to 64 years........................... 10,880 65 years and over........................ 2,718 Men, 16 years and over.................... 16 to 24 years........................... 61,914 10,116 16,477 1,110 15,367 3,415 4,918 4,881 1,932 221 13.9 5.7 15.5 11.9 15.2 19.8 17.8 8.1 18,182 1,239 16,943 3,785 5,428 5,377 2,107 247 15.3 6.3 17.1 13.2 16.7 21.8 19.4 9.1 120,786 20,166 100,620 28,406 32,470 25,651 11,204 2,889 16,258 1,010 15,248 3,369 4,822 4,815 1,998 243 13.5 5.0 15.2 11.9 14.9 18.8 17.8 8.4 17,944 1,152 16,792 3,720 5,293 5,305 2,193 281 14.9 5.7 16.7 13.1 16.3 20.7 19.6 9.7 9,949 716 16.1 7.1 10,758 781 17.4 7.7 62,853 10,440 9,578 618 15.2 5.9 10,355 697 16.5 6.7 25 years and over........................ 25 to 34 years.......................... 35 to 44 years.......................... 45 to 54 years.......................... 55 to 64 years.......................... 65 years and over....................... 51,797 15,330 17,020 12,395 5,622 1,431 9,232 2,142 2,993 2,800 1,186 111 17.8 14.0 17.6 22.6 21.1 7.7 9,977 2,325 3,241 3,026 1,267 118 19.3 15.2 19.0 24.4 22.5 8.2 52,412 15,197 17,028 12,898 5,770 1,519 8,960 2,030 2,871 2,739 1,191 129 17.1 13.4 16.9 21.2 20.6 8.5 9,657 2,207 3,077 2,956 1,268 148 18.4 14.5 18.1 22.9 22.0 9.8 Women, 16 years and over.................. 16 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over........................ 25 to 34 years.......................... 35 to 44 years.......................... 45 to 54 years.......................... 55 to 64 years.......................... 65 years and over....................... 57,050 9,489 47,560 13,327 15,418 12,270 5,258 1,287 6,528 393 6,135 1,273 1,924 2,081 746 110 11.4 4.1 12.9 9.6 12.5 17.0 14.2 8.5 7,425 458 6,966 1,460 2,187 2,351 839 129 13.0 4.8 14.6 11.0 14.2 19.2 16.0 10.0 57,933 9,726 48,207 13,209 15,441 12,752 5,434 1,370 6,680 392 6,288 1,340 1,951 2,077 807 114 11.5 4.0 13.0 10.1 12.6 16.3 14.9 8.3 7,590 455 7,135 1,513 2,215 2,348 925 133 13.1 4.7 14.8 11.5 14.3 18.4 17.0 9.7 White, 16 years and over.................. Men..................................... Women................................... 99,147 52,492 46,655 13,349 8,246 5,103 13.5 15.7 10.9 14,668 8,896 5,771 14.8 16.9 12.4 100,455 53,105 47,350 13,094 7,911 5,183 13.0 14.9 10.9 14,453 8,541 5,912 14.4 16.1 12.5 Black, 16 years and over.................. Men..................................... Women................................... 14,346 6,585 7,760 2,463 1,348 1,116 17.2 20.5 14.4 2,757 1,464 1,293 19.2 22.2 16.7 14,544 6,701 7,843 2,489 1,282 1,208 17.1 19.1 15.4 2,744 1,388 1,356 18.9 20.7 17.3 Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........ Men..................................... Women................................... 12,810 7,457 5,353 1,525 966 559 11.9 13.0 10.4 1,684 1,052 632 13.1 14.1 11.8 13,609 7,884 5,725 1,554 972 582 11.4 12.3 10.2 1,740 1,063 677 12.8 13.5 11.8 97,626 21,065 14,974 1,459 15.3 6.9 16,501 1,634 16.9 7.8 99,917 20,619 14,822 1,395 14.8 6.8 16,306 1,593 16.3 7.7 RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS(3) Full-time workers......................... Part-time workers......................... 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. Beginning in 1994, these data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics 1999 Characteristic 2000 Total Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2) Nonunion Total Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2) Nonunion Total, 16 years and over................... 16 to 24 years............................ 25 years and over......................... 25 to 34 years........................... 35 to 44 years........................... 45 to 54 years........................... 55 to 64 years........................... 65 years and over........................ $549 341 592 518 611 652 604 404 $672 437 688 604 691 750 696 616 $667 433 683 601 687 745 697 623 $516 335 569 506 594 617 582 381 $576 361 611 550 631 671 617 442 $696 437 709 627 716 755 727 577 $691 436 705 624 712 752 723 565 $542 355 592 529 614 639 592 422 Men, 16 years and over.................... 16 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over........................ 25 to 34 years.......................... 35 to 44 years.......................... 45 to 54 years.......................... 55 to 64 years.......................... 65 years and over....................... 618 356 668 577 702 763 725 470 711 449 727 627 735 789 735 666 708 443 726 623 734 787 737 665 599 348 648 560 691 751 718 421 646 376 700 603 731 777 738 537 739 458 753 678 776 801 755 613 737 457 752 675 774 799 757 613 620 370 682 591 718 769 729 514 Women, 16 years and over.................. 16 to 24 years........................... 25 years and over........................ 25 to 34 years.......................... 35 to 44 years.......................... 45 to 54 years.......................... 55 to 64 years.......................... 65 years and over....................... 473 324 497 470 503 534 492 370 608 418 618 557 612 686 623 567 606 416 616 555 611 679 621 596 449 321 477 457 486 502 467 329 491 342 515 493 520 565 505 378 616 406 627 579 605 697 659 485 613 405 623 578 604 692 647 484 472 339 497 483 506 522 481 365 573 692 689 534 591 716 711 565 SEX AND AGE RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX White, 16 years and over.................. Men..................................... Women................................... 638 483 731 619 730 618 615 461 669 500 757 631 755 627 641 482 Black, 16 years and over.................. Men..................................... Women................................... 445 488 409 575 588 548 575 589 545 415 459 388 468 503 429 596 619 564 590 614 555 436 479 408 Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........ Men..................................... Women................................... 385 406 348 561 604 490 559 597 490 363 384 329 396 414 364 584 631 489 580 620 492 377 394 346 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardlesses of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry (Numbers in thousands) 1999 Members of unions(1) Occupation and industry Total employed Total Percent of employed 2000 Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed Members of unions(1) Total employed Total Percent of employed Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed OCCUPATION Managerial and professional specialty....... Executive, administrative, and managerial. Professional specialty.................... 34,693 16,000 18,693 4,594 903 3,691 13.2 5.6 19.7 5,352 1,138 4,215 15.4 7.1 22.5 35,378 16,434 18,944 4,536 875 3,661 12.8 5.3 19.3 5,277 1,075 4,202 14.9 6.5 22.2 Technical, sales, and administrative support 35,514 3,191 9.0 3,609 10.2 36,124 3,119 8.6 3,521 9.7 Technicians and related support........... Sales occupations......................... Administrative support, including clerical 4,188 13,451 17,874 461 549 2,182 11.0 4.1 12.2 523 613 2,474 12.5 4.6 13.8 4,279 13,677 18,167 431 481 2,207 10.1 3.5 12.1 500 533 2,487 11.7 3.9 13.7 Service occupations......................... Protective service........................ Service, except protective service........ 16,829 2,427 14,403 2,151 927 1,224 12.8 38.2 8.5 2,336 991 1,346 13.9 40.8 9.3 16,953 2,384 14,569 2,234 938 1,295 13.2 39.4 8.9 2,441 1,003 1,438 14.4 42.1 9.9 Precision production, craft, and repair..... 12,474 2,800 22.4 2,929 23.5 12,716 2,783 21.9 2,910 22.9 Operators, fabricators, and laborers........ Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.............................. Transportation and material moving occupations............................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers................................ 17,514 3,627 20.7 3,830 21.9 17,642 3,498 19.8 3,687 20.9 7,255 1,490 20.5 1,572 21.7 7,043 1,366 19.4 1,442 20.5 5,041 1,148 22.8 1,216 24.1 5,182 1,195 23.1 1,260 24.3 5,218 989 18.9 1,042 20.0 5,417 938 17.3 984 18.2 Farming, forestry, and fishing.............. 1,940 113 5.8 125 6.4 1,974 89 4.5 109 5.5 Private wage and salary workers............. 100,025 Agriculture............................... 1,721 Nonagricultural industries................ 98,304 Mining.................................. 531 Construction............................ 6,230 9,419 43 9,376 57 1,187 9.4 2.5 9.5 10.6 19.1 10,216 48 10,168 60 1,224 10.2 2.8 10.3 11.4 19.6 101,810 1,821 99,989 499 6,666 9,148 38 9,110 54 1,220 9.0 2.1 9.1 10.9 18.3 9,969 45 9,924 57 1,268 9.8 2.5 9.9 11.4 19.0 INDUSTRY Manufacturing........................... Durable goods......................... Nondurable goods...................... 19,323 11,824 7,499 3,024 1,941 1,083 15.6 16.4 14.4 3,209 2,063 1,146 16.6 17.5 15.3 19,167 11,688 7,480 2,832 1,791 1,041 14.8 15.3 13.9 2,999 1,894 1,105 15.6 16.2 14.8 Transportation and public utilities..... Transportation........................ Communications and public utilities... 7,317 4,450 2,866 1,865 1,136 729 25.5 25.5 25.4 1,956 1,186 770 26.7 26.7 26.9 7,508 4,573 2,935 1,805 1,135 670 24.0 24.8 22.8 1,920 1,203 717 25.6 26.3 24.4 Wholesale and retail trade.............. Wholesale trade....................... Retail trade.......................... 24,671 4,573 20,098 1,278 248 1,030 5.2 5.4 5.1 1,406 281 1,126 5.7 6.1 5.6 25,133 4,766 20,366 1,194 243 951 4.7 5.1 4.7 1,315 265 1,049 5.2 5.6 5.2 Finance, insurance, and real estate..... Services................................ 7,588 32,645 156 1,809 2.1 5.5 191 2,121 2.5 6.5 7,488 33,528 121 1,884 1.6 5.6 156 2,208 2.1 6.6 Government workers.......................... Federal................................... State..................................... 18,938 3,264 5,233 7,058 1,047 1,527 37.3 32.1 29.2 7,966 1,275 1,781 42.1 39.0 34.0 18,976 3,233 5,464 7,110 1,033 1,641 37.5 32.0 30.0 7,976 1,186 1,867 42.0 36.7 34.2 Local..................................... 10,440 4,484 42.9 4,911 47.0 10,278 4,436 43.2 4,923 47.9 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and industry 1999 Occupation and industry 2000 Total Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2) Nonunion Total Members of unions(1) Represented by unions(2) Nonunion Managerial and professional specialty....... Executive, administrative, and managerial. Professional specialty.................... $797 792 800 $826 823 826 $819 829 817 $792 789 794 $836 840 832 $840 834 841 $834 854 829 $836 839 832 Technical, sales, and administrative support Technicians and related support........... Sales occupations......................... Administrative support, including clerical 488 618 523 447 583 714 513 574 580 711 519 564 477 608 523 429 506 648 550 469 598 748 526 588 590 741 522 579 497 635 552 453 Service occupations......................... Protective service........................ Service, except protective service........ 336 592 311 536 737 412 529 728 409 314 477 303 355 623 324 554 786 423 542 771 419 327 502 316 Precision production, craft, and repair..... 594 755 747 546 613 784 778 570 Operators, fabricators, and laborers........ Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.............................. Transportation and material moving occupations............................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and 429 591 584 398 446 605 602 411 423 572 566 394 436 575 572 408 513 668 657 478 540 694 690 502 OCCUPATION laborers................................ 363 507 499 340 378 555 551 355 Farming, forestry, and fishing.............. 331 512 514 322 334 516 506 325 Private wage and salary workers............. Agriculture............................... Nonagricultural industries................ Mining.................................. Construction............................ 521 340 525 734 552 633 (3) 634 710 778 627 (3) 628 731 772 510 337 513 735 509 549 347 555 768 584 663 (3) 664 746 814 656 (3) 657 748 810 530 344 537 774 529 Manufacturing........................... Durable goods......................... Nondurable goods...................... 576 594 529 614 628 584 611 625 579 561 584 518 595 618 553 630 662 594 628 659 594 587 610 537 Transportation and public utilities..... Transportation........................ Communications and public utilities... 651 596 751 748 727 773 742 718 770 613 551 738 679 615 776 768 744 808 762 741 798 639 582 766 Wholesale and retail trade.............. Wholesale trade....................... Retail trade.......................... 421 573 391 499 584 472 492 570 463 418 573 387 444 595 403 518 607 495 514 608 490 439 593 399 Finance, insurance, and real estate..... Services................................ 598 517 582 554 587 563 599 515 620 543 596 567 593 574 621 540 Government workers.......................... Federal................................... State..................................... Local..................................... 641 729 615 623 714 721 683 726 709 723 677 720 585 737 578 525 665 745 633 650 730 736 685 746 726 738 681 738 609 755 606 562 INDUSTRY 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3 Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated. Beginning in January 2000, data reflect revised population controls used in the household survey. Table 5. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state (Numbers in thousands) 1999 2000 Members of unions(1) State Total employed Total Percent of employed Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed Members of unions(1) Total employed Total Percent of employed Represented by unions(2) Total Percent of employed Alabama................................... Alaska.................................... Arizona................................... Arkansas.................................. California................................ Colorado.................................. Connecticut............................... Delaware.................................. District of Columbia...................... Florida................................... 1,833 251 2,047 1,058 13,811 1,927 1,455 339 245 6,263 201 51 137 79 2,286 181 264 47 32 410 11.0 20.4 6.7 7.5 16.6 9.4 18.2 13.8 13.1 6.5 225 59 168 91 2,527 199 279 53 38 543 12.3 23.6 8.2 8.6 18.3 10.4 19.2 15.5 15.4 8.7 1,878 259 2,015 1,052 14,359 1,923 1,508 353 244 6,399 181 57 130 61 2,295 173 246 47 36 434 9.6 21.9 6.4 5.8 16.0 9.0 16.3 13.3 14.7 6.8 198 64 148 71 2,546 193 262 52 40 554 10.5 24.8 7.3 6.7 17.7 10.0 17.4 14.6 16.5 8.7 Georgia................................... Hawaii.................................... Idaho..................................... Illinois.................................. Indiana................................... Iowa...................................... Kansas.................................... Kentucky.................................. Louisiana................................. Maine..................................... 3,483 494 527 5,514 2,704 1,334 1,224 1,656 1,795 544 253 114 48 993 424 184 119 192 145 84 7.3 23.2 9.2 18.0 15.7 13.8 9.7 11.6 8.1 15.4 313 124 59 1,054 454 209 141 213 180 93 9.0 25.0 11.3 19.1 16.8 15.7 11.5 12.9 10.0 17.1 3,632 497 533 5,639 2,687 1,333 1,200 1,729 1,711 556 228 124 41 1,046 418 182 109 208 122 78 6.3 24.8 7.6 18.6 15.6 13.6 9.0 12.0 7.1 14.0 267 129 48 1,101 461 215 135 235 155 92 7.4 26.0 9.0 19.5 17.1 16.1 11.2 13.6 9.0 16.6 Maryland.................................. Massachusetts............................. Michigan.................................. Minnesota................................. Mississippi............................... Missouri.................................. Montana................................... Nebraska.................................. Nevada.................................... New Hampshire............................. 2,444 2,875 4,490 2,302 1,086 2,458 362 748 823 565 367 465 963 444 67 353 55 66 161 60 15.0 16.2 21.5 19.3 6.2 14.4 15.3 8.8 19.5 10.6 438 492 1,009 471 94 376 62 92 172 69 17.9 17.1 22.5 20.5 8.6 15.3 17.2 12.2 20.9 12.2 2,423 2,841 4,513 2,307 1,120 2,567 369 775 881 576 353 406 938 419 68 338 51 65 151 60 14.6 14.3 20.8 18.2 6.0 13.2 13.9 8.4 17.1 10.4 406 445 985 434 104 365 58 89 165 67 16.7 15.7 21.8 18.8 9.3 14.2 15.7 11.5 18.8 11.6 New Jersey................................ New Mexico................................ 3,609 660 741 65 20.5 9.9 807 78 22.4 11.8 3,668 692 762 56 20.8 8.1 801 70 21.8 10.1 New York.................................. North Carolina............................ North Dakota.............................. Ohio...................................... Oklahoma.................................. Oregon.................................... Pennsylvania.............................. Rhode Island.............................. 7,490 3,359 268 5,008 1,403 1,420 5,152 433 1,897 109 25 896 124 216 896 77 25.3 3.2 9.3 17.9 8.8 15.2 17.4 17.7 1,986 132 27 955 140 234 960 81 26.5 3.9 10.1 19.1 10.0 16.5 18.6 18.8 7,683 3,404 272 5,071 1,384 1,457 5,149 438 1,958 124 18 879 94 234 870 80 25.5 3.6 6.5 17.3 6.8 16.1 16.9 18.2 2,036 148 21 955 108 251 926 83 26.5 4.4 7.8 18.8 7.8 17.2 18.0 18.8 South Carolina............................ South Dakota.............................. Tennessee................................. Texas..................................... Utah...................................... Vermont................................... Virginia.................................. Washington................................ West Virginia............................. Wisconsin................................. Wyoming................................... 1,716 332 2,411 8,725 935 273 3,107 2,585 702 2,505 212 61 20 181 520 60 26 204 535 107 452 19 3.5 6.0 7.5 6.0 6.4 9.7 6.6 20.7 15.2 18.1 9.1 65 26 213 611 70 29 249 610 113 476 23 3.8 7.8 8.8 7.0 7.5 10.8 8.0 23.6 16.1 19.0 10.8 1,740 329 2,387 8,755 945 274 3,199 2,593 718 2,533 216 70 18 212 505 69 28 179 471 103 446 18 4.0 5.5 8.9 5.8 7.3 10.3 5.6 18.2 14.3 17.6 8.3 89 22 239 645 85 34 227 516 111 473 22 5.1 6.7 10.0 7.4 9.0 12.4 7.1 19.9 15.5 18.7 10.0 1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are all self-employed workers regardless of whether or not their businesses are incorporated.