Full text of Union Members : 1995, USDL 96-41 : 1995
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TEXT Table Table Table Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics 3.. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation and industry Technical Information: (202) 606-6378 606-6373 Media contact: 606-5902 USDL 96-41 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Friday, February 9, 1996 UNION MEMBERS IN 1995 About 16.4 million wage and salary employees were union members in 1995, 14.9 percent of all such workers. These figures were down from 16.7 million and 15.5 percent in 1994, the U.S. Department of Labor s Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. There were 9.4 million union members in private nonagricultural industries, where they constituted 10.4 percent of wage and salary employment, and 6.9 million in government (federal, state, and local), where they accounted for 37.8 percent of wage and salary employment. Membership by industry and occupation In private industry, transportation and public utilities had the highest proportion of workers who were union members (27 percent), followed by construction and manufacturing (each 18 percent), and mining (14 percent). The remaining private industry groups had unionization rates ranging from 2 to 6 percent. (See table 3.) Among major occupational groups, the precision production, craft and repair group (including mechanics, electricians, and other skilled trades workers) and the operators, fabricators, and laborers group (including machine and vehicle operators, assemblers, cleaners, and helpers) had the highest proportions of union membership (each 23 percent). About 21 percent of workers in professional specialty occupations (including teachers, professional health occupations, engineers, and scientists) were unionized. In contrast, only 1 in 20 employees in sales or in farming, forestry, and fishing occupations were union members (table 3). Although total union membership as a percent of employment has declined over the past decade, and most occupational groups have seen a concomitant decline, the proportion unionized has remained steady in a few occupational groups: Technicians and related support (12 percent); administrative support, including clerical (13 percent); and protective service (40 percent). Demographic characteristics of union members Union membership was higher among men (17 percent) than women (12 percent) and higher among blacks (20 percent) than either whites (14 percent) or Hispanics (13 percent). Within these major groups, black men continued to have the highest union membership rate (23 percent), while - 2 white women had the lowest (11 percent). Workers aged 35 to 64 were more likely to be union members (19 percent) than were either younger or older workers. Seventeen percent of full-time workers were union members, compared with 8 percent of part timers. (See table 1.) Union representation of non-members In 1995, 2.0 million wage and salary workers were represented at their work place by a union, although they were not union members themselves. A little more that half (53 percent) of these worked in government. Earnings Among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings of $602 in 1995, compared with a median of $447 for workers not represented by unions. (See tables 2 and 4.) This difference reflects a variety of influences in addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, including variations in the distribution of union members and nonunion employees by gender, occupation, industry, firm size, or geographic region. (For a discussion of the problem of differentiating between the influence of unionization status and the influence of other worker characteristics on employee earnings, see 'Measuring union-nonunion earnings differences,' Monthly Labor Review, June 1990, pp. 26-38.) The union-nonunion earnings ratio was greater for women than for men and for blacks and Hispanics than for whites. - 3 Technical Note The union membership and earnings estimates presented in this release are obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), conducted by the Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The CPS provides estimates of the number of wage and salary employees who are union members and those who are represented by a union at their work place, regardless of whether they are union members. Union members include employees belonging to traditional labor unions or to employee associations similar to labor unions. The membership estimates exclude workers who are self-employed, not in the labor force, or unemployed. Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-7828, TDD phone: 202-6065897, TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-326-2577. Definitions The principal definitions used in this release are described briefly below. Wage and salary employees. Employees in both the private and public sectors who receive wages, salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates. Self-employed persons whose businesses are incorporated are excluded from the earnings series. Full-time workers. Part-time workers. week. Workers who usually work 35 hours or more per week. Workers who usually work fewer than 35 hours per Hispanic origin. Refers to persons who are of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or of other Hispanic origin or descent. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race; hence, they are included in the numbers for the white and black population groups. Reliability Because the CPS estimates of union membership are based on a scientifically selected probability sample, rather than a census of the entire population, they may differ from the results obtained from a census. The sample used was one of many possible samples, each of which could have produced different estimates. The variation in the sample estimates across all possible samples that could have been drawn is measured by the standard error. The standard error is used to calculate a 'confidence interval' around a sample estimate. - 4 The 90-percent confidence interval is the interval centered at the sample estimate that includes all values within 1.6 times the estimate s standard error. If many different samples were selected to estimate the population value (e.g., union membership), the 90-percent confidence interval would include the true population value approximately 90 percent of the time. For example, the estimate of 16,360,000 employed union members in 1995 has an estimated standard error of 110,872. Hence, we are 90-percent confident that the interval between 16,182,604 and 16,537,396 (or 16,360,000 + _ 1.6 X 110,872) includes the true population value for union membership (as defined in the CPS). The data are also subject to nonsampling error. For example, information on job-related characteristics of the worker, such as industry, occupation, union membership, and earnings, are sometimes reported by a household member other than the worker. Consequently, such data may reflect reporting error by the respondent. Moreover, in some cases, reported earnings, may be take home pay rather than gross earnings, or may be rounded up or down from actual earnings. For a general discussion of the quality of employment data from the CPS, see the Explanatory Notes and Estimates of Error section of any issue of Employment and Earnings, published monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics (Numbers in thousands) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | 1994 | 1995 | | _______________________________________ _______________________________________ | | | | | | | | Members of | Represented | | Members of | Represented | | unions1/ | by unions2/ | | unions1/ | by unions2/ Characteristic | Total | | | Total | | _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ | em- | | | | | em- | | | | |ployed | |Percent| |Percent|ployed | |Percent| |Percent | | Total | of | Total | of | | Total | of | Total | of | | | em- | | em- | | | em- | | em| | |ployed | |ployed | | |ployed | |ployed | | | | | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | Total, 16 years and over...................|107,989| 16 to 24 years............................| 18,207| 25 years and over.........................| 89,782| 25 to 34 years...........................| 29,617| 35 to 44 years...........................| 29,160| 45 to 54 years...........................| 19,675| 55 to 64 years...........................| 8,924| 65 years and over........................| 2,406| | | Men, 16 years and over....................| 56,570| 16 to 24 years...........................| 9,468| 25 years and over........................| 47,102| 25 to 34 years..........................| 16,052| 35 to 44 years..........................| 15,181| 45 to 54 years..........................| 10,068| 55 to 64 years..........................| 4,602| 65 years and over.......................| 1,200| | | Women, 16 years and over..................| 51,419| 16 to 24 years...........................| 8,739| 25 years and over........................| 42,680| 25 to 34 years..........................| 13,565| 35 to 44 years..........................| 13,979| 45 to 54 years..........................| 9,607| 55 to 64 years..........................| 4,323| 65 years and over.......................| 1,207| | | | | RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX | | White, 16 years and over..................| 91,290| Men.....................................| 48,351| Women...................................| 42,939| | | Black, 16 years and over..................| 12,229| Men.....................................| 5,834| Women...................................| 6,395| | | Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........| 10,017| Men.....................................| 6,002| Women...................................| 4,015| | | | 16,748| 1,126| 15,622| 3,772| 5,408| 4,418| 1,810| 214| | 10,106| 709| 9,398| 2,350| 3,219| 2,618| 1,091| 119| | 6,642| 417| 6,225| 1,422| 2,189| 1,800| 719| 95| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 18,850| 1,302| 17,548| 4,309| 6,072| 4,887| 2,033| 246| | 11,110| 809| 10,301| 2,601| 3,526| 2,839| 1,197| 137| | 7,740| 493| 7,247| 1,707| 2,546| 2,048| 836| 109| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 18,346| 1,199| 17,148| 4,090| 5,883| 4,964| 1,980| 231| | 10,868| 721| 10,146| 2,469| 3,460| 2,885| 1,209| 123| | 7,479| 478| 7,001| 1,621| 2,423| 2,078| 771| 108| | | SEX AND AGE | 13,520| 8,330| 5,189| | 2,513| 1,357| 1,156| | 1,420| 933| 487| | 15.5 6.2 17.4 12.7 18.5 22.5 20.3 8.9 17.9 7.5 20.0 14.6 21.2 26.0 23.7 9.9 12.9 4.8 14.6 10.5 15.7 18.7 16.6 7.9 | | 14.8 | 15,213| 17.2 | 9,141| 12.1 | 6,072| | | 20.6 | 2,844| 23.3 | 1,513| 18.1 | 1,331| | | 14.2 | 1,592| 15.6 | 1,021| 12.1 | 570| | | 17.5 7.1 19.5 14.5 20.8 24.8 22.8 10.2 19.6 8.5 21.9 16.2 23.2 28.2 26.0 11.4 15.1 5.6 17.0 12.6 18.2 21.3 19.3 9.1 | | | |110,038| 16,360| | 18,205| 1,022| | 91,833| 15,337| | 29,761| 3,596| | 29,800| 5,254| | 20,623| 4,483| | 9,202| 1,801| | 2,448| 203| | | | | 57,669| 9,929| | 9,531| 640| | 48,137| 9,289| | 16,094| 2,220| | 15,505| 3,169| | 10,521| 2,679| | 4,779| 1,117| | 1,238| 105| | | | | 52,369| 6,430| | 8,673| 382| | 43,696| 6,048| | 13,667| 1,377| | 14,295| 2,085| | 10,101| 1,804| | 4,423| 685| | 1,210| 98| | | | | | | | | | 16.7 | 92,760| 13,149| 18.9 | 49,162| 8,178| 14.1 | 43,598| 4,971| | | | 23.3 | 12,644| 2,519| 25.9 | 6,005| 1,353| 20.8 | 6,639| 1,167| | | | 15.9 | 10,401| 1,357| 17.0 | 6,223| 871| 14.2 | 4,178| 486| | | | 14.9 5.6 16.7 12.1 17.6 21.7 19.6 8.3 17.2 6.7 19.3 13.8 20.4 25.5 23.4 8.5 12.3 4.4 13.8 10.1 14.6 17.9 15.5 8.1 | | 14.2 | 14,747| 16.6 | 8,960| 11.4 | 5,787| | | 19.9 | 2,819| 22.5 | 1,460| 17.6 | 1,358| | | 13.0 | 1,535| 14.0 | 969| 11.6 | 565| | | 16.7 6.6 18.7 13.7 19.7 24.1 21.5 9.4 18.8 7.6 21.1 15.3 22.3 27.4 25.3 9.9 14.3 5.5 16.0 11.9 16.9 20.6 17.4 8.9 15.9 18.2 13.3 22.3 24.3 20.5 14.8 15.6 13.5 3/ | | | | | | | | | | FULL- OR PART-TIME STATUS | | | | | | | | | | Full-time workers.........................| 87,379| 15,093| 17.3 | 16,933| 19.4 | 89,282| 14,790| 16.6 | 16,531| 18.5 Part-time workers.........................| 20,431| 1,623| 7.9 | 1,879| 9.2 | 20,550| 1,537| 7.5 | 1,781| 8.7 | | | | | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1/ Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2/ Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3/ The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. Beginning in 1994, these data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Table 2. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selected characteristics ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | 1994 | 1995 | | _______________________________________ _______________________________________ | | | | | | | | Characteristic | | Members | Repre- | | | Members | Repre- | | Total | of | sented | Non| Total | of | sented | Non| |unions1/ | by | union | |unions1/ | by | union | | |unions2/ | | | |unions2/ | | | | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | SEX AND AGE | | | | | | | | Total, 16 years and over...................| $467 | $592 | $587 | $432 | $479 | $602 | $598 | $447 16 to 24 years............................| 286 | 366 | 364 | 281 | 292 | 375 | 373 | 287 25 years and over.........................| 500 | 603 | 599 | 474 | 510 | 613 | 610 | 486 25 35 45 55 65 to 34 to 44 to 54 to 64 years years...........................| 439 | 532 | 522 | 421 | 451 | 542 | 534 | 433 years...........................| 537 | 623 | 618 | 508 | 550 | 621 | 619 | 520 years...........................| 566 | 639 | 636 | 520 | 582 | 665 | 663 | 536 years...........................| 501 | 588 | 589 | 472 | 514 | 614 | 614 | 482 and over........................| 384 | 549 | 549 | 361 | 389 | 509 | 506 | 362 | | | | | | | | Men, 16 years and over....................| 522 | 621 | 620 | 495 | 538 | 640 | 638 | 507 16 to 24 years...........................| 294 | 374 | 371 | 288 | 303 | 388 | 388 | 298 25 years and over........................| 576 | 635 | 635 | 544 | 588 | 654 | 652 | 563 25 to 34 years..........................| 479 | 572 | 566 | 460 | 490 | 583 | 579 | 475 35 to 44 years..........................| 617 | 657 | 656 | 603 | 624 | 665 | 663 | 612 45 to 54 years..........................| 671 | 685 | 684 | 661 | 685 | 705 | 706 | 670 55 to 64 years..........................| 603 | 617 | 624 | 591 | 623 | 655 | 659 | 607 65 years and over.......................| 441 | 608 | 604 | 405 | 441 | 615 | 619 | 400 | | | | | | | | Women, 16 years and over..................| 399 | 522 | 517 | 377 | 406 | 527 | 523 | 386 16 to 24 years...........................| 276 | 350 | 348 | 271 | 275 | 349 | 345 | 272 25 years and over........................| 421 | 535 | 527 | 401 | 428 | 539 | 536 | 408 25 to 34 years..........................| 397 | 483 | 478 | 385 | 403 | 492 | 488 | 393 35 to 44 years..........................| 448 | 570 | 560 | 419 | 453 | 553 | 552 | 427 45 to 54 years..........................| 450 | 573 | 572 | 415 | 464 | 595 | 593 | 423 55 to 64 years..........................| 398 | 506 | 504 | 374 | 403 | 501 | 501 | 383 65 years and over.......................| 336 | 458 | 450 | 323 | 353 | 435 | 425 | 333 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | RACE, HISPANIC ORIGIN, AND SEX | | | | | | | | White, 16 years and over..................| 484 | 609 | 604 | 451 | 494 | 621 | 616 | 466 Men.....................................| 547 | 640 | 638 | 513 | 566 | 661 | 658 | 526 Women...................................| 408 | 546 | 538 | 386 | 415 | 551 | 546 | 395 | | | | | | | | Black, 16 years and over..................| 371 | 493 | 487 | 338 | 383 | 503 | 500 | 348 Men.....................................| 400 | 524 | 518 | 359 | 411 | 526 | 526 | 374 Women...................................| 346 | 452 | 446 | 323 | 355 | 473 | 468 | 325 | | | | | | | | Hispanic origin, 16 years and over........| 324 | 470 | 468 | 307 | 329 | 499 | 493 | 311 Men.....................................| 343 | 506 | 501 | 316 | 350 | 528 | 523 | 321 Women...................................| 305 | 402 | 413 | 289 | 305 | 423 | 419 | 291 | | | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1/ Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2/ Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers. Excluded are self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. Detail for the above race and Hispanic- origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the "other races" group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Table 3.. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry (Numbers in thousands) ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | 1994 | 1995 | | _______________________________________ _______________________________________ | | | | | | | | Members of | Represented | | Members of | Represented | | unions1/ | by unions2/ | | unions1/ | by unions2/ Occupation and industry | Total | | | Total | | _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ | em- | | | | | em- | | | | |ployed | |Percent| |Percent|ployed | |Percent| |Percent | | Total | of | Total | of | | Total | of | Total | of | | | em- | | em- | | | em- | | em| | |ployed | |ployed | | |ployed | |ployed | | | | | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | OCCUPATION | | | | | | | | | | Managerial and professional specialty.......| 28,568| 4,100| 14.4 | 4,937| 17.3 | 29,827| 4,116| 13.8 | 4,909| 16.5 Executive, administrative, and managerial.| 13,123| 826| 6.3 | 1,072| 8.2 | 13,840| 804| 5.8 | 1,017| 7.4 Professional specialty....................| 15,446| 3,273| 21.2 | 3,865| 25.0 | 15,987| 3,312| 20.7 | 3,892| 24.3 | | | | | | | | | | Technical, sales, and administrative support| 33,509| 3,466| 10.3 | 4,041| 12.1 | 33,842| 3,364| 9.9 | 3,883| 11.5 Technicians and related support...........| 3,766| 429| 11.4 | 506| 13.4 | 3,795| 448| 11.8 | 526| 13.9 Sales occupations.........................| 11,981| 583| 4.9 | 660| 5.5 | 12,427| 561| 4.5 | 651| 5.2 Administrative support, including clerical| 17,762| 2,454| 13.8 | 2,875| 16.2 | 17,620| 2,355| 13.4 | 2,706| 15.4 | | | | | | | | | | Service occupations.........................| 15,597| 2,226| 14.3 | 2,443| 15.7 | 15,648| 2,112| 13.5 | 2,356| 15.1 Protective service........................| 2,234| 927| 41.5 | 986| 44.1 | 2,236| 900| 40.2 | 978| 43.7 Service, except protective service........| 13,364| 1,299| 9.7 | 1,458| 10.9 | 13,412| 1,213| 9.0 | 1,378| 10.3 | | | | | | | | | | Precision production, craft, and repair.....| 11,354| 2,718| 23.9 | 2,911| 25.6 | 11,563| 2,692| 23.3 | 2,866| 24.8 | | | | | | | | | | Operators, fabricators, and laborers........| 17,142| 4,135| 24.1 | 4,395| 25.6 | 17,304| 3,983| 23.0 | 4,229| 24.4 Machine operators, assemblers, and | | | | | | | | | | inspectors................................| 7,510| 1,829| 24.4 | 1,948| 25.9 | 7,639| 1,780| 23.3 | 1,892| 24.8 Transportation and material moving | | | | | | | | | | occupations...............................| 4,740| 1,232| 26.0 | 1,306| 27.5 | 4,736| 1,224| 25.9 | 1,294| 27.3 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and| | | | | | | | | | laborers..................................| 4,892| 1,074| 21.9 | 1,141| 23.3 | 4,929| 978| 19.9 | 1,044| 21.2 | | | | | | | | | | Farming, forestry, and fishing..............| 1,820| 104| 5.7 | 122| 6.7 | 1,855| 91| 4.9 | 104| 5.6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | INDUSTRY | | | | | | | | | | Agricultural wage and salary workers........| 1,487| 34| 2.3 | 42| 2.8 | 1,575| 33| 2.1 | 43| 2.7 Private nonagricultural wage and salary | | | | | | | | | | workers...................................| 88,163| 9,620| 10.9 | 10,612| 12.0 | 90,121| 9,400| 10.4 | 10,318| 11.4 Mining....................................| 652| 102| 15.7 | 111| 17.1 | 609| 84| 13.8 | 88| 14.4 Construction..............................| 4,866| 916| 18.8 | 966| 19.9 | 5,135| 908| 17.7 | 963| 18.8 | | | | | | | | | | Manufacturing.............................| 19,267| 3,514| 18.2 | 3,787| 19.7 | 19,520| 3,440| 17.6 | 3,657| 18.7 Durable goods...........................| 11,285| 2,153| 19.1 | 2,327| 20.6 | 11,424| 2,153| 18.8 | 2,286| 20.0 Nondurable goods........................| 7,983| 1,361| 17.0 | 1,460| 18.3 | 8,096| 1,286| 15.9 | 1,371| 16.9 | | | | | | | | | | Transportation and public utilities.......| 6,512| 1,848| 28.4 | 1,997| 30.7 | 6,573| 1,792| 27.3 | 1,911| 29.1 Transportation..........................| 3,925| 1,090| 27.8 | 1,152| 29.3 | 3,957| 1,065| 26.9 | 1,118| 28.3 Communications and public utilities.....| 2,587| 758| 29.3 | 846| 32.7 | 2,616| 726| 27.8 | 793| 30.3 | | | | | | | | | | Wholesale and retail trade................| 22,319| 1,379| 6.2 | 1,524| 6.8 | 23,028| 1,401| 6.1 | 1,550| 6.7 Wholesale trade.........................| 3,991| 260| 6.5 | 289| 7.2 | 4,251| 283| 6.6 | 319| 7.5 Retail trade............................| 18,328| 1,120| 6.1 | 1,236| 6.7 | 18,777| 1,118| 6.0 | 1,231| 6.6 | | | | | | | | | | Finance, insurance, and real estate.......| 6,897| 156| 2.3 | 215| 3.1 | 6,745| 139| 2.1 | 173| 2.6 Services..................................| 27,649| 1,704| 6.2 | 2,012| 7.3 | 28,511| 1,636| 5.7 | 1,976| 6.9 Government workers..........................| 18,339| 7,094| 38.7 | 8,195| 44.7 | 18,342| 6,926| 37.8 | 7,985| 43.5 | | | | | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1/ Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2/ Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full- and part-time workers. Excluded are self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers. Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation and industry ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | 1994 | 1995 | | _______________________________________ _______________________________________ | | | | | | | | Occupation and industry | | Members | Repre- | | | Members | Repre- | | Total | of | sented | Non| Total | of | sented | Non| |unions1/ | by | union | |unions1/ | by | union | | |unions2/ | | | |unions2/ | | | | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | OCCUPATION | | | | | | | | Managerial and professional specialty.......| $683 | $729 | $720 | $672 | $703 | $745 | $737 | $694 Executive, administrative, and managerial.| 658 | 690 | 689 | 655 | 684 | 727 | 722 | 681 Professional specialty....................| 705 | 737 | 728 | 694 | 718 | 750 | 741 | 707 | | | | | | | | Technical, sales, and administrative support| 420 | 518 | 511 | 407 | 426 | 522 | 516 | 414 Technicians and related support...........| 534 | 629 | 622 | 521 | 558 | 629 | 619 | 542 Sales occupations.........................| 450 | 483 | 478 | 448 | 454 | 457 | 466 | 453 Administrative support, including clerical| 392 | 511 | 504 | 372 | 399 | 517 | 510 | 383 | | | | | | | | Service occupations.........................| 294 | 483 | 470 | 268 | 299 | 484 | 477 | 275 Protective service........................| 517 | 650 | 643 | 398 | 528 | 678 | 676 | 399 Service, except protective service........| 267 | 369 | 361 | 256 | 274 | 366 | 359 | 264 | | | | | | | | Precision production, craft, and repair.....| 504 | 672 | 663 | 458 | 519 | 688 | 684 | 478 | | | | | | | | Operators, fabricators, and laborers........| 373 | 514 | 510 | 327 | 380 | 524 | 519 | 338 Machine operators, assemblers, and | | | | | | | | inspectors................................| 361 | 492 | 488 | 322 | 368 | 509 | 504 | 328 Transportation and material moving | | | | | | | | occupations...............................| 461 | 600 | 594 | 410 | 476 | 612 | 606 | 420 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and| | | | | | | | laborers..................................| 311 | 478 | 476 | 288 | 319 | 480 | 473 | 297 | | | | | | | | Farming, forestry, and fishing..............| 282 | 416 | 406 | 273 | 287 | 404 | 404 | 280 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | INDUSTRY | | | | | | | | Agricultural wage and salary workers........| 282 | (3) | (3) | 279 | 291 | (3) | (3) | 289 Private nonagricultural wage and salary | | | | | | | | workers...................................| 448 | $562 | $556 | 427 | 462 | $573 | $567 | 443 Mining....................................| 639 | 664 | 656 | 634 | 667 | 684 | 682 | 663 Construction..............................| 477 | 696 | 687 | 425 | 487 | 741 | 730 | 442 | | | | | | | | Manufacturing.............................| 482 | 533 | 533 | 464 | 494 | 548 | 544 | 479 Durable goods...........................| 507 | 555 | 555 | 492 | 517 | 576 | 573 | 503 Nondurable goods........................| 438 | 503 | 501 | 420 | 454 | 506 | 504 | 438 | | | | | | | | Transportation and public utilities.......| 584 | 665 | 657 | 531 | 590 | 676 | 673 | 545 Transportation..........................| 523 | 650 | 645 | 482 | 523 | 659 | 651 | 488 Communications and public utilities.....| 657 | 681 | 671 | 646 | 675 | 690 | 690 | 661 | | | | | | | | Wholesale and retail trade................| 359 | 453 | 439 | 352 | 370 | 466 | 454 | 363 Wholesale trade.........................| 476 | 506 | 500 | 473 | 492 | 541 | 524 | 489 Retail trade............................| 322 | 425 | 414 | 318 | 333 | 425 | 419 | 325 | | | | | | | | Finance, insurance, and real estate.......| 484 | 471 | 467 | 485 | 501 | 477 | 490 | 502 Services..................................| 425 | 485 | 488 | 420 | 444 | 489 | 491 | 440 Government workers..........................| 564 | 623 | 617 | 493 | 575 | 638 | 633 | 500 | | | | | | | | ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1/ Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union. 2/ Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union as well as workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract. 3/ Data not shown where base is less than 50,000. NOTE: Data refer to the sole or principal job of full-time workers. Excluded are self-employed workers whose businesses are incorporated although they technically qualify as wage and salary workers.