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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
FRANCES PERKINS, Secretary
WOMEN’S BUREAU
MARY ANDERSON, Director
+
TRENDS IN THE EMPLOYMENT
OF WOMEN, 1928-36
By
MARY ELIZABETH PIDGEON
5jres
Bulletin
of the
Women’s Bureau, No. 159
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON: 1938
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C.
Price 10 cents
CONTENTS
Letter of transmittal_____________________
Introduction_________________________
Sources of information on the employment of women
Method of analysis_________________________
General summary___________________
Employment in all occupations_____________________
Comparison of employment in 1930 and most recent year reported
Proportions women formed of all employees, 1930 and most recent
year reported____,______________________
Employment in manufacturing industries______________
Direction of employment trend for women and for men in most recent
year reported_______________ ;_________
Proportions women formed of all manufacturing employees in 1930
and most recent year reported_________________
Manufacturing employment in the various States__________
”
Employment in particular manufacturing industries__________
Industries with high and with low employment levels________ __
Employment in the textile industries______________ _
Employment in the clothing industries_____________
Employment in the shoe industry____ ______________
Employment in the food industries______________________
Employment in the paper and printing industries__________ _
Employment in electrical manufacturing____________ _
Employment in glass making_____________________
Employment in the rubber industry___________________
Employment in certain metal industries________________
Employment in chemical industries_________________
Employment in nonmanufacturing industries______________ _
Employment in service industries________ ___________
Employment in telegraph and telephone operation____________
Employment in stores_____________________
Employment in clerical occupations_______________ _
Appendix A. Types of data reported and method of handling material- .
The use of index numbers in analyzing trends in women’s employmentData available on woman employment____________ _
Industry titles (for groups or details) as used in Women’s Bureaudiscussion and titles corresponding most closely as used in State
reports______________________
Appendix B.—General tables________
_
TEXT TABLE
Indexes of employment of wage earners in manufacturing industries in
five States_____________
in
Page
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
4
4
7
7
8
13
14
17
22
22
25
27
27
30
30
31
31
31
32
32
33
33
35
35
35
38
42
CONTENTS
IV
GENERAL TABLES
Indexes of employment of women and men in important woman-employing
industries:
Illinois------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------Massachusetts--------------------------------------------------------------------Ohio--------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------Virginia
New York---------------------------------------------------------------------------
42
43
44
46
48
CHARTS
Employment trends for women and men, by State:
All manufacturing---------------------------------------------------------------Bakery products------------ ■:---------------- ---------------------------- -------1
Textiles (total)-------------------------------------------------------------- -----Knit goods------------------------------------------------------------------------Women’s clothing---------------------------------------------------------------Men’s clothing--------------------------------------------------------------------Boots and shoes------------------------------------------------------------------Confectionery---------------------------------------------------------------------Tobacco manufactures---------------------------------------------------------Printing and publishing-------------------------------------------------------Electrical machinery and supplies-----------------------------------------Rubber products-------------------- ------------------- ------------------------
6
12
18
19
20
21
23
24
26
28
29
30
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
United States Department of Labor,
Women’s Bureau,
Washington, April 21, 1938.
I have the honor to transmit to you a report on Trends in
the Employment of Women, 1928-36.
Among the various demands for information of this type, which in
the past has existed to such a meager extent, are those that come to
us from persons interested in placing the unemployed and in advising
women as to types of occupations that they may effectively seek or
prepare themselves to enter.
With the material on employment and pay rolls by sex that is now
being obtained semiannually by the Women’s Bureau through the
cooperation of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, it is hoped that this
type of information can be much more fully developed in the future
and can be put m such form as to be of continuous use in formulating
policies and plans that will be to the advantage of employed women.
1 greatly appreciate the cooperation of the various State agencies
whose material has been made available to the Women’s Bureau
much of it in unpublished form, for this analysis.
’
The study is the work of Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon, Chief of the
Division of Research.
Respectfully submitted.
TT
'
Mary Anderson, Director.
Madam:
Hon. Trances Perkins,
Secretary of Labor.
TRENDS IN THE EMPLOYMENT OF
WOMEN, 1928-36
INTRODUCTION
Many requests come to the Women’s Bureau of the United States
Department of Labor for information as to woman employment since
the latest decennial census year, 1930. While at the present time no
data are available on this subject for the entire United States,1 there
are scattering sources of material that give some indications as to the
more general trends. Certain of these have been discussed in earlier
bulletins of this Bureau, the latest of which sought to bring together
information as to what was happening to employed women as a result
of the general economic depression.2 At present, when recovery from
the worst depressed period has been experienced, it is of importance
to examine the extent to which increases in employment have affected
women, especially as compared to their level of employment in 1930
or the peak of 1929; and to ascertain to what extent women are
advancing or receding as a proportion of all employed persons.
Though the Women’s Bureau never has had facilities for preparing
monthly reports as to women’s employment and wages, and this
information has not been provided by any other agency except in a
very few States, there is now being initiated, through the cooperation
of the United States Department of Labor and various State labor
departments, a semiannual reporting of sample data that will give some
idea of the current trends in women’s employment and wages such as
are reported periodically by the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the
two sexes combined. The present bulletin, taken in connection with
the earlier Women’s Bureau publications on employment trends,
will form a background from which this material can be developed as
it becomes currently available.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON THE EMPLOYMENT OF
WOMEN
Employment data from eight States are used in the present publica
tion. In some cases the material is from an annual census, or a
special census, in others from employment figures regularly reported or
indexes constructed from such figures to show trends. The eight
States represented employed, at the time of the United States Census
1 The Census of Manufactures, taken biennially, reports only total number of wage earners and gives infor "
mation by sex only once in 10 years. The Census of Distribution reports some data by sex for certain non manufacturing groups, but since the figures are given only for reporting firms there is no adequate method o f
checking with 1930 data.
2 Women’s Bureau Bull. 73, Variations in Employment Trends of Women and Men (deals with Ohio
figures), 1930; and Bull. 113, Employment Fluctuations and Unemployment of Women, 1928-31 (deals with
periodic employment data on women from three States), 1933.
1
2
TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, .19 2 8-3 6
of 1930, nearly 55 percent of all the women engaged in manufacturing
and mechanical industries in the entire United States. The list
follows:
Illinois.
Massachusetts.
Michigan.
New York.
Ohio.
Pennsylvania.
Rhode Island.
Virginia.
Some detail is shown in appendix A as to the types of reports
available from these various States and the way in which they have
been prepared for use here.
The analysis made in this report is based primarily on the indexes
of employment of men and women in September of each year from
New York, Illinois, and Ohio, and similar indexes constructed from
figures reported by the Massachusetts annual census, which are given
by sex in even years, and from the annual reports of the Virginia
Department of Labor and Industry. These indexes are found in
tables I to V in appendix B.3
In addition to use of the indexes mentioned, the proportions women
constitute of all employees have been ascertained for several States.
In Massachusetts, Ohio, and Virginia these are obtained from the
figures on which the indexes were constructed. In Michigan, Rhode
Island, and Pennsylvania they are based on a State census in a recent
year and on the 1930 United States Census where the classifications
are sufficiently alike in the two sources.4
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
The general trend of employment for each sex is measured by indexes
wherever available. In particular, effort is made to relate the condi
tion at the latest date to that prevailing in 1930 and at the 1929 peak,
and to show the movement within recent years since the lowest point
of the depression.5
In addition, in a few cases where actual figures enable such a com
parison, the percentage change in the employment of women and men
from 1930 to the latest report year available is shown and discussed.
In these instances, and also in some others where the figures that can
be supplied are not fully comparable from period to period, consider
ation is given to the proportions women form of the entire number
employed in 1930 and at the latest time reported.
_
Since the public as a whole is interested particularly in the general
situation and movement of employment, figures are discussed first for
all occupations combined and for all manufacturing taken together.
Thereafter, the particular States, and special groups and individual
industries important in woman employment, are considered separately.
Finally, the nonmanufacturing occupations of women are discussed.
3 September has been used as the base month because ordinarily it represents normal fall activity, less
likely than many other months to characterize an extreme peak or a very low point, except for a few indus
tries, such as fruit and vegetable canning, in which case this factor can be taken especially into account.
Moreover, in making the analysis, consideration also has been given in some cases to the indexes for other
months in these years, though these could not be published here in full.
4 Since the Pennsylvania census reports primarily an occupation rather than an industry classification,
and includes those seeking work for the first time, comparisons with 1930 can be made only for total employ
ment. For the basis of Michigan and Rhode Island comparisons, see appendix A, pp. 36-37.
1 Since the purpose of this study is to ascertain the general trends of employment and the employment
situation, primarily of women, and not to test nor expound any phase of statistical method, familiarity
with the use of index numbers is assumed. However, a. brief explanation as to their use may be found on
p. 35 in appendix A.
ALL OCCUPATIONS
3
GENERAL SUMMARY
The employment situation of women varies widely from industry
to industry, and also differs considerably from State to State. This
is true of changes m numbers of women employed, and of changes in
the proportions of women and men as well.
The usual picture shown from the various sources examined is that
the manufacturing employment of both sexes has increased since the
depression low m some cases markedly. Though it has not always
reached a level as high as m 1930, in some instances it lias surpassed
even the high point of 1929. In a few industries employment has
continued to decline, and m the nonmanufacturing groups the advances
usually have been small or there have been declines.
In the later years, women form a slightly larger proportion of all
persons employed than they did in 1930, though there are many cases
of particular industries m which women form a part of the workers
smaller than formerly, notably in some of the textile and food groups
winch have been among the largest employers of women.
. ?n the whole, the general direction of employment change in an
industry m any one State has been similar for the two sexes though
sometimes more extreme for one than for the other. However there
®re iVnU!'n KU' industrie§ iu which the employmen t movemen t differed
for the two sexes. In these cases employment usually was declining
tor women though advancing for men in every State reported but
JN ew Y ork.
EMPLOYMENT IN ALL OCCUPATIONS
All available indications show that the employment of each sex has
increased markedly smce the depression low. This is true in the States
from.which indexes or other figures can be obtained, and also is the
case m ail but a very few separate industries.
Comparison of Employment in 1930 and Most Recent Year Reported.
The fairly, complete employment figures from Ohio and data from
three other important mdustrial States in which a census has been
taken—Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island—show that in the
most recent year reported (1934, 1935, or 1936, as the case may be)
tlie employment of the two sexes combined was less than in 1930 a
period before the lowest point of depression had been reached
tin the whole, women seem to have fared better than men in this
particular comparison, since men’s employment was less than in 1930
m each of the btates mentioned, and women’s employment, except in
Rhode Island, either was above the 1930 level or was not so far below
as men s. In Illinois, however, the 1936 indexes of employment based
on the samples taken show a considerable decrease from 1930 for
women and a slight increase for men. Also, as will be shown later on
there were some particular industries in which employment for men
showed increase well beyond 1930, while that of women at the same
time was less than m 1930. The summary following gives the extent
to which employment m the most recent year reported was above or
below that m the census year of 1930, prior to the lowest depression
point.
^
6 The comparisons given along these lines include
who
have
omitting
those never yet employed, This is done here, though persons of the are or census been employed,these new
certain
State
figures include
employees in their totals.
65717°—38----------- 2
4
TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, 192 8-3 6
Slate and latest year reported
Michigan, 1935----------------Ohio, 1935________________
Pennsylvania, 1934-----------Rhode Island, 1936------------
Percentage change in employment from 1980 to
latest year reported_____________
All em
Women
Men
ployees
-6.
-1.
-6.
-5.
9
8
2
8
-8.
-1.
-8.
-5.
-1.
-1.
+ .
-6.
0
9
3
4
9
4
8
6
Though some of these figures might seem to indicate that men were
being replaced by women, a closer examination of the data reveal
that this was not the case, since the major declines for men ordinarily
were not within the area of woman employment. For example, in Mich
igan and Pennsylvania, where the movement differed most strikingly
between the two sexes, the heaviest declines for men occurred in
industries in which women usually are not engaged to any important
extent, such as mining, heavy metal work, and the building trades,
while in some of the other industries declines had been greater for
women than for men.
Proportions Women Formed of All Employees, 1930 and Most Recent
Year Reported.
Another method of measuring the relative employment standing of
the two sexes is to note the proportion women formed of all persons
in gainful work in 1930 and again in the latest year reported. Such
data usually show women in a slightly better employment situation in
the latest year reported than was the case in 1930. The figures are
as follows:
Percent women were of all
State and latest year reported
Michigan, 1935--------------------------Ohio, 1935---------------------------------Pennsylvania, 1934--------------------Rhode Island, 1936______________
employees
Latest
year
1980
18.
24.
22.
29.
7
8
9
6
19. 7
24. 9
24. 6
29. 3
EMPLOYMENT IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
In the manufacturing industries taken together, the indexes show
that the employment of both sexes has advanced markedly, and in
most cases continuously, since the depression low. Figures from the
States that regularly have presented such data by sex illustrate this
and are shown in the following table.
Contrary to the showing of decreased employment in all occupations
combined, the employment of both men and women in manufacturing
in the latest year available surpassed the level of 1930 in more than
half the cases reported. However, there are certain particular manu
facturing industries in which this did not occur, and it was not true
in the totals for men in New York, for women in Illinois, for either
sex in Massachusetts, nor for Negro women in Virginia.
Of the few States with comparable data, in no case did the latest
available index figures for manufacturing as a whole show the employ
ment of either sex to be so great as at the peak of 1929, though there
were a number of particular industries in which employment, espe
cially for men, was greater than in 1929. Though the decline from
1929 to the low point in employment was greater in each case for
men than for women, so was the recovery greater. Only in New
ALL MAHTTFACTUBLNOt INDTJSTEIES
5
York was women’s employment nearer than men’s to the 1929 level.
It must be remembered that there are some particular industries
m which in the latest year reported women held a considerably less
favorable place than men.
Indexes of employment of wage earners in manufacturing industries in five
States—September of each year, 1928-86 1
[For sources see appendix tables I to V]
Illinois (June Massachusetts
(September
1928=100)
1928=100)
New York
(June 1923
= 100)
Ohio (Sep
tember 1928
= 100)
Virginia i (1930=100)
Year
Women
Men
Women Men Women Men Women Men W omen Men
White Negro White Negro
1928
1929
1931______
1932
1933
1934
1935____ ____
1936
104
111
89
76
61
73
80
79
88
101
108
85
69
54
72
77
80
92
I NotSffwto?hk
100
0
87
0
72
0
72
0
0
100
0
88
0
05
0
73
0
0
85
91
80
73
59
68
72
75
81
84
90
77
66
51
62
65
69
75
100
109
86
78
(2)
85
83
91
(2)
100
104
80
66
(2)
75
72
86
(2)
100
94
91
102
112
121
129
100
83
86
83
97
91
99
100
101
88
96
104
115
120
100
92
83
89
105
112
124
re^rt wafprepS05™6114 dUr‘ng the Peri°d °f plant operation in the
Aside from the foregoing comparisons based on indexes, figures on
numbers employed in 1930 and in a later year can be considered from
three States that present their own data on the same basis for the
earlier and the later period—Ohio, Massachusetts, and Virginia—
and two other States in which a late census has been taken that can be
compared with those for the same States in the Federal census of
1930—Michigan and Rhode Island. In Ohio, and in Virginia except
lor .Negro women, manufacturing employment was greater at the
late dates than m 1930, though in Ohio total employment in all
occupations reported was less than in 1930. In Michigan and Rhode
Island employment had declined very much more in the manufacturing
industries than in all occupations taken together, and men had fared
somewhat worse than women, largely because the industries in which
they are chiefly engaged had suffered more than the large womanemployers. These figures follow:
State and source of data
Percentage change in manu
facturing employment from
1930 to latest year reported
All em
ployees
State employment figures:
Massachusetts___
Ohio__________
Virginia: White
_
Negro______
State and Federal census:
Michigan
Rhode Island___
Men
Women
Percent women
were of all man
ufacturing em
ployees
1930
Latest
year
reported
Latest
year
-17.1
+6.4
+22.7
+15.7
-17.1
+6.4
+20.4
+24.4
-17.2
+6.2
+28.8
-1.4
30.7
17.3
27.5
33.6
30.7
17.2
28.9
28.7
1934
1935
1936
1936
-17.9
-12.5
-18.2
-14.0
-14.7
-8.7
9.9
28.3
10.3
29.5
1935
1936
TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, 192 8-3 6
6
Chart
1.—EMPLOYMENT TRENDS FOR WOMEN AND MEN IN ALL
MANUFACTURING, BY STATE
Women ■<
Index
numbers
100
■
Men- - » ILLINOIS
(June 192S r 100)
—
NEW YORK
(June 1923 r 100)
OHIO
120 r
VIRGINIA (White)
(Average, 1930 - 100)
VIRGINIA (Negro)
(Average, 1930 = 100)
MASSACHUSETTS
(Sept. 192*5 = 100)
ALL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
7
Direction of Employment Trend for Women and for Men in Most
Recent Year Reported.
In the latest year reported the employment of both sexes was
advancing over the previous year in manufacturing as a whole and
also in most industries.7 It was declining for both sexes in the follow
ing industries: Tobacco manufacture in New York and Ohio - woolen
and worsted goods in both Massachusetts and New York; the textile
group as a whole, knit goods, carpets, the rubber group as a whole,
rubber boots and shoes, and envelopes and stationery not elsewhere
classified m Massachusetts; women’s clothing in Ohio; rayon yarns
(white workers), wooden fruit and vegetable packages (Negro workers),
and fruit and vegetable canning (both white and Negro workers) in
Virginia.
There were some industries in which the direction of employment
change differed for the two sexes. Employment was advancing for
meP but declining for women in bakery products in Illinois, Ohio
and New York; in automobiles, rubber tires and tubes, cigars and
cigarettes, radios, and wood products in Ohio; in men’s clothing and
drugs and industrial chemicals in New York; in paper boxes in Illinoism cotton goods, textile dyeing and finishing, and rubber (other than
boots and shoes) m Massachusetts; in the entire food group for white
workers and the textile group and peanut cleaning for Negro workers
m Virginia.
On the other hand, in the following smaller number of cases, the
employment of women was advancing, that of men declining: In
Illinois m men s clothing; in New York in silk, gloves, bags, and
canvas goods,_ men’s furnishings, women’s headwear, and canningand in Virginia for white workers in cotton goods and boots and
shoes, and lor Negro workers in food as a group and in two of its
subdivisions, confectionery and sea-food preparation, and in tobacco
rehandling.
Proportions Women Formed of All Manufacturing Employees in
1930 and Most Recent Year Reported.
The proportion women form of all employees in different periods is
an important indication of the relative standing of women in an
industry. In the manufacturing industries as a whole, the propor
tions of women had increased since 1930 in Michigan, Rhode Island
and Virginia (white workers); they had declined in Ohio and Virginia
(Negro workers); and remained exactly the same in Massachusetts
Ihese figures may be seen in the summary on page 5. Women
appear to have lost out wherever such reports exist for the textile
group as a whole, in the making of cotton goods, silk goods, bakery
products, and chemical and allied products; they appear to have
gamed in proportion in women’s clothing.
The advance or decline in the proportion of women in the various
industries from 1930 to 1934 or a later year was as follows:8
van?oushSUtes“re‘indictatedeader
‘° P' 38’ Where the dl£Eeren«ss in industry titles used by the
p *13? alS° separate nisenssion lor each State, pp. 8 to 11, and separate discussions for various industries,
TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, 19 2 8—3 6
8
Industry 1
Proportion of women had increased Proportion of women had decreased
since 1930
since 1930
Michigan, Ohio
All occupations.-.................
All manufaeturing 2------------ Michigan, Rhode Island, Vir
ginia (white).
Chemical and allied products-------Massachusetts, Michigan,
Clothing 3------ ------ -------------------Rhode Island.
Men's clothing. ------------------ Massachusetts------------------------Women’s clothing------ ----------- Massachusetts, Ohio
Food_____________ _____ -.............. Ohio, Rhode Island, Virginia
(white).
Bakery products------------------Canning, fruit and vegetable— _ Ohio, Virginia (white).
Confectionery...... ........................ Virginia (Negro)____
Leather:
Boots and shoes------ ------------- Ohio, Virginia (white)
Metals and machinery:
Michigan----------------Automobiles
Electrical machinery and sup Massachusetts---------plies.
Iron and steel..________ ____ Michigan, Ohio............
Metals other than iron and Ohio........ ...........-..........
steel.
Paper and printing--------------------- Ohio 4______________
Paper boxes__________
Printing and publishing
Rubber..-----------------------Textiles....................................
Virginia (white).
Ohio__________
Rhode Island _..
Virginia (Negro)
Cotton goods.
Knit goods.
Silk goods.
Woolen and worsted goods.
Tobacco manufactures_______
Cigars and cigarettes-------Wood products______________
1
2
3
4
Ohio.
Ohio, Rhode Island.
Virginia (Negro)...
Virginia (Negro)_
_
Ohio...........................
Rhode Island.
Ohio, Virginia (Negro).
Michigan, Rhode Island.
Ohio.
Michigan, Virginia (Negro).
Massachusetts, Ohio.
Virginia (Negro).
Massachusetts.
Massachusetts.
Ohio.
Ohio.
Rhode Island.
Rhode Island.
Massachusetts, Michigan, Rhode
Island. Virginia (white).
Massachusetts.
Massachusetts, Virginia (white).
Massachusetts, Ohio.
Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Virginia (white).
Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
Virginia (white).
Massachusetts, Virginia (white).
Massachusetts, Rhode Island.
Virginia (white).
Massachusetts, Virginia (white).
Ohio, Virginia (white).
Ohio, Virginia (white).
Michigan.
Only those industries reported by more than 1 State.
In Massachusetts the proportion was the same in 1930 and 1934.
In Virginia (white) the proportion was the same in 1930 and 1936.
In 1935 greater than in 1930 but less than in 1929.
MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT IN THE VARIOUS STATES
The manufacturing employment picture differed somewha.t among
the various States. In Illinois, advances since the depression were
shown by 1935, but at the time of the latest report the 1930 level had
not yet been reached by women in all manufacturing nor by either
sex m some manufacturing industries. In the most recent year the
employment of both sexes was above 1929 in women’s underwear and
above 1930 (but not so high as 1929) in paper-box making. _ It was
greater than in 1929 for women in meat packing, and in chemical and
allied industries; for men in all textiles, women’s clothing, and con
fectionery.
_
.
In New York, by 1936, the picture was somewhat better than in
Illinois. The employment of both sexes was above 1929 in silk,
paper boxes, women’s clothing, canning, and certain chemicals, most of
these being large woman-employers. While employment in other
industries frequently was above the 1930 level, there were many
instances in which this was not the case, especially for men, as for
example in such important employers of male labor as printing and
publishing and certain metal industries.
In Ohio, by 1935, the situation was better than in the two States
just discussed. Employment was above 1929 in a greater proportion
of the cases than in the two other States, having reached such a level
MANUFACTURING IN VARIOUS STATES
9
for both sexes m knit goods, woolen and worsted goods, boots and
shoes, food, canning, copper, tin, and sheet-iron products, and glasstor men m men’s clothing, bakeries, and metal industries other than
iron and steel;. and for women in wood products. In the manufactur
ing total and in most of the particular industries the employment of
both sexes was above the 1930 level, though it fell below for both sexes
m women’s clothing, automobiles, radios, tobacco manufactures, and
cigars and cigarettes; for women in bakeries and for men in foundry
andmachme-shop products, wood products, and printing and pubThe proportion women formed of all employees in Ohio had increased
since 1930 m all occupations and in more of the separate industries
than in any other State reported, though women had lost out some
what m the manufacturing industries as a whole, and in certain of
those important m the State, such as men’s clothing and rubber.
I he proportions women formed of persons at work in the various
industries of Ohio in 1930 and in 1935 were as follows:
With declining proportions of women
Industry t
With increasing proportions of women
Percent women
were of all
employees
Industry *
1930
1935
All manufacturing___
17.3
74.2
20.5
73.1
17.3
1930
17.2
Men’s clothing______
Bakery products. _ _
Metals and machinery:
Automobiles. _
Copper, tin, and sheet-iron
products.......... .
Electrical machinery and supplies_________
Radios (not included in electrical)__________
Rubber___
Rubber tires and tubes
Glass.. _ .
Tobacco manufactures
Cigars and cigarettes____
6.7
5.9
15.6
15.5
20.9
20.5
61. 7
19.1
16.8
16.9
78.6
84.5
18.1
15.8
79.9
Percent women
were of all
employees
All employees.. _
Women’s clothing..
Food_______ _
Canning, fruit and vegetable
Boots and shoes___
Metals and machinery:
Foundry and machine-shop
products____
Gas and electric fixtures. _
Iron and steel.
Metals other than iron and
steel________
Paper and printing...
Printing and publishing...
Stone, clay, and glass___
Pottery.........
Textiles:
Knit goods. ...............
Woolen and worsted goods
Wood products___
1935
24.8
24.9
76.3
47! 4
49.1
79.5
51.5
3.1
42.2
3.0
3.2
16.9
20.5
16.4
14.0
21.7
24.8
80.0
58. 6
8.8
18.1
80 5
11.9
1 'Was® earners only in everything but “all employees.’’
In Massachusetts the latest figures available at the time this mate
rial was analyzed were for 1934, and this may account partly for the
iact that, while approximately two-thirds of the industries showed
advances in employment over 1932, few employed as many persons
ol either sex as m 1930 and only the clothing industries as many of
both sexes as m 1928. Women seem to have fared somewhat worse
men: In 1934 as compared to the reported year next preceding
■ii i’
women (though more men) were employed in cotton
mihs, textile dyeing and finishing, and rubber goods (other than boots
and shoes); and fewer of both sexes in the textile total, knitting, woolen
and worsted mills, carpet manufacture, and a miscellaneous papergoods group The proportions of women also had declined in most
industries, clothing, electrical, and jewelry manufactures being the
10
TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT OE WOMEN, 19 2 8-3 6
only ones in which there had been advances in women’s standing in
Massachusetts since 1930, as the following shows:
With increasing proportions of women *
With declining proportions of women i
Industry
Percent women
were of all
employees
1930
Industry
1930
1934
Clothing-.
23 7
72. 3
Boot and shoo cut stock and
Paper and printing- . .
---Envelopes--------------------------Paper and wood pulp-----------Paper boxes------ ----- Printing and publishing-------Rubber------ ---------- ------ -----Rubber boots and shoes-------Rubber, other than boots and
shoes
__________ _____
Textiles-------------- -----------------Carpets------------------------------Cotton goods----------------------Cotton small wares. _. ------Knit goods................. ........... -Silk goods ._ -------------------Textile dyeing and finishing - _
Woolen and worsted goods—
19. 6
71.9
41.9
41.2
32.1
30.0
59. 5
20.4
52.4
20.2
33.3
43.9
31.4
27.9
56. 9
19.3
43.9
17.5
32. 0
43.4
22.7
41.3
33.8
43.9
55.4
70.7
61.6
21.7
37.5
Percent women
were of all
employees
___________ _____ —
1934
74.5
69.3
79.2
74.6
70.1
79.8
26.3
34.0
30.8
34.9
20.7
39. 1
29.2
42.2
52.3
68.1
50. 3
20.1
34.2
Women's clothing------------- ..
Metals and machinery:
Electrical machinery and supplies. _______ ______
Jewelry------------- ------------------
i For all manufacturing combined, the proportion was the same in both years—30.7 percent.
In Michigan women formed somewhat larger proportions in 1935 of
all persons at work and of all those in manufacturing than they did in
1930. As in most States, the proportions of women had declined
in chemical manufacture and in paper and printing, though they had
advanced somewhat in the important automobile industry (the largest
woman-employer in the State) and considerably in clothing. The
proportions women formed, of all employees in the manufacturing
industries of Michigan were as follows:
With increasing proportions of women
With declining proportions of women
Industry
Percent women
were of all em
ployees
1930
Chemical and allied products-----Food______________ ____ _______
Iron and steel other than automo
biles.. --------------------------Paper and printing............... .......
Wood products-------------------------Furniture_______ _____
-
Industry
1930
1935
13.8
18.1
13.7
15.8
7.4
19.1
9.0
10.7
7.3
16.8
8.5
10.1
Percent women
were of all em
ployees
All employees---------------- .
All manufacturing------------Clothing------- ---------- ------------Metals and machinery:
..
Automobiles .
Iron and steel.. . --------------
1935
18.7
9.9
51.7
19.7
10.3
61.1
6.1
6.4
6.9
7.0
In Rhode Island, as in Michigan, the proportion of women in
manufacturing had increased; in the State first named, however, the
proportion in all occupations had declined slightly. Great advances
MANUFACTURING IN VARIOUS STATES
11
were shown in clothing; declines as in other States in most textiles
and xn paper and printing. For these and other groups in Rhode
Island, the proportions of women among all employees in 1930 and in
1936 were as follows:
With declining proportions of women
Industry
Percent women
were of all em
ployees
1930
All occupations
Chemical and allied products __
Metals and machinery:
Iron and steel___________
Metals other than iron and
steel__________________
Paper and printing. _ _ ____
Textiles____________ _
Cotton goods....................
Silk goods_____ __________
With increasing proportions of women
29.6
17.5
Industry
1936
29.3
14.1
7.4
6.5
39.3
23.1
40.7
41.4
49.5
33.4
22.9
39.5
37.0
47.2
Percent women
were of all em
ployees
1930
All manufacturing___
Clothing. __ _
Food____________
Rubber___ ____
Woolen and worsted goods.
28.3
46.6
12.3
42.5
42.7
1936
29.5
74.4
13.7
44.5
43.3
In Virginia the proportion of women in manufacturing employ
ment had increased among the white workers, decreased among the
Negro. The majority of industries showed declines, these being
especially notable in the woolen and worsted, silk, and cigar and
cigarette industries, in each of these for white women. However
there were some increases in the proportions of women, as in food and
paper-box industries for white, cigar and cigarette industries for
Negro_ women. The figures following show the proportions women
comprised of all employees in Virginia manufacturing industries.
With declining proportions of women i
Industry
Percent women
were of all em
ployees
1930
All manufacturing (Negro)..
Food (Negro)..__________ ...
Canning, fruit and vegetable
(Negro)...______ ______
Peanut cleaning, etc. (Negro).
Sea foods: Canning, etc. (Ne
gro)—
Paper and printing (white)
Printing and
publishing
(white) ____________
Textiles (white)___________
Cotton goods (white) .
Knit goods (white)
Rayon yarn (white)
______
Silk goods (white)_______
Woolen and worsted goods
(white)___ ____ _______
Tobacco manufactures (white)
Cigars and cigarettes (white)..
Fruit and vegetable packages
(Negro)_______________
With increasing proportions of women i
Industry
1936
33.6
56.6
28.7
55.8
73.3
73.1
71.1
71.9
39.7
20.1
38.3
15.3
22.4
44.6
36.7
72.3
40.5
52.9
19.5
41.9
33.9
69.5
35.9
47.4
40.0
71.8
72.3
1930
30.3
66.8
66.4
30.1
26.6
All manufacturing (white)...
Food (white)__________
Canning, fruit and vegetable
(white)__________ *
Confectionery (Negro)
Boots and shoes (white).
Paper boxes (white) _ .
Textiles (Negro)... .
Tobacco manufactures (Negro)
Cigars and cigarettes (Negro)
Tobacco rehandling (not included
in tobacco manufactures) (Ne
gro).................................. .................
1 For white women in clothing, the proportion was the same in both years—88.8 percent
65717°—38------------3
Percent women
were of all em
ployees
1936
27.5
31.4
28.9
37.0
63.0
67.5
43.5
47.8
35.8
38.0
40.6
64.5
70.7
44.8
53.9
39.0
41.5
46.7
63.0
63.1
12
Chart
TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, 19 2 8-3 6
2.—EMPLOYMENT
index
numbers
120 r
TRENDS FOR WOMEN AND MEN IN
BAKERY PRODUCTS, BY STATE
Women
ILLINOIS
(June 1928 = 100)
NEW YORK
(June 1923 = 100)
OHIO
(Sept. 1928 = 100)
MASSACHUSETTS
(Sept. 1928 = 100)
PARTICULAR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
13
EMPLOYMENT IN PARTICULAR MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRIES
The true employment situation in a given industry often is difficult
to ascertain from the few consistent data available, since it may show
radical differences according to geographic location and according to sex
distinction, and no one industry is likely to show exactly the same
movement for both sexes or for different States.
Thus, for example, in the shoe industry, the status of employment
differed markedly according to locality, though taking the same
general direction for the two sexes in several of the States. In Ohio
the advance from the depression low was marked for both sexes,
while in Illinois or Massachusetts this advance was slight in compari
son.
Or, to take an example of a difference in the movement according to
sex: In the making of bakery products in New York, Illinois, and Ohio
in the latest year available, men’s employment was rising but women’s
was declining, in New York falling to the lowest level recorded in the
period studied.
One of the few industries in which employment has taken much the
same general direction for the two sexes in every case reported is the
canning of fruit and vegetables, in which the employment of both
women and men in the latest year shown always was well above the
high point of 1929. Likewise in the tobacco industry the movement
ordinarily is much the same whatever the sex or locality reported,
though the employment showing is as unfavorable as that of canning
is favorable.
In most cases the employment of both sexes has risen above the
depression low, as shown by the indexes of employment in the various
industries for the four important industrial States from which they are
available or could be computed, as well as those for Virginia. Em
ployment sometimes has advanced beyond the 1929 level, somewhat
more often has gone above the 1930 level but not so high as in 1929
quite frequently has not yet reached the 1930 point, and occasionally
has continued declining until the latest year reported. The various
industries that show these different pictures of employment are listed
on pages 14 to 16.
14
TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, 192 8-3 6
INDUSTRIES WITH RELATIVELY HIGH EMPLOYMENT LEVELS
AS HIGH AS 1929 1
ABOVE 1930 BUT NOT SO HIGH AS 1929 1
For Both Sexes
Photographic and miscellaneous chemi
cals (N. Y.).
Clothing (Mass.).
Men’s clothing (Mass.).
Women’s clothing (Mass., N. Y.).
Women’s underwear (111.).
Food (Ohio).
Canning, fruit and vegetable
(N. Y.,2 Ohio).
Boots and shoes (Ohio).
Copper, tin, and sheet iron products
(Ohio).
Paper boxes (N. Y.).
Glass (Ohio).
Textiles:
Knit goods (Ohio).
Silk goods (N. Y.2).
_
Woolen and worsted goods (Ohio).
All manufacturing (Ohio, Va.—White).
Clothing (Va.—White).
Men’s furnishings (N. Y.2).
Women’s underwear (N. Y.).
Food (Va.—White3).
Canning, fruit and vegetable (Va.—
White4).
Peanut cleaning, etc.
(Va.—
Negro 3).
Boots and shoes (Va.—White2).
Metals and machinery:
Electrical machinery and supplies
(Ohio).
Gas and electric fixtures (Ohio).
Iron and steel (Ohio).
Sheet metal and hardware (N. Y.).
Paper and printing (Ohio, Va.—White).
Paper boxes (111.3).
Rubber (Ohio).
Rubber tires and tubes (Ohio 3).
Stone, clay, and glass (Ohio).
Pottery (Ohio).
Textiles (N. Y., Va.—White).
Cotton goods (Va.—White2).
Knit goods (Va.—White).
Silk goods (Va.—White).
Woolen and worsted goods (Va.—
White).
Tobacco manufactures (Va.—Negro),
Cigars and cigarettes (Va.—Negro).
Tobacco rehandling (not included in
tobacco
manufactures)
(Va.—
Negro2).
For Men (Not Women)
Drugs and industrial chemicals (N. Y.).
Clothing:
Men’s clothing (N. Y., Ohio).
Women’s clothing (111.).
Food:
Bakery products (Mass., Ohio).
Confectionery (111., N. Y.).
Metals other than iron and steel (Ohio).
Textiles (111.).
Silk goods (Mass.).
See footnotes at end of lists.
All manufacturing (111., Va.—Negro).
Chemical and allied products (111.).
Women’s headwear (N. Y.4).
Meat packing (111.).
Paper and printing:
Paper boxes (Mass.).
Printing and publishing (Va.—
White).
Textiles:
Knit goods (N. Y.).
Woolen
and
worsted
goods
(N. Y.4).
Tobacco manufactures (Va.—White).
Cigars and cigarettes (Va.—
White).
PARTICULAR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
15
INDUSTRIES WITH RELATIVELY HIGH EMPLOYMENT LEVELS—Con.
AS HIGH AS 19291
ABOVE 1930 BUT NOT SO HIGH AS 19291
Fob Women (Not Men)
Chemical and allied products (111.).
Women’s headwear (N. Y.).
Meat packing (111.).
Knit goods (N. Y.).
Wood products (Ohio4).
All manufacturing (N. Y.).
Drugs and industrial chemicals (N. Y.4).
Men’s clothing (N. Y.4, Ohio).
Confectionery (N. Y.).
Metals and machinery (N. Y.).
Electrical machinery and supplies
(N. Y.).
Foundry and machine-shop prod
ucts (Ohio).
Metals other than iron and steel
(Ohio).
Paper and printing (111., N. Y.).
Paper boxes (Va.—White).
Printing and publishing (N. Y.,6
Ohio).
Textiles (111., Va.—Negro4).
Silk goods (Mass.).
INDUSTRIES WITH LOW EMPLOYMENT LEVELS
NOT UP TO 1930 THOUGH ADVANCE
SINCE DEPRESSION LOW
LATEST YEAR SHOWS
DECLINE FROM PRECEDING »
For Both Sexes
All manufacturing (Mass.).
Food (Va.—Negro2).
Bakery products (111.3).
Canning, fruit and vegetable
(Va.—Negro 4).
Confectionery (Mass.).
Sea foods: Canning, etc. (Va.—
Negro 2).
Leather:
Boots and shoes (111., Mass..
N. Y.).
Boot and shoe cut stock and find
ings (Mass.).
Gloves, bags, canvas goods (N. Y.2).
Metals and machinery:
Automobiles (Ohio 3).
Electrical machinery and sup
plies (111., Mass.).
Jewelry (111., Mass.).
Paper and printing (Mass.).
Paper and wood pulp (Mass.).
Printing and publishing (Mass.).
Job printing (111.).
Rubber (N. Y.).
Cotton small wares (Mass.4).
Tobacco manufactures (N. Y.4).
Wood products (N. Y.).
See footnotes at end of lists.
Women’s clothing (Ohio 7).
Canning, fruit and vegetable (Va.—
White and Negro).
Envelopes (Mass.7).
Textiles (Mass.7).
Carpets (Mass.7).
Knit goods (Mass.7).
Rayon yarn (Va.—White8).
Woolen and worsted goods (Mass. 7
N. Y.)
Tobacco manufactures (N. Y., Ohio8).
Fruit and vegetable packages (Va.—Negro7).
16
TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, 192 8-36
INDUSTRIES WITH LOW EMPLOYMENT LEVELS—Continued
NOT UP TO 1930 THOUGH ADVANCE
SINCE DEPRESSION LOW
LATEST YEAR SHOWS
DECLINE FROM PRECEDING
For Men (Not Women)
All manufacturing (N. Y.).
Bakery products (N. Y.).
Metals and machinery (N. Y.).
Electrical machinery and supplies
(N. Y.).
Foundry and machine-shop prod
ucts (Ohio).
Radios (Ohio).
Paper and printing (111., N. Y.).
Paper boxes (Va.—White).
Printing and publishing (N. Y.,
Ohio).
Rubber, other than boots and shoes
(Mass.).
Textiles (Va.—Negro).
Cotton goods (Mass.).
Rayon yarn (Va.—White4).
Textile dyeing and finishing (Mass.).
Tobacco manufactures (Ohio 4).
Cigars and cigarettes (Ohio 4).
Wood products (Ohio).
Clothing:
Men’s clothing (111.7).
Men’s furnishings (N. Y.).
Women’s headwear (N. Y.).
Food (Va.—Negro).
Canning, fruit and vegetable
(N. Y.).
Confectionery (Va.—Negro 7).
Sea foods: Canning, etc. (Va.—
Negro).
Leather:
Boots and shoes (Va.—White).
Gloves, bags, canvas goods (N. Y.).
Textiles:
_
Cotton goods (Va.—White).
Silk goods (N. Y.).
Tobacco rehandling (Va.—Negro).
For Women (Not Men)
All manufacturing (111., Va.—Negro4).
Clothing:
Men’s clothing (111.).
Women’s clothing (111.).
Food:
.
Bakery products (Mass., Ohio4).
Confectionery (111., Va.—Negro).
Paper and printing:
Paper boxes (Mass.).
Printing and publishing (Va.—
White).
Woolen and worsted goods (N. Y.4).
Tobacco manufactures (Va.—White).
Cigars and cigarettes (Va.—White).
Drugs and industrial chemicals (N. Y.).
Men’s clothing (N. Y.).
Food (Va.—White).
Bakery products (111., N. Y., Ohio).
Peanut cleaning, etc. (Va.—Negro).
Metals and machinery:
Automobiles (Ohio).
Radios (Ohio 7).
Paper boxes (111.).
Rubber:
Rubber tires and tubes (Ohio).
Rubber, other than boots and shoes
(Mass.7).
Textiles (Va.—Negro).
Cotton goods (Mass.7).
Textile dyeing and finishing
(Mass.7).
Cigars and cigarettes (Ohio 7).
Wood products (Ohio).
i First comparison excludes Virginia, since index of Virginia is based on 1930. Massachusetts when
shown here hs"as high as 1928,” since 1929 is not reported for Massachusetts.
i Decrease for men in last year from that preceding,
a Decrease for women in last year from that preceding.
i Decrease in last year from that preceding.
e Though a*decline in last year, indudes some which show an increase over depression low or are up to
the 1930 or 1929 level.
7 Decline from depression low.
s Decline from depression low for women.
The following pages present discussions of particular industries or
groups In each case the effort is made to give in the first paragraph
a general picture of the situation, as to advancing or declining em
ployment, following this with a comparison of the general employ
ment levels of women with those of men, and finally showing the
changes in the proportions women formed of all the workers in the
industry or group.
PARTICULAR MANUFACTURIN'G INDUSTRIES
17
Employment in the Textile Industries.
In the textile industries taken together, the indexes show that in
the latest year reported employment was far above that at the
depression low, usually was above that in 1930, and sometimes was
even above the 1929 mark. Massachusetts was the one exception
to this.. This good employment status also was true of the separate
industries composing the textile group. Striking advances beyond
the 1930 level were those in the knit goods industry in Ohio, in silk
goods manufacture in New York, and for white workers in the various
textile groups in Virginia, especially silk and rayon goods (though not
in rayon yarn).
Men fared better than women in almost every case, and throughout
the period covered the employment level generally was the higher for
men.
In the States for which numbers employed are reported for 1930 and
for a later year, women comprised smaller proportions of all those
employed m the entire textile group in the latest year available than
w^i ^ 111
(excepting only the Negro workers in Virginia).
With few exceptions the same is true of the textile industries within
the group.
The proportions women formed of all employees in the various
textile industries in 1930 and in the latest year reported were as
follows:
Percent women were of
nil employees
All textiles:
Massachusetts______________________
Rhode Island_____________________
Virginia (white)_______________
(Negro)____________________
Cotton goods:
Massachusetts_____________________
Rhode Island__________________
Virginia (white)_______________ ”___
Knit goods:
M assachusetts___________
Ohio_______________________________
Virginia (white)___________________ (
Woolen and worsted goods:
Massachusetts______________
Ohio_____________________________ __
Rhode Island_______________________
Virginia (white)_____________________
Silk goods:
Massachusetts_______________________
Rhode Island________________________
Virginia (white)_____________________
Rayon yarn: Virginia (white)_____________
Textile dyeing and finishing: Massachusetts
Carpets: Massachusetts__________________
Cotton small wares: Massachusetts_______
1930
41.
40.
44.
35.
3
7
6
8
Latest
year
reported
39.
39.
41.
39.
1
5
9
0
43. 9
41. 4
36. 7
42. 2
37. 0
33. 9
70. 7
80. 0
72. 3
68. 1
80. 5
69. 5
37.
58.
42.
40.
5
6
7
0
34. 2
61. 7
43.3
30. 3
61. 6
49. 5
52. 9
40. 5
21. 7
33. 8
55. 4
50. 3
47. 2
47. 4
35. 9
20. 1
29. 2
52. 3
18
TRENDS IK EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, 19 2 8-36
Chart 3.—EMPLOYMENT
TRENDS FOR WOMEN AND MEN IN TEX
TILES (TOTAL), BY STATE
Index
numbers
Men.. . —
WomenILLINOIS
(June 192$ » 100)
NEW YORK
(June 1923 = 100)
VIRGINIA (White)
(Average, 1930 = 100)
VIRGINIA (Negro)
(Average, 1930 = 100)
MASSACHUSETTS
(Sept. 192S =100)
1930
1932
PARTICULAR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
19
Chart 4.—EMPLOYMENT TRENDS FOR WOMEN AND MEN IN KNIT
GOODS, BY STATE
Index
numbers
Women------------
Ken--------------
NEW YORK
(June 1923 = 100)
OHIO
(Sept, 1928 = 100)
VIRGINIA (White)
(Average, 1930 = 100)
MASSACHUSETTS
(Sept. 1928 = 100)
65717°—38——4
20
Chart
TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, 1928-36
5.—EMPLOYMENT
Index
numbers
TRENDS FOR WOMEN AND MEN
WOMEN’S CLOTHING, BY STATE
Women
Hen •» » ——
ILLINOIS
(June 1923 » 100)
NEW I0RK
(June 1923 = 100)
(Sept. 192S = 100)
MASSACHUSETTS
(Sept 1923=100)
IN
PARTICULAR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
21
Chart 6.—EMPLOYMENT TRENDS FOR WOMEN AND MEN IN MEN’S
CLOTHING, BY STATE
Index
Women
numbera
100
---
ILLINOIS
(June 1928 « loo)
NEW YORK
(June 1923 * 100)
60
<■
(Sept. 1928 . 100)
MASSACHUSETTS
(Sept. 192g = loo)
1928
1930
1932
193U
1936
22
TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, 19 28-3 6
Employment in the Clothing Industries.
The indexes for the more important of the various clothing indus
tries show ordinarily that the employment of both sexes had in
creased—sometimes considerably—above the lowest level of the de
pression. Two striking exceptions to this were found: Employment
as last reported was lower than at any previous time for both sexes in
the making of women’s clothing in one State (Ohio) and for men em
ployed on men’s clothing in another State (Illinois). In New York
the situation in women’s clothing was very much better than that
elsewhere reported, and that State had very many more employees of
each sex in this industry in 1936 than even at the high point of 1929.
Employment in the various clothing industries usually was on a
higher level for men than for women throughout the period studied in
Illinois and New York, and for women in Massachusetts and Virginia.
In Ohio the level was higher for men in men’s clothing, for women in
women’s clothing.
.
.
,
The proportion women formed of all those in clothing manufacture
usually had increased somewhat, though it had declined slightly m
men’s clothing in Ohio.
.
.
The proportions women formed of all employees in the various
clothing industries in 1930 and in the latest year reported were as
follows:
„ ,
, ,,
Percent women were of all
employees
mo
Clothing total:
Massachusetts..
Michigan_____
Rhode Island. .
Virginia (white)
Men’s clothing:
Massachusetts.
Ohio__________
Women’s clothing:
Massachusetts.
Ohio__________
74.
51.
46.
88.
5
7
6
8
Latest
year re
ported
74.
61.
74.
88.
6
1
4
8
69. 3
74. 2
70. 1
73. 1
79. 2
76. 3
79. 8
79. 5
Employment in the Shoe Industry.
In the shoe industry, employment in the latest year reported was well
above the low point, though usually not so great as in 1930. In Ohio,
however, there was for both sexes such a striking increase above 1930,
and even above 1929, as to suggest a considerable expansion of the
industry within that State over this period. In Virginia considerable
irregularity of employment was shown, though there was general indi
cation of expansion.
At the latest date, and usually over the period covered, the employ
ment level was higher for men in Illinois and Massachusetts, but
higher for women in New York, Ohio, and Virginia. The proportion
women formed of all workers in the industry was somewhat greater
in a late year than in 1930 (or earlier) in Ohio and Virginia, but m
Massachusetts women had lost out slightly. The proportions of
women were as follows:
Percent women were of all employees
Virginia
Massa
(white)
chusetts
Ohio
...
1928 _______________________
1Q£Q
- - ____
1930________________________ ____
Latest report-------------------- — ____
47.0
49. 6
49. 1
51. 5
42. 2
41. 9
41. 2
43. 5
44. 8
PARTICULAR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Chart
23
7—EMPLOYMENT TRENDS FOR WOMEN AND MEN IN BOOTS
AND SHOES, BY STATE
Women-------------
Index
numbers *"
100 ----------- —
ILLINOIS
(June 192S = 100)
HEW YORK
(June 1923 = 100)
OHIO
(Sept. 1928 =. 100)
VIRGINIA (White)
(Average, I93O = 100)
Massachusetts
(Sept. 1928 = 100)
lien___
24
TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, 1928-36
Chart 8.—EMPLOYMENT TRENDS FOR WOMEN AND MEN IN CON
FECTIONERY, BY STATE
Women____a>
Index
numbers
Uen__«_
ILLINOIS
(June 192S * 100)
160
NEW IORK
(June 1923 » 100)
120
VIRGINIA (Negro)
(Average, 1930 = 100)
MASSACHUSETTS
(Sept. 192S =100)
25
PARTICULAR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Employment in the Food Industries.
Employment in the making of bread and other bakery products
showed the picture found m many other industries—an advance above
the depression low, but a level still below that of 1930 for women
though sometimes above 1930 for men. However, in New York there
were heavy declines m employment in this industry, continuous for
women throughout the entire period covered in this survey, from 1928
on, but more irregular for men, the latest index showing a slight re
covery from the low point. Women had suffered much more severely
than men, and their latest mdex was only about half that in 1930
In Ohio, men s employment m bakeries showed an especially great
advance, having far surpassed 1929, and men formed a considerably
Pr0?0rtl0n °, l1. empl°yees than was the case in 1929 or 1930
the data from each State reported seem to show that the proportion
ol women in bakery employment has definitely declined.
in the making of confectionery employment has increased from the
depression low, considerably more so for men than for women men’s
employment being in some cases well above the 1929 level. Though
!rfrria^6 characteristic processes in this industry that women always
are likely to perform, the data indicate that the proportion of women
m the industry generally was smaller in the latest year than in 1930
. )n the canning and preserving of fruits and vegetables, since the
^dfe,XAes-U?ed, are tb°se for September, they represent a busy season
inrW6
U1?tr-y ' Thoiigli the latest year showed some decreases, the
mdex usually was well above that of years just preceding, and was
considerabiy higher even than in 1929 or 1930. Women had fared
better than men m obtaining work at the busy time in this hi°-hlv
seasonal industry, and they represented a much larger proportion of
the employees m the latest year than in 1929 or 1930.
1
I he slaughtering, and meat-packing industry engages considerable
numbers of persons m one of these States—Illinois. In the latest year
and°2so l ^oTiSTwr* °f ea0h S6X W?S above the depression low
and also 1930 and that for women was above 1929. Throne-bout the
period covered the employment level was higher for women than for
men, and m the last year reported a striking increase is noted for
w u men.
The food industries vary so much in type that a total for the group
may represent extreme differences from State to State. In the em
ployment situation as a whole, the proportions women form of those
at work m all food industries seem to have advanced slightly in Ohio
S \(rCL-S an< ’ Ti VlIJmla (white)> ™d to have declined somewhat
LiS fVnd if°r Negr°es “Virginia. The proportions woinen
formed of all employees were as follows:
Percent women were of
all employees
Latest year
Michigan..._____ __________
Ohio
1
Rhode Island.': I~ 11 ” 111 ” 1111--------------------- ?5. 2
Virginia (white)____ ______
_ "
oi’4
(Negro)--------- ------- -------------- i&e
“
15. 8
,, 1
Ss
t rilf d °c lnfI,'''fac^{
sometimes are grouped with the food industaes, and so they will be discussed at this point. In New York and
Ohio, employment in tobacco factories showed an extreme decline and
had recovered but little by the latest year reported, in some cases even
TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, 192 8-3 6
26
Chart 9—EMPLOYMENT trends for women and
TOBACCO MANUFACTURES, BY STATE
Index
numbers
100
Women
--NEW YORK
(June 1923 « 100)
OHIO
(Sept. 1926 = 100)
120 r
VIRGINIA (White)
(Average, 1930 — 100)
VIRGINIA (Negro)
(Average, 1930 — 100)
men
in
PARTICULAR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
27
having continued to fall. By the latest year reported, smaller propor
tions of the tobacco employees were women than had been the case
in 1930. However, in Virginia, an important tobacco State, the pic
ture was quite different. A much higher level of employment for both
sexes was maintained throughout the period studied; and for both men
and women advances were continuous from 1933 on, for white men
from an even earlier date. By the latest year reported, women con
stituted a larger proportion than formerly of those in the industry
who were Negroes. In tobacco rehandling, engaging chiefly Negroes
employment was very much more irregular, due largely to the general
nature of the work and to shifts in the establishments doing business
Employment in the Paper and Printing Industries.
Since the depression, employment has advanced in the paper and
printing industries as a whole and in the subdivisions comprising this
g™up I,nan(1 Printing, employment of women reached the
1930 level m Illinois, New York, Ohio, and Virginia (white) but for
men only in Ohio and Virginia (white), and for neither sex in Massa
chusetts. The printing and publishing industry, ordinarily forming
a considerable part of the total, showed the same trend as the whole
group m most cases, though there were exceptions.
. The employment level generally was higher for men than for women
m the various industries in this group in Massachusetts and New York
m job printing m Illinois, and in the major groups in Virginia. How
ever, it was the higher for women in the Ohio industries in this group
in paper-box making in Virginia and Illinois, and in paper and printiiur
also m Illinois.
6
. rii several instances smaller proportions of women were employed
m the late year than in 1930, though paper and printing as a whole
as well as printing and publishing in Ohio and paper boxes in Virginia
(white workers) employed slightly larger proportions of women in the
latest year reported than m 1930. The proportions women formed in
the paper and printing group as a whole in 1930 and in a late year were
as follows:
Massachusetts
Michigan
Ohio
Rhode Island. _
Virginia (white)__
Percent women were of
all employees
Latest year
19S0
reported
15. 3
Employment in Electrical Manufacturing.
+,In ri'e making of electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies in
the btates under discussion, the employment of both sexes has in
creased smce the depression low, and in some cases has risen above
that ot 1930. In the latest year reported, women in Massachusetts
were a greater proportion of all persons at work than in 1930 but
those m Ohio were a slightly smaller proportion than in 1930 and a
considerably smaller one than in 1929.
In radio manufacture, a large woman-employer tending to afford
very irregular work, the proportion of women among Ohio employees
fluctuated, widely from year to year but was similar in 1929 and 1935
the years m which it was smallest—just over 56 percent.
TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, 1928-3 6
28
Chart
10—EMPLOYMENT TRENDS FOR WOMEN AND MEN IN
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING, BY STATE 1
Index
numbers
Women----------ILLINOIS
.(June 1928 = 100)
120
NEW YORK
(June 1923 = 100)
(Sept. 1928 = 100)
VIRGINIA (White)
MASSACHUSETTS
(Sept..1928 = 100)
60
1928
1930
1 In the case of Illinois, job printing only.
1932
193*1
1936
PARTICULAR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Chart
11.—EMPLOYMENT
TRENDS FOR WOMEN AND MEN IN
ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND SUPPLIES, BY STATE
Index
numbers
120
29
r
W°men —
------------
ILLINOIS
(June 1928 -
loo)
HEW YORK
(Sept. 1928 = loo)
Massachusetts
(Sept. 1928 = 100)
1972
1936
TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT OE WOMEN, 1928-3 6
30
Employment in Glass Making.
The glass industry, where figures were available (Ohio), showed
greatly increased employment, far above 1929 for both women and
men. The proportion women formed of all employees was greater in
the latest year reported than in 1929, but not so great as in 1930.
In the pottery industry, also reported in Ohio, the proportion of
women had advanced continuously and their employment increase
had been proportionately greater than men’s.
Chart
12.—EMPLOYMENT TRENDS FOR WOMEN AND MEN IN
RUBBER PRODUCTS, BY STATE
Index
numbers
Women _
Men......
NEW YORK
(June 1923 « 100)
120 r
OHIO
(Sept. 1928 = 100)
MASSACHUSETTS
(Sept. 1928 = 100)
80 -
Employment in the Rubber Industry.
In the rubber industry in most cases employment had increased for
both sexes since the depression low but had not reached the 1930 level.
Though the employment levels usually were higher for women than
for men, at the latest reports men were on a higher level than women
in New York and Ohio. Late reports from Ohio and Massachusetts
showed women forming smaller proportions of those employed than
PARTICULAR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
31
in 1930, though in Rhode Island they formed a somewhat larger
proportion m 1936 than in 1930.
Employment in Certain Metal Industries.
Scattering reports are available for certain of the metal industries
that employ considerable numbers of women, as well as for iron and
steel and the heavier metal manufacturing in which the workers are
predominantly men. Those considered here include iron and steel and
other metals in Ohio, sheet metal and hardware in New York watches
clocks, and jewelry in Illinois,9 and jewelry in Massachusetts. The
data show that employment had increased since the depression low
and for both sexes it had surpassed the 1930 level except in jewelry
making in both Illinois and Massachusetts. In metals other than
iron and steel in Ohio, women’s employment was considerably below
and men s employment above the 1929 peak. Though women form
only a very small part of the iron and steel workers, their proportions
m the total show increases in some States, and the same is true of
other metal manufacturing. The proportions women formed of all
employees in earlier and later years were as follows:
Iron and steel:
Ohio________________________________
Rhode Island_____________________ ~
Michigan__________________________
Metals other than iron and steel:
Ohio________________________________
Rhode Island 1
Jewelry: Massachusetts____________________
1 A very large part of this industry in this State is jewelry making.
Percent women were of
all employees
Latest year
1930
reported
3. 0
7. 4
6. 4
3. 2
6. 5
7. 0
16. 9
39. 3
34. 0
18. 0
33. 4
34. 9
Employment in Chemical Industries.
In the chemical industries included, the employment of both sexes
at the latest period reported was well above the 1930 level in every case
&nd had exceeded the level of 1929 in a number of instances. Avail
able data on numbers show that in the later year women formed
smaller proportions of the workers in this group than was the case in
1930, as follows:
Percent women were of
.
all employees
Latest year
1930
reported
Michigan
------------------------------------------------ : 13.8
Jtihode Island 17 5
13.7
j
EMPLOYMENT IN NONMANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
While most of the reports apply primarily to manufacturing indus
tries, there is scattered information available for certain of the service
industries, salespersons in stores, telephone operators, and clerical
workers.0 Some of these show employment increases and some show
declines, but women have lost out in nearly every case in the pro».„LSt5?s«?“ reported in the Illinois State figures, but since the index has to be specially constructed
based on the percent change in identical establishments from month to month, these industries chieflv
employers of men, have not been prepared for this report.
muustries, cnieny
10 Massachusetts and New York give reports only for manufacturing, though New York includes in this
JSJlSZ
es.“ments. Reports on certain nonmanufacturing industries are given in the
Pennsylvania^0111 * mois’ ^10, an^ Virginia, and in the census figures from Michigan, Rhode Island, and
32
TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, 192 8-3 6
portion they form of all workers, and the level of employment almost
always is higher for men than for women.
Employment in Service Industries.
In laundries and cleaning and dyeing plants the employment of both
sexes in the latest year reported had improved since the depression
lows, but it still was far below the 1929 and 1930 levels in every case
but those of men in New York and women in Virginia. In Ohio
the slight decline from the preceding year was somewhat greater for
men than for women. Where figures are available, the proportions of
women show some decline, markedly so in Michigan, though in Rhode
Island they have remained stationary. The proportions women
formed of the workers in these industries were as follows:
Percent women were of all employees
Latest year
19S0
reported
Michigan___
Ohio_______
Rhode Island
... 50.4
58. 4
_ 48. 4
43.3
57. 1
48. 4
In hotels and restaurants the employment of both sexes in Illinois
had declined markedly in 1935, the most recent year reported for this
group. In Ohio, restaurants were employing very many more men
and women in 1935 than in 1929, and the advances in hotels also had
been considerable, though not so many were at work there as in 1929.
According to all available reports, women had definitely lost to men
in these industries, the proportions they formed of total employees
being as follows:
Percent women were of all employees
Latest year
1930
reported
Michigan------------Rhode Island------Ohio: Hotels------Restaurants.
55.
44.
49.
55.
4
0
6
0
50.
32.
45.
50.
3
5
1
7
The Ohio reports include considerable numbers of service workers
in hospitals and in office buildings. In both of these, especially office
buildings, many more of both sexes were employed in 1935. than m
1930. Women had gained somewhat in hospital service, lost in office
building service, as the following proportions of women among all
employees in these industries show:
Percent women were of all employees
Latest year
1930
reported
Service workers in hospitals. __-------------------------- 76.9
Service workers in office buildings---------------------- 38. 7
77.1
31. 3
Employment in Telegraph and Telephone Operation.
Reports from Ohio and Illinois give telegraph and telephone opera
tion. Women in this group ordinarily are telephone operators for the
most part, the men more likely to be telegraph operators. Those
from Illinois show almost continuous employment declines for both
sexes since 1929. In Ohio the employment of both men and women
in these occupations increased slightly from the lowest point but in
1935 still was far less than in 1930. Women have declined wherever
NONMANUEACTURING INDUSTRIES
33
data are available, in some cases considerably, as is shown by the
following proportions women formed of all such employees:
Michigan
_
Ohio __
___
Rhode Island. . _
Percent women were of all employees
Latest year
19S0
reported
52. 3
54. 0
Employment in Stores.
, Periodic reports show employment in stores to have increased con
tinuously since the lowest point, 1930, for both sexes in Ohio and for
men m Illinois; among women in Ohio even the 1929 peak was sur
passed. In Illinois, though women were losing in the 2 latest years
reported, their levels still were well above the 1930 mark. From the
figures available, women in stores seem to have lost somewhat in com
parison with men, except in Rhode Island, as is shown by the following
proportions women formed of all employees in stores:
Percent women were of all employees
Latest year
19S0
reported
Michigan___
Ohio_______
Rhode Island
- - - 22. 9
_ _ 50. 5
--- 23. 9
20. 2
48. 7
25. 6
Employment in Clerical Occupations.
Ohio reports show for both sexes increased employment as book
keepers, stenographers, and office clerks in the latest year reported,
though fewer were then at work in these occupations than in 193o!
The proportion of these who were women remained fairly stable
being 48.5 in 1930 and 48.9 at the latest report.
APPENDIX A.—TYPES OF DATA REPORTED AND METHOD
OF HANDLING MATERIAL
THE USE OF INDEX NUMBERS IN ANALYZING TRENDS IN WOMEN’S
EMPLOYMENT
Index numbers, or relatives, provide a method of reducing data for
various periods to a common denominator. The confusion of dealing;
with large numbers is thus avoided, and the figures for each period
are reduced to exactly the same basis as those for every other period
considered The base used for this purpose may be one specific
figure, or the average for a year or for a series of years. The last
named sometimes is considered more sound but is not always possible
to obtain for use with a new or irregularly reported series of data
For determining general direction it makes very little difference
wbat base is used, since the curve formed on a series of figures will
take the same direction no matter what the base. If the same base
is used for two senes—for example, for men’s employment and
women s employment the relation between the curves will be the
same whether the base is one figure or the average of several figures
ihe Level of the curve, however, will be greatly affected by the
base taken For example, if a period of peak employment or prices
as in 1929 be taken as a starting point, employment in the following
months was so much lower that the resulting curve will be plotted
on a very low level. If a, period of depression such as 1933 be taken
as the base, employment m the following months had risen somewhat
and the resulting curve, while taking the same direction as that first
described if made from the same data, will be on a very much higher
An effort usually is made to take as normal a time as possible for a
base for example, an average for 1928. In using employment figures
lor women it sometimes has been convenient to take as a starting
point the month or year when reporting began. Thus the New
York employment indexes by sex are constructed on June 1923 as the
base period, since such reporting was initiated at that time.
moo prepfr,lr,g mat,cnal for use in the present analysis, September
1928 was taken as the base for constructing the employment indexes
irom both the Massachusetts and the Ohio figures and the year 1930
lor those from Yirgima. For Illinois a different method had to be
used, as will be explained below.
DATA AVAILABLE ON WOMAN EMPLOYMENT
For the five States following, periodic indexes of employment by
sex are available or have been prepared for use in the present analysis.
m/itTfw7Tlle Statefrom month to month computesand for women in identical
Department of Labor
percent change in employ
ment of wage earners
for men
furmshcd
sample number of employers reporting regularly
and constituting a representative coverage of workers in manufacturing, power
35
36
TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN, 192 8-3 8
laundries, trade, and certain service industries (as well as others that are chiefly
employers of men). From these changes, indexes for every month of the 9 years
have been constructed by the link-relative method, using June 1928 as the base.
These are published here for the month of September in each year, 1936 being the
latest available (table I).11 These indexes were made for every industry for
which as many as 1,500 women were reported in September of 1930 or 1935.
Massachusetts.—The State Department of Labor and Industries takes a regular
census of employment of wage earners in manufacturing annually, in even years
collecting this by sex.12 Since the coverage is complete rather than by sampling,
indexes have been computed in the Women’s Bureau from these unpublished
figures, which are reported in the form of average employment for each month,
the latest available at the time data were analyzed for this report being 1934.
September 1928 is used as a base, and the indexes for September of each year are
published here (table II). Indexes were constructed for every industry in which
as many as 1,500 women were reported either in September 1928 or in September
1934 as well as for the main industry groups; these latter had to be formed by
selection from the list, which in the original is arranged alphabetically and not
giuupcu.
,
New York.—The New York Department of Labor receives monthly reports on
wage earners similar to those for Illinois, that is, from a sample coverage of em
ployers, in manufacturing, including laundries. In this case a fixed list of firms
is used from month to month. With the use of proper weighting for the cover
age, the State constructs and publishes every month an index by sex. That for
September of each year is used here, the latest available being 1936 (table V).
June 1923 is the base used by the State for this index.
Ohio.—The Ohio Department of Industrial Relations annually collects from
employers employment data reported by month. These figures cover about 95
percent of the wage earners at work in manufacturing in the State. ^Since the
coverage is relatively complete rather than by sampling, the Women’s Bureau
has prepared indexes by sex, basing these on September 1928. In the present
analysis the figure for September of each year has been used, the latest available
being 1935 (table III). Indexes were constructed for every industry or group
in which as many as 2,000 women were reported in September of either 1928 or
Virginia.—Annual reports of the Virginia Department of Labor and Industry
show the year’s average number of wage earners employed in manufacturing and
a few service industries, the latest available being 1936. The Women s Bureau
has constructed indexes from these, using the 1930 data as the base (table I v).
Though the classification was changed in 1930, this seems not to have affected to
any great extent the woman-employing industries discussed here. All those
industries or groups are considered here in which as many as 500 women are'
reported in any 2 years.
From the sources described above, actual figures are available by
sex to show the number employed in 1930 and in a regular series of
later years for Massachusetts, Ohio, and Virginia. Since in each case
they are collected by the State on the same basis, they can be com
pared for the same State from year to year.
.
Each of the following States has published figures from a special
employment census taken in a recent year, including reports by sex.
In some cases certain of the data from these for example, the em
ployment totals—can be compared to those of the 1930 Census of
Occupations. Where industry coverage in the State census includes
clerical workers (as in Michigan and Rhode Island) the industrial
grouping of the United States Census of 1930 is used for comparison.
Michigan.—The census in Michigan, taken in 1935, covered a random sample
of somewhat less than half the employable workers 15 years of age or older, from
which estimates of the totals were made. All persons able and wanting to work
11 Indexes used are computed by the Women’s Bureau. The State began in 1936 to compute indexes by
sex based on the 1930 average as 100. These are for the major groups and have not as yet been issued for
certain of the individual industries that are important woman-employers; for example, an index is given for
leather goods and one for the food industries, but no separate index for the boot-and-shoe nor for the meatP Uto'ldddy®re the State uses the schedule on which the U. S. Bureau of the Census takes the biennial
Census of Manufactures, and this calls for the sex of employees only once m 10 years.
APPENDIX A.
TYPES OP DATA AND METHOD USED
37
were included, except those not before employed unless they had made application
for jobs within a month past. Those never employed but having applied for
work are included in the total number of employables reported by the State but
they are excluded from the discussion in this report, since comparisons are made
with United States census data that do not include such workers. (See p 3 )
Where a comparable figure for 1930 was obtainable, those industries for which
as many as 2,000 women were reported are considered here.
Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania census, taken in 1934, covered employable
15/+trS ofKor oldc/’ though excluding agricultural workers and those
unemployed through illness of considerable duration. This differed somewhat
from the Federal census of gainful workers, in that it included young plreons
butk s^nne0twr th° ^ tlme’ a gro uP that is not ineluded in the presentstudy ■
but since these young persons can be excluded only from the total, industry
CT°1* be.made; (See P- 3.) An occupational rather than an
industrial classification is used, and while this may be more valuable for certain
nn+PipSeJ’
use ln luting type of job for placement in employment, it does
not lend itself to comparison with figures reported by the more traditional in-
th~ d**>
"•*» >» *»= p
»uJl<LierJnSlen?n~The R1li°dCJsland census, taken in 1936, included all employ
able persons 10 years old and over. As m Michigan and Pennsylvania those
not prevrousiy employed but seeking work are excluded from this^eport.’ (See
whfnh ^
a C0“Parable figure for 1930 was obtainable, those industries for
which as many as 200 women were reported have been considered here
INDUSTRY TITLES (FOR GROUPS OR DETAILS) AS USED IN WOMEN’S BUREAU DISCUSSION AND TITLES CORRESPONDING MOST CLOSELY AS USED IN STATE REPORTS
________________
^
Industry titles as used in State reports
Illinois
All occupa
tions.
All manufac
turing.
products.
Drugs and in
dustrial chem
icals.
Photographic
and miscella
neous chemi
cals.
Men’s clothing..
Men’s furnish
ings.
Women’s cloth
ing.
Women’s head
wear.
Women’s under
wear.
States with recent employment census but
no periodic index available
States with periodic indexes of employment available
Massachusetts
New York
Ohio 1
Virginia
Rhode Island
Michigan
All industries---------
All industries.
All manufacturing..
Manufacturing and
mechanical indus
tries.3
Chemical and allied
industries.
Manufacturing and
mechanical indus
tries.
Chemical and allied
Clothing 3--------------
Clothing industries.. Clothing industries.
Food and kindred
products.
Food and kindred
products.
Food__________ ___
Canning and preserving.
Fruit and vegetable
canning, etc.
Confectionery............
All manufacturing.. All manufacturing.. All manufacturing 2_ All manufactures___
products.
trial chemicals.
miscellaneous
chemicals.
Men’s clothing------
Women’s and chil
dren’s clothing.
Clothing 3-------------Men’s clothing 3 — Men’s clothing-------
Women’s clothing...
Women’s and chil
dren’s underwear.
Bakery products. Bakery products----- Bread and other
bakery products.
Canning and preCanning, fruit
serving.
and vegetable.
Confectionery— Confectionery.__ ... Confectionery--------- Candy.............. ——
Slaughtering Slaughtering and
meat packing.
and meat
packing.
Peanut cleaning,
etc.
Men’s clothing, in
cluding shirts and
coat pads.
Women’s clothing,
including corsets.
Peanut cleaning, etc.
Food and allied in
dustries.
TRENDS IN EM PLO Y M EN T OP W O M E N , 19 2 8 -3 6
Industry titles (for
groups or details)
as used in Wom
en’s Bureau dis
cussion
Sea foods: Can
ning, etc.
Leather:
Boots and shoes.. Boots and shoes..
Boots and shoes,
other than rubber.
Boots and shoes,
cut stock and
findings.
Boot and shoe cut
stock and find
ings.
Boots and shoes___
(4)
Gloves, bags, can
vas goods.
Metals and machin
ery (including
electric).
Automobiles___
Copper, tin,
and sheet-iron
products.
Electrical ma
chinery and
supplies.
Radios_________
Shoes.
Electrical machin
ery, apparatus,
and supplies.
Electric machinery
and supplies (in
cluding radios).
(4)
Foundry and
machine-shop
products.
Gas and electric
fixtures.
Iron and steel___
Automobiles and
parts.
Copper, tin, and
sheet-iron prod
ucts.
Machinery and elec Electrical machin
trical apparatus.
ery, apparatus,
and supplies.
Radios and parts
(not included in
electrical).
Foundry and ma
chine-shop prod
ucts.
Gas and electric fix
tures and lamps
and reflectors.
Iron and steel and
their products.
Automobile factories.
Iron and steel in
dustries; machine
and machine
tools.
Iron and steel,
other than au
tomobiles.
Jewelry...... ..........
Metals, other
than iron and
steel.
Watches, clocks,
jewelry.
Sheet metal and
hardware.
Jewelry.
(a)
Sheet metal
hardware.
and
Metal and metal
products, other
than iron and
steel.
manufacturing;st(~s’
! Includes laundries and dry cleaning.
3 Compiled by Women’s Bureau.
Iron and steel, ma
chinery and ve
hicle industries.
Auto repair shops;
blast furnaces and
steel rolling mills,
other than iron and
steel; machinery
and vehicles.3
Other metal indus
tries; jewelry.3
A PPEN D IX A.— TY PES OF DATA AND M ETH O D USED
Boot and shoe
cut stock and
findings.
Gloves, bags,
canvas goods.
Metals and machin
ery.
Seafoods: Canning,
etc.
^-persons not traveling; but the “all industries” group and the
* See entry next above.
i See entry next below.
OO
CD
INDUSTRY TITLES (FOR GROUPS OR DETAILS) AS USED IN WOMEN’S BUREAU DISCUSSION AND TITLES CORRESPONDING MOST CLOSELY AS USED IN STATE REPORTS—Continued
£
Industry titles as used in State reports
Illinois
Paper and printing.. _ Paper goods and
printing and pub
lishing.
Paper and wood
pulp.
Paper boxes Paper boxes, bags,
and tubes.
Printing and
publishing.
Job printing.
Rubber boots
and shoes.
Rubber tires and
tubes.
Rubber goods,
other than
boots and
shoes.
States with recent employment census but
no periodic index available
States with periodic indexes of employment available
Massachusetts
New York
Ohio
Virginia
Paper and printing 3_ Paper and printing.. Paper and printing.. Paper and printing. _
Envelopes and sta
tionery, n. e. e.3
Paper and wood
pulp.
Boxes, paper and
other, n. e. c.
Printing and pub
publishing.
Paper boxes and
tubes.
Printing and book
making.
Printing and pub
lishing.
Rubber factories___
shoes,
Rubber, tires and
tubes.
Rubber goods (other
than boots and
shoes) ana rubber
tires and inner
tubes.
Pottery, terra-cotta,
and fire-clay prod
ucts.
Textiles3.. ____ _
Carpets and rugs
(not rag).
__ Textiles
Cotton mills
Knit goods (except
silk).
Hosiery and knit
goods.
Michigan
Paper, printing, and
allied industries.
2 8 -3 6
Stone, clay, and
glass products.
Stone, clay, and glass.
Cotton small
wares.
Paper and allied
industries; print
ing, publishing,
and engraving.3
Paper boxes, bags,
etc.
Printing and pub
lishing.
Rubber and gutta
percha.
Boots and
rubber.
(»)
Rhode Island
TREN D S IN E M PL O Y M E N T OE W O M E N , 19
Industry titles (for
groups or details)
as used in Wom
en’s Bureau dis
cussion
Knitting-mill prod
ucts.
Rayon yarn.
Silk goods..
Silk, silk goods, Silk and silk goods.
and rayon goods.
Dyeing and finish
ing, textiles.
Woolen and worsted. Woolens, carpets,
felts.
Textile dyeing
and finishing.
Woolen and
worsted goods.
Woolen, worsted,
and wool-felt
goods (including
fur and felt hats).
Tobacco manufac
tures.3
Cigars and ciga
rettes.
Tobacco manufac
tures.
Cigars and ciga
rettes.
Tobacco rehandling..
Tobacco.
Wood products_____
Wood manufactures. Lumber and
products.
Fruit and vege
table packages.
Furniture______
its
Silk mills.
Woolen and worsted
goods.
Woolen and worsted
mills.
Tobacco manufac
tures.3
Cigars and ciga
rettes.
Tobacco rehandling
(not included in
tobacco manufac
tures).
Lumber and fur
niture industries.
Fruit and vegetable
packages.
Furniture.
N onmanufacturing:
Laundry and dyeing
and cleaning.
Laundering, clean
ing, and dyeing.
Hotels and restau
rants.
Hotels and restau
rants.
Hotels_________
Restaurants____
Service workers in
hospitals.
Service workers in
office builcings.
Laundering
cleaning.
and
Laundries,
dry
cleaners, and reno
vators.
Hotels_____
Restaurants.
Hospitals__
Telephone and tele
graph.
Telephone
panies.
Trade.
Department and
variety stores.
com-
Clerical.
Compiled by Women’s Bureau.
Office buildings (in
cluding window
cleaning).
Transportationtelephone and
telegraph.
Salespersons (not
traveling), stores,
retail and whole
sale.
Bookkeepers, ste
nographers, and
office clerks—all
industries, a 1 1
manufactures.
5 See entry next below.
Laundries.
Laundries,
clean
ing and pressing.
Hotels, restaurants,
cafes, saloons,
apartments.
Laundries, cleaning,
dyeing, and press
ing shops.
Hotels, restaurants,
boarding houses,
etc.
Telephone, telegraph, and radio.
Telegraph and tele
phone.
.
Wholesale and re
tail trade.
Wholesale and retail
trade.
6 See entry Hext below.
A PPEN D IX A.---- TY PES OE DATA AND M ETH O D USED
Rayon yarn_______
Silk and rayon goods
APPENDIX B.—GENERAL TABLES
to
Tablb I.—INDEXES OF EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN AND MEN IN IMPORTANT WOMAN-EMPLOYING INDUSTRIES IN
ILLINOIS, SEPTEMBER OF EACH YEAR, 1928-36 1
Men
Women
Industry
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
101.0
104.1
104.1
110.6
88.0
88.8
77.5
75.5
66.8
61.0
72.1
72.9
76.3
79.7
74.2
78.7
80.5
88.1
102.2
101.2
106.1
108.4
87.5
84.9
72.2
69.2
55.8
53.7
72.3
71.7
76.7
77.1
80.0
80.1
89.5
92.2
108.3
103.9
79.5
77.5
56.0
78.2
62.3
71.4
80.7
102.5
102.4
94.2
96.4
86.5
110.2
110.9
129.5
137.5
96. 5
95.2
72.7
84.9
87.0
72.0
79.3
111.3
69.2
74.1
90.4
55.1
72.4
86.4
63.6
69. 1
79.1
84.3
64.6
71.1
72.7
66.5
68. 1
72.7
72.2
77.6
96.6
97.5
117.9
92.7
93.0
113.6
115.7
84.1
108.6
115.2
83.4
83.1
81. 1
80.1
81.9
102.1
82.4
104. 2
122.9
78.0
88.5
127.1
79.7
94. 4
113.3
74.9
131. 4
135.4
93.0
130. 5
95.3
101.6
Paper goods and printing and publishing.. 109.9
119.0
Paper boxes, bags, and tubes_______ 107.9
Metals and machinery (including electri
cal):
Electrical machinery, apparatus, and
91.6
Watches, clocks, jewelry........................ 101.0
Chemical and allied products..................... 114.5
119.5
153.3
115.2
107.2
109.6
117.4
110.3
95.8
137.0
108.4
91. 7
97. 2
64.7
103.7
86.0
118.7
99.0
61.9
86.0
53.2
91.6
72. 6
104.6
96.3
60.9
66.1
40.6
69.8
71.5
95.6
135.6
71.0
77.7
30.1
100.5
83.0
125.8
213. 5
62.6
89. 5
40.8
102.1
78.7
108.9
97. 4
68.3
94.6
36. 2
108.3
76.1
123.3
119.9
73. 5
107.3
49.0
107.0
94.5
106.8
99.0
106.0
101.6
100.1
106.5
87.7
116.7
105.4
111.3
101.7
105.7
98.3
78.0
100.7
92.0
94. 6
98. 5
89. 7
88.8
68.9
87. 5
85.6
64.9
87.8
77.0
77.6
53.5
123.2
82.5
65.0
72.1
59. 8
69.0
63.9
135.1
118.8
73.8
83. 5
64. 6
98.2
71.3
155. 1
142. 1
70. 1
86.8
70.9
99.6
69.5
151. 5
86.8
71. 7
88. 6
73. 4
93.1
70.4
156.0
94. 5
77.8
93.1
129.5
105.2
110.2
70.1
97.2
81.7
51.3
73.7
96.8
24.7
36.5
73.8
26.8
39.6
105.7
31.9
58.6
122.3
34.5
78. 6
107.3
44.3
91. 5
119.5
114.3
100.3
101.0
116.8
103.8
100.5
70.6
96.1
88. 5
55.1
75.7
75.6
31.2
42.1
66.7
30.0
48.8
92.4
36.5
66.9
95. 7
37.8
76.9
92. 6
48.4
82.4
99.7
94.7
100.6
111.0
105.8
83.5
104.2
99.9
99.9
84.4
119.5
91.4
87.5
87.0
110.4
77.6
81.1
95.1
128.0
83.3
72.4
96.3
119.4
78.0
76.6
95.7
99.5
78.6
69.7
92.2
<!)
85.9
69.0
107.8
98.8
100.4
100.1
102.5
97.7
98.8
104.8
93.2
105.2
95.9
103. 4
98.2
100.0
89.3
84. 4
100.1
93.3
72.2
81.8
108.6
112. 2
67.0
75. 3
112.8
112. 6
56.0
77.5
114.4
108.1
61. 7
74.1
132.7
w
67. 6
70.8
All manufacturing----------
----------
Textiles—Total-----------------------------------Clothing:
Women’s and children’s underwear—
Slaughtering and meat packing--------
Nonmanufacturing industries:
95.5
95.5
Laundering, cleaning, and dyeing _ _ — 100.8
Telephone companies---------------------------- 100.4
1936
95. 6
1 From indexes constructed by the Women’s Bureau as link relatives for each of the 12 months in these years, by the use of the percent change from month to month in employ ment in identical establishments, as furnished by the Illinois Department of Labor and Industries. All industries included in which 1,500 or more women were reported m either
September 1930 or September 1935.
2 Not obtainable.
6
1929
2 8 -3
1928
TRENDS IN EM PLO Y M EN T OF W O M EN , 19
(June 1928=100]
r
Table
r
II.- -INDEXES OF EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN AND MEN IN IMPORTANT WOMAN-EMPLOYING INDUSTRIES IN
MASSACHUSETTS, SEPTEMBER OF EACH REPORTED YEAR, 1928-34 ‘
[September 1928=100]
■
Women
Men
Industry
1
1934
1928
1934
1928
1930
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.2
82.0
58. 8
87.3
80.5
94. 5
95.4
67.4
77. 6
103.2
103.2
106.4
71.9
72.0
46.8
66.4
65.0
87.9
82.0
71.1
80.3
95.0
95.2
102.2
72.2
58.2
30.9
59.2
65.5
75.5
77.9
84.9
44.4
106. 1
113.2
105.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
88.1
84.4
72.2
88.4
93.5
91.8
103.2
69.2
80.6
99.2
96.0
107.5
63.0
85.8
80.6
99.2
128.1
76.2
84.5
82.5
89.7
73.1
65. 6
47. 0
64.1
86. 2
80 8
95. 4
138.4
53. 5
101. 4
101. 7
102.4
95.3
87.3
85.3
68.3
91.4
78.6
100.0
100.0
118.1
81.8
110.0
64.2
144.7
75.4
fed
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
_
1932
100.0
100.0
All manufacturing—total..____________________ ___ _______
Textiles 2„........................................ .........................
Carpets and rugs (not rag)________ I _ I _ _ 1111
Cotton goods____ ______ _______________________
Cotton small wares_____________________ ~~"IZZZZZIZII
_
Dyeing and finishing, textiles______
_
'
Knit goods______________________________..................................
Silk, silk goods, and rayon goods_______________ "
"
"
Woolen and worsted___________
_ _
Clothing2__________________ ____ZZZZ.ZZ
............. "
Men’s clothing4_ ______ ________ —ZZZZZZZ
_
”
Women’s clothing____
Food:
-------------------------------------------------Bread and other bakery products_________________
Confectionery__________________
_
”
Leather:
Boots and shoes, other than rubber___________________ __
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings_________II TTI
Paper and printing5___________________ _ _____________________ --
Boxes, paper and other, n. e. c.«____ IIIZ__ IIIZIIII__ III
Envelopes and stationery, n. e. c.6 7______________
__
""IT
Paper and wood pulp______________ ___
_
Printing and publishing_____________ Z__II_ZII_IIZIIIIIIIII_II_IIII_III~~
Electrical machinery and supplies (including radios) . _ __
Jewelry__________________________
"
.........
Rubber7____ __________ I_ITTTITTTIITIIIIITIIITT
Boots and shoes, rubber__________ I.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
Rubber goods (other than boots and shoes) and rubber tires and inner tubes.
1930
86.9
88.8
91.9
82. 5
86.4
78.7
112.0
88.2
85.2
72. 6
68.4
82.3
77.5
81.0
70.3
62.5
64.3
65.0
77.1
48.6
38.5
77.9
83.7
75.7
62.6
45.3
66.7
81.3
71.4
64.3
58.4
56.3
63.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
87.8
93.6
98.3
92.9
85.6
90.8
99.9
92.6
87.7
65.6
58.7
71.6
76.1
82.5
80.6
82.7
64.0
76.8
80.7
45.3
44.8
(8)
(8)
53.8
80.9
91.0
89.8
99. 3
49.8
82. 5
86.9
60.2
63. 6
55. 9
49. 4
61.6
g
(?)
(»>
78.9 1
1932
64.8
72.9
>
M
hd
a
tel
D
i
tel
fed
>
a
f
m
fed
or moSmSZSX“pt£X°8eXte Sir5 °* Manuf“tllres’ ^ioh request! da^ by sefoiylecenniSl” “u “del'inctadld in which l“<»
* Compiled by Women’s Bureau. Includes the following: Clothing, men’s, youths’, and boys’ n e r e fnrnkhin. mna,
to?,
printing establishments.
8 Not elsewhere classified.
_
toe
printing establishments; stereotyping and electroplating not done in
t Not reported.
’ Compiled by Women’s Bureau.
CO
Table
III —INDEXES OF EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN AND MEN IN IMPORTANT WOMAN-EMPLOYING INDUSTRIES IN
OHIO, SEPTEMBER OF EACH YEAR, 1928-35 1
^
[September 1928=100]
Industry
Wage earners in—
All industries..................... ............................................ .......
All manufactures--------- ------------- -------- ----------------Textiles:
Hosiery and knit goods------ ------------ -------Woolen, worsted, and wool-felt goods, includ
ing fur and felt hats-------- ------ --------------Clothing:
,
Men’s clothing, including shirts and coat
74.6
85.0
84.3
80.3
69.4
65.5
71.3
74.5
72.0
72.1
82.8
85.5
99.1
87.5
82.1
119.5
92.7
114.8
122.4
125.9
96.2
122.9
94.8
137.9
1929
1930
1931
90.5
«
88.4
95.5
100.0
104.2
86.6
92.6
86.0
86.5
78.2
84.5
85.2
85.4
83.1
93.2
91.3
100.0
100.0
103.1
104.4
90.4
91.2
119.9
104.4
122.2
100.0
109.1
96.9
100.0
100.0
109.0
108.8
100.0
104.0
1932 3
100.0
134.3
108.5
97.7
114.8
89.8
134.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
113.9
103.4
110.4
107.1
118.9
105.9
89.9
88. 6
117.0
138.8
129.1
132.8
97.0
99.4
96.5
91.9
115.3
116.6
134.9
93.5
74.9
73.8
103.7
121.9
83.0
116.8
68.9
66.3
91.4
96.9
112.0
99.8
157.4
92.4
69.2
67. 6
101.6
139.7
62.1
86.4
55. 2
55.2
98.3
82.7
111.5
91.0
163.0
101.5
46.9
36.5
109. 6
142. 7
89.7
67.1
69.9
74.2
98.9
84.0
128.3
103.8
222.9
89.2
55.3
38.5
104.9
134.5
53.1
62.3
66.4
65.8
105.0
82. 4
130. 3
99. 6
242. 1
123. 0
45.6
36.4
111. 5
137.8
92.8
46.9
80. 2
87.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
107.7
92. 3
105.5
106.7
114.4
95. 7
78.6
69. 2
105.6
108.1
115.8
181.3
107. 5
109.5
101.9
90.0
113.7
142. 7
105.2
86.0
70.9
64.8
99.0
104.6
84. 6
127.3
77.9
79.3
98.4
90.2
111. 5
130. 2
128.8
86.8
71.5
68.9
92.9
99.6
65.8
93.9
54.2
56.4
101.9
70.0
109.9
137.9
86.8
87.8
59.2
37.9
100. 2
100.0
80.4
70.7
71.4
59.0
114.2
69.0
120.7
147. 2
118. 5
74. 2
64.5
42. 6
100. 7
101.6
56. 1
46. 4
62. 7
63. 0
117.2
67.1
122. 2
150. 2
130. 6
102.7
63. 2
43. 8
103. 7
104. 5
96. 7
64. 0
83. 5
79. 2
100.0
100.0
138.5
116.1
80.4
99. 7
72.9
93.8
96.3
113.6
101.1
107.1
111.7
120.4
100.0
100.0
113.1
114.5
94.4
110.8
83.8
103.6
106. 5
121.6
107.8
121.0
121.8
134.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
179.5
110.1
111.8
108.9
96.3
90.9
110.7
84.5
69. 5
69. 2
64. 6
68. 1
86. 7
70. 2
87. 2
62. 1 1
58.4
60. 4
53. 5
50. 7
90. 2
60. 5
90.2
48.0
73.6
79.4
70.5
36.9
99.6
58.3
114.8
51.3
98.5
70.1
65.9
58.6
109. 5
68. 2
149.3
53.0 1
103.3
73.5
64.9
46.1
105. 3
82. 5
151. 5
73.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
113.7
96.9
96.0
96. 6
101. 4
96.8
113.7
75.7 1
71.9
78.2
75.7
36. 6
63. 1
55. 2
100.7
46.4
84.1
71. 7
72. 3
44.0
58.0
64. 4
135.9
44.0
92.9
76. 5
73.1
50. 4
66. 4
76.8
152. 4
62.0
100.0
83.5
67.7
67.9
64.7
76. 1
73. 7
77.1
61.9
69.2
61.4
61.4
52. 3
61.9
61. 2
84.5
42.7 1
6
m
1928
1932 2
8 -3
Women’s clothing, including corsets----------Food and kindred products------------------------- --
Bakery products------------ ...................................
Canning and preserving......................................
Boots and shoes, cut stock and findings------------Tobacco manufactures 3......... ........................—.........
Cigars and cigarettes..................................... .......
Paper and printing-------------------- -------------------Printing and publishing-------------------- ------Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies.
Radios and parts-------------------- ----------------------Iron and steel and their products.............................
Foundry and machine-shop products---------Metals and metal products, other than iron and
steel------ -------- ------- ---------------- ----------------Copper, tin, and sheet-iron products----------Gas and electric fixtures and lamps and re
flectors
Rubber products------------------------------------------Rubber tires and tubes--------- ------ ---------- -.
Automobiles and parts--------------------------------Lumber and its products—--------------------------Stone, clay, and glass products-----------------------Glass________________________________ —
Pottery, terra-cotta, and fire-clay products..
72.3
1935
1931
All employees.
1934
1934
1930
1935
1933
1933
1929
TRENDS IN EM PLO Y M EN T OF W O M EN , 1 9 2
Men
Women
*
Service industries:
Hospitals-..................................................................
minim;
Office buildings (including window cleaning).
Hotels___ ______________________
Laundries, dry cleaners, and renovators
Restaurants.................................... ..............................
Transportation—Telegraph and telephone.............. I
Bookkeepers, stenographers, and office clerks—
All industries________
All manufactures_____ ____ _
Salespersons (not traveling) in—
Stores, retail and wholesale-
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
114.4
106.4
107.5
113.6
115.9
122.9
¥
111.4
103.8
100.0
118.3
120.6
106.1
110.2
95.3
94.2
115.0
111.6
95.5
97.1
71. 6
74.5
126.6
91.8
62.5
108.1
78.2
77.3
135.6
107.6
63.5
117. 6
90.8
76.7
134. 3
125.0
63.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(2)
90.1
85.1
95.9
91.8
100.0
100. 0
108.5
100.0
106.9
103.2
105.8
(2)
97.1
(s)
114.1
104.9
109. 4
120.3
W ^
110.4
117. 4
97. 2
113. 1
124.9
114.8
104.2
113.3
92.8
103.3
133.3
107.1
87.5
108.1
108.4
112.7
104.1
96.8
112.8
86.2
110. 2
73. 6
90.0
161.6
98.8
66.7
(2)
(2)
116. 5
89. 3
92. 6
183.2
114.9
93.6
83.1
97.2
(2)
98.9
107.1
2,000 or more womMfwcre^report^in^her^Septemb^*xg28)Qp3g^p^;E^^r2935Por^et^ea(^_^^-^~tlle^t^0^®P^™eil^~‘J^rn‘^Mai_Relations! AJMudiistries^nciud^d'in
1
91.5
196.7
141. 3
70.8
99.7
91.8
116.7
which
A PPEN D IX B . ---- GENERAL TABLES
Figures not obtainable.
'
* Compiled by Women’s Bureau. Includes cigars and cigarettes and chewing and smoking tobacco and snufl.
1
122.4
102.2
in
Table IV.—INDEXES OF EMPLOYMENT
OF WHITE AND NEGRO WOMEN AND MEN IN IMPORTANT WOMAN-EMPLOY
ING INDUSTRIES IN VIRGINIA, 1930-36 1
[Average for 1930=100]
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
WHITE
100. 0
100.0
Cotton goods
Leather goods:
Service:
90.9
91.8
101.5
100.8
112.4
109.5
121.4
114.7
128.8
123.8
100.0
100.0
101.0
100.7
87.5
87.5
96.0
95. 5
103.8
103. 5
115.0
113.7
120.4
119.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98-1
82.3
98.3
92.5
122.8
120.9
106.6
75.6
90.6
91.3
90.2
112.9
74.8
100.7
104.9
109.6
68.0
78.5
104.6
96. 1
132.9
87.2
125. 2
110.3
128.0
92.7
112.1
109.5
115.6
133. 1
84.1
140.7
93.9
147.8
119.9
151.8
115.6
132.7
134.4
76.3
166.6
117.6
156.4
160.3
214. 5
121.9
133.5
159. 4
73.4
173.2
123.0
176.6
151.0
199.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
95.5
94.3
113.7
86.3
116.3
115.2
97.7
90.6
120.5
88.9
99.8
109.6
70.8
101.1
123.2
125.0
78.5
89. 7
106.7
116. 4
131.0
84.0
144. 2
139. 7
120. 5
85. 0
103.4
123.0
142. 6
149. 6
92. 3
163. 7
149. 1
134. 3
91. 8
122. 7
131.9
155.4
164. 4
90. 8
189. 0
179.0
169.4
109. 6
201.3
136.3
150.5
100.0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
109.2
77.0
73.9
101. 3
87.8
97.0
128.9
77.0
70.7
96. 5
87.3
86.3
96.5
72.8
66. 5
102.8
92.8
109.8
82.7
78.0
102.8
102. 2
86.4
119.7
93.4
89.9
107.5
110.1
90.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
114.0
89.6
87.8
112.5
80.2
104.2
125.3
97.6
96.6
107.2
66.2
95. 5
122.3
103.5
100.1
124. 3
87. 8
92. 3
100.7
109.7
107. 7
136. 1
83. 8
101. 3
113.9
111. 5
91. 1
120.6
81.4
77.3
102.7
95.8
89.3
113.6
118.3
118.3
149. 1
86.5
107.3
100.0
98.6
86.9
96.2
116.1
129.7
149.9
(«)
«
m
(«)
(•)
(■)
no. l
140.8
81.7
101.6
89.2
215.6
189.0
175.2
117.7
186.6
m
8 -3
6
94.0
94.3
TRENDS IN EM PLO Y M EN T OF W O M E N , 1 9 2
Men
Women
Industry
*
V
*
¥
f
** r
r
NEGRO
All manufacturing_______ _
_
Manufacturing, exclusive of highly seasonal industries 3
83.4
85.7
85.6
98.3
82.7
88.2
96.6
89.8
90.7
94.1
98.6
101.3
100.0
100.0
91. 5
91.8
83.4
84.0
89. 3
91.3
104. 6
109.6
111. 9
113.4
124 4
131.0
Textiles 3____________ ____________________
100.0
Food and kindred products______
100.0
Confectionery________________
100.0
Fruit and vegetable canning, etc..
100.0
Peanut cleaning, etc_________ . _
100.0
Sea foods: Canning, etc_____________________
100.0
Tobacco manufactures 6_________________
100.0
Cigars and cigarettes______________________________
100.0
Tobacco rehandling_________ _____ _______ _________________________ 100.0
Wood products:
Fruit and vegetable packages______ ______ _____________ ________ _ 100.0
96.0
70.2
79.3
55.5
128.3
68.9
95.5
82. 1
99.2
81.4
70.7
(#)
54.0
107.8
64.3
146. 3
172.9
97.7
103.2
73.1
90.4
57.3
134.6
65.0
109.3
120.4
92.0
93.4
78.4
79.2
69.2
116. 1
80.3
123.8
141.0
125.2
112. 1
87.7
66.9
83.3
124.9
89. 1
130.3
154.4
91.3
109.1
89.9
87.0
83.0
119.5
93.8
143. 1
167.0
108.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
85.4
81. 7
103.3
72.8
89.7
81. 1
94.4
89.4
102.4
78.7
83.3
97.3
75.0
78. 5
92.3
118. 1
121.0
77.4
90.8
82.5
101.8
65.0
81.0
99.8
107.8
103.4
80.8
88.3
81.4
122.1
71. 6
83. 8
90. 2
117.9
121. 3
89.6
93.4
96.7
116.0
103.1
97.8
106. 0
122.0
125.8
108.7
95.0
92.8
74. 9
92. 5
127.1
99. 5
124. 0
130. 4
107.3
98.9
95.9
100.4
112.7
90.8
79.2
100.0
67.2
72.4
82.3
101.7
96.9
94.1
97.7
81.8
90.8
91.4
95.7
111.2
(*)
(«>
(»)
M
m
Service:
Laundries______ ____ ______
___
100.0
(«)
1 indexes computed by Women's Bureau from figures published each year in the annual reports of the Department of Labor and Industry of Virginia or unpublished figures supplied
by the same department. These figures are based on the average of employment during the period of plant operation rather than for the calendar year Days worked in all manu
facturing varied from 283 to 247. Changes were made in the classifications in 193d; hence this is used as the base year. Industries are included if as many as 500 women were reported
in any 2 years.
3 Excludes canning fruits and vegetables and, under Negro, canning seafoods; confectionery; peanut cleaning, etc.; and tobacco rehandling.
3 Compiled by Women’s Bureau. Includes, besides the detail shown, the following: Bags and burlaps; awnings, tents, sails, and canvas covers; and textiles not elsewhere classified.
* Compiled by Women’s Bureau. Includes clothing, outerwear and underwear (exclusive of knit); and hats and caps.
8 Compiled by Women’s Bureau. Includes, besides cigars and cigarettes, chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff.
8 State authorities advised that they had not sufficient data to insure accuracy of this figure.
A PPEN D IX B.---- GENERAL TABLES
100.0
100.0
_
Table V._INDEXES OF EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN AND MEN IN IMPORTANT WOMAN-EMPLOYING INDUSTRIES IN
NEW YORK, SEPTEMBER OF EACH YEAR, 1928-36 1
[June 1923=100]
All manufacturing ?.......................... .
Knit goods (except silk)j
Woolens, carpets, felt.......................... .
Clothing:
Women's clothing
Women’s headwear_____ __________
Women’s underwear......... ............ .........
Bakery products.
Canning and preserving-----------------Leather:
Gloves, bags, canvas goods....................
100
73
75
100
72
108
136
72
60
79
84
125
93
125
103
133
68
84
68
52
56
70
102
102
128
101
75
40
93
236
37
79
245
33
95
267
95
104
149
97
173
88
99
77
91
78
93
78
16
85
84
84
84
75
61
44
60
87
98
75
90
79
93
81
83
84
81
78
106
107
65
95
89
97
93
103
80
76
76
113
112
106
61
105
196
47
84
158
42
94
90
67
63
67
59
61
48
49
61
73
76
35
55
47
55
41
41
39
40
45
105
85
126
101
39
221
98
72
13
67
63
65
63
20
68
66
67
69
20
76
71
76
74
72
46
44
57
51
51
55
59
53
43
50
87
111
115
108
104
77
80
119
101
114
104
116
111
122
111
66
1
From indexes reported each month
a Includes laundering and cleaning. in the Industrial Bulletin, New York State Department of Labor,
O
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
51
62
65
69
48
57
57
52
70
64
85
64
59
84
77
75
69
91
94
66
49
102
89
68
63
44
80
78
63
75
51
95
92
62
75
56
75
63
127
108
75
83
82
262
75
91
235
76
174
68
73
108
196
72
113
248
95
114
39
89
81
92
70
76
65
49
59
67
92
39
80
79
S3
53
58
56
42
47
46
78
32
73
69
25
74
37
42
28
31
74
59
17
72
87
71
48
43
51
43
39
129
119
108
93
116
121
117
133
117
144
117
113
100
96
103
126
103
140
116
1936
88
111
66
68
61
67
82
66
68
36
64
88
112
120
125
68
86
73
52
50
54
37
36
66
111
247
62
i'6
23
79
94
78
57
55
59
38
42
13
1C
67
1
2C
60
73
22
84
100
1(84
66
61
66
45
47
135
1
1
1
6
Laundering and cleaning____ __________
91
77
96
103
116
111
83
86
54
66
1936
2 8 -3
Paper and printing____
Paper boxes and tubes....... .................. .
Printing and bookmaking.. .....
Metals and machinery (including electric).
Machinery and electrical apparatus...
Sheet metal and hardware__________
Rubber and gutta percha.............................
Wood manufactures.
................................
Chemicals, oils, and paint:
Drugs and industrial chemicals. _ ...
Photographic and miscellaneous
101
86
64
69
52
113
80
47
71
79
46
63
110
57
93
75
60
76
70
117
70
37
65
77
47
259
114
130
40
80
82
98
55
69
70
104
117
74
79
48
83
83
57
72
99
204
115
141
56
91
74
85
52
62
57
85
64
86
65
94
88
50
75
48
46
60
54
82
49
98
S2
54
88
70
64
73
72
52
49
53
63
60
53
56
71
91
77
85
73
72
107
68
40
49
36
40
80
74
58
61
102
90
79
67
80
94
59
56
48
54
91
69
55
61
87
158
84
64
58
93
61
73
85
66
86
88
59
81
1935
1931
91
67
96
1930
1934
1930
100
1929
1933
1929
87
1928
1932
1928
TRENDS IN EM PLO Y M EN T OF W O M E N , 19
Men
Women
Industry
@FedFRASER