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PROGRESS WORKS ADMINISTRATION HARRY L. HOPKINS (X)RRINGTON GILL Administrator Assistant Administrator NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT on Reemployment Opportunities and Recent Changes in Industrial Techniques IRVING KAPLAN Associate Director DAVID WEINTRAUB Director In cooperation with INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT WHARTON SCHOOL OF FINANCE AND COMMERCE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA JOSEPH WILLITS ANNE BEZANSON Director Director Philadelphia Labor Market Studies Gladys L. Palmer, Economist in Charge Digitized by Google WPA -National Research Project (Ki.ne) MACHINIST FINI SHING AXLE OF LARGE DRIVING WHEEL FOR NEW TYPE OF LOCOMOTIVE Digitized by Google TEN YEARS OF WORK EXPERIENCE OF PHILADELPHIA MACHINISTS by Helen Herrmann WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION, NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT In cooperation with INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA Report No. P-s Philadelphia, Pennsylvania September 1938 Digitized by Google PHILADELPHIA LABOR MARKET STUDIES Members or Starr Who Worked on This Study GLADYS L. PALMER, Research Associate, Industrial Research Department, Uni ve:rsi ty of Pennsylvania; C,onsul tant, National Research Project, directing studies of this section JANETH. LEWIS, Statistician HELEN L. KLOPFER, Associate Economist MURRAY P. PFEFFERMAN, Associate Statistician MARGARET W. BELL, Assistant Statistician VIRGINIA F. SHRYOCK, Chief Statistical Clerk HELEN HERRMANN, Research Economist in charge of field work for Schedule #20 Digitized by Google WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION WALKER-JOHNSON BUILDING 1734 NEW YORK AVENUE NW, WASHINGTON, D. C. HARRY L. HOPKINS ADMINISTRATOR Sept ember :1.4, 1.9 38 Hon. Herry L. Hopkins Works ?rogress Administrator Sir: There i s t :rn n sm i t t ed her ew i th a report on i 0 years of work experience of mc.chinis,s, millwrights, and tool makers who·were either wo:::-ki ng or seeking work in Phi ladelph:a in :foy 1.9.)6. The :::-ep,-rt analyzes in detail their employment and unemployment histories between 1-925 and 1-936. the produc::ion cf Philadelphic's industries mounted aft-er 1.9:,.), machinists who had been out of work were reemployed in substantial numbers. By 1-935 and :l.936 there were frequent reports of a labor shortage in the occupation. Yet in May 1.936 one out of eve:::-y eight machinists was found to be unemployGd, and another was working at some other occupation, most often at less skilled work. More than half of the unemployed had been without a job for at least a year. Since there were some ur.Gmployed among those customarily attached tc each of the industries employing machinists, the labor shortage, if it existed, must have been restricted to highly specialized jobs. As The age of machinists wos significantly related to their employment status and to their chances for reemployment. Compared with other industrial workers, the machinists were relatively old (45 years of age) and had had long years (22r) of experience at their trade. Half of them reported no unemployment lasting i month or more in the i0-year period 1-926-.)5. This half was somewhat older than the average. On the other hand, those who were unemployed in May 1.936 were also older than the average. Thus, alt hough advanced years may be no bar Digitized by Google to retaining a job as machinist, once an older man becomes unemployed, he has 1 ess chance than a younger worker of being hired to fill the next job opening. The report, 'fen Yea.,..s of Wo.,.-k Expe.,.-ience of Phi lade lphia Machinists, was prepared by Helen Herrmann under the supervision cf Gladys L. Palmer. This is one of the series of reports on the "Philadelphia Labor Market Studies" ccnducted jointly by the National Research Project on Reemployment Opportunities and Recent Changes in Industrial Techniques and the Industrial Research Department of the University of Pennsylvania. Respectfully yours, Corrington Gi 11 Assistant Administrator Digitized by Google C ONT E NT S Section Page PREFACE. xiii I. INTRODUCTION 1 Purpose of study Place of machinists in Philadelphia's industries Method of conducting the study Method of analysis • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • 1 2 8 10 II. OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MEN STUDIED. • 12 Age. • • • Nativity. Schooling. Entrance into the labor market The first job. • • • • • • • • Apprenticeship . • • • . . . • Industrial group of customary attachment Longest job and usual occupation Employment status in May 1938. Summary. • • • • • • III. UNEMPLOYMENT, 1926-35. 12 12 13 14 15 17 20 22 25 28 29 Employment experience of industrial groups Incidence of unemployment. • • • • • • • . Characteristics of the men who experienced unemployment between 1928 and 1935. • Part-time employment • • • • • • • • • • • Number and length of unemployment periods. Characteristics of the men who were unemployed in May 1938. . • • • • • • • • • • • • • Reemployment by May 1937 of workers unemployed in May 1938 • . • • • • • . • • • Characteristics of workers who had no unemployment between 1928 and 1935. Summary • • • • IV. WORK EXPERIENCE, 1926-35 29 33 34 39 39 42 45 48 49 51 Division of time between work at the usual occupation and at other occupations . Division of time between work in the usual industry and in other industries. • • Job separations. • • . . • • • • • • • • • Shifts of employers, occupations, and industries Summary. • • • • • • V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. 51 58 58 80 84 87 Summary. • • Conclusions. 87 72 vii Digitized by Google CONTENTS viii Page Appendix 75 A. TABLES 125 B. SCHEDULE AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED 128 127 Schedule . Definitions of terms used. CHARTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Machinist finishing axle of large driving wheel for new type of locomotive . • 1. 2. frontispiece Machinist milling down part of a drive shaft for a locomotive . • 5 Age distribution of machinists and of all employable men in Philadelphia, May 1936. . 12 3. Turret-lathe operator setting machine. 18 4. Industrial group of usual employment and of present or last job. • • • • • • . • . • 20 Employment status, January 1926-December 1935, usual industrial group • . . • . • . . 30 5. 8, 7, 8, 9. 10. 11. 12. by Percentage distribution of man-months of specified types of employment experience, 1926-35, by usual industrial group . • • • . • • • • • • 32 Employment history of individual machinists in four industrial groups who reported unemployment, January 1926-December 1935 • • • • • . • • 34 Employment history of individual machinists unemployed in May 1936, January 1928-December 1935 38 Average number of months of specified types of employment experience, 1926-35, by age in May 1938 39 Socioeconomic character of employment at occupations other than the usual, 1926-35, by age in May 1938 54 Percentage distribution of machinists by type and frequency of separations, 1928-35. • • 61 Tool builder planing for a taper shoe on steam hammer ram es TEXT TABLES Table 1. Occupational group of first job of machinists. 15 2. Number of years in the labor market . . 24 3. Frequency and duration of unemployment experience for workers reporting unemployment, 1928-35, by industrial group • • , • • • • • • • • • . • • , 41 Digitized by Google CONTENTS ix TEXT TABLES-Continued Page Table 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Employment status in May 1937 of machinists unemployed in May 1936 •••• 45 Occupational distribution of workers who reported no unemployment in the 10-year period 1926--35. 48 Number of periods of work at occupations other than the usua!, 1926--35, by employment status preceding these periods and by socioeconomic character of the occupations. . • • • • • . • • • .•. 55 Number of job separations, 1926--35, by employment status in May 1936, age, and type of shift • • • • 62 Number of job separations, 1926--35, by usual industrial group and type of shift •••• 63 APPENDIX TABLES Table A-1. Wage earners in the metal industries of the Philadelphia industrial area, 1929. '76 A-2. Employment status in May 1936 by age. '76 A-3. Nativity by age '7'7 A-4• Number of years of continuous residence in Philadelphia, by nativity and employment status in May 1936 • • • • • • • • • • . • 7'7 School grade completed by age and employment status in May 1936. • • • • • 78 Age of beginning work by age and employment status in May 1936 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • '79 Year of entering the labor market by age and employment status in May 1936 • • • • • • • 80 Apprenticeship by age and employment status in May 1936. • • • • • • • • 81 Length of apprenticeship by number of months unemployed, 1926--35 • • • • • . 82 A-5. A-6. A-'7. A-8. A-9. A-10. Apprenticeship by usual industrial group. 82 A-11. Usual industry of workers 83 A-12. Usual industrial group by age and employment status in May 1936. • • 84 A-13. Industrial group of present or last job by age and employment status in Hay 1936. • • • • • A-14. Length of service on longest job by age and employment status in Hay 1936 • • Digitized by Google 85 86 X CONTENTS APPENDIX TABLES-Continued Page Table A-15, Occupation of longest job by the usual occupation, • 8'7 A-16. Number of years employed at usual occupation by age and employment status in May 1936 • • • • • • 88 A-17, Number of years employed at usual occupation by usual industrial group and age. • • • • . 89 A-18, Occupation of last job by usual occupation, machinists employed in May 1936 • . 90 for A-19. Employment status by months, 1926-35, for 284 machinists whose usual industrial group was the manufacture of machinery, machine tools, and electrical goods . • . • . • • . A-20, Employment status by months, 1926-35, for 158 machinists whose usual industrial group was the manufacture of transportation equipment 94 95 A-21. Employment status by months, 1926-35, for 94 machinists whose usual industrial group was the manufacture of metal products, including professional instruments . . . • . • 96 A-22. Employment status by months, 1926-35, for 145 machinists whose usual industrial group was government agencies and public utilities and miscellaneous manufacturing and other industries 97 A-23, Number of months unemployed, industrial group. 98 1926-35, by usual A-24. Total man-months of employment experience, by usual industrial group. • . • • . !926-35, • . . . • • A-25, Total number of months unemployed, 1926-35, by age and employment status in May 1936 • • 99 99 A-26. Unemployment as a percentage of time in labor market, 1926-35, by age. . 100 A-27, Number of months employed part time, 1926-35, by age 101 A-28, Year of loss of last job at usual occupation by employment status in May 1936. 102 A-29, Average number of months of specified types of employment experience, 1926-35, by age. • 102 A-30, Average length of unemployment periods, 1926-30 and 1931-35, by age and employment status in May 1936 103 A-31. Average length of unemployment periods, 1926-30 and 1931-35, by usual industrial group. • 104 A-32, Length of longest period of unemployment, 1926--35, by age and year of beginning longest period of unemployment. . . . . • • • • • . • • • . • . . . 105 Digitized by Google CONTENTS xi APPENDIX TABLES-Continued Table Page A-33, Length of longest period of unemployment, 1926-35, by number of periods of unemployment • • , , • • • 105 A-34, Length of longest period of unemployment, 1928-35, by employment status in May 1936 and year of beginning longest period of unemployment • • , • • 106 A-35, Number of months since less of last job for machinists unemployed in May 1938, by age 107 A-38, Length of service on longest job for machinists who reported no unemployment in the 10-year period 192€>-35, by age . . . • • • • • • • • • • 107 A-37, Number of months since loss of last job for machinists unemployed in May 1936, by usual industrial group. • . • • • • • • • 108 A-38, Usual industrial group for machinists who reported no unemployment in the 10-year period 192€>-35, by age. • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 A-39, Number of months employed at occupations other than the usual, 1926-30 and 1931-35, by age. • • 109 A-40, Frequency of employer separations from jobs at usual and other occupations, 192€>-35, by age. , • • 110 A-41, Number of months employed at usual occupation, 192€>-30 and 1931-35, by age . . . . . . . 111 A-42, Average length of service on each job at usual occupation for all machinists and for those who reported no unemployment in the 10-year period 192€>-35, by age • . • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • 112 A-43, Number of months employed at usual occupation, by age, 1926-30 and 1931-35, for machinists who reported no unemployment in the 10-year period 192€>-35 , • • • • . • . • • • • . • . , . • • • 113 A-44, Number of months employed at occupations other than the usual, by age, 1926-30 and 1931-35, for machinists who reported no unemployment in the 10-year period 192€>-35, . • • • • • • •• , 114 A-45, Socioeconomic character of man-months of employment at occupations other than the usual, 1926-35, by age. • • • • • . • . • . . . • • . • • • • • • 115 A-48, Socioeconomic character of man-months of employment at occupations other than the usual, 192€>-35, by age, for machinists who reported no unemployment in the 10-year period 192€>-35 • • • • • • , • 115 A-47. Frequency of job separations, 192€>-30 and 1931-35, by age and employment status in May 1938, • • • • 116 Digitized by Google xii CONTENTS APPENDIX TABLES-Cor.:in~~d Table A-48. Frequency of job separations, 1928-30 and 1931-35, by usual industrial group • 117 A-49. Frequency of job separations and employer, industrial, and occupational shifts for machinists who reported no unemployment in the .1.0-year perl..od 1926--35, by age • • • • • • • • • • • • • 119 A-50. Frequency of employer shifts, by usual industrial group. 19~6-30 and 1931-35, • • • • • • • • • 119 A-51. Frequency of industrial shifts, 1926--30 and 1931-35, by usual industrial group • • • • • • , 120 A-52. Frequency of occupational shifts, 1926-30 and 1931-35, by usual industrial group. • 121 A-53. Number of job separations for machinists 30-44 years of age, by employment status in May 1936, usual industrial group, and type of shift, 1926--35. • • 122 A-54, Number of job separations for machinists reporting no unemployment in the 10-year period 1926--35, by age and type of shift. • • • • • • • • • • • • • 123 Digitized by Google PREFACE It has commonly been assumed that the machinist, a highly skilled workman. is in a preferred position in the labor market. His skill is required not only in the industries which build the wide ranf!e of mechanical equipment needed in factories and mines and on railroads, highways, and farms, but also - for repairing and maintaining this equipment - in the industries which use it. It has therefore been contended that a machinist can usually find a job in another industry if employment conditions in the industry in which he has been working are unfavorable. This study of the 10-year work experience of 683 Philadelphia machinists ( including millwrights and tool makers) throws some light on the machinist's position in the labor market. The m;.i_chinist 's chances of employment are determined primarily by the industry in which he is usually employed rather than by his occupation. For instance, it was found that those customarily employed in the manufacture of transportation equipment were unemployed in much higher proportions than those attached to other industries. The transportation-equipment industries, which include locomotive and streetcar building, railroad equipment and repair shops. shipbuilding, and automobile and parts manufacture, were especially depressed after 1929 and in May 1936 had not recovered so much as had most other industries. Twelve percent of all machinists were unemployed in May 1936, but 20 percent of those attached to transportation-eq_uipment manufacture were unemployed. More than half of these had been without a job for a year or more, and a fifth had been out of work for 4 years. The rate of unerr.ployment of these machinists in comparison with that of others suggests an important degree of immobility of machinists between industries in spite of the commonly supposed high rate of transferability of their skill. As compared, for instance, with the hand cigar maker, whose skills are useful in making only one type of product, the machinist has similar work in a wide variety of industries. Special experience is required for certain types of work. however. and the skill of the machinist is not entirely transfer~ble. IH thin given industries. the mach10ist 's security of employment depends considerably on whether he is a production man or a maintenance man. It was found that machinists customarily employed xiii Digitized by Google PREFACE xiv in the production of machinery and equipment of all sorts were unerr.ployed in greater proportion in May 1936 than those who usually do maintenance work in other manufacturing industries or for f!OVernment agencies or public utilities. Among machinists who reported havinf no unemployment of 1 month or more in duration within the 10-year _'.leriod 1926-35, there were relatively more maintenance than production workers. Only a comparatively s:nall p_roportion of machini.sts doing maintenance work for government agencies and for public utilities experienced unemployment. but among those who did c· nigh proportion were unemployed for long periods. In general, machinists af, a group had less unemployment during the 10-year period 1926-35 than other groups of Philadelphia workers studied. Also, in May 1936, 12 percent of the machinists included in the sample were unemployed compared with 31 percent of all employable men in Philadelphia. In view of the fact that reports of a shortage of machinists were widely current in 1936, however. their rate of unemployment may be considered high. High standards of selection, particularly with respect to age, and the limits of transferability of the machinist's skill from one industry to another were the primary determinants of the employment status of individual machinists in 1936. As the demand for experienced machinists became more pressing, many of those unemployed in May 1936 were found upon a checkup to have been reabsorbed. Also. the Philadelphia Survey of Employment and Unemployment found a much lJwer rate of unemployment among machinists in May 1937 than in May 1936. The materials for this study were obtained by interviewing machinists in their homes. We are deeply appreciative of the cooperation of the men whose work histories the report analyzes. The assistance of local tn.de-association and plant executives and local trade-union officials who were consulted from time to time is also gratefully ac~nowledged. DAVID WEINTRAUB IRVING KAPLAN PHILADELPHIA July 22, 1938 Digitized by Google SECTION I INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OF STUDY The group of occupations including machinists, tool makers, Although there are gradations of skill within it, training requirements for each and millwrights is relatively standardized. occupation are definite and usually have as a minimum a 1J--year apprenticeship as machinist. The group is important among skilled trades because of the number of workers involved. In the Philadelphia labor market the group is particularly important. Of the 10 largest cities in the United States in 1930, only Detroit and Cleveland reported a larger proportion of skilled workers classified as machinists, tool makers, and millwrights. 1 With increasing business activity during 1935 to 1937, a shortage of workers in th is group of skilled occupations had been announced in many quarters. It is not the function of this study to determine whether such a shortage existed. The purpose is to examine the employment experience of the available labor supply in Philadelphia at a time when a shortage was claimed for this ~nd other areas. 2 This examination requires an analysis of the relationship of age and other employment qualifications to the extent of unemployment experienced by individual workers, and the character of the industrial and occupational shifts they made over a period of years. Since machinists, tool makers, and millwrights are employed in many industries and their skill is considered to be transferable in high degree, the character of their work experience in relation to the volume of unemployment in the major industries in which they work becomes important. This is, therefore, a study of the labor market of an allied 1 F1gures tor mach1n1sts, tool makers are obtained from •Population• {U, s. Dept, Com., Bur. Census, 1933), Vol. IV, table 4, p. 1385, Figures tor total skilled workers by cities are obtained from a socioeconomic grouping or occupations computed rrom the United States Census and supplied by the National Resources Committee. In 1930 the census notes 20,432 machinists, millwrights, and tool makers in Philadelphia. For purposes or comparison, it ls well to remember that in 1920, 30,465 workers were reported in these occupations [fourteenth Census of the United States: 1920, •Population: 1920• (U. S. Dept. Com., Bur. Census, 1923), Vol. IV, D, 1193] and in 1910, 19,771 [TliirteenthCensus of the United States:] 1910, •Population• {U, s. Dept. Com., Bur. Census, 1914), Vol. IV, p. 184. 2 National Industrial Conference Board, If anted: Ski !led Labor (New York: NICB, Study No. 216, June 1935), fifteenth Census of the millwrights, and United States: 1930, 1 Digitized by Google MACHINISTS 2 group of skilled occupations which cross industry lines ina diversified metropolitan area in a period of alleged labor shortage. PLACE OF MACHINISTS IN PHILADELPHIA'S INDUSTRIES Machinists, tool makers, and millwrights 3 find their chief employment in the metal-working industries. The importance of these industries in the Philadelphia industrial area and in the city itself can be judged from the detailed list of industries and the average number of wage earners in each in 1929, as presented in table A-1. 4 The products of the metal industries vary from heavy locomotives and turbines to hooks and eyes and pen points. Work in the selected occupations, however, is not confined to industries producing metal goods. Wherever machinery is found, there must be people to keep it in order. Philadelphia is a city of diversified industries, many of them using delicate and expensive machinery. Consequently, many machinists and millwrights are employed on maintenance work, not only in the city's factories but also in nonmanufacturing establishments. Men who do maintenance work, in the opinion of one official of the Machinists' Union, are among the most highly skilled and all-round men in the trade. They must be prepared to work on a variety of machines and to use their ingenuity at any time. During the period of the World War the metal industries of Philadelphia underwent great expansion. New plants were established and existing ones were enlarged. In still other cases 3 •The machinist's work has to do in the main with giving a special shape, size, or finish to metal machine parts, and with assembling, testing, erecting, and repairing machinery. It Involves a wide range or operations, most or which are performed with machine tools, that Is, machines of various types fitted with tools made or special steels hardened surr1c1ently to cut metals. The shapes and sizes or these cutting tools vary according to the nature or the work to be performed. •Tool and die making, which are subd!vls!ons or the trade, call r0r a high degree or skill and an extensive practical knowledge or the working properties or Iron and steel. The men who do this work must have a general knowledge or the machinist's trade, but In addition they require a considerable amount or special knowledge and skill relating to the designing, shaping, and sharpening or tools. The all-rO'Und machinist must know how to use all the machine tools or the trade, but usually he does not possess the special training and experience required 1n tool making.• Quoted rrom R.R. Lutz, The Neta! Trades (Cleveland, Ohio: The Survey Committee or the Cleveland roundat!on, 1816), p. 14. •The machine tool millwright's duties consist or Installing general machinery or machine tools in any shop, plant, or ractory.• Quoted rrom Neta!-working, building and genera! construction, ..-ai!road transpo..-tation and shipbuilding, "Descriptions or Occupations• (U. s. Dept. Labor, Bur. Labor Statistics, 1 91 8 ) , p. 46. 4 Since 1n some cases machinists living 1n the city work outside the city 11mi ts, 1n such plants as the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Eddystone, r lgures have been presented ror the Philadelphia Industrial area. Digitized by Google INTRODUCTION 3 plants were converted from other uses to the manufacture of munitions and various metal products used in war. This activity so increased the demand for skilled metal workers that in the 1920 Census of Population one and one-half times as many individuals in Philadelphia reported themselves as machinists as had done so in 1910. 5 After the war the demand for machinists declined with the result that the occupation was a surplus one. By 1930 the number of machinists had fallen almost to the 1910 level. This post-war decline in the employment opportunity for machinists has affected the more recent employment experience of this group and is important to bear in mind in the following analysis. The shrinkage in the supply may have gone too far, for, with the first evidence of renewed business activity after the depression of 1929-33, complaints arose 6 of a lack of machinists. The evidence of such a shrinkage has increased, until in the spring of 1937 the Regents' inquiry on education in the State of New York reported that apprentice training was needed to enlarge the supply of skilled craftsmen, particularly machinists. 7 It is an open question whether the employment of skilled workers such as machinists in the metal industries in Philadelphia has increased or declined as a result of recent changes in methods of production. It is said, however, that the kinds of skills needed have changed. An example of such change was brought out in a job analysis of manufacturing plants in another city. There it was found that the proportion of factory operations in which the machine set-ups were complicated had increased from 25 percent to 27 percent between 1931 and 1936. Of these, however, 25 percent, as against 11 percent in 1931, were handled by experienced set-up men. It was specifically mentioned that a number of the operations in which the machine set-up is complicated are found in the metal-working industries. In connection with the use of machinery the author of that study says: "The ever-growing use of automatic machinery has been an important factor in producing the far reaching changes that have taken place in our whole industrial system • • • • • it has greatly increased the proportion 5see footnote 1 !or the number or machinists 1n Philadelphia 1n each census year, 1910-30. 6 NICB. lfanted: Ski lied Labo 7. 7 Apprent lee Tral n Ing Counc 11 or the Regents or the Un 1vers 1ty or the State or New York, Apprenticeship and the leedfor Apprenticeship !raining (Albany: University or the State or New York Press, 1937). Digitized by Google 4 MACHINISTS of workers in the semiskilled classes • • • • • It has also favored the growth of a small group of skilled workmen called 'machine setters.' • • • • To 'set-up' automatic machinery, however, skill on the part of the workman will always be necessary. 118 It is possible that the kind of work demanded of machinists in Philadelphia may have undergone alteration, even though the proportion of machinists to total individuals employed in an industry may have remained the same. The character of the metal industries here is changing. The manufacture of large and heavy goods such as, for instance, locomotives is becoming less important. In addition, some of the manufacturing processes are now perfonned outside the locomotive factory in an electrical-goods plant. Another example of change is found in the manufacture of heavy engineering machinery. Some of the plants in this industry have moved from the city. Al though both these industries were active during the time at which the study was made, they were less important to the life of the city and its surrounding areas than theyhadbeen formerly. The work in industries making heavy products is not so fine or exacting as the work in certain other industries that have grown in relative importance during the decline of these industries. Consequently, workers from the heavr industries, though they are first class in their own line, may not be hired by metal finns doing precision work. Other evidence concerning employment trends in the metal industries of importance in Philadelphia indicates that although employment had begun to rise early i.n 1933, by the end of 1935 it had not risen above 1926 levels. If it is assumed that changing technology has not affected the proportion of machinists needed in these industries, there was an increasing demand for machinists in 1935 and, if current comment was correct, a restricted supply. Withdrawals of machinists from the labor market have not been balanced by access ions. Men withdraw every year because of death, old age, and retirement. In addition, it is claimed that "many skilled machinists have withdrawn from factory work to set up small shops of their own, or to fill the demand for garage and other repair-shop mechanics. • . . . Some found jobs 8 Charles A. Koepke, A Second Job Analysis or Manufacturing Plants in Minnesota (Works Progress Administration, National Research Project in cooperation with Employment Stabilization Research Institute, University or Minnesota, report In preparation). Digitized by Google INTRODUCTION flPA - Nat Iona I Research Project FIGURE 5 (Rine) 1.- MACHINIST MILLING DOWN PART OF A DRIVE SHAFT FOR A LOCOMOTIVE where they could adapt their acquired skill to new tasks. Others went into new types of work or branched out for themselves as farmers, small store keepers, gasoline filling station proprietors and attendants, or delivery salesmen." 9 On the other hand, it is also claimed that the supply of new workers has not been maintained by immigration 0r by apprenticeship and that, in consequence, there was a greater demand for competent mach inists than could be met. 10 According to one trade-association official, the shortage was reflected in the Philadelphia area in an increase in the hourly rate of pay, which was claimed to be 12 percent higher in 1937 than it had been in 1929, and in the fact that certain companies in the city were reviewing their old personnel records and calling back men of ·60 years of age and over. Aunionofficial said that wage rateshadshown little increase as a result of the claimed scarcity. The shortage in the early part of 1937, he thought, was being met by overtime, 9 NICB, Wanted: Skille1 Labor, pp. 3-4. lO•Perhaps now ror the first time the full Impact or lmmlgratlon restrictions Is being felt. At one time thousands or skilled mechanics, particularly from England, Scotland, Germany and Sweden, annually replenished the forces or skilled labor.• (Ibid., p. 4.) Digitized by Google MACHINISTS 6 which, in certain shops, was paid double the usual rate, and by the use of machine operators wherever possible. In such a situation, with demand stable or expanding, but changing in character, a study of the occupational characteristics and employment experience of workers who have had steady employment and of those who have had periods of no work may shed needed light on the incidence of unemployment within an occupation. METHOD OF CONDUCTING THE STUDY The sample consists of 683 skilled metal workers customarily attached to one of four occupations. The persons selected for study were located through the Philadelphia Survey of Fmployment and Unemployment made in May 1936. 11 A visit was made to all households with men whose usual occupation was that of machinist, tool or die maker, millwright, or apprentice to these occupations. An occupational history based on National Research Project Form /120 12 was sought from each of these workers in a personal interview. Work-historydataobtained through interviews with workers are not likely to be statistically correct in all respects. The most important of these are dates of separation from and accession to jobs and dates and amount of part-time and full-time employment. These, however, may be set against known facts concerning employment in the given occupation or industry and are thus, in some measure, subject to check and correction. On the other hand, the vital information that only the individual can give is his own work experience interpreted in the light of his years in the labor market and his own psychology. This information is contained in his testimony on the amount of employment and unemployment he has had and on the number of times he has changed employers or types of work in relation to his age, schooling, and training for work. The misdating of the information by a few months seemed far less important than the internal consistency of the facts. The schedule covered a detailed history of employment and unemployment since January 1926, information concerning the first and the longest jobs, and the social and industrial characteristics of the worker. In addition the field staff made it clear 11 The Ph1ladelphla Survey or Employment and Unemployment covers approximately 9 percent or the city's employable population and 1nMay 1936 included about 45,000 households. 12For copy or schedule see appendix B. Digitized by Google 7 INTRODUCTION that information of all kinds pertaining to the working life of the man interviewed would be welcome, and that, in particular, employment history preceding the year 1926 would add to the adequacy of interpretation of the material. The result of this request was that in four-fifths of the cases complete work histories beginning with the first job ever held were retn med, together with some interesting narratives on early training, experience in finding jobs, and other i terns of importance in labor-market research. After all inadequate schedules had been eliminated, the sample was found to consist of 545 machinists, 96 tool and die makers, 27 millwrights, and 15 apprentices to these occupations, or a total of 683. Apprentices WPre not included unless they were serving their time in May 1936. Machine operators were excluded except where the work histories showed the men to have had the training and apprenticeship of machinists at some time. 13 The entire group of 683 will be referred to throughout the study as machinists, since the work done in every case reg_ui res the basic training that machinists receive, and since most of the men studied had spent a considerable portion of their working life at machinists' work. The group studied either were employed or had la.st been employed by 271 different firms in the Philadelphia industrial area. The general basis for se1ection of the sample was work at the usual occupation in or after January 1926. Fifteen individuals were included who had spent much of their working life at their usual occupation, although since 1926 their employment as skil1Pd metal workers was at occupations ot·her than their usual one. The reasons for their inclusion were long service as machinists and the similarity between their usual occupations and the occupations to which they had shifted. Two men, for example, were machinists before 1926 and then became tool makers but still considered their usual occupation to be that of machinist. On the other hand, two tool -~.1.kers had worked as machinists, but not as tool makers, since 1g26. Five a,fdi.tional men who cli.d 13 Basis !or exclusion was 1ackora1>1>renticeshl1> comblnedwlthlack or time at au-round machinists' work. Since the study is theoretically confined to the 10 years 1926-3.5, it 1s possible that a machinist who had served a 4-year aJ)prenticeshlp, served some years as machinist and spent the last 10 years as SJ)ec1a11st on 1 machine would have been el1m1nated by these er! terla. Actually, however, the large majority or schedules gave complete work histories, thus including suJ)plementary material from which it could be Judged whether or not the work done was that or a machinist. In the case or certain doubtful schedules the 01>1n1on or a s1>eclal1st on occupations 1n the Philadelphia metal trades was sought. Digitized by Google 8 MACHINISTS not work at their usual occupation between 1926 and 1935 reported such work between January and May of 1936. It is believed that the sample selected represents a cross section of machinists, tool makers, and millwrights in the Philadelphia labor market in May 1936. The Philadelphia Survey of Employment and Unemployment sample, from which this group has been selected on the basis of occupation, has been shown to be representative of all occupations in the city. 14 The representativeness of this sample of machinists, tool makers, and millwrights has been tested by data from the United States Census of Population of 1930 and material from a study of applicants at the Philadelphia State Fmployment Office in 1935 and 1936. Comparisons between the sample and census and State Fmployment Office data will be outlined below. It should, however, be kept in mind that while the sample is considered representative of the labor market for machinists in the spring of 1936, it is not necessarily a cross section of the machinists' labor market in years prior to 1936. It excludes all individuals who, though formerly workers at one of the selected occupations, have left the work so long ago that they no longer consider it their usual occupation. It is possible that there are vital differences between workers who stay at a given occupation and those who leave it. Since there is such a possibility, no attempt will be made to infer that the infonnation on the employment status of the individuals in the study in any year prior to 1936 is typical for the occupation in that year, tempting as such a generalization might be. In using figures from the Census of the United States as criteria of representativeness of the sample, allowance must be made for the fact that the word "machinist" is loosely used by members of households giving information to cen~us enumerators. Conseq_uently, census figures may overstate the number of machinists in the labor market at any given time. 15 According to 14 For !urther details concerning the or1g1nal sampling procedure see J. F. Dewhurst and E. A. Tupper, Social and Economic Character of Employment in Phi!adelPhia, APri!, 1929, •Employmentan<lUnemployment Serles• (U.S. Dept. Labor, Bur. Labor Stat1stlcs, Bull. No. 520, June 1930), 16 The bas1s ror this statement 1s a comparison or returns 1n the Ph1la<lelphia Survey or Employment and Unemployment with this study or mach1n1sts. Many 1n<11vi<luals, whose !am111es had reported them as •machinists• 1n the Philadelphia Survey, sa1<1 themselves that they were helpers or sem1sk1lle<l operatives. Any man who has anything to <lo with machinery is likely, 1n the eyes or his fam11Y, to be a machinist. A small number or 1n<11v1duals whose households returned them incorrectly in this way, were also classHie<l as machinists 1n the City f)frectory. Since in!ormat1on 1s given to the City Directory, to the Ph1la<lelph1a Survey, and to the United States Census 1n the same way, 1t seems probable that 1! one source overstates the number or mach1n1sts 1n the city, the others <10 also. Digitized by Google 9 INTRODUCTION the 1930 census figures, which must, however, be regarded in the light of the above qualifications, the sample studied in 1936 is numerically equal to 3. 3 percent of the machinists reported in 1930. The downward trend in this occupation from 1920 to 1930, however, presumably continued after 1930, 16 so that some allowance should be made for a decline in the number of machinists that wouldhavebeen reportedina complete census taken in 1936. When the figures on the nativity of machinists of this sample are compared with the census figures for Philadelphia, the proportions of foreign-born and native-born machinists are found to agree. According to the 193ocensus, 68percent of themachinists in Philadelphia were native-born and 32 percent were foreignborn. 17 In the sample 67 percent are native-born and 33 percent foreign-born. One interesting difference should be noted. Although there is only one Negro in the sample, the census reports 1.7 percent of all Philadelphia machinists as Negroes. 18 This may be accounted for by the previously noted use of the word "machinist." in terms of average age, the sample is also representative of the Philadelphia labor market for machinists. The median age for all ~achinists in Philadelphia, according to the United States Census for 1930, was 39 .2 years. In the sample studied 6 years later the median age was 45.2 years. The occupation, it will be recalled from earlier discussion, has nnt been receiving many accessions in the last 6 years. Consequently, Measured the median age should be higher than in 1930. Since no census material concerning the education of Philadelphia machinists is available, the grade of school attained by machinists in the sample is compared with that attained by machinists and tool makers placed by the Philadelphia State Employment Office in 1935 and 1936. In 1935 half the group of q.46 machinists and tool makers placed by the Philadelphia State Employment Office who reported on education went beyond 8.6 grades of school. In 1936 half the group went beyond 8.8 grades of chinists alone the corresponding figures are educational level for tool makers in the State placements, as in the sample in the present school. For ma8.5 and 8.7. The Employment Office study, was higher 16 see earlter dlscusston or thls point. 11 1930, •Population• (U. S. Dept. fifteenth Census of the United States: Com., Bur. Census, 1933), Vol. IV, p. 1413. 18 Ibid. Digitized by Google 10 MACHINISTS than that for machinists by 0.1 grades in 1935 and 0.2 grades in 19 36. Since the representation of tool makers in the State Fmployment Office data in both years is higher than it is in the present study, it has raised the educational level of those groups. 19 According to the present study the average machinist and tool maker completed 8.~ grades. METHOD OF ANALYSIS In the succeeding sections the data gathered through interviews are analyzed according to age, industrial group of usual employ20 ment, and, for some material, employment status in May 1936. The basis for choosing these three controls is discussed in the following paragraphs. Because of the close relationship between age and many other characteristics, it w,uld be almost meaningless to attempt statements for the group as a whole without taking into account the influence of age. Opportunities for schooling, for instance, have been quite different for young workers as compared with workers ~5 years of age and older. Because of the immigration legislation of the 1920 1 s, nationality cannot be considered apart from age. The most cogent reason for careful analysis in terms of age is the need for all possible light on the relationship of age to present or recent employment opportunities. Conflicting opinion on this important subject increases the need for segregating the influence of age from that of other characteristics. It has seemed important to analyze separately workers attached to certain industries. The study includes some workers who are customarily employed in the manufacture of metal products and others who usually work in other industries. The experience of the latter group, since the work they do is chiefly of a maintenance character, differs from the experience of individuals doing production work in the manufacture of metal products. Further- 19 Da ta secured rrom special tabula t1ons or Phlladel phi a State Employment orrtce records wh1ch will be described 1n a later report 1n this series or •Ph1ladelph1a Labor Market Studies.• 20 unless otherwise spectried, these data are the basts or all text and appendix tables in this report. Digitized by Google 11 INTRODUCTION more, not all industries were, in the spring of 1936, at the same stage of development or recovery. 21 One objective of the study is to analyze any differences between workers employed on a given date and those without work. For that reason the third point of analysis covered employment status in May 1936, the month in which the Philadelphia Survey of Fmployment and Unemployment was made. The reason for the choice of this date is twofold. In the first place it represents a period when recovery in the metal industries in Philadelphia was well along, a date therefore when certain differences might be expected between those who had been reabsorbed in the course of recovery and those who had not. The second reason for the choice of the date is that it is the time at which the sample is considered completely representative of the labor market for machinists (see page 8). At that time 12.4 percent of the machi.nists were unemployed. Of the employed workers, 82.4 percent reportPd that they wpre working at their usual occupation. A preliminary analysis was made to determine the differPnce in characteristics and experience between the group of individuals working at some occupation other than their usual one in May 1936, those employed at their usual occupation, and the unemployed. Since there did not seem to be any consistent or well-marked difference between the first two groups mentioned, though there was a distinct difference between the employed and the unemployed, the anil.lysis according to employment status was limited to two categorie::=- only: employed and unempl0yed. 21 on the basts or an adaDtat1on or Bullet1n #4, Industry C:0de (Works Progress Adm1n1strat1on, Nat1onal Research Project 1n cooperation wlth Industr1al Research Department or the Untverslty or Penns:nvanla, mlmeo., Apr. 1936), the Industries to which Individuals considered themselves customar11; attached were class!ried 1n 5 1ndustr1al groups. In general, the !'rOUD1ng followed the grouping in the Industry Code, wlth separate classlf1catlons ror manuracturtng or metal Droducts; ror manuracturing or machinery, machtne tools, and electr1cal goods; ror manuracturtng or transportation equtpment; ror government agencies and public utlllt1es, together; and ror a residual group inc1u<1ing all other 1ndustries. Included ln the metal-products group are the m;i.nuracture or musical instruments, wh1ch Is classified as a seDarate manuf;i.cturlng group 1n the Industry Code, and the manufacture or profess! onal and scientific Instruments, whlch ls included !n other manufacturing Industries ln the code; these 2 changes arrected only 3 1ndlvtctuals. Digitized by Google SECTION II OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MEN STUDIED ABE The machinists in the study are a middle-aged and older group. From table A-2 and figure 2 the concentration of workers in the two age groups, 30 to '+'+ and i+S to 5 9, can be seen. The average age for the whole group is q.5.2 years. 1 So high an average is unusual except for highly skilled occupations. The average age for all men included in the Philadelphia Survey of Employment and Unemployment of 1936, for example, was 37.5 years. 2 Ftgur ■ 2,w AGE DISTRIBUTION OF MACHINISTS AND OF ALL EMPLOYABLE MEN IN PHILADELPHIA, MAY 1936 . . . MACHINISTS 10 PERCENT 20 70 . IOO ALL EMPLOYABLE MEN 10 ao 30 . •• •• E2Zl 45-50 ~30-44 70 . . 100 LJ 60 ANO OVER H.W.D on tab It A-2 and Rece.nt Trends in E111ploy111ent and Une111ploy111ent in Philadelphia, p. 55 Based Industrial Research Department University of Pennsylvanla and wPA - Nat Iona I Research Project P-20 NATIVITY An examination of the nativity and length of residence in this city shows the machinists in the sample to be predominantly native1w1th th1s age composition lt ls to be expected that a large proportion or the sample would report that they are married. 572 out or the 679 reporting on the question were married. or the single men, two-fifths are 1n the age group under 30 years or age. 2 Gladys L. Palmer, Recent Trends inE111ploy11ent and Une111ploy111ent inPhiiadelphia (Works Progress Adm1n1strat1on, National Research Project 1n cooperation with Industrial Research Department, Unlverslty or Pennsylvania, Report No. P-1, Dec. 1937). 12 Digitized by Google OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 13 born white workers with relatively long residence in Philadelphia. 3 Approximately one-third of the men reporting were born abroad; two-thirds are native whites. If nativity and age are considered, it is found that almost three-eighths of the workers q.5 years of age and over were born abroad (table A-3), Foreign-born machinists have lived in Philadelphia a long time, half of them for more than 20 years (table A-q.). It follows, as a result of our immigration laws, that a certain proportion of any group of foreign-born workers would necessarily have lived in this country for some time preceding a study made in 1936. The fact of long residence in this particular city, however, is probably partly a matter of family connections and friendships and partly a matter of Philadelphia's reputation as a center of metal-working industries. Many machinists who came directly to the city from the boat had jobs before they landed and others had friends in one plant or another. Men who drifted from city to city are the exception. Among the machinists who came from abroad, the chief countries of birth are Germany, Great Britain, and Austria-Hungary. Over four-fifths of the native-born machinists have lived in Philadelphia for more than 20 years and many of them since birth. SCHOOLING The individuals in the study are, on the whole, graduates of elementary school 4 (table A-5). Half the men went beyond 8.q. grades of school. The grade finished in school, as might be expected because of the recent increase of educational facilities and stricter laws controlling school attendance, varies inversely with age. For the small group of machinists under 30 years of age included in the study, half went beyond the eighth grade, whereas less than one-quarter of those between 30 and q.q. years of age and less than one-fifth of those q.5 years of age and over did so. It is not the higher educational level of this young group, however, that has pulled the general level of machinists' education up to eighth grade, When the two middle age groups are compared, the median grade of leaving school proves to be 8.q. for 3 nata !or the 1 Negro worker have not been tabulated separately. He was born in south Carolina and worked there until 1929 when he came to Philadelphia, where he has secured only unskilled work. He is now 47 years or age. 4 It is possible, or course, that some or the emphasis on eighth grade comes because it ls easier to generallze than to remember exactly. Amount or schooling ls likely to be overeruphasized. Digitized by Google 14 MACHINISTS machinists from 30 to 44 years of age and 8.3 for machinists from 45 to 59 years of age, ENTRANCE INTO THE LABOR MARKET Almost one-half of the individuals in the study reported that they began paid work at the age of 14 or 15, A little over onethird started to work at a later age (table A-6), The proportion of young men under 30 who began work at 16 years of age or over was larger than that of any other age group, 5 Comments of machinists made in connection with the age at which they began work reveal a variety of attitudes, Although many a young man of 13 or 14 took any kind of job to help his family, there were individuals who told interviewers that, despite the desire of their families to keep them in school, they themselves "wanted to get to work because all the other kids had jobs," For the most part the machinists in the study got jobs the same year in which they left school. The great majority of the group entered the labor market some time ago ( table A~7 J. Only 41 men have entered in or after 1926, the beginning of the 10-year period for which intensive analysis of employment and unemployment experience is presented in later sections. 6 The span of years during 1935. ployed worker which entry took place is great, extending from 1872 to The individual who began work in 1872 was among the unemin May 1936, He lost his last job as a skilled metal in 1932, when the firm by which he was employed closed down. Beginning with 1877, some individuals entered the labor market in every year except 1930 and 1931. The worker who entered in 1877 was engaged at his trade in May 1936, The 4-year period 1904 through 1907 was the period during which a larger number of machinists entered the labor market than in any other4-year interval. This might have been anticipated from the age distribution within the sample, When the two largest age groups are considered separately, the period 1912 to 1915 is the time during which the largest group of machinists between the ages of 30 and 44 ( in May 1936 J entered the labor market. Large numbers of men between the ages of 45and59 (in May 1936) entered the labor market during the 6-year period from 1898 to 1903, 5 For dertnition or age at beginning work see appendix B, 6 All but 2 or these 41 men are under 30 years or age. Digitized by Google OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 15 Thus for machinists the all-time peak of entrance into the labor market was not the war period 1916 to 1919. It seems that the urgent demand for machinists at this time was met by transfers from other occupations, rather than by new entrants. This seems particularly likely in view of the large proportion of machinists who reported that they had done other work before they entered the trade. THE FIRST JOB Among the men in the sample it is certainly true that entrance into the labor market took place in no very well-calculated way. Jobs were picked up in a most informal manner. Somebody I s friend knew of somebody's friend who knew of an opening. In a few cases the father of the family had a sufficiently well-established position to bring his young son in to work with him. This was exceptional rather than general. The first jobs reported include a wide range of occupations within each occupational group listed in table 1. Tabl ■ 1.- OCCUPATIONAL GROUP OF FIRST JOB OF MACHINISTS Occupational group Number Percent 676 100.0 456 67.4 4 o.6 80 51 321 11.8 7.5 47.5 234 17 70 34.6 2.5 10.4 56 113 39 2 8.3 16.7 5.8 0.3 10 1.5 Total a Skilled and semiskilled occupations in manufacturing and mechanical industries Building and construction Metal products, machinery, and electricalgoods manufacturing Textile and clothing manufacturing Other Apprentice to: Usual occupation Other occupations All other Unskilled labor Clerical work Transportation and trade pursuits Domestic and personal service Executive, professional, and semiprofessional occupations aExcludes 7 men who dld not report occupatlon or flrst Job. Digitized by Google MACHINISTS 16 Over one-third of the workers, however, did start learning their trade through an apprenticeship as soon as they entered the labor market. In some cases the young worker himself wanted to learn the trade; in others, the father of the family thought the trade a good one, In addition to the 34.6 percent of the men whose first work was an apprentice job in their usual occupation, many served WP A - Nat i o n a I Res~ a r c h Pr o j e c t ( h' i ne) FIG URE 3,- TURRET-LATHE OPERATOR SETTING MA CHINE their time -later. A variety of r e asons account s for delay in the case of individuals who eventuall y s erv ed a n apprenticeship. In some cas es a definite effort had be en made t o keep th e s on of the family away from the workb e nch. Doubtl ess , som e of these efforts were successful. Of these we have no rec o rd, but in the course of the s tudy s ev e ral machinist s told of a vari e ty of jobs held in youth before th e y were "their own men" becau se their _families had no sympathy with their interest in machin e work. In still other cases, boys were sent to work far too yo ung to become apprentices. One worker came here from Germany, knowin g no English, when only 11 years old. He was allowed to go to school until his twelfth birthday, a nd then was s ent to work because "a boy 12 was old en o ugh and had book-learning enough to earn his way." He was taken on as fireboy. It was not until 19 years later that he had acg_uired sufficient education in night courses to fulfill the simple educational prereg_uisites of an apprenticeship. But th e n he "atethework up" and, when he finished his apprenticeship, was kept on at the same shop. Digitized by Although Google OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 17 an apprenticeship served at the age of 31 was unusual in the study, many respondents told stories similar to the first part of the one cited above, The others, however, managed to enter the trade of their choice some years sooner and many of them as soon as they were old enough to do the work. APPRENTICESHIP On the whole, individuals in the sample show a high degree of training for the trade. The following paragraphs describe the character of training received by 562 individuals in the study, 7 Over three-quarters of the machinists for whom complete work histories are available reported some apprent iceship 8 ( table A-8 l. One-fifth of those who served an apprenticeship learned the trade in Europe; the others, in the United States. Four years is generally accepted as the length of apprenticeship in the machinists 1 trade. Of those reporting on apprenticeship, over half served for at least this length of time, and some for longer periods. Apprenticeships of over ll- years are generally accounted for, according to men reporting them, by an extra year to learn tool making or particularly complicated machine work or by inability to find a job at the end of ll- years. Factors tending to curtail apprenticeship seem to be the amount of knowledge acquired beforehand through school courses, through the aid of. friends or relatives at home, or through odd jobs around machinery in factories. One man reported only 3 years of formal apprenticeship, but said in addition, "There was a lathe, a drill press, and a shaper in the cellar at home, and as soon aswewere big enough to reach the handle on the presswestarted learning the trade." Shortened apprenticeship is also made possible by the feeling of knowing the trade, combined with the ability to impress possible employers with that fact. Any unusually heavy demand for an increased supply of workers, such as the war 7Th1s is primarily a study or the last 10 years; in 575 cases, however, a record from first job to the date or interview was made, The closing date or apprenticeship ror 13 men who were still serving their time in May 1936 was not known. This discussion is based, therefore, on 562 cases. These constitute 82,3 percent of the whole sample. Each lndustrial group is represented in this group 1n approximately the same degree as in the entire study, 8 The method of selecting the sample may have created a bias in favor of apprenticeship, The specialists on machine tools, mentioned in the "Introduction,• were included partly because they had served apprenticeships. A large number or such specialists were excluded because, in default or any knowledge of their training, there was no evidence that they were machinists rather than JDachine-tool operators. Digitized by Google 18 MACHINISTS creilted after 1914, makes this easier. This is reflected in the fact that a smaller proportion of machinists beginning apprenticeship in the years from 1912 through 1915 reported learning periods of 4 years or more than did those in the sample as a whole. Satisfactory adjustment does not always result, however, from this feeling of confidence. After about 2 years of apprenticeship one man, for example, decided he knew enough to earn more money. He found a job, but said, "I only got by with it because it was rough work." On the other hand, another machinist's apprenticeship was interrupted, when half completed, by the death of his father. He needed, then, a man's wages. The war was on and factories did not inquire very diligently into a man's experience. He "got his job and made the grade." After the war he was laid off and filled in with miscellaneous jobs for a while, but since 1923 he has worked as a machinist. Although he had had 3 years of unemployment during the depression, he had been reabsorbed into employment as a machinist by May 1936. One-quarter of the men reporting complete histories entered the trade with no formal apprenticeship at all. For the most part they picked up knowledge of the work at home. Typical of this situation is the family of one man who has a small tool and die shop and has taught the work to his three sons. Another man opened a jobbing machine shop very early in life. Although he gave it up shortly after the war, he seems to have learned his trade quite thoroughly without an apprenticeship, for upon closing his shop he immediately got a job as a tool maker. About one-fifth of the men in the two younger age groups lack formal training; a slightly larger proportion of the men from 45 to 59 years of age and about one-third of the individuals 60 years of age and over seem to have entered the trade without formal learning periods (table A-8). This sequence may seem strange if one considers the general impression that recently "apprenticeship has been dying out." It must, however, be considered in the light of two other possibilities. Since the war the demand for machinists has been decreasing, and with a lessened demand it seems reasonable to anticipate that only those with the best preliminary training would be taken on. Further, in line with general cultural trends in America, the cellar workbench, a first-rate training device, may well have been more common in the homes of older men than of younger ones. Digitized by Google OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 19 The question of the relationship of apprenticeship to later employment experience is of such general interest that it seems important to point out the findings even though they are negative. If one examines the character of training according to the total amount of unemployment in the 10-year period for all 562 individuals ( table A-9), 1 i tt le re lat ion can be found between apprenticeship and the amount of unemployment experienced. While half the machinists serving 4-ye;i.r apprenticeships reported that they had experienced no unemployment lasting 1 month or more, half of those serving no apprenticeship at all also reported experiencing no unemployment, When the average amount of unemployment is calculated according to the length of apprenticeship for those reporting unemployment, it is found that individuals without an apprenticeship report more unemployment than those with an apprenticeship. It is important to note, however, that enough of the men with no apprenticeship reported full employment during the 10 years to make the average time lost through unemployment less for those without an apprenticeship than for those with an apprenticeship. It would seem from this analysis that other factors are more important than length of apprenticeship in determining amount of unemployment. Character of training varies somewhat among the industrial groups in which the individuals h;i.ve been c1assified, This may be, pnmarily, thP result of the nature of the work involved in different industries. The proportion of individuals in the total sample customarily attached to miscellirneous manufacturing and other industries is exactly reflected in the proportion without an apprenticeship (table A-10), On theotherhand, the proportions attached to the manufacture of transportation equipment and to the production of metal goods are overrepresented among those without an apprenticeship, whereas a lower proportion of workers usually employed in the manufacture of machinery and a negligible proportion of workers attached to government agencies and to public utilities, compared with their proportions in the total sample, report no apprenticeship. In government jobs, positions are for the most part filled by open competitive examinations and one of the prerequisites of admission to the examinations is completion of an apprenticeship or its equivalent. Two-fifths of the workers reporting served their time in what they now consider their usual industry, 9 Certainly in the past 9 Four hundred and twenty-six individuals reported industry or apprenticeship, 7 men reported apprenticeship, but railed to mention industry. or these, 174 served apprenticeship in the usual industry. Digitized by Google MACHINISTS 20 a machinist's skill has generally been considered readily transferable from industry to industry, and more than occasionally men told in the interviews of shifting from one industry to another to acquire new knowledge, One former machinist described vividly how, in the old days, if the boss was really interested, he would tell you the industries that would make you an all-round man. This same machinist said it was far more usual nowadays to continue not only in the industry of apprenticeship, but even in the shop where the trade was learned. INDUSTRIAL GROUP OF CUSTOMARY ATTACHMENT Although a great many different industries are represented in the sample, the workers are concentrated in those metal industries which employ large numbers in Philadelphia. Table A-11 lists the industries of the individuals in some detail and indicates in which of the five industrial groups the workers have been classified. For the most part future discussion of industries will be in terms of industrial groups, rather than of specific industries. Figure ~ shows the proportion of individuals in the study found in each industrial gioup. Figura 4.- INDUSTRIAL GROUP OF USUAL EMPLOYMENT AND OF PRESENT OR LAST JOB USUAL EMPLOYMENT PERCENT 0 10 t-- --~-----I- 20 - 30 ------+- - -1------- PRESENT OR LAST 10 20 30 - MACHIN[AY,MACHIN[ TOOU ~ TRANSPORTATION B a s e d on ta b I e s A -11 + 40 ----1 - - AND [LCCTAICAL GOODS £QUl,.M[NT § eo M +- ----·I---- 10 100 00 00 ~+ JOB -+- - ,___------------+--~+-- 0 40 ---+ ---½ ~ 00 --- ♦~ ---------------- 00 -+------< ~ 00 ~ METAL PAOOUCT!I INCLUOINC PROl"C!ISIONAL INSTRUMENTS ~ GOVE.ANMCNT AGCNC•ts ANO MISCELLANEOUS MANUf"ACTUAING AND PUeLIC UTILITIES OTiiC" INOUSTJUCS M.W.D. 1 n d A-1 J lndustrlal Research Department Unlverslty of Pennsylvania and WPA - Nat Iona I Research Project P-21 The largest single group of workers in the sample consists of those who have been usually engaged in the manufacture of machinery. Included in this group of industries are the production of Digitized by Google OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 21 electrical machinery and apparatus, other machinery, all jobbing shops, and radio manufacture. The findings of the study in this respect are in line with data on the employment of machinists in the city as a whole. The manufacture of machinery and machineshop products normally employs the largest proportion of wage earners in the metal industries of the city. 10 . Almost one-quarter of the workers are found to be normally engaged in the manufacture of transportation equipment, Among the industries included are the manufacture of locomotives, railroad repair shops, and the manufacture of motor vehicles and parts. The usual industrial groupofalmost one-seventh ofthemachinists is the production of some other metal product. These workers are scattered in steel works, blast furnaces, and factories producing small ironware, tin cans and other tin goods, aluminum and brass products, and professional instruments. Approximately four-fifths of the individuals in the study are attached to industries producing metal goods of one kind or another, and one-fifth are found in other industries. One-third of the latter, or 7.2percent of the total sample, worked forpublic utilities and government agencies. Many of these are employed _at thePhiladelphiaNavyYard 11 to repair ships. A smaller number are normally employed at the Frankford Arsenal, where some of them are engaged in the manufacture of munitions. Of the total group, the majority not engaged in the manufacture of metal products of one kind or another are, presumably, maintenance machinists, In addition to the work they do for government agencies and public utilities, they are attached to plants processing and packaging foods, textile mills of several kinds, furniture factories, tobacco plants, and chemical firms, There are some differences with respect to age among the workers customarily attached to each industrial group (table A-12), The median age of transportation-equipment workers is higher than the average age of the sample; the median age for metal-products workers is lower. When the industrial group of last job is compared with the usual industrial group (table A-13, figure 4), the proportion 10 see table A-1. 11 Tbe Ph1ladelph1a Navy Yard 1s known orr1c1a11y as the Navy Yard or the Fourth Naval D1str1ctoras the u. s. Navy Yard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and ls known locally as League Island Navy Yard. Digitized by Google 22 MACHINISTS of workers in the production of machinery, transportation equipment, and metal products is found to have declined. The shift has been_ to the service in.dustries, to government agencies and public utilities, and to a slight degree to miscellaneous manufacturing. Data concerning the industrial group of last job will be analyzed further in a later section of this report. LDNBEST JOB AND USUAL OCCUPATION Regardless of the industries in which they haveworked, individuals in the study reported relatively long periods of employment on jobs. This is characteristic of a highly skilled occupation such as machinist, tool maker, and millwright. Among the individuals reporting, the average length of service on the longest job is slightly over 10 years. 12 Length of service is necessarily related to time in the labor market, When the youngest group in the sample is omitted from consideration (since many members of it have not been working long enough to hold a 10-year job) the proportion of individuals 30 years and over who held their longest jobs for 10 years or more is 55.5 percent, and jobs lasting 25 years or more are not rare (table A-14), Almost 9 percent of the individuals in the sample held jobs of this length. Thirty-four percen-t of the group whose longest job lasted 25 years or longer reported that their usual industrial group is the production of transportation equipment, whereas only 23 percent of the total sample reported that they are customarily attached_ to these industries. Two machinists reported working ever since the early nineties for one firm -making railroad equipment. Both were laid off "when work got slack" in 1931 and one of them reported part-time work before that time. One of these men, still out of work in May 1936, was called back to the company during the summer of 1936, after 54 months of unemployment. The other, after 51 months of lay-off during which he sold scrap iron on a commission basis, was called back to the plant where he had spent most of his working life. Shortly before that, however, he had finally found a job as a maintenance machinist in a candy factory and had de12 rn thls study a job was derlned as contlnuous servlce at 1 occupational assignment wlth 1 employer for 1 month or longer. The longest job was deflned as the longest job beglnnlng before 1926 for lndlvlduals In the labor market before that time. Digitized by Google OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 23 cided to stick by it, fearing the locomotive work would be too strenuous for his 67 years. 13 For two-thirds of the sample the longest jobs were at the usual occupation. When the occupation of longest job differs from the usual occupation, it is one of a wide variety of occupations {table A-15). The proportion of machinists whose longest job was at their usual occupation was higher than that of tool makers, 72 percent compared with 56 percent. That was to be expected because the work of tool maker is more skilled than that of machinist and many workers become tool makers only after long experience at other occupations. Almost one-half the workers for whom the occupation of the longest job differed from the usual occupation reported an apprenticeship as the occupation of the longest job. Thesewere, for themost part, youngermen. 14 Other occupations ranged from unskilled (a negligible proportion l to supervisory work. Twenty-six tool makers reported an apprenticeship as the occupation of their longest ,iob. Ten of these stayedonat the plant after their time was done; another man was laid off by the company of his apprenticeship, but was shortly recalled as a full-fledged tool maker, Many of the machinists whose longest job was an apprenticeship continued working at the same plant when their service was finished, Individuals whose longest joh was in the metal trades at work less skilled than their usual occupation do not have a comparable record of promotion at the same plant. They seem to have found it necessary to move on before becoming full-fledged workers at their chosen occupation. For instance, 10 tool makers who had held their longest job as machinist immediately afterwards promoted themselves to tool maker, but in no case at the same plant where they had worked as machinist. Many of the longest jobs were closely related to the usual occupation and others were very far afield, One machinist, for example, had worked on a farm for 26 years and did not leave until the farm failed to yield a living for his family. Another 13The dertni tion or the longest job sometimes underestimates length or employment. 1 worker reported a Job or only 34,5 years as a tool maker in a display stand. Actually, however, he had workecl at the plant ror 10 years Previously, then had worked elsewhere ror 7 months, and hacl returned to his old plant at the end or that time. The 10-year period was, or course, not included in the longest Job, which would have been 44.5 years it it had. 14 or the 105 men reporting an apprenticeship as the occupation or the longest Job, 93 were under 45 years or age and 39 were under 30 years or age. Digitized by Google MACHINISTS 24 also had had his longest job in agriculture. He had been a farm hand in Austria-Hungary for 27 years and had left to come to the United States, where he picked up the trade and advanced to his status of tool maker by slow degrees. A third man had had his longest job in the British Navy. He, however, did learn his trade in the course of that employment. Since the longest job was so frequently at the usual occupation and since this job lasted a long time it follows that much of the working life of individuals in this study was spent at their usual occupation. The median number of years employed at the usual occupation 16 for all individuals in the study is 22.5 (table A-16) or approximately three-fourths of the average number of years in the labor market. The number of years employed at the usual occupation increases with age. Tab! ■ 2.- NUMBER OF YEARS IN THE LABOR MARKET Number of machinists Number of years and monthsa Total b 675 4 years 5 months 11 9 years 5 months 9 years 6 months - 14 years 5 months 14 years 6 months - 19 years 5 months 18 37 60 24 years 5 months 29 years 5 months 6 months - 34 years 5 months 6 months and over 104 101 106 238 6 months 4 years 6 months - 19 years 24 years 29 years 34 years 6 months - 6 months - 29,8 Median number of years alncludes time not seeking work after entrance into the labor market. bExcludes e men who did not report date or entering the labor market. When the number of years employed at the usual occupation is compared for workers normally attached to different industrial groups, the most noticeable difference is for workers in the industries producing metal products (table A-17), They have a lower average number of years at the usual occupation than have other industrial groups. It should be noted that the low 16 The number or years employed at the usual occupation is the respondent•s estimate and includes time employed as a paid apprentice, as an operator or special machine tools, as a tool maker, die setter, or instrument maker, as a millwright, or as a supervisor or men employed at any or these machinists' trades. Digitized by Google OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 25 average is not explained by the fact that these industries have younger workers, because when identical age groups are compared it is found that the average is low.er for each of the two age groups in which the majority of the workers are concentrated, i. e., from 30 to 44 and from 45 to 59. EMPLOYMENT STATUS IN MAY 1936 In May 1936 all but 12.4 percent of the machinists studied were employed. Eighty-two percent of the employed, or 72 percent of the total, were working at their usual occupation. Many of the jobs held by those employed at other occupations were at work so similar to their usual occupation that the men unhesitatingly included these jobs in their estimates of the number of years they had spent at their usual occupation. For example, a machinist who has served an apprenticeship, has done all-round machinist work, and then has been assigned to special work on an engine lathe or automatic screw machine, where he not only does the work but also sets up the machine, does not consider this a change of occupation. A foreman of machinists may or may not consider becoming foreman a change of occupation, depending on whetherornot he continues todo some machinists' work. In this study, however, such changes have been classified as changes in occupation, 16 thus increasing the number of occupational shifts. Table A-18 lists the occupation of the last job of all individuals working at some occupation other than their usual one in May 1936. More of this group changed their occupation in 1932 and 1933 than in any other years in the 10-year period, 1926-35 (table A-28). Aswaspointedoutabove, however, thejobobtained after the loss of the last one at the usual occupation was sometimes closely related to the usual occupation. It was found in some preliminary comparisons of this group of 105 workers, whose last job was not at their usual occupation, with the total sample that there was not enough difference between the two groups to warrant separate analysis of the 105 men. The 85 men, i. e., 12.4 percent of the sample, who were not employed in May 1936, were, for the most part, seeking work. Only 12 of the 85 were temporarily out of the labor market. 17 16The code used was an adaptation or Bulletin 13, Occupation Code, works Progress Administration, National Research Project in cooperation with Industrial Research Department or the University or Pennsylvania (mimeo., April 1936), 17For data on real>sorptlon see discussion or •Reemployment l>y May 1937 or Workers Unemployed in May 1936" in section III. Digitized by Google 26 MACHINISTS Because their withdrawal was only temporary, they have been included in the study and classified as unemployed workers. The proportions of workers at each employment status vary from one age group to another. Almost all of the youngest group, 16 to 29 years of age, are employed. The employed workers are present in greater proportion in the two 5-year age groups, 30 to 34 and 35 to 39, than in the next, 40 to 44, in which the unemployed are more than proportionately present. In the age groups 45 to so and 60 years of age and over, there are also higher relative proportions of unemployed machinists (table A-2). Two-fifths of the unemployed workers were foreign-born. This proportion is higher than that for the sample as a whole (33.0 percent). A larger proportion of the unemployed than of the employed, among both foreign-born and native-born workers, had lived in the city over 20 years. When the median school grade completed by the unemployed group is compared with that of the total group, the difference is only 0.2 grades, There is no difference in the length of service on the longest job between those who were employed and those who were unemployed in May 1936, Within each age group, however, there are differences in the number of years spent at the usual occupation. Men found in the group of unemployed report fewer years at the usual occupation. There are some differences among the workers customarily attached to each industrial group with respect to employment status in May 1936. Of the two most important industrial groups,workers normally engaged in the manufacture of transportation equipment, while of less importance in the sample as a whole than workers engaged in the production of machinery, included 37.6 percent of the individuals unemployed on May 1, 1936. The group of government-agencies and pub lic-u t ili ties workers included 7 .2 percent of the total sample, but only 1 .2 percent of the unemployed. Individuals making metal products and scientific instruments werealso represented among the unemployed of May 1936 in·smaller proportions than in the total sample (table A-12). SUMMARY The sample includes men from 18 to 76 years of age, with a great concentration between the ages of 30 and 59, The median Digitized by Google OCCUPATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS age for the whole sample is 45.2 years. unemployed in May 1936 is 47.6 years. 27 The median age for those Two-thirds of the individuals in the study were born in this country. One-third were born abroad, for the most part in Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Great Britain. The foreign-born are underrepresented among the youngest men and overrepresented among men of 60 years of age and over. They are also overrepresented among the unemployed of May 1936. Both foreign-born and native-born workers reported long residence in Philadelphia. The workers studied are, on the whole, elementary-school graduates. Half of the men under 30 years of age completed 9 .1 grades of school, compared with 8.4 grades in the whole sample. Over three-fifths (63 percent) of the individuals in the study reported that they began work before the age of 16. An early start was less typical of men under 30 years of age and of the unemployed than of the whole sample. The first job for two-thirds of the workers included many different kinds of semiskilled manufacturing and the less-skilled grades of clerical work. The remaining one-third reported an apprenticeship at the usual occupation as their first job, More detailed information concerning apprenticeship is at hand for 562 individuals from whom complete schedules were obtained. A little over three-quarters of these men reported apprenticeships of varying length, with half of them serving at least 4 years. Four-fifths of the individuals in the sample consider themselvec; attached to one of the city's many metal industries, with the largest number customarily employed in the production of machinery, machine tools, and electrical equipment. Seven percent of the workers are attached to government agencies and public utilities and the remainder to miscellaneous manufacturing and other industries. Slightly more than half the men working in industries manufacturing transportation equipment, in government agencies and public utilities, and in miscellaneous manufacturing and other industries are 45 years of age and over. The industrie::; manufacturing transportation equipment also account for a morethan-proportionate share of the unemployed of May 1936. Two-thirds of the individuals in the sample held their longest job at their usual occupation, An apprenticeship was the occupation most frequently reported by those whose longest job was not at their usual occupation. These longest jobs were very Digitized by Google 28 MACHINISTS long indeed, with the median length falling at 10 years, The time employed at the usual occupation was also considerable; it averaged 22,5 years. When the sample was selected in May 1936, 88 percent of the machinists, tool makers, and millwrights were employed and 12 percent were unemployed, The backgrounds of these two groups differ to a marked extent, Digitized by Google SECTION I I I UNEMPLOYMENT, 1926-35 When the Philadelphia Survey of Employment and Unemployment was made in May 1936, machinists who were unemployed ranged from the short-time unemployed (a minori tyl to those who had lost their last jobs as machinists in the late twenties or early thirties. Among the 85 unemployed machinists, 12.q. percent of the total, was a man, aged 52, who was customarily attached to machine work in a railroad repair shop. He reported no unemployment periods lasting 1 month or more during his entire working life until the middle of 1929. At that time he was laid off and ever since has been without any job lasting 1 month or more. Another machinist, aged 60, worked with one concern manufacturing textile machinery from1901 to 1933, when the firm went out of business. He reports that he has made every effort to get employment since that date, but fears that his age is against him. In addition to the group of 85 who were unemployed in May 1936, many men working at that time reported unemployment of 1 month or more at some time du ring the 10-year period, January 1926December 1935. For example, after 2 years of apprenticeship, one man left to make better wages. He shortly returned to the plant of his apprenticeship as a machinist and stayed there for over 20 years until the concern closed, when he found himself unable to obtain a job. After a little over a year without work, he found employment with another firm making the same product. At the time of the interview he was still working there. In this sect ion the incidence of unemployment on various groups within the sample is shown according to several different measures. EMPLOYMENT IXPIRIINCI DP INDUSTRIAL BRDUPS Figure 5 and tables A-19 to A-22 show the employment status of every machinist in the sample during every month of the years 1926 through 1935. These data are shown for all machinists according to the industrial group to which they considered themselves customarily attached. 1 In these charts employment is divided 29 Digitized by Google Figure 5.- EMPLOYMENT STATUS, By Usua l JANUARY 1926-DECEMBER 1935 I n d u strial Group METAL PRODUCTS INCLUDING PROFESSIONAL INSTRUMENTS - [ ~YCD AT V SU•L OCCUPAT IO N I N U SUA L INDU.! TA Y CW\.D'rU AT USu.\L OCCU PAT ION IN OTHER INOU.!TAY B1se d on ta bl es A.1 9 to ~- 22 - [ IIIIP LO YC O AT O TH CR OCCU P A T ION UHUIIIPi,.OY(.0 l n du str J al Rese ar c h Dep ar t me n t Un ive r sity o f WPA - Ha t iona l - Pe n n syl v a n l 1. and Rese ar ch P roj ec t P- 22 Digitized by Google 31 UNEMPLOYMENT into work at the usual occupation in the usual and other industries and work at other occupations. The amount of shifting by Philadelphia machinists from occupation to occupation and industry to industry, as represented in the sample, will be discussed at greater length in section IV. Here it should be mentioned that a change in occupation is usually accompanied by a change in industry; therefore, sections B and C on each chart show, for the most part, work in an industry other than the usual, and section A shows work in the usual industry. Periods of unemployment and of time not seeking work are shown separately. Parttime employment has been included as employment on these charts. The average worker spent about one-tenth of his employed time in part-time work. The period of deepest depression and the greatest volume of unemployment in all four industrial groups alike was at the end of 193.2 and the beginning of 1933. By the end of 1935, employment had almost reached the 19.26 levels in the smaller industry groups but was below 1926 in the machinery and transportation-equipment groups. Of these two, transportation-equipment manufacturing had recovered less by 1935 than had machinery manufacturing. Unemployment was more serious, in terms of the proportions of unemployed toemployed, in industries manufacturing transportation equipment throughout the 10-year period (figure 6). In figure 6 is summarized in terms of man-months, for the sample as a whole and for the industrial groups separately, the distribution of employment and unemployment during the 10-year Had every individual been fully emperiod shown in f i gure 5. studied, th e re would have been 81, 1.20 period the ployed throughout man-months of employment reported. 2 Th e employment reported by the group was 86 . .2 percent of the possible maximum, if part-time work is considered employment (table A-24). 1 In all previous discussions in this study and in most or the ruture discussions, 5 groups are considered. In figures 5 and 7, however, 2 or the 5 groups, miscellaneous manufacturing and other industrie s and government agencies and public ut111ties, have been combined to rorm a grou~ composed, predominantly, or maintenance machinists. Ir separate charts were presented ror each or these 2 groups they would be similar. The other 3 groups are composed, primarily, or production machinists. 2 Alth0ugh there are 683 machinists 1n the sample , most or the unemployment calculations are based on 681, since 2 schedules !al led to give enough inThese 2 individuals have been formation to permit complete tabulation. eliminated from all discussion in thls section. Digitized by Google MACHINISTS 32 Figura 6.- PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF MAN-MONTHS OF SPECIFIED TYPES OF EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE, 1926-35 By U ■ ual Indu ■ trial Group MACHINERY.MACHINE TOOLS.AND ELECTRICAL GOODS TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT METAL PRODUCTS INCLUDING PROFESSIONAL INSTRUMENTS GOVERNMENT AGENCIES AND PUBLIC UTILITIES MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING AND OTHER INDUSTRIES 10 ; 20 -+- - - ·-+- -·- •o 30 - + - -,-- ~o ---+--------I ---t- 10 00 00 IO 100 - USUAL OCCUPATION IN USUAL Ll'O.J!TRY ~ OTHC.-_ OCCUPATIONS tN USUAL tNDUST"-V 111111 U.5UA.L OCCUPATION IN OTHCA METAL ~ OTHER OCCUPATIONS IN OTHCR ~ USUAL OCCUPATION IJil ALL OTH[R Based on table A-2~ INOU5TA1£5 INOU5TSUES a UN[WPLOY[O CJ NOT INOUSTRICI Y.CKJNG WOfl" .... lndustrlal Research Department - Uni¥erslty of Pennsyl~ania and WPA -Nationat Research Prcject P-23 The time reported as not seeking work in the last 10 years, which was less than3 percent, was, for the most part, time before entering the labor market. Out of the small total of 2,000 manmonths of not seeking work, 1,500 man-months are accounted for by men who entered the labor market in or after 1926. The remaining months represent, for the most part, time reported out of the labor market because of physical disability, illness, or industrial accident. The individuals in the study who took unpaid vacations of 1 or more months to travel, to rest, or to attend school were scarce indeed. Few workers reported loss of time becauseofstrikes or lock-outs. All in all, once these skilled metal workers entered the labor market, they did not leave. Digitized by Google UNEMPLOYMENT 33 Eleven percent of possible total employment, as measured in this study, 3 was wasted in full-time unemployment. The amount o! time lost in this way varied with the industrial group. Although there is an increase in employment from 1932 to 1935 in each industrial group, the rise is not the same in each group. Measured in tenns of the ratio of man-months of unemployment to possible total employment, workers usually employed by government agencies and public utilities fared best. The industries offering least security to machinists, according to this measure, were those manufacturing transportation equipment; one-third of all man-months of unemployment reported in the study, were accounted for by these industries, al though less than one-fourth of the workers considered these to be their usual industries. INCIDENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT The distribution of the total unemployment among individuals may be seen in figure 7. 4 On this chart, workers in each industrial group who reported unemployment periods of 1 month or more are ranked by total amount of unemployment in the 10-year period. It should be borne in mind that the black sections of the bar represent all types of employment, i. e., at the usual and at other occupations, in the usual and in other industries, and parttime and full-time. Comparison of these charts with the ones previously presented giving data on the employment status of all workers in a given industrial gr0up for each month, will show that the total unemployment reported was distributed among approximately half the men in the study and that a large number of men came through the entire 10 years with no unemployment. The proportions reporting some unemployment differed among the industrial groups ( table A-23). Only one-third of the workers customarily attached to government agencies and public utilities and less than two-fifths of those attached to miscellaneous industries reported unemployment. These groups are composed primarily of maintenance machinists. At the other extreme, two-thirds of 3 Throughout the study, unemployment refers to consecutive periods or 1 month or longer without work.. In some cases lay-orrs or less than that time are reflected as partial employment, through a report or part-time work.. In other cases, however, a shorter-than-a-month period is not reflected at all 1n any estimate or unemployment. An example or this would be a man who leaves 1 job and gets another within 1 month. Both the Job he left and the one he 1111ent to may have been full-time. The weeks between are not, therefore, accounted tor. ( see detini t ions and schedule, append ii: B, ror further detail on this matter.) 4 The schedules on which this chl\rt is based are in the rnes or the Philadelphia Labor Mark.et Studies section or the National Research Project or the Works Progress Administration. Digitized by Google MACHINISTS 34 the machinists customarily attached to industries manufacturing transportation equipment reported time lost through unemployment. Much of the unemployment experienced by the whole group of 683 machinists was concentrated in the group of 85 individnals found unemployed when the sample was selected in May 1936. In fi g11re 8 the 1O-ye;i,r employment hi s tories of these individuals are s hown separately. Tw e lv e percent of all workers in the study were uneniployed in May 1936, 1i,1t the y reported over 33 percent of the total unemployment in the samp l e in the 10-year period. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MEN WHO EXPERIENCED UNEMPLOYMENT BETWEEN 1926 AND 1935 Examining the total time uncmplo,ved for the half of the sample ·..-no reported unemployment period :' of 1 or more months, we find th a t it varies in amount with age and employment status in May 19 36 and with industrial group. Slightly more than two-fifths of those who were unemployed at s0me time reported amounts totaling more than .2 years in the 1O-year period ( table A-2s l. As individuals reporting this mu ch it reaches almost three-quart e rs and over. When the fact i s take n age rises, the proportion of unemployment increases until of tbe group 60 years of age into consideration that young men under 30 were not, in all cases, in the labor market during the entire 10 years, it is evident that this group suffered as much unemployment as did workers between the ages of 30 and ijij, tho1Jgh not so much as older men. The percentage of their total time in the labor market that workers were unemoloyed and seeking Flgur1 7.- EMPLOYMENT HISTORY OF INDIVIDUAL MACHINISTS IN FOUR INDUSTRIAL 6ROUPS WHO REPORTED UNEMPLOYMENT JANUARY 1926-DECEMBER 1935 (Ran~,d Illy t,tal amouat of un11mploym1ntl_ NUMB[RMISCELLANE.OUS MANUFACTURING AND OTHER INDUSTRIES 501 t1 -CMPLOYED c=:J NOT ~ UN[MPLOYCD Digitized by SEEKING WORK Google NuMe<A TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT 100 ~ MACHINERY.MACHINE TOOI--S AND EL ECTR ICAL GOODS METAL PRODUC TS INCLUDING PROFESSIONAL INSTRUMENTS ~I - ~ U N(WPLOYED EMPLOYED CACH LI,_. ( REPRESE NT S TH( 1-tlSTO AY ~ AN IJ'i OI VIDUAL. WOfUit CA WHO Rf.PORTE D ONE lrri, QHTH O R ..ORE B1s1d on d•ta in files of P h ila d el ph ia labor Market 5tudi 11 Se ct Ion . WPA- Na t ional Resear ch pro j e ct o, UN[WPLOYM[NT Ind u st r i al ges e ar cl'I Dep~rtment Ur'li'v e rsi\y o f P ennsylvania and #PA- tit a\ ion al Ritearc h P r oj e ct P- 2~ Digitized by Google MACHINISTS 36 Figure 8.- EMPLOYMENT HISTORY OF INDIVIDUAL MACHINISTS UNEMPLOYED IN MAY 1936 JANUARY 1926-DECEMBER 1935 (Ranked by total amount of unemployment) rlllllZZJ -EMPLOYED Based on data In files of Philadelphia Labor Market Studies Section, WPA - National Research UN[MPLOVED project Industrial Research Department unlversit1 of Pennsylvania and WPA- National Research Project P-25 work was 17.9 forthoseunder 30 years of age and 17.0 for those 30 to 44 years of age (table A-26). Men from 45 to 59 years of age were unemployed 21.6 percent of their total time in the labor market and men 60 years of age and over, 41.7 percent. It was found that 68 percent of those unemployed in May 1936 who were also unemployed at some time during the 10-year period reported a total of more than 2 years of unemployment, whereas only 36 percent of those employed at that time reported as much unemployment. The proportions with this much unemployment varied in the industrial groups ( table A-23). Below are the percentages of individuals in each of the five industrial groups who reported 1rnemployment periods totaling more than 2 years between 19.26 and 1935: Digitized by Google 37 UNEMPLOYMENT Industrial Qroup Total (all industries) Manufacture of machinery, machine tools, and electrical Qoods Manufacture of transportation equipment Manufacture of metal products, includinQ professional instruments Government agencies and public utilities Miscellaneous manufacturing and other industries Percent of total re port inQ some unemployment Percent of total in group 43 .7 22.5 38.2 19.5 50. 0 33.0 41.7 21.3 41.2 14.3 51.4 19. 7 In measuring the incidence of unemployment it is necessary to consider the number of persons who experienced some unemployment, as well as the amount of this unemployment. Miscellaneous manufacturing and other industries had the highest proportion of men with more than 2 years of unemployment in the period 1926 to 1935 when only individuals reporting some unemployment are considered. On the other hand, this industrial group ranks third in respect to the proportion who experienced this much unemployment when workers who had no unemployment are included. In other words, a high proportion of the workers attached to miscellaneous manufacturing and other industries experienced no unemployment in the 10-year period, but half of those with some unemployment were unemployed for periods totaling over 2 years. Government agenc'iesandpublic utilities had the largest proportion with no unemployment, and a relatively small proportion of the workers in th is group who experienced 1 or more months of unemployment were out of work for over 2 years. Workers attached to the transportation-equipment industries suffered most severely in the number experiencing some unemployment. This group also had almost the largest proportion with 2 or more years of unemployment among those who experienced some unemployment in the 10-year period. When the years from 1926 to 1935 are divided into two 5-year periods, more individuals had unemployment of over 2 years in the second period than in the first. The experience of one of Digitized by Google 38 MACHINISTS the men with a large amount of unemployment in the latter period is of interest at this point. He was so years of age in 1936 and had been in the machinists' trade for many years. He was with a bridge-construction company in Philadelphia from 1923 until February 1930. Until July 1929, the work was full-time and then part-time for the next half year. When he was laid off because there was no further work, he tried to find a job elsewhere, but for the next 3 years found nothing except an occasional odd job, such as washing automobiles. He was too proud to "go on relief", so his family had a very hard time. In June 1933 he accepted a job as foreman in a CCC reforestation camp, but he quit in March 193~ saying, "I have another job to go to." He did not have another job at that time, but 2 months later was engaged as night watchman by a corporation manufacturing radios. At the time of the interview he was still there and is convinced that because of his age he will never get work in his own line again. Not all the machinists who suffered severe unemployment in this period were old, however. One man was only 30 years of age at the time of interview and had served his apprenticeship in a textile mill. That he learned to work with other kinds of machinery is evidenced by the fact that for over .:2 years he held a job making auto bodies. At the end of that time (October 1929 I he was laid off and did not find work for nearly 2 years. In September 1931 he obtained a job with a construction company. That job lasted until the contract was finished, a year and a half later. He was out of work for 2 months after that. In July 1932 the Philadelphia State Employment Office referred him to a distilling company where he was hired as a machinist. Eighteen months later he left in order to take a job with an auto-truck manufacturing company, thus getting back into his usual industry. The job ended in 3 months. At another automobile plant he found a job that lasted another 3 months, though he never worked fulltime in that period. After-that he found a few brief jobs, but soon went on relief. He was still unemployed at the time of the interview and reported that he does not qualify for modern production work, since he is not familiar with the latest developments in electrically driven machinery. He is further handicapped in his search for work by the loss of his tools. He had a thousand dollars worth of tools, but had to pawn them while he was out of a job. Digitized by Google UNEMPLOYMENT 39 PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT One hundred and ninety-one individuals reported some part-time work between 1926 and 1935 6 (table A-27). For machinists 30 years of age and over, the average number of months of part-time work in the 10-year period increases as age increases, but the proportion of workers reporting some part-time work decreases as age increases. Figure 9 shows the arithmetic average of the number of months of full-time and part-time work and of unemployment for each age group. The data on which it is based are shown in table A-29. Flgur1 9.- AVERAGE NUMBER OF MONTHS OF SPECIFIED TYPES OF EMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE, 1926-35 By Ag1 la May 1936 ,, 10 I MONTMa 'i 'l' . 'i ••I 'I° 110 , ~ ~ ~ ~ m I I TOTAL 16 -29 30-44 45-59 60 AND OVER . 1---1------+-----+---+ -- -- --t----+---+--~ 10 ~ ~ ~ ~ w -EMPLOYED FULL TIME 8a1ed on tablt A-29 ~EMPLOYED PART TIME ezz:luNEMP!.OYED ...... LJNOT SEEKING WORK Industrial Research Department University of Pennsylv•nla and WPA- Netlonal Reuarch Projoct P-26 It can easily be seen that older machinists have lost out in two ways. Not only have they had more unemployment, but the work they have had has been part-time in a greater degree. NUMBER AND LENGTH OP UNEMPLOYMENT PERIODS The extent to which resources can be husbanded and plans made depends in part on the length of each period of unemployment and 5 1t has alreac1y been po1ntec1 out how Cl1!!1cult 1 t ls to secure accurate 1ntormat1on on c1urat1on anc1 extent of part•t1me worll. In view or these c11!Uculties intormatlon on this polnt is orrerec1 wlth hesitat1on. Digitized by Google 40 MACHINISTS the number of such periods. Unemployment is not a seasonal phenomenon for machinists. Even casual inspection of the charts yields a definite impression of long-term unemployment once unemployment occurs. The fact that half of those reporting unemployment reported average periods of over 1 year bears out this impression. Information on the average duration of unemployment periods is summarized in tables A-30 and A-31. On the whole, periods of unemployment were longer for older workers than for younger ones. They were also longer for those unemployed in May 1936 than for those working at that time. When industrial groups are considered separately, men in the metalproducts industries report a larger proportion with average unemployment periods longer than 1 year than any other industrial group (table A-31). The incidence of prolonged unemployment, as shown in the percentages of individuals with average periods of 1 year or over, varies with the man's age and the industrial group to which he normally has been attached, There was some variation in the average length of unemployment periods in the two 5-year periods, An increase in the length of unemployment periods in the years after 1930 might be anticipated in view of the increase in total unemployment reported, but the extent of this increase varies with age and industrial group. The increase in avera1;e duration of unemployment periods was greater for older men than for younger ones, and it was 1;reater for individuals employed in manufactu•ring transportation eg_uipment and machinery and in miscellaneous manufacturing and other industries than for those in the other two industrial groups. An analysis was made not only of the average length of unemployment periods, but also of the average number of periods of unemployment experienced by individuals reporting some unemployment and of the average length of the longest period of unemployment. 6 This information is presented in table A-33 and confirms the evidence that for machinists, unemployment, when it occurs, is of long-time character rather than seasonal or intermittent and is primarily the result of depression forces. Over half the individuals reporting unemployment experienced only one period. 6 Jt was thought necessary to constder all 3 averages because average duratton or unemployment ts subject to too many arttrtctal tnnuences to be an entirely sattsractory measure or unemployment wt thout a cneclt on the number or periods over which total unemployment ts spread and the length or the longest or these. Digitized by Google UNEMPLOYMENT 41 Reference to figure 7 gives an indication of the length of some of the longest periods. For the whole sample the usual years in which the longest period of unemployment begins are 1931 and 1932 ( table A-32). For some individuals in the study, however, unemployment began before this date and lasted well beyond it. Examining the medians of the length of the longest periods of unemployment reported, according to the years in which they started, it is found that periods beginning in 1928 were the longest, 33months. The number beginning their longest unemployment period in this year, however, was small. For machinists of 60 years of age and over, in fact, the modal year was 1930. Table 3 shows for each industrial group the percentage of workers who reported a period of unemployment of 1 year or more and the percentage who reported two or more periods of unemployment. These proportions are based on the totals of all individuals reporting some unemployment in the 10-year period. For the same group, the percentage of total time in the labor market between 1926 and 1935 that was spent in unemployment is also shown. Tabla 3.- FREOUEHCY AND DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT EXPERIENCE FDR WORKERS REPORTING UNEMPLOYMENT, 1526-35 By Indu ■ trial Group Percent of workers reportinga - Industrial group Manufacture of machinery, machine tools, and electrical goods Manufacture of transportat ion equipment Manufacture of metal products, including professional instruments Government agencies and public utilities Miscellaneous manufacturing and other industries Tirne unemployed Two or rno re as percent Period of of tirne in periods 1 year or labor lasting 1 rnore rnarket rnonth or more 55.2 35.9 20.1 63.5 51. 0 24.2 75.0 20.8 20.3 64.7 41.2 25.6 62.2 51.4 23.8 8 Percentages are based on totals or workers reporting some unemployment. Digitized by Google 42 MACHINISTS Three-quarters of the workers usually employed in the manufacture of metal products who experienced some unemployment in the 10-year period reported an unemployment period lasting 1 year or more, and a relatively small proportion of them reported two or more periods of unemployment. The unemployment periods of workers attached to the manufacture of transportation equipment were frequent and long. Workers customarily employed in miscellaneous manufacturing and other industries also experienced frequent and long unemployment periods. Machinists customarily attached to plants manufacturing machinery, machine tools, and electrical goods who experienced unemployment reported fewer periods and a smaller proportion with long consecutive unemployment. While the percentage of total time in the labor market spent in unemployment was greatest for workers attached to government agencies and public utilities when only those reporting some unemployment are considered, it wi 11 be recalled that a large proportion of the machinists in this group experienced no unemployment. CHARACTERISTICS DP TKE MEN WHO WERE UNEMPLOYED IN MAY 1936 More machinists reported beginning their longest period of unemployment in 1932 than in any other year. The year 1931 was reported by the next largest group. If the relative size of the group of unemployed workers is considered, it is apparent that, although 1931 and 1932 saw the start of a long stretch of unemploymetlt for almost equal numbers of workers employed in May 1936, 1932 was the year in which workers who were still unemployed in May 1936 began their longest unemployment periods ( table A-34). For all workers unemployed in May 1936, 12.4 percent of the total, the average number of months since the last job was 18.7 (table A-35). Eighteen months is a long time to remain without work in a recovery period such as 1935 and the beginning of 1936. Long-continued unemployment at such a time indicates that the problem of reabsorption into industry for this group is different from that of the machinists who, unemployed at some time during the 10-year period, had become reemployed by May 1936. The following paragraphs present an analysis of certain characteristics of all workers unemployed in May 1936, according to the du rat ion of unemployment since the loss of the last job. Digitized by Google UNEMPLOYMENT 43 Among the 85 workers unemployed in May 1936, 38 had been unemployed for less t ban 1 year, 27 had been unemployed between 1 and 4- years, and .20 had been wi. thout work for 4 years or more. Duration of unemployment varied directly with age. For individuals under 45 years of age, the average was 10.5 ~onths, whereas for those of 45 years of age and over it was 27. 4 months ( table A-35 l. With such a small number of cases and such a direct relationship between age and duration of unemployment since last job, it is difficult to isolate the influence of other factors on duration of unemployment. The number of years at the usual occupation, for instance, varies directly with duration of unemployment since the last job. Men of 4~ years of age and over who have been unemployed for less than 1 year report fewer years at their usual occupation than men in that age group who have been unemployed for 4 years or more. However, 11 45 years and over" covers a wide range in age, and the sample is too small to permit a further break-down. Within that age group it is the oldest men who have been unemployed the longest. There is no evidence, therefore, that length of time at the usual occupation and duration of unemployment since last job are any more closely related than length of time at usual occupation and age. Similar reasoning applies to other measures such as the average length of unemployment periods, total unemployment in the 10-year period, date of beginning longest job, and length of service on it. The relationships between age and schooling, age and job separations, and age and usual industry are not so close as the relationships listed above. It has therefore seemed worth while to present data on the relationship between these items and the average number of months since the last job for the 85 individuals found unemployed in May 1936. There is little relationship between schooling and duration of unemployment since the last job. Individuals who went through the eighth grade reported shorter periods of unemployment than those who stopped before the eighth grade. On the other hand, those machinists who stopped in the eighth grade reported shorter periods than did those who went to the ninth grade or beyond. The last was too small a group, however, on which to base any conclusions. The average duration of unemployment since the last job declined as the number of job separations reported increased. Digitized by Google 44 MACHINISTS The 85 men unemployed in May 1936 were not found in all five industrial groups in the same proportions that all men in the study were found in these groups. Workers in the manufacture of transportation equipment weremore heavily represented. When the industrial group of customary attachment is examined in relation to duration of unemployment, however, individuals normally attached to the industries producing machinery, machine tools, and electrical goods are found to have reported the longest periods of unemployment since the last job, i. e., a median of 21.7 months ( table A-37). Transportation-equipment workers unemployed in May 1936 reported a somewhat shorter length of time without work after the last job (17.4 months). This would indicate that a larger proportion of men customarily attached to industries producing machinery, machine tools, and electrical goods have been reabsorbed into industry, but those who have remained unabsorbed have had long periods without work preceding the date of this study. In the transportation-equipment industries, on the other hand, fewer workers have been reabsorbed, although those now unemployed have been out of a job for shorter periods on the average. Following is the story of one man who considers himself attached to the transportation-equipment industry. He is a skilled machinist, 59 years old. He followed his trade for 32 years, including a 4-year apprenticeship, and, except for one lay-off of 3 or 4 months in 1925, was not unemployed !or a period of 1 month or more until 1930. Since then he has had no work at all. He says that during the first 6 months of 1936 he was called in by his old firm for a few days' work every now and then, but never for more than a week at a time and that, added altogether, the odd days amounted to less than two months. He doesn't consider such uncertain employment a job. One man learned to be a machinist and a millwright while he was working as a machine operator in a textile-machine manufacturing plant in England. He spent his first few years in this country as a machinist in a plant making elevators. He then secured a job in one of the city's largest textile factories and stayed there until it closed down, almost 20 years later. By that time he evidently considered that industry his own, for his subsequent jobs were all in factories making fabrics of one kind or another. None lasted very long and, by the end of 1931, at the age of 56, he was totally unemployed. Since then he has been without work. Digitized by Google 45 UNEMPLOYMENT R11 ■pl11-at ~y May 1937 of Worker, Un1mploy1d ln May 1936 "I didn't think I'd ever be called back again," said one machinist who found his first job in several years in August 1936. At the time the Philadelphia Survey of Employment and Unemployment was made in May 1936 he was without work, and, at 61 years of age, felt he was on the scrap heap of industry. Just before he was interviewed in August 1936, he had been called back to the plant where he had spent much of his working life on the machining of locomotive parts. Since this experience was found in several other cases, it seemed worth while to check in May 1937 the employment status of the 85 machinists who were unemployed in May 1936. The results of this checkup are shown in table~Table 4.• EMPLOYMENT STATUS IN MAY 1937 OP MACHINISTS UNEMPLOYED IN MAY 1936 Employment status in May 1937 Number of machinists Total 85 Employed at the usual occupation 22 10 12 In the usual industry In other industries 20 25 Employed at other occupation Unemployed Not seeking work Could not be located 2 15 All but 15 of the 85 were located. Of the 70 men, 22 were working at their usual occupation and 20 were employed at some other kind of work. One man in this latter group was a cab driver, another was an elevator operator, a third was a salesman, and a fourth and fifth were, respectively, welder and laborer. Ten of the 22 men who returned to their usual trade also returned to the industry to which they had considered themselves customarily attached. Seven of them were reemployed in the manufacture of transportation equipment. Of the 20 men who found work at an occupation other than their usual one, 7 were also absorbed into the manufacture of transportation equipment. If the experience of th is group is any criterion, the proportion of unemployed workers reabsorbed by the transportation-equipment industries between 1936 and 1937 was large. It will be recalled that up to Digitized by Google 46 MACHINISTS May 1936 comparatively few people customarily employed in those industries had been rehired after long periods of unemployment, This study bears out the findings of other studies, namely, that employment is found more frequently when the preceding period of unemployment is short than when it is long, Over twothirds of the men unemployed in May 1936 who were reabsorbed into their usual occupation had been continuously unemployed for less than 1 year prior to May 1936, Only half of those who obtained work at some occupation other than the usual one, on the other hand, and one-fourth of those still unemployed in May 1937 were among those with less than 1 year of unemployment before May 1936, The 28 men who were not at work when the check was made in 1937 are, on the whole, the long-time unemployed. Only onequarter of them (8 men) were at work in May 1935, and three of the eight had had a good deal of unemployment before that time, Two of the 28 machinists dropped out of the labor market between 1936 and 1937, The other 26 were still seeking work in 1937, Their average age was 54.4 years. Two of them who were over 65 years of age had not worked since 1932 and should probably not be considered part of any potential labor supply, It seems that, as recovery proceeded and as the demand for machinists increased, more of the long-term unemployed and aged workers were called back, but there still remained a group who did not find as skilled work as they had been accustomed to doing and another residual group who did not find any employment at all, When the records of this residual group were examined in detail, it was found that its members were not old enough to qualify for old age pensions and yet were unable to secure employment which would qualify them for unemployment compensation in later periods of unemployment. CHARACTERISTICS OF WORKERS WHO HAD NO UNEMPLOYMENT BETWEEN 1926 AND 1935 "There'll always be work for machinists," said one man in the course of interview. Another echoed him more moderately, "With a good apprenticeship, plus natural ability, a young man can be almost sure of a lifetime job." On the other hand, a third machinist said to the interviewer, "I've got a good name in my trade, but for over 3 years now, I 1 ve sat and warmed a chair most of the day," The question of which is the truer picture Digitized by Google 47 UNEMPLOYMENT for recent years of these skilled metal workers is difficult to determine. The outstanding fact about the 10-year work histories of Philadelphia machinists from January 1926 through December 1935 is that half of them reported no unemployment periods lasting 1 month or more. 7 In this section will be described the industrial background and employment experience of these machinists with comparisons and contrasts between them and the total sample, The data are not analyzed by employment status in May 1936, because all but 6 were employed at that date, 8 and 286 out of the total of 330 were working at their usual occupation in May 1936. Other occupational characteristics and the type of industrial experience are also examined. Many of the men in the group were engaged primarily in maintenance work. Those who were production machinists were apparently kept on by employers even during slack times so that when prosperity returned there would be the nucleus of an organization of skilled workmen. Except for differences in the industrial distribution, the 330 machinists who came through the 10-year period with no unemployment periods lasting 1 month or more have background characteristics which differ very little from those of the sample as a whole. These 330 workers were, on the whole, slightly older than all workers studied. Their median age is 46 ,5 years as against 45 .2 years for the entire sample. As found in the entire sample, individuals of 30 years of age and over have been in the labor market the entire 10 years, Not all of those under 30 years of age have worked during the entire period, Of the 41 machinists who entered the labor market in or after 1926, only one-third reported that they were not unemployed 1 month or more, Th is group of 330 men, therefore, may be considered to be composed, as is the case for the entire sample, of workers who have been in the labor market during the entire 10-year period studied. The group reporting no unemployment has relatively more nativeborn workers than the sample as a whole ( 71 percent as against 67 percent l and a larger proportion have lived in the city for over 20 years. 7 rt is particularly important in thinking about the group with no unemployment to remember that unemployment periods are detlned in this study as lasting continuously tor i month or more. Every one or these 330 men may have been unemployed at some time during the 10 years, but not (according to their reports) ror a continuous period or 1 month or more. 8 These 6 men lost their jobs between December 1935 and May 1936, Digitized by Google MACHINISTS 48 The differences in schooling between workers reporting nounemployment and all individuals studied are very slight. Measured in medians, workers in each age interval of the group with no unemployment report about one-tenth of a grade more education than do machinists as a whole. The proportion stopping school before the seventh grade and the proportion going beyond the eighth grade are similar for both groups. The first job was an apprenticeship more often in this group than in the complete sample. Thirty-six percent of this group reported that their first job was an apprenticeship at usual occupation as against 3~ percent of the entire sample. The occupational distribution of this group is very much the same as that of the total sample. There is less than 1 percent difference in the proportions of apprentices and millwrights. There is a slightly lower proportion of machinists in the group of 330 (77.0 percent as against 79.8 percent in the total sample) and a slightly higher proportion of tool makers, die setters, and instrument makers (17.6 percent as against 1~.1 percent in the total sample). (See table 5. l Tabla 5.- OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF WORKERS WHO REPORTED ND UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE 1D-YEAR PERIOD 1926-35 Occupation Total Machinists Tool makers, die setters, and instrument makers Millwrights Apprentices to above Number Percent 330 100.0 254 77.0 58 17.e s.e 12 e 1.8 The five industrial groups appear in this study of 330 men in somewhat different proportions than they appear in the study of the entire group of 683 men. Of the two most important industrial groups, the manufacture of transportation equipment is underrepresented ( table A-38). Government agencies and public utilities and miscellaneous manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries are more than proportionately represented. This difference can, perhaps, be accounted for by the fact that workers in both these industrial groups are largely maintenance machinists whose work must go on in bad times as well as in good. Digitized by Google UNEMPLOYMENT 49 When the average lengths of the longest job for these 330 machinists and for the sample as a whole are contrast~d, a considerable difference is found ( table A-36). Machinists reporting no unemployment held jobs lasting, on the average, 3 years longer than those held by all machinists. SUM"IA.RY While one-half of the machinists studied experienced no unemployment in the 10-year period, 1926-35, lack of work has constituted a serious problem for the other half. In this occupation unemployment during the past 10 years has been cyclical rather than seasonal or intermittent in character. Of machinists reporting unemployment, slightly over two-fifths have experienced more than 2 years without work, not necessarily consecutive months. The average duration of unemployment periods for this group has been over 1 year. Part-time employment has also contributed to the effects of unemployment. The depth of the depression in this occupation was at the end of 1932 and the beginning of 1933. Although recovery proceeded steadily from that time to the middle of 1937, it was slow at first. 1932 was also the year in which the greatest number of workers began their longest period of unemployment, although the average length of the longest period was greater for men whose longest period began earlier in the 10 years. Of the various factors affecting unemployment, the industrial group of customary attachment and age seem to be the most important. Transportation-equipment manufacturing industries have contributed more than proportionately to unemployment, both in terms of the number of individuals who report unemployment, and in terms of the total amount of unemployment reported. Workers attached to these industries have shared to a lesser extent in recovery than have other workers. A disproportionately large number of workers unemployed in May 1936 reported transportationequipment industries as their usual ones. The rate of reemployment for these workers may be due not only to slow recovery in those industries, but also to the difficulty experienced in changing from work on transportation equipment to other kinds of work requiringmoreprecision. As might have been anticipated, machinists attached to industries other than those manufacturing metal products have had less unemployment. This is accounted for, at least in part, by the fact that much of the work they do is Digitized by Google 50 MACHINISTS maintenance work. On the other hand, workers attached to these industries experienced long periods of unemployment when they did lose their jobs. There is a definite increase in the total amount of unemployment, as well as in the average duration of unemployment periods, with increasing age. This statement must be modified, however, by the qualification that if an older machinist had a job when the depression started, he seems no more likely than any other machinist to have become unemployed. It will be recalled that the median age of machinists reporting no unemployment was slightly higher than that of all machinists studied. In this occupation, as in many others, there seems to be a residual group of unemployed persons who are not reabsorbed during the recovery period. In May 1936, a date when recovery had proceeded so far that complaints of labor shortages had been heard for a year, 12.1t percent of the men studied were still unemployed and reported an average time of 18 months since the last job. In the case of 21t men, the last jobs had not been at the usual occupation. These men are, on the average, slightly older than the other men studied and the longer the unemployment since the last job, the older they are. As noted above, they are attached in disproportionate numbers to industries manufacturing transportation equipment (almost two-fifths, as against less than one-fourth of the sample as a whole). About half of the total group of machinists experienced no unemployment in the 10 years under review. There is little difference in their education, occupational distribution, the proportion who entered the labor market in or after 1926, or the proportion whose first job was an apprenticeship. There is some difference in age, nativity, and years of continuous residence in Philadelphia. The machinists reporting no unemployment from 1926 to 1935 tend to be slightly older. There is, however, a pronounced difference in their industrial distribution. Those industrial groups that employ mostly maintenance and repair machinists, such as government agencies and public utilities and miscellaneous manufacturing and other industries, are more than proportionately represented. This group spent more time at the usual occupation and on the longest job than did other machinists. Digitized by Google SECTION IV WORK EXPERIENCE, 1926-35 That machinists have had a record of long jobs and that many of them have had extremely steady work has been apparent from previous sections of the study. In this section appear data on various aspects of their work history in the last 10 years. Expressed in general tenns, the questions to be answered by such material arehowmuch shifting has taken place not only from job to job, but also from occupation to occupation, industry to industry, and employer to employer? and how much does the amount of shifting vary with age, employment status on a given date, the industry of customary attachment, and conditions in the industrial world? Material presented in the section will be of four major types. The di vision of time between the usual occupation and other occupations and between the usual industry and other industries throughout the 10-year period will be shown and an effort made to determine what variations there may be for age, employment status, or industrial group. In this connection, separations from employers will also be examined. The grade of skill of work done at occupations other than the usual will be examinedin some detail in order to detenninein what direction shifting takes place and whether there are variations within the sample in the direction of shifting. The industries other than the usual, in which work at the usual occupation is concentrated, will also be discussed. Lastly, to supplement the picture of division of time among the various kinds of work, g_uanti tative data on the number of separations from jobs and the number of shifts in occupations, industries, and employers will be presented. DIVISION DP TIME BETWEEN WORK AT THE USUAL OCCUPATION AND AT OTHER OCCUPATIONS It will be recalled that at the time the study was made, 18 percent of the employed workers were engaged in some occupation other than their usual one. Figure s shows by industrial group of customary attachment the number of men in each month working 51 Digitized by Google MACHINISTS 52 at some occupation other than the usual one. That there was some shifting back and forth between occupations is shown by the fact that two-fifths of the workers in the study reported some time at occupations other than their usual one (table A-39). This proportion is considerably larger than any proportion in a single month working at other occupations than their customary ones. Measured in man-rnonths of possible employment, 15.3 percent of the total man-months in the entire 10 years was accounted for by work at other occupations than the usual. The average length of time for all workers with time at other occupations than their usual one increases with each age group from 30 years of age upward. Young men from 16 to 29 years of age, however, spent a longer time, on the average, at some occupation other than their ~sual one than did other machinists studied. This employment J}-l"Obably represents their first job experience, since the time they spent in this way decreased markedly between the first and second 5-year periods. For every age group studied, the average length of time spent at other occupations than the usual, however, was less between 1931-35 than between 1926-30, reflecting, perhaps, the greater ease of finding jobs in the first period. Jobs at occupations other than the usual one seem to be shorter, on the whole, than those at the usual occupation, as measured by the average number of employer separations per worker per year of employment from jobs at the usual occupation and from jobs at other occupations. 1 This may be due in some cases, at least, to 1 Toe statement in the text 1s based on the tollowtng computations: Employment with respect to usual occupation Avera?e nu~beraor employer separations rom Jobs At usual occupation At other occupatioAs Average number or years employedb At usual occupation A.t other occupations Average number or employer separations per year of employment At usual occupation At other occupations Age in years Total and over 60 16-29 .30-IPI 115-59 2.6 2 • .3 2. II 2.2 2.9 2.5 2. II 2.0 1.9 7.0 1. 6 .3 • .3 .3.11 7.11 1. 5 7.11 1. 5 7..3 0.9 0.11 1.11 o. 7 0. II 1.7 0 • .3 1 • .3 0 • .3 1.7 0.6 1.5 aTabl e A-40. bBreak-down o t number or months employed (table A-41), by type or employment. This measure gives only a rough compartson between average length or Jobs at the usual occupation and at other occupattone, because or the posst b111 ty that the occupation may change wt thout an accompanying change 1n employer. Digitized by Google WORK EXPERIENCE 53 the !act that such jobs are taken to !ill in when regular employment is lacking and are left as soon as possible. One machinist's recent employment history illustrates this kind of change. He was a truck driver for the first 8 months of 1926. He left this job to return to the machinist trade with a firm making auto ·bodies. Five years later he was laid off and was entirely without work for6 months. When he did find a job it was as a plumber's helper. A year and a half later, however, he returned to the auto firm as machinist and has been there ever since. The average length of service on jobs at the usual occupation in the 10-year period, 1926-35, was considerably longer for the 330 individuals in the group who experienced no unemployment in the 10-year period than for the group as a whole. Fifty-six percent held their job for 8 years, as against 27 percent in the sample as a whole ( table A-42). When the length of time spent at the usual occupation by the 330 men between 1926 and 1930 is compared with the corresponding time between 1931 and 1935, little difference is found between the two periods (table A-43). Two hundred and thirty of those who were continuously employed during the 10-year period spent no time at occupations other than their usual one (table A-44). For those who did, the average length of employment at other occupations was almost 4 years in the course of the 10-year period. When the two 5-year periods are considered separately, there is an increase in the time employed at other occupations in the second period in each of the two largest age groups, i.e., 3oto44 and 45 to 59 yearsof age, for those who spent time at occupations other than the usual one. There is a decrease in the time at other occupations in the second 5-year period for the youngest age group. It will be recalled that for the whole group, including those who experienced unemployment in the 10-year period, the average length of time spent at other occupations than the usual one. was less between 1931 and 1935 than between 1926 and 1930 for every age group. Measured in man-months, the group of 330 men spent a slightly smaller proportion of their employed time at occupations other than the usual one than did the total group (12 percent against 15 percent) . A variety of work has been done by the group in the course of the years from 1926 to 1935. Figure 10 and table A-45 show the Digitized by Google MACHINISTS 54 10.- SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTER OF EMPLOYMENT AT OCCUPATIONS OTHER THAN THE USUAL, 1926-35 Figur ■ By Ag ■ In May 1936 ALL 20 MACHINISTS 90 30 100 ~ TOTAL 16 - 29 ~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.::···::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 30-44 m&---- ~~.=::::=:••·········································································· ................................. :. 45 -59 -----················· =:z::==••··············· ==················· ==:::::!:~:::::::::. 60 AND OVER 30 20 10 40 "" eo 70 00 00 IOO MACHINISTS REPORTING NO UNEMPLOYMENT PERCENT OF MAN-MONlHS 10 20 :,0 •o ,o _oo___'°---""---~oo~------'--.oo ···························•·· ::·::::::;:::::::::::::::::::: .............................. ······························ TOTAL ............................................................................... .......................................... ··•····················· ·········································•························· V:?::3 '.9JZ~ ··································································· ··································································· ····················•····· .......................... ......................... ~~ D ·························· 16 - 29 30-44 45-59 60 AND OVER I---------+---- - 0 ~ Based on WHITE tab I es 10 COLLAR A-45 •- --- - ~ +----+-~ ~ SKILLED and A-46 40 50 00 70 1111 st ..u- SKILLED eo 90 -UNSKILLED IOO ..... Industrial Research Department University of Pennsylvania. and WPA -National R•search Proj•ct P -2 7 kind of work done classified accorrJing to a socioeconomic arrangement of the Philadelphia Labor Market Studies Occupation Code. 2 2 These groups are obtained rrom a rearrangement or the Occupation Code. The rearrangement, based on Alba H. Edwards' socloeconomlc classU!cat!on or occupations ror United States Census material, 1s available !n the files or the Phlladelphl a Labor Market Studies Section or the National Research Project or the Works Progress Adm!nlstratlon. In the code used, the grading ls biased downward, so that skilled work, akln to machlnlsts• work, ls understated. Screw-machine work and lnspectlon work are classl fled as semi skilled. In metal lndustrles, however, the work or Inspectors and that er roremen are sometimes ln te1·changeabl e. Digitized by Google WORK EXPERIENCE 55 In considering work at various occupations, it must be remembered that a great deal of the shifting from one occupation to another included in this study is shifting among very closely allied occupations, such as from machinist to tool maker, or engine-lathe set-up man, or foreman, where some machinist work may still be done. From figure 10 and table A-45 itis apparent that when machinists work at occupations other than their own, this work is more likely to be skilled or white-collar than it is to be semiskilled or unskilled, even though apprenticeship is included in semiskilled occupations and represents over one-third of the manmonths of this kind of work. The unskilled work has been done, on the whole, by men of 45 years of age and over. The impression that the men who experienced no unemployment during the 10-year period are very highly skilled workers is reinforced by a classification of the other occupations according to degree of skill (table A-46and figure 10). Two-thirdsof the man-months of work outside the usual occupation was at skilled and professional work as against slightly more than half for the whole sample. Men of 60 years of age and over, who accounted for practically all of the unskilled work done by the continuously employed group, reported 109 man-months of unskilled work and 126 man-months of skilled work. In the sample as a whole men of the same age reported 452 man-months of unskilled work and 126 manmonths of skilled work. The chances are two to one that when work is unskilled it followed unemployment. In the case of semiskilled work the chances are about even that such work will follow unemployment. Tabla 6.- NUMBER OF PERIODS OF WORKa AT OCCUPATIONS OTHER THAN THE USUAL, 1926-35 By Employment Statu1 Pt1c1dlng Th111 P1rlad1 and by Sacla1canamlc Ch1ract1r al th ■ Occupatlans Employment status preceding work at other occupati ens Total periods Employment Unemployment Socioeconomic character Total periods White- SemiUnSkilled collar skilled skilled 481 167 79 178 57 273 114 53 55 24 84 208 20 37 94 aA period may consist or more tllan 1 Job 1! tne Jobs follow eacll otller consecutively. Periods or work following time not seeking work were conSldered to follow unemployment. Digitized by Google 56 MACHINISTS Semiskilled and unskilled jobs, as noted earlier, were preceded in many cases by unemployment. It was rarer for skilled and professional jobs to be so preceded. In the case of such work, the explanation given for the change was more often "promotion", or "went into business for self", or "left to be manager", than it was "slack", or "laid off", or "lost a job and had to find another." 3 In the case of some of the younger men, these jobs at other occupations represent oei ther promotion nor demotion, but, as was indicated previously, the first search fora job, fora trade, or, sometimes, for afew dollars a week. One man, after a business course at school, started work in a sugar refinery as a clerk. His work was near the machine shop and he became interested in the machines. He felt that therewasvery little forhimto look forward to in the office and asked to be transferred to the shop as a helper. They had no regular apprenticeship, but they trained him in the operation of various machine tools. At night school he took up mechanical drawing and mathematics. Re is now considered a full-fledged machinist and is paid machinists' wages. Another man worked in a cigar factory after school as an oiler of machinery, a semiskilled job. It was just a job found through the uncle of a next-door neighbor. Since he liked machines and gladly took the chance of an apprenticeship when it was offered, 92 man-months of employment on the chart are represented by that first chance job. DIVISION OF TIME BETWEEN WORK IN THE USUAL INDUSTRY AND IN OTHER INDUSTRIES Most of the work done by machinists at occupations other than their own is done in industries other than those to which they consider themselves customarily attached. Inaddition, however, much of the work they do at their own occupation is in various industries. Figure 6 shows, for the 10 years studied, the proportion of man-months spent as machinists in other industries than the usual one. From this chart and from the fact that the majority of machinists in the study reported shifts in industries, it can be seen that work in industries other than the usual is more common than work at occupations other than the usual. 3 Although no 1nformat1on on reason ror chang1ng job was tabulated, the quest1ons on th1s top1c were asked 1n the 1nterv1ew and some 1nrormat1on was collected. Digitized by Google WORK EXPERIENCE 57 When the time spent at the usual occupation in industries other than the usual one is considered according to the industrial group, it is found that a larger proportion was spent in the production of machinery, machine tools, and electrical goods than in any other group of industries. These industries are numerically important in the city and in the sample, and in 1936 recovery in them had apparently proceeded further than in some of the other industrial groups. Below is listed the"percentage of man-months employed at the usual occupation in industries other than the usual one, according to the industrial group in which they were spent: Percent of man-months Industrial group 100.0 Total Manufacture of machinery, machine tools, and electrical goods Manufacture of transportation equipment Manufacture of metal products, including professional instruments Government agencies and public utilities Miscellaneous manufacturing and other industries 42.5 15.8 14.0 4.2 23. 5 Work in the industrial group consistingo! miscellaneous manu- facturing and nonmanufacturing industries was scattered among many industries. 4 According to the comments of the machinists interviewed, change from one industry to another takes place for a variety o! reasons. Some left one industry to "get more experience." On the other hand, many changes took place because jobs werenot available in the usual industry. The metal industries in Philadelphia are somewhat localized; a few changes in industry took place as a result of change of residence. 4The method or calcu1at1ng work 1n 1ndustr1es other than the usual one must not be contused w1th the method or clasa1r11ng men 1nto 1ndustr1al groups. An 1nd1V1dual who considers h1mse1r attached to the transportat1on-equ1pment group or 1ndustr1es 1s cons1dered to be work1ng 1n an industry other than his usual one tr, ror instance, he ls working in sh1pou1ld1ng, whenh1s usual 1ndustr;y ls locomot1ve manuractur1ng, even though both 1ndustr1es are 1n the group to which he considers h1mseH attached. Ind1V1dual 1ndustr1es and 1ndustr1al groups 1n which worlters were class1!1ed are listed according to an adaptation or Bulletin f4,_ lndustr;y Code, worlt8 Progress Adm1n1strat1on, National Research Pro3ect 1n cooperation w1 th tM Industr1al Research Department ot the un1vers1t;y or Penns11van1a (m1meo., Apr. 1836). Digitized by Google 58 MACHINISTS JOB SEPARATIONS So far the discussion has concerned only those individuals who between 1926 and 1935 worked at some occupation or in some industry other than the one in which they were normally employed. The rest of the section deals with the amount of shifting of employers, occupations, and industries by all workers and with the characteristics of the group who reported no job separations during the 10-year period, 1926-35. Over one-quarter of the machinists studied held only one job 5 during this entire time. The proportion holding only one job increases with age (table A-47 l. From the point of view of holding one job for a long time, maintenance work in miscellaneous manufacturing and other industries anct government agencies and public utilities is the best. One-third of the men in each of these industrial groups reported no separations. This is well above the average for the entire sample (table A-48) and is to be expected from the character of the work. One of these men with a record of very steady employment has worked in various plants manufacturing goods other than metal products since 1897, when he entered the labor market. In 1923 he left a job with a linoleum factory to work with a finn making carpets and rugs, since he anticipated higher wages at this job. In May 1936 he was still with that finn though onl~r on a part-time basis. Another worker, customarily attached to the Philadelphia Navy Yard, ended his apprenticeship with a construction firm in 1895 but stayed with them for 3 years more. After some years without work because of illness, he found work in 1907 as a machinist He was working there full time on the day of interview, but has since retired. at the navy yard. If we turn from those who reported no job separations during the 10-year period to those who reported separations, the following facts are evident. Practically all machinists unemployed in May 1936 and seven-tenthsof those working at that time reported job separati0ns in the 10-year period. A larger proportion of young than of older machinists reported separations. When these data are analyzed br industrial group of normal employment, it is found that more workersin the transportation-equipment group than in any other group reported job separations. 5 For the purpose or this study, e. Job we.s denned as continuous service at occupattonal assignment with l employer lasting 1 month or longer. Digitized by Google WORK EXPERIENCE 59 The fact that for machinists who were continuously e11Jployed throughout the10-year period the proportion reporting job separations was smaller than the corresponding proportion of all machinists is another indication of the stability of this group of 330 men I table A-49). The separations, by the very nature of the group, were followed by other jobs and periods of not seeking work, but not by periods of unemployment. When the two 5-year periods a re considered separately, the relations between number of separations and age and employment status remain approximately the same in both periods. The unemployed, as might be expected, show a smaller proportion with no job separations in the second 5 years than in the first. When the number of workers with job separations in each industrial group in the period from 1926 to 1930 is contrasted with the number in the period 1931-35, certain differences are found. Of workers attached to government and public utilities, a considerably larger proportion reported no job separations in the years from 1931 to 1935 than in the years from 1926 to 1930, two-thirds against three-eighths. This same difference between the two periods may be noted in the case of workers attached to the groups consisting of miscellaneous manufacturing and other industries. Among the workers who reported some job separations in the first 5 years, but none in the second, is an individual who entered industry in 1906 and now considers himself a worker at the navy yard where he first started work in 191~. Ever since, he has worked there off and on. In 1927, when work was dull, he left, but returned the next year when called back. He has been there ever since and was steadily employed throughout the depression. Another machinist reported a history differing even more markedly as between the first and second periods. The beginning of 1926 found him at his first job as a full-fledged machinist. He left this job in the following year II to get more experience. 11 The work he found in a plant manufacturing machinery lasted only 4 months. When be was laid off, he found employment as service man with a retail radio shop. When the radio shop closed in 1930, he got work almost immediately as a machinist with a firm making fishing reels. The first 3 years he had only part-time work, but be reports full time on the job since 1933. In a group as stable as the machinists, individuals who frequently change jobs stand out as exceptional. Only 237 men in Digitized by Google 60 MACHIN! STS the study reported three or more separations in the 10 years. Although the majority of the machinists reporting this number of changes are under 45 years of age, it may be worth noting that the proportion of older machinists reporting three or more separations is higher among those unemployed in May 1936 than among those employed. Considering industrial groups separately, the proportion is higher for workers customarily attached to transportation-equipment industries than for those attached to other industries. Examination short jobs with intervals of the unemployed of May 1936 and equipment industries. These individuals with three or more of figures 7 and 8 will show many unemployment between them among among workers in transportationaccount, at least in part, for separations. SHIFTS OF EMPLOYERS, OCCUPATIONS, AND INDUSTRIES A separation from a job may result in a period of unemployment with return to the same job, in an immediate new job, or in a new job following unemployment. In the case of a new job, the industrr, occupation, and employer may all change, or any one may change alone, or any two in combination. Of single shifts, those in employer are most frequent, and those in occupation are next in frequency. Shifts in industry without change in employer are rare. 6 Three-fifths of the machinists reported some employer shifts. Slightly over one-half reported industrial shifts, and only twofifths reported changes in occupations ( figure 11 and tables A-so to A-52). The proportion reporting each kind of shift decreased with age. In other words, younger machinists are more mobile. The proportion reporting employer shifts was smaller in the two industrial groups composed largely of maintenance machinists. Men attached to these two groups, however, were no less likely to shift their occupation than those attached to the manufacture of machinery or of transportation equipment. Men attached to miscellaneous manufacturing were least likely to change their industry. A smaller proportion of the group who experienced no unemployment during the 10-year period than of the total group reported changes of employer, occupation, and industry. 6 ror e:rampl e, an industry shUt but not an employer shirt was counted tor persons employed at the Victor Talking Machine Company during the time at Which the plant changed its product rrom Victrolas to radios. Digitized by _. Google WORK EXPERIENCE Figur ■ 61 11.- PERCENTABE DISTRIBUTION DP MACHINISTS BY TYPE AND FREOUENCY OF SEPARATIONS, 1926-35 PERCENT 10 ALL SEPARATIONS 20 I 30 -" ,o 60 70 •--- 10 ~ to -----;- -- 100 - ~ EMPLOYER SHIFTS INDUSTRIAL SHIFTS OCCUPATIONAL SHIFTS V////////////~ I --------------~~.£-'-<...L..<--<...'--'--'-""'-''-"-"/,/;...:~_.,,""""_ t --r L. 0 D 20 10 ~ NONE I ANO2 .. ~ 3 ANO 4 - ~ ANO UORE M.W.D. !asod on to A-52 tab le. A-~8 and A-50 lndustr1al Research University of WPA- National Department - Pennsylvania Research and Project P-28 Most of these changes, however, were in combination. In the following tables each job separation is analyzed according to other changes involved. From table 7 it can be seen that only 15.7 percent of all job separations involved changes in employer, industry, or occupationalone. Slightlyunderone-third involved a shift in industry and employer. An additional three-tenths involved a change in occupation as well. In the light of tables 7 and 8, in one of which are analyzed job separations for each age group and in the other, job separations for each industrial group, it is easy to tell what the brief summary of shifts, given above, means. Almost twice as many of the separations reported by men Ll-5 years of age and over as those reported by younger men involved a return to the same employer, occupation, and industry, when and if any employment was secured. Men of Ll-5 years and over are somewhat less likely to experience broad shifts, involving changes in employer, industry, and occupation than are younger men. A larger proportion of the separations of older men ( q.5 and over l than of the younger men involved changes in employer alone. Digitized by Google Iii. O'! Tabla 7.- NUMBER OF JOB SEPARATIONS, 1926-35 By Employment Status In Mlly 1936, Ag ■ , f\j and Typu of Shift Type of shift Employment status in May 1936 and age in years Total Job separati ens Returned to ~ame Job• After a period of unemployment Number Per- Numcent ber After a period of not seeking work Per- Numcent ber Employer Occupational OccuEmployer Employer pational Industrial and occuand and pational industrial industrial Per- Num- Per- Num- Per Numcent ber cent ber cent ber Per- Num- Per- Numcent ber cent ber Per- Num- Perber cent Per- Number cent 31,4 0.5 cent Employer, occupational, and industrial ;:;c Total Job separationsb 16-29 30-44 45-59 60 and over 0 c.o" a. N- 2i_ er '< C") 0 a '""""" rv Employed 16-29 30-44 45--59 60 and over Unemployed 16-29 30-44 45-09 60 and over 1,522 100.0 178 773 497 74 284 18. 7 100.0 23 100.0 118 100.0 111 100.0 32 24 l. 6 12. 9 15.3 22,3 43.2 1 13 6 4 o.6 1.7 1.2 5.4 8.9 96 6. :a 6 3.4 8. 5 66 60 12, 1 4 5.4 26 42 23 5 14.6 5. 4 4.6 6.8 136 7 0.5 28 1.8 1 3 3 0 o.6 0,4 o.6 - 5 14 9 0 2.8 1.8 1.8 - 478 7 - 462 30.3 - 82 236 133 11 46.0 30,5 26.8 14.9 34 275 151 18 19. l 35.6 30. 4 24.3 0 6 l 0 0.8 0.2 1,200 100. 0 174 13.7 17 1.3 119 9. 4 88 7.0 6 0.5 27 2,1 424 33.5 7 o.6 404 31. 9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 21 79 66 8 12.3 12.2 16. 4 18.2 1 8 4 4 o.6 1.2 1.0 9.1 6 57 04 2 3. 5 8.8 13.0 4.5 24 38 21 5 14.0 5.9 0.2 11.4 1 3 2 0 o.e 5 13 - 0 6 1 0 81 204 109 10 47.4 31.4 9 18.7 37.1 33.9 34.1 0.9 0.2 0 32 241 136 15 - - 2.9 2.0 2.2 27.1 22.7 256 100.0 110 43.0 7 2.7 17 6.6 8 3.1 1 0.4 1 o. 4 04 21.1 0 58 22.7 2 39 45 24 28.6 31.5 47.4 80.0 0 5 2 0 - 0 9 6 2 2 4.0 2,1 7.3 6. 3 6.7 28.6 3.2 2.1 0 0 1 0 - 0 l 0 0 2 34 15 3 28.6 27.4 15.8 10.0 0 0 0 0 1 32 24 1 14.2 25.8 25.3 3.3 171 649 402 44 7 124 95 30 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 - - 4 2 0 - o.o o.o 1.0 - - 0,8 - - - - •includes 83 separations wl th no re tum to any Job wt thin the 10-year period. b1nc1u<1et1 one Job separatlon each tor 3 men who rteported an lndustrlal e:htft but no actual Job separation wben the plants at Which tbe,1 were employed changed their ■ aJor product. > (") = ..... z ..... Cf.) >---3 Cf.) Tab! ■ 8.- NUMBER OF JOB SEPARATIONS, 1926-35 By U ■ aal lnda ■ trl ■ l Oroup ■ nd Type of Shift Type of shift Usual industrial group Total job separation::; Returned After a period of unemploy- ment Total Job separations b Manufacture of machinery, machine tools, and electrical goods Manufacture of transpurtat.ion equipment After ~ period of not seek- 0ccu- Sm~ loyc r Occu- pat i anal Employer Sm.player pational Industrial and occuand and pational ind us trial ,ndustrial inf5 work Number Percent ber 1,522 100.0 284 18.7 24 1.6 626 100.0 97 15.5 8 1.3 Number Percent to sarne joba. Num- Per- Num- Per- Num- Per- Numcent ber cent ber cent ber Per- Num- Per- Numcent ber cent ber Employer, occupat iona 1. and industrial Per- Numcent ber Per- Numcent ber Percent 8.9 96 6.3 7 0.5 28 1.tl 478 31.4 7 0.5 462 30.3 138 14. 0 30 4.8 1 0.2 13 2,1 218 34.8 3 0.5 168 26.8 136 ~ 0 :::0 :,,:: t:zl >< "Cl t:zl :::0 452 100.0 134 29.7 5 1.1 26 5.8 24 5.3 2 0.4 4 0.9 141 31.2 2 0.4 114 25.2 ..... (%l 0 Manufacture of metal products, including professional instruments 2i_ Government agencies and public utilities c.o" a. N- z (J r;tl 188 100.0 20 10.8 0 - 8 4.3 15 8.1 0 - 5 2.7 48 25.8 1 0.5 89 47.8 B5 100.0 11 12.9 5 5.9 2 2.4 7 8.2 3 3.5 2 2.4 24 2B.2 1 1.2 JO 35.3 173 100.0 22 12.7 6 3.5 12 6.9 20 11.6 1 0.6 4 2.3 47 27.2 0 - 61 35,2 er '< C") 0 a"""""' Miscellaneous manufacturing and other industries &Includes 83 separations wlth no return to any Joo w1tn1n the 10-year period. blncludes one Job separation each ror 3 men who reported an 1ndustr1al shlft out no actual Job separattcn when tnt:> plants at whtcn they were employed cnan~ecl tne1r maJor product. rv Ol ,:., 64 MACHINISTS industrial groups, it is found that 29. 7 percent of all changes made br workers customarily attached to transportation-equipment industries are to unemployment with return to the same job if to any employment. This proportion is considerably larger than that for any other industrial group. Themachinery, machine-tools, and electricalgoods industries are next, with 15.5 percent. The findings for the transportation-equipment group, however, are by no means unexpected in the light of the widespread unemployment found among workers normally employed in those industries. Table A-53 presents an analysis of job separations for men from 30 to 44 years of age by industrial groups. This age group was chosen for illustration because of the mobility of men at this time of life. The predominance of job separations to unemployment with return to the same job, if to any employment, for transportationequipment workers compared with other workers can be seen in this table, too. When job separations are considered by Table A-54 analyzes for each of the 388 job separations of machinists reporting continuous employment during the 1O-year period the kind of shift involved. Slightly over one-third of all job separations reported by the group involved changes in employer and industry; another third involved changes in occupation, industry, and employer. These proportions are slightly larger than are found in the sample as a whole, in which 18.7 percent of the separations are t0 unemployment with return to the samejobif toanyemployment, without a change in occupation, industry, or employer. When the shifting is examined for age groups separately, there is little difference to be found except in the youngest and oldest groups. In the youngest group, twofifths of the job separations involved shifts in employer, occupation, and industry, and one-fifth involved changes in employer and industry. In the oldest age group this is reversed. SUMMARY Most of the 1926-35 employment experience of the machinists, millwrights, and tool makers in the study has been at their usual occupation. Two-fifths of the workers reported some time at occupations other than their usual one. A far larger proportion of young men from 16 to 29 years of age than of any other age group worked outside their usual occupation. They also reported, on the average, a longer time spent in this way than did older Digitized by Google WORK EXPERIENCE 65 workers. This may have been due to their inability to get started at their regular work for some years after entering the labor market. In connection with work at occupations other than the usual one, however, it is important to recall that data on this phase of the work histories overemphasize the amount of shifting among occupations and the time spent at occupations other than the usual one, because of the detailed nature of the occupational code used in tabulating. Changes in work, which would not be considered changes in occupation by the machinists themselves, were coded as occupational changes. Over half of the work at occupations other than the usual one was at skilled and professional work. Much of the former was in occupations very closely allied to the usual one, such as foreman or operator of special machines requiring a high degree of skill. Semiskilled and unskilled work was done to some extent, but over one-third of the semiskilled work represented apprenticeship; 33 percent of unskilled work was done by men 60 years of age and over, many of whom were unemployed in May 1936. The machinists who reported continuous employment throughout the 10-year period spent more of their time at occupations other than the usual one in skilled and professional work than did machinists as a whole. Al though work at skilled occupations other than the usual one does not seem, on the whole, to be an alternative to unemployment for machinists, it may be that semiskilled and unskilled work is such an al tern a ti ve. The chances were approximately even that semiskilled or unskilled work followed unemployment or an interruption in employment at the usual occupation. The chances that skilled and professional work followed unemployment were less than one to two. Shifting from industry to industry is more common for machinists than shifting from occupation to occupation. Fifty-six percent reported work in some industry other than the usual one during the 10-year period. The largest proportion of time employed in this way was spent in industries producing machinery, machine tools, and electrical goods. According to comments of machinists, shifting from one industry to another is sometimes a deliberate choice for the sake of new experience, sometimes a necessity "to get any work", and occasionally a convenience following a change in residence. One-quarter of the men studied reported the same job over the entire period. The largest proportion of job separations were Digitized by Google 66 MACHINISTS followed by change in employer and industry. Almost as large a proportion, however, were followed by changes in employer, occupation, and industry. When age groups were considered separately, it was found that a smaller proportion of young men (16 to q.q.) reported job separations followed by shifts in employer and industry than reported separations followed by all three kinds of shifts. Job separations involving unemployment followed by return to the same job, if to any employment, were reported twice as of ten by men of q.5 years of age and over as they were by younger men. This kindofseparationwasreported for 29.7 percent of the separations made by workers normally employed in transportationequipment industries. This was a larger proportion than in any other industrial group. It would seem that the experience of Philadelphia workers attached to the machinists' labor market in May 1936 bears out the impression given by their background and early experience. They are a stable group of men, making few changes in jobs and still fewer in occupations. Their shifts from industry to industry are somewhat more frequent, because, at least to some extent, their skill is transferable and because their work is needed in almost all of Philadelphia's industries. When they lose or leave their jobs, it seems to be harder for men q.5 years of age and over and for workers usually employed in the manufacture of transportation equipment to secure new jobs. Mobility of machinists seems to be connected with age and industry of usual employment. There are undoubtedly other factors that determine the ability of certain men to avoid unemployment more readily than others do, With the material at hand, it is not possible to generalize about any other factors. Digitized by Google SECTION V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS SUMMARY The trades of machinist, millwright, and tool maker are, even in this day of mechanization, highly skilled occupations. They also involve a good deal o! responsibility, since carelessness and bad work can ruin materials worth many thousands of dollars or cause accidents involving many lives. The exacting nature o! the work, in the opinion o! the interviewers !or this study, has attracted a very dependable group of workers with characteristics somewhat different from those o! individuals attached to manyotheroccupations. On the average they are older and they have a good educational background. Even in the days when it was not unusual for a youngster to go to work at the age of 12, future machinists were staying at school until they had finished at least the elementary grades. Both the two-thirds who were native-born and the one-third who were foreign-born have lived in Philadelphia a long time. Many of those who were born abroad did not feel that foreign birth was the handicap that some unskilled workers find it. On the contrary, many told of the eagerness of shops to secure machinists with foreign training, but there were also cases in which it was evident that less skilled work had to be accepted while the language was being learned. Employment in the metal industries had been increasing from1933 to the end of the period covered by this study. In May 1936, when the sample was selected, seven-eighths of the machinists were employed, the great majorityattheir own trade. Sincemachinists are needed in almost all of the city's industries, the men in the study were attached to plants manufacturing a variety of products, as well as to nonmanufacturing enterprises. Four-fifths of the individuals, however, were customarily attached to industries manufacturing various metal products ranging from small wares to large engines. The years of training required, the character of the responsibility, and in some cases long identification with one firm have resulted in developing a group of men who believe in their skill and who take their responsibilities seriously. Their own comments 67 Digitized by Google MACHINISTS 68 WPA - National Reaearch Project (Hine) FIGURE 12.- TOOL BUILDER PLANING FOR A TAPER SHOE ON STEAM HAMMER RAM concer ning their occupation, aside from their accounts of actual experience, ranged from the remarks of the t,0rker who thought that today all that is wanted is a "specialist" or machine operator to the comment o! the man who thought that the trouble with the trade is that "they expect a man to know too much, more than any 111a.n can know" and the comment of the man who has left the trade because "there was too much responsibility !or the money." The men studied proved to have spent mo s t of their working life not practicing it, then learning or superv1s1ng. In many cases, supervising and actual practice of the trade go hand in hand, especially in the smaller shops of the city. Entrance to the trade, or rather to an apprenticeship to the trade, took place coincidentally with entrance to the labor market for only one-third of the machinists studied. Four-fifths of the group, however, sooner or later served a paid apprenticeship lasting anywhere from a few months to 6 years. Since wages of apprentices are notably meager, the choice of the trade must have required forethought, planning, a.nd a little economic leeway. The choice meant giving up the innnediate benefit of wages higher than those of an apprentice for the future benefit of the wages of a skilled worker. at their usual occupation, if Digitized by Google SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 69 Of those who served apprenticeship, some stayed with the same firm for the rest of their working lives. Others left the shop to secure more varied experience. It seems to be the general opinion that m0ving from industry to industry to obtain an increased knowledge of the trade was more common in earlier days than today. Two-fifths of the men furnishing information on this aspect of their work, however, served apprenticeships in the industry to which they considered themselves attached in the spring of 1936. In the light of this fact it may be that the co11U11only acc~pted idea that machinists are able to change froro industry to industry needs reexamination. Most of the complaints of a shortage of machinists during 1935 and 1936 seem to imply that the skill is easily transferable, since the complaints do not stress the industry of the shortage. The machinists included in this study have held their jobs for a long time. The average length of service on the longest job was 10 years and the average length of jobs at the usual occupation during the 10 years from 1926 to 1935 was almost~ years. Provided job interruptions of 1 month or more are adequately reported, this indicates that there is less seasonality in this occupation than in many others. During this 10-year period machinists have been for the most part employed at their usual occupation, an indication that even through the depression there was a demand for machinists. Over half of the total employment of the group was in the usual industry as well. When a change in occupation directly followed employment, the new work was in many cases skilled or white-collar, showing that machinists have a good deal of leeway before they are forced down the economic scale by inability to find work as well-paid as their usual work. Semiskilled or unskilled work was likely to follow a period of unemployment. Job separations were usually followed or accompanied by changes in employer, occupation, and industry. A change in any one of these without a change in at least one other was rare. On the other hand, many machinists returned to the same employer, occupation, and industry after a period of unemployment. The unemployment reported was by no means evenly divided among individuals attached to the occupation in 1936. An outstanding fact concerning the employment experience of machinists in Philadelphia between 1926 and 1935 is the difference in the experience Digitized by Google 70 MACHINISTS of workers attached to different industrial groups. One-half of themachinists studied experienced no continuous unemployment of 1 month or longer during the period from 1926 to 1935. Only one-third of the workers customarily attached to the manufacture of transportation equipment, however, were in this group, while 65 percent of the men in government agencies and public utilities and 62 percent of those in miscellaneous manufacturing and other industries experienced no unemployment. In this connection it should be noted that theopportunity of machinists in the sample to obtain and hold employment in the last 10 years is probably superior to that of many other machinists, who perhaps became so discouraged by unemployment that they left the trade permanently before 1936 and were therefore not covered by this study. Except for differences in the industrial distribution, the differences in the background experience and the 10-year histories of all machinists and of those who experienced no unemployment between 1926 and 1935 were not great. The history of themachinists reporting no unemployment demonstrated greater stability than the total group. Their longest jobs were longer and more frequently at the usual occupation than were those of the total group. If they worked at other occupations, the work was more likely to be skilled or professional than in the case of all machinists. In the last 10 years the average time they spent on each job at the usual occupation was also longer. On the average, this group was slightly older than all men studied. The fact that they were attached to government agencies and public utilities and miscellaneous manufacturing and other industries in larger proportions than were machinists as a whole indicates that there weremoremaintenance machinists among those reporting no unemployment; this group, however, was by no means entirely composed of maintenance machinists. As reflected in the work histories of the group, there seems to be no connection between the serving of a Lj.-year apprenticeship and the ability to come through a long depression with no unemployment. One-half the men studied experienced at least 1 month of unemployment in the 10-yearperiodbetween 1926 and 1935. Unemployment for this group seems to have been of long-term character rather than seasonal. The difference between the average length of unemployment periods and the total amount of unemployment experienced, for each individual, was 9 months. The problem of unemployment has been aggravated by part-time employment. Digitized by Google SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 71 Machinists who reported any of it at all reported an average of 30 months of part-time work. 1 For the group who reported unemploymerrt, there seems to be a relationship between the total amount of unemployment experienced and age and also the industrial group of customary attachment. This statement must be modified, however, in the light of the findings concerning the group of men reporting no unemployment. If a machinist has a job, he is not likely to be discharged because of his age. The value of experience seems to ·outweigh the handicap of age in the case of such men. In this connection it should be recalled that the average age of the men reporting no unemployment was slightly higher than that of all machinists in the study. There were, of course, some examples of men being kept on by their employers but being given janitorial work or some other light duty. This was, however, far from customary. In the majority of cases men who remained with the same firm throughout this period were still working at their usual occupation when studied. On the other hand, when older men lost their jobs they were less likely than younger men to secure new ones. The total runount of unemployment for those experiencing time without work increased directly with age. On the average, the age of the 85 machinists unemployed in May 1936 was higher than that of employed machinists (47.6 years compared with 44.7 years). These 85 men were for the most part a residual group of the unemployed. Over half of them had been unemployed consecutively for 1 year or longer. As the demand for experienced machinists became more and more pressing, some were reabsorbed. In May 19 37, when a check was made of the employment status of machinists reported unemployed in May 1936, it was found that 28 were still unemployed. Two of these 28 had with drawn from the labor market between 1936 and 1937 because of illness. Two more, though seeking work, were over 65 years of age. The remaining members of the group seemed to be genuinely in the machinists' labor market in May 1937. The amount of unemployment contributed by different industries varied greatly. In this connection two measures need to be considered, the proportion of workers attached to the industry who suffered unemployment and the amount of unemployment experienced. By both these measures the manufacture of transportation equipment 1 This figure 1s based on the e:rper1ence or 191 men who reported 1 month or more or part-time work 1n the 10-year period. Digitized by Google 72 MACHINISTS contributed most to the unemployment of machinists. Not only did these industries contribute a disproportionate number of man-months of unemployment, but they also affected more people. At the other end are government agencies and public utilities and miscellaneous manufacturing and other industries. By both measures their contribution to the unemployment of machinists was comparatively light. It should be noted, however, that when individuals attached to miscellaneous manufacturing and other industries became unemployed, they were likely to stay unemployed for a very long time. The average duration of unemployment periods was longer for men attached to this group than for those attached to any other, except for the manufacture of metal products, including professional instruments. The transportation-equipment industries recovered less rapidly than others because of the declining de111and for the products of the particular industries located in Philadelphia. Machinists customarily attached to these industries have faced an additional problem with regard to employment. Work reg_ui red of them is less exacting than that required of machinists in other industries. Consequently it has been harder for men attached to these industries than for machinists attached to certain other industries to make a transfer to precision work. On the other hand, the situation of machinists in industries other than those producing metal goods is reflected in the record of workers attached to the miscellaneous-industries group. Each factory employsonemaintenance machinist or, at the most, a small group of them. These men are needed even when work is very slack. If the factory is farsighted, and equipped with enough money to put its farsightedness into practice, it is then that repairs, renovations, and installations take place. Maintenancemachinists in these industries experienced less unemployment in the years under review. CONCLUSIONS One metal-trades executive remarked about the findings of this study that if all the machinists studied had been as experienced workers as the group who reported continuous employment in the 10 years, 1926 to 1935, the industries of Philadelphia would not have had sufficient business to employ them in 1932 and 1933, This substantiates the point that the outstanding differences in Digitized by Google SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 73 the recent employment experience of Philadelphia machinists arise not from differences in their personal or occupational characteristics but from changes in the business activity of the industries to which the men were customarily attached, Within these industrial groups, however, differences in work experience reflect individual backgrounds and personal characteristics. The most important of these is age. Although age is no handicap to a skilled machinist in retaining a job, once he becomes unemployed it becomes a distinct liability. The size and character of the unemployment problem of "marginal" workers has been outlined. Machinists who in May 1936 had been unemployed 1 year or longer were 7 percent of the total sample. In actual numbers this is not a large group. The great majority of these individuals are genuinely attached to this labor market, are in need of work and are seeking work, are able and willing to work, and are not old enough to be eligible for old age pensions. Although they had been first-class machinists, either they had not been offered a job because of their age or they had been unable to adjust their skill to current requirements in the labor market for this occupation in Philadelphia. Even so, as business improved between 1936 and 1937, more than half of these "marginal" men found jobs. It is obvious that selective factors enter into the retention of skilled workers on pay rolls during a depression and the absorption or reabsorpt ion of the unemployed in to jobs when jobs are scarce. When jobsaremore plentiful and there is likelihood of a labor shortage, such as was reported in Philadelphia in 1936 and 1937, selective employment factors are much less important and even the "marginal" workers secure jobs. Digitized by Google Digitized by Google APPENDIX A TABLES The sample on which these tables (except table A-1) are based is described in the Introduction. For definitions of terms used in tables, see appendix B. The occupation and industry codes used in classifying the workhistory material are adaptations of Bulletin #3, Occupation Code, and Bulletin #4, Industry Code, Works Progress Administration, National Research Project in cooperation with the Industrial Research Department of the University of Pennsylvania (mimeo., April 1936). Socioeconomic groups ( tables A-45, A-46 l were based on an adaptation of Alba M. Edwards' socioeconomic classification for the United States Census occupational returns, presented in "A SocialEconomic Grouping of the Gainful Workers of the United States," Journal of the American Statistical Association, XXVIII, No. 184 (Dec. 1933), 377-87. Digitized by Google MACHit-iISTS 76 Table 1\.-•l .. - WJ.C,E EARNERS IN THE METAL INDUSTRIF.S OF 'l'HE PHILADELPHIA INDUSTRIAL AREA• 1929a ====----~--==--:-~-..:.--=--=========::::::::====== Average number Industry of wa.ge earners - - - - - - - - - - · - - - -·- ----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 82.753 Total wage earner$ Iron and 11-teel ,md their products ( not be J;;d_;;o.~ ?ru.\ohi:lery and 19,270 14.316 lllACh in,;. -coc}.t, ) Foundry and machine-shop products, n.e.o. Maohinery and m.e.0;11ncs tools Transportation oquip:mant Railroad repair shops Hardware, cutlery, bolts, nuts, eto. Other metal Lldustries 18,093 14.335 5,728 2,973 8,039 &campilQd from Fifte~nth Censua of the United States, "Manufaoturesi 1929" (u. s. Dept. cam., Bur. Census. 1932), III, 452-4. Table A-2.- EMPLOYMENT STATUS IN MAY 1936 BY AGE Tot&.l. persons Age in years Employed Unemployed -·- Number Peroent Number Percent Number Percent 683 100.0 598 100.0 85 100.0 16-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 4 20 36 68 o.6 0.1 3.3 6.5 10.4 0 0 -- 10.0 4 20 33 62 6 3.5 7.1 35-39 40-44 45-49 100 109 113 100 14.6 92 16.0 16.6 14.6 94 8 15 21 17.7 92 89 15.4 15.7 15.4 14.9 11 12.9 66 46 22 9.5 6.7 3.2 58 37 17 9.7 6.2 2.8 7 9 s.2 10.6 s.9 Total persons 50-64 55-59 60-64 65 and over Median age ~ 2.9 6.3 45.2 44.7 Digitized by 3 9.4 24.7 5 47.6 Google 77 API'i::\iJIX A Table A-3.- NAT:::\'ITY BY AGE Total persons Native-born Age in years Total persons a 16-29 30-44 45-59 60 and over Foreign-born Percent Number Percent Num- ber ber Percent i 681 100.0 456 67.0 225 33.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.c 49 183 186 38 81.7 66.1 67.1 56.7 11 94 91 29 18.3 33.9 32.9 43.3 Num- I 60 277 277 67 a.Excludes 2 men who did not report nativity. Table A-4.- :t.'VMBER OF YEARS OF CO?;TINUOUS RESIDENCE IN PHILADELPHIA BY NATIVITY AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS IN MAY 1936 Total persons Nativity and number of years of residence Employed Unemployed ber Percent Uum.ber Percent Num.ber Percent 679 100.0 594 100,0 85 100.0 26 Under 5 yr. 6 mo. 5 yr, 6 mo.-10 yr. 5 mo. 54 10 yr. 6 mo.-15 yr. 5 mo. 58 15 yr. 6 mo.-20 yr. 5 mo. 48 20 yr. 6 mo, and over 218 Since birth 275 3.8 8.0 8.5 7.1 32.1 40.£ 23 49 53 40 184 245 3.9 8.2 8.9 6.7 31.0 41.3 3 5 5 8 30 3.5 5.9 5.9 9.4 40.0 35.3 1oc.o 403 100.0 51 100.0 3.7 2.0 5.9 Total persons a Nu.'ll- Native-born r·:: 34 Under 5 yr. 6 mo. 5 yr. 6 mo.-10 yr. 5 mo. 18 10 yr. 6 mo.-15 yr. 5 mo. 1 17 15 yr. 6 mo.-20 yr. 5 mo. 26 20 yr. 6 mo. and over 101 275 Since birth 4.0 3.7 5.7 22.3 60.6 16 15 17 22 88 245 4.0 3.7 4.2 5.5 21.8 60.8 1 3 0 4 13 30 7.8 25.5 58.8 225 100.0 191 100,0 34 100.0 Under 5 yr. 6 mo. 9 5 yr. 6 mo.-10 yr. 5 mo. 36 10 yr. 6 mo.-15 yr. 5 mo. 41 15 yr. 6 mo.-20 yr. 5 mo. 22 20 yr. 6 mo. and over 117 4.0 16.0 18.2 9.8 52.0 7 34 36 18 96 3.7 17.8 18.8 9.4 50.3 2 2 5 4 21 5.9 5.9 14.7 11.8 61.7 Foreign-born - a.Excludes 2 men who did not report years of residence and 2 men who did not report nativity. Digitized by Google Table A-5.- SCHOOL GRADE COMPLETED Employment status in May 1936 and school grade completed Total persons 16-29 Percent Total personsa 673 100.0 60 Under 7 7 and 8 9 and over 148 370 155 22.0 55.0 23.0 5 25 30 Median gradeb 0 co· ;a.· N ~ C, '< 0 0 a Median gradeb Unemployed Under 7 7 and 8 9 and over Median gradeb Number Percent 8.4 590 123 328 139 57 5 24 28 8.4 25 42 16 8.2 60 and over Number Percent 100.0 273 100.0 274 100.0 66 100.0 8.3 41.7 50.0 56 156 62 20.5 56.8 22.7 68 155 51 24.8 19 35 12 28.8 53.0 18.2 8.4 246 48 142 56 100.0 33.3 100.0 19.5 57.7 22.8 66.7 # &Excludes 10 men who did not report school grade completed. bcomputed from more detailed br~akdawn. hedian not calculated for fewer than 15 cases. 27 235 53 137 45 13 6 8.3 8.2 100.0 22.6 58.3 19.l 39 15 18 6 100.0 32.7 48.l 19.2 8.3 100.0 38.5 46.l 15.4 8.2 :::s: > 0 52 17 25 10 8.4 100.0 29.6 48.2 22.2 8 56.6 18.6 Number Percent 8.3 8.4 ~ ~ 45-59 Percent 100.0 8.8 42.1 49.1 3 0 1 2 Cl) Number 8.9 100.0 30.1 50.6 19.3 83 30-44 9.1 100.0 20.8 55.6 23.6 -.J Age in years Number Employed Under 7 7 and 8 9 and over BY AGE AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS IN MAY 1936 100.0 14.3 14 2 10 2 71.4 14.3 # ::c ..... z: ..... en t-:3 en Table A-6.- AGE OF BEGINNING WORK BY AGE AND l!JIPLOYMENT STATUS IN IIAT 1936 Age of beginning work in years Total persons Age in years and employment eta.tu• in May 1956 0 ~ C, C; 0 a '~ """""' 16-17 18 and over Percent ber Percent ber Percent ber Percent Number Percent Number Total persona& 681 100.0 19 2.8 96 14.l 315 46.2 188 27.6 63 9.3 l!aployed Unemployed 597 84 100.0 100.0 18 1 3.0 1.2 84 12 14.1 14.3 285 30 47.7 35.7 159 29 26.6 34.5 51 12 8.6 14.3 16-29 Eaployed Uneaployed 60 57 100.0 100.0 100.0 0 0 0 - - 2 2 0 3.3 21 20 l 35.0 35.l 33.3 25 24 l 41.7 42.l 33.4 12 1 20.0 19.3 33 .3 20 16 7.2 6.5 13.8 150 140 10 64.4 56.7 34.5 79 3 0 1.1 1.2 69 29 100.0 100.0 100.0 10 28.6 27.9 34.5 24 19 5 8.7 7.7 17.2 19.5 20.l 15.8 1~3 110 13 44.4 48 6 46.0 34.2 M 50 23.l 20.9 14 36.9 23 19 4 8.3 8.0 10.5 20 18 2 29.4 33.3 14.3 21 15 6 30.9 27.8 42.8 20 16 29.4 29.6 28.6 4 2 2 5.9 3.7 14.3 Ell.ployed Una11ployed 3 276 247 Num- 3 N '< 14-15 12-13 Number 30-44 co· ;a.· Under 12 45-59 &!ployed Unemployed 60 and over 'Employed Unemployed 217 100.0 239 100.0 13 12 38 100.0 l 68 100.0 100.0 100.0 3 3 54 14 0 - 4.7 5.0 2.6 4.4 5.6 - N\Dn- 4 54 &Excludes 2 men who did not report age of beginning work. 3.5 - Num- 4 11 Percent > '-,j '-,j tr, :z: c::, ..... >< > -.J co Table A-7,- YEAR OF ENTERING THE LABOR l!ARKETa BY AGE AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS IN MAY 1936 Employment status in Total 1872-73 1874-75 1876-77 1878-79 1880-81 1882-83 1884-85 1886-87 1888-89 May 1936 and age in yee.ra Total pe_raonsb l q90-91 1892-93 1894-95 1896-97 1898-99 1900-01 1902-03 675 l l l 3 7 3 6 15 12 25 - _25 29 25 40 . 47 40 16-29 30-44 45-59 60 and over 60 274 276 65 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 l 0 0 0 l 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 15 0 0 3 9 0 0 13 12 0 0 18 7 0 0 29 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 47 0 0 0 39 0 Employed 16-29 30-44 45-59 60 and over 691 57 245 238 51 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 0 0 l l 0 0 0 1 :5 0 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 4 :5 0 0 0 3 6 0 0 0 6 13 0 0 0 13 8 0 0 2 6 20 0 0 11 9 23 0 0 18 5 25 0 0 0 23 0 0 23 0 36 0 0 36 0 42 0 0 42 0 33 0 l 32 0 Unemployed 16-29 30-44 45-59 60 and over 84 3 29 38 14 l 0 0 0 l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 l 3 5 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 4 0 2 0 0 2 0 4 0 0 4 0 5 0 0 5 0 7 0 0 7 0 25 1904-05 1906-07 1908-09 1910-11 1912-13 1914-15 1916-17 1918-19 1920-21 1922-23 1924-25 1926-27 1928-29 1930-31 1932-33 1934-35 44 47 42 34 44 42 34 25 21 9 12 18 12 0 5 6 16-29 30-44 45-59 60 and over 0 7 37 0 0 24 23 0 0 40 2 0 0 34 0 0 0 44 0 0 l 0 25 0 0 4 17 0 0 5 4 0 0 11 l 0 0 16 2 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 34 0 0 0 0 0 Employed 16-29 30-44 45-59 60 and over 32 0 6 26 0 43 0 22 21 0 32 0 30 2 0 30 0 30 0 0 40 0 40 0 0 41 l 40 0 0 32 0 32 0 0 23 0 23 0 0 18 3 15 0 0 9 5 4 0 0 11 11 0 0 0 17 16 0 0 11 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 Unemployed 16-29 30-44 45-69 60 and O'fllr 12 0 l 11 0 4 0 2 2 0 10 0 10 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 l 0 l 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 :I 0 l 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 l l 0 0 0 l l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total personsb Q) 0 ::ii:: ::,,,. 0 ::c ..... z .,_. U} H U} 0 c.o" a. N- 2i_ er '< C") 0 a '""""" rv asee appendix B for definition of date of enteriDg labor market, 41 l 0 0 2 -- hEzcludes 8 men who did not report date of entering la ,or mar·_et. 0 Table A-8.- APPRENTrcg;HIP BY AGE AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS IN MAY 1936 Apprenticeship abroad Age in year• and employment status in llay 1936 No Total persons apprenticeship Under 4 years Apprenticeship in United States 4 years and over Under 4 years 4 years e.nd oTer !lumber Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 0 co" N- "" 2i_ c::r '< CJ 0 a"""""' (v Total pe rsonaa 561 100.0 129 23.0 35 6.2 50 8.9 106 18.9 241 43.0 Flnployed Unmiployed 495 100.0 100.0 108 21 21.s 31.8 31 4 6.3 6.1 47 9.5 4.5 95 11 19.2 16.7 214 27 43.2 40.9 10 10 0 21.3 22.7 3 6.4 6.8 - 2 2 0 4.2 4.6 23.4 22.7 33.3 21 19 2 44.7 43.2 66.7 54 17 16 1 6.8 7.1 3.8 24 22 2 9.6 9.8 1.1 59 53 6 23.6 23.6 23.1 97 84 13 38.6 37.3 50.0 6.2 9.0 10.5 31 28 3 14.8 15.5 10.4 101 48.l 49.7 37.9 9.4 8.9 12.6 5 9.4 4 8.9 12.5 22 21 66 5 16-29 Flnployed Unemployed 44 3 100.0 100.0 100.0 30-H •ployed Uneaployed 251 225 26 100.0 100.0 100.0 50 4 21.6 22.2 15.4 45-59 •ployed Unemployed 210 181 29 100.0 100.0 100.0 48 35 13 22.9 19.3 44.8 11 9 2 s.o 6.9 19 19 0 60 and oTer &ployed Unemployed 53 45 8 100.0 100.0 100.0 17 13 4 32.l 28.9 4 3 7.6 6.7 12.5 5 4 l 47 - so.o 3 0 l - - 11 10 1 l 90 11 l > '""Cl '""Cl t%l :z: 0 ..... >< > 41.5 46.6 12.6 &Excludes l m&n who did not report length of apprenticeship a.nd 121 men who djd not report apprenticeship. ... a, Table A-9,- LENGTH OF APPREIITICESHIP BY NUl!BER OF MONTHS UNEIIPLO'(E[;, 1926-35 - Length of apprenticeship in year• lhmber ot aontha unemployed Total peraon• • lion.; 1-12 lS-24 25-S6 S7-48 49-60 61-72 75-84 85-96 Total persons Under 2 None 2-3 Cl) 4 and onr ~ Number Percent N1.tt:1ber Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 561 100.0 129 100.0 23 100.0 118 100.0 291 100.0 275 89 68 53 68 16 10 12 10 52,7 12,4 7,8 9.3 7,8 7 7 l 30,4 30.4 4,4 17.4 13,0 55 21 19 46,6 17,8 16,l 6,8 6,8 HS 40 49.0 15.9 12.1 9.5 7.1 49.8 15,5 13,l 10.0 6,5 20 7 3,6 1.2 5 4 l 3 5.8 l 0 0 0 4.4 o.e 5 0 0 2 5 o.s 6 1.1 lledian number of months Total Those reporting l or more D'IOnths 4 3 3.1 2,3 8 8 - 45 S8 29 19 4.2 3,1 1.0 0,7 0,3 9 -1,7 3 2 l 1,8 0,9 9,6 3,6 1,3 ::s::: 22,6 50.0 26.5 19,9 22.0 ::0 > (") I-< 9hcludes l IIIB.l1 z who did not report length of apprenticeship and 121 men who did not report apprenticeship. I-< Cl) 1-3 0 c.o" a. N- - lle.nufacture ot - 2i_ Government er '< C") Total persona Apprenticeship Machinery, machine tools, and electrical goods Tranaportation equipnent 0 a"""""' rv Cl) Table A-10,- APPRENTICESHIP BY USUAL INDUSTRIAL GROuP NU11ber Total person,a No apprenticeship Apprenticeship in the United States Apprenticeehip abroad Percent Number 11.etal products, including professional instruments and public utilities Number Peroent Number Peroent Number Peroent e.gencietl Percent ?Jiscellaneoua me.nu.fncturing and other industries Number Percent 562 100.0 227 40,4 132 23,6 81 14,4 40 7.1 82 U,6 129 100.0 50 38,7 ss 25,6 25 19,4 2 1,6 19 H.7 347 86 100.0 100.0 140 37 40,3 43.0 76 23 21.9 26,8 4S 13 12.4 15,l S6 2 10,4 2.s 52 11 15.0 12.e ~eludes 121 men who did not report apprenticeship, - APPENDIX A 83 Table A-11 .- USUAL INDUSTRY OF WORKERS Total persons llaohinery JD&Dufacturing Eleotrioal machine.-y and apparatus Ma.ohine shops, n.o.s. (e.g., blaoksmiths', jobbing, and maohine shops) Other maohinery and parts (e.g., agricultural equipment) Radio Transportation-equipment manufacturing Motor vehioles and parts Railroad equipment and repair shops Ships Street railway Other Number of persona Percent 683 100.0 286 68 41.9 9.9 27 4.0 179 12 26.2 1.8 158 56 77 8 15 2 23.l a.2 11.2 1.2 2.2 0.3 Metal-products manufacturing, including musical and professional instruments Blast f'Urnaoes, steel works, and rolling mills Foundries, forgings, and castings Bolts, washers, nuts, etc. Cutlery• tireanns, e to. Piping, tubing, etc. Tin oans, tinware, eto. Aluminum, brass, bronze, etc. Professional and scientific instruments Other 11 13.8 3.4 1.5 0.9 2.0 0,9 0,9 1.0 1.6 1.6 Govermnent agencies and public utilities Eleotrio light and power plants City {eduoation and other) 'War Department (e.g., the Frankford Arsenal) Philadelphia Navy Yard Otti.er 49 3 4 11 27 4 1.2 o.4 0,6 1.6 4.0 0.6 Other industries 96 14.0 91 8 7 18 5 3 7 15 8 5 15 13.3 1.2 1.0 2.7 0.1 0.4 1.0 2.2 1.2 0.7 2.2 5 0.1 Ma.nufacturing, other than metal Food products Carpets and rugs Other textile and clothing products Furniture and lumber products Leather products Paper and printi.ag Petroleum refining and other chemicals Tobacco products Stone, clay, and glass products Other Nomnanufaoturing 94 23 10 6 14 6 6 7 11 a1n this and following tables "n.e.c," is an abbreviation for "not alaewhere olassified"; "n.o.s." • for "not otherwise speoified." Digitized by Google Table A-12.- USUAL INDUSTRIAL GROUP BY AGE AND EMPLOmENT STATUS IN )(A.Y 1~6 f 'Manufaoture of' Employment status in May 1936 and age in years Transportation equipment 683 286 158 94 16-29 30-44 45-59 60 and over 60 277 278 68 26 118 125 17 8 62 69 19 13 41 27 13 Jledian age 45.2 44.9 47.3 0 2i_ er Employed 16-29 30-44 45-59 60 and over 598 57 248 239 Governmsnt agencies Metal produots, inoluding prof'essioDAl instruments 'Machinery, machine tools, and eleotrioal goods Total persona c.o" a. N- Total persons and Jlisoellaneous lll!Ulufacturing and publio utilities other industries 49 96 ------- 6 7 38 38 13 42.7 46.6 46.0 48 6 17 19 84 7 34 34 {\ 9 45.8 45.5 1 12 0 4 54 252 26 105 109 13 126 7 54 51 14 88 12 38 26 12 Jledian age 44.7 44.5 45.9 42.7 Unemployed 16-29 30-44 45-59 60 and over 86 3 29 39 14 34 1 13 16 4 32 1 8 18 5 6 1 3 1 1 Median age 47.6 46.8 60.4 6 18 19 I :?. ► C ::,:: -- 0 a '""""" rv hedian not oaloulated for fffff9r than 15 oases. # 1 0 0 Cfj I ·--- 4 4 # ~-- ....; ---- C z (/) '< C") ..... -- Table A-13.- INDUSTRIAL GROUP OF PRESENT OR LAST JOB BY AGE AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS IN MAY 1936 Manufacture of Machinery, Total persons machine tools, Transports. ti on and equipment electrical goods Age in years and employment status in May 1936 1 Metal products, including professional instruments NUlllber Percent Number Percent Number Percent Humber Percent Government Miscellaneous nanufacturing agenciea and and public utilities other industries Number Percent Number Percent 683 100.0 262 38.4 132 19.3 88 12.9 72 10.5 129 18.9 Employed Unemployed 598 85 100.0 100.0 240 22 40.1 25.9 100 32 16.7 37.6 81 7 13.6 8.2 70 2 11.7 107 22 17.9 25.9 16-29 Employed Unemployed 60 57 24 23 l 40.0 40.3 33.3 7 6 1 11.7 10.5 33.3 13 12 1 21.6 21.l 33.4 7 7 0 11.7 12 .3 9 9 0 15.0 15.8 3 100.0 100.0 100.0 30-44 Employed Unemployed 277 248 29 100.0 100.0 100.0 107 98 9 38.6 39.5 31.0 52 42 10 18.8 16.9 34.5 36 33 3 13.0 13.3 10.4 33 32 l 11.9 12.9 3.4 49 17.7 17.4 20.7 45-59 Employed Unemployed 278 239 39 100.0 100.0 100.0 112 104 8 40.3 43.5 20.5 60 44 16 21.6 18.4 41.0 29 27 2 10.4 11.3 5.1 26 25 1 9.4 10.5 2.6 51 39 12 18.3 60 and OTer Employed Unemployed 68 54 14 100.0 100.0 100.0 19 15 4 28.0 27.8 28.6 13 8 5 19.l 14.8 35.7 10 9 1 14.7 16.7 7.1 6 a.a 6 0 11.1 20 16 4 29.4 29.6 28.6 Total persona 2.4 > '"'d '"'d trl z c:, H >< 0 c.o" a. N- 2i_ er '< C") 0 a"""""' rv - - 43 6 > - 16.3 30.8 Cl) 01 Table A-14.- LENGTH OF SERVICE ON LONGEST JOB BY AGE AND EMPIDYMENT STATUS IN MAY 1936 (Z) 0) Length of service in years Age in years and employment status in May 1936 Total persons 0 er C") 0 a '""""" rv 10-14 5-9 15-19 25 and over 20-24 Per- Num- Per- Num- Per- Num- Per- Num- Per- Num- Per- Num• Per- Num- Percent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent ber cent Total personsa 682 100.0 7 1.0 156 22.9 173 25.3 156 22.9 88 12.9 47 6.9 55 8.1 10.2 Employed Unemployed 598 100.0 100.0 7 0 1.2 143 13 23.9 15.5 145 28 24.2 33.3 131 25 21.9 29.8 81 7 13.5 8.3 41 6 6.9 7.1 50 84 8.4 6.0 10.2 10.3 16-29 Employed Unemployed 60 57 3 100.0 100.0 100.0 7 7 0 11.1 44 42 2 73.3 73.7 66.7 8 7 l 13.3 12.3 33.3 1 1 0 1.1 1.7 0 0 0 - 3.1 3.1 30-44 Employed Unemployed 277 248 29 100.0 100.0 100.0 0 0 33.6 34.7 24.1 92 76 16 33.2 :50.6 55.2 61 55 6 22.0 22.2 20.7 23 23 0 8.3 9.3 7 7 0 2.5 2.8 l 1 0 0.4 o.4 0 93 86 7 7.5 7.5 7.5 45-59 :Employed Unemployed 278 239 39 100.0 100.0 100.0 0 0 0 -- 18 6.4 5.9 10.3 71 61 10 25.5 25.5 25.6 77 64 13 21.1 26.8 33.3 50 45 5 18.0 18.B 12.B 31 25 6 11.2 10.5 15.4 31 30 1 11.2 12.5 2.6 13.3 13.5 12.3 60 and over Employed Unemployed 67 54 13 100.0 100.0 100.0 0 0 0 - 1 l 0 2 l 1 3.0 1.8 1.1 17 25.4 20.4 46.l 15 22.4 9 24.1 15.4 9 0 13.4 16.7 23 19 4 34.3 13 19.7 20.a 2i_ '< 1-4 Median Number c.o" a. N- Under l - 12.3 -- 14 4 1.5 1.8 - 11 6 !Excludes 1 man who did not report length of service on longest job. 7TMedian not calculated for fewer than 15 cases. - 2 -- - 0 0 0 -- - - 5 0 0 0 - 35.2 30.8 X # > 0 ::,::i ..... z ...... C/l # ~ C/l APPENDIX A 87 Table A-15.- OCCUPATION OF LONGEST JOB BY THE USUAL OCCUPATION Total persone Usual occupation Occupation or longest job Number Percent llaohinist Tool -11:er, die setter, or Millwright Apprentice instrument maker 682 100.0 545 95 27 15 Same as uaual 475 69.6 394 53 17 11 DU'terent f'rcm usual 207 30.4 151 42 10 4 177 26.0 126 39 8 4 154 12 22.6 1.8 106 0 39 11 7 1 2 0 6 12 5 3 0.8 1,8 13.8 1.6 1.0 o.9 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 1 0 2 3 0 0 26 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 0 3 l 0 l 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 Building and oonatruotion 5 0.8 4 0 1 0 Textile and clothing manuf'aoturing Loom f'ixera Weavera Textile-clothing operatives Finishers 7 l 2 3 1 1.0 0.1 0.3 o.s 0.1 7 1 2 3 l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 1.6 9 0 0 2 Unskilled occupations 4 0.6 4 0 0 0 Clerical occupation• 7 1.0 7 0 0 0 10 1.6 7 1 2 0 Executive, professional, and semiprofessional oooupationa 6 0.7 4 l 0 0 Public aervice 4 0.6 3 l 0 0 Total pereonaa Skilled and aemiskilled occupa ti cna in m&.nuf'ac tu ring and mechanical industries Metal products, machinery, and eleotrioal-gocds aanuf'acturing Machinists Tool makers, die setters, and instrument makers Foremen Apprentices Machine-tool operators llachinists• helpers Operatives, iron and steel Smelters Solderers Blaokamitha 14echanioa Other Transportation and trade 8 Excludea 94 11 7 6 1 l 2 11 68 10 3 3 1 ~ool maker who did not report longest job. Digitized by Google Table A-16.- BUJIBER OF YEARS EMPLOYED AT USUAL OCCUPATION BY AGE AND EMPLODlEHT STATUS IH 1lAY 1936 4 years 9 years 14 years Age in years and Under 6 months 6 months 6 months to employment status Total 4 years to to persona 6 months 9 years 14 years 19 years in May 1936 5 months 5 months 5 months 19 years 24 years 29 years 6 months 6 months 6 months 34 years lledian to 6 months number to to 24 years 29 years 34 years and over ot year• 5 months 5 months 5 months Total persona• 680 19 61 75 116 117 102 81 106 22.6 Employed Um,mployed 596 17 2 54 65 10 101 15 101 7 89 13 74 10 95 11 22.5 22.2 16 16 1 32 31 1 11 10 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.8 6.8 276 247 29 3 2 22 18 4 51 76 68 1 35 32 l 7 89 82 1 0 0 0 0 18.0 18.2 16.6 277 238 39 0 0 7 5 2 13 11 2 23 16 7 36 27 79 71 57 54 9 62 54 8 8 3 29.3 30.0 24.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 6 6 0 5 3 2 4 49 41 8 81 a, CD 18 X 16-29 Employed Unemployed 30-H 0 c.o" a. N- Employed Unemployed 60 57 3 l 2i_ er '< C") 0 a '""""" rv 45-69 Employed Unemployed 60 and over Employed Unemployed 61 54 13 0 0 0 0 54 a.Excludes 3 men who did not report years at usual occupation. ~ i a n not oaloulated for fewer than 15 oases. 0 s 1 2 2 # 40.4 ~.s I > 0 ::r: ..... ..... :z: .,r:nr:n Table A-17.- NIJIIBER or TEARS Under Total per•om Uoual induotrial group and age in year• • 7•ar• 8 J10nthll +---- 16 s 32 22 2TT 0 0 7 0 ll&n.u!'acture of tranaporta1.ion equ,pmeut 16-29 3~ 45-59 60 11.Jld OTer er '< C") 0 a rv """""" 5 months 60 276 16-29 30-44 46-59 60 a.nd over 2i_ 5 aontho 16-29 50-44 U-59 lla.nu!'acture of metal produots, inolud ing profe1uional inetrumeut, 16-29 30-44 46-69 60 and OTer GoTernant e.genciee and public utilitiee 16-29 30-(4 46-69 60 &Jld OTer lliacella.neoua mnu:faoturing lllld other induatriea 16-29 50-'4 45-69 60 and OTer 67 ~~---1118 125 17 I, 1 I I 156 -s-62 68 18 _!_09 l o 6 month• to 14· year• I 93 13 ~-I I!~ ~ 18 19 --+- 11 61 13 l 89 25 0 s 1s·· 23 26 "3 - -n 1-- 8 15 38 o 2 8 8 0 0 0 0 6 -., --i 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 1 17 8 11 16 15 -. 16 l 7 0 0 2 0 I -, I ! 0 ~ ---i o o 6 4 0 0 l · r -- 26 1-- 8 4 0 t--- 6 m,ntha 5 -,ntha to 29 I 0 0 76 38 8 55 82 l 79 6 4 0 0 67 49 4~ 40 40 0 0 16 32 0 l 38 l 0 I so -o· 17 12 l , ! 11 l I , I 9 4 6 , 5 I I 0 0 ! l 9 l 0 4 6 3 0 2 t l l l 16 17 --T -- 8 0 6 --+ s0 0 I 6 0 23,8 -1f 0 18,S 0 14 30.3 96 7 I I 11 2 - 0- 8 14 3 4 0 0 l l l 0 0 0 2 I l l &Exclude• 3 men who did not report number of 7eara employed at the usual occupation. #ie<11an not oaloulated tor r....r than 16 oaaoo. iI 20 ---O- 6 12 -- 0 10 --0 0 6 4 17 --0 -0 S 0 0 7 14 4 10 l 7 s -----, z H >< > 17.7 16,2 23,3 # 10 e 2 ,2 .s 2 __ , > 0 I 58• 58 13 19.2 29.6 40,S '"ti '"ti c,;:, 0 - 6 - - 6 ~ti-- ·t u o 2 l 18.0 29.S 40.4 27 23 2 - 5.e 26 16 - t-~!--t--2g I ot :rear• --+----+I 106 ----t- - 22.5 -- - 0 ~---+- __ lledian number M yea.re 8 110ntho and OTer M 39 12 l l~ year ■ 29 :,ear• 6 ac>ntbo to M :,earo B>Dth ■ 102 13 j, I 24 year• 6 -,:_ -~--- -- r6_l~ --~~ I 6 T 117 ~ 0 0 I --r- 19 :,•ar• 5 ac>ntho 116 I I to 15 61 19 year• 6 aontbo to 24 ;year• 5 aontho 14 ;year• 8 moath• 9 :veare to 9 year• 680 Ka.nutaoture ot •ohiuey, aohine toola# &Dd eleotrioal good• 0 I- ___ l_~ --- 4 J'9&r1 6 -,nths Total peraona& 60 &Di OYer c.o" a. N- EIIPLOTED il USUAL OCCUPATION BT USUAL INDUSTRIAL GROUP AND AGE - -,---- 24.4 18.0 52.0 # 22.T9 16.8 27.9 # cc (Cl co Table A-18.- OCCUPATION OF l.AST JOB BY USUAL OCCUPATION, FOR MACHINISTS EMPLOYED IB MAY l9S6 Total persons Usual occupation Occupation of last job Total persons Same as usual 0 Tool maker, die setter, Millwright Apprentice or instrument maker Number Percent Machinist 598 100.0 476 86 21 16 493 82.4 390 71 17 16 3:: > (") Different from usual CJ co· "" ;;; ~ C, '< C") 0 a ,..._ ~ Skilled and semiskilled occupations in manufacturing and mechanical industries Building and construction Paperhangers Plumbers and pipe, gas, and steam fitters Metal products, ma.chine ry, and electrical-goods manufacturing Boring-machine operators . Drill-press operators Filers and grinders (metal) Instnanent makers Engine-lathe operators lathe operators Machinists Machinists 1 , tool makers', and millwrights• helpers 105 17.6 86 15 4 0 ::i:I ...... z ...... en ~ en l l 0.3 0.2 0 l l 0 0 0 l 0.1 l 0 0 0 41 2 2 3 l 6.9 0.3 5 0 3 0 0 o.s 33 2 2 0 0 2 0 l 0 5 2 o.9 0 l 1 l 0.2 0.2 4 0 l 2 0 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0 2 o.3 2 0 0 0 2 o.s 0 0 0 0 0 Weehanies, automobile and aircraft Keeha.nics, other Killing-machine operators 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.9 0.2 0.2 0.2 23 1 1 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 2.5 12 3 0 0 6 1.0 3 3 0 0 2 o.3 2 0 0 0 2 o.3 2 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0.2 o.3 0.2 0.2 1 1 1 1 2 2 0.3 0.3 2 1 3 1 9 1 o.s 0.2 1.5 0.2 3 Textile and clothing manufacturing Knitters, f'Ull-fashioned hosieryOperatives, n.e.c., textile 2 1 1 o.3 0.2 0.1 Other Asaemblers Engineers, stationary-, n.e.c. Firemen, stationaryForemen, other than building and construction Inspectors and examine rs ( except in trade, transportation, and communication) Operatives, n.e.c •• chemical manufacturing Operatives, n.e.c., food ma.nufacturing Operatives, n.e.c., paper-goods manufacturing (except printing) 29 1 1 1 Millwrights Operatives, n.e.c., iron and steel industries Platers and enamelers Punoh-press operators and press operators, n.o.s. Screw-machine operators Tool makers and die setters Welders 1 9 0 0 0 0 0 > '"'d '"'d t:<l z Cl ...... 0 c.o" a. N- 2i_ er '< C") 0 a '""""" rv Table continued on following page. I>< > ... (0 1 0.2 1 0 0 0 Table A-le.- OCCUPATION OF LAST JOB BY USUAL OCCUPATION, FOR MACHINISTS DfPLOYED Ilf IIAY 1956 - Continued Total 0oe'dpe.tion or Usual occupation per■ one last job Number Percent ~ lfaohini ■ t Tool -.leer. die setter, or Killwright Apprentice in■ tJ"Ullent •leer 0 co" ;,;: N i er '< C") 0 a Different from usual - continued Unskilled oooupationa Dock ha.nds, longshoremen, and stevedores ls.borers and helpers, n.e.c., in building and construction IAborers, manufacturing Watchmen and guards I.Abo re re, n.e .c. Clerical occupations Clerks, filing, mail, and general office Estimators and appraisers Shipping and receiving clerks Stock clerk• 17 1 1 4 z.e o.z o.z o.6 16 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 1 1.6 0.2 10 1 0 0 4 0.7 3 1 0 0 1 1 l l 0.2. 0.2 0.2 0.1 1 l l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 0 0 0 2 o.3 l 0.2 0.1 2 1 1 ~ (i) Transportation and trade pursuits Agent ■ , insurance and real estate Truck and tractor drivers 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 :x ► (') .... .... ::1 :z: Cl) 1-i Cl) Domestic and personal service Day workers and offioe cleaners Elevator operators Hostesses. head ~iters. and stewards Janitors and caretakers Executive. professional. and semiprofessional occupations Mana.gers. officials. and executiTea. n.e.c. Musicians and teachers of music Watchmen. policemen. and guard.a (public) s 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 s 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0 l 0.2 0.1 1 s 0.5 2 l o.:s 4 l 1 l 0.2 l 0 Public service: 1 0.2 l 0 0 0 .,,.,,► t>3 z ....>< 0 ► 0 en· "" N. 2i_ c:r '< C") 0 arv '""""" Q) ~ Table A•l9o• EMPLOYMENT STATUS BY MONTHS, 1926•35, FOR 284 MACHINISTS WHOSE USUAL INDUSTRIAL GROUP WAS THE MANUFACTURE OF MACHINERY, MACHINE TOOLS, AND ELECTRICAL GOODSa Month A B C D E A B 1926 January February Maroh April May June July Auguot September October November December 159 161 161 161 161 162 174 173 174 174 174 174 55 56 55 55 54 53 46 47 48 48 47 46 46 45 45 44 45 46 46 46 43 44 45 45 0 c.o" a. N- 2i_ er '< C") 0 a '""""" rv 171 169 165 155 166 165 161 161 160 159 156 155 41 40 40 40 40 39 39 39 39 39 39 58 32 32 33 34 33 35 37 37 41 42 40 38 D E A B 1927 4 2 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 20 20 21 21 20 20 15 15 16 16 15 15 177 175 174 176 177 177 179 178 179 179 180 182 46 46 48 46 45 44 41 43 43 42 40 40 1931 Jammry February March April May June July August September October November December C 2 46 44 46 48 49 47 47 46 48 4 46 5 3 l 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 14 13 13 13 13 12 14 13 13 13 13 13 182 182 182 183 181 180 178 181 181 181 183 183 41 40 42 42 40 42 41 38 39 40 39 39 1932 32 35 38 36 37 37 38 37 34 35 40 43 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 10 10 9 9 10 154 153 151 150 146 145 146 145 146 146 146 147 39 40 38 39 37 37 37 39 39 40 37 35 37 36 35 33 35 33 33 33 32 31 32 32 D F, A B 1928 46 48 C 46 46 46 45 47 46 46 44 43 45 45 44 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 145 145 144 147 144 146 145 147 144 146 150 149 35 36 38 39 42 40 39 41 41 41 42 43 31 30 29 28 32 32 33 33 33 31 31 30 D E A B 1929 3 4 2 2 4 4 7 9 9 7 7 8 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 10 10 183 182 181 181 180 179 178 178 181 182 183 181 39 40 41 42 43 43 41 41 40 39 37 37 44 45 44 43 44 44 45 46 45 44 45 46 65 65 64 62 59 59 60 56 60 61 56 56 8 8 9 8 7 7 7 7 6 5 5 6 148 147 144 144 141 144 146 147 147 146 147 146 43 44 44 45 45 45 46 48 48 53 51 51 30 33 34 35 36 36 39 39 37 37 37 37 C D E 19 18 16 16 17 17 15 15 19 21 23 28 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 1930 8 8 9 9 8 9 13 12 12 13 13 14 10 9 9 9 9 9 7 7 6 6 6 6 179 180 179 178 177 176 176 174 174 173 174 173 36 38 42 43 43 44 45 45 44 43 41 41 1934 1933 44 46 51 53 57 60 59 58 59 58 60 61 C ~ 44 42 41 41 41 41 41 43 40 39 38 34 1935 57 54 54 52 54 52 48 45 45 46 6 6 8 8 8 7 5 5 5 3 3 46 4 47 147 149 150 151 150 149 151 155 155 156 154 151 50 50 50 51 53 55 55 54 57 57 58 57 3"6 36 37 40 41 41 41 42 38 37 38 39 47 46 44 40 37 36 35 32 33 33 32 35 4 3 3 2 3 3 2 l l l 2 2 ---·---- aA denotes "employed at usual occupation, usual industry", B, "employed at usual occupation, other than usual industry", c, "employed at other than usual occupation", D, "unemployed"1 E, "not seeking work." Tables A-19 and A•24 include 1 man who worked at odd machinist•• jobs for about l yoar. In order to use the information given for the rest of tho 10-year period and to keep the same total, the first year - s considered as a full year of employment. In all other tables de~ling with total amounts of employment or unemployment this person is oonoidered as not reporting. :s:: ;,,.. 0 ::r:: ..... z ..... en >-:l cn Table A-20.- EMPLOYMENT STATUS BY MONTHS. 1926-35, FOR 158 MACHINISTS WHOSE USUAL INDUSTRIAL GROUP WAS THE MANUFACTURE OF TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT• llonth A B C D E A B February li!aroh April :May June July A.ugUllt September October November December 96 96 95 98 99 98 99 100 99 98 97 97 27 26 27 26 25 26 25 26 26 27 27 26 21 22 24 23 23 23 22 21 22 23 23 24 8 10 7 6 6 6 7 7 6 6 5 6 5 5 5 6 6 5 6 6 6 5 5 5 95 96 95 100 102 101 100 100 100 101 101 97 25 26 28 ?,7 27 28 29 29 29 29 29 29 1931 0 c.o" a. N- 2i_ c:r '< C") 0 a '""""" rv January February Karch April Kay June July August September Ootober November December 73 73 73 75 76 78 76 76 78 77 76 74 28 28 27 28 26 24 24 22 22 21 22 22 23 23 22 22 22 22 24 24 22 21 19 19 D E A B 1927 1926 January C 3 3 4 22 3 24 3 3 5 7 7 7 7 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 97 98 98 100 99 100 99 101 100 100 101 98 29 27 27 25 26 25 28 28 26 25 24 24 1932 34 34 35 31 33 32 32 34 34 37 39 41 0 0 l 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 70 66 69 68 69 70 70 72 72 70 68 66 22 21 21 22 22 23 19 17 16 16 17 16 19 20 18 17 17 18 21 19 21 24 23 22 D E A B 1928 26 24 23 22 22 22 21 23 23 23 C 23 23 24 24 26 26 25 25 26 28 28 28 48 45 46 48 46 45 47 52 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 64 66 63 62 65 70 76 74 77 80 77 76 16 16 16 15 14 16 16 18 19 19 19 21 21 21 23 23 24 25 23 23 24 24 22 22 D E A B 1929 7 8 7 7 2 5 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 l l l 6 4 7 96 96 94 95 96 97 93 92 91 91 93 88 26 26 26 29 28 27 26 26 26 29 26 28 27 27 28 27 27 26 29 28 29 27 27 26 55 53 64 56 53 47 41 41 37 34 37 36 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 72 71 22 24 72 24 71 69 22 22 71 20 74 76 78 79 74 19 21 21 21 21 21 72 23 21 21 21 21" 20 23 22 26 26 24 26 C D E 22 23 22 19 17 16 22 22 23 22 25 31 0 0 1 0 0 l 1930 9 l 8 9 6 6 8 10 12 12 1 l l l 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 12 15 84 84 84 86 88 88 83 84 84 85 82 77 26 26 26 27 28 27 28 27 26 26 28 27 1934 1935 4S 49 48 49 C 26 26 25 26 25 26 24 26 26 25 25 23 l 0 0 0 0 0 3 72 2 2 2 3 4 73 4 2 2 2 2 2 71 68 69 69 73 73 74 74 76 73 22 23 25 26 27 26 27 29 28 28 28 26 26 25 24 24 24 26 2:5 24 27 28 28 28 z t:, ..... 1936 58 40 39 42 43 43 38 37 31 30 37 38 > '"d '"d c,:, 38 36 37 39 37 37 34 30 27 26 25 29 1 l >< > l l 1 l l 2 2 2 2 2 aA denotes "employed at usual occupation, usual industry"; B, "employed at usual occupation, other than usual industry"; C, "employed at other than usual occupation"; D, "unemployed"; E, "not seeking work." a, CJ1 Table A•21.• EMPLOYMENT STATUS BY MONTHS, 1926-35, FOR 94 MAC!IINISTS WHOSE USUAL INDUSTRIAL GROUP WAS co THE MANUFACTURE OF METAL PRODUCTS, INCLUDING PROFESSIONAL INSTRUMENTS&. - Month A B C D E -- A B 1926 January April 48 48 48 49 Ma.y 49 June July August September October 60 51 61 52 53 53 53 February Ila.rob November December 17 17 18 17 17 17 14 13 14 14 14 14 20 20 19 19 19 20 23 23 23 22 22 22 C D-~-~l~c 7 7 7 7 7 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 52 52 52 52 62 52 53 53 53 53 54 64 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 13 13 1931 24 24 24 24 24 24 22 22 23 23 23 23 D E A B 1928 1927 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 1 l 1 1 0:, 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 l 4 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 I 54 55 55 54 54 54 56 57 56 55 55 56 12 11 11 11 11 13 12 11 11 11 11 11 1932 23 22 22 23 24 22 19 19 20 20 20 19 C D E A B 4 4 4 5 5 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 55 64 54 54 53 52 53 53 51 53 53 53 11 11 11 11 12 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 20 20 20 20 20 19 18 18 20 5 6 6 6 6 8 8 19 7 6 6 20 20 8 8 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 l l 1 53 53 53 63 53 53 51 51 51 61 51 51 13 12 12 12 11 10 12 12 13 13 13 13 1934 1933 D E 7 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1930 1929 2 3 3 3 2 2 C 20 20 20 20 20 21 20 20 19 19 19 19 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 ::.:: ~ (") ::r: >-< z 1935 >-< C/) 0 c.o" a. N- 2i_ er '< C") 0 a"""""' rv January 51 13 February March April 47 13 48 Ma.y June July August September October November December 49 48 45 44 44 12 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 11 11 47 44 44 44 19 21 21 22 21 21 24 23 23 24 24 24 10 12 12 13 12 13 14 16 16 15 14 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 l 44 43 39 39 39 37 33 33 34 34 34 36 11 11 10 10 9 10 11 11 12 12 12 12 24 14 23 26 26 25 24 22 22 22 22 22 21 16 18 18 20 22 26 26 24 24 24 24 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 35 36 37 37 37 38 37 38 39 41 42 42 12 11 11 11 12 13 16 14 15 15 14 14 21 20 20 19 19 18 20 25 25 24 24 24 24 2 41 25 24 25 2 41 41 41 24 23 20 16 14 13 13 13 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 41 42 45 47 47 46 46 46 12 12 13 14 14 13 13 12 11 12 12 12 26 14 25 23 16 16 23 24 15 14 23 23 23 24 15 12 11 11 10 10 10 28 25 25 l l 47 49 l 1 1 l 1 l l l l l 49 50 51 52 52 53 61 61 51 61 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 13 15 16 16 16 25 25 10 9 25 8 22 22 21 21 21 22 22 22 21 9 9 8 8 7 6 5 5 6 aA denotes "employed at usual oocupa.tion, usual industry"; B, "employed at usual occupation, other than usual indwstry"i C, •employed at other tha.n usual occupation"; D, "unemployed"; E, "not seeking work." 1 0 1 1 0 l 0 0 0 0 0 0 >-,] C/) Table A-22.- EMPLOYMENT STATUS BY MONTHS, 1926-35, FOR 145 MACHINISTS WHOSE USUAL INDUSTRIAL GROUP WAS GOVERl04ENT AGENCIES AND PUBLIC UTILITIES AND MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING AND OTHER INDUSTRIES& Month A B C D E A B January February March April !.!ay June July August September October November December 85 86 86 87 87 85 87 89 89 87 87 87 21 20 20 21 23 23 21 20 20 19 19 20 27 26 27 25 26 25 26 2 3 3 24. 4 26 27 26 26 3 3 1 3 3 4 5 4 10 10 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 88 87 87 86 86 87 88 88 87 86 87 88 21 21 21 20 20 21 23 23 24 24 23 22 1931 January February March April 0 c.o" a. N- 2i_ er '< C") 0 a '""""" rv Mq June July August Septeenber October November December 83 81 82 83 83 82 81 SJ 82 83 83 82 21 20 20 20 21 22 18 18 19 20 20 19 18 18 16 16 16 18 19 19 18 16 15 15 C D E A B 1921 1926 26 26 25 26 26 25 24 23 22 22 23 23 3 4 1 1 4 8 9 9 9 7 7 8 8 8 8 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 4 4 88 89 89 88 90 91 91 92 92 92 92 92 21 21 21 22 21 21 18 17 20 20 20 20 1932 16 19 20 19 18 16 19 19 19 19 20 22 1 1 7 1 1 7 8 8 1 1 1 7 83 83 84 85 85 85 87 87 87 86 86 85 18 18 17 16 17 17 14 17 13 13 16 17 17 17 16 14 17 17 16 16 16 17 16 15 C D E A B 1928 24 24 23 22 22 21 22 22 21 21 21 21 1 1 7 7 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 86 ,86 87 87 87 86 86 86 87 86 86 86 D E A B 1929 4 8 94 4 1 1 1 93 92 92 90 90 87 87 86 86 87 88 6 6 6 6 7 7 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 7 1 1 21 20 20 20 20 19 21 23 24 24 23 22 1933 21 20 20 22 22 22 20 19 19 19 21 25 C 20 20 21 21 22 22 21 21 21 21 19 19 15 16 25 26 6 86 21 5 88 15 14. 16 17 17 20 21 22 22 22 22 13 13 14 16 17 17 17 17 16 24 24 6 5 5 5 3 3 3 88 88 87 88 87 87 87 89 89 90 22 22 23 23 20 18 16 17 17 18 3 3 3 22 22 21 19 18 20 21 22 22 16 16 16 16 18 16 18 19 17 17 16 16 D E 10 6 10 11 1 1 1 1930 4 5 5 6 5 6 9 8 8 8 10 JO 6 7 87 86 1 1 86 8 8 7 6 6 6 6 6 84 85 84 83 86 85 85 85 84 21 21 20 21 20 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 1934 13 13 C 21 21 21 20 20 18 17 17 18 18 18 18 13 13 16 7 l5 1 1 1 15 J5 16 16 7 7 7 7 17 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 89 88 90 88 90 93 94 94 96 98 98 99 23 24 24 22 21 20 20 21 18 20 20 19 16 16 14 16 17 17 17 16 16 15 15 16 '"Cl '"Cl C:r;J z ....I>< 0 1935 19 16 16 16 15 17 18 18 18 16 16 16 > 15 15 15 16 14 12 12 12 14 10 10 10 2 2 2 3 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 > aA denotea "employed at usual occupation, usual industry"; B, "employed at usual occupation, other than usual industry"1 C, "employed at other than usual occupation"1 D, "unemployed"; E, "not seeking work," CD --1 Table A-23.- NUMBER OF MONTH:; UlJE..YPLOYED, 1926-35. BY USUAL INDUSTRIAL GROUP co CJ! Manufaoture of - Number of J110nths \Dlemployed Machinery. Total persons machine tools, and electrical goods Tn.n3 portat ion equipment Metal produota, including professional instruments Number Percent Number Percent ber Percent Number 680 100.0 283 100.0 158 100.0 None 330 48.fi 139 49.1 54 1 or more 1-12 13-24 25-36 37-48 49-60 61 and over 350 111 86 60 46 27 20 51.5 16.3 12.7 144 50 39 24 17 7 50.9 17.6 13.8 a.s 6.0 2.5 10(. 26 26 20 7 2.5 Total per sons a Num- Govermnent agenoies am publio utilities Miaoellaneoue manufaoturing am other industries Percent Number Peroent Number Percent 94 100.0 49 100.0 96 100.0 34.2 46 48.9 32 65.3 59 61.5 65.8 16.4 16.4 12.7 8.9 5.7 5.7 48 13 15 51.l 13.8 16.0 s.s 8.5 3.2 1.1 17 34.7 16.3 4.1 4.1 2.0 a.2 37 38.5 14.6 4.2 6.2 6.2 4.2 3.1 3C > n :-c CJ cg: ;;; ~ CT '< C') 0 a ""'~"""" Median number of months Total Those reportillg 1 or more months a.a 6.8 4.0 2.9 14 9 9 8 8 3 1 8 2 2 1 4 - 0 14 4 6 6 4 3 2.1 1.7 12.a 2.-4 o.s o.a 22.0 19.9 25.3 22.2 19.0 27.0 ~xoludea 3 men who did not report number of months UMmployed. ...... 'Z ...... (/.J ,-,J (/.J Table A-24.- TOTAL 14.A.N-MONTHS OP' ™PLO»&D'T EXPERIENCE, 1926-:)5. BY U&JAL INDUSTRIAL OROUP Employed at the ueual oeeupat ion Total m.ontba tndu ■ try 1Per- -~~.•--]P~- NUll\ber cent ber Other Ueual Total Ueual luduetrl al group cent Num- : Perber cent lnd:!;~H] 1 Num- Perber cent Elaplopd at other oeeupe.tlona Usu&} tnd~::;~a■ Total i.nduatry N\111~ -~~~~-~r~ ~- ~e;~ - N~-1Perber cent ber oent ber cent ber cent Oth~r Not •••k• Unemployed tnc work 1nduatrte ■ -~um-rP~~~ ;~-=ber cent ber Per- oe-nt: ~1.•~ol1oc.~ ;•._92fl 70-,; 4;_..a_.~\;.l 8_._~i~ ~0.7 3,358 4.1 12,534 15,3 4_,18_7 :·l 8,347110.2 ~--967r ~~ 2-:;;9~ 2-;134 080:100.0!24,868 !? 3.0 19,646 57.7 3,519 10.3 l,?03 5. 0 ! 4,769 14,0 l,BH 1 5.312, 9551 8.7 3,368 9.9 •,1 ,075 ~.l Total montbe a 8 Manuracture or macbtaery, neoblne tools, and electrical goode Manufacture or tre.naportetion equipment Manufacture or met el product a, including proreesionel 1netrumente Co.ernment acencha and public utU1tlee Mlec•llaneoue 11&J1utactur1nc and other llldu ■tr~ee 1 18,960 1100 .0 ll2,917 J68.l 100.0 7 ,258 164 ,3 15,880 1 100.0 · 4 1 1f16 71.2 11_~520 p oo.o} 8.699f ,:_•_:>l 111,200 2~211,3 l.B ! 2,831 15.0 862 4.61l,969 jl 0. 4 2,960 15.6 2. 7 1 2,619 123.2 I 813 . ? .2 1,806 16 . (, l, 159 10.3 4.3 908115.4 i 102: l.? 806J 13.7 440 7•' 1 ?53 1 6.~~-•~~ _8_11 "}·0 ~1.040 112.2 9,997,52.7 2,5?6 13.6 5,749 51.0 1,202 10.6 3,34.21~.8 5 93 :10 .l 7,137 62.~~ , .o M4 307 251 ! ~9~:_•~l 24-4, , 2. 2 34615.9 3.3 '1 .~1~~'-'-~ a.Se• table A-19, footnote •• :,,. 'i:l 'i:l Table A-25.- TOTAL ~U3ER OP' MONTHS ~Pl.DYED, 1926-35 1 IJY AGE ANO EMPLOYMENT STATUS IN MAY 1936 ======::-:-:===-==--- -- _···- tz, z t:, ,_ _-~_·c. Age in yeare Total peno1111 - Number ot month6 \Dl«mployed - - ~- - I Em.ployed Total Unemployed i - - -~ - ~ - Total 0 <B" ;a.· N 8. CT '< C") 0 a,...... Total peraon 9 6 or IDONI 1-12 13-24 25-~ 37-48 49-60 61 end OTer '8.5 1324 -350 . 111 86 51.5'271 15,3 1101 12.71 71 47 6.8 31 4.0117 2 .9 4 8.81 60 t6 I 27 '20 ~ ■en Total _ ___ 4 ____. _4~~59 ~ _ _ + 1Employed :unemployed ! Total EID.ployed I unemployed; ><' o•er 60 and Total E:11:iplo:,ed Unemployed :,,. 1 I I I . 22 I' 36.? 1 22 38.6 'i o , I 45,5•' 79 I 92.9 I 63 . 3 ' 35 6).4 ., ' 00.0 150 3 _µ 5,.s Ij 6 38 11.0· 10 11.8 ll.9 • 15 17.6 ?.9t 13 15.3 1 5.2' 15 117.6 2,8 I 10 11.8 0,7[ 16 I 18.8 2.1 0 ,9 22.0 11 1,9 I eer.t ~~ l~.;,,.._oi 60k ~-~~--:-1_0£:0j 37ioo.+•• ;100.~2_4~ l100:0L29_ 100.0j2•51~_:?*; 7,1 I ~ ~clude11 - - - - - - - - -- 30-44 !Num- cent Per-r\DllPer=~; ui:=-f~;:i~-=-1-;e~~1 N~~l PertlNum-=7" Pe;..1Num- : Per- 1Num- : ?e r- :Nurn- I Per- f Num=~-l~e-::ber cent lber cent ber cent ber cent ber i cent' ber Num- ' Per- 'N~~ ~er=-r;~ ~-;~ ~ : -~r cent ber I cent I ber · cent i ber I cent ! ber , cent ~ '.680 1100. 0 595 +~o_o.o ' 330 Non• l I - ~ployed !Unemployed I :Num-! Perber - - - - - - ___ • 1 I wtlo did not rtport umber ot 36.l Se.& month■ o 121 - , 55 15, 25.0I i's' 26]3 15 25.0 1 14 I 2 4.6 1 1 3:5,:!> 1 4 i 6,71 3 5.3 . l ~ 33.3 2 · 3.3 l l,7 1 . 33.4 1 2 3.3i 2 3,5 1 0 o_ _-:..._+ ~-+-o_;_____::_ I l I 7,8 ~~-~~ w:iemploy•d. 6.6 __ l 15, 6 -- I I - t ~l II H . _I_ 36 25 21 10 . 4!> . 8 ' 123 49.6•I 50. 4 I' 25 19,9 1:5,0 21.ol 11.7 8 ,9 52 29 9.0 1 22 7,61 15 3,6 lr _19•.8__ 6 6.~ 13.8 143 4 54.2 I125 3.6 .l _ I 3 7 3 6 2,4 4 - 0: 4 __ 2 1 l.3 .l 17.6 52.0 ,141 86.2 l3e 48.0 10,3 38 13 ,A 24.2 1 :.,() 10.9 10.3 28 10.2 20 .7 , 2C 7.3 13.8 1 6 1 2.2 6.9 10 3.6 29 .0 j_ 36.9 *Median not calculated ror rewer then 15 ouea. I' l ber cent :ber 11~.o~ i ~~o\ a:2-":..:<_s. 59.71 ~ 40.31I 37 95 31 -13,11 24 20 14 10.2 1 8.5'. 5.9 4 1,7 0,9 2 • 6 8 6 2 8 I 3fl ;' 55.9 5.1 94,9 I 30 I 1e.0 1 3 15.4 5 20 . 5 3 15.4 3 5,1 9 20,5 7 o.9 o,8 32,5 .' o.9 24.4 21.~ M.O i 51.0 oeni I ber , CEo nt 100.0: 38 44,l I 16 •·•I 3 ?.4 1 4 4., 1 2 4.4 l 13,t5 10,3 l .,C.4 ! c .1 - ' 29, 6 14 1100,0 - ~-5 o 7.4 l 7. 1 3.7 ! l 7.l 1.9 1 2 14,3 9.21 4 28,6 1.9 6 42,9 0.1 i 14 Joo~ M.O II # l ' co co . ... Table A-26.- UNEMPLOYMENT AS A PERCENTAGE OF TIME IN LABOR MARKET, 1926-35, BY AGE 0 0 Age in years Total persons Percent of time in labor market 0 2i_ er 60 and over 45-59 30-44 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 680 100.0 60 100.0 277 100.0 275 100.0 68 100.0 None 330 48.5 22 36.7 127 45.8 143 52.0 38 55.9 0.5 or more o.5- 9.9 10.0-19.9 20.0-29.9 30.0-39.9 40.0-49.9 so.o-59.9 60.0-69.9 70.0 and over 350 94 84 65 51 51.5 13.8 12.3 9.6 7.5 4.6 1.5 0.1 1.5 38 10 12 63.3 16.6 20.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 150 49 54.2 132 32 30 28 25 30 3 44.1 4.4 5.9 1.7 1 o.4 0.4 48.0 11.6 10.9 10.2 9.1 2.5 2.2 1.1 2 0.1 Total persons& c.o" a. N- 16-29 :n 10 6 10 6 3 3 0 1 3 - 17.7 13.7 10.1 6.9 38 28 19 12 s.o 4.3 1 1 6 3 o.4 1 4 4.4 3 4 9 5.9 13.2 4.4 3 -5.9 0 4 '< C") 0 a '""""" rv Median percent Total Those reporting o.5 percent or more 1.6 8.6 2.8 o.5 o.s 19.7 17.9 17.0 21.6 41.7 aExcludes 3 men who did not report number of months unemployed. 3: ~ (") ::tl ..... z ..... ..., en Cl.l Table A-27.- NUMBER OF MONTHS EMPLOYED PART TIME• 1926-35• BY AGE Age in years Number of months& Total persons b None 0 c.o" a. N- 2i_ er '< C") 0 a '""""" rv 1- 12 13- 24 25- 36 37- 48 49- 60 61- 72 73- 84 85- 96 97-108 109-120 Median number of months Total Those reporting 1 or more months Total persons 16-29 30-44 46-59 60 and OTer Number Peroent Number Peroent Number Peroent Number Percent Number Peroont 678 100.0 59 100.0 277 100.0 274 100.0 68 100.0 487 38 47 79.6 s.1 5.1 6.8 3.4 69.3 8.3 8.3 6.1 2.9 2.5 1.1 0.4 71.2 53 1 2 3 77.9 1.5 2.9 9 3.3 4 5 0.1 2 0.3 o.6 192 23 23 17 8 7 3 1 2 0 1 195 11 13 17 13 7 71.8 5.6 6.1 6.1 3.8 2.8 1.2 1.0 1.5 1.9 o • ., 0.1 1.1 41 41 26 19 8 4 3 3 4 2 0 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 0.1 - 0.4 4.0 4.7 6.2 4.7 5 2 2 s 4.4 4.4 4.4 3 3 1 1 1 1.5 1.5 1.6 t>=l :z: 0 ..... >< )> - 0 0 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.7 0.1 30.0 26.5 23.4 36.3 46.0 :Includes employment reported as combined full and part ti.me. Excludes 5 men who did not report number of months employed part time. )> 'tj 'tj ... ... 0 102 MACHINISTS Table A-28.- YFAR OF LOSS OF LAST JOB AT USUAL OCCUPATION BY ma>LOYMENT STATUS IN MAY 1936 Year Persons not working at usual occupation in May 1936 Total Employed Unemployed Total persons 190 105 85 Before 1926 1926-27 1928-29 1930-31 1932-33 19U-35 1936 15 10 29 36 42 34 25 12 6 16 24 26 12 9 3 4 13 11 16 22 16 Table A-29.- AVERAGE NUMBER OF MONTHS OF SPECIFIED TYPES OF EMPLOYVENT EXPERIENCE. 1926-35• BY AGE Age in years Type of employment experience Total persons 16-29 30-44 45-59 60 and over Total persons 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 &ployed F\111 time Part time 103.l 93.0 10.1 79.9 75.l 4.8 106.4 97.5 8.9 106.1 93.6 12.6 97.8 87.9 9.9 Unemployed 13.4 11.3 12.5 13.l 20.6 2.5 27.9 0 0 0 1.0 0.9 1.1 o.s 1.6 Not seeking work Before entering labor market After entering labor market Digitized by Google Table A-30.- AVERt.t:1! U:NOTR OF UN!JilPLO'lMENT Pr.RIODS, 1926-:,0 M.'D 1931-35, BY A.<2: AND !MPLO~ STATUS IN KAY 19:.,,& Age in yeara Total ~rsone _ Period e.nd e:nire,:e le~th,_ or unem~o=:~:/erioda ,_ 30-""'- ...------ __ ___ _ 16-29 Total !mplo,-• Un~•~•: _ Tot~--~ !mplo~• I Unomplo,-~: _ Total I _..,,~~~ q;_,;,_, ~•..,~•1"~ I --~;_al Num-1 Por- Num- Por-j NUm-l Per-INumIPer- N=-TP•rJ~TPer- ~ Per- Num- Per- Num- Per-: cont ber oe~~--:~~~~~ ~nt ~r !~-o~t ~e,: ~~t- -~r ' ~nt ~ ~~~ b~r ~ _ber cent -----------+~r 1926-S:, Total. persona• o.o , 48.ol Nono I I100.0 I 595 680 100.0 i 85 ~100.0 1 54.5 1 • 1 1.1 324, I ' 60 I 100.0 07 22 : 36.7 22 I 1 or moN 1-12 13-24, 25-S{; 37 and onr r ll•dia.n nU11.ber ot monthe Total Tbo . . reportine 1 or more montha 1.1 Tn o.9 ! 12,!; 12.0 21.3 ,=--. . 1926-30 Tote.l peraon•e.. !100.0 600 523, 76.9 Nono .. l or more 1-12 13-24 25-06 37 and onr 0 c.o" a. NCD Q_ ll•di811. lll.llllber or montbe Total Tboe• report !ne 1 or more month• er 0 a '""""" rv I 100.0 85 -~1100.0 •o •·• I 9.4 277 100.0 - 1z, 45.8 100.0 ~.J 3'3.3 - 150 Bli 3f 04.2 477 80.2 ,L,LC °" 1.9 o.o 9 2 100.0 "6 54.l • 100.0 ~3.1 l or mon 1-12 13-24 25-s& 3'7 and onr 320 <6.9 15? 80 ,. 12.2 '7 6.9 lledie.n number ar months ~tal 'l'boae reporting 1 or moN montha 23.0 •• 8 0.9 ,.o· _~~ 19 2.• : 11.9 I I ~ 11 7 1 -~•~-~ sa.o 143 141 59,7 95 46 23 14 J:2 40.3 19·:-s 9.8 5,9 _?,l ' e6.2 132 48.o 38.o 61 22.2 24,1 30 10.'J 3,4 19 6.9 ~:...? _22 ._A.0 I 39 100.0 2 5.1 i 68_ 100....=_~l~]._00.0 M so.9 I 48 80.0 100.0; 2?f '100.~; 2<e 2 66.7 19.3 14.0 3.5 1,8 - l l 0 0 0 3~31 66~ f3.81 33.3: 4!" l?.rr-45 - t l ~ 4 5.1 10 2 0.7 2 2 0.7i l I o.9 0 •6 I 10.2 # 100.0 85 100.0 60 ....""" 59,l 9 10,6 24 40.0 24 -12.l 40.9 22.3 10.2 4,7 3.7 76 24 22 89,4 36 23 11 l l 60.0 38.3 18.3 1.7 1.7 33 23 9 57.9 <1(),3 15.8 1.8 0.0 5 25 28.2 25.9 5,9 29.4 18.5 O 3 0 2 l 0 ~:_I-- 1 9.< ~~~:i:~ ~.~ - H4 100.0 66.7 33.3 133 74, 32 J~::__ l ,..l ;_ J 4.4 1 11 16 12.1 20. 9 __ fl..E:icllldH S men who did not report l•~h or unemplOJ'lllODt periods, ~xelude ■ l me.n who did not report length or WlllrllJlloyment periode. ,¥Modi811. not ce.lcule.t•d ror t•wor tba.n 1~ caaee. 9.9 I .i U 1 . 12,9 o.• ! 0.0 10.1 11.5 16.4 15.2 J_ 14.0 19.9 100.0 29 100.0 2?0 1 o.9 O.? 1 :54.0 2?.0 39 100.0 68 1100.0 i 18 46.2 49 : 72.11 21~~~,!j_l~-~1---21 16.4 29 ! 12.3 16 3.6 6 2,5 4 1.8 4 1.7 l 0 0 53.8 41.0 10.2 2,6 - 1~ 27.91 11 p6.ll 2 8.9' 5 7,4 l 1 1,5 100.0 206 100.0 21 ?2.4 215 -~-~ ___8 27.6 18,2 3 10.4 4.0 • 13.0 0.8 0 I 0,4 _!_l_ 3.4 76.6 60 45 10 52,0 HO 48.0I 108 26.~ I 62 11,51 24 4.0j 11 5,81 11 :~o 8.9 7 4 43,5 25.0 9.7 4,4 4,4 25 12 8 0 5 0.9 11.9 ll.5 197 ! 83.5 I ~ 0 o.~ 0 •6 o.~ - r - - # 9.1 9.3 I I 13.8 153 55.21 148 62,21 8~:~1--124 4-4~8 __ 90 41.4 55 I 19,9 45 2?.6 ~ 111.9 22 18 6.5 15 17,2 18 6.51 8 37.8 18.9 9.2 6.S 3.4- L l 12.0 _" · ' _ -- 0.9 10,? _l_ . ...... •• , --'-- ~:-- , ! -u. ~.... I 87.2 ,u 12"'6 11 28.2 3 7.7 10 25.7 0.8 18.5 1".3 21 .2 ... 2? 5 ? 39.7 7,4 10.3 12 17.6 • 0.0 I ,. 100.0 • • ···1 , • 00.? 81.51 ..&.V• ... .. -D 2 2 • ,:·• 51 12.8 l,oo.o, 1----t rn .&.VI Tl. ~9: ~ ~ : ~ = 1 - ~ ~ ~ : 1 , o : : r.oo.o 56.5 0.9 78.2 100.0 o 10.4 94.9 30 ,w..1 1s 29,6 _ 14 100.0 1 M.5 / -s 7.4 3 5.6 2· ~ 17.9 6 8.8· 5 9.2 1 w•l 12.e 6 a . e l : , · 5.6 3 21.4 ~.7 -~3 __!9,_l ~ ~ - 2 - ~ - - 57.2 37 ls 7 5 10 1.0 o . ~ ¼ . I o.• # 100.~~•-~~3 ~ I ->---:~ -c----:- # 59? 133 61 28 22 211 j 76.21190 80.7 9.2 38 e"- I 13.5 13.a r7=~~=-,- ---- -, - - --~~l~-,,~ -1L "6 o.6, ... 682 00.4 29.o 12,l 4,0 19.8 - ~ 45.9 _ 12_ ~ - 0 _ 11 14.61 26 30.6 9 15.0 8 3 •• , 81 9.4 2 3.3 1.5 4 4,7 l 1.7 1 0,3 1 1,2 0 0 21 20 0.7 "62 12s 12 13.31 30 10 _6_•• 1 • Num-1 Per- Num--::T Por- ~~-;-~~~ be; I c•nt ber c•nt ' Poroent, b•~-~nt ~ r 1 "- ",o.o ,I Nono Total peraonab 49.6 60 and onr Total 1 - ~ • l • ~ ~ Uuaployed Un~l•,-• Per-1-- Number ~~~ :l~.:E_ _ - ~ !_00.0 ...!'~~~....=E.~ 100.0 123 ~.o 11 I # 9.0 5? ~°"•'i I ,.1 I 100.0 100.0 1931-35 '< C") ..... .L 590 I 19.o 3 o 35 u., s 21 47,3 1 5 8.8 1 2 3.5 o 1 , __ l__-8 _ _1 8 I M.61 I i 350 51.5: 211 45.sl 19 92,9 1 38 I 63.3 117 1 26.0 148 24.e- I 29 u.1 28 6.7 , ?9111.6 63 10.6 16 18.8 6 10.0 ~ 5.6 29 4,9 9 10.6 2 3,3 _8_.0 1 01 ~5._2-t-20 "-29.< _2 0.3 I 100.0 45-59 lmploye• 64.3 42.9 1- - • 3.? 6 0 , Q: __ _ 0 , CZ:, z 0 ..... >< > 21., -'100.0 ~ ;oo.o l< <l 75.9 0 - 13 3 6 1 24.l 5.6 11.l 1.8 5.6 2 l 2 9 100.0 14.3 ?.l 14,3 64.3 ,. , O.? I '"Cl '"Cl I 0.6 • > II ' ... 0 c:i M!UJUfo.cture of - hriod and nera,:e l•~U or unemplo,-•Dt ~r1o4a Ln 110ntb11 Total penona ----·- llacbt.o.ery, macbln• toola, ...... ....... P.roent 1926-:,0, .... 'fo1:al ptinoaa• l or a,N l-l2 . ... ..., ,. 1S9 51.5 26.0 11.6 0.6 "" Pe rcent N1.11,ber Percent 100.0 158 100 .0 -&9.1 .... lM ,, 50.9 "" 10 .6 6. 0 ,.1 17 e.o 56 ll•dia.n mmbiu· ot aon.tbaO Total .... 100.0 680 550 l?? lS-2' 20-:16 3? and owr Tt-ansporte.t ion equipment and • l •ctrical ~ood a "" Metel produou, including profaae1onel 1.nat?'\Denta ....... hrce111.t .... •• . .. 10 ♦ 60 . 8 57 36:l: 17 21 10 13.3 6. S 10 10 10.1 ll •• 100.0 . . .. 01.l 18 . l 16.0 ... 0 11.'7 <'.o•ermu.eat aceaciea and publi c ut111tiu ....... . •• Ntaber P.rOHlt 100.('I 96 100.0 •• 61 .5 ..., 22.0 2.0 ..1 6. 1 •• arid other iaduatriea Percent 55.3 17 ll l 1~1•c•llaneou8 manutaotur1ng ... ~ :,a. o ...... "' 10 12 10. 6 U,5 • 6 1., 1.0 •• 4 2.1 0.8 0.8 lt.9 12. 3 12.1 19.0 10.e 17.0 'l"bo . . reportlD,f l or mon aonila• 1926-30 .... Total permu• l~H 25-"6 S1 aa4 onr 0 C"') 0 arv .....- 76.9 ... 100.0 108 100 . 0 ...1 81.6 100 52 18 •• U .. 4 . ..., 0 l 1.9 0.6 .• .., 2".l 16 , 6 • ... • 1.9 0.5 l.8 - 0 o., .., <II 28.0 • ... 0 .6 6.2 63 . 3 ,,•• 100.0 •• 100.0 01,9 40 81.6 ... 17 18 . l 9.6 2 l 2.1 l.l •• •• • -· Total ptr.on.ab l or_," 1-12 1~24 20-:16 37 aD4 Oftr Medlan naber ot a:,ntb.,<I Total ... 682 3llO .,. 100.0 285 100.0 s:s.1 102 $3.:S 46.9 133 60 ...o 10? 80 ... U.! •• 8 . "·' u.:, U.8 u 0 .3 6.0 18 u:.:, 4 .1 2 .0 - 0 .8 0.6 0.6 ••• 12.9 ' 158 100.0 .. :,a.o 60 62.0 50 31.6 16 . 4 5.1 8.9 8 14 •• 100.0 50 53.2 20 13 '6.8 21.:., 13.8 3.2 . ... • 8 . •• .... 16 . :S •• 1 • -1 4.1 • 2 2 78,1 21 10 0 21.9 1,.6 ,.1 z.1 l.l • l 96 100.0 •• 67.7 31 32.3 7 u.e ,.o 0 5.2 ... 14 • 0.9 0.9 4.8 LO 0.7 0.7 13., 11.e 15 . l 11 . 6 u.o 81:sellldH :, .,. •bo Hd DOt ftporl l.eza«tlt of ~ l o , - n t period•• ls::uldH 1 _ . GO 414 Do\ nport 1-~b of uaplo,-nt ~r1o4a. eca.pv.tet r,- ao" tata11•4 tn.U-4on. Aledian DOt c&lculat•d tor t•.. r than 15 ca••. :z ► (") = 1-4 ::z: 1-4 ..., en Cl) ... 71.4 8 100.0 0. 6 100 . 0 14 96 ,. 1:,.4 Tbo .. nporttag 1 or aoff aontll• 18 ,4, 1 0 1931-36 N c:r 100.0 110 28 10 Mlld.lan m.Nr of mnt~ To•al Tbo• reporUn,g l or aoN a>ntba co· a. '< .., ,., l or -,re 1-12 ~ .... APPENDIX A 105 T&blo .1.-s2.- LE¥lTB OF LONGEST PERIOD OF UNEIIPLOYIIENT, 1926-35, BY AGE AND YEAR OF BEGINNING LO!i:lEST PERIOD OF UNFl!Pl.On:ENT .. -'I• 1n 7"l'• and 1-,gth ot longeat period ot - p l o ~ 1n -th• Total peraoma 1-12 13-2' 23746 ,9 and onr lle41o.n mmber of months 16-29 1-12 13-U 25-86 37-48 49 and onr lledit.n maber ot months 30-44 1-12 13-U 25-36 3746 49 and o""r Median mmber Total per1ou ,5-s9 1-12 13-U 25-36 3746 49 and OTer Median number of month.a 60 and over 1-12 1s-2, 25-36 37-4e ,9 and onr lledian numbn of JIIOJltha 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 19M 6 17 26 4.9 67 83 4.1 32 18 • 3 6 25 10 3 2 5 6 5 4 15 7 10 9 8 33 29 7 11 0 19 12 10 0 0 20 12 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 16.7 15.o 10.9 7.3 II 5 l 2 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 351 13 150 81 63 37 30 1 2 3 0 l 16.9 # # 33.0 31.0 28.6 23.8 38 0 0 2 2 l 7 21 13 0 3 l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 0 l 0 0 l 0 l 0 l 0 0 0 0 3 8 3 0 0 l 5 • • l 0 0 l - - u u 7 u 0 l 0 1935 • 4 0 0 0 0 # # 11 11 11- # 160 10 4 3 11 20 28 M 17 16 1 76 33 20 3 l 0 0 0 0 2 l 0 0 3 2 3 2 l 11 8 6 l 2 0 l 2 3 3 l 8 5 6 4 5 16 11 2 5 0 12 2 3 0 0 9 7 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 13.2 11- 11- 12.6 28.0 14.6 10.0 12.3 133 2 l 6 11 20 27 30 19 11 50 30 28 17 8 0 l l 0 0 l 0 0 0 0 2 l l l l 3 0 3 3 3 6 5 8 12 6 0 19.8 11- 11- ' 6 8 6 0 0 8 3 3 14 2 8 3 0 12.9 20.s 20.6 30 l l 6_ l ~ ~ -- 5 5 2 0 l 4 6 6 3 13 l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 l l 0 0 l 0 0 0 l l l 2 0 l 0 l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l 0 0 0 0 43.0 # # 12.1 u ot month• 1926 # 11- 11- z # 36.8 11- 4 # 11- 0 2 ' 0 0 0 0 6 z l 3 # 11- # # # # 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 # 11- # "E.:oludea Z men who did not report yeo.r ot beginning longest period of unemployment and 350 who reported no U11811lployment. 11\iedion not o&loulated tor fewer then 16 ou ea. # ma,. Table A•33o• LEIICl'l'II OF l.OIIGEST PERIOD OF UNl!JIPLOlllEIIT, 1926-35, BY NUIBER OF PERIODS OF UIIBIPLO'i14ENT Length of longest period ot unemployment 1n montba !lumber ot period• of U11811lployment Total peraona l 2 3 4 and onr 13•24 26•36 Per- !lumoent ber 49 and over 37-48 Per- Numcent ber Percent Num- ber ber Per• Numcent ber 361 100.0 160 42.7 81 23.l 63 16.l 37 10.6 30 8.6 210 78 M 29 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 81 33 16 21 3806 ,2.3 44ol 72.4 ,9 18 10 23.3 23.l 29.4 13.8 27 15 1 12.9 19.2 20.6 13.8 28 7 13.3 9o0 11.s 0 - 26 6 0 0 Num• Total peraonaa 1-12 "' &zxoludff 2 _ , ,mo did not report length of longest period Nported no unemploymnt. ' ot unamplo)llll"llt z Per• Numoent ber s.s Peroent a.•- and 330 men ,mo Digitized by Google - .... Table A-34.- LElfGTH OF LORGEST PERIOD OF UNEILPLOYMENT, 1926-35, BY EMPLOYMENT STATUS Ii KAT 1936 ABD lEAB OF BEGI?.1iIIG LONGEST PERIOD OF UNEMPLOYMENT I 0 0) lmplo7D'nt ■tatu■ Total 1926 1927 1928 1935 1934 1932 1929 1931 1930 1933 in Jfa;y 1936 persona and longeet period ot unemplo)'lll8ut H.-. Per- If.-. Per- Num- Per• Num- Per• Num- Per- Num- Per- Num- Per- Num- Per- ?IUD- Per- llum- Per- ?.'um- Per• in -,ntlul cent ber oent ber ber oent ber oent ber oeat ber oent ber oent ber cent ber oent ber oent ber oent Total person■ & 1-12 13-24 25-36 37-48 49 and anr Employed 0 <B' ;a.· N (1) Q. 1-12 13-24 25-36 37-48 49 and onr I C"') 0 13 100.0 6 100.0 17 100.0 25 150 81 53 37 30 42.7 23.l 16.l 10.6 8.5 7 2 3 0 53.8 15.4 23.l 4 l 0 0 66.6 16.7 5 6 4 l 16.7 3 2 5 17.6 23.6 17.6 ll.8 29.4 272 100.0 5 100.0 12 i100.0 l 7 2 3 0 0 Un.emplo;yed 79 100.0 1 1-12 13-24 25-36 17 20 21.6 26.5 13.9 16.5 22.8 0 0 0 0 1 a ~ ~ 11 OT■r 13 18 -7.7 12 1100.0 48.9 22.4 15.5 8.8 4,4 49 and I 100.0 133 61 42 24 12 37◄8 I 351 C, '< I 58.3, 16.7 25.0 -- I I 100.0 49 I 100.0 83 100.0 41 26 10 14 7 33 29 7 11 37.S 14.9 20.9 10.5 16.4 0 39.8 19 34.9 12 8.4 10 16.9 0 0 100.0 51 6 5 4 15 7 10 9 8 30.6 14.3 20.4 18.4 16.3 18 100.0 38 100,0 55 100.0 64 4 15 4 10 7 2 39.6 10.5 26.5 18.4 5.3 23 9 12 5 6 41.8 16.4 21.e 9.1 10.9 30 23 100.0 12 100.0 19 18.2 2 l 2 2 16.7 3 16.8 8.S 16.7 16.7 6 l 51.6 5.3 47.3 54.6 5 41.6 4 I 100.0 67 24.0 16.0 24.0 20.0 16.0 14 I 100.0 32 100.0 18 100.0 46.3 29.3 24.4 62.5 37.5 -- 18 0 0 0 0 100.0 -- 20 12 0 0 0 -- 3: 100.0 26 100.0 11 100.0 (') 54.8 32.3 12.9 20 6 0 0 0 76.9 23.l 11 100.0 -- 0 0 0 0 -- 10 100.0 6 100.0 7 100.0 20.0 20.0 60.0 -- 7 0 0 0 0 100.0 6 I 3 60.0 l I 20.0 0 i 0 20.0 l 3 3 2 2 2 I 2s.o 25.0 16.7 16.7 16.6 5 l 22.2 16.7 27,8 27.8 5.5 100.0 1 100.0 6 100.0 7 100.0 11 -100.0 1 0 0 0 0 100.0 0 1 l 0 - 2 1 60.0 28.6 14.5 14.3 0 20,0 20.0 0 - I -- -- s 6 6 l 5 - 42.8 5 0 2 6 27.3 6 5 0 9 0 46.9 35.9 9.4 7.8 - 100.0 - 17 10 4 0 0 2 2 6 0 0 -- -- 0 100.0 0 0 0 &Ezclude• 2 men who did not report ;year of beginning longest period of unemployment and 330 men who reported no \IJl.emplo)'lll8nt• - --- > .... ....enz ::::ci >-:3 Cl) APPENDIX A 107 Table A-35.- NUMBER OF MONTHS SINCE LOSS OF LAST JOB FOR 'MACHINISTS UNEMPLOYED IN MAY 1036, BY AGE Age in years Total persons Duration of unemployment since last job in months Number Under 45 Per- Numcent ber 60 and over 45-59 Per- Numcent ber Per- Numcent ber Percent Total persons 85 100.0 32 100.0 39 100.0 14 100.0 0- 5 6-11 12-35 36-59 60 and over 30 8 19 15 13 35.3 9.4 22.4 17.6 15.3 15 2 8 5 2 46.8 6.3 25.0 15.6 6.3 14 35.9 10.3 25.6 12.s 15.4 1 2 1 5 5 14.3 7.1 35.7 35.7 Median durationa 18.7 4 10 5 6 # 20.ob 10.5 1.2 acomputed from more detailed breakdown. 'ht.!edian duration for all machinists 45 years of age and over is 27.4. #Median not calculated for fewer than 15 cases. Table A-36.- LENGTH OF SERVICE ON LONGEST JOB FOR MACHINISTS WHO REPORTED NO UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE 10-YEAR PERIOD 1926-35, BY AGE Length of service in years Total persons 330 Under 1 1- 4 5- 9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25 and over 1 54 55 86 66 29 39 Median number of years 100.0 13.2 30-44 16-29 Per- Nu."'llcent ber Number Total persons Age in yea.rs 22 Per- Numcent ber 100.0 127 0.3 1 16.4 14 16.7 6 26.0 1 20.0 0 a.a 0 11.a 0 4.0 4.5 63.7 27.3 4.5 - 45-59 Per- Numcent ber 100.0 143 0 33 28 41 19 5 1 10.4 - 26.0 22.0 32.3 15.0 3.9 o.a 0 6 21 38 37 19 22 60 and over Per- Numcent ber Percent 100.0 38 100.0 - 0 1 0 6 10 5 16 15.8 4.2 14.7 26.5 25.9 13.3 15.4 15.9 Digitized by 2.6 26.3 13.2 42.1 22.5 Google Manufacture of - Duration of unemployment sinoe last job in months Total persons Machinel"'/, machine tools, and Transportation equipment electrical goods Metal products, including professional instruments Numbor Percent Number Percent Ntmtber Percent Ntmtber Total persons 85 100.0 34 40.0 32 37.6 6 0-11 12-47 48 and ovor 38 27 20 100.0 100.0 100.0 14 13 7 36.8 48.2 35.0 15 10 7 39.5 37.0 35.0 2 2 2 Median duration 18.7 21.7 Government agencies and publio utilities Number Percent Number Percent 7.1 1 1.2 12 14.l 5.3 1 0 0 2.6 6 2 4 15.8 7.4 20.0 Percent 7.4 10.0 - - # # 17.4 Miscellaneouo manufacturing and other industries # .... 0 (X) ::;c: > C":l #u.edian not calculated for fffVf'er than 15 cases. ::cl H z H Cl) Table A-38.- USUAL INDUSTRIAL GROUP FOR MACHIIHSTS WHO REPORTED NO UNOIPLOYMENT IN THE 10-YEAR PERIOD 1926-35, BY AGE >-:1 Cl) 0 c.o" a. N- Total persons 2i_ Usual industrial group c:r '< C") Number 0 a '""""" rv Total persons Manufacture of machinery, machine tools, and electrical goods Manufacture of transportation equipment Manufacture of metal products, including professional instl"Ulllents Govermnezrt agencies and publio utilities Misoellaneous manufacturing and other industries 54 46 32 69 16-29 Per- Numcent ber 330 100.0 139 Age in years 42.1 16.4 13.9 9.7 17.9 30-44 Per- Numcent ber Nwnber 127 100.0 143 22 100.0 9 0 7 1 5 40.9 54 4.6 22.1 20 16 12 25 31.9 Percent 45-59 42.5 15.7 12 .s 9.5 19.7 65 27 15 15 21 60 and over Per- Numcent ber Percent 38 100.0 45.6 11 18.9 7 10.4 8 10.4 4 14.7 a 28.9 18.4 21.1 100.0 10.s 21.1 _APPENDIX A 109 Ta.ble A•39a• NUllBER OF MONTHS EllPLOYED AT OCCUPATIONS OTHER THAli THE USUAL, 1926-30 AND 1931-35, BY AGE Ac• Tota.l per•on.J Period and mmber ot months employed a.t oocupationa other than the usual 16-29 Per- Num-cent ber Num- ber ill year• Per- Jluaoent ber 60 a.nd over 4.5-69 30-" Peroent Ill... ber Per• N1.1111cent ber Peroent 1926-35 Tota.l persons8. Bane 1132537- 12 24. 36 4.8 4.9- 60 61- 72 73- 84 86- 96 97-108 109-120 680 100.0 60 398 59 38 42 25 28 25 22 20 9 58.5 B.7 5.6 6.2 3.7 4..1 3.7 3.2 2.9 1.3 2.1 8 9 6 6 14 Jledian nlllllber ot months Total Those reporting l or more month• - Median number or month• Total Those reporting 1 or more month• • 10 6 6 4 2 0 56.3 181 11.2 16 5.8 12 7.2 16 5.0 6 3.6 6 z.9 10 2.2 10 2.9 7 2 1.8 1.1 9 - 68 100.0 65.8 5.8 53 77.9 ••• 5.8 2.2 2.2 3,6 3.6 2.6 0.7 3.3 5.9 •0 ••• 1.6 l 3 2 l l 1 0 2 2.9 1.5 1.5 1.5 -2.9 4.1.5 0.9 0.8 0.7 38.2 50.8 33.4. «.o 48.9 ! Tota.l pers ans a 12 24 36 48 60 13.3 166 31 15.0 10.0 16 10.0 20 6.7 H 16.7 10 10.0 8 6 8.3 6.7 8 3.3 5 3 100.0 0.9 1926-30 None 113263749- 100.0 277 100.0 275 680 100.0 1 60 476 42 35 70.0 6.2 5.1 16 36 27 64 lli I 4.0 9.4 100.0 277 1oc.o 275 26.6 191 22 ll.7 15.0 16 10,0 15 lS.7 12 20.0 22 7 9 6 10 12 69.0 100.0 68 5.4 207 13 10 H 4.4 4, 7.9 27 7.9 5.4 75.3 4..7 3.5 5,1 1,5 a.a 100.0 62 0 l 1 l 3 91.1 -1.5 1.s 1.5 4,,4 0.7 23.0 0,7 0.7 0,6 33,6 37.6 30,2 34,9 I 1931-35 Tota.l personsb None 113253749- 12 24 36 48 60 Jledian number or months Tota.l Thoee reporting l or more month• 682 100.0 60 100.0 27'1 100.0 471 56 53 35 26 42 69,1 8.2 7.8 5.1 3.7 6.1 23 38.4 191 18,3 29 16.7 19 8.3 14 8.3 12 10.0 12 58.9 11 10 5 5 6 10.5 6.9 5.1 4.3 4,3 277 100.0 68 100.0. 73,3 54 4.7 3 4, 7.2 5.4 1 2,5 1 6.9 5 79,4 4.4 5.9 1.5 1.6 7,3 203 13 20 15 7 19 0,7 9.2 0,7 0,7 0.6 24,3 22,6 22.2 28,6 # &Exclude ■ 3 men who did not report number or month• at other than the usua.l oooupation. bExcludee 1 man who did not report number ot months at other than the usual oooupa• ~~ian not calculated tor fewer than 15 oa•e■ , Digitized by Google Table A-40.- FREQUENCY OF EMPLOYER SEPARATIONS FROM JOBS AT USUAL AND OTHER OCCUPATIONS• 1926-36, BY AGE ........ 0 Age in years Total persons 16-29 Number of employer separations Percent ber Percent 680 100.0 60 100.0 38.2 61.8 31 29 51.7 48.3 Num- ber Fran jobs at usual occupationa None l or more 260 420 Num- 2.6 Average, 1 or more 2.4 --- - From jobs at other occupationsb 681 100.0 60 Num- c.o" a. N- 2i_ c:r '< C") 0 a '""""" rv None 1 or more 476 205 69.9 30.l 277 I 100.0 ~~: I .L 2.3 I 30.3 69.7 ber Percent 275 100.0 68 100.0 41.8 58.2 30 38 44.l 115 160 - I I Num- 2.4 276 56.9 100.0 68 ...... ...... :z: 100.0 ' i l 2.5 en ~ en 207 69 76.0 25.0 64 4 94.l 5.9 L.__ 2.2 3: :,,. 0 ::IJ 1.9 I 30.0 i 1a1 I 67.5 10.0 I 90 I 32.5 18 42 Percent -- 100.0 60 and over Num.ber 2.9 100.0 j_277 ---- Average. l or more Percent ber : 0 45-59 30-44 2.0 aExcludes 3 men who did not report number of employer separations at the usual occupation. ~xcludes 2 men who did not report number of employer separations at other occupations. 1.5 APPENDIX A 111 Table A-4lo• NUMBER OF MONTHS EMPLOYED AT USUAL OCCUPATION, 1926-30 AND 1931-35, BY AGE Age 1n years I Total Period and number of months employed at usual ooeupation persons Number 1 16-29 Per- Numcent ber Per- Numcent ber 60 and over 45-59 30-44 Per- Numcent ber Percent Numbor 100.0 275 100.0 68 1.4 10 8 2.9 7 9 3.3 3 10 11 3.6 12 15 4.3 9 15 3.3 21 17 7.6 24 I 8.7 26 28 1c.1 23 35 20 12.6 117 42.2 128 3.6 2.5 1.1 4.0 5.5 1 1 0 7 2 6 8 5 1 5 32 Percent 1926-36 680 Total persons• None 1- 12 13- 24 25- 36 37- 48 49- 60 61- 72 73- 84 85- 96 97-108 109-120 60 100.0 2.9 5 3.e 10 2.6 6 6.9 12 7 5.3 5.0 4 1.1 6 80 7 4 8,1 3 808 0 3 41.2 803 16.€ 10.0 20.0 11.1 6.7 10.0 6.7 5.0 100.0 20 26 18 40 36 34 62 59 56 60 280 --'---- 1!edian nlllllber of months Total Those reporting l or more months 1926-30 Tott.l personsa None 113253749- 12 24 36 48 60 277 4 -5.0 - - - 97.1 99ol tee==-- 34.5 101.s 36.9 102.5 -~=-= --=r n. , 680 100.0 69 31 10.1 4.6 8.1 e.1 s5.o l -- . -- - s.s 6.2 9.4 8.4 7.3 4606 100.0 1.s 1.5 - 10.3 2.9 a.a 11.a 7.3 1.5 7.3 47.1 -- 103.6 105,4 ~~~6~ 106.6 - 100.0 277 100.0 275 100.0 68 100.0 58o3 36 5 s.3 7 11.1 4 6.7 3 s.o 6_ _l 10.0 13 14 14 22 26 188 4.7 5.1 5.1 7.9 9o4 67.e 20 10 5 21 23 196 7.3 3.6 1.e 7.6 804 71.3 l 2 2 8 3 52 106 60 - 2.e 2.9 11.a 4.4 76o5 ---- ~ - Median number of months Total Those reporting 1 or D10re months 51.e 0.9 52.7 28o0 C 1931-35 Total personsb None 113253749- 12 24 36 48 60 Medi.an number of months Total Those reportillg 1 or D10re months 52.2 5206 53.3 52.6 53.2 53.4 . t· I - 682 100.0 --- 60 84 52 62 66 79 339 12.3 7.6 9ol 9.7 1106 49.7 6 13 10 12 6 13 277 100.0 277 100.0 68 100.0 10.0 27 21.1 18 23 16.6 26 20.0 10.0 34 21.1 149 9.7 6.5 8.3 9o4 12.3 53.8 37 14 23 26 35 142 13.3 5.1 803 9o4 12.6 51.3 14 7 6 2 4 35 20.6 10o3 8.B 2.9 609 51.5 100.0 48.8 26.5 49.9 49o3 49.6 50.4 29o5 5lo0 6009 5lo9 8 Excludes 3 men who did not report nUillbor of months at usual occupationo bExcludes 111Bn who did not report nUltlber of months at usual occupation. Digitized by Google ~ Age in years Average length of service in months Total personsa None 1- 24 25- 48 49- 72 73- 96 97-120 Median average Total persons 16-29 Number Percent Number Percent 680 100.0 60 100.0 20 179 174 97 23 187 2.9 26.3 25.6 14.3 3.4 27.5 5 33 12 6 3 l 8.3 55.0 20.0 10.0 5.0 1.7 None c.o" a. N- 2i_ c:r '< C") 0 a '""""" rv Percent Number Percent Number Percent 277 100.0 275 100.0 68 100.0 4 1.4 31.1 25.6 14.4 2.2 25.3 10 51 76 3.6 18.6 21.6 u.5 3.3 32.4 1 9 15 11 5 27 1.5 13.2 22.0 16.2 Number 86 71 40 6 70 40 9 89 7.4 39.7 1- 24 25- 48 49- 72 73- 96 97-120 44.5 19.5 41.6 49.6 69.7 45.9 21.4 42.2 52.6 70.8 0 ::i:l ..... z: ..... er. H 330 100.0 22 100.0 5 38 49 1.5 11.f; 0 12 2 4 3 l 54.6 9.1 18.2 13.6 4.5 45 8 185 14.9 13.6 2.4 56.l - 127 100.0 0 16 23 18 2 68 12.6 18.l 14.2 1.6 53.6 - 143 100.0 38 100.0 5 9 19 18 3 89 3.5 6.3 13.S 12.6 2.1 62.2 0 l 5 5 0 27 Median average lengthb Total Those reporting 1 or more months ::.:: > reporting 1 or more months Persons reporting no unemployment in 1926-35 0 60 aJJd over 45-59 length Total Those 30-44 110.0 24.0 109.4 111.3 112.6 110.2 24.0 109.4 111. 7 112.5 &Excludes 3 men 11ho did not report length of service. bcanputed fran more detailed break-down. - 2.6 13.2 13.2 - n.o en 113 APPENDIX A Table A-43.- NUMBER OF MONTHS EllPLOYED AT USUAL OCCUPATION, BY AGE, 1926-30 AND 1931-35, FOR MACHINISTS WHO REPORTED NO tJNE2dPLOYMENT IN THE 10-YEAR PERIOD 1926-35 Period and number or months employed at usual occupation Age in years Total persons 16-29 30-44 45-59 60 and over 1926-35 Total persona 330 22 127 143 38 None Under 13 13- 24 26- 36 37- 48 49- 60 61- 72 73- 84 85- 96 97-108 109-120 5 9 6 10 ll 7 10 10 0 6 3 2 2 0 2 2 9 4 13 241 0 0 3 4 5 5 2 0 3 5 5 2 3 8 95 2 112 0 0 0 l 2 0 l 0 0 3 31 112.8 46.0 113.0 113.4 113.B Totel persons 330 22 127 143 38 None Under 13 13-24 25-36 37-48 49-60 23 10 11 3 3 3 9 11 4 261 4 0 0 4 7 102 3 2 6 2 121 0 1 1 2 0 34 53.4 3.0 53.6 54.0 54.5 Total persons 330 22 127 143 38 None Under 13 13-24 25-36 37-48 49-60 21 13 7 2 3 7 107 13 3 2 2 5 1 5 17 266 0 7 3 l 2 9 118 l 0 1 3 32 53.6 40.0 53.9 65.8 54.1 Medien number or months 0 4 3 4 2 2 3 1926-30 16 9 Median number of months 8 1931-35 Median nUJ11ber or months 8 1 Digitized by Google MACHINISTS 114 Table A•44 0 • NUMBER OF MONTHS EMPLOYED AT OCCUPATIONS OTHER THAN THE USUAL, BY AGE, 1926•30 AND 1931-35, FOR MACHINISTS WHO REPORTED NO UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE 10-YEAR PERIOD 1926-35 Period and number of months eimployed at occupations other than the usual Age in years Total persons 60 and 16-29 30-44 45-59 22 127 143 38 4 86 11 8 4 106 6 2 5 3 3 6 2 0 7 34 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 over 1926-35 Total persons 330 230 21 12 11 8 11 9 9 8 2 None Under 13 13- 24 25- 36 37- 48 49- 60 61- 72 9 4 1 2 l 4 1 2 3 0 0 0.1 43.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 46.8 53.5 31.0 60.9 67.0 Total persons 330 22 127 143 38 None Under 13 13-24 25-36 37-48 49-60 250 20 14 13 10 23 9 3 1 1 3 5 92 10 9 6 4 6 114 7 5 2 11 35 0 0 1 1 1 0,7 11.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 31.0 45.0 23.7 34.6 # Total persons 330 22 127 143 38 None Under 13 13-24 25-36 37-48 49-60 266 9 16 7 6 28 11 1 3 2 0 5 104 5 6 115 3 36 0 5 l 1 7 3 2 15 1 0 1 0.6 7.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 41.0 36.9 36.9 60.2 # 73- 84 85- 96 97-108 109-120 Median munber of montha Total Those reporting l or more months 4 3 2 3 2 2 2 4 1926-30 I Median number of months Total Those reporting l or more months 4 1931-35 Median number of months Total Those reporting 1 or more months 4 4/iiedian not calculated for fewer than 15 cases. Digitized by Google Table A-45.- SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTER OF MAN-MONTHS OF Ell&PLOYMENT AT OCCUPATIONS OTHER THAN THE USUAL, 1926-36, BY AGE Age in years Socioeconomic group of other occupations Total months White-collar Skilled Semiskilled Unskilled Total months 3o-44 16-29 45-69 60 and over Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Peroent 12,534 100.0 2,400 100.0 4,693 100.0 4,734 1,786 4,757 4,621 1,370 14.2 38.0 36.9 10.9 263 200 1,819 118 · 11.0 8.3 75.8 4.9 591 2,077 1,639 386 12.6 44.3 34.9 932 2,354 1,034 8.2 414 Number Peroenh 100.0 707 100.0 19.7 49.7 21.9 8.7 0 126 129 462 17.8 18.3 63.9 - > >-c >-c C,;I z: Table A-46.- SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTER OF MAN-MONTHS OF ThlPLOYMENT AT OCCUPATIONS OTHER THAN THE USUAL, 1926-35, BY AGE, FOR MACHINISTS WHO REPORTED NO UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE 10-YEAR PERIOD 1926-35 ....t:::I I-< > Age in years 0 c.ff a. N- 2i_ Socioeconomic group of other occupations er Total monhhs 16-29 30--44 60 and over 45-59 Nwnber Percsnt Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Peroenh 4,838 100.0 817 100.0 1,579 100.0 2,207 100.0 235 100.0 866 2,364 1,487 131 17.9 48.7 30.7 2.7 162 85 557 13 19.8 10.4 68.2 1.6 219 940 417 13.9 69.5 22.0 26.4 485 1,203 513 3 0.2 6 0 126 0 109 '< C") 0 a '""""" rv Total monhhs Whi te-oollar Skilled Semiskilled Unskilled 54.5 23.2 0.3 - 63.6 - 46.4 ...... Cl! MACHINISTS 116 Tt.ble J.-47.• FREQUENCY OF JOB SEPARATIONS, l928•SO AliD 1951•55, BY AGE AliD EIIPLOYIIEIIT STJ.TUS IN IIAY 1956 P•riod.., age in yea.re. t.nd employment otatue in llo.y 1936 Total persona !lumber ot job eepart.tiou !lone 3 t.nd 4 l e.nd 2 ll>un- ber 6 t.nd 6 ...... Percent llwi,- Per- ber oent ber 7 t.nd owr Percent 11111ber Percent Number Percent - ber Peroent Tott.l peroonea 680 100.0 178 26.2 266 59.0 146 2lo5 46 6.7 46 e.e Employed Unamployed 695 85 100,0 100,() 176 2 29,6 2,4 226 59 38.0 46,9 117 29 19.6 M,l 38 8 6.4 9,4 58 7 6.4 8.2 16-29 Employed Unemployed 60 67 3 100.0 100.0 100.0 8 8 0 13.3 14.0 22 20 2 56.7 35.l 66.7 19 18 1 51.7 51.6 33.5 6 10.0 10.5 5 - 6 8.5 8.s 0 - 50-44 Employed Unemployed 277 248 29 100.0 100.0 100.0 67 57 0 20.s 93 87 6 53,6 56.l 20.1 72 27 21 6 9.7 60 12 26.0 24.2 41.4 20.1 28 23 5 10.1 9.5 17.2 45-59 Elnployed Unemployed 276 256 39 100.0 100.0 100.0 87 85 2 31.6 56.0 6,] l~!- !!:! 21 63.9 57 13 18.2 15.7 55.3 13 11 2 4..7 4.7 5,1 11 10 l 60 and over Employed Unemployed 68 64 14 100.0 100.0 100.0 26 26 0 5e.2 48,2 6 2 1., 5.7 -- 1 0 l 1.& Total persona" 680 100.0 305 Employed Unemployed 696 85 100.0 100,0 16-29 Employed Unemployed 60 57 3 30-44 Employed Unemployed !ium- 1926-56 - 25.0 - I 60 6 0 804 ,.o ,.2 2.6 36 26 10 52,9 48.l 71,4 s 21,4 0 0 0 44.8 285 41.9 66 9.7 14 2,1 10 1.& 279 26 ,6.e so.a 238 47 40,0 66.3 57 9 9.6 10.6 12 2 2.0 2,3 9 1 1.6 1.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 26 23 2 41.7 40,4 66,7 24 23 l 40.0 40,( 33,5 9 9 0 15,0 15,7 2 2 0 3,3 3,6 0 0 0 -- 277 248 29 100.0 100.0 100.0 101 93 8 36,4 37.5 27.6 118 103 16 42,6 41.6 61,8 42 38 4 15,2 15,3 13,8 8 7 l 2.9 2,8 3. ♦ 8 7 l 2.9 2.8 5,4 46-69 Employed Une111pl oyed 275 236 39 100.0 100.0 100.0 141 129 12 51,3 54, 7 30.7 116 92 23 41,8 39.0 59,0 13 10 3 4,7 ,.2 ,. 7 4 3 1,6 1.3 2.6 2 2 0 0.1 o.8 60 and over 66 64 14 100.0 100.0 100.0 36 34 4 55,9 63.0 26,6 26 20 8 41,2 37,0 57.1 2 0 2 2,9 14,3 - 0 0 0 -- 0 0 0 Tottl peraoneb 662 100.0 317 46,5 259 38.0 76 ll,1 24 s.6 6 o.9 Employed Unemployed 597 65 100.0 100,0 300 l7 50,3 20.0 215 56,0 51.e 59 17 9,9 20.0 16 6 3.0 7,0 5 o.e l 1.2 16-29 Elnployed Unemployed 60 57 3 100.0 100.0 100.0 13 13 0 21,G 22.e 3F 7 6 l 11.7 10.s 33.3 4 33 2 58.3 57,9 66,7 4 0 6,7 7.0 l l 0 1.7 1.8 50-44 Employed Unemployed 277 248 29 100.0 100,0 100.0 121 116 3 43. 7 36.4 36.l 37.9 41 32 9 14.6 12.9 31,0 13 8 5 4,7 3.2 17,5 4 47.6 10.4 96 67 ll 1., 1.2 46-59 Employed Unemployed 277 238 39 100.0 100.0 100,0 139 130 9 50.2 64,7 23.l 103 80 23 57.2 33,6 59,0 28 21 7 10.1 8,e 17,9 6 6 0 2,1 2,5 l 1 0 60 and over Employed Unemployed 68 100.0 100,0 100.0 44 64,7 72.2 36.7 23 15 33.6 27.8 57,2 0 0 0 l 0 l 1.6 0 0 0 - - 1.2 1926-50 &,,,ployed Unemployed - l - - -- 1931-55 64 H 39 6 - 44 8 - - - - 7,1 "'Excludea 3 men who did not report number of job separations, bJ:xoludes l man who did not report number of job separations. Digitized by Google 5 l - s., o., o., --- Table A-48.- FREQUENCY OF JOB SEPARATIONS, 1926-30 AND 1931-35, BY USUAL INDUSTRIAL GROUP --Manufacture ot • ------ Total persona Period 8.l1d number of job separations Number ',le.oh i.necy, machine tools. and electrical goods Percent Number Transportation equipnent Percent Number ----- Peroont Metal produote, inoluding professional instrument• Number Peroent Govenm,ont agenoiea and public utilitiH llumbu l!isoellaneoue manuf'aoturillg and other i,ul.ustriee Peroent Peroent Number --- 1926-55 Total persona& 680 100.0 283 None j 178 26.2 78 l or more l and 2 Sand 4 6 and 6 7 and over j 502 73,8 39.0 21.r; 6.7 6.6 205 i------us -146 46 46 - 104-70 14 17 1926-30 0 c.o" a. N- 2i_ er '< C") 0 a '"'"""' rv i I 158 94 100.0 27.6 31 19,6 20 21,3 16 32,7 33 127 56 38 15 18 80,4 35,4 24.l 9.5 11.4 74 47 14 10 3 78.7 50,0 14.9 10,6 s.2 33 21 7 67.3 42.8 14.3 8.2 2.0 63 37 17 3 6 7_2_.4__ -36,8 24.7 4.9 s.o 49 100.0 ,___ - - --- -------- 4 1 ---- 100.0 3-t..4 66.6 ~ 17.7 3.1 6,2 100.0 None 305 44.9 l or more l and 2 3 and 4 5 and 8 7 and OTer 375 285 66 14 10 55,l 41.9 9.7 2.0 1,5 682 None l or more l and 2 3 and 4 5 and 8 7 and over 283 -+-i 158 100.0 94 100.0 49 100.0 96 100.0 49,6 60 38.0 41 43,6 19 38,8 46 46.9 143 103 28 6 6 50,6 36.4 9,9 2.1 2.1 98 63 44 8 1 0 66,4 30 13 6 3 62,0 48,7 8,2 3,2 1.9 46,8 8,5 1.1 24 6 1 0 61.2 49,0 10.2 2.0 51 37 12 l 1 53,l 38,6 12,5 1.0 1.0 100.0 286 100.0 158 100.0 94 100.0 49 100.0 96 100.0 317 46.5 365 269 76 24 6 53,5 38.0 11.1 3.5 o.9 130 45.6 60 38,0 42 44.7 51 63,3 54 56,3 155 113 34 54.4 39.6 11.9 1.s 1.1 98 54 30 12 2 62.0 34.2 19.0 7.6 1.2 62 43 5 4 0 55,3 45.7 5,3 4.3 18 16 36.7 30,6 6,1 42 34 4 43.7 35,4 4,2 3 3.1 l 1.0 140 :z: .... ~ 100.0 I I > "'ti "'ti c,r;, 0 ! 680 Total persona"' - 100.0 ---- - - - - - - - - - - - 96 ____ 100.0 -- 77 - -- - - > 1931-35 Total personsb 6 3 -- ._Excludes 3 men who did not report number of job sepo.rationa, bExoludea 1 man who did not report number of job separations • -- - 3 0 0 - - -- ...... -.J ........ Table A-t9.• FREQUENCY OF JOB SEPARATIONS AND EMPWYER, INDUSTRIAL, AND OCCUPATIONAL SHIFTS FOR MACHINISTS WHO REPORTED NO tnmlPWYMENT IN THE 10-YEAR PERIOD 1926-35, BY AGE . - Age in years Number of separationa or shifts Toial persona Num- ber 30-4-4 16-29 Per- !lumoent ber Per- Numcent ber Age in years 46-59 Per- Numcent ber 60 and over Per- Numcent ber Toth.l persons Per- Humcent ber 330 100.0 22 100.0 127 30-44 16-29 Per- Numcent ber Per- NUil• cent ber Job separations Total persons a, 45-59 Per- Numcent ber 60 and over Per- Numcent ber Percent Earployer shifts 100.0 143 100.0 38 100.0 330 100.0 22 100.0 127 100.0 143 100.0 38 100.0 :s: a )> None 174 52.7 4 57 44.9 87 60.8 26 68.4 204 61.8 7 31.8 71 55.9 95 66.4 31 81.6 81.8 70 50.0 41 22.7 18 5 9.1 6 55.1 32.3 14.2 3.9 4.7 56 40 39.2 28.0 7.7 2.8 0.1 12 12 0 0 0 31.6 126 31.6 82 27 11 6 38.2 24.9 8.2 3.3 1.8 16 10 68.2 45.5 18.2 4.5 66 32 13 6 5 44.1 25.2 10.s 4.7 3.9 48 33 10 33.6 23.l 1.0 2.8 0.1 7 7 0 0 0 18.4 18.4 18.2 ::x:: H 156 1 or aore land 2 104 3 and 4 34 5 and 6 11 7 7 and over 18 31.5 11 10.s 5 2 3.4 2.1 0 4?.3 - 11 4 1 -- 4 1 0 0 2i_ Total persons None 330 100.0 22 219 66.4 8 100.0 127 36.4 79 100.0 143 100.0 38 100.0 330 100.0 22 63.2 100 69.9 32 84.2 232 70.3 43 35 4 4 0 30.l 24.6 2.8 2.8 6 6 0 0 0 98 29.7 25.2 2.7 1.6 o.3 " 18 er '< C") 0 a '""""" rv l or more 1 and 2 111 81 3 and 4 16 5 and 6 10 7 and over 4 33.6 14 24.6 11 3 4.8 3.0 0 0 1.2 63.6 48 50.0 29 9 13.6 - 6 4 37.e 22.e 7.1 4.7 3.2 1 -- Occupational shifts Industrial shifts c.o" a. N- - 4 - 15.8 15.8 -- 83 9 6 1 15 3 0 0 100.0 127 100.0 143 100.0 38 100.0 18.2 86 67.7 108 76.5 34 89.5 81.8 68.2 13.6 41 32 5 3 l 32.3 36 25.2 32 1 3.9 2 2.4 0 o.e 24.5 22.4 0.1 1., 4 4 10.s 10.5 -- - 0 0 0 -- z H en ...., en Table A-50•• F~UENCY OF EMPLOYER SHIFTS, 1926-50 AJlll 1931-:16, BY USUAL IllDUSTRliL GROUP llanufs.cture Period s.nd mmber of aaployer llhif'te Tots.l per■ CIIUI llachine?7, machine tool 1. s.nd electrical goods ot • Trensports.tion equipnmrt - Gcnel'lllllmlt agenoiea and public util:l:tiee llsts.l produota • including profeeeians.l 1nrl nmiente --Percent; !lumber Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 680 100.0 283 100.0 158 100.0 94 100 0 0 280 n.2 109 38.5 63 59.9 56 38.5 1926-:16 Tots.l pereone& Percmrt !lumber __ ___!ll __ -r-__ lli■oell...-■ manuts.cturing mid other industrie ■ Number ------ - Percent -·----- 100.0 ___ f--- ~6____ _ ____l,Q9~ 1 None l or more l s.nd 2 5 s.nd 4 6 s.nd 6 7 s.nd over 400 231 107 34 28 58.8 34,0 15,7 5.0 4,1 174 98 49 14 13 61.6 34.6 17.3 5,0 4,6 95 100,0 None 394 57,9 0 1 or more l s.nd 2 3 s.nd 4 5 s.nd 6 7 s.nd ever 286 222 47 10 7 42,l 32,7 6,9 1.5 1,0 c.o" a. N- 2i_ er -- i 283 --- I 162 121 9C20 5 5 i 100.0 0 a '""""" rv 27 __1_ __ 66.1 _ ~ - ~ - - ~ 17 34.7 29 30.2 I 1 14.5 8 8.5 5 s.1 6 6.! I 0 5 5.1 94 100.0 49 100.0 96 100.0 I 67,0 53 66.4 27 56.1 62 64.6 i 43,0 55,4 4.4 1.9 1,5 41 33 8 0 0 43,6 36.l 8,5 44.9 s0.8 6.1 54 55-4 23.9 9.4 2.1 168 100,0 94 100.0 49 100.0 I 67,2 90 ! 42.8 32.l 7,1 1.e 1.e 68 I 52.l _ 15~ _ j __ 100.0 i 66 7 3 2 '< C") 60.l 32,3 i I I 61.7 --38.5 14.9 6.4 2,1 - I I i i t- 50 68 56 14 6 2 I 680 44.9 I 18.5 5,2 6,3 I ·51-----;----29 ! 5 I 10 1926-50 Tots.l poreonee. I 22 I I I I 1931-:16 - -- I 22 19 5 0 0 I I -- 23 9 2 0 - 96 100.0 682 100,0 286 100,0 None 457 64,l 176 61,8 96 60,8 61 64,9 34 69.4 10 72.9 l or more l s.nd 2 3 em 4 6 s.nd 6 7 s.nd aver 246 186 42 16 2 35.9 27,l 6,2 2,3 0,3 109 86 18 3 2 38,2 30.2 6,3 1.0 0.1 62 42 14 6 0 39.2 26,6 8,8 3,8 33 25 4 4 0 35.l 26.5 4,3 4.5 15 13 2 0 30,6 26.6 4.1 26 19 4 3 0 27.l 19,8 4.2 5,1 Tots.l person.ab 9.Exeludea 3 men who did not report number of employer shifts. bEJ:cludea l man who did '!lot report mmber of employer shifts. - - 0 -- - > "O '"O t:<l z 0 ...... >< > ,..,.. cc Table A-510• FREQUENcY OF I1iDUSl'RIAL SHIFTS, 192~ AHD 1931-:16, BY USUAL INDUSTRIAL GROUP lfalmf'actuN ot Period and nmnber Total peraOD8 ot industrial shifts llachine17, machine tooll, and eleotrlo&l goods Transportation equipn&nt: lleta.l product•• including Govenamt agenoiu and public utilitiu protea ■ ional llisoellaneows aanutaoturing and other induatri•• ... ~ 0 instnmem.e Number Percent Number Percent Number Percmt Number Percent Number Percmt Number Percent 681 100.0 284 100.0 158 100.0 94 100.0 49 100.0 96 100.0 Bone 308 45.2 128 45.1 67 42,4 41 43,6 21 42.9 51 65.1 1 or more 1 and 2 3 and 4 6 and 6 7 and over 373 240 83 33 17 64,8 35.5 12.2 4.8 2.5 156 102 36 10 8 54.9 35.9 12,7 3.5 2.s 91 52 25 8 6 57.6 32,9 16,8 5,1 3,8 55 34 11 6 2 56.4 36.2 11.1 6.4 2.1 28 19 6 3 0 57.1 38,8 12.2 6.1 46 33 5 6 1 46.9 34.4 5,2 6.3 1.0 1926-:15 Total per1ona& - Total peraon.s" 0 681 100.0 284 100.0 158 100.0 94, 100.0 49 100.0 96 100.0 Bone 422 62,0 179 63,0 96 so.a 57 60.6 27 65,1 63 66.6 1 or more 1 &nd 2 3 and 4 5 and 6 7 and over 269 216 30 105 85 13 37 31 6 0 0 22 20 2 0 0 33 27 4 2 0 34.4 28..l 4.2 2.1 0.1 39,2 33.5 3,1 1.3 1.3 44.9 40.8 4,1 2 62 53 5 2 2 39.4 33.0 6.4 5 37,0 29,9 4,6 1.e 4 38.o 31,7 4.4 1.3 o.6 9 -- -- - 1931-36 0 c.o" a. N- 2i_ er '< 0 0 a '""""" rv Total person■b 3: ► 1926-:10 682 100.0 285 100.0 158 100.0 94 100.0 49 100.0 96 100.0 Bone 453 66.4 189 66.3 97 61,4 63 67,0 33 67.3 n 74.0 1 or more 1 &nd 3 &nd 4 6 and 6 7 and aver 229 180 34 14 l 33.6 26.4 6,0 2.1 0.1 96 79 12 33,7 27.7 4,2 1.4 o.4 61 3806 21.2 8.9 2.5 51 23 4 4 0 33.0 16 16 1 0 0 32-7 ao.s 2.1 26 20 a 2 0 211-0 20.e 14 4 0 4 l "Ezcludea 2 men who did not report mzmber ot industrial shifts. bE:,:oludea l man who did not report mmber ot industri&l 1hitt•• 43 - 24.4 4.3 4,3 - -- 1.1 - 2.1 = H :z: H Ul >-:l Ul T&ble A-52.- FREQUENCY OF OCCUPATIONAL SHIFTS, 1926-30 AND 1931-36, BY USUAL INDUSl'RIAL GROUP Period &nd number of ocoup&tion&l shifts · M&~hlllery, machine_ tools• and electrical goods Total persons ·1 Numbe~ Peroent N~;r Percent ____ I - --------1-------------- --- --- --------+--- --- --=--=--=;==========;========== ·----:--=-....:. ·:....--....:::::::--:-. - _ - -=-=--- ------ ---- -- lfonufacturo of - ~----~------ - - - ~ Metal products• Tran., ortation inoludin eq~ipment professio.!i instruments Number - -- ·;ercmt-- - Number ------ · - - - - - - I Governmcmt agcmoiss and blic utilities llisoell&neous manufacturing &nd other industriH pu - Pero~~--;~-;;;- ---Poroe;;..;-----;;,;,.ber Peroent ------ - - - - ----- - ---- ------- 1926-35 I 681 I 100.0 284 100.0 158 100.0 94 100.0 49 10000 96 100 00 None 410 I 60 02 186 65,5 90 57,0 45 47,9 28 57 ,l 61 6306 l or more l &nd 2 3 and 4 5 and 6 7andover 271 204 46 14 7 I 39,8 29,9 60 8 2,1 1,0 52,l 40,4 6,4 3,2 2,1 21 16 5 0 O 42,9 52,7 10,2 - 36 25 6 5 l 36,5 26,l 6,S 5,1 1,0 Total persona& 1 , 98 75 17 4 2 _ - - ~ 5______ 2.._8 _______ 43,0 ___ ~ ~ - - 26,4 60 31,6 38 6,0 12 7,6 6 1,4 4 2,5 5 0,7 2 1,5 2 f-- I 1 1 > t-,:j t-,:j l,c;l :z: 0 I 1926.-SO H I>< 1 Total persona& 0 c.o" a. N- 2i_ er '< None , l or more 1 &nd 2 3 and 4 5 &nd 6 7 &nd over , I C") 0 a '""""" rv I j • ! 681 100,0 284 100,0 512 75,2 221 77 ,8 120 169 143 20 4 2 24,8 21,0 2,9 0,6 0,3 63 52 8 2 l 22,2 18,S 2,e O, 7 0,4 38 33 4 0 l I 158 _____100__._o_----1_ _9_4_----1_ _ 100_._o_----1--4-9_-+_ _ 100_._o_ 1 : I I 1 ___ 96 -f-100_,_o_ 75,9 64 68,l 33 67,3 74 77,l 24,l 20,9 2,6 0,6 30 26 3 l 0 31,9 27,6 3,2 1,1 - 16 15 l 0 0 32,7 50,6 2,1 - 22 17 4 1 0 22,9 17,7 4,2 1,0 - > 1931-SS Total personsb 682 100,0 285 100,0 158 100,0 94 100,0 49 100.0 96 100,0 None 519 76,l 234 82.1 114 72,2 62 66.0 38 77,6 71 74,0 l or more l &nd 2 165 140 18 2S,9 20,5 2,6 00 6 0,2 51 17,9 16,l 1,4 0,4 44 37 6 l 0 27 ,8 23,4 3,8 0,6 - 34,0 28,7 3.2 2 ,1 - 11 10 l 0 0 22,4 20,4 2,0 • 25 20 , 1 0 26,0 20,8 4,2 1,0 - 5 &nd 4 5 and 6 7 &nd over 4 l 46 4 0 l &Excludes 2 men who did not report number of occupational shifts. bEJ:cludes l man who did not report number of occupational shifts, 52 27 3 2 ___ o__ __ I ,.. ... ~ ,... Table A-53.- lllll.{SER OF JOB SEPARATIONS FOR MACIIINISTS 30-44 YEARS OF AGE, BY ii:.!PUlYMENT STATUS lN MAY 1936, l/SUAL INDUSl'RIAL GROUP, AND TYPE OF SHI!i', 1926-35 t.:> I.\:) Type of shirt l!Aployment 1tatu1 in Jlay 1936 ond usual industrial group Total job separations Manufacture ot machinery. machine tool ■• and el•ctrical goods llanutaoture ot tranaportation equipnent llanut'aoture of metal products, including profesaional in ■ tnnnenta Gonrnment agenoiea and public utilities 111.aoella.neous manufacturing and other indu ■ trie ■ 0 c.o' a. N- 2i_ er &ployed »anuraotur• of ma.ohinery. machine tools. and electrical goode llanufaoture of tre.naportation equipm,ent Manufacture of metal produots, including professional instnmienta Gonrma.ent agenoies and publio utilities lt11cellaneou11 manufacturing and other indu1trie• Total job separations Return to ..... jobb artar a poriod of - E:irployer Employer Ocoupati.onal Industrial occupl!.tional Not seek- Unemployment ing work Num- Per- Num- Per- Num- ber cent ber cent ber Percent 15o3 13 lo 7 66 805 42 43 60 13,l 26o7 5 3 lo5 1.3 n 1206 7.1 lOOoO lOOoO 9 2 9o0 4.3 0 2 4.3 - 5 0 74 100.0 4 6.4 3 4.1 64-9 100.0 79 12.2 8 280 178 lOOoO lOOoO 52 36 11.4 20.2 4 0 7 2 8.4 4.7 0 2 Num- Per- Num- ber oent ber Percent 773a lOOoO 118 328 225 lOOoO 100.0 100 46 83 100.0 45 100.0 Nwn- Per- C") 0 a '""""" rv induatri.e ■ •Include ■ Percent Num ber Percent ...!...!_ 276 3506 6 5 2 lo5 0,9 129 74 39,4 32o9 5 2 600 4o3 32 14 - 0 o.s 13 ber Percent Oo~ 236 :so.5 3 2 0,9 8& 59 2608 26o2 32,0 30.5 l 0 1.0 44 21 44.0 45o7 3: - 26 35ol 0 - 24 32.4 ::,:: 2.0 241 37,l 6 Oo9 204 5lo4' 5 2 1.8 1.1 112 66 40.0 36.5 5 2 1.1 1.1 76 53 21.2 29,8 4 408 4.7 30 15 36o2 30o2 1 0 1.2 32 19 38.6 4-lol ber 5o4 3 0.4 14 14 8 4o3 3,6 0 l o.4 600 4 3 4o0 606 0 2 4 5.4 15 1706 0 1.2 57 808 58 So9 3 1.4 4.7 35 13 12.5 7o3 13 6 4,6 5.4 0 1 0.6 6 0 6.0 4 3 4.3 6.9 0 - - 2 65 10000 2 3.1 2 3ol 4 6,1 12 18.5 0 12' 100.0 39 31.5 5 4.0 9 7,3 4 3.2 0 48 '7 10000 10000 11 24 22.9 51,1 l 3 2.1 6.4 6 3 12.s 6,4 1 2 2.1 4o2 0 0 17 5 lOOoO 100.0 2 0 11.e - 0 0 -- 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 9 10000 2 22.2 l 11.1 0 - - l 11.1 0 Jilnployer, Occupational occupational, and and industrial industrial Number cent 16 Jilnployer ond induotrial Percent Num- ber '< Una,ployed llamitaoture ot machinery, machine tools, and electrical goods Manufacture of transportation equipment llanutaoture ot metal product ■, including protessiorm.1 instruments Government agencies and publto utilities lliseellaneoua manutaoturing and other and 4.3 - 4.7 --- 2 0 - 21 52.3 0 l o.8 34 27o4' 0 17 9 56,i l9ol 0 0 2 l 11.8 55.3 0 0 6 5506 0 0 0 1 0 0 - 5.9 - o.9 - --- Num- 24 56,9 32 2508 12 6 25.0 12.e 12 2 70.5 6607 0 one job separation each tor 3 men who reported an industrial ahlrt but no 9.otua.l job separation when the plants at which they were employed changed their major product. brncludea :51 e:epuntions with no return to a.ny job within the IO-year period. - > (") ...... z ...... Cf.) t-3 (/) Table A-54•• NUllBER OF JOB SEPARATIONS FOR MACHINISTS REPORTING NO UN:EMPI.OYMENT IN THE 10-YF.AR PERIOD 1926-35• BY AGE AND TYPE OF SHIFT - ·i T tal Age in years -- Typo of shift Returned to ~ same job JOb after a. I Occuseparationsll pPriod of I Employer pationa.l I not seeking}' , work : -------T---~-I Employer• Indus• trial Employer i Oocuoccuand lpatianal pai;ional indus- I •tu:l<l I and • trial i ~~in<lustr:i. · trid Employer a.ud. occu, patione.l 1 1 -- --- --- ------- TPer--1 oe~- Num-1 Per- INumber Total job separations ~ cent ~ber . 388 i 1~.o 2 t -____ o.5 ____ 1 0 c.o" a. N- 2i_ er '< C") 16-29 30-44 45-59 60 and over 44 201 123 20 100.0 I l00e0 I 100.0 I 100.0 0 l 0 l I - 0.5 I - 5.o - ---- - - -------T·-----r - 4 I 11.6! 53 1 I 2.3 20 ,10.0 22 17.9 2 10.0 I 7 I 1s.6 9.8 20.0 ' I ' ---- I ' ' i -i-r~i :J-i:~ 1:LJ~~:r~ 1~Ji:l~:i3 I o.e 10 2~6 lS5 :34.a, ~! it~ 12 4 -- [ ,•f.r.i· ' I i , I I I 4l) -I -- --- Num-lPor- N11m- IPf!r-1 Nu:m,- Ip(,/,.... Num- ~ ~'1.-,·- Num-: Pe,·•·~e~~ b~ jc_ent l~or ::,·~.t b,11· : --,~~1\ ?~r_. 1 1 Num-l Per-r:t-lw.- ?er:ie~1,~1:_t ~,er c:n~1-1:_e_r I I I I -- - 3 t' o.8!137 :3503 1 1 0 o.a - 3 0 2.4 _- 41 l_l 33.3: 1 ~~~~L_-~ :> '"Cl 'Tl . ~ '7. 0 ,~ ~ :,,. I' o.ej 43 !ss.o "---=_j_~_l~~- a1ncludes one job separation for a man who reported an industrial shift but no actual job separation when the ple.nt at which he was employed changed its major product. 0 a '""""" rv """ ~ c.:i Digitized by Google APPENDIX B SCHEDULE AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED Digitized by Google "'- NRP fORI #20 .... I. '"11111. . RACE '" I I l PLAC[ DF BIRTII I I YEARI IN CITY URI• SCHCOL UL CRADE STA eoi.. Tu& 4 PLET(O 1TEARS IN U. I. A. • • e H•I TOTAL CIIPLOTEII SHlnS TOTAL SEPARAT I 0NS -- PR[Sf"1' ICNOCL AGE BECAN i------- H•) . ---- - YEARS Al USUAL EIP!.OYME'"1' ST,.TUS -- ---·- ----- -·--I TDUl INOUSTR'Y I AYERACE LENGTH or ~ - · SHtns _ _ _ _ j_SERYICE PCR JCB TOTAL CECUPA1'IONAL SHlnl . • L USUAL .XOUPATIOII 1--------·-------------M-2 USUAL l~Oll3TffT ' [ • J ... LUYHIG IORk i, TOTAL TIIE UNEIPLOT'EO Ill. O'J I SCHEDULE No. ACE ~ CLUIIAM;E DAU DAf( I ADDRESS II. ,.. <11,m,.,u.,_.. Pl,ll""'' ENUllltATOR I, AVERME LENGTII or SEfivh;E PER EMPLO't'£11 p ~ en &£Gill- ,.... Nl ■o l ■G JOM 'Oft UREIIPLOTUENTl OF ■ ORE THAN ON£ IONTH 1 S DURATION PUICO I.. ... Yft 110 • ... OCC UPAT IOI FlltST JOB LONGEST J■ I ,.,usnT I --- --- ltEASON Fllt CHANGE NAME AICJ Lct:ATION Of' EIIPlO'fU ------- - - - - ---- I HISTORY 192~193' In 0 c.o" a. N- 2i_ c:r '< C") 0 '""""" rv • • OHARACTE• or EIPLOYIIENT T u IOftkl PIIIOQMH ADlflNIITHTION NATIOUL IIHHCH PROJECT Mote.- The reverse of the schedule provides for continuing the 1926-36 work history. > 0 X ::::c: ... z H en Ill Cl C: Ill I I EMPLOTIIIENT APC) UNEIIIPLOYIIENT a M H >-'J en APPENDIX B 127 DEFINITIONS DP TERMS USED The person's age on his last birthday prior to the date of the interview was recorded. Age: The country of birth was recorded for foreignborn persons; the State of birth, for native-born persons; and Philadelphia, for persons born in this city. The country of birth was recorded according to the nation al boundary lines at the time of the person's birth. Place of Birth: The number of years in the city was defined as the length in years of the most recent period of continuous residence in Philadelphia, disregarding absences of less than 1 year. Years in City: Years in the United States: The number of years in the United States was defined as the number of years of residence in the United States since the date of last entry into the country. (This item was recorded for foreign-born persons only. l School Grade Completed: The number of grades completed, which led directly to a grammar-school certificate or a high-school or college diploma, were counted as the school grade completed. Returns for foreign-born workers were converted to the tenns in use in the present system in Philadelphia. Age Leaving School: The age on leaving school was defined as the person's age on his last birthday prior to the date of his first leaving school for a consecutive period of more than 1 year. Age Began Work: The age of beginning work was defined as the person's age on his last birthday prior to the date of his beginning his first full-time joh 1 after leaving school. No specific question regarding the date of entering the labor market was asked, but when there was sufficient infonnation on the schedule, calculations were made to determine this date. However, when there was a difference in the person I s age between the time he had left school and the time he began work and when there was no record of the intervening period, the year in which he had left school was considered to be the date he entered the labor market. Date of Entering the Labor Xarket: Usual Occupation: The usual occupation was defined as the occupation which the person considered his usual or customary occupation, In cases of doubt, the occupation at which the person had worked longest was considered his usual occupation. Of 1 see below !or the de!1n1t1on or r1rst job. Digitized by Google 128 MACHINISTS two work experiences of equal length, the more recent was considered the usual. The usual industry was defined as the industry in which the person was normally employed. If he had been employed at his usual occupation in two or more industries, the industry at which he had worked longest was considered the usual one. Usual Industry: The number of years employed at the usual occupation was defined as the individual's estimate of the number of years he actually worked at what he considered to be his usual occupation. Years spent as a paid apprentice or helper or as a foreman were included, but years spent as an unpaid apprentice were not included. 2 Years at the Usual Occupation: Present Employment Status: As of May 1, 1936 the individual was classified as "employed" or "unemployed." (al Employed persons were defined as those who had a job 3 on May 1, 1936. Employment was considered full-time or part-time, according to the practice of the industry in May 1936. (bl Unemployed persons were defined as those who did not have a job on May 1, 1936 but who were able and willing to work. Persons employed on Government emergency work and persons temporarily out of the labor market were included in this group. Emergency work was used as an all-inclusive term to cover employment on work relief, Public Works projects, or Works Program projects whether financed by the city, the State, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the National Recovery Act of 1933, or the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935. Persons who had been sick for less than a year but who were not permanently disabled were classified as temporarily out of the labor market. 4 job: A job was defined as continuous paid service at one occupational assignment for one employer for 1 or more months. (Employment on emergency work did not constitute a job, since emergency work employment was classifiPd as unemployment,) 2 1n tills study, time spent as an operator or special macll1ne tools, as a tool maker, d1e setter or instrument maker, or as a macll1n1st or m1llwr1gllt was included as time at tile usual occupation. 3see below ror tile derinition or a Job. 4 Persons on strike on May 1, 1936 were classiried as temporarily out or tile labor market and, tllererore, were included 1n tile study. Digitized by Google 129 APPENDIX B When persons were working on months, they were considered to ual work, such as longshoremen, were considered to have jobs if their own account for 1 or more have jobs. Persons who had castruck drivers, and day workers, they worked at the occupation for 1 or more months even though the work was for more than one employer. When persons were on sick leave with pay or vacation with pay, they were considered to have jobs. (a) First time paid .iob tween school out of school as the first job: The first job was defined as the first fullafter leaving school permanently. Summer jobs besessions and any jobs held while the individual was for a period of only 1 year or less were not counted job. lb) Lonfest job: The longest job was defined as the longest job beginning prior to 1926 for persons who had entered the labor market before that time. For persons who had entered the labor market du ri n 6 or after 1926, it was the longest .i ob they had ever held. Of two jobs of equally long duration, the more recent one was considered the longest job. lc) Last job: The last job was defined as the last job beginning on or prior to May 1, 1936. Periodsof 1 or more months of unemployment or of time not seeking work between January 1926 and the time of interview were recorded on the schedule. Time Elapsed Between Jobs: Unemployment periods included any time during which the individual was employed on emergency work, as well as time during which he did not have a job but was able and willing to work. Time not seeking work included periods during which the individual was out of the labor market because he was sick (and not receiving pay), on strike, attending school, o:-retiredandliving on income, Duration of Unemployment Since Last Job: The duration of unemployment since the last job was defined as the time unemployed (including time employed on emergency work) 5 between the date of leaving the last job and May 1, 1936. This of course has application only to those who were unemployed on May 1, 1936. Occupation: In recording occupations, the ki11d of work done on each job was stated as exactly as possible. The occupations were coded according to an adaptation of Bulletin fl3, Occupation Code, Works Progress Administration, National Research Proj5 rn this study, tlme not seeklng wor~ was also included. Digitized by Google 130 MACHINISTS ect in cooperation with the Industrial Research Department of the University of Pennsylvania (mimeo., April 1936). Persons who owned an establishment and also worked in it were classified as owners. The tenn "factory laborer" was used only for persons who fetch and carry materials to and from the production workers or clean up after them. The occupations of production workers or factory hands were classified in accordance with the process or operation on which the workers were engaged. Industry: In recording industries, the exact type of business or product made was specified, and general tenns were avoided as much as possible. Industries were coded acco,ding to an adaptation of Bulletin #1.t, Industry Code, Works Progress Administration, National Research Project in cooperation with the Industrial Research Department of the University of Pennsylvania (mimeo., April 1936). Reason for Chante in Job: In entering the reason for leaving a ,iob, the exact statement of the respondent was recorded as nearly as possible. Character of Employment: Employment was classified either as full-time or part-time according to the practice of the industry during the time for which the information was obtained. In instances when employment with a finn had been both full-time and part-time but the respondent could not recall the exact dates of change, the character of employment was designated as combined full-time and part-time employment. When persons were working on their own account, the employment was classified as "self-employment." 6 Both full- and part-time employment were further classified as "regular", "casual", or "intermittent." Casual employment was defined as work for one or more employers contracted-for by the hour or by the day, as in the case of "day workers" in domestic service or laborers at odd jobs or by the load handled, as in the case of longshoremen and jobbing truck drivers. The term "intermittent" was used to identify the employment of workers who constitute a labor reserve in industries in which employment is usually not of a casual nature. The work of "spare hands" and "contingent" crews on call for a particular employer or of extra crews hired to complete orders in the "rush" season was classified 6 The amount or sel r-employmen t ,ras very small, so 1 twas d1 str1 bu ted proportl onately between full-time and part-time employment 1n determining the average number or months or spec! tied types or employment experience, 1926-35, Digitized by Google 131 APPENDIX B as intermittent. Regular employment included all work, except that of a casualorintermittent nature, arisingfrompaid service with one employer. The time employed at the usual occupation from 1926 to 1935 included only the time the person was employed at occupations which had been assigned the same code number as that of the usual occupation. Time Employed at the Usual Occupation: The time employed at occupations other than the usual one included the time the person was employed at all occupations which had been assigned code numbers different from that of the usual occupation. Time Employed at Other Than the Usual Occupation: Time Employed in the Usual Industry: The time employed in the usual industry from 1926 to 1935 included only the time the person was employed in industries which had been assigned the same code number as that of the usual industry. Time Employed in Other Than the Usual Industry: The time employed in industries other than the usual one included the time the person was employed in all industries which had been assigned code numbers different from that of the usual industry. Averaee Leneth of Service per Job at the Usual Occupation: In computing the average length of service per job at the usual occupation, only employment between January 1926 and December 1935 was included. (Thus, in the case of a job beginning in 1920 and ending in 1936, the average length was taken as 10 years.) Only jobs assigned the same occupational code number as that of the usual occupation were considered to be at the usual occupation. In computing the average length of unemployment periods, only unemployment between January 1926 and December 1935 was included. Employment at emergency work was considered to be unemployment. Averaee Leneth of Unemployment Periods: Separations From Jobs: Leaving one job to go to another, to become unemployed, orto experience a period of not seeking work was counted as separation from a job. Because of the definition of a job, a change from one occupation to another during continuous employment with one firm was counted as a ,job separation. On the other hand, a change in character of employment or in industry during continuous employment at one occupational assignment for one employer was not counted as a job separation. Digitized by Google 132 MACHINISTS Employer Shifts: An employer shift was defined as a change from one firm name to another, whether or not a period without work intervened. A change in location of the plant alone was not considered to be an employer shift; neither was a shift by the worker from one plant to another plant operated by the same firm. For casual work, "odd jobs" or "various employers" was sometimes recorded instead of an employer's name. These entries were treated as one employer, and the number of employer shifts determined accordingly. Occupational Shift: An occupational shift was defined as a change from one occupation to another, whether or not a period without work intervened. These shifts were determined on the basis of the occupational code numbers. An industrial shift was defined as a change from one industry to another, whether or not a period without work intervened. These shifts were determined on the basis of the industrial code numbers. Industrial Shift: Separations From Employers: A separation from an employer was defined as the act of leaving one employer to go to another, to become unemployed, or to experience a period of not seeking work. Digitized by Google