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Northwes ·ern Un iversity ..iO IJ .,1.:.NT kvO M 8372 Li b rary WO R K S MAR 2- 1936 PROGRESS ADMI TI STRATIO Har r y L. Hopkins, Administrator Corrington Gill Assistant A~~inistrator RESEARCH Howard J3. Mye rs, Director Soci al Research Division J3 U L L E T I SURVEY OF CASES CLOSED FROi,1 RELIEF nOLLS FOR ADMINI S'l1R~TIVE REA.SONS I N LITTLE ROCK , J..RKA NS..A.S (Study made in November 1935 cov ering Au.gus t closings) February 24 , 1936 Serie s II lo . 14 Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 8372 Pr0face DuringOctober .and l:ovember 1935, a series of special inquiries was conducted in a group of western and study the southwestern states to from the closed ses ce of condition relief rolls in anticipati on of the Works Program and in accordance with the policy of transfer ring unemployable cases from Federal to state and This group of studies local care. wa s planned to supplement the informa tion obtained from earlle·r ·inquiries into the re sults of,~dministrative closings in Georgi al!. This series of studies was carried out in about the same manner as the Backg round inforGeorgia studies. mation in each community was secured from relief a g ency officials and the from citizens f amiliar wit h problems of relief .Family interviews were co nducted in order to secure primary data bea ring or.. the family composition, the occupational experience of the workers, and the econom1c status of ea ch ho1.1sehold for comparable periods before and after the closing s . Bo th urban a nd were covered by field surveys. The cities chosen were Sio~x· Falls,South Dakota,and Little Rock, Arkansas ;the rural areas included Custer, Corson, in Har..d, and Eutchinson Counties Sou th Dakota, and Kit Carson and Weld counties in Colorado~/. These com.1JUnities were selected not for the piir pose of giving a ~icture ·. of conditio n s prevailing generally in the Uni tea. States but becaJise they show clec: rly certain kinds of probThei r value in giving direclems. tion to f~ture a dministrative policy is increased by the fact that they Two of displ ay diverse conditions. the studies--those in Colorado and unemployable Arkansas--cover only cases and hence throw light upon the protlems confro nting the state and · local· agencies t hqt are assuming the The two South ca re of suc:1 .c ases. Da:-cota inqu iries, including only emp lo yable ca ses, ~rield information u por.. the si gnificance of harvesting wo :t k in rel3,tion to the relief rolls a~i u pon the problems involved in adju sting the Works Program to me et t~ e needs of these peo ple. comITP.rni ti es rura.l !_/ See Research Bulletins Seri es II No. 8; Series I, lJo. 11; and C-19. '?:../ See ?.esearc:1 Bulletins Seri esII 1; 0. 11; Series II, No. 12; Series II Eo. 13. ------ - -- Prepa red by Armin E. Sterner under the supervision of A. Ross Eckler, Ctief Special Inquiries Section - ----- - ---- Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 8372 -i- SUMMARY This study p r esen ts an anal ~rsis of the conditio n of a group of hou seholds--classif i ed as u nemployable-in Little Rock , Ar kan sa s, before and a fter their tran sfer from Federa l to The average income of state care. 1 935 , the last mo n t h ly u J $11 . 76 in of Federal ca re, decli n ed to a n avera g e of $7 . 01 p er hou sehold in OctoThe change r efl ects p ri mar i ly ber. decreases i n t h e amou nt of pub lic assista nce,si nce i ncome fr om p rivate employment and as si s t ance fro m private sou rces were of negli gi ble importa nce . This 40 percent reduction seriously a ffect ed the f a milies involved : t h e numbe r an d qua lity of mea ls were r edu ced to the point where about one-hal f o f those i nterviewed were unable to ob tain more than one or t wo meals daily; housi ng conditions a lrea dy ba.d b ecame worse; families u nable t o pay re nt were someti mes evi cted, and destitutio n a nd su ffering were inten sified . Of the ca s e s s tudi ed , less than one- half wer e white; t wo- tnirds of the group wer e indi viduals living a lone; mo s t of them were eith er s enile or afflict ed wi th dis ea s e . Some were b edridden and a few were b l i nd. Da t a which t hey gave regardi n~ t h eir occu~at io nal history r ev eal ed tha t t h e l a r g e majority had b een unsk ill e d work ers wh en l as t e mployed a t t heir ·sual occupa ti on s; and t hat a ver ag e ':,eekly wag es ea rned a t that time r anged f rom $5 .00 for Ne ro female worke rs t o $21. 00 fo r white A lo w st a n dard o f e du ca tion males . was found to b e co mmon in this g roup ; only t wen t ;y-o ne had gone t o hi gh sc hool , and t hirty-eigh t wer e illi tA lo ng r elief his t ory a ve rer a te . agi ng 1 7 mon ths for t h e whi t e g roup and 1 9 months for t h e Negroe s fea t ured this record . Th e recently enacted Public Welf a re Act of Arkan sa s beca me ope r a tive i n June 1 935 , but duri ng the p eriod covered by t he stu dy the Public Welfare Camm i s s ion wa s occupied mainly with pr obl em s of organiza tion an d wi th t he regis t r a tion o f t hose el egi bl e for old ag e p ensions , so tha t but little ass ist an ce ha d b een gr a nt ed under the ter ms of t he a ct . On Ap ril 1, 1 935 , an old age pens ion ac t was pas s ed by the sta te, bu t no funds had be en made a va ilable for its admini s tr a tion up to Fovemb er 1 5 . The p r ovisi on of su ch f u nds would g ive a ssistanc e to man y of the case s inclu de d i n this stu dy . Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 8372 - 1- SURVEY OF Ci SES CLOSED FR0~1 RBLIE:J!., ROLLS FOR JJ)MI1HSTRJ,.T I VE F.Et.SOJS L. LITTLE ROCK , l,RKJ,.NSJ,.S , IlJ i,.UGUST 1935 I n 1,.ugus t 1 935 , nea r ly 5GO cas e s in Littl e Rock , 1,.r~~ sas , we re tran sfe r r ed f r om E . R. 1,.. reli ef t 0 the ca r e of th e r ecen tly creat ed ?u ~l ic Welfare Commis si on of the st at e . The fa mili e s t:r an sf er re:1 con s isted of cas e s clas si f i ed as uner;rployablel/ who were be i ng s hift ed f r om Fede r a l t o s t a t e care in accordance wit h po l i c i e s outlined by the Fede ral Eme rgency Relief 1,.dinin istrati on . One t hi r d of thi s number ( 1 4 9 cas e s )we r e s el ec t ed at r andom a s a group f r om which t he i nformati on for t h i s study was obtaine d by ho~e i nt e rvi ews , aft er all pert in ent data available at the rel i ef offi ce s had been uti liz ed . Compo siti on and Cnar ac ter i stics of Househ ol ds Of the h ous ehol ds se l ec t ed f or interviews , l e ss t han one-half we r e white , a p roporti~n no t very dif f er en t from that f ound in the total r eli e f population i n this city (T ab l e I) . Over t wo - t hi r ds of the gr oup we r e indivi duals living alo a e . In t h e f a.mi l i e s of th e remaining household s , 74 de:,J enclen ts--wi ve s and children-- were r epo rt ed . I n 91 ca~ e s or 61 pe r cent of t te total , t he h ead s wer e 65 ~rears nf age or ove r ('l'ab l e I I) • 1_/ The J,.rkans2s PuoJ.ic Welfar e J,.ct defines unemplo Jrab l e persons a s f ol l ows : 1,.n unempl oyabl e unde r the Public Wel far e J,.c t i s one wLo i s ph-rsically or mentally i nca!Jab J. e of ma.king a livi ng at available emp loy:nent . In no cas e sha ll one who is phy si cal ly anu mentaJ l y capabl e of pe rf orming manual l a.b or be eli gi bl e f or r eli ef unde r thi s act . Mo s t of t ho s e not t oo ol d t o wo r k wer e e i t he r ph3rs ically di s abl ed or s~ffering f r om d i s eas e (Tabl e I II) . Hear t di sea s e , rh eumati s o and n ephr i ti s ~ere the diseas9s mos t fr equ ent l~" r eport ed. . Othe r s , suf:e ri ng f r 0m di s eas e s ch r on i c i n charac t e r , were oft en b edri dden and without medical care . Th is fact v·as br ought 01.:t by the answer s t o the i n t e r vi ewer s' qu estions a s to the mo st u rgen t ne ed s of individual cl i en ts . Med ical attention was mentioned i n 34 ins t ,q,nc es . It is known t hat the case worke r in the di strict had made calls on ce rtain of t hese hous eho l ds to a rr ange f ri r medical care , but h er bur den of wor k was such a s t o make it impossible to cove r eff ec t ivel y al l the f2~ili e s unde r her car e . Thos e unab le t o wal k could not always take a dvantage of medical carP ar r anged fo r them, nor could t ho s e t ha t lacked carfare or me an s f or ot her tr an spor tati on . 1,. large ma j or i t y ( 93) of the heacls of h ous eh ol d s had been un s kill ed vro rkerE , ch i efl:r common l abo r er s or d ':.liD P. stics ; of t he ot he r s, 18 had be en cl.c1.s sifi ed as s l:i l led worl-::ei-s c::nd 20 pe r s ons r e,-Jo rt ed t hat t l1e;,r bad been non- manual wor ke rs , wit h s a l e smen most nwne r ons amon 6 t h is latt er class (Tab l e I V) . 1,.ve r age wee kly earnings ot the i r l as t r riva t e j ob i n t h e i r usual occupation (in the peri od 19 25- 30 f or most ca.ss s ) r ang3d. fr om $5 . 00 f or Negr o f emale wo7 ker s t o $21 . 00 fo r It sho1::.ld be b orne i n whi t e mal e s . mind that the ~r oup showing t h e l owe s t r a t e was almost er..ti r ely made up of d ome sti c s- - maid s , c ooks , l aundr e ss bs , e t c . ,-- occut,2.t · ons which a r e t raii ti onally l ow pai d . Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 8372 - 2 - Only 21 of the heads of househol ds stat e d t hey had attende d hi gh At the o ther end of the school . scal e it was fo ,md tha t in 38 inst ance s , or over 25 pe r cen t of the total, heads of househol ds wer e r ep ort ed t o be unab l e t o r ead or wr ite Engli sh ; all but one of thes e 38 we r e Negr oes (Table V) . On t he aver age , the Negro gr oup had r eceived r eli ef for a period of 19 months ; the corr e sp onding pe r iod fo r the white gr oup wa s 1 7 months I n view of the f act ( Tab l e VI) . that thr ee- fift hs of t he pe rso ns cove r ed in t his study we r e 65 ;:,rears of age and over ( and who se employmen t his tory ended s ome time ago), i t is not surpr ising t hat mor e than one- half of them had a r eli ef history prio r to June 1933 , the date when E. R.A. came into existence . su ch other sour ce s as contribu ti ons by f r i ends and r e latives . The maj ority of famili es , howeve r , had no cash i ncome to cover expenditur e s for clo t hi n~ , medical car e , 8.nd incident al hou s ehold or perso nal nee ds . Of the 149 ho useholds visited , only 36 r ep or t ed d8bts . Seve n of those wor e whit e f runili a s and 23 Amounts r ewer e singl e Negr oe s . cons ist e d p ort ed we r e small and principally of r e n t , grocery, a nd do ctors ' bi l l s . The aver age de bt of tho group v,as $4 . 74 . ( The deb ts of t h0se housL hol ds r ange d f r om an ave r age of $16 . 25 f0 r white househo lds of t wo or more perso ns down to $3. 83 the aver age fo r t he gr oup of singl e N2gro 0s .) It is t o be pr e sume d t ha t f run ili e s who hr,ve bee n 'Jn r eli ef for aupr oximnte l y a year and a half would have l i ttl e che.nce of obtaining cr edi t . Compari s on of Incomes Dur ing J u ly and Octobe r In J ul y 1935 , t he l ast mon t h when E. R. A. r e li ef was r ecei ved by t hi s gro up , the ave r age t o tal i ncome pe r househol d amount ed t o $11 . 76 ( Tab l e A, page 3). Thr ee mon t hs l a ter , for the month of October, the ave r age income fo r t he same gro up had dr opp e d 40 pe r cent to $7 . 01 (Tab l e B page 3). The r e du ctio n in the income of the Negr o househol ds during th i s period amounted to 58 per cen t , t hat of the wh it e households , 29 pe r cent . Housing and Rent Housing conditio ns wer e f ound to be extr eme ly unsatisfac t ory. Int erv i ewer s fr bquontly r eport ed houses in bad st Rt e of r epair . This was especial ly t ~ue of ho~e s o ccup i ed by f c>.mi l ies pay ing no r en t , who wer e of t en pr ovided with sh8lt er thro ugh t he genero sity of fri ends , r e l a tive s l andlords . f or mer employe r s , and condemned Shanties , gar Ftge s , nnd were some time s c o □ rn~ r cinl buildings us e d f or l iving quar t ers . Evic t ions be cause of inability to pny r ent wer e no t infr eqrn~n t ~/ . I mpr ovements s .1ch as r unning water, ga s , and ele t r ici ty we r e e nti r ely l a k ing in 57 home s . The ~ver nge mcnthly r en t a l for f .:.:,..'Tli li e s paying r e nt was $5 . 45 ( Table VII) . 1 Fa~ily income s in t he main consist e d of r eli e f gr2.nts of gr o ce r y A or ders and sur pl us commodities . ve ry f ew cases r eceived small cash income s~/ f r om odd jobs and f ro m g/ Fi ve cases r e ceived such income and the t o tal amo1m t f ell short of $7 . 00 . ~/ In some inst?..nce s , whe r e evi ct ion was thr eatened , p2.yme nt of r e nt was ID.:lde by t he Publi We lfa r e Commission . Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 8372 - 3- Table A. In comes of 1 49 Re l ief Eouseholds From All Sour ce s~in J uly, Classified by Size of Household 3lld Race Si ze of Household Income Tot a l households Tot a l $ .01 - 2 . 99 3 . 00 - 5 . 99 6 . 00 - 8. 99 9 . 00 - 11. 99 12 . 00 14 . 99 15 . 00 - 17 . 99 18 . 00 - 20 . 99 21. 00 - 23 . 99 24 . 00 - 26 . 99 27 . 00 - 29 . 99 30 . 00 n11d over I ncomp l e te r ecords Aver nge (medi an) §:./ RGce One Two or mor e 12ers on 12er sons Whit e Ne~ o 149 104 5 20 21 31 26 18 4 6 1 2 5 19 21 21 19 7 1 2 1 5 10 $11 . 76 8 $10 . 00 45 1 10 7 11 3 4 1 1 5 2 64 85 1 6 3 16 7 13 4 4 14 18 15 19 5 5 1 1 1 3 4 $16 . 23 1 2 6 $14. 57 $10 . 30 Incl uding surpl us commodities . I ncomes of 1 49 Re li ef Households Fro m All Sour ce s~{n Octo be r, Clas si fi ed b;y Si ze of Household and Race Tab l e B. Income Total household s Tot a l . 01 - 2 . 99 3 . 00 - 5 . 99 6 . 00 - 8'. 99 9 . 00 - 11.99 12 . 00 - 14 . 99 15 . 00 - 17 . 99 1 8 . 00 - 20 . 99 21. 00 - 23 . 99 24 . 00 - 26 . 99 27 . 00 and over Incomple te r ec or ds $ Size of Household One Two or mor e pe rson perso ns 149 104 8 54 37 16 10 9 5 2 2 8 53 19 8 2 6 2 1 Aver age (median} ~7 . 01 §] Incl uding surplus commodit ies . 1 18 8 8 3 3 1 2 1 1 5 45 5 ~5 . 49 Race Whit e Ne gro 64 85 1 18 10 7 9 8 5 2 2 7 36 27 9 1 1 2 ~10 . 31 ~10 . 29 1 3 ~5 . 9 6 Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 83 72 - 4- One case may b e cited as i ndicative of t he wo r st housing condi ti ons encount e r ed . A woman , 72 yea r s of a ge , was f ound li vir_g in a t hr eer oom house wi tn a badly cle.rnaged r oo f . One r oom was used f or sto r ing wood , a se cond was not u t i l ized , and t he t hi r d one , which se rved as l iving quart e r s , was ba r e of f u r nitur e . She used a box fo r a c~ai r and s l ept on t he fl o)r . The missiI'-g doo r was r ep l aced by a sack . The r oo f l eaked b adl y . Twenty- one househo l de r s owned homes having estimated val ue s r anging be t ween $100 anrl $2 , O')O . Two t hi r ds of t he home o~ne r s wer e Negr oes . Mo r tgages we r e r ep ort ed in f our instances , and s i x househo l ds st ated t hey we r e in ar r ear s in the p a yment of taxes . I nformation obtained fr om t he 149 f am il ies rega r ding di e ts du r ing the l ast thr e e 0ays be f ore th8 inter vi ews r eveal e d that only 53 househol ds r ep or t e d thr ee m8a l s a day . A gr oup of 62 families foun CT it ne cessar y to r e s tr i t the numb e r of meal s t o an a ve r age of two a day , wr.ile another gr oup of 11 hous e holds r epo r ted on ly t hr ee meals in thr ee days . Near ly t wo- thir ds of all househo l ds r epo r ted a decr ease i n the quantity of su h foods as mi l k , meat stap l es , f r esh vegetables, and canned goods . A r.u.~be r of t hem r ep or ted t hat du r i ng July , milk and meat wer e r egul arl y inc l uded i n t he ir daily fare ; these commodi t ies had almos t comp l etel::t d.i sappear ed f r om t hei r di e t i n Oc t obe r . Then questioned conce r n i ng t hei r mos t u r gen t immedi ate needs , ove r one- t hird of the househol ds ment ioned f ood . Some of them r equested f ood f r om t he i n t e r vi ewe r s . 11 \'le e at mu ch les s now aEd wi sh we had mo r e u , or 11 If I onl y h&d money of my ovm t o buy some f ood" , we r e state:nents f re quent l y hear d . I n most in s t ance s, t he die t was i nsuffi cien t i n quan ti t y and i nade quate i n impo r t an t nutri t ive e ssen ti a ls . A~t ivi ti es of Pas t We ek Duri ng the week p r ecedi ng t he home in t e r vi..ews , on l y a t hi r d of t he ·heads of househo l ds spen t mud: ti me out ~i de t he ir own hemes . Tne hi ef ac tiviti e s thev r epo r t ed wer e 11 see ki ng wor k ", and Hvi s i ting 11 • Si x s t a t e d t hat they had been busy s t r ee t pe ddl in; , t hr ee die a f ow odd j obs and f our othe r s had be en out begging . Stat 3 Pr ovisions fo r Public Wel f &r e P.nd Ole!. As e Pens i on s State- wide welfar e wo r k unde r state supe r visi on was establ ished in J une 1935 , when the Publi c We lf a r e Ac t of Ar kansas became ope r a t i ve ; during the pe r iod cove r ed by t he study , t he Publ ic Wel far e Comm is s i on was occupied ma i nl y wi t h p r obl ems of or ganizat ion and wi t h t he r egi s t r ati on of t hose e li gib l e f or old age pensi ons , so that b.1t l it tl e ass i sta~ .e had been gr a n ted unde r t he t e r QS of the act . I n addi t i on to some 500 f am il i es on the rel i ef r olls in. Lit t l e Rock a t the p r esent t ime , 30~ mo r e a r e r epo r ted t o be el igib l e f or ass i stance . Tnl e ss l ar ge r al locat ions a r e made fr om state funds , f ami ly gr ants will become sti ll small e r as this addit i ona l l oad i s a ssumed . Ab0u t t hree- f i ft hs of t he f amil ies studied. had heads who we r e 65 year s of age or eve r . The majo r i t y of these pe r son s woul d p r obab l y be Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 8372 - 5- e li gible f or an old agA pe nsion . Arkansas r e cent l y cna~t d such a l aw , but up to ~Tovernber 15, 193:5 no funds had been set aside f or administ r aTra:rn f er of those tion of t he ast . pe r so~s eligible f or care un~e r tne Old Age Fe~si on Act f r om t~e r oi ls of the Public lelfar e Commission would considerably lighten the bur den of tnEt e gency an d make possib le mo r e a 6eq~at e assistan e f or t he r emainde r of the sroup . Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY ... 8372 - 6- Tab l e I . Heads of 149 Rel ief Hous eho l ds CJassi fied by Race and Sex a:::i.d by Numbe r of Pe rs ons in Ho . :.s e:t.o l d One Two or mo r e Total Race and s ex pe rs on ue rs or.. h o~s eholds nous ehold s hou s eho ld s 1 .hl l r ace s Hal e head s Fema l e hea d s 149 85 64 104 58 46 45 27 18 W'.ni t e Mal e hec'..d. s Femal e h eo,d s 64 41 24 40 26 14 24 14 10 Negr o Ual e h ea ds Femal e heai s 85 45 64 32 32 21 13 Tc'..b l e II . 40 P, J..ge Di stri-0'.1 t ion 1f :Ie:--.is 0f 14:9 Rel ief Househol ds ========= Cl a ssifi sl t 7_ Ru~e J,.ge di stributi on Whi t e ill ages 1 8 - 24 ye2.rs Negr o 1 49 64 85 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 25 - 34 II 35 - 44 II 4 5 - 54 II l? 8 9 55 - 64 II 28 17 11 65 - 74 II 58 21 37 75 - 84 II 29 11 18 2 2 85 ye~rs and ov er __ __ _i_ __ ___ Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 8372 - 7- Table III . Disabilities of He ads of 149 Relief Households Cl ass ifie d by Race Dis ability .All disabilities . Tot al White Hegr o 149 64 85 33 16 16 10 9 7 7 6 6 6 5 5 18 14 7 4 4 4 19 9 12 11 2 7 5 2 3 Senility Heart disea se Pheuma tism Nephritis Cr ippling injury High blood p re ssur e Ment al defecti ve .Asthma Tot a l blindness Pa r alysis He r ni a Cancer Other dis abilities Not a sce r t a inable 3 2 1 4 5 3 6 5 7 4 4 5 2 Table IV . Former Regul a r Occupa tions of Hea ds of 149 Relief Hous eholds Cl a ssified bv Race Occupation Total White Negr o Tot a l 149 64 85 Skilled wo r k Ca rpente r Pain~e r J3l acksmi th Othe r skilled 18 5 12 2 6 3 3 4 4 6 3 3 Unskilled wo r k Fa r m l abo r er Lab orer Domestic se r vant Othe r unskilled 93 9 44 34 26 2 17 6 5 67 7 27 32 1 Non- manual work Salesman. Othe r non- manual 20 10 10 15 7 8 5 Housewives Not a scerta inabl e 15 3 :ic 5 1 2 3 2 3 2 Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 8372 Table V.. Education of Heads of 1 49 Relief Households Gl aa sified by Rac e Numbe r of gra,des c omoleted. .ill he~_.d_s..;__ _ Wh _ i_t_e_ ___.;;1;....;e_,f.....,r'-o'------Tot al , a ll gr3des 149 64 85 Non e 42 6 36 11 3 8 22 10 12 18 l C'· 8 ga ti 29 14 15 7 9 6 3 9 - 1 0 II 11 - 1 2 II 11 8 3 O•re r 12 gr a des 1 1 Hot a scer t a i nable 6 6 §:/ Twenty i n t h i s gr oup (11 wh ites, 9 _-egro es) had 1 - 2 gr a de s II 3 - 4 II 5 - 6 c omp l e ted ei gh t gr a des . Table VI. Dura tion of E. R. A. Reli ef fo r 149 Case s Cl a ssi fi ed by Race Dur a tion of r el i ef Tot al Wh ite Negro Tot al , all p erio ds 1 6 11 16 21 26 5 mon t hs - 1() 15 20 25 II II II II mon t h s i:ill d ov er Not a sce rt ainabl e Av er ('.g e r el ief p erio d in mon t hs T~ble VII . 149 64 85 8 15 29 35 29 30 4 4 7 16 21 18 19 e 13 14 11 l J. 3 3 18 17 19 Mon t hl y Ren t al s of ~u a rt er s Occup i ed by 1 2 8 Relief Hou s ehol ds Cl a ss if i ed by Ra c_e_ __ __ Ren t als To t ::i.l , all r ent als No r en t $ • 01 - 1. 99 Tot al Whi t e Negro 128 57 71 46 4 15 40 10 11 21 1 5 16 4 25 3 10 24 6 l C' 1 and ov er 2 Not a s c er,t a inable 2 $ 6. 5 8 $4 . 5 5 Avera!!,e ~Y( a r ithmeti c me an) $5 . 45 2 . 00 4. 00 6. 00 8 . 00 §:/ - 3. 9 9 - 5,. 99 - 7 . 99 Ba sed on~ it &J tW',.;.s ehoH.s pay i ng r en t . NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY Digitized by Original from NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY