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U N IT E D S T A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R F ra n ces P erk in s, Secretary B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S Isad or L u b in , Com m issioner (o n lea v e) A . F . H in rich s, A ctin g Commissioner + Strikes in 1941 and Strikes A ffecting Defense Production P rep a red b y th e D IV IS IO N O F IN D U S T R IA L R E L A T IO N S F L O R E N C E P E T E R S O N , C hief Bulletin {Reprinted from the M onthly L abor R eview , 711 May 1942, with additional data} U N IT E D S T A T E S G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G O FFIC E W A S H IN G T O N : 1942 F or sale b y th e S u p erin ten d en t o f D ocu m en ts, W a sh in g ton , D . C . P rice 10 ce n ts CONTENTS Strikes in 1941: Summary__________________________________________________________ Strikes by months_________________________________________________ Industries affected-----------------------------------------------------------------------States affected_____________________________________________________ Cities affected_____________________________________________________ Workers involved__________________________________________________ Sex of workers_____________________________________________________ Establishments involved-----------------------------------------------------------------Duration of strikes------------------------------------------------------------------------Labor organizations involved----------------------------------------------------------Causes of strikes______ ____________________________________________ Results of strikes__________________________________________________ Methods of negotiating settlements-------------------------------------------------Major strikes in 1941______________________________________________ Strikes affecting defense production (June 1940 to December 7, 1941)____ Definition of “ defense strikes” _____________________________________ Trend of defense strikes-----------------------------------------------------------------Industries affected_________________________________________________ Duration_________________________________ Major issues involved______________________________________________ Results____________________________________________________________ Methods of negotiating settlements_________________________________ Appendix: Methods used in collecting and analyzing strike statistics---------------Strikes in 1941, by industry and major issues involved-------------------Strikes in 1941, in States which had 25 or more strikes during the year, by industry group--------------------------------------------------------------ii Pa^e 1 4 6 7 10 11 13 13 14 15 16 18 22 22 27 27 28 30 30 31 34 35 36 37 42 Letter of Transmittal U nited States D epartment of L abor , B ureau of L abor Statistics , Washington , D . C., M ay 25 , The S ecretary of L abor : I have the honor to transm it herewith a statistical report on strikes in the U nited States in 1941, prepared under the direction of Florence Peterson, Chief of the D ivision of Industrial Relations. T he report was under the im m ediate supervision of D on Q . Crowther. Alexander J. M orin prepared the section on strikes affecting defense production. A . F . H inrichs , Acting Commissioner. H on. F rances P erkins , Secretary o f Labor. iii PREFACE The Bureau of Labor Statistics has collected and published statistics on strikes since 1914. N o Federal agency obtained inform ation on strikes during the 8 years between 1906 and 1913. Previously, from 1881 to 1905, the Commissioner of Labor collected strike data. In the Bureau’s Bulletin N o . 651: Strikes in the United States, 1880-1936 , are included all the strike data available for these years. Since 1936 annual reports of strikes have appeared in each M a y issue of the M onthly Labor Review and are available, upon request, in pam phlet form . U nfortunately, the strike statistics for the years previous to 1927 are quite incom plete. N o m an-days’ idleness figures were obtained and the number of workers involved in some of the strikes is not known. M on th ly and industry data are not available for a portion of the strikes, and for m any there is no inform ation as to causes, results, etc. D ue to this incompleteness only lim ited comparisons can be m ade, for instance, between recent strike activity and that taking place during the first W orld W ar. This bulletin contains an analysis of all strikes occurring during the calendar year 1941, and is similar to the former annual reports. There is, in addition, a report on strikes which affected defense production during the 18-m onth period from June 1940, when the first emergency legislation was enacted, to the outbreak of war on Decem ber 7, 1941. The strikes referred to as “ defense” strikes are those which the Labor D ivision of the Office of Production M anagem ent found, after inves tigation, to have interfered with or delayed defense production. H ow ever, the number of workers and the m an-days of idleness in each case are the number involved for the entire strike even though only a portion of the workers who stopped work m ay have been engaged on defense production when the strike took place. CHART I TREND OF STRIKES, 1916-1941 1935 - 3 9 • IOO INDEX INOEX 4 0 0 |-------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 C Bulletin 7\[o. 711 o f the U nited States Bureau o f Labor Statistics [Reprinted from the M onthly L abor R e v ie w , May 1942, with additional data] Strikes in 1941 Sum m ary Strike activity during the first 11 m onths of 1941 was at a rela tively high level, as is usual in a year of rapidly expanding industrial a ctiv ity , increasing em ploym ent, and rapidly rising living costs. T h e number of strikes in 1941 (4,288) was exceeded only in 1937 and 1917; the number of workers involved in strikes (2,362,620) was greater than in any year except 1919; and the am ount of idleness during strikes (23,047,556 m an-days) was exceeded in recent years only in 1937 and 1927. N o inform ation on the am ount of idleness during strikes is available for years prior to 1927. One employed worker out of every 12 was involved in a strike a t some tim e during the year. This proportion (8.4 percent) was exactly the same in 1941 as in 1916, the year preceding the entry of the United States into the first W orld W ar. B oth the numbers of workers employed and the numbers involved in strikes were, naturally, much larger in 1941 than in 1916. Those workers who were involved in 1941 strikes were idle for an average of about 10 days. A s a result, there were 23,000,000 m andays of idleness during strikes in 1941. T his total is equal to sub stantially less than 1 day per employed worker. Ignoring substi tution of skills and thinking purely in terms of working tim e, it could be said th at by working on one holiday that is ordinarily observed, the working force of the N ation could more than m ake up for the idleness resulting from strikes in the entire year. Idleness during strikes in 1941 amounted to about one-third of 1 percent of the available working tim e during the year. T he impor tance of strikes in any period, however, goes far beyond the direct loss of tim e by the m en involved, because strikes in strategic industries, if not settled quickly, m ay have far-reaching effects on our whole production system by shutting off the flow of im portant materials, or power, or semifinished products. I t is im possible, for lack of detailed inform ation, to measure these secondary losses and inter ruptions. W ith the outbreak of war on Decem ber 7 several strikes then in progress were im m ediately called off and several threatened strikes, even where strike votes had been taken, were canceled. Labor organizations in numerous localities passed resolutions pledging full support to the Governm ent and in m any cases promised that there should be no strikes interfering with the production of war m aterials. 1 2 ST R IK E S IK 1941 T a ble 1.— Strikes in the United States9 1881 to 1941 Number of— Year Strikes Workers in volved * Index (1935-39-100) Man-days idle Strikes Percent of total workers1 2 Workers Man-days involved involved idle in strikes 1881................................ 1882................................ 1883............................... 1RR4 ______ 1885................................ 1886 .............................. 477 476 506 485 695 1,572 130,176 158,802 170,275 165,175 258,129 610,024 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 12 14 15 15 23 54 (*) (3) (3) (s) (3 ) 17 17 18 17 24 55 1RR7 IflRR 1RRQ iRpn 439,306 162,880 260,290 373,499 329,953 238,685 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 53 33 39 66 62 47 39 14 23 33 29 21 (3) 1RQ9 1,503 '946 1, 111 l ' 897 1,786 1,359 1893................................ 1R<U 1RQK 1896 ___ 1RQ7 1898................................ 1,375 $404 •i; 255 1,066 $ 110 $098 287, 756 690,044 407,188 248,838 416,154 263,219 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 48 49 44 37 39 38 26 61 36 22 37 23 3.2 8.3 4.4 2.8 4.3 2.6 1RQ9 1900................................ 1901................................ 1902................................ 1903................................ 1904................................ 1,838 $839 $012 3,240 3,648 2,419 431,889 567,719 563,843 691,507 787,834 573,815 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 64 64 105 113 127 85 38 50 50 61 70 51 3.9 4.9 4. 6 5.4 5.9 4.3 1905. ............................. 1906-13 ......................... 1914....... ........................ 1915..............- ................ 19161...........- ......... ........ 1917............................... 2,186 <8) 1,204 1,593 3,789 4,450 302,434 76 (3) 1,599,917 1,227,254 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 42 56 132 155 27 (3) (3) (3) 142 109 1918-._........................... 101Q 1920--............................. 1921................................ 1922............- ................ 1923-.............................. 3,353 3,630 3,411 2,385 1,112 1,553 1,239,989 4,160,348 1,463,054 1,099,247 1,612, 562 756,584 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 117 127 119 83 39 54 110 370 130 98 143 67 6.2 20.8 7.2 6.4 8. 7 3.5 1924--. ......................... 1925............................... 1926................................ 1927-............................. 1928....... ........................ 1929-............................. 1,249 1,301 1,035 707 604 921 654,641 428,416 329,592 329,939 314,210 288, 572 (3) (3) (3) 26,218,628 12,631,863 5,351, 540 44 45 36 25 21 32 58 38 29 29 28 26 155 75 32 3.1 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1930................................ 1931................................ 1932................................ 1933................................ 1934............................... 1935................................ 637 810 841 1,695 1,856 2,014 182, 975 341,817 324,210 1,168,272 1,466,695 1,117,213 3, 316,808 6,893,244 10, 502,033 16,872,128 19,591,949 15,456,337 22 28 29 59 65 70 16 30 29 104 130 99 20 41 62 100 116 91 .8 1.6 1.8 6.3 7.2 5.2 1936................................ 1937................................ 1938................................ 1939-.............................. 1940................................ 1941................................ 2,172 4,740 2,772 2,613 2,508 4,288 788,648 1,860,621 688,376 1,170,962 576,988 2,362,620 13,901,956 28,424,857 9,148,273 17,812,219 6,700,872 23,047,556 76 166 97 91 88 150 70 165 61 104 51 210 82 168 54 105 40 136 3.1 7.2 2.8 4.7 2.3 8.4 (3 ) (3) (3) (3 ) (3 ) (3) (3) 4.2 3.6 2. 5 2.1 (3) (3) (3) * 8.4 6.3 1 The number of workers involved in some strikes which occurred between 1916 and 1926 is not known. However, the missing information is for the smaller disputes and it is believed that the totals here given are fairly accurate. 2 “ Total workers” as used here includes all workers except those in occupations and professions where strikes rarely if ever occur. In general, the term “ total workers” includes all employees except the following groups: Government workers, agricultural wage earners on farms employing less than 6, managerial and sup ervisory employees, and certain groups which because of the nature of their work cannot or do not strike, such as college professors, commercial travelers, clergymen, and domestic servants. Self-employed and un employed persons are, of course, excluded. 3N o information available. CHART 2 466389' PERCENT OF WORKERS INVOLVED IN STRIKES 1916 -1941 PERCENT PERCENT 25 20 1941 10 ST R IK E S IN 15 5- 1 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS CO 4 ST R IK E S IX 1941 In the m onth of Decem ber there were 143 new strikes involving 29,555 workers. Idleness during all strikes in the m onth amounted to 476,471 m an-days. During the first 7 days of the m onth, before the outbreak of war, 59 (41 percent) of the 143 strikes occurred, in volvin g 13,463 (46 percent) of the total workers, and the strike idleness during this period am ounted to 173,159 m an-days (36 per cent of the to ta l). In the remaining 24 days of Decem ber there were 84 new strikes, involving 16,092 workers, and the idleness during strikes amounted to 303,312 m an-days. Strikes b y M onths O nly in a very general way can strikes be said to have any usual seasonal trend. H ow ever, in recent years strikes have tended to increase from the beginning of the year to a peak, usually in A pril or M a y , then to decline through the midsummer m onths, increasing again to another peak about Septem ber, after which they quite con sistently taper off to an all-year low in Decem ber. T he 1941 strikes followed this general pattern. T he peak of ac tiv ity was reached in A pril, when the general bitum inous-coal strike was in progress, and there was another high period of activity in the fall. In fact, the number of strikes was greater in Septem ber than in the spring m onths, although the number of workers involved and m an-days idle were much greater in April than in any other m onth, as a result of the coal strike. T he range in num ber of strikes begin ning in the various m onths of 1941 was from 470 in Septem ber to 143 in D ecem ber; the range in number of workers involved in new strikes was from 511,570 m April to 29,555 in D ecem ber; and the range in m an-days idle was from 7,112,742 in A pril to 476,471 in D ecem ber. T a b l e 2.— Strikes in 1940 and 1941 , b y M onths Number of strikes Month Beginning in month 1940 1941 Y e a r _________ 2,508 4,28& January............... February-........... M arch................. April................... M a y .................. June..................... J u ly ................... August................. September........... October.............. November........... December....... . 128 172 178 228 239 214 244 231 253 267 207 147 240 257 348 403 463 357 439 465 470 432 271 143 Number of workers involved in strikes In progress during month 1940 1941 222 270 295 336 361 336 390 394 394 419 373 277 349 388 499 592 669 571 635 698 687 664 464 287 Beginning in month 1940 1941 In progress during month 1940 1941 41,284 38,050 43,231 53,119 77,124 56,403 82,970 90,226 108,389 107,863 101,532 61,576 109,868 127,932 179,118 567,477 419,829 227,145 226,455 304,526 358,399 348,109 339,479 59,022 576,988 2,362,620 26,937 29,509 22,433 39,481 53,231 38,542 63,126 61,356 65,362 71,997 62,399 42,615 91,897 71,875 118,271 511,570 321,485 142,689 142,969 211,515 295, 270 197,803 227,721 29,555 Man-days idle dur ing month 1940 1941 6,700,872 23,047, 556 246,674 289,992 386,981 441,866 665,688 484,007 585,651 706,308 780,570 915,014 739,807 458,314 663,185 1,134,531 1,558,457 7,112,742 2,172,303 1,504,056 1,325, 758 1,825,488 1,952,652 1,925,328 1,396,585 476,471 S T R IK E S IN 5 1941 CHART 5 num ber STRIKES EACH MONTH IN 1940 AND 1941 COMPARED WITH PRE-DEFENSE 5-YEAR AVERAGES STRIKES UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OP LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS__________ num ber 6 STRIKES IN 1941 Industries Affected The greatest concentration of strikes in 1941, as measured in terms of num ber of workers involved and the resulting idleness, was in coal m ining where there were several m ajor strikes during the year. In the bitum inous-coal industry there was the general wage strike in A p ril, involving about 318,000 workers, and in Septem ber the strike of 53,000 workers in captive mines over the union-shop issue, which finally brought about a sym pathy strike in N ovem ber of 115,000 workers in commercial m ines. In addition, there were two State-w ide strikes of Alabam a coal miners in Septem ber and October, and a short strike of Illinois miners in A pril. In the anthracite m ining industry there was a 1-day wage strike of more than 90,000 workers in M a y , and in Septem ber a strike of about 25,000 workers protesting an in crease in union dues. The total workers involved in individual strikes in the m ining industries exceeded the estim ated average em ploym ent in those industries, because m ost of the miners were on strike at some tim e, and some of them were on strike more than once, during the year. T he idleness during strikes in the m ining industries in 1941 amounted to 4 .5 2 percent of the available working tim e, whereas in no other industry group did it am ount to as much as 1 percent. N early one-third (31 percent) of the total workers involved in strikes and a similar proportion of the total idleness during 1941 were in the m ining industries. N early 17 percent of all workers involved in strikes and 10 percent of the idleness were in the transportation-equip m ent m anufacturing industries. The iron and steel industries had about 10 percent of the total workers involved but only 6 percent of the total idleness. A bou t 8 percent of the total workers involved were in the building and construction industry, but their strikes were shorter than the average and accounted for only 4 percent of the total idleness. W ith the exception of the m ining industries, the greatest proportion of the em ployed workers involved m strikes in any industry group was 39 percent m transportation-equipm ent m anufacturing. A b ou t 27 percent of the rubber-industry workers were involved in strikes at som e tim e during the year, 20 percent of the workers in iron and steel, 12 percent in the nonferrous m etals and the stone, clay, and glass products industries, and 11 percent in building and construction. Strike figures for the various industry groups are given in table 3, T able 22 (p. 37) gives inform ation for individual industries in much greater detail. S T R IK E S IX 7 1941 T ab le 3.— Strikes in 1941 , by Industry Groups Workers in volved Num ber of Per strikes begin cent of ning in Number em 1941 ployed i work ers Industry group ‘Man-days idle during 1941 Number Per cent of avail able work ing tim e3 8.4 23,047,556 M anufacturing______________________________________ *2,646 1,272,823 12.6 Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery_____________________________________ 20.4 243,749 332 Machinery, not including transportation equip ment _ . __ 8.7 128,407 286 Transportation equipment____ _ . ...... 394,056 39.0 185 Nonferrons metals and their products _ _ _ 43.740 12.4 129 ___ . . . . . . Lumber and allied products 67.740 9.7 286 Stone, clay, and glass products____________________ 39,694 11.8 136 Textiles and their products....... ............................. ..... 7.9 144,769 507 Leather and its manufactures _ 92 8.8 27,883 Pood and kindred products 7.6 69,782 261 9.5 Tobacco manufactures___________________________ 8,517 10 Paper and printing . _ 3.0 19,494 137 88 4.6 Chemicals and allied products____________________ 21,411 Rubber products_______________________________ 42 27.1 39,237 Miscellaneous manufacturing 24,344 161 (4) Nonmanufacturing: Extraction of minerals____________________________ 143 *737,302 * 105.6 Transportation and communication_______________ 268 50.406 (4) 4) 421 50,779 Trade........................... - ............................................... 29,022 227 Domestic and personal service—- __________________ (4) Professional service______________________________ 29 2,128 (4) 11.2 Building and construction________________________ 395 186,473 32 Agriculture and fishing___________________________ 14.406 (4) W P A and relief projects ___ . . . . . . 5 188 (4) (4 ) Other nonmannfactnring industries. _ _ _ _. _,. 124 19,093 12,465,065 .49 1,442,253 .47 AJ1 industries_______________________________________ 3 4,288 2,362,620 0.32 2,213,911 2,294,136 413,301 1,323,550 655,646 1,683,568 219,876 988,457 106,246 324,567 315,581 155.099 328,874 .49! .89 .46 .75 .76 .36 .27 .42 .46 .20 .27 .42 (4) 7,226,061 425.099 1,034,312 303,790 47,632 923,216 494,037 3,859 124,485 4.52 (4) 4) (4) (4) .22 (4) (4) (4 ) * “ Employed workers” as used here includes all workers except those in occupations and professions where strikes rarely, if ever, occur. In general, the term “ total workers” includes all employees except the following groups: Government workers, agricultural wage earners on farms employing less than 6, man agerial and supervisory employees, and certain groups which because of the nature of their work cannot or do not strike, such as college professors, commercial travelers, clergymen, and domestic servants. Selfemployed and unemployed persons are, of course, excluded. * “ Available working time” was estimated for purposes of this table by multiplying the total employed workers in each industry or group by the number of days worked by most employees in the respective indus try or group. * This figure is less than the sum of the figures below. This is due to the fact that the general strike ot machinists in the St. Louis area, November 24-26, has been counted as a separate strike in each industry affected with the proper allocation of number of workers involved and man-days idle. 4 Not available. * Several thousand coal miners were involved in more than one strike during the year. Consequently, the'sum of the workers involved in individual strikes was greater than the number employed in the industry, States Affected There were strikes in all States of the Union and in the D istrict of Colum bia during 1941. The range in number of strikes by States was from 3 in W yom ing to 763 in New Y ork . N ew Y ork State had more strikes than any other, but Pennsylvania and M ichigan each had more workers involved in strikes than N ew Y ork . Pennsylvania was the only State having more strike idleness than N ew Y ork. There were more than 100 strikes in each of 10 States during the year. In addition to New Y ork they were Pennsylvania (545), California (384), Ohio (341), N ew Jersey (264), M ichigan^ (2 5 2 ), Illinois (226), M assachusetts (175), Indiana (161), and M issouri (119). N early 21 percent of the total workers involved and 18 percent of the total idleness during strikes in 1941 were in Pennsylvania; M ichi gan had 14 percent of the total workers involved and 8 percent of the 00 CHART 4. PERCENT OF TOTAL WORKERS INVOLVED IN STRIKES 1941 W to ST R IK E S IX SR.I. CONN. 1941 0 LESS THAN 1 % m 1% AND LESS THAN 2 % E3 2% AND LESS THAN 3 % 3% AND LESS THAN 4 % a 4% AND LESS THAN 9 % ■ 9% OR MORE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS T9292T STR IK E S IN 9 1941 idleness; N ew Y ork had nearly 9 percent of the workers involved and the sam e percent of the total idleness; Ohio and W est Virginia each had about 7 percent of the total workers involved, but Ohio had 6 percent of the total idleness while W est Virginia had 8 percent. T a b le 4.— Strikes in 1941 , by States State All States................ ..................................... Alabama __ Arizona __ _ _ Arkansas__________________ ____ _______ California_____ _______________ _____ ___ ... ....... , Colorado ■Connecticut.___________________________ Delaware____ ______ ____ ______________ District of Columbia____________________ Florida.......................................................... Georgia...........•_____ ____________________ Idaho____ _____________________________ Illinois.......................................................... Indiana.......................... .............................. Iowa__________________________________ Kansas_____________ _____ _____________ Kentucky....... ............................... ............ Louisiana____ _______________ _________ Maine............................... ........................... Maryland_____________________________ Massachusetts___ ______ ____ _____ _____ Michigan....................................................... Minnesota.................................................... Mississippi.................................................... Missouri.................................»___ ________ Montapa................................... ................ __ Nebraska___ __________________________ Nevada........................ ............................. . New Hampshire_______________ ________ New Jersey.................. ................................ New Mexico___ ________________ _____ New York........................ ........................... North Carolina_________________________ North Dakota__________ ______ _________ Ohio............................... ............... .............. Oklahoma..... .............. ................. .............. Oregon.............................. ........................... Pennsylvania........ ...................................... Rhode Island.............................................. South Carolina............................................. South Dakota__________________________ Tennessee_____________________ ________ 'Texas____ ____ _______ ____ ______ ___ Utah........................................... .................. Vermont___ ________ __________ __ Virginia__________ ______________ ____ Washington____________________________ "West Virginia.............................. ............... Wisconsin______ _____ _________________ Wyoming____ ______ ____________ ______ Number of strikes beginning in 1941 14,288 80~ 14 30 384 10 84 14 21 33 32 8 226 161 49 19 53 47 23 66 175 252 47 11 119 7 5 6 13 264 11 763 34 7 341 16 51 545 39 17 5 85 55 13 6 39 60 57 65 3 Workers involved Number 2,362,620 112,486 2,940 7,063 114,134 5,727 33,616 4,639 2,560 7,354 6,977 342 110,946 80,311 10,225 3,174 72,486 6,962 6,258 37,186 57,415 333,571 7,459 6,073 51,420 217 289 1,007' 3,233 91,292 3,166 204,284 18,731 363 164,294 826 6,990 488,498 8,888 5,135 325 34,661 11,840 2,805 804 17,151 35,694 162,957 17,450 396 Percent of total Man-days idle during 1941 Number Percent of total 100.0 23,047,556 100.0 IF .1 .3 4.8 .2 1.4 .2 .1 .3 .3 861,891 17,498 64,272 1,793,907 57,555 272,903 46,129 21,129 43,014 98,520 10,502 1,590,783 657,154 220,047 19,374 773,287 55,610 44,100 207,151 529,830 1,897,649 98,880 22,144 314,232 6,589 3,929 4,077 16,328 1,058,308 26,540 2,171,937 105,085 3,138 1,312,970 20,986 201,002 4,136,738 87,854 14,486 6,132 564,871 129,365 44,284 14,964 223,201 706,877 1,944,419 521,315 4,600 3 7 .1 .3 7.8 .2 1.2 .2 .1 .2 .4 ^ 4.7 3.4 .4 .1 3.1 .3 .3 1.6 2.4 14.2 .3 .3 2.2 (i) (’ ) (*) .1 3.9 .1 8.6 .8 (*) 7.0 G) .3 20.9 .4 .2 (*) 1.5 .5 .1 (3) .7 1.5 6.9 .7 (2) (*) (*) (3) (*) 6.9 2.9 1.0 .1 3.4 .2 .2 .9 2.3 8.2 .4 .1 1.4 .1 4.6 .1 9.4 .5 (*) * 5.7 .1 .9 17.7 .4 .1 (*) 2.5 .6 .2 .1 1.0 3.1 8.4 2.3 (2) 1The sum of this column is more than 4,288. This is due to the fact that 94 strikes which extended across ‘State lines have been counted/in this table, as separate strikes in each State affected, with the proper alloca tion of number of workers involved and man-days idle. * Less than a tenth of 1 percent. T he proportions of em ployed workers in each State involved in strikes during the year ranged from 0.2 percent in M ontan a and Nebraska to 46 percent of the working force in W est Virginia. (See chart 4 .) I t should be explained that in this com putation each worker involved in two or more strikes during the year is counted as a separate worker involved in each strike. T he figure for W est Virginia is misleading if this is not clearly understood, because the 10 S T R IK E S IN 1941 m ajority of the workers involved in W est Virginia strikes were coal miners who were out at two different tim es. T he same difficulty m ay be present, to some extent, in com puting the percentage of em ployed workers involved in strikes for other States. In spite of this qualification, such percentages have a very definite significance in m easuring the im portance of strike activity, whether the total workers involved are different workers on strike ju st once during the year, or whether they are groups of workers on strike two or m ore tim es during the year. In 7 States less than 1 percent of the em ployed workers were involved in strikes during the year. In 8 States the proportion of em ployed workers involved was 1 but less than 2 percent, in 7 States 2 but less than 3 percent, in 8 States 3 but less than 4 percent, in 12 States it was 4 but less than 9 percent, in 2 States it was 9 and 10 percent, respectively, and in 5 States it was m ore than 10 percent. In the latter group, in addition to W est Virginia, m entioned above, there were Pennsylvania and K entucky with about 19 percent and M ichigan and A labam a with about 25 percent. Table 23 (p. 42) shows inform ation for each State having 25 or more strikes during 1941, by industry group. Cities Affected N ew Y ork C ity had more strikes, more workers involved, and m ore idleness during strikes in 1941 than any other city in the N ation . In fact, the number of strikes in N ew Y ork C ity (579) was greater than the combined number of strikes in the 5 next highest cities. Phila delphia with 141 was next to New Y ork in number of strikes and was follow ed in order by D etroit (120), Los Angeles (107), and Cleveland (100). N ext to N ew Y ork , with 150,273 workers involved, came D earborn, M ich ., with 113,227, D etroit w ith 101,454, and F lin t, M ich ., and Chicago with a little more than 36,000 each. Cities with the m ost m an-days idle during strikes were N ew Y ork (1 ,6 5 1 ,0 0 8 ), D earborn, M ich . (713,402), Chicago (609 ,6 9 7 ), D etroit (5 6 6 ,4 1 2 ), and Philadelphia (417,726). # In 1941 there were 71 cities in which 10 or more strikes occurred. These cities, together with 26 others which had 10 or more strikes in some year from 1927 to 1940, are shown in table 5. Strikes extending into 2 or more cities have been counted as separate strikes in each city affected, with the allocation of workers involved and m an-days idle among the affected cities as necessary. The figures for a given city, therefore, m ay include parts of larger intercity strikes. ST R IK E S IN 11 1941 T a b le 5.— Strikes in 1941 in Cities which had 10 or M ore Strikes in A n y Year From 1927 to 1941 City Num ber of strikes begin ning in 1941 Akron, Ohio.............. Allentown, Pa.......... Atlanta, Qa.............. Baltimore, M d ......... Baton Rouge, La___ Bethlehem, Pa......... Birmingham, Ala___ Boston, Mass---------Bridgeport, Conn— Buffalo, N. Y ........... Camden, N. J........... Canton, Ohio---------Chattanooga, Tenn— Chicago, 111..... ......... Cincinnati, Ohio...... Cleveland, Ohio....... Columbus, Ohio____ Dallas, Texas........... Dayton, Ohio.......... Dearborn, M ich....... Denver, Colo....... . Des Moines, Iow a... Detroit j Mich........... Duluth, Minn_____ Easton, Pa................ East St. Louis, 111... Elizabeth, N. J......... Erie, Pa___________ Evansville, Ind____ Fall River, Mass___ Flint, Mich............... Fort Smith, Ark-----Fort Wayne, Ind___ Gary, Ina........... — Hartford, Conn____ Haverhill, Mass....... Houston, Texas........ Huntington, W. Va.. Indianapolis, Ind---Jersey City, N. J----Kansas City, M o___ Knoxville, Tenn-----Lancaster, P a.......... Long Beach, Calif... Los Angeles, C alif... Louisville, K y.......... Lowell, Mass............ Lvnn, Mass.............. Memphis, Tenn....... Num ber of workers in volved 11 18,325 7,393 8 4,321 19 40 22)229 805 11 10 14,373 8,768 21 32 12,092 2,487 13 9,869 27 2,940 14 2,116 12 3,492 15 90 36,328 3,543 25 100 36,231 4,124 16 1,322 11 3,074 13 11 113,227 238 5 892 12 120 101,454 375 7 913 2 1,875 7 15 7,491 2,334 10 355 5 12 3,910 9 36,344 1,705 10 13 1,937 12 29,085 9,259 13 2 36 16 1,322 1,503 10 20 2,787 5,277 27 24 3,333 14 8,988 780 3 11 907 107 19,203 3,782 18 9 4,468 10 890 23 2,186 Mandays idle during 1941 28,018 72,381 48,170 105,947 8,177 41,544 61,085 146,231 14,464 56,718 43,695 12,016 81,973 609,697 50,658 263,468 36,743 11,129 24,021 713,402 1,184 8,953 566,412 2,476 13,369 4,643 58,427 29,702 4,556 13,565 74,003 28,122 29,949 40,181 93,657 86 28,501 14,258 39,136 82,509 30,853 160,590 6,663 9,988 162,125 32,743 61,532 4,116 22,406 City Milwaukee, Wis.............. Minneapolis, Minn......... Mobile, Ala-------1........... Nashville, Tenn......... . Newark, N. J .................. New Bedford, Mass........ New Haven, Conn_____ New Orleans, La............. New York (Greater)....... Norfolk, Va................ . Oakland, Calif. (East Bay area)_______ ____ Paducah, K y ................... Passaic, N. J................... Paterson, N. J._.............. Pawtucket, R. I .......... . Peoria, 111--------- ----------Philadelphia, Pa............. Pittsburgh, Pa------------Portland, Oreg..... ........... Providence, R. I.............. Reading, Pa....... ............ Richmond, Va........ ........ Rochester, N. Y .............. Rockford, 111................... Saginaw, M ich ............. St. Louis, M o................. St. Paul, Minn________ San Diego, Calif........... San Francisco, Calif........ Scranton, P a .................. Seattle, W ash................. Shamokin, Pa................. South Bend, Ind............. Springfield, H I............... Springfield, Mass............ Tacoma, Wash................ Terre Haute, Ind............ Toledo, Ohio................. Trenton, N. J__________ Washington, D. C........... Waterbury, Conn............ Wausau, Wis................... Wilkes-Barre, Pa............ Wilmington, Del............. Woonsocket, R. I............ Worcester, Mass.......... . York, Pa.......................... Youngstown, Ohio___ — Num ber of strikes begin ning in 1941 ManNum days ber of workers idle during in 1941 volved 3,012 38,623 28 6,664 74,250 27 5,451 31,274 11 32,981 2,255 11 54,696 6,773 55 52,754 4,716 15 39,771 2,917 13 28,417 3,151 20 579 150,273 1,651,008 3,424 849 11 31 6 3 10 7 8 141 70 19 11 5 10 12 10 8 62 8 ,20 44 13 16 4 12 5 8 16 2 27 23 21 1 2 13 11 7 8 9 14 13,083 893 849 2,792 528 2,520 29,844 18,177 2,631 502 800 1,401 2,046 2,186 5,340 32,758 414 6,457 17,529 703 4,209 707 1,539 590 353 6,458 288 3,455 5,863 2,560 158 503 2,257 3,755 1,850 1,152 2,543 3,317 308,913 8,636 10,640 17,008 5,510 19,176 417,726 226,698 145,715 5,911 11,795 15,223 17,002 26,030 12,507 183,616 11,572 24,158 305,247 8,285 35,686 3,480 25,719 11,653 2,907 54,750 8,261 26,988 69,401 21,129 316 13,006 8,822 43,135 23,538 20,620 26,045 12,020 W orkers Involved In the 4,288 strikes beginning in 1941 the average number of workers involved was 551. T his average was raised because of a few extremely large strikes. In fact, in more than 85 percent of the strikes the number of workers involved was less than the average for all strikes. About one-sixth of the strikes involved fewer than 20 workers each and more than half (53 percent) of the strikes involved fewer than 100 workers each. A bout 40 percent of the strikes involved from 100 up to 1,000 workers each and in 7 percent of the strikes 1,000 or more workers were involved. T able 6 shows a classification of the strikes in each industry group, according to the num ber of workers involved. T he interindustry strike appearing at the end of the table was the general strike of 9,000 m achinists in the S t. Louis area which occurred in N ovem ber. 466389°— 42------3 12 T able STR IK E S IX 1941 6 . — Strikes Beginning in 1941 , fry Num ber o f Workers Involved and Industry Croup Industry group All industries: N um ber... Percent___ Aver Number of strikes in which the number of workers age involved was— num ber of Total work 20 6 100 250 500 1,000 5.000 and and and and and and ers and 10,000 per under under under under under under under and strike 100 20 250 500 1,000 5,000 10.000 ‘over 4,288 100.0 551 716 16.7 870 20.3 489 11.4 337 7.9 270 6.3 0.6 25 29 0.7 Manufacturing Iron, steel, and their products, ex cluding machinery........................ Machinery, excluding transporta tion equipment- .......................... Transportation equipment_______ Nonferrous metals and their prod ucts........................................... . Lumber and allied products........... Stone, clay, and glass products....... Textiles and their products_______ Leather and its manufactures_____ Food and kindred products......... . Tobacco manufactures................ . Paper and printing.......................... Chemicals and allied products____ Rubber products.............................. Miscellaneous manufacturing_____ 331 730 14 72 82 67 49 37 5 5 285 184 443 2,128 19 6 102 26 50 30 51 26 37 35 24 45 1 9 1 7 128 285 136 507 92 260 21 30 12 81 8 48 42 111 54 189 35 103 27 84 34 97 15 48 34 18 62 18 26 6 10 8 10 137 87 42 161 341 236 292 286 303 267 852 142 245 934 151 143 5,156 268 420 227 29 395 32 5 123 188 117 128 73 472 450 38 155 10 21 44 13 50 41 8 65 2 20 10 11 6 6 39 9 13 11 6 31 22 28 24 49 143 75 9 83 1 2 32 115 180 92 15 149 15 2 55 66 15 27 14 8 34 8 3 32 34 33 2 1 ........... 1 _____ 14 1 ........... 4 ....................... 2 ............... 4 _______ _____ 3 1' 1 3 ....... ............... 20 2 1 ....... 1 ................ 6 ____ 19 2 4 9 Nonmanufacturing Extraction of minerals............ ........ Transportation and communica tion........................................... — Trade........................................... . Domestic and personal service____ Professional service........................ Building and construction. ............ Agriculture and fishing.................... W PA and relief projects-------- -----Other nonmanufacturing industries. Interindustry. 9,000 52 40 3 87 7 1 24 8 2 .... . 1 4 4 1 36 6 22 1 9 8 1 ........... 10 ....... ......... 6 _________ ............. .................... 4 ....................... 7 1 There were 29 strikes in 1941 in each of which 10,000 or more workers were involved. T en of these, including the 3 largest, were in coal m ining, 4 involved building-trades workers, 3 took place in plants of the Bethlehem Steel C o ., and 2 were against the Ford M otor C o. E ight of the tw enty-nine large strikes lasted only a day or tw o, while the largest— the bitum inous coal-m ine stoppage— lasted a full m onth. A few of the more im portant strikes of 1941 are described on page 22. 13 ST R IK E S IN* 1 9 4 1 T a b le 7.— Strikes in 1941 W hich Involved 10,000 or M ore W orkers Each Strike and location International Harvester Co., Illinois and Indiana............................ Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Lackawanna, N. Y .1........................ Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Johnstown, Pa.1.................................. . Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Bethlehem, Pa.1.................................. Bituminous-coal mines, Illinois....... .................................................... Bituminous-coal mines, Alabama, Illinois, Iowa *............................... Bituminous-coalmines (general)1......................................................... Pord Motor Co., Dearborn, M ich......................................................... Ravenna Ordnance Plant, Ravenna, O h i o ................................... . Western Washington logging camps and sawmills............................ . Building-trades workers, Detroit, Mich., and vicinity....................... General Motors Corporation, Flint, Sagmaw, Detroit, Mich.1_____ Anthracite mines, Pennsylvania L . ......... .......................................... North American Aviation, Inc., Inglewood, Calif.1............................ Building-trades workers and teamsters, New York C ity 1................. Building-trades workers, New York C ity .......................................... Federal Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., Kearny, N. J........................ Construction workers on Missouri ordnance plants........................... Tennessee Coal, Iron & R. R. Co., Alabama1................................... Chrysler Motor Corporation (Dodge plant), Detroit, Mich.1............. Alabama coal mines1.................. ......................................................... . Anthracite mines, eastern Pennsylvania............................................. Captive coal mines, 6 States................................................................. . Welders, west coast shipyards, e t c .......... ........................................... B. F. Goodrich Co. (5 plants), Akron, Ohio1..................................... Carnegie-IUinois Steel Corporation, Gary, Ind.1................................. Alabama coal mines1. . ......... .............................................................. . Ford Motor Co., Dearborn, Mich.1______ _____ _____ _______ _____ Bituminous commercial coal mines (sympathy with captive mines), 6 States 1.............................................................................................. Month strike began January.. February. M arch ... ___ do___ April____ ___ d o . . . ___ d o . . . M ay......... ___ do____ ----- do____ .......do____ .......do____ June........ ___ do____ July______ August___ ___ do____ September. — do____ ___ do____ ----- do-----___ do____ October__ .......do____ .......do____ ----- do____ November. ___ do____ Approximate num ber of workers involved 15,700 12,000 10,000 10,000 15.000 48.900 269.000 85.000 10.000 12,000 15.000 40.300 91.000 11.000 30.000 28.000 15.500 15,600 14,800 19.000 22.000 25.900 53.000 12.300 16,200 17.500 20.000 20,000 115.000 1 Lasted less than 1 week. 1 These 2 cases were part of the same general coal strike situation involving a total of about 318,000workers. Statistically the strike in Alabama, Illinois, and Iowa was treated separately, since in these States the workers continued idle into May, whereas in the other States practically none were idle after April 30. Sex o f Workers A b ou t 59 percent of the strikes in the year 1941 involved men alone; in 39 percent, both m en and women were involved. O nly 80 strikes were confined entirely to women— slightly less than 2 percent of the total. N inety-one percent o f the total workers involved in strikes were m en, and 9 percent were women. M o st of the large strikes occurred in m ining, construction, steel, and transportation equipment manufacturing, where m en compose all or m ost of the working force. Establishments Involved A b ou t three-fourths of the strikes occurring in 1941 were confined to single establishm ents; for exam ple, one jjlant, one m ine, or one con struction project. T he num ber o f workers in these strikes ranged from 6 (the sm allest num ber counted in the Bureau’s statistics) in a large num ber of strikes to 85,000 in the giant R iver Rouge plant o f the Ford M o to r C o. In these single-establishm ent strikes were 4 1.5 percent of the total workers involved in strikes during the year and they accounted for 39.4 percent of the total idleness during strikes. T able 8 shows further classifications by number of establishm ents involved. Although only 6 percent of the strikes extended to 11 or more establishm ents, these strikes included 39 percent of the total workers involved and accounted for about 45 percent of the total idleness. 14 ST R IK E S IX 1941 In some cases strikes extending to more than one establishm ent in volved two or more plants of the same com panv, and in other cases they were more or less local industry strikes involving part or all of the local plants in a particular industry. T able 8.— Strikes Ending in 1941, b y Num ber o f Establishments Involved Workers involved Strikes Number of establishments involved Number Percent of total Total...................................................... 4,314 100.0 2,364,297 100.0 23,009,296 100.0 1 establishment. ......................... ......... 2 to 5 establishments............................. 6 to 10 establishments....... ................... 11 establishments and over.................. 3,253 656 146 259 75.4 15.2 3.4 6.0 980,836 378,828 72,190 932,443 41.5 16.0 3.1 39.4 9,075,617 3,138,903 499,767 10,295,009 39.4 13.6 2.2 44.8 Number Percent of total Man-days idle Number Percent of total Duration o f Strikes Strikes ending in 1941 were of a little shorter duration on the average than those in the preceding year, partly as a result of greater assistance rendered by Governm ent agencies in settling disputes and the greater urgency for quick settlem ents to avoid impeding the defense program . T he average duration of the strikes ending m 1941 was 18 calendar days, as compared with 21 calendar days for 1940 strikes.1 The workers involved in the 1941 strikes were idle on the average about 10 working days, as compared with llK #in 1940.2 O ne-fourth of the strikes in 1941 lasted no longer than 3 days, and 65 percent of them were settled in less than one-half m onth after they began (table 9 ). Less than 3 percent of the strikes lasted as long as 3 m onths, 5.7 percent were in progress 2 m onths or m ore, 17.2 percent lasted 1 m onth or m ore, and 35.2 percent continued for one-half m onth or longer. A b ou t 43 percent of the total workers involved were out on strikeless than a week, 33 percent were out from a week up to a m onth, and 24 percent were out for a m onth or more. A t the same tim e, 60 percent of the total idleness resulted from strikes which lasted a m onth or m ore. T a b le 9.— Duration o f Strikes Ending in 1941 Strikes Workers involved Man-days idle Duration of strikes Number Percent of total Total..................................................... 4,314 100.0 2,364,297 100.0 23,009,296 JOO.O 1 day...................................................... 2-3 d a y s......... ..................................... 4 days and less than 1 week................. 1 week and less than m onth........... H and less than 1 month...................... 1 and less than 2 months...................... 2 and less than 3 months...................... 3 months or m ore................................. 403 691 634 1,069 775 496 122 124 9.3 16.0 14.7 24.8 18.0 11.5 2.8 2.9 295,565 339,096 385,357 474,784 314,060 481,662 48,958 24,815 12.5 14.3 16.3 20.1 13.3 20.4 2.1 1.0 295,565 653,817 1,186,507 3,176,525 3,936,109 9,259,967 2,029,071 2,471,735 1.8 2.8 5.2 13.8 17.1 40.8 8.8 10.7 Number Percent of total Number Percent of total 1 These are simple averages based on the duration of each strike without reference to the number of workers involved or the number of man-days of idleness resulting. 2 These also are simple averages obtained by dividing the total man-days idle by the total number of workers involved for each year. S T R IK E S IK 15 1941 C HA RT 9. DURATION OF STRIKES ENDING IN 1941 LESS THAN LESS THAN LESS THAN LESS THAN I WEEK •/* MONTH I MONTH 2 MONTHS 3 MONTHS LESS THAN OR MORE Labor Organizations Involved Am erican Federation of Labor unions were involved in the m ajority o f the individual strikes during 1941, but unions affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations were involved in strikes that accounted for the m ajor part of the total idleness during all strikes. A s regards the num ber of strikes, A . F . of L . unions were involved in 54 percent and C . I . O . unions in 37 percent. B oth A . F . of L . and C . I . O . unions were involved in the m ajority o f the rival union disputes (4 percent of the total). T he A . F . of L . strikes included one-fourth of the total workers involved and accounted for 30 percent of the total idleness during strikes, whereas the C . I. 0 . strikes included nearly 70 percent of the total number of workers involved and accounted for 65 percent of the total idleness. Unions affiliated with neither of the two m ajor organizations were involved in 93 strikes during the year. In 22 of these cases the unions were local organizations whose membership was confined to em ployees of one com pany, and in 3 cases they were unaffiliated rail road brotherhoods. Am ong the unions involved in the remaining cases were the M echanics Educational Society of Am erica, the 16 ST R IK E S IX 1941 Independent T extile Union in and around W oonsocket, R . I ., the International Typographical U nion, which was unaffiliated at th at tim e, and several sm all organizations existing only in one or more local areas. In m ost strikes the union concerned called the strike and was involved from the beginning. In a few cases, however, the workers were unorganized when they struck; some union later cam e into the case and assisted in negotiating the settlem ent. T a b l e 10.— Strikes Ending in 1941 , by Affiliations o f Labor Organizations Involved Strikes Labor organizations involved Number Workers involved Percent Percent of Number of total total Man-days, idle Number Percent of total Total_____________________________________ 4,314 100.0 2,364,297 100.0 23,009,296 100.0 American Federation of Labor......................... Congress of Industrial Organizations............... Unaffiliated unions............................................ Railroad brotherhoods....................................... 2 rival unions...................................................... Company unions............................................... No organization................................................. 2,343 1,681 68 3 167 22 130 584,442 54.3 36.6 1,641,044 26,321 1.6 .1 106 3.9 86,158 .5 4,007 3.0 22,219 24.7 69.5 1.1 0) 3.6 .2 .9 6,970,273 14,903,980 261,665 824 736,234 43,375 92,945 30.3 64.8 1.1 0) 3.2 .2 .4 i Less than a tenth of 1 percent. Causes o f Strikes Questions of wages and hours were m ajor issues in 36 percent of the strikes. A bout 47 percent of the total workers involved were con cerned prim arily with these issues, and the idleness from these strikes am ounted to 45 percent of the total. T he vast m ajority of the strikes in this group were for wage increases. The large bitum inous-coal stop page is, of course, included in these totals. T he proportions of strikes and of workers involved in strikes over wage issues were greater than in any year since 1935. This trend reflects the attem pt o f workers to keep their wages in line with the rising cost of living and to obtain their share of increasing profits from the rapidly expanding defense program. Union-organization m atters— union recognition, closed or union shop, discrim ination, etc.— were the m ajor issues in about half of the strikes ending in 1941. Only 32 percent of the total workers involved were included in these strikes but 44 percent of the total m an-days idle resulted from them . Union recognition was an im portant issue in 34 percent of the strikes and closed or union shop in 8 percent. If the widespread bitum inous-coal stoppage which occurred in A pril were not included in the figures, the number of workers involved in union-organization strikes would be about the same as in w age-andhour strikes and the idleness would greatly exceed the wage-and-hour strike idleness. A b ou t 7 percent of the 1941 strikes, including 13 percent of the total workers involved and accounting for 8 percent of the total idle ness, consisted of sym pathy strikes, rival union or factional disputes, and jurisdictional strikes. A lm ost 8 percent of the total strikes, including 9 percent of the workers involved and 3 percent of the idle ness were due to specific grievances over local working conditions, often relating to work loads, objectionable adm inistrative m ethods, or physical surroundings. ST R IK E S IN 17 1941 CHART 6 MAJOR ISSUES INVOLVED IN STRIKES 1927-1941 PERCENT OF STRIKES 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 PERCENT OF WORKERS INVOLVED IN STRIKES 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 19341935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 MAJOR ISSUES: W / / \ MISCELLANEOUS | UNION ORGANIZATION WAGES AND HOURS 18 S T R IK E S IN 1941 T a b le 11.— M ajor Issues Involved in Strikes Ending in 1941 Strikes Major issue Num ber Workers involved Per Per cent of Number cent of total total Man-days idle Number Per cent of total All issues............................................................... 4,314 100.0 2,364,297 100.0 23,009,296 100.0 Wages and hours................................................... Wage increase................................................. Wage decrease............... ...... .......................... Wage increase, hour decrease........................ Wage decrease, hour increase........................ Hour increase.................................................. Hour decrease-................................................ 1,535 1,335 70 117 3 4 6 35.6 1,108,378 31.0 1,032,886 1.6 41,310 2.7 33,719 .1 125 113 .1 225 .1 46.9 43.8 1.7 1.4 0) 0) 0) 10,447,964 9,943,365 138,822 356,207 393 7,202 1,975 45.4 43.3 .6 1.5 0) 0) 0) Union organization............................................... Recognition.................................................... Recognition and wages............................... Recognition and hours................................... Recognition, wages and hours....................... Discrimination....................................... ........ Strengthening bargaining position................ Closed or union shop..................................... Other............................................................ . 2,138 406 805 2 253 183 85 358 46 49.5 9.4 18.6 0) 5.9 4.2 2.0 8.3 1.1 744,054 196,756 215,518 46 32,231 49,077 84,397 144,499 21,530 31.5 8.3 9.1 0) 1.4 2.1 3.6 6.1 .9 10,068,208 2,482,900 3,373,970 113 473,812 368,974 822,375 2, 385, 593 • 160.471 43.8 10.7 14.7 0) 2.1 1.6 3.6 10.4 .7 Miscellaneous...... ............................. ................... Sympathy....................................................... Rival unions or factions................................. Jurisdiction2................................................... Other................................... ......... .................. Not reported.......................... ......... .............. 641 44 179 93 311 14 14.9 1.0 4.1 2.2 7.3 .3 511,865 143,488 117,912 37,410 212,270 785 21.6 6.1 5.0 1.6 8.9 0) 2,493,124 442,829 1,094, 332 260,985 673,518 21,460 10.8 1.9 4.8 1.1 2.9 .1 1 Less than a tenth of 1 percent. 2 It is probable that the figures here given do not include all jurisdictional strikes. nature ,of these disputes, it is difficult for the Bureau to find out about all of them. Owing to the local Results o f Strikes T he classification of the results of strikes necessarily involves ele m ents of judgm ent. A n attem pt m ust be made to compare the condi tions achieved or existing after the strike to the demands or issues over which the strike occurred. T he Bureau obtains the facts from the parties directly involved as well as from any third or neutral parties participating in the settlem ent negotiations. On the basis of such inform ation, the Bureau evaluates the results of each strike and classifies the strike as to whether the workers' demands were sub stantially won, compromised, or lost. Such classification is based, however, on conditions as they appear to exist im m ediately after term ination of the strike. Developm ents, m onths later, m ay reveal th at an apparently successful strike eventually resulted in forcing an em ployer out of business with the consequent loss of the workers' job s. On the other hand, an apparently unsuccessful strike m ay result in future im provem ents which could not be foreseen at the term ination of the strike. The Bureau has no w ay of keeping in touch with these subsequent developments and m ust classify strikes on the basis of im m ediate results. A bout 42 percent of the strikes ending in 1941 were substantially successful from the workers' point of view, 36 percent were settled on a compromise basis, and 15 percent brought the workers little or no gains. A bout 44 percent of the workers involved were in the success^ ful strikes, 41 percent obtained compromise settlem ents, and 6 per^ cent gained little or nothing. Approxim ately 48 percent of the total idleness resulted from the successful strikes, 38 percent from those STR IK E S IN 19 1941 which were compromised, and 7 percent from those which brought the workers little or no gains. The settlem ent of about 6 percent of the strikes, which included 7 percent of the total workers involved, and accounted for 6 percent of the total idleness, involved questions of jurisdiction, union rivalry, or factionalism . T he results of a few strikes were indeterm inate or not reported. T a b le 12.— Results o f Strikes Ending in 1941 Strikes Result Workers involved Per Per Num cent of Number cent of ber total total Man-days idle Number Per cent of total Tntftl 4,314 100.0 2,364,297 100.0 23,009,296 100.0 Substantial gains to workers............ ................... Partial gains or compromises............................... Little or no gains to workers................................ Jurisdiction, rival union, or faction settlements.. Indeterminate....................................................... Not reported......................................................... 1,805 1,545 627 272 56 9 41.9 1,035,813 959,304 35.8 14.5 144,861 155,322 6.3 1.3 68,360 .2 637 43.8 40.6 6.1 6.6 2.9 0) 11,130,359 8,679,176 1,675,206 1,355,317 149,106 20,132 48.4 37.7 7.3 5.9 .6 .1 1 Less than a tenth of 1 percent. T able 13 indicates the results of each group of strikes having similar m ajor issues. A s between wage-and-hour strikes and union-organiza tion strikes, there was not enough difference in proportionate results to say that either group was more successful on the whole than the other. W hile a slightly greater proportion of the organization strikes were substantially won, a larger proportion were substantially lost also, leaving a smaller proportion of strikes which were compro mised than in the w age-and-hour disputes. T he proportions of workers involved followed about the same pattern as num ber of strikes. In the w age-and-hour strikes, the proportion compromised was greater than the corresponding proportion in the union-organiza tion group, while the proportions won and lost were a little less than in the union-organization group. Som e relationship between results and duration of the strikes ending in 1941 is indicated in table 14. Generally speaking, the successful strikes were of relatively short duration, whereas the strikes which could not be Settled successfully soon after they began tended to be term inated either by compromises or unsuccessful settlem ents for the workers. O f the strikes which lasted for 1 day up to 1 m onth, the proportion winch was substantially won ranged from 42 to 49 percent. O nly 37 percent of the strikes lasting from 1 to 2 m onths brought substantial gains to the workers, and of the strikes which lasted 2 m onths or more the proportion of successful settlem ents was only 24 to 26 percent. A s for the strikes which were settled on a compromise basis, only 27% percent of the 1-day strikes were com prom ised, while about 34 percent of the 2-d ay to a week strikes, and 50 percent of those lasting between 2 and 3 m onths resulted in compromise settle m ents. H ow ever, of the strikes continuing for 3 m onths or m ore, the proportion settled on a compromise basis was only 36 percent. There was little relationship between the strikes which were lost and 466389°— 42------- 4 20 ST R IK E S I X 1941 their duration, except that the highest percentages o f lost strikes occurred in the 1-day disputes and in the extrem ely long disputes which lasted for 3 m onths or m ore. T a b l e 13.— Results o f Strikes Ending in 1941 , in Relation to M ajor Issues Involved Total Major issue Number Strikes resulting inJuris Sub Little diction, stan Partial gains or no rival Not Inde Per tial or gains union,or termi re cent gains compro to faction ported nate to mises workers settle workers ments Strikes Percent of strikes All issues............................................. 4,314 100.0 41.9 35.8 14.5 Wages and hours................................ Wage increase.............................. W age decrease_____ ____ ______ Wage increase, hour decrease___ Wage decrease, hour increase___ Hour increase............................. Hour decrease.............. ............... 1,535 1,335 70 117 3 4 6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 44.6 43.7 52.9 48.7 66.7 50.0 50.0 44.7 46.1 28.6 41.9 33.3 10.4 9.9 17.1 9.4 16.7 50.0 33.3 Union organization......................... Recognition.................................. Recognition and wages.. ....... . _ Recognition and hours................ Recognition, wages, and hours. Discrimination........................ Strengthening bargaining posi tion.... ..................... .................. Closed or union shop................... Other. ............ ............................. 2,138 406 805 2 253 183 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 47.3 40.5 58.4 100.0 55.7 35.0 33.7 27.3 30.3 17.9 31.5 11.2 1.1 .5 .1 26. i 40.5 17.4 24.0 .8 .5 85 358 46 100.0 100.0 100.0 32.9 34.4 41.3 37.7 49.4 34.8 12.9 15.6 21.7 16.5 .6 2.2 Miscellaneous....... ........... .................. Sympathy.......... .......................... Rival unions or factions.............. Jurisdiction .................................. Other ........................................ Not reported............................... 641 44 179 93 311 14 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 17.2 29.5 21.5 18.2 13.3 11.4 41.8 24.1 35.7 30.9 7.1 Workers 6.3 1.3 42.4 100.0 100.0 4.4 40.9 3.2 100.0 43.8 40.6 6.1 Wages and hours................................ 1,108,378 Wage increase........................... — 1,032,886 Wage decrease........ ................... 41,310 Wage increase, hour decrease___ 33,719 125 Wage decrease, hour increase___ 113 Hour increase. ........................... 225 Hour decrease............ ................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 45.7 47.3 16.4 32.9 20.0 55.8 72.4 48.2 48.9 16.7 64.3 80.0 6.0 3.7 66.4 2.8 2.7 •44.2 24.9 Union organization............................. Recognition.................................. Recognition and wages____ ____ Recognition and hours................. Recognition, wages, and hours... Discrimination_______________ Strengthening bargaining posi tion________________________ Closed or union shop_________ Other________________________ 744,054 196,756 215,518 46 32,231 49,077 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 46.0 62.5 41.2 100.0 45.1 31.2 43.7 31.3 51,1 6.4 4.2 7.5 3.9 2.0 .2 28.0 59.6 9.8 9.1 17.1 .1 84,397 144,499 21,530 100.0 100.0 100.0 19.3 51.3 48.7 57.6 39.9 39.9 6.9 5.4 9.4 16.2 3.4 2.0 Miscellaneous..................................... Sympathy Rival unions or factions________ Jurisdiction_____ ____ ______ __ Other............................................ Not reported__________________ 511,865 143,488 117,912 37,410 212,270 785 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 36.6 93.5 19.5 .6 6.0 .3 24.8 5.4 46.6 14.2 14.8 (i) .2 1.2 57.2 Percent of workers involved All issues............................................. 2,364,297 i Less than a tenth of 1 percent. 0.2 .3 *3 1.4 6.6 2.9 0) .1 .1 .5 30.3 100.0 100.0 7.5 5.6 (t) (1) 0.1 14.4 79.8 S T R IK E S IN T able 21 1941 14.— Results o f Strikes Ending in 1941 in Relation to Their Duration Number of strikes resulting in— Duration of strikes Total Percent of strikes resulting in— Sub Sub Little stan Partial Total stan Partial gains or no gains tial tial gains or or Other i gains com gains com to to to work pro pro work mises ers work mises ers ers Little or no gains Other1 to work ers Total....................................... 4,314 1,806 1,646 627 337 100.0 41.9 36.8 14.6 7.8 403 1 day........................................ 2-3 days................................... 691 4 days and less than 1 week.. _ 634 1 week and less than H month. 1,069 H and less than 1 month........ 776 1 and less than 2 months........ 496 122 2 and less than 3 months........ 124 3 months or more.................... 172 293 311 463 324 181 29 32 111 233 214 384 296 201 61 46 79 100 72 148 91 81 21 36 41 66 37 74 64 33 11 12 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 42.7 42.4 49.0 43.4 41.8 36.6 23.8 26.8 27.6 33.7 33.8 36.9 38.2 40.6 60.0 36.3 19.6 14.6 11.4 13.8 11.7 16.3 17.2 28.2 10.2 9.4 6.8 6.9 8.3 6.7 9.0 9.7 1 Includes strikes for which sufficient information was not available, as well as those involving rival unions and questions of jurisdiction, the results of which cannot be evaluated in terms of their effect on the welfare of all workers concerned. In table 15 the strikes involving up to 5,000 workers were sufficiently large in num ber to perm it some conclusions as to the relation between results and num ber of workers involved. T he sm all strikes tended to be quite definitely either won or lost with a relatively sm all propor tion being compromised.. T he proportion of successful strikes was large among those involving fewer than 100 workers but was sm aller in the strikes involving larger numbers of workers. There were fewer compromise settlem ents among the sm all strikes than among the strikes involving greater numbers of workers. T h e proportion of lost strikes was greater among those of the sm allest size than among those of m edium size. The number of strikes in the last two classifications of the table— strikes involving 5,000 or more workers— is too sm all to indicate any particular pattern. A substantial proportion (16 percent) of the strikes involving from 5,000 to 10,000 workers were lost, whereas only 3 percent of those involving 10,000 and over were lost. T he m ajority of the extrem ely large strikes were settled on a compromise basis. T able 15.— Results o f Strikes Ending in 1941 in Relation to Num ber o f Workers Involved Number of strikes resulting in— Percent of strikes resulting in— Number of workers involved Total Total............................. 4,314 1,805 1,645 627 337 100.0 41.9 35.8 14.5 7.8 6 and under 20.............. 721 20 and under 100........... 1,570 100 and under 250... 872 260 and under 600......... 492 335 600 and under 1,000....... 270 1,000 and under 6,000... 25 5,000 and under 10,000. 29 10,000 and over.............. 317 732 360 192 116 74 5 9 166 472 356 216 161 149 10 15 189 252 89 44 27 21 4 1 49 114 67 40 31 26 6 4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 44.0 46.5 41.3 39.0 34.6 27.4 20.0 31.0 23.0 30.1 40.8 44.0 48.0 55.2 40.0 51.8 26.2 16.1 10.2 8.9 8.1 7.8 16.0 3.4 6.8 7.3 7.7 8.1 9.3 9.6 24.0 13.8 Sub Partial Little Total Sub Partial Little stantial gains or or no stantial gains or or no gains to compro gains to Other1 gains to compro gains to Other* workers mises workers workers mises workers i Includes strikes for which sufficient information was not available, as well as those involving rival unions, jurisdiction, and other questions, the results of which cannot be evaluated in terms of their effect on the welfare of all workers concerned. 22 S T R IK E S IK 1941 M ethods o f Negotiating Settlements Slightly more than half of the strikes ending in 1941 were settled w ith the assistance of Governm ent officials or boards. N early three-fourths of the total workers involved were included in these strikes, and they accounted for approxim ately 85 percent of the total idleness during all strikes. A bout one-third of the strikes were settled directly between employers and union officials without the assistance of third parties. These were smaller strikes on the average, including about one-fourth of the total workers and only 11 percent of the total idleness involved. O f the 2,279 strikes term inated with the assistance of Governm ent agencies, 2,183 were settled b y conciliation or m ediation m ethods. A ll or some of the disputed issues went to arbitration in 93 cases. In 3 cases— N orth Am erican A viation, In c., at Inglew ood, C a lif., Federal Shipbuilding & D ry D ock C o ., at K earny, N . J ., and A ir Associates, In c., at Bendix, N . J.— the plants were taken over and operated tem porarily by the Federal Governm ent. A s indicated in table 16, there were a few strikes settled directly between employers and workers w ithout the aid of union officials, and a few settled with the assistance of private conciliators or arbi trators— conciliation methods in 7 and arbitration in 28. A total of 121 strikes were settled by arbitration, either by a private or a public agency. N early 11 percent of the strikes were terminated w ithout form al settlem ents, but these included only 3 percent of the total workers involved, and accounted for only 4 percent of the total idleness. In m ost of these cases, the strikers lost their jobs when em ployers hired new workers to take their places or else closed down operations perm anently. In a few cases, however, the strikes were sim ply called off without settlem ents and the workers returned on term s offered by their respective employers. T able 16.— M ethods o f Negotiating Settlements o f Strikes Ending in 1941 Strikes Agency by which negotiations toward settle ments were carried on Num ber All agencies............................................................ 4,314 Employers and workers directly.......................... Employers and representatives of organized workers directly................................................. Government officials or boards............................ Private conciliators or arbitrators........................ Terminated without formal settlement............... 89 1,451 2,279 35 460 Workers involved Per Per cent of. Number cent of total total 100.0 2,364,297 Man-days idle Number Per cent of total t 100.0 23,009,296 16,352 .7 62,134 .3 33.6 563,599 52.8 1,704,229 .8 5,080 75,037 10.7 23.8 72.1 .2 3.2 2,479,329 19,534,034 89,908 843,891 10.8 84.8 .4 3.7 2.1 100.0 M a jor Strikes in 1941 Attis-Chalmers strike .— A particularly bitter dispute and one which affected defense production was the strike at the Allis-C halm ers M anufacturing C o. which began January 22 and continued until A pril 7. A bou t 7,500 workers were involved. T he union (U nited Autom obile W orkers of Am erica, C . I. O .) had previously had an agreement with the com pany, which expired in the spring of 1940. D uring the ensuing m onths, while a new contract was under con S T R IK E S IX 1941 23 sideration, the union charged the cuwptuiy with showing favoritism toward nonunion and A . F . of L . m en. T o forestall a weakening in its position, the union demanded some kind of security clause in the new contract but the com pany refused to accept any term s which would require em ployees to become 02" remain members of the C . I . O . union. Num erous conferences by the com pany and union representatives and Governm ent conciliators failed to bring about a settlem ent. F inally, the Secretary of Labor certified the case to the N ational Defense M ediation Board, which succeeded in having the strike called off. W ith in a short tim e, terms of settlem ent were reached which provided that all em ployees oh the com pany pay roll when the strike began were to be restored tb their jobs w ithout discrimina tion, and that there should be no strikes or lock-outs during the life of the 1-year agreement. A n iifijiartial referee was established to arbitrate all disputes arising under the contract, including charges of discrimination or favoritism , which hiight affect union security. International Harvester Co. s t r i k e . 1strike called by the Farm Equipm ent Organizing Com m ittee (C . L O .) on January 17, 1941, in plants of the International H arvester C o. in Illinois and Indiana, involved more than 15,000 workeri? at its peak. T he principal dem and was for union recognition, Although wage adjustm ents and the abolishm ent of the com pany’s piiece-work system were' also in dispute. For m any years the coihpany had been dealing with local plant organizations, and on February 8 1the N ational Labor R elations Board ordered the com pany to disestablish what they found to be com pany-dom inated organizations. These disputes were certified to the N ational Defense M ediation Board on M arch 27 and work was resumed a few days later,-w ith the understanding th at the N ational Labor Relations Board would conduct elections w ithout delay and that the wage questions would be given consideration by the M ediation Board. Bituminous coal-mine stoppage .— W ith the expiration of the 2-year agreement in the Appalachian area, a stoppage involving about 318,000 workers took place in the bitum inous coal-m ining industry A pril 1, 1941. The stoppage affected some districts outside the Appalachian area, while others continued operating under extension agreements providing that any changes agreed upon subsequently should be retroactive to A pril 1. The principal dem ands of the union (United M ine W orkers of Am erica) were for a wage increase of $1 a day and elim ination of the 40-cen t wage differential between northern and southern fields. A fter a few days the northern operators agreed to an increase of $1 a day, but work was not resumed because southern operators would n ot agree to an increase of $1.40 per day which was necessary to equal the northern rates. W hen i he deadlock continued, the entire dispute was certified to the N ational Defense M ediation Board on A pril 24. A tentative settlem ent was reached on A pril 30 and the m ines were im m ediately opened with the understanding that any final wage settlem ent for the southern fields would be retroactive to the date work was resumed. Southern operators increased wages $1 a day but the union insisted on the additional 40 cents to eliminate the north-south differential. T he N . D . M . B . recommended arbitration o f the issue. Operators agreed, but the union refused and threatened another stoppage in the entire industry. The Board, failing to obtain 24 ST R IK E S IN 1941 an agreement directly, made public recommendations to the effect that the differential be eliminated after a study which revealed that only 3X cents per ton in labor costs would be added to southern operations which would not constitute an “ unendurable com petitive burden.” The B oard’s recommendations were finally accepted b y both parties and a 2-year contract for the entire southern Appalachian area was signed July 6, 1941. Captive coal-mine strike.— Prior to the strike in “ captive m ines” (whose output is used alm ost exclusively by the steel companies which own them ), wages and working conditions were substantidlly the same as provided for in the agreements between the U nited M ine W orkers of Am erica and operators of commercial m ines (see above), except that m ost of the captive m ines were n ot bound by the unionshop clause, which was a part of practically all agreements with com mercial operators. The captive-m ine strike was principally an attem pt to establish union-shop conditions in these m ines. Approxi m ately 53,000 workers in Pennsylvania, W est Virginia, K en tu cky, and A labam a were involved in the strike, which began Septem ber 15, 1941, and m ost o f them were idle at 3 different tim es before the dispute w as settled. Im m ediately after the strike started the N ational Defense M ediation Board requested a return to work while the settlem ent was being negotiated. T his was agreed M after 5 days of idleness, the union accepting a 30-d ay truce.* W hen no settlem ent could be reached din ing the truce period, the Board recommended arbitration of the dispute but the union refused and called the men out again on October 27. Three days later the union agreed to reopen the m ines until N ovem ber 15 with the understanding that the N . D . M . B . would proceed in fu ll session tjo consider the m erits of the dispute and m ake its final recom m endations although neither party was com m itted to acceptance in advance. W ith in 10 days the Board, with C . I . O . m em bers dissenting, recommended the adoption of the standard Appalachian agreement w ithout the union-shop clause. U pon refusal of the union to accept this recom m endation, the workers were called out a third tim e on N ovem ber 17 and were idle for a week, during which tim e, amid considerable violence, sym pathy walkouts at commercial m ines developed until more than 100,000 workers, in addition to those at the captive m ines, were idle in 8 states. On N ovem ber 22 the union’s policy com m ittee accepted a Pres idential proposal to return to work and subm it the dispute to a special arbitration board whose decision would be final. T he arbitration board was composed of John L . Lew is, president of the union; Benjam in Fairless, president of the U . S. Steel Corporation; and John ft. Steelm an, director of the U nited States Conciliation Service. T his board, with the em ployer member dissenting, on Decem ber 7 awarded the mine workers the union shop, thereby establishing unionshop conditions alm ost universally throughout the coal-m ining industry. Ford M otor Co. strike.— Although intensive organizing activities had been carried on among Ford employees for several years, they had m et with strong opposition from the com pany. Several strikes in the com pany’s plants had taken place and the N ation al Labor R ela tions Board had issued orders requiring the com pany, in effect, to cease interfering with organizing rights of em ployees. Follow ing the discharge of several union m en, a strike was called at the R iver R ouge plant early in A pril. W hen the N ational Labor R elations Board ST R IK E S IN 1941 25 ordered an election to be held within 45 days, the union term inated the strike. T he election held on M a y 21 gave the United A utom obile W orkers (C . I . O .) an overwhelm ing m ajority. Follow ing this elec tion the com pany revised its former antiunion policy and signed an agreem ent with "the union which exceeded by far the original union dem ands. T he agreement provides for union shop, check-off of union dues, wage rates at least equal to the highest rates in the indus try, and a shop steward system for handling grievances, w ith an appeals board m ade up of com pany and union representatives. North Am erican Aviation, In c., strike.— T he U nited Autom obile W orkers (C . I. O .) had been negotiating with N orth Am erican A viation , In c., for several weeks for a general wage increase. W hen a strike threatened during the latter part of M a y , the Secretary of Labor certified the dispute to the N ational Defense M ediation Board. W hile hearings before the Board were in progress a strike was called June 5 by the local union officials w ithout authorization from the international union. A fter all efforts to get the men back to work failed, on June 9 President R oosevelt issued an order for the Secretary of W ar to take over the plant. Troops m oved in im m ediately and b y the end of the next day the strike was called off. In the m eantim e, the M ediation Board carried on negotiations and by July 1 a settle m ent acceptable to both parties was reached. In addition to wage increases, the contract contained a m aintenance-of-m em bership clause. N ew York electricians and building-trades strike.— T his strike was an outgrowth of a dispute between the International Brotherhood of Electrical W orkers, Local N o . 3 (A . F . of L .), and the Consolidated Edison C o. of N ew Y ork over the question of using Local N o . 3 m en on the com pany’s construction work. Back in April 1940 the Brother hood of Consolidated Edison Em ployees had won a N ation al Labor Relations Board election and was, subsequently, certified as exclusive bargaining agent for the com pany’s employees. T he com pany prom ptly signed an agreement with this organization and gave to it all construction work, some of which had previously been done by m en belonging to Local N o . 3. Since Local N o . 3 members were not em ployed by the com pany, the union could take no direct action, but A . F . of L . building tradesmen called strikes against subcontractors working on Consolidated con struction jobs, attem pting to force the com pany to give the disputed wprk to the electrical workers’ union. T he dispute culminated in a general strike of 8,000 N ew Y ork electricians on July 29. Other building-trades workers stopped work also, either in sym pathy with the electricians or because of work stoppages made necessary by the absence of electricians, until a total of 28,000 were idle. On A ugust 7 the dispute was certified to the N ational Defense M ediation Board, and 2 days later it was called off by the union pending a decision. E arly in Septem ber the Board, supporting the findings of its special investigator, concluded that Local N o . 3 claim s to the jobs on Consolidated construction work were not justified. Federal Shipbuilding cfe D ry Dock Co. strike, K earn y, N . J .— Shortly before the expiration of an agreement between the com pany and the Industrial Union of M arine and Shipbuilding W orkers of Am erica (C . I. O .) M a y 31, 1941, the union proposed a new contract asking 26 ST R IK E S IN' 1 9 4 1 primarily for a closed shop and, secondarily, for certain job reclas-sifications. D uring the negotiations the dispute was certified to the N ational Defense M ediation Board, which succeeded in settling all issues except that of union status. T he Board recommended an agree m ent which would settle this issue by including a m aintenance-ofmembership clause which would require all woi*kers who were m em bers of the union or who joined the union later to remain members in good standing during the life of the contract. T he union agreed to this compromise but when the company refused, a strike was called A ugust 6, and more than 15,000 shipyard workers stopped work. W hen no agreement was reached in the next 2 weeks, the President issued an Executive order on A ugust 23 requir ing that the plant be taken over and operated by the N a v y D epart m ent. W ork was resumed the next day and the plant continued operating under the direction of the N a v y D epartm ent until January 7, 1942, when it was returned to com pany officials. N o final settle m ent of the issue was reached, however, until 4 m onths later. On A pril 25 the W a r Labor Board, which had jurisdiction over the case, issued a directive order that the m aintenance-of-m em bership clause be inserted in an agreement between the com pany and union. T he com pany announced on M a y 8, 1942, that it would com ply with the B oard’s order. W est coast welders’ strike.— Approxim ately 12,500 workers were m ade idle by the strike of welders, employed principally in shipyards and some m etal-w orking shops in the Puget Sound area of W ashing ton, which began on October 22, 1941, and spread a few days later to the Los Angeles-Long Beach, C a lif., harbor area. T he strike was called because of the failure of the 1941 convention of the A . F . of L . to take action on a request for the chartering of a separate welders’ union. W elders contended that it was necessary for them to belong to as m any as four or more different A . F . of L . international unions in order to perform all aspects of their work, and for that reason they should be given autonom y. A s early as 1916 the Am erican Federation of Labor had refused to recognize welding as a trade, and ruled that “ acetylene welding” is a process and that “ acetylene welder” is a tool. T his position received governm ental approval in the so-called “ W ilson Aw ard” of July* 1918 when an arbitration board appointed by Secre tary of Labor W ilson ruled that “ the exclusive use of a tool or process cannot be conceded to a single craft or any group of w orkm en.” In response to a plea by the Office of Production M anagem ent the welders voted N ovem ber 5 to terminate the strike pending a confer ence under O . P. M . direction of representatives of affected unions. A conference on N ovem ber 22 resulted in a pledge by the officials of nine A . F . of L . unions that there should be no excessive fees nor should it be necessary for a workman performing welding to carry m ore than one union card. Subsequently, however, the welders contended that the various local unions continued to demand m em ber ship cards. E arly in Decem ber the welders scheduled another strike for D ecem ber 9. W ith the declaration of war the threatened strike was canceled. Except for a minor stoppage of a few hundred workers late in D ecem ber, and a similar incident a m onth later, the welders have continued to work, although the issue has not been settled to their satisfaction. STRIKES AFFECTING DEFENSE PRODUCTION June 1940 to December 7, 1941 During the defense period (June 1940 to December 7, 1941), there were 352 strikes, involving about 650,000 workers, which interfered to some degree with defense production. The 6,850,000 man-days of idleness during these strikes amounted to slightly more than seventenths of 1 percent of the total time worked on defense production. Throughout this period, which began with the first congressional emergency appropriations for defense and ended with the entrance of the United States into war, American labor and industry faced many special problems which at times caused conflicts Reading to strikes. Production and employment increased steadily, particularly in those industries directly concerned with the output of defense materials. As a consequence, there was a great influx of new and often non union workers into organized plants and industries, raising very sharply the question of union security. Emphasis on “ around-the-clock” production brought the problems of shift work and overtime rates into new prominence. A major source of disquietude was the steadily rising cost of living. W hile earnings of workers increased generally, through negotiated rate increases and longer hours of work, in many instances the cost of living rose more rapidly than wages. A n analysis of the strikes which directly affected defense production indicates that they were not substantially different from other strikes. A greater proportion were disputes over wage increases and more of them were settled on a compromise basis with the help of government agencies. D efinition o f "D efen se Strikes” The strikes here referred to as “ defense strikes” are those which the Labor Division of the Office of Production M anagem ent found after investigation to have interfered with or delayed defense pro duction. However, the number of workers and the m an-days of idle ness in each case are the number involved for the entire strike even though only a portion of the workers who stopped work m ay have been engaged on defense production. T he question as to whether and how much a particular strike affected defense production is not easily determined, especially in the early days of the defense program when government contracts for defense needs made up only a portion of a plant’s output. A strike m ay have occurred in a plant having a defense ordeir but, if it did not last too long and upon the return of men to work the defense order was pushed ahead of other regular work, there m ay have been no net delay in the completion of the defense contract. Even a strike in a plant entirely engaged on defense work m ay not have actually caused a delay in the final completion of a needed product. For example, a strike in a plant manufacturing radios for aircraft would not delay their final assembly if there already were shortages of other necessary parts. 27 28 STRIK ES IX 1941 Only in plants which were solely engaged in defense production, and such were not numerous before the actual outbreak of war, could all the workers and m an-days of idleness involved in a strike be charge able to defense. In the general strike of electricians in N ew Y ork C ity in July 1941 (see p. 25), only about 400 workers were idle on defense construction jobs, while 28,000 were idle in the strike as a whole. Adm ittedly, it m ay be a more accurate measure of defense-strike activity to count this as a strike of 400 men, provided that all strikes affecting defense work could be handled in a similar way. Practically, such treatment is impossible, since in the m ajority of cases it is im possible to segregate and determine the number of workers engaged directly in defense work. Consequently, the figures used here for the electrical workers’ strike include the idleness due to a stoppage o f 28,000 men. I t is obvious, therefore, that the figures on strike activity shown below are a somewhat exaggerated indication of the extent of delay in defense work due to strikes. T hey are indicative of the intensity and nature of those individual strikes which, in part or as a whole, affected defense production. It must also be remembered that the idleness figures do not represent production of any one specific defense material— it cannot be said that “ because of these stoppages so many airplanes have not been produced.” Equal amounts of idleness in different plants or in dustries do not necessarily represent equivalent amounts of production skill. W ork of unskilled construction workers or of maintenance men in a steel mill cannot be substituted for the work of skilled machinists in the production of aircraft. M ore important defense strikes.— Defense strikes, as recorded b y the Office of Production M anagement, were segregated into two groups, i. e., those of primary defense importance, and those which were of lesser importance, either because alternative sources of supply or sufficient inventories were readily available or because no delay developed in the final delivery date of the needed material. O f the total 352 defense strikes, 159 were classified as of primary defense importance. They constituted less than half of all strikes which interfered with defense during the period, and amounted to less than 3 percent of all strikes which occurred throughout industry in the same period. These 159 strikes involved 343,260 workers (12.5 percent of the workers involved in all strikes), and approxi mately 3 K million man-days of idleness (12.7 percent of the total man-days of idleness for all strikes during this period). Less important defense strikes.— According to the Office of Production Managem ent, there were 193 strikes which affected defense plants but did not significantly interfere with the progress of the defense program. These strikes (3.3 percent of all strikes in the period) involved 304,420 workers (11.1 percent of all workers involved in strikes), and about 3,420,000 m an-days of idleness (12.6 percent of all idleness due to strikes). Trend o f D efense Strikes Beginning with 2 defense disputes in June 1940, the number defense strikes increased fairly steadily until a peak was reached October 1941. In general, the trend was quite similar to that all strikes occurring in the period. The great number of m an-days of in of of 29 STRIK ES AFFECTING DEFENSE PRODUCTION idleness in M arch 1941 was in large part due to the strike at the International Harvester Co. in Illinois and Indiana, which continued into that month. In April the relatively large number of workers involved and man-days of idleness was primarily due to the strike of 85,000 workers at the Ford M otor Co. The continued high level of de fense-strike activity for M a y was due largely to the stoppages of 12,000 lumber workers in western Washington, over 9,000 machinists in San Francisco and E ast B a y shipyards, and a sympathy strike of several thousand building-trades workers in Detroit. The rise of idleness in August is largely a consequence of the strike of about 15,000 shipyard workers at the Federal Shipbuilding & D ry D ock Co. at Kearny, N . J. The final peak of defense-strike activity in October was due to numberous smaller stoppages, and to the w e ld e d strike involving over 12,000 workers in west-coast shipyards. T a ble 17.— Defense Strikes, June 1940 to December 7, 1941 1 Man-days of idleness in defense plants in relation to total working time on de fense produc tion Workers involved Man-days of idleness during month 352 647,679 6,854,263 Junel....... ......................................................... ......... July___________________________________________ August________________________________________ September_____________________________________ 2 2 1 4 1,669 899 860 8,724 October_______________________________________ November_____________________________________ December_________________________________ ____ 8 7 5 13,003 17,873 14,568 184,087 215,061 122,550 January____________________________ __________ February----- --------------------------------------- -----------March_____________________ _______ __________ - 15 15 27 36,377 21,824 44,974 189,674 445,441 V 748,697 April__________________________________________ M ay________________________________________ June__________________________________________ 15 24 15 104,072 79,194 34,986 1,031,853 I 679,261 } 442, 541 1.14 July___________________________________________ August________________________________________ September____________________ ________________ 29 38 46 55,902 58,040 32,200 357,464 867,103 370,853 .65 October_______________________________________ November_____________________________________ December (to December 7)----------------------- --------- 69 23 7 96,472 23,087 2,955 650,863 312,979 41,563 Year and month Total................. ......................................................... Number beginning in month Percent by quarter 1 2 0.71 1940 11,352 48,405 | 72,457 } 62,059 1 1 V 1 .35 .54 1941 1 J J 1 [ 1 1 } J .89 .40 1 The strikes included in this tabulation were limited, as indicated above, to those stoppages which either directly interfered with the production of war materials or had a significant and obvious indirect effect. After the entry of this country into the war, it was considered necessary to obtain a more inclusive picture of strike activity in relation to the war program. Accordingly, an interdepartmental committee, representing the Federal agencies directly concerned, developed a new and broader definition of war strikes and the National War Labor Board assumed the function of releasing official data on “ all strikes appearing to affect the war effort.” The official releases on this subject since Jan. 1,1942, have been based on the classification made by the interdepartmental committee. To permit a more exact comparison of war strike trends immediately before and after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the committee has reclassified the strikes occurring during the last 3 months of 1941, using the broad definition. On this basis, strikes affecting defense production resulted in idleness totaling 1,068,878 mandays in October, 726,049 man-days in November, and 159,448 man-days in December. 2 These percentages overstate the proportion of idle time on defense work during strikes because, as ex plained previously, the idleness recorded for the 352 defense strikes is the total idleness of all workers in volved in them. Only part of the workers in many of these strikes were actually engaged on defense work. 30 ST R IK E S IN 1941 Industries Affected by D efense Strikes Defense strikes occurred in almost all industries, indicating the far-reaching demands of the defense effort on the American economy. However, they were naturally concentrated in those industries which were largely engaged in defense production. T he 12 specific indus tries listed in table 18 accounted for 62 percent of all defense strikes, over 78 percent of the workers involved, and 66 percent of idleness due to defense strikes. Some of these strikes were small stoppages which affected defense production very little. However, m ost of the larger strikes were of primary importance to the defense program, and constituted the bulk of strike activity. In none of these indus tries did the idleness due to defense strikes amount to as much as 1 percent of the total time worked on defense production. In aluminum manufactures about 62 percent of the workers em ployed were involved in defense strikes at some time during the 18month period. On the average, each lost 4 days on defense work. This high number of workers is primarily due to several large but brief strikes at various plants of the Aluminum Co. of America. In the shipbuilding industry over 40 percent of the workers on defense production were idle, on the average, about 10 days. A b ou t 18 percent of the aircraft workers were idle due to defense strikes, losing an average of nearly 4% days. In blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills about 17% percent of the workers were idle during defense strikes, each losing an average of 3% days during the period of June 1940 to December 7, 1941. T able 18.— Extent o f Defense-Strike A ctivity in Selected Industries, June 1940 to December 7, 1941 Industry Aircraft________________ _______ _________________________ Aluminum manufactures_________________________________ Automobiles, bodies, and parts______________ ____ _________ Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling m ills.......................... Brass, bronze, and copper p r o d u c t s ._____________________ Building and construction_____ _____________________ ____ _ Cars, electric- and steam-railroad__________________________ Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies........... .............. Foundry and machine-shop products_______ _____________ _ Machine tools___________________________________________ Sawmills and logging camps_____ ____ ____________ ______ _ Shipbuilding...________ _________________________________ Number of strikes 18 9 23 35 9 28 13 13 33 9 7 21 Workers involved 29,081 21,065 117,420 96,055 6,278 75, 745 14,766 8,914 31,617 7,076 31,013 67,593 Man-days of idleness 125,539 84,027 941,961 328, 248 129,411 403,076 152, 743 355,747 663,026 76,682 587,482 688,352 Duration o f D efense Strikes Defense strikes lasted a little over 21 days, on the average, as com pared with about 18 days for all strikes. W hile 40 percent of all strikes lasted less than 1 week, only 27 percent of those classified as defense strikes were settled within a week. M ore than 22 percent of the defense strikes lasted a month or longer in contrast to 18 percent of all strikes as indicated below. The apparent longer duration of defense strikes m ay be due entirely to the factor of identification, that is, some brief stoppages m ay not have been classified as defense strikes solely because they did not last long enough to affect vital production. 31 STRIK ES AFFECTING DEFENSE PRODUCTION On the other hand, the relatively longer duration, on the average, m ay indicate that the controversies which occasioned workers on defense production to take the extreme measure of striking must have been unusually acute and difficult to settle. Duration of strikes Defense strikes Percent Less than 1 week____________ 1 week and less than %month and less than 1 month_____ 1 and less than 2 months_____ 2 and less than 3 months_____ 3 months or more____________ ____ 26. 7 ____ 29. 5 ____ 21. 3 ____ 15. 1 ____ 4. 8 ____ 2. 6 All strikes Percent 40. 24. 17. 11. 3. 3. 3 1 6 9 1 0 M a jor Issues Involved in D efense Strikes The causes or major issues involved in defense strikes were not unlike those in all other strikes occurring during the same period, although a greater proportion of the workers were involved in dis putes over union recognition matters. In about 30 percent of the defense strikes, questions of union recognition and union status were the major or sole issues; but they involved over 40 percent of all the. workers in strikes affecting defense plants. Defense strikes over wages were smaller, on the average, than union organization strikes. Demands for wage increases were the major causes of a third of the defense strikes and these included about 30 percent of all workers. B oth union recognition and wages were issues in about 19 percent of the defense strikes, these including less than 8 percent of the total involved in all defense strikes. Interunion and intraunion disputes accounted for 12 percent of the defense strikes, and specific grievances of various kinds for the remainder. T a ble 19.— M ajor Issues Involved in Defense Strikes, June 1940 to December 7, 7941, With Comparisons for A ll Strikes All defense strikes Major issues Strikes All strikes Workers involved Strikes Workers involved Number Percent Number Percent Total____________ ____ _____ - ____ _____ 352 100.0 647,679 100.0 Percent 100.0 Percent 100.0 Wages and hours __________ ____ ______ Wage increases____________________ Other changes in wages and hours___ 117 109 8 33.3 31.0 2.3 193,351 187,967 5,384 29.9 29.1 .8 34.1 28.7 5.4 145.6 41.0 4.6 Union recognition and wages— ............ . 66 18.7 49,087 7.6 23.6 10.0 Union organization........................... ......... Recognition_______________________ Strengthening bargaining position___ Closed or union shop___________ ____ Discrimination and other................... 103 28 16 33 26 29.3 8.0 4.5 9.4 7.4 263,629 147,191 55,022 37,871 23,545 40.6 22.7 8.5 5.8 3.6 26.2 9.6 2.0 9.1 5.5 21.8 7.4 3.8 7.2 3.4 Rival unions or factions. ......................... — Jurisdiction........................... ..................... Sympathy............................ ...................... Other issues______ ______ — ..................... Not reported ___________________ 31 11 2 22 8.8 3.1 .6 6.2 52,267 26,235 15,129 47,981 8.1 4.1 2.3 7.4 3.9 2.4 1.1 7.8 .9 4.7 1.6 5.6 10.5 .2 1 The relatively high proportion of workers who were involved in wage disputes during the 18-month period is due in some part to the general wage strike in coal mines in April 1941, which alone involved about 318,000 workers. 32 S T R IK E S I X 1941 Although the m ajority of the wage strikes were related to the general situation of business prosperity and a rapidly rising cost of living, some of the wage disputes arose from the existence of geographic and plant differences in wage rates for similar work. A n example is the aircraft industry on the west coast, where wage rates were considerably below those for similar work in the automobile industry. Tw o of the most bitter labor disputes occurring in the defense period were those of the United Automobile, Aircraft, and Agricultural Implement W orkers (C. I. O.) at Vultee Aircraft, Inc., in Novem ber 1940, and at North American Aviation, Inc., in June 1941 (see p. 25). In both cases the minimum wage rate had been 50 cents per hour, and the union asked for a 75-cent minimum to correspond to that in the automobile industry. Relative wage scales as between various plants in the region were also at issue in these disputes. The problem of overtime rates also came to the foreground as many defense industries began working a 48- or 54-hour week. The most important example of strikes resulting from disputes concerning over time rates was the stoppage of over 9,000 machinists in San Francisco shipyards in M a y 1941. The San Francisco local of the A . F . of L . ' International Association of M achinists refused to permit the reduc tion of their double rate for overtime to time and one-half as provided for in the Pacific coast master shipbuilding agreement, which was signed by most of the major shipyards and by the international officers of the I. A . M . The dissident local members eventually re turned to work as ordered by their international officers at the reduced overtime rate. There were also several large stoppages of A . F. of L . building trades men protesting the agreement made between the Office of Production M anagem ent and the Building Trades Departm ent of the A . F . of L . to reduce overtime rates from double time to time and one-half. Other types of wage disputes occurred as a result of problems peculiar to war conditions. For example, there were several strikes of seamen for increased war bonuses to compensate for the increased risks of shipping. M a n y of the organizational strikes were struggles of long standing to gain union recognition. Some were attempts to extend the scope of the bargaining unit, or to establish greater union security b y obtain ing a closed or union shop. Some were disputes between an affiliated union and a plant organization of workers. In m any of these cases, National Labor Relations Board rulings or elections became important factors in their settlement. A n example of the latter was the strike called b y the Farm Equipment Workers Organizing Committee (C. I. O.) at five Illinois and Indiana plants of the International Harvester Co. in January 1941 (see p. 23), in which more than 15,000 workers were involved. A large number of defense strikes were not responses to a new situation, but were a continuation of a process of organization begun earlier. A strike in April 1941 at the Ford M otor Co. (see p. 24), for example, was the culmination of several years' efforts of the C . I. O. to gain union recognition. A number of the strikes involving union status were attempts by the unions involved to maintain their position in the face of an influx of new workers who might not be union men. A n example is the strike called by the International Union of Marine and Shipbuilding ST R IK E S AFFECTIN G DEFENSE PRODUCTION 33 Workers of America (C. I. O .) at the Federal Shipbuilding and D ry D ock C o., Kearny, N . J., in August 1941 (see p. 25). Defense strikes while agreements were in effect.— Some of the defense strikes occurred while union agreements were in effect. The causes for these differed somewhat from the larger number which took place while no agreement was in effect, and m any of them were unauthorized by the national leadership of the union involved. W hile about onefourth of the stoppages while agreements were in effect were concerned with union organization matters they were not, of course, over formal union recognition but were concerned with questions of alleged anti union discrimination and union security issues. Alm ost 13 percent of the defense strikes occurring while an agreement was in effect were due to rival union, factional or jurisdictional'disputes, the m ost im portant of which was the strike of the Pacific Coast welders in Oc tober 1941. (See page 26.) Seventeen percent pertained to such grievances as piece-work procedures, company failure to handle griev ances quickly, etc. The high percentage of wage strikes (over 45 percent of the total) among those which occurred during the life of an agreement, indicates the difficulties which arose when a sharp rise in the cost of living took place after the agreement was signed. A n example of this was the 2-day stoppage of 4,100 United Automobile W o r k e d (C. I . O.) mem bers at sixplants of the Bohn Alum inum & Brass Corporation at Detroit and Ham tram ck, M ich ., in June 1941. The union agreement in effect had been signed December 11, 1940, before any material change in living costs had occurred. W hen the union asked for a wage increase to meet the rising cost of living, the company refused on the basis that the wage rates were frozen for the duration of the existing agreement. This stoppage was eventually settled by the National Defense M edia tion Board with a wage increase of 8 cents per hour. A n increasing number of agreements negotiated after the cost of living began to rise included automatic reopening provisions to permit interim wage ad justments. Several other stoppages during agreements also revolved around the rigidity of a written contract signed before the defense emergency brought rapid economic changes and readjustments in production methods. For example, the Aluminum Co. of America and the Alum i num Workers of America (C. I. O .) signed an agreement in Novem ber 1939 covering the plant at Edgewater, N . J. In M arch 1941, when the plant began operating 24 hours a day and 7 days a week on de fense production, an 11-day strike occurred due to a dispute over the interpretation of the agreement concerning the newly emerged problem of Sunday overtime pay. Discharge cases precipitated a number of defense strikes during the life of an agreement. A t the plants of the Chevrolet M otor Co. and the Fisher B ody Corporation at Oakland, Calif., in M arch 1941, for example, when 1 welder was laid off for alleged inefficiency 25 other men stopped work, charging the company with attempting a “ speedup.” The company discharged them for participating in a stoppage in vio lation of the existing agreement. The United Automobile Workers . (C. I. O .) demanded the reinstatement of the men, claiming that the company had failed to abide b y the agreement b y discharging the men without representation. A 17-day strike of nearly 2,300 workers resulted, and was ended with the reinstatement of 24 men and arbi tration of the cases of the remaining 2. 34 STRIK ES IX 1941 Other specific grievances or alleged agreement violations which caused strikes were the result of faulty grievance or arbitration m a chinery. A 24-day stoppage involving 530 workers occurred at the American Engineering C o., Philadelphia, Pa., in September 1941, in which the company and the Industrial Union of M arine & Ship building Workers (C. I. O .) accused each other of violating a contract signed in January 1941. The union charged that the company was hiring men at rates below the minimum specified in the agreement, and claimed that the company would not meet with the grievance committee or arbitrate the dispute as provided for in the agreement. The company maintained that the issue was not a proper grievance under the terms of the agreement. Production was resumed only after conferences with the National Defense M ediation Board. Results o f D efense Strikes A considerably la,rger proportion of defense strikes than of all strikes occurring during the same period resulted in compromise settlements, and smaller proportions were lost or won. (See table 20.) This was largely due to two factors: First, workers in defense plants were generally conscious of the seriousness of prolonged interruption to production and were probably more willing to accept compromises than were other strikers; second, a very high proportion of defensestrike settlements were effected with the assistance of Government agencies which, under the pressure of public opinion, influenced defense strikers to return on the basis of compromise settlements rather than to hold out in an attem pt to obtain all of their demands. In relation to cause, strikes for wage increases resulted in a somewhat greater number of compromise settlements than stoppages over union organization problems. Of the wage strikes, about 30 percent resulted in substantial gains to the workers and only 3% percent were lost, while nearly 65 percent ended in compromises. Correspondingly, in nearly 33 percent of disputes over union organization the workers substantially won their demands, in nearly 8 percent little or no gains resulted, while a little over 58 percent of the strikes resulted in partial gains or compromises. T a ble 20.— Results o f D efense Strikes Compared W ith A ll Strikes, June 1940 to December 7, 1941 All defense strikes Results Strikes All strikes Workers involved Strikes Workers involved Number Percent Number Percent Total....... ................. ....................... ......... 352 100.0 647,679 100.0 Percent 100.0 Percent 100.0 Substantial gains to workers____________ Partial gains or compromises____________ Little or no gains to workers____________ Jurisdiction, rival union, or faction settle ments________________________ ____ _ Indeterminate--------- ---------------------------- j 96 187 22 27.3 53.2 6.2 196,925 331,376 25,990 30.4 51.2 4.0 42.6 34.0 15.1 41.6 42.8 6.4 42 5 11.9 1.4 78,502 14,886 12.1 2.3 6.3 1.2 .8 6.2 2.9 .1 N ot re.nortp.d _ . 35 ST R IK E S AFFECTING DEFENSE PRODUCTION M ethods o f Negotiating Settlements In the overwhelming m ajority of defense strikes, the return of the men to work came partially, at least, as a result of the efforts of some Government agency. Only 14 out of the 352 defense strikes were settled without the intervention of a Government agency and in 11 other cases the workers returned without any kind of settlement. M a n y of the stoppages affecting defense production were terminated when the workers were assured that their grievances would be given consideration b y a Government agency or that their dispute would be submitted to impartial arbitration. A return to work at the instiga tion of a Government agency did not necessarily mean that the issues had been finally settled or that the grievances had been adjusted. A considerable variety of agencies participated in settling disputes, either alone or in various combinations. The Conciliation Service of the United States Departm ent of Labor rendered assistance in an estimated 85 percent of the cases. Settlements were aided b y State mediation or conciliation officials in about 30 percent of the defense strikes, sometimes in conjunction with Federal agencies. The Office of Production Managem ent, and its predecessor the National Defense Advisory Commission, participated in ending about 42 percent of the stoppages, independently or with another Government agency. The W a r Department, N a v y Department, and United States M ari time Commission assisted in settling a number of cases in which they had particular interest. T able 21.— M ethods o f Negotiating Settlements o f Defense Strikes and o f A ll Strikes, June 1940 to December 7, 1941 All defense strikes Settlement negotiations carried on by Workers involved Number Total____________ _ - ______________ Employers and employees directly______ Employers and representatives of organ ized workers directly_________________ Government officials or boards________ _ Private conciliators or arbitrators_______ Terminated without formal settlement— All strikes Percent Number Percent 352 100.0 647,679 100.0 14 327 4.0 92.0 26,424 598,965 4.1 92.5 11 3.1 22,290 3.4 Total strikes Percent 100.0 Total workers involved Percent 100.0 1. 7 .5 36.2 49.7 .9 11.5 25.0 70.7 .3 3.5 A special agency to settle defense strikes, the National Defense M ediation Board, established on M arch 19, 1941, participated in the settlement of 85 strikes during its 9 months' existence. O f these, 61 were already in progress when certified to the Board and 24 developed after the dispute was referred to the Board. N o t all of these cases are included in these defense-strike figures since some disputes were certified to the Board before they actually interfered with the pro duction of vital materials, but which threatened to cause interruption if not settled promptly. APPENDIX M ethods Used in Collecting and A na lyzing Strike Statistics The Bureau’s strike statistics include all known strikes in the con tinental United States which involve as many as six workers and last as long as a full day or shift. The term “ strike” is used in the broad sense to include all stoppages of work due to labor disputes regardless of whether the workers or employers initiate them. Although they technically come within the above definitions, the Bureau arbitrarily excludes from its statistics stoppages involving fewer than six workers and those lasting less than a full working day or shift, principally because it would be impossible to find out about all of such minor stoppages and get a complete coverage. Also such disputes are of little importance, arising many times from misunderstandings which are cleared up within a few minutes or a few hours with no significant interruption in production. Collection o f data.— M ost notices or “ leads” concerning strikes originally come to the Bureau’s attention through the daily press and labor and trade papers. The Bureau now has access to notices on labor disputes from about 400 daily newspapers scattered throughout the country and more than 250 labor and industry papers and journals. I t also obtains reports directly from Federal and State agencies which deal with employer-employee disputes. W ith these sources it is be lieved that few, if any, strikes escape attention. Upon receipt of the notices, detailed questionnaires are sent to the companies, unions, and impartial agencies involved in each strike to get first-hand and verified information concerning the number of workers involved, duration of the strike, major issue, methods of settlement, results, and other data. A nalysis o f strike data.— In all the realm of industrial statistics, employer-employee disputes present some of the m ost baffling prob lems to be dealt with. In addition to the factor of judgment which enters into all statistical procedure, strikes and lock-outs, by their very nature, lead to differences of viewpoint and approach in their measurement and classification. Since they are controversies in which the interests of employer, workers, and the public are at stake, each group naturally interprets and evaluates the situation in the way the dispute affects it. This divergency of viewpoint persists through out every phase of the statistical treatment of strikes and lock-outs— definition, unit of measurement, magnitude, causes, and results. Furthermore, the facts with reference to strikes and lock-outs very often are too complex or indeterminate to permit accurate and simple classification from whatever approach they are viewed. Causes lead ing up to any one dispute m ay be many and varied and the basic causes m ay never be actually voiced by either party. So also with the results, especially when the dispute ends with no written contract. In view of these divergencies of approach as well as of the difficulty in always getting sufficiently detailed information, a portion of the statistics on strikes is necessarily based on estimates and judgment. Nevertheless, through the use of specific definitions and the adoption of broad general policies, the Bureau tries to obtain the highest possible degree of comparability and uniformity of treatment.3 8 See Bureau of Labor Statistics Bull. No. 651, pp. 163-169, for information on factors taken into account and general principles used in analyzing each item included in the statistical reports. T able 22.— Strikes in 1941 , b y Indu stry and M ajor Issues Involved 1 Number of strikes beginning in 1941 Number of workers involved Total Major issues * Major issues1 Major issuesi Industry Man-days idle during 1941 Wages and hours Union organiza tion Total Wages and hours Union organiza tion Total Wages and hours Union organiza tion 24,288 1,539 2,110 2,362,620 1,108,071 741,458 23,047, 556 10,422, 578 10,094,047 2S32 104 11 4 126 44 1 170 45 8 4 243, 749 158,496 4,101 1,535 85, 313 49,066 102 121,638 79,465 2,737 1,535 1,442,253 475,648 26,531 48,198 512,256 196,491 816 778,209 214,689 18,949 48,198 4 14 9 25 28 20 24 13 5 33 40 1 6 2 13 11 10 6 2 2 14 14 3 6 6 12 15 5 16 10 2 19 19 665 4,621 1,310 7,446 12,032 5,764 5,590 5,755 680 17, 210 18,544 136 2,949 49 5,209 3,494 2,745 1,160 2,646 119 7,304 10,334 529 1,345 1,238 2,237 8,316 1,460 3,957 3,027 545 9,906 5,341 15,452 35,713 16,174 88,628 84,780 97, 585 35,192 160, 066 11,774 197,945 148,567 2,448 8,165 555 46, 775 23,056 30, 990 14,243 103, 906 931 52,788 31,092 13,004 21,996 15,412 41,853 61,072 35,715 17,543 55,670 10,779 145,157 78,172 Machinery, not including transportation equipment......................... Agricultural implements__________________________________ Cash registers, adding machines, and typewriters______ _____ Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies........ ........... ...... Engines, turbines, tractors, and water wheels. ....................... Foundry and machine-shop products......................................... Machine tools (power driven)................... .................................. Radios and phonographs.............................................................. Textile machinery and parts___________ ____ ____ Other........................ ........... ......................................................... 2286 14 3 64 10 117 14 23 2 42 111 5 2 23 3 42 4 12 128,407 19, 792 4, 297 19,954 3, 577 47,666 7,427 6,903 1,102 17,689 51,940 1,640 3,164 10, Oil 1,875 14, 018 4,626 4,732 11,874 64,447 18,104 1,133 5,861 842 28,195 2,133 1,951 1,102 5,126 2,213,911 490,819 88,691 475, 060 26,957 778,888 76,682 56, 763 4,206 215,845 524,354 15, 452 62,810 118, 928 10, 586 104, 793 46, 532 34,941 20 142 8 1 32 3 60 6 10 2 20 130,312 1,587,155 474,503 25,881 279,556 11,219 658,901 28,522 20, 722 4,206 83,645 Transportation equipment................................................................... A ircraft............................................. .......................................... Automobiles, bodies, and parts.................................................... Cars, electric- and steam-railroad.............................................. Locomotives______ ________ ______ _______________ _________ Shipbuilding.................................................................................. Other................................. ........................................................... 185 29 77 29 2 45 3 59 10 20 16 1 10 2 72 12 31 6 1 21 1 394,056 28,422 250, 592 24,594 565 88,039 1,844 136,666 16,920 85,267 11,739 365 20,537 1,838 149, 964 4,455 100, 815 8, 271 200 36,217 6 2,294,136 112, 549 1, 234, 242 232, 298 2,235 705,902 6,910 627,826 69,950 218,436 68, 795 1,095 262, 706 6,844 1,264,575 22,208 805, 259 117, 225 1,140 318,677 66 See footnotes at end o f table. A P P E N D IX All industries................................................................. i ..................... Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery............. Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills......... ................... Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets____________________________ Cast-iron pipe and fittings_________________________________ Cutlery (not including silver and plated cutlery), and edge tools________________________________ ______ ______ ______ Forgings, iron and steel................ ............................................... Hardware_____________________ ___________________ _______ Plumbers’ supplies and fixtures____________________________ Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam fittings____ Stoves___________________________________ ____ ___________ Structural and ornamental metal work_____________________ Tin cans and other tinware. _________ _____ ______________ Tools (not including edge tools, machine tools, files, and saws).. Wire and wire products_________________ ______ ____ _______ Other.............................................................................................. CO •<! co T able 22 .— Strikes 00 Z94J, by Industry and M ajor Issues Involved — Continued Number of strikes beginning in 1941 Number of workers involved Man-days idle during 1941 Major issues Major issues Major issues Industry Total Wages and hours Total Wages and hours Union organiza tion Total 323, 937 77. 562 27,068 172,905 46,402 949, 527 229, 303 122, 279 445, 805 152,140 655, 646 170, 353 7,155 139, 382 434 131, 265 207,057 178, 304 92, 616 4,115 32 1, 281 3, 322 19,137 2,709 285 4, 706 36 4, 300 7,101 34,694 362 13,035 37, 597 435,997 77, 317 5, 913 80, 277 72 106, 793 165, 625 58,497 40,208 975 19, 305 52 1,686 4,471 12, 743 976 59, 300 22,958 96 8,137 77 2, 943 3,138 4,065 4, 502 1, 683, 568 873,920 8, 013 338, 255 1,175 52, 275 64, 777 224, 065 185,360 401,797 280,263 6,073 146, 531 156 14, 591 31, 753 65,885 15, 274 1,052,090 455, 095 1,940 134,107 1, 019 37, 684 33, 024 92, 295 155, 026 21,238 5,521 2,608 9, 516 3,593 39, 364 10, 853 5, 657 18,065 4,789 39,694 10,030 354 12,454 68 6,167 10, 621 16,011 7,261 9 2 6 17 69 17 3 9 1 13 26 159 76 4 24 1 4 10 20 13 284 92 3 12 2 11 9 16 39 144,769 81,995 1,071 36, 779 129 4,629 7,609 25,178 6,600 77 9 15 3 3 8 5 2 10 22 43,740 19,980 9,889 1, 585 385 2,429 468 1, 276 4,316 3, 382 19,876 13,843 1,418 Lumber and allied products____________________ Furniture_____________________ _____ _____ Millwork and planing_____________________ Sawmills and logging camps______ ____ ____ Other____________________________________ 286 105 54 55 72 96 36 16 16 28 155 61 30 27 37 Stone, clay, and glass products__________________ Brick, tile, and terra cotta_________________ Cement__________________________________ Glass_____________________________________ Marble, granite, slate, and other products___ Pottery---------------------------------------------------Other-------------------- ----------------------------------- 136 40 4 20 3 22 47 56 22 Textiles and their products-------------------------------Fabrics___________________________________ Carpets and rugs_______________________ Cotton goods__________________________ Cotton smallwares_____________________ Dyeing and finishing textiles-----------------Silk and rayon goods... . -----------------------Woolen and worsted goods--------------------Other_________________________________ 507 198 7 49 3 15 19 43 62 2 4 1 3 4 ' 12 155,726 | 52, 529 65,846 ST R IK E S IN" 1 9 4 1 1, 323, 550 315,420 162, 481 641, 709 203,940 67, 740 17, 583 10, 736 29,391 10,030 35 5 4 Union organiza tion 471' 5,065 116 2,551 14. 820 14, 325 1H)' 392 29 1,242 1, 574 l, 259 413,301 73,405 140,792 33 022 7,852 51. 198 14,535 3,210 47, 788 40, 599 *129 20 22 4 5 14 7 5 17 30 Wages and hours 226,828 16,583 74,227 33.820 7, 381 41.873 14, 296 656 13. 343 24.649 19,051 4, 563 8,102 1,568 266 1,419 398 34 813 1,858 Nonferrous metals and their products___________ Aluminum manufactures__________________ Brass, bronze, and copper products................ Clocks, watches, and time-recording devices.. Jewelry___________________________ ____ Lighting equipment_______________________ Silverware and plated ware________________ Smelting and refining—copper, lead, and zinc Stamped and enameled ware_______________ Other____________________________________ Union organiza tion Wearing apparel______ _________ Clothing, men’s____________ Clothing, women’s_________ Corsets and allied garments _. Men’s furnishings__________ Hats, caps, and millinery___ Shirts and collars___________ Hosiery____________________ Knit goods...____ __________ Other_____________________ Leather and its manufactures............ Boots and shoes________________ Leather_______________________ Other leather goods____________ Food and kindred products_________ Baking________________________ Beverages_____________________ Butter________________________ Canning and preserving________ Confectionery__________________ Flour and grain mills___________ Ice cream______________________ Slaughtering and meat packing... Sugar refining, cane____________ Other_________________________ Tobacco manufactures______________ Cigars_________________________ Cigarettes_________ ____________ Other........................ ..................... Paper and printing............................... Boxes, p a p e r...._______________ Paper and pulp________________ Printing and publishing: Book and job______________ Newspapers and periodicals. Other_________________________ Chemicals and allied products............ Chemicals-................. ................ Cottonseed—oil, cake, and meal.. Druggists’ preparations_________ Explosives_____________________ Fertilizers............................. ........ Paints and varnishes.............. ...... Petroleum refining........................ Soap______ _______ _____________ Other_________________________ See footnotes at end o f table. 192 8 113 2 6 8 10 8 29 8 62.774 3,392 12,226 2,863 3,197 1,788 8,156 10,992 15,585 4,375 18,289 573 4,938 510 660 1, 235 2, 500 6,153 1,184 536 36,342 800 6,310 793 1,945 476 5,037 4, 559 13,273 3,149 809,648 29,929 155,164 60,613 51,402 19,607 57,900 106, 493 283, 915 44,625 121,534 3, 651 30,495 4,590 4,080 3, 234 22,185 41, 351 9,875 2,073 596,995 24, 002 113,989 17, 703 34,995 15,428 30,971 64,141 254,784 40,982 52 22 7 23 27, 883 18,489 4,373 5,021 13, 540 11,573 1,542 425 11,183 4, 515 2,664 4,004 219, 876 111, 551 47,650 60, 675 82, 965 59,117 14,573 9,275 108,482 35,099 28,902 44,481 130 29 11 69,782 15, 378 6, 273 192 15,196 2,617 2,831 456 12, 026 5,568 9,245 38,189 11,434 2,427 192 11, 606 718 2,036 26, 360 2,849 3,189 988,457 242,458 36, 573 1.416 136,332 67, 391 44, 539 901 212, 727 167,479 78,641 552, 548 177,153 13, 039 1,416 111, 335 6,939 19,402 384, 521 39,283 16,124 9 8 1 8, 517 8,048 321 148 148 8,369 8,048 321 106,246 102,912 3,186 148 148 148 2 24 11 19,494 5,096 3,353 4, 554 405 806 13,336 3,923 2,016 324, 567 37,103 48, 259 74,630 3,232 6,040 233, 794 21, 819 41, 430 17 17 23 2,645 3,291 5,109 219 740 2,384 2,426 2, 530 2,441 57, 779 75,010 106, 416 5,503 2,791 57,064 52. 276 71,778 46,491 53 13 4 3 2 21,411 12, 253 432 607 306 274 2,289 1, 534 184 3,532 8,461 4,955 121 540 86 225 172 1,036 12,032 6,722 311 67 220 315, 581 169, 782 4,365 5, 659 6,071 1, 566 37, 951 7,885 1, 441 80,861 104, 510 70,192 338 4,980 86 1,125 4,596 5,121 207, 769 98,143 4,027 679 5,985 17 14 7 3 27 1 21 10 1 3 17 2,176 4, 590 3,010 148 1,326 3,043 1,899 748 380 9,292 10 4,950 2,092 375 184 2,061 24, 753 163, 631 34,830 18,072 24,091 60,452 24,855 745 183, 029 20 35,927 106, 098 102,912 3.186 33,066 2,406 1, 441 62,022 CO CD T able 22.— Strikes in 1941 , by Industry and M ajor Issues Involved — Continued Number of strikes beginning in 1941 Total 4 138 29 69 18 12 1 2 4 2 1 129 41 88 86 37 15 16 8 23 10 11 2 1 8 62 3 5 3 51 41 5 19 8 5 Union organiza tion 24 5 2 17 85 7 2 4 72 31 1 13 6 6 3 2 77 18 37 13 6 Total Wages and hours 5,273 2,778 517 1,978 9, 654 53 273 444 8,884 478,387 92, 557 383,829 1,296 348 263 82 181 125 65 1 32 14 39,237 9,862 22, 591 6,784 24,344 1,092 308 603 22, 341 737, 302 136,888 593, 352 5,364 782 471 445 50,406 9,270 19,775 10,138 2,985 6,107 1,163 627 194 147 50,779 13,588 37,191 29,022 9,781 8,057 7,247 2,425 357 29, 886 5,007 15,431 7,140 1,201 243 172 564 26 102 23,900 4,643 19,257 20,072 4,796 8,015 4,874 1,951 13 1,512 436 1 1 1 Union organiza tion Total Wages and hours Union organiza tion 58, 550 4,534 20,613 33,403 100,083 508 3,252 5,862 90,461 5, 707, 519 97, 023 5, 589, 678 12, 322 6,844 23,060 8, 512 14,548 7,946 4,237 42 2,117 474 155,099 22,826 58,084 74,189 328,874 7,735 6,538 8,248 306, 353 7,226,061 423, 299 6, 747, 986 35, 520 14, 039 3,224 1,993 425,099 44,597 218,343 83,491 22,679 29,387 22,219 2,331 285 1,767 1,034,312 237,869 796,443 303, 790 173,220 51,651 50,948 9,393 1,652 266,902 25, 451 162,032 63,300 10,700 1, 215 756 1,764 52 1,632 256,662 29,107 227, 555 128, 895 47, 492 50,635 21, 573 5,955 753,492 203,172 550,320 163,901 119,122 1,016 24,987 3,438 1,076 18, 578 3,240 15,338 10,353 5,655 662 4,036 13,009 980 35 150 11,844 68,081 1, 552 63,180 2,498 343 471 37 6,165 1,437 2,736 1,225 540 158 63 6 60,756 13,863 10,459 36,434 196,015 6,882 3,286 2,079 183, 768 733,702 6,208 710, 220 8,050 5,809 3,224 191 75,114 7,579 49,545 6,530 9,797 1,090 567 6 1941 42 9 5 28 161 12 7 8 134 143 27 75 17 13 3 8 268 67 120 38 23 3 5 5 5 2 421 138 283 227 113 16 53 22 Major issues ST R IK E S IN Wholesale—----------------- ---------------------------------------------------Retail____________________________________________________ Domestic and personal service.................... ....................................... Hotels, restaurants, and boarding houses-------------------- --------Personal service, barbers, beauty parlors_______________ ____ Laundries-------------------------------- -------------------------------------Dyeing, cleaning, and pressing---------- -------------- -----------Elevator and maintenance workers (when not attached to spe cific industry)..... ...... ..................... - ----- ----------------------------- Wages and hours Man-days idle during 1941 Major issues Major issues Industry Rubber products................................................................................. Rubber boots and shoes....... ....................................................... Rubber tires and inner tubes............... ...................................... . Other rubber goods.......................... .......................................... . Miscellaneous manufacturing—....................................... .................. Electric light, power, and manufactured gas_____________ Broom and brush............... ........... ..................... ............. ... . Furriers and fur factories__________________________________ Other_________________________ _______________ __________ Extraction of minerals_________________________________________ Coal mining, anthracite_____________________________ ______ Coal mining, bituminous______________________ ___ _______ Metalliferous mining_______________ ______ ____ _____ ______ Quarrying and nonmetallic mining________ _______________ Crude-petroleum production_____________________ _______ Other____________________________________________________ Transportation and communication................... ................................ Water transportation__ _______ ___________________________ Motortruck transportation------- --------- --------- --------------- -----Motorbus tra n sp o rta tio n -----------------------------------------------Taxicabs and miscellaneous----- --------- ---------------------- -------Electric railroad _ ___________________________________ Steam railroad___ ________________________________________ Telephone and telegraph------------ ---------------------------------Radio broadcasting and transmitting............. .......................... . Other______________________________ _____ ________________ Number of workers involved Professional service............. ................................................................ Recreation and amusement------------------------------- ---------------Professional___________ _____________________ ______ _______ Semiprofessional, attendants,-and helpers___ ____ __________ 29 17 6 6 13 10 1 2 14 5 5 4 2,128 1,259 329 540 703 556 123 24 1,319 597 206 516 47, 632 20,705 1,298 25,629 2,014 1,835 123 56 43,682 16,934 1,175 25, 573 Building and construction.................................................................. Buildings, exclusive of P. W. A ____________________________ All other construction (bridges, docks, etc., and P. W. A. build ings)_________________________ _________________________ 395 324 149 129 124 93 186,473 179,035 67,966 65,494 54,697 51,422 923,216 880,768 262,532 252,324 231,275 212,315 71 20 31 7,438 2,472 3,275 42,448 10,208 18,960 Agriculture and fishing.............. ......................................................... Agriculture............................ ................................................. ...... Fishing - __________________________________________ 32 26 6 22 16 6 8 8 14,406 12,134 2,272 7,270 4,998 2,272 6,094 6,094 494,037 471,121 22,916 41,979 19,063 22,916 447,016 447,016 5 124 3 57 51 188 19,093 10,527 154 6,399 3,859 124,485 58,441 3.787 50,262 V - P. A. and relief projects _ . Other nonmanufacturing industries.------- ------------- ------ -------- 1 Issues other than wages, hours, and union organization are included in the total but are not shown separately in this table. 2 This figure is less than the exact sum of the figures below. This is due to APPEND IX the fa ct that the general strike o f m achinists in the St. Louis area, November 24 -26, has been counted as a separate strike in each industry affected, with the proper allocation o f number o f workers involved and man-days idle. 42 T ST R IK E S IK able 1941 23 .— Strikes in 1941 , in States Which H ad 25 or M ore Strikes D uring the Year, by Industry Group State and industry group Alabama____________________________________ ________________ Iron, steel, and their products, excluding machinery__________ Machinery, excluding transportation equipment_________ ____ Transportation equipment.................... ______ _______ _________ Lumber and allied products ____________ _______ __________ Stone, clay, and glass products_________ ____________________ Textiles and their products______________ __________________ Food and kindred products _______________ ______________ Miscellaneous manufacturing_______ ____ ____ _______ _______ Transportation and communication _________ ___________ ______________________________ ____ __________ Trade Domestic and personal service__________________________ ____ Building and construction ________________________________ Other nonmanufacturing industries_________ ________________ Arkansas___ __________________________________________________ Nonferrous metals and their products . _________ __________ Lumber and allied products ___________ __________________ Stone, clay, and glass products ______ _____________________ Food and kindred products ______________________________ Transportation and communication_________________________ Building and construction ________________________________ Number of strikes Number Man-days of workers idle during involved year 80 11 2 4 7 6 7 3 1 2 7 6 5 7 10 2 112,486 24,182 222 5,930 528 540 4,053 254 185 371 72,857 3C9 246 577 2,192 40 861,891 54,652 1,346 33,822 12,165 9,184 43,271 3,385 16, 280 2,439 662,639 3,610 2,422 6,318 8,970 1,388 30 7,063 12 2 1 1 3 7 3 1 4,044 518 48 15 186 227 1,825 20Q 64,272 1377 44,645 5,441 1,728 681 2,789 2,314 6,097 200 384 22 19 18 9 25 10 21 5 28 5 5 4 10 12 24 54 24 7 50 19 114,134 6, 424 7,011 32,487 339 4,267 1,816 3,979 112 13,037 164 1,117 541 857 1,540 2,224 6,020 4,422 704 10,686 11,569 13 4,818 1,793,907 35,381 83,988 324, 702 4,456 73,166 24,358 37,362 2,782 122,805 1,505 88,194 15,909 6,050 18,970 17, 501 295, 591 76,818 16,622 52,047 471, 572 1595 23,533 Connecticut _________________________________________________________________________ Iron steel, and their products, excluding machinery_________________ Machinery excluding transportation equipment _ __________________ Transportation equipment _________ ___________________________ ________ Nonferrous metals and their products __ __________ _________________ Lumber and allied products__ ___________________ __________________ Stone, clay, and glass products ____________________________ Textiles and their products _______________________________ Food and kindred products _________________________ _____ Paper and printing _ __ ___ _________________ i __ __ Rubber products ____________________________________________________ ________ Miscellaneous manufacturing ________________________________________________ Transportation and communication ___________________ __ Trade . ____________________________________ _________________________________ Domestic and personal service ______________________________________________ Building and construction __________________ _________________________ Other nonmanufacturing industries_________________ ____________ __________ 84 7 10 2 3 1 4 18 4 2 6 2 5 8 1 10 1 33,616 7,840 8,503 220 2,152 93 273 4,244 149 122 6,907 196 874 447 335 1,230 31 272,903 25,920 103,293 2,818 39,273 930 5,660 52,248 1,477 300 29,386 544 3,364 2,613 335 4,587 155 Florida __________________________________________________________________________________ Iron steel and their products, excluding machinery_________________ Machinery excluding transportation equipment_______________________ Transportation equipment _____________________________________________________ Lumber and allied products _________________ _____________________ ________ Food and kindred products ____________________ ______ Paper and printing ____________________________ Chemicals and allied products------ ------------------ ------------ -------- 33 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 7,354 13 57 232 679 1,317 360 274 43,014 26 969 928 11,543 1,457 2,000 1,566 Machinery excluding transportation equipment._ ___________ Transportation equipment __________ _____ ________________ Nonferrous metals and their products_______ _______ _________ Lumber and allied products _________ _______________ _____ Stone, clay, and glass products __________ _____ ____________ ______________________________ Textiles and their products Leather and its manufactures______________________________ Food and kindred products . . ___________________ _______ Paper and printing __ _________________________________ _ Chemicals and allied products______________________________ Rubber products - - __________________________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing______ _ ______ ______________ Extraction of minerals _________ ____________________ Transportation and communication__________________ _______ Trade ______________________________________________ Domestic and personal service ___________________________ Professional service ________________________________ Building and construction__________________________________ Agriculture and fishing. ___________________________________ W P A and relief projects ____________________ _________ Other nonmanufacturing industries _____ _______ _ See footnote at end of table. 43 APPEN D IX T able 23.— Strikes in 1941 , in States Which Had 25 or M ore Strikes During the Year by Industry Group— Continued State and industry group ber ikes Number Man-days of workers idle during year involved Florida—Continued. Transportation and communication_______________ Trade__________________________________________ Building and construction----------------------------------Agriculture and fishing--------------------------------------- 5 5 11 1 769 137 3,495 21 4,509 1,395 18,390 231 Georgia.._____ _______________ — --------------------------------Iron, steel, and their products, excluding machinery. Machinery, excluding transportation equipment----Lumber and allied products_____________________ Stone, clay, and glass products________________ _ Textiles and their products______________________ Leather and its manufactures____________________ Food and kindred products_________________ ____ Paper and printing--------------------------------------------Miscellaneous manufacturing_____________________ Transportation and communication_______________ Trade__________________________________________ Domestic and personal service___________________ Building and construction_______________________ Other nonmanufacturing industries_______________ 32 2 2 2 1 5 1 1 2 2 6 2 2 3 1 6,977 1,163 107 133 32 1,956 1,460 23 68 303 326 653 465 85 203 98,520 22,266 489 8,484 640 40,381 8,760 64 180 889 3,439 10,721 780 440 987 Illinois_____________________________________________ Iron, steel, and their products, excluding machinery. Machinery, excluding transportation equipment----Transportation equipment_______________________ Nonferrous metals and their products_____________ Lumber and allied products______________________ Stone, clay, and glass products___________________ Textiles and their products_______________________ Leather and its manufactures_____________________ Food and kindred products------ ---------------------------Paper and printing_____________ _______ _________ Chemicals and allied products-----------------------------Miscellaneous manufacturing_____________________ Extraction of minerals___________________________ Transportation and communication----------------------Trade____________________________ '--------------------Domestic and personal service____________________ Building and construction------- ---------------------------Agriculture and fishing------------- -------------------------Other nonmanufacturing industries----------------------Interindustry__________ _________________________ 226 15 26 8 5 17 7 12 4 14 8 7 15 14 18 25 5 17 3 5 1 110,946 7,291 25,091 5,051 1,052 2,492 1,134 2,528 1,925 6,353 2,787 1,637 1,673 42,912 2,862 2,176 279 1,867 121 215 1,500 1, 590,783 163, 740 507,826 41,317 14,812 48,048 30, 551 41, 332 28,090 77, 793 40,408 36, 750 18,977 456,283 8,069 41,883 3,142 22, 385 737 4,640 4,000 Indiana_______________________________________ ____ Iron, steel, and their products, excluding machinery. Machinery, excluding transportation equipment----Transportation equipment_______________________ Nonferrous metals and their products_____________ Lumber and allied products______________________ Stone, clay, and glass products----- -----------------------Textiles and their products_______________________ Leather and its manufactures_____________________ Food and kindred products.._-----------------------------Paper and printing--------- -----------------------------------Chemicals and allied products____________________ Rubber products------------------------------------------------Miscellaneous manufacturing____________ ______ _ Extraction of minerals___________________________ Transportation and communication_______________ Trade__________________________________________ Domestic and personal service____________________ Building and construction_______________________ Other nonmanufacturing industries_______________ 161 23 18 7 8 7 9 5 1 10 8 3 6 8 7 15 11 4 9 2 80,311 33,955 7,214 9,036 1,518 1,214 2,309 2,839 220 3,645 1,381 1,135 1,769 473 8,594 1,399 820 138 2,509 143 657,154 60,929 92,991 123, 211 27,844 19,316 47,988 51,067 4,400 37,839 10,881 13,654 9,372 20,721 96,604 8,061 13,715 1,176 16,642 743 Iowa-------------- ----- ------ -------------------------------------------Machinery, excluding transportation equipment----Nonferrous metals and their products-------------------Lumber and allied products-------------- -----------------Stone, clay, and glass products-----------------------------Textiles and their products_______________________ Food and kindred products.------ -------------------------Paper and printing----------------------------------- --------Miscellaneous manufacturing------------------------------Extraction of minerals----------------------------------------Transportation and communication----------------------Trade__________________________________________ Domestic and personal service____________________ Building and construction________________________ Other nonmanufacturing industries............ ............ . 49 4 1 4 1 1 9 1 2 2 4 11 5 2 2 10,225 379 24 656 246 79 2,431 51 197 5,227 114 525 183 58 55 220,047 6,494 24 45,390 12,423 1,027 35, 542 1,275 7,995 101,030 558 4,203 3,478 474 134 44 S T R IK E S IN 1941 T able 23.— Strikes in 1941 , in States Which Had 25 or M ore Strikes During the Year, by Industry Group— Continued State and industry group Number of strikes Number Man-days of workers idle during involved year 53 3 1 2 8 1 2 1 4 2 1 1 12 3 4 2 72,486 726 900 32 1,875 351 507 554 203 265 60 118 65,578 844 99 42 Other nonmanufacturing industries................. ........................... 3 1 2 260 50 22 773,287 6,175 16,200 120 18,508 9,126 2,013 6,154 1,615 5,493 220 118 700,134 4,476 428 525 1630 960 300 92 Xonisifl-Tia._____________________________________________________ Transportation equipment___ __________ ___________________ Nonferrous metals and their products Lumber and allied products ______________________________ Stone, clay, and glass products ....... ................................ ........ Textiles and their products ______________________________ Food and kindred products________________________________ Paper and printing __ ___________________________________ Chemicals and allied products ____________________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing______________________________ Extraction of minerals _______________________________ Transportation and communication_________________________ Trade __ . . . _____________________________ Domestic and personal service ___________________________ Building and construction __ ______________________ Other nnnmflTmfn.nt.iiring industries ___________________ 47 1 1 3 1 2 4 2 3 3 1 9 5 3 6 3 6,962 1,400 120 489 344 550 541 40 418 344 13 404 112 409 1,700 78 55,610 5,600 5,160 4,588 4,472 8,816 8,115 120 1,405 4,368 377 4,042 523 1,960 5,732 332 Maryland ______________________________________________ Iron, steel, and their products, excluding machinery__________ Transportation equipment . _ ______ ___________ Lumber and allied products ______________________ _______ Stone, clay, and glass products______________________________ Textiles and their products _____________________________ Leather and its manufactures______________________________ Food and kindred products _ _ __________________________ Paper and printing _ ____________________________ ______ Chemicals and allied products _____________________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing _________________________■_____ Extraction of minerals __________________________________ Transportation and communication____ ____________________ Trade .. ____________ _____ _________________________ Domestic and personal service ____________________________ Professional service _______________________________________ Building and construction ________________________ ______ Other nonmanufacturing industries_________________________ 66 6 4 3 1 6 1 4 22 1 2 10 8 3 1 7 5 37,186 5,465 11,027 1,126 420 1,480 514 1,580 168 49 539 4,800 2,028 1,104 75 16 3,012 3,783 207,151 11,785 12,548 14,521 420 21,307 2,570 38, 741 370 307 4,312 <6,600 8,506 17,546 268 16 9,356 17,978 Massachusetts_ _____________________________________________ Iron, steel, and their products, excluding machinery__________ Machinery, excluding transportation equipment______________ Transportation equipment ________________________________ Nonferrous metals and their products_______________________ Lumber and allied products . _ ___________________ Stone, clay, and glass products ______________________________ Textiles and their products _______________________________ Leather and its manufactures___________________________ .. Food and kindred products _ _ ______________________ Paper and printing __________ _____ ___________________ .. ______________________________ Rubber products Miscellaneous manufacturing _____ ________________________ Transportation and communication___________________ _____ _ Trade ____ _______________________________ ____________ Domestic and personal service _______ _____________________ Professional service . ______________________________ Building and construction _______________ _______ Other nonmanufacturing industries......................................... . 175 10 10 2 3 6 3 52 16 16 4 5 9 11 6 5 3 10 4 57,415 3,163 3,259 723 391 450 218 30,272 3,916 6,494 1,158 2,783 1,285 961 103 487 207 1,254 291 529,830 15,572 42,902 5,812 2,773 5,818 8,007 211,225 36,482 121,471 30,331 17,496 11,687 6,799 2,097 3,236 1,076 4,327 2,719 Iron’ steel, and their products, excluding machinery___________ Mn.nhinflry, Airnlnding transportation pqnipment . . Nonferrous metals and their products________ ______________ Lumber and allied products ___________ ___________________ Stone, clay, and glass products___ __________________________ Textiles and their products____________________________ ____ Leather and its manufactures ._.................... .............................. Food and kindred products ________ ______________________ Paper and printing________________________________________ Chemicals and allied products______________________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing_______ ______ _________________ Extraction of minerals. ____________________________________ Transportation and communication__________ _______________ Trade __________________________________________________ Domestic and personal service ______ __________________ Building and construction ________________________________ See footnote at end of table. 45 APPENDIX T able 23.— Strikes in 1941 , in States Which Had 25 or M ore Strikes During the Year, by Industry Group— Continued Number of workers involved Number of strikes State and industry group Man-days idle during year 252 22 31 46 9 15 7 6 2 12 2 6 2 1 6 6 16 26 10 2 17 8 333, 571 27,770 17,712 224,533 6,578 2,072 2,115 1,161 705 3,484 592 728 3,500 5,200 514 1,712 8,740 6,252 632 151 18,846 574 1,897,649 134,483 208,911 1,013,138 78,052 51,271 44,582 13,842 9,075 49,011 6,772 4,457 22,100 10,800 2,133 7,213 54,429 70,862 5,006 453 106,989 4,070 47 1 3 3 2 5 1 2 4 12 4 7 1 2 7,459 2,067 492 182 80 436 31 45 262 2,344 118 1,121 106 175 98,880 3,267 15,695 1,717 409 3,173 930 390 1,257 30,017 6,101 27,174 8,014 736 .Missouri ____________________________________________ Iron, steel, and their products, excluding machinery. ________ Machinery, excluding transportation equipment___________ _ Transportation equipment _____ ___________ ______ Nonferrous metals and their products _______ ._ _____ Lumber and allied products _. . . . . _ ________________ Stone, clay, and glass products._________________________ .. Textiles and their products . _ _ _ _ ________________ Leather and its manufactures ___ _ _____________ _________ Food and kindred products. _ ______________________________ Paper and printing _________ ____ _____________ Chemicals and allied products ____ _______________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing_______________________________ Extraction of minerals __ __________________ ______________ Transportation and communication _____________________ Trade __ .. ________ ____________ _________ Domestic and personal service ____ _____ ____________ Professional service __ ____ _ ___________________ Building and construction _____________________ _________ Agriculture and fishing ____ _____________ ______________ Other nonmanufacturing industries _ ________________ Interindustry .. __ _________________________________ 119 7 10 2 2 5 4 9 12 13 2 2 5 1 8 12 4 1 12 1 6 51,420 1,793 1,421 1,707 732 605 2,395 1,546 3,306 1,032 30 924 635 74 866 811 491 5 25,189 95 263 7,500 314,232 29,773 25,969 6,936 5,756 24,299 21,588 21,747 31,855 14,802 874 13,055 6,145 814 6,535 8,574 1,913 1,526 65,358 855 4,858 21,000 New Jersey _____ ___ ___ ___________________ ________ Iron steel and their products, excluding machinery ________ Machinery excluding transportation equipment______________ Transportation equipment _____________________ Nonferrous metals and their products . ________________ Lumber and allied products _________________ Stone clay and glass products ________________ Textiles and their products _____ _______ Leather and its manufactures ______________________ Food and kindred products __________ _________ Tobacco manufactures ________________________________ Paper and p r in t in g _ ________ ____________ __________ _______ Chemicals and allied products ___ _______________ ___ ___ Rubber products ____________________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing_________________ _____ ________ Extraction of minerals _______________ _______ Transportation and communication _____________________ Trade___________________________________—------ ----------------- 264 22 16 14 9 10 8 52 6 10 91,292 13,824 7,932 26,863 7,819 1,048 2,140 8,429 919 1,309 2,135 2,155 5,291 1,596 2,040 400 692 886 1,058, 308 139,473 129,564 291,488 63. 505 20,003 40, 371 115, 533 5,258 26,006 37,944 48,656 53, 572 15,395 23. 594 600 5,943 9.221 Tron, steel, and their products, excluding machinery...... Textiles and their products ..... ______________________________ Food and kindred products __ _____________________________ Tobacco manufactures _ _________________________________ Paper and printing _________ <_ ______________________ Rubber products ________ ______ ______________________ Extraction of minerals Trade __ ___________ _____________________ __________________ ___________________ Professional service __ ________________________ _____ ____ Machinery, ATclnding transportation equipment______________ Chemicals and allied products _______ _______________ ______ Miscellaneous manufacturing_____ ________________________ Transportation and communication_________________________ Trade __ __ ________________________________ Domestic and personal service - - - - ____________________ ______________________________ Building and construction Agriculture and fishing ________________________________ Other nonmanufacturing industries. ____ ____________________ See footnote at end of table. ’ 1 2 13 12 7 12 1 10 22 46 STRIK ES IX 1941 T able 23.— Strikes in 1941 , in States W hich Had 25 or M ore Strikes During the Year, by Industry Group— Continued State and industry group Number of strikes Number Man-days of workers idle during involved year New Jersey—Continued. Domestic and personal service------------------ -----------Professional service______________________________ Building and construction-----------------------------------Other nonmanufacturing industries_______________ 17 3 12 6 3 ,7 9 0 121 1 ,4 3 2 471 1 9 ,7 4 4 2 ,1 0 3 6 ,3 8 0 3 ,9 5 5 New York----------------------------------------------- ------ ---------Iron, steel, and their products, excluding machinery. Machinery, excluding transportation equipment----Transportation equipment-------------------------- ------Nonferrous metals and their products_____________ Lumber and allied products------------------- ------------Stone, clay, and glass products----------------------------Textiles and their products---------------------------------Leather and its manufactures_______ ____ ________ Food and kindred products_______________ _____ _ Tobacco manufactures__________________________ Paper and printing______________________________ Chemicals and allied products----------------------------Rubber products_______________________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing___________ ______ Extraction of minerals___________________ _______ Transportation and communication....... .............. . Trade______________________________ ___________ Domestic and personal service----------------------------Professional service_____1-----------------------------------Building and construction----------------------------------Other nonmanufacturing industries_______ ____ _ 763 42 38 20 24 23 16 183 16 31 1 48 17 4 62 2 46 90 58 4 30 18 2 0 4 ,2 8 4 2 2 ,7 2 0 5 ,5 9 3 21, 233 1 ,5 0 4 2 ,1 4 7 3 ,8 1 0 1 8 ,9 1 6 6 ,5 6 5 1 0 ,5 8 4 150 5 ,1 1 9 2 ,0 1 1 44 6 6 ,4 8 7 40 1 0 ,2 9 5 1 3 ,0 5 0 7 ,1 8 5 86 6 3 ,4 5 4 2 ,8 8 9 2 ,1 7 1 ,9 3 7 1 7 2 ,1 7 2 2 5 2 ,9 1 3 7 0 ,9 8 9 2 6 ,6 4 7 4 0 ,8 3 7 45, 253 3 3 3 ,0 6 8 1 9 ,1 8 7 1 8 2 ,6 7 1 1 ,0 5 0 1 0 7 ,3 7 1 2 9 ,0 4 2 6 ,5 2 9 1 2 0 ,0 7 0 22 9 8 1 ,4 1 6 193, 339 8 8 ,1 0 9 258 3 7 5 .1 0 5 25; 673 North Carolina__________________________ - ..................Lumber and allied products................. ................... . Stone, clay, and glass products---------- -----------------Textiles and their products---------- ----------------------Food and kindred products--------------------------------Tobacco manufactures___________ ____ _______ _ Chemicals and allied products----------------------------Miscellaneous manufacturing------------------------------Transportation and communication______________ Trade__________________________________________ Domestic and personal service----------------------------Building and construction----------------------------------Other nonmanufacturing industries---------------------- 34 3 1 15 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 4 1 1 8 ,7 3 1 650 64 1 2 ,9 7 0 56 148 48 29 101 35 12 4 ,6 1 1 1 0 5 ,0 8 5 8 ,2 3 1 448 7 8 ,2 4 2 748 148 192 1 ,1 0 2 5 ,6 7 8 33 5 12 9 ,9 1 4 35 Iron, steel, and their products, excluding machinery Machinery, excluding transportation equipment---Transportation equipment---------------------------------Nonferrous metals and their products------------------Lumber and allied products_____________________ Stone, clay, and glass products___________________ Textiles and their products---------------------------------Leather and its manufactures------------------------------Food and kindred products______________________ Tobacco manufactures___________________________ Paper and printing______________________________ Chemicals and allied products----------------------------Rubber products_______________________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing____________________ Extraction of minerals___________________________ Transportation and communication______________ Trade--------------------------------------------------------------Domestic and personal service----------------------------Professional service,_____________________________ Building and construction_______________________ Other nonmanufacturing industries_______________ Lumber and allied products---------Textiles and their products________ Leather and its manufactures--------Food and kindred products_______ Miscellaneous manufacturing--------Transportation and communication. Trade___________________________ Building and construction------------Agriculture and fishing___________ W. P. A. and relief projects_______ Other nonmanufacturing industries. 341 43 45 25 24 14 22 7 3 13 2 7 8 5 6 11 26 22 12 1 37 8 51 30 1 1 2 1 2 6 5 1 1 1 7 1 6 4 ,2 9 4 2 1 ,1 0 6 1 8 ,2 5 8 1 6 ,3 4 4 14, 589 3 ,4 7 2 9 .8 8 1 3 ,5 6 2 1 ,0 9 8 2 ,2 4 0 3 ,6 6 7 1 ,4 9 4 2 ,4 9 2 1 6 ,8 9 6 592 1 8 ,6 9 7 2 ,9 1 3 2 ,2 0 6 724 110 2 3 ,6 7 8 28 0 1 6 ,9 9 0 4 ,9 1 1 38 55 77 5 31 16 737 36 6 20 19 22 1, 812, 970 2 0 4 ,0 4 7 182, 519 1 1 5 ,2 3 5 5 2 ,4 3 3 4 4 ,3 6 7 1 8 6 ,9 8 9 3 5 ,2 9 2 4 ,7 8 1 3 7 ,8 8 9 4 4 ,5 8 7 1 9 ,6 5 8 8 ,4 1 0 1 9 ,5 0 4 7 ,3 9 2 2 3 5 ,1 7 4 20, 725 11, 529 3 ,7 9 0 550 7 6 ,2 3 9 1 ,8 6 0 2 0 1 ,0 0 2 5 7 ,7 2 7 3 ,1 5 4 550 8 ,9 8 1 310 145 1 2 6 ,5 3 9 2 ,7 1 5 120 57 70 4 47 APPENDIX T able 23.— Strikes in 1941 , in States W hich Had 25 or M ore Strikes During the Year, by Industry Group— Continued State and industry group Number of strikes Number Man-days of workers idle during involved year Pennsylvania_____________________________ ___________________ Iron, steel, and their products, excluding machinery__________ Machinery, excluding transportation equipment---___________ Transportation equipment.I______ _________________________ Nonferrous metals and their products________________________ Lumber and allied products________________________________ Stone, clay, and glass products______________________________ Textiles and their products________________ ____ __________ Leather and its manufactures______________ ____ __________ Food and kindred products_______________________________ Tobacco manufactures___________________________________ _ Paper and printing _________________________ _____________ Chemicals and allied products_________ _______ _____________ Rubber products _ * _ __________________________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing- _________ ____ _ _______ _ Extraction of minerals ___ ____________________________ Transportation and communication_________________________ _______ _____________________________________ Trade Domestic and personal service_________________ ____________ Professional service. ________________________ _____ _______ Building and construction__________ _______________________ Agriculture and fishing__________ __________________________ Other nnnm»nnfftr»t.nririg industries .. .... 545 77 27 15 18 23 24 62 11 28 3 13 13 1 14 59 37 35 27 3 31 1 23 4 8 8 ,4 9 8 5 7 ,5 0 0 9 ,7 3 2 1 5 ,7 3 7 5 ,7 4 2 4 ,5 8 6 4 ,9 5 1 1 9 ,2 3 8 2 ,7 1 6 6 ,2 2 4 1 ,5 0 4 1 ,9 0 0 1 ,0 7 9 778 5 ,5 8 2 3 2 6 ,1 0 8 7 ,0 8 5 4 ,8 5 6 5 ,9 3 8 564 3 ,1 1 1 60 3 ,5 0 7 4 ,1 3 6 ,7 3 8 2 8 8 ,3 7 3 4 5 ,3 1 3 1 1 4 ,7 9 1 8 3 ,5 2 5 1 1 4 ,6 3 0 9 9 ,4 3 3 2 3 5 ,4 9 4 2 2 ,0 1 2 140, 551 12, 559 2 3 ,3 6 4 3 2 ,8 9 6 2 3 ,5 0 5 5 6 ,1 1 6 2 ,5 9 1 ,1 7 8 1 0 5 ,2 4 8 3 7 ,7 5 2 3 9 ,5 0 3 2 3 ,6 9 1 2 4 ,0 1 0 960 2 1 ,8 3 4 Rhode Island______________________________________ ___________ Iron, steel, and their products, excluding machinery__________ Mfl/difnery, excluding transportation equipment. _ __________ "NonferronVmetals and th^if products Textiles and their products ________________ ______________ Food and kindred products________________________________ 39 2 2 1 17 1 1 1 4 2 5 1 2 8 ,8 8 8 31 2 223 64 5 ,8 5 9 60 63 31 187 42 1 ,6 6 5 104 27 8 8 7 ,8 5 4 1 ,7 2 6 1 ,0 9 5 1 ,4 0 8 6 5 ,9 9 0 720 630 62 639 646 1 1 ,9 0 4 1 ,0 4 0 1 ,9 9 4 85 8 5 3 4 ,6 6 1 1 ,8 6 0 1 ,0 1 1 10 2 13 3 2 5 9 5 4 1 12 2 ,9 6 7 334 1 2 ,1 0 4 776 271 40 1 2 ,6 5 0 934 20 6 28 4 35 1 ,1 8 9 5 6 4 ,8 7 1 4 3 ,4 6 9 8 ,7 4 0 1320 3 5 ,8 9 3 7 ,7 6 0 2 1 9 ,9 5 9 1 1 ,4 3 2 3 ,7 0 7 378 1 9 7 ,8 7 3 2 2 ,8 2 0 1 ,4 2 0 7 ,8 0 0 35 3 ,2 6 5 55 1 4 3 4 2 8 1 1 13 1 1 16 1 1 ,8 4 0 265 438 4 ,2 2 0 85 816 1 ,3 3 6 21 27 5 708 138 15 3 ,5 2 3 1 2 9 ,3 6 5 1 ,3 2 5 6 ,4 0 3 4 6 ,6 2 9 6 ,8 9 4 1 ,7 3 4 1 5 ,7 9 4 63 4 ,1 2 5 1 0 ,8 2 1 1 2 ,7 1 6 322 2 2 ,5 3 9 39 1 7 ,1 5 1 332 23 0 313 34 0 321 1 3 ,2 1 5 81 7 88 101 1 ,2 2 2 172 2 2 3 ,2 0 1 2 ,8 4 8 920 2 ,6 2 0 5 ,7 4 5 3 ,1 8 6 1 9 2 ,7 2 5 5 ,0 2 0 280 518 8 ,1 5 5 1 ,1 8 4 Transportation and communication __ _______ __________ Trade - _____________________________________________ Domestic and personal service ___________________________ Building and construction ________________________________ W. P. A. and relief projects ________________________________ Other nonmanufacturing industries___________ _____________ Tennessee______ ______________________________________________ Iron, steel, and their products, excluding machinery_______ .. Machinery, excluding transportation equipment______________ Nonferrous metals and their products __ _ ________________ Lumber and allied products ______________ _________________ Stone, clay, and glass products __________________________ Textiles and their products ________________ ___________ Food and kindred products _____________________________ . Chemicals and allied products. ____________________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing________ ______________________ Extraction of minerals ____________________________________ Transportation and communication_________________________ Trade __ _ ____________________________________ Domestic and personal service ____________________________ Professional service _______ ____________________________ Building and construction _______________________________ Iron, steel, and their products, excluding machinery__________ Machinery, excluding transportation equipment______________ Transportation equipment _______________________________ Lumber and allied products _______________________________ Textiles and their products _______________________________ Food and kindred products __________________ ___________ Paper and printing _ ____________________________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing __ _______________ Transportation and communication _ _______ _ Trade ________________________________________________ Domestic and personal service . . - - - _________________ Building and construction _______________________________ Virginia ____________________________________________________ Lumber and allied products _. ___________ ________________ Stone clay and glass products _ ______ ______ Textiles and their products _____________________ _________ Food and kindred products___________ - ___________________ Tobacco manufactures __________________ ______________ Extraction of minerals ______________ - ______________ Transportation and communication_________ _______________ Trade ______ _______________________________________ Domestic and personal service______________________________ Building and construction _______________________________ Other nonmanufacturing industries.......................... ......... ......... See footnote at end of table. 6 3 1 2 3 1 4 6 3 2 13 1 48 ST R IK E S IN' 1941 T able 23.— Strikes in 1941 , in States Which Had 25 or M ore Strikes During the Year* b y Industry Group— Continued State and industry group Number of strikes Number Man-days of workers idle during involved year Washington___________________________________________________ Iron, steel, and their products, excluding machinery__________ __ ' ____________ Transportation equipment____________ _ . Nonferrous metals and their products..... ..................................... Lumber and allied products______________ _________________ Stone, clay, and glass products_____________ ________________ Food and kindred products________________________________ Paper and printing _______ ____ ____ ________ ____________ Miscellaneous manufacturing.............................. .......................... Extraction of m inerals____1__________ ____________________ Transportation and communication ________________________ Trade* __________________ _____ ___ _____________________ Domestic and personal service __________________________ Building and construction ________________ ____ __________ Other nonmanufacturing industries______ _______ ___________ 60 1 2 1 26 1 5 1 1 1 4 4 7 4 2 35,694 82 7,237 14 21,903 323 1,191 53 60 165 256 2,940 1,069 194 207 706,877 490 47,553 42 508,449 5,317 15,788 636 1,560 2,800 2,500 109,724 9,504 2,016 498 West Virginia _______________________________________________ Iron, steel, and their products, excluding machinery__________ Machinery, excluding transportation equipment_____________ Transportation equipment_____________.______ _____________ Nonferrous metals and their products....................... ................... Lumber and allied products...... ................................ ................... Stone, clay, and glass products........................ ................... ........Paper and printing_____________ ______________ ____________ Chemicals and allied products _______ ____________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing_______________________________ Extraction of minerals __________ ____ ____________________ Transportation and communication..._______________________ Trade . . ___________________________________________ Domestic and personal service _. __________________________ Building and construction ................................. ........................ Other nonmanufacturing industries......................... ..................... 67 2 1 2 1 7 9 2 5 1 7 3 4 1 11 1 162,957 1,580 210 769 191 1,836 2,835 354 951 700 151,929 204 77 57 1,247 17 1,944,419 3,160 840 7,266 955 66,554 18,582 5,462 9,223 23,100 1,799,227 1,445 860 2,508 5,101 136 Wisconsin_____________________________________________________ Iron, steel, and their products, excluding machinery__________ Machinery, excluding transportation equipment______________ Transportation equipment __________ ____ ________________ Nonferrous metals and their products___________ ___________ Lumber and allied products ............................... ....................... Stone, clay, and glass products _ . _____ __________________ Textiles and their products ______________________________ Leather and its manufactures_______________________________ Food and kindred products._ .. _________________________ paper and printing _________ ____________________________ Rubber products __________ _____________________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing___ _____ _____________________ Transportation and communication _______________________ _____________________ _______ ____________________ Trade Domestic and personal service ______ ______________________ Professional service ___ ___________________________________ Building and construction____________ ____________________ Agriculture and fishing __________________________________ W. P. A. and relief projects ____________ __________________ Other nonmanufacturing industries______ ___________________ 65 3 5 3 1 1 1 2 4 8 1 4 1 6 9 2 1 6 1 2 4 17,450 123 9,142 684 146 200 9 427 804 502 170 2,321 226 863 507 107 8 713 66 50 382 521,315 4,955 443,349 7,030 1,244 7,148 369 2,067 16,723 2,520 3,230 7,203 1,130 3,255 9,841 604 40 5,059 132 2,152 3,264 Man-days idle resulting from a strike which continued into 1941 from the preceding year.