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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS ROYAL MEEKER, Commissioner BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES) ( WHOLE O fM BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS) * * * (NUMBER l \J T! WAGES AND HOURS S T R E E T OF LABOR SERIES: R A IL W A Y NO. E M P L O Y M E N T IN T H E U N IT E D APRIL, 1917 W ASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 23 STATES ADDITIONAL COPIES OP THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 75 CENTS PER COPY CONTENTS. Page. Introduction............................................................................................................... 9-16 Definitions of occupations..................................................................................11-16 Track and line............................................................................................. 11-13 Transportation..............................................................................................13,14 Barn and shop.............................................................................................. 14-16 Chapter I.—Wages of car crews................................... * ....................................... 16-107 Classified rates of wages..................................................................................... 17-59 Payment by approximate units........................................................................ 60-64 Time allowed but not worked............................. . .................................... 60-62 Pay for reporting time............................................................................... 62 Allowance for making daily work reports and accident reports............. 62, 63 Meals or cash allowance when held for orders.......................................... 63 Free transportation........................... ..................................................... 63, 64 Guaranteed wage to extra men......................................................................... 64, 65 Additional compensation................................................................................... 65 Rates of pay for specified classes of work......................................................... 65-68 Overtime...................................................................................................... 65 Owl-car runs and work after midnight...................................................... 66 Operating snowplow and sweeper............................................................ 66 Instructing new men................................................................................... 67 Time in excess of regular runs caused by delays..................................... 67 One-man cars............................................................................................... 68 Pay for meal periods.......................................................................................... 68 Premiums for prevention of accidents............................................................. 68 Rates at stated periods of service.................................................................... 69-107 Chapter II.—Hours of labor and days worked by car crews.............................. 108-192 Runs (day’s w ork).......................................................................................... 108-138 Additional scheduled service......................................................................... 138-165 Boston, Mass............................................................................................. 142-144 Surface lines...................................................................................... 142,143 Elevated lines...................................................................................... 144 Brockton, Mass........................................................................................ 144,145 Buffalo, N. Y ............................................................................................... 145 Chicago, 111............................................................................................... 145-147 Surface lines...................................................................................... 145,146 Elevated lines................................................................................... 146,147 Cleveland, Ohio....................................................................................... 147,148 Des Moines, Iowa........................................................................................ 148 Indianapolis, Ind....................................................................................149,150 Kansas City, Mo.......................................................................................... 150 Los Angeles, Cal.......................................................................................... 151 Lowell, Mass................................................................................................ 152 Memphis, Tenn............................... ........................................................ 152,153 Newark, N. J ................................................................................................ 153 New Bedford, Mass..................................................................................... 153 3 4 CONTENTS. Chapter II.—Hours of labor and days worked by car crews—Concluded. Additional scheduled service—Concluded. » Page. New York, N. Y ....................................................................................... 153-155 Interborough Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)......................... 153,154 Interborough Rapid Transit Co. (subway lines)........................... 154,155 New York Railways Co. (surface lines)............................................. 155 Philadelphia, Pa...................................................................................... 156,157 Surface lines...................................................................................... 156,157 Elevated lines....................................................................................... 157 Portland, Oreg.......................................................................................... 157,158 Providence, R. 1...................................................................................... 158,159 Rochester, N. Y ........................................................................................... 160 Seattle, Wash............................................................................................... 161 Spokane, Wash............................................................................................ 161 Springfield, Mass...................................................................................... 161,162 Syracuse, N. Y ......................................................................................... 162,163 Tacoma, Wash.............................................................................................. 164 Topeka, Kans............................................................................................... 165 Selection of runs................................................................................................. 165 Days allowed off duty............................................................................... . 165,166 Overtime allowed upon employees’ request.................................................... 166 Hours worked or paid for each day for one week........................................ 166-176 Calendar days worked in whole or in part and actual earnings for one week. 177-192 Chapter III.—Change in personnel during one year......................................... 193-203 Chapter IY.—Miscellaneous data relative to car crews...................................... 204-235 Application for employment......................................................................... 204, 205 Physical examination.............................................................................. 204,205 Age entrance requirements, time under instruction, and amount of bond or cash deposit............................................................................................. 205-210 Purchase of uniforms.......................................................................................... 211 Change carried by conductors, daily assignment of runs, reporting time, frequency of pay days, and “ hold back” ................................................ 211-215 Seats for car employees, toilet facilities, inclosed cars, and heating methods.........................................................• ............................................... 215-219 Accident, sick, and death benefits............................................................... 220-235 Chapter Y.—Employees other than car crews.................................................... 236-249 Chapter VI.—Associations of employers and employees................................... 250-304 American Electric Railway Association....................................................... 250-263 The era of horse railways..................................... ...................................... 251 Adoption of the cable system................................................................. 251-253 Electricity as a motive p ow er.............................................................. 253-255 Education of street railway labor.............................................................. 255 Labor and the graduated system of compensation............................... 255-257 Reorganization period............................................................................. 257-259 Fees............................................................................................................... 260 Code of principles.................................................................................... 260-263 Organization of street railway employees..................................................... 263-304 Early organization under the Knights of Labor................................... 264, 265 Organization under the American Federation of Labor...................... 265-267 Growth of the organization..................................................................... 267-274 Legislative activities and legislation secured....................................... 274-279 Inclosed-vestibule cars................................................................... 274-276 Hours of labor................................................................................... 276-279 Collective bargaining.............................................................................. 280, 281 CONTENTS. 5 Chapter V I.—Associations of employers and employees—Concluded. Organization of street railway employees—Concluded. Page. Agreements and arbitration clauses in public franchises.................... 281-284 Monroe, La........................................................................................ 282-284 East Liverpool, Ohio........................................................................... 284 Detroit, Mich........................................................................................ 284 Death, disability, and old-age benefits................................................. 284-289 Conditions under which benefits are paid..................................... 284, 285 Death and disability benefits............................................................. 285 Old-age provisions................... - .......................................................... 285 Filing claims..................................................................................... 285, 286 Aggregate payments............................................................................. 286 Local division benefits..................................................................... 286-289 Strikes and lockouts................................................................................ 289-304 Notable strikes.................................................................................. 290-304 Chapter V II.—Agreements between employers and employees....................... 305-387 Between companies and the Amalgamated Association (union of employees) 305-358 Purpose, scope, and duration of agreements......................................... 305-308 Conferences.................................................................................................. 308 Membership in association...................................................................... 308-310 Optional membership.............................................................................. 310,311 Collection of dues..................................................................................... 311,312 Notices of association.................................................................................. 312 Suspension, discharge, and grievances..................................................312-315 Discharge at request of association........................................................ 315, 316 Arbitration................................................................................................316-319 Strikes....................................................................................................... 319,320 Resignations................................................................................................. 320 Hours of labor................... ....................................................................... 320-329 Motormen and conductors............................................................... 320-326 Other employees............................................................................... 326,327 Extra men....................................................................................327-329 Schedules...................................................................................................... 329 Choice of runs........................................................................................... 329-331 Runs temporarily vacant........................................................................ 331,332 Promotions................................................................................................... 332 Leave of absence...................................................................................... 332-336 Equipment............................................................................................... 336, 337 Car crews................................................................................................... 337, 338 Change of occupation............................................................................... 338, 339 Working conditions.................................................................................. 339-341 Time for meals.................................................................................. 340, 341 Use of stools.......................................................................................... 341 Toilet facilities..................................................................................... 341 Injured employees....................................................................................... 341 Lost articles................................................................................. , .............. 342 Free transportation.................................................................................. 342, 343 Place of residence........................................................................................ 343 Change carried by conductors.................................................................... 343 Turning in money.................................................................................... 343, 344 Collection of fares........................................................................................ 344 Deposits required..................................................................................... 344,345 Uniforms...................................................................................... ............... 345 Pay days and pay checks....................................................................... 345,346 6 CONTEXTS. Chapter V II.—Agreements between employers and employees—Concluded. Between companies and the Amalgamated Association—Concluded. page. Notices and rules............'.............................................................................. 346 Instruction of trainmen................................................................................ 346 Medical examinations................................................................................... 347 W orking board............................................................................................... 347 Penalty for “ missing ” ............................................*............................... 347-349 Bates of wages.......................................................................................... 349-352 Motormen and conductors.............................................,................. 349-351 Snowplow and sweeper work................................................................ 351 Instructing students.............................................................................. 351 Overtime................................................................................................. 352 Wages of miscellaneous employees............................................................. 352 Time allowances...................................................................................... 353-358 Conduct of employees................................................................................... 358 Between companies and employees, members of the association, but not contracted with as such.............................................................................. 358-387 Purpose, scope, and duration................................................................. 359, 360 Conferences.................................................................................................... 360 Membership in association........................................................................... 361 Collection of dues and posting of notices of association............................ 361 Suspension and discharge............................................................................ 362 Arbitration................................................................................................ 362,363 Strikes............................................................................................... ............ 364 Hours of labor.......................................................................................... 364, 365 Work orders............................................................................................ 364 Agreements with employees................................................................. 365 Agreements with individual employees.............................................. 365 Agreement drawn by arbitration board............................................... 365 Company letters..................................................................................... 365 Extra men................................................................................................ 365, 366 Choice of runs........................................................................................... 366, 367 Runs temporarily vacant............................................................................. 367 Leave of absence...................................................................................... 367, 368 Equipment..................................................................................................... 369 Use of stools................................................................................................... 369 Car crews........................................................................................................ 369 Change of occupation.................................................................................... 369 Working conditions....................................................................................... 370 Time for meals.......................................................................................... 370, 371 Lost articles.................................................................................................... 371 Free transportation................................................................... ................. 371 Turning in money................................................................................... 371, 372 Notices and rules........................................................................................... 372 Working board............................................................................................... 3 7 3 Penalty for “ missing ” ............................................................................. 373, 3 7 4 Work orders............................................................................................ 373 Agreements............................................................................................ 373 Company letter................................................................................. 373, 374 Wage scale......................................................................................... 374^-385 Time allowances............................................................................... 385-387 Conduct of employees........................................................................... 387 CONTENTS. 7 Page. Chapter V III.—General tables........................................................................... 388-1118 Explanation of tables..................................................................................... 388-392 Table A.—Rates of wages of motormen, conductors, guards, and gripmen in specified cities, by periods of service, 1914......................................... 393-485 Table B.—Hours of labor of motormen, conductors, guards, and gripmen, 1914............................................................................................................... 486-608 Table C.—Hours actually on duty or paid for of motormen, conductors, guards, and gripmen each day of one selected week in specified cities, 1914............................................................................................................... 609-867 Table D.—Earnings of motormen, conductors, guards, and gripmen, and number of calendar days worked at regular occupation in one selected week............................................................................................................ 868-1016 Table E.—Rates of wages and days and hours of labor of certain employees other than the car crew in specified cities, 1914................................. 1017-1118 Appendix A.—Blank forms for use of applicants for employment............. 1119-1126 Appendix B.—Blank forms relative to physical condition of applicants.. 1127-1131 BULLETIN OF THE U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. W HOLE NO. 204. WASHINGTON. APRIL, 1917. WAGES, HOURS OF LABOR, AND WORKING CONDITIONS IN STREET RAILWAY OPERATION. INTRODUCTION. This report presents the result of a study of the wages, hours of labor, and w rorking conditions of persons engaged in the operation of urban street railways in representative cities of the United States. Elevated and subway lines, as well as surface lines, were covered in the cities selected. Interurban lines were not covered. The data for this report were gathered in the latter half of the year 1914 and the early part of 1915. While the Bureau of Labor Statistics has for many years compiled similar information for other industries, this is the first extensive study of street-railway wages and working conditions that has been made by this bureau, and so far as known no study of like scope has been made. According to a report made by the United States census there were 282,461 persons employed by electric and other street railways, urban and interurban, in the United States in the year 1912. The importance of street railways in industrial affairs is greater, however, than indicated by this number alone, as they have become a vital necessity in the development and maintenance of the modern city and are used daily by millions of city dwellers. It was recognized that the bureau, with its limited resources, could not make an extended study of street-railway employment in all of the cities of the United States, so it was decided to make a compre hensive study in a number of selected cities and to collect a limited amount of data from a larger list of cities. The cities selected in which to make a full and careful study were: Albany, N. Y. Altoona, Pa. Atlanta, Ga. Augusta, Ga. Baltimore, Md. Binghamton, N. Y . Birmingham, Ala. Boston, Mass. Brockton, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y. Butte, Mont. Charleston, S. C. Charlotte, N. C. Chattanooga, Tenn. Chicago, 111. Cincinnati, Ohio. Cleveland, Ohio. Dallas, Tex. Davenport, Iowa. Denver, Colo. Des Moines, Iowa. 10 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN TH E UNITED STATES. Detroit, Midi. Evansville, Ind. Grand Rapids, Mich. Houston, Tex. Indianapolis, Ind. Jacksonville, Fla. Kansas City, Mo. Lincoln, Nebr. Little Rock, Ark. Los Angeles, Cal. Louisville, Ky. Lowell, Mass. Manchester, N. H. Memphis, Tenn. Milwaukee, Wis. Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn. Mobile, Ala. Nashville, Tenn. Newark, N. J. New Bedford, Mass. New Britain, Conn. New Haven, Conn. New Orleans, La. New York, N. Y. Norfolk, Ya. Oakland, Cal. Oklahoma City, Okla. Omaha, Nebr. Peoria, 111. Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. Portland, Me. Portland, Oreg. Providence, R. I. Pueblo, Colo. Reading, Pa. Richmond, Ya. Rochester, N. Y. Sacramento, Cal. Saginaw, Mich. St. Louis, Mo. Salt Lake City, Utah. San Antonio, Tex. San Francisco, Cal. Savannah, Ga. Scranton, Pa. Seattle, Wash. Sioux City, Iowa. South Bend, Ind. Spokane, Wash. Springfield, 111. Springfield, Mass. Springfield, Ohio. Superior, Wis. Syracuse, N. Y. Tacoma, Wash. Toledo, Ohio. Topeka, Kans. Washington, D. C. Wheeling, W. Ya. Wichita, Kans. Wilmington, Del. It will be observed that some of the large cities of the country are omitted from the list and that some cities of smaller size are included. This selection was made in order to get a representation from cities of different sizes rather than to take only the largest cities. An agent was sent to each of the several cities to collect the information desired. Practically all of the data were copied by the bureau agents from the records of the operating companies. The greater part of the information collected was for the month of May, 1914. It was necessary to take data for a later or earlier period from some of the companies because May records were not available, or because con ditions, as shown by the records for that month, were not normal. Information was refused by the company in Baltimore and in part by the companies in New Britain, New Haven, and one company in Seattle. The company in Albany declined to furnish agents any in formation, but the wage scale and figures concerning the maximum, minimum, and prevailing hours of employment asked for on the short form schedule mentioned below was obtained. In January, 1915, a short form schedule asking only for the number of motormen and conductors working at each wage rate, and the maxi mum, minimum, and prevailing hours of labor as of May, 1914, was sent out by mail to the companies operating in all cities of the country of any considerable size. Replies were received from 321 companies. For a list of the cities included see pages 38 to 48. A few com panies failed to respond to this request. The largest group of street railway employees peculiarly distinctive of the industry is that one which comprises the men operating the cars, which group includes motormen, conductors, gripmen, and INTRODUCTION. 11 guards. The greater part of this report is devoted to a study of conditions of employment in these occupations. A limited amount of data concerning wages and hours of labor is given, however, for certain other leading occupations in the street railway industry. DEFINITIONS OF OCCUPATIONS. In order that an understanding may be had of the work of street car employees a brief definition is given below of the several occupa tions for which information is published. First, is stated the occu pation term as it appears in this bulletin, followed (in parenthesis) by the occupation terms used by certain companies for the same class of work. Next follows the definition sufficiently comprehensive to cover the major word and the several synonymous or subordinate terms em braced thereby. The occupations are arranged alphabetically under three general classifications, namely, track and line occupations, transportation occupations, and barn and shop occupations. TRACK AND LINE OCCUPATIONS. Bonders (bonding men, bondmen).— Bond copper wire to tracks at joints to make a complete circuit for conducting the current. Test rails for defective bonds. Also, in some cities, drill and punch holes in the rails in which bonds are inserted. Light work, but a skilled and experienced employee is required. Bridgemen (draw tenders)— elevated lines.— Operate drawbridge built over navigable waters. Light work with considerable responsibility. Cablemen (cable joiners, riggers, splicers, wrappers).— Install and remove underground cables, connect and disconnect lengths of cables, rig cables for installation or removal, wrap cables in manholes. Skilled workmen. Conductors, other than on passenger cars (freight, mail, sand, sprinkler, etc.).— Have charge of car, signal motorman when to start and stop; also assist in loading and unload ing care. Drillers (drill runners).— Drill bond holes in web of rail for bond wires; also drill holes in fishplates, tie plates and rails on drill press. The work is fairly skilled and varies from light to heavy manual labor. Drivers, wagon (emergency drivers, teamsters, tower wagon men, wagon men).— Drive teams hauling tools and supplies to track gangs; drive emergency wagons to place where repairs are necessary and look after tools and material; drive teams of tower wagon used by linemen in repairing overhead trolley; look after teams and harness. Work is light labor. Fitters, track.— Fit tracks and switches at switches and crossovers, and repair switches. Experienced trackmen. Flagmen (crossing tenders; crossover men; flagmen, track; flagmen, transportation/ signalmen).— Guard crossings at steam railways to protect cars from collisions with railway trains; signal cars when it is safe to cross over from one track to another and use a section of track in both directions temporarily. Easy work, usually performed by employees incapacitated for service in other occupations. Grade men.— Line up tracks and track bed to the proper grade. Some skill and considerable experience. Greasers (curve cleaners, curve greasers, curve men, switch cleaners, track greasers, track oilers, track siveepers).— Clean and. grease curves and switches. Work very light and unskilled. Considerable time is consumed in travel from point to point, on company’s cars. 12 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. Interlocking maintainers and repairmen (elevated).— Keep switches, mechanical signals, and mechanical interlocking machines in repair, properly adjusted and greased, and also fill and maintain signal lamps. Laborers (freight brakemen, bridge tenders (surface lines), concrete mixers, cupola men, draiv tenders (surface lines), excavators, grouters, kettle men, track laborers, ladle men, rail men (elevated lines), rail sanders, rammers, sand driers, sawyers, rail cutters, tunnel men).— General unskilled work on and in connection with roadbeds and tracks. Laborers operate brakes on freight cars and assist in loading and unloading cars; oper ate drawbridges on surface lines over navigable waters; mix and prepare cement for use on track and about rails; have charge of portable cupola for melting iron for use in welding track joints; excavate for roadbeds; lay grouting (mixed cement, crushed stone or gravel, and sand) for paving along tracks; melt pitch in kettles for use in filling between bricks or blocks; carry melted metal from cupola in ladles and pour it into welding molds; do unskilled work involved in the erection and maintenance of contact rail and its fittings and the distribution and laying of cables which supply power to the contact rail; sand rails on heavy grades to prevent cars from slipping; ram paving blocks and assist pavers; work at steam-heated revolving drums which dry sand for sand boxes on cars; operate cold saws used in cutting rails; dig and clean tunnels. Where companies have a large number of unskilled laborers, they are subdivided and designated by many of the occupations shown above, while in small companies the term “ laborers’ ’ is applied to all unskilled work. Line inspectors (patrolmen).— Patrol line, make minor repairs, and notify line depart ment of other repairs that may be necessary. Experienced linemen. Lineman (emergency linemen, emergency men, insulator repair men, trouble men).— Construct, install, and maintain trolley wires, feeders, and transmission lines; take care of signals, trolley guards, and cables; answer emergency calls and repair trolley wires; put cars on track; erect fire bridges and clear all delays on line due to failure of equipment held for emergency calls; assemble, test, and repair insulators. Linemen sometimes dig holes and mix concrete when poles are set, but usually this work is done by helpers or groundmen. Most of the work is done from the deck of a line car or wagon, although considerable pole climbing is required. Skilled electricians. Linemen’s helpers (groundmen).— General work on construction and repair of trolley line. Dig holes, set poles, carry material, etc. Unskilled work under the direction of a lineman, for which position it is a training. Motormen, other than passenger cars (freight, mail, sand, sprinkler, etc.).— Operate motor work car carrying supplies for track and line construction and repair. Expe rienced motormen from passenger service are usually chosen for this work. Pavers.— Lay brick or block paving between rails and tracks and surface concrete and asphalt work. Manual labor requiring an experienced and skilled employee. Rail grinders (grinder men, grind men).— Operate grinder machine used for smooth ing rails and track joints after repairs and connections have been made. Light man ual labor, semiskilled. Sand-blast men.— Operate a compressed-air machine which cleans rail ends by a sand blast in preparation for welding rail joints. Shimmers.— Place shims (metal wedges) between rails to fill out space caused by loose joints, etc. Signal maintainers and repair men.— Inspect signal apparatus, correct or report all trouble, make adjustments on worn and loose parts, keep parts oiled, and act as emer gency men when trouble is reported. Experienced linemen. Switchmen (switch tenders),— Throw hand switches to enable cars to take right track. Light work, unskilled. Third-rail men (contact men).— Keep the trolley or contact rails in line, look after insulators and bonds, and install new contact rails when necessary. INTRODUCTION. 13 Towermen.— Operate hand and electric track switches from tower and set electric signals for cars to stop or go ahead over switch. Occupation requires men of good judgment and a knowledge of car routes. Work light. Trackmen.— Experienced workmen with some skill competent to do the highest grade of work necessary in making roadbeds, and laying and repairing tracks. Trackwalkers.— Patrol section of track one or more times a day, inspect rails, rail joints, frogs, switches, spikes, bolts, etc.; also sometimes grease curves. Unskilled work. Welders (cupola ivelders, cupola trappers, spot welders, electric welders).— Weld rail joints with molten iron to make a smooth and continuous surface. Also repair cupped or low joints, switch joints, and breaks in frogs or crossings. The work is largely supervisory, the casting molds being placed by laborers as directed and removed by them after the casting has cooled. TRANSPORTATION OCCUPATIONS. Collectors and agents, elevated.— Sell tickets, see that station is in order and that porters and gatemen perform their duties, and make reports of assignments to station duty and of condition of furniture and stairways. Conductors, elevated.— Have charge of train, open and close doors or gates in or between first and second cars of train, signal motormen to start train and make announcements. Experienced men are required in this occupation. Conductors, surface.— Have charge of the cars and signal the motorman when to start and stop the cars; collect fares and assist and safeguard passengers. A t the end of each day or trip, make reports of fares collected, transfers issued, delays, accidents, etc. Conductors must be physically strong, courteous, careful, above the ordinary intelligence of an unskilled laborer, and a judge of human nature to avoid quarrels with the public. The occupation is semiclerical in some respects and one of respon sibility rather than of skill. In the modern cars the work is comparatively easy, as fares are collected as passengers enter the car, but conductors are required in most cities to remain standing for long periods without opportunity for rest. Guards or brakemen, elevated.— Have charge of cars, open and close gates or doors, give starting signal to guard or conductor on car immediately ahead, and make announcements. A training for occupation of conductor or motorman. Gripmen, cable cars.— Operate cable cars by manipulating levers, which control, clamp or grip an underground, moving cable. The work is strenuous, requiring much strength and skill in order to control cars while in motion, etc. Inspectors.— Stationed on streets to see that cars operate on schedule, look after trouble, start cars after line blockades, reroute cars when necessary to avoid tie ups on line, etc. The occupation requires experienced men familiar with car routes and operating conditions. Motormen.— Operate the cars, starting only when signalled by the conductors, and open and close the door on pay cars; must have cars under control at all times, and avoid accidents or collisions. Traffic conditions are such that the occupation requires men physically strong, of good nerve, vitality, eyesight, judgment of speed and dis tance, and courage. The work is easily learned and should be classed as a responsible rather than a skilled occupation, although experience increases efficiency, especially in avoiding accidents. Employees usually reach the average of efficiency within two years. In most cities motormen are allowed to be seated when outside congested districts. Platform men, elevated.— Have charge of loading and unloading passengers, see that gates or doors are properly closed, and aid the movement of trains. Porters, elevated.— Clean stations, stairways, platforms, washrooms, etc. 14 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. Sjyecial officers, elevated.— Have charge of loading and unloading passengers, see that gates or doors are properly closed, aid movement of trains, have a little more authority than platform men, and receive higher pay. Starters.— See that cars leave terminal points on scheduled time. When blockades occur on the line, reroute cars to straighten schedules and perform duties of inspectors. Semiclerical occupation. Motormen and conductors are sometimes chosen for this work. Ticket choppers and gatemen, elevated.— Have charge of ticket box at gate and see that no one goes through the gate to the platform without depositing a ticket or pass. Yard conductors, elevated.— Have charge of trains as they are shifted and switched about yards or terminals while making up for runs or after runs have been made. Yard guards, elevated.— Couple and uncouple cars of trains as they are shifted about yards or terminals. Yard motormen, elevated.— Operate trains as they are shifted and switched about yards or terminals while making up for runs or after runs have been made. BARN AND SHOP OCCUPATIONS. Armature winders (armature coil winders, repairers and rewinders, coil winders, field coil winders).— Prepare armature cores for rewinding by swaging slots to the proper dimensions and contour. Inspect for mechanical defects and test the commutator for short circuits. Provide insulations; place coils in proper position in slots to con nect leads with commutator bars; wind coils for armatures to suitable form; provide for insulation between coils and armature cores and prepare them for armature rewind ing; test armatures and repair or rewind if found defective. In large companies the several subdivision occupational classifications are made, while in small companies armature winders and helpers perform all classes of work. Armature ivinders’ helpers (armature banders; armature strippers; brush-holder men, shop; brushmen, shop; coil dippers; commutator men; mica men).— Place rewound or repaired armature coils in banding lathe, attach and insulate insulating fiber strips for underbands, dust hoods and wind over the insulated fiber strips bands of steel wire; strip bands and defective insulations from armature coils, clean the cores, and prepare the armatures for rewinding; replace burnt-out parts on brush holder and repair insulation; replace and repair brushes which bear down on the commutator on the car; dip coils into insulating varnish and drain and dry them; inspect and adjust commutators, assemble the parts, and make minor repairs, such as short circuits; cut mica insulation out of grooves in commutator so that brushes come in contact with the copper surface of the commutator only. In large companies the several subdi vision occupational names above are used, while in small companies the term “ arma ture winders’ helpers” only is used. Bearing men ( babbitters, babbitt men, bearing molders, bearing pourers) .— Melt babbitt or soft metal linings out of armature or axle bearings of trucks or motors; prepare and reline bearings with new metal, and file rough edges. Semiskilled work, easily learned, involving only light manual labor. Car cleaners (scrubbers, sweepers, shed men, washers, wipers).— Clean, scrub, sweep, wash, and wipe or dust cars at terminals, barns, or sheds. Car oilers {car greasers, oilers).— Oil motor and air-compressor bearings, journals, and trolley wheels; inspect and replace worn brushes on motors; inspect speeders and tease up the packing in the bearing house. Unskilled laborers are employed for this position, who gradually acquire experience and become skilled in this particular line of work. In some cities this work is done by car repair men. Carpenters (car builders, car carpenters, finishers; see also car repairers).— Do the wood work on cars (framing, floors, roofs, doors, sash) and do the interior finishing (seats, curtains, signs, trimmings, etc.); inspect the car body for defects of the woodwork and INTRODUCTION. 15 make repairs and renewals. Skilled carpenters familiar with parts of car required. In large companies the work is usually subdivided, and employees specialize in certain operations. Car placers (car shifters).— Place cars at repair points in shops and barns; place them in proper positions in barn so that crews can readily locate them before time of begin ning runs; inspect cars and see that they are properly equipped; shift cars from barn to barn as the service demands. The work is similar to that of motormen. ■C r repairers ( air-brake men; air-compressor men; air men; brakemen; brake repairers; a brush-holder men, barn; brushmen, barn; car inspectors; compressor men; controller inspectors and repairers; controller men; door men; door repairers; dopers; fare-box men; fare-box repairers; fender men; fender repairers; gatesmiths; motor cleaners; motor inspec tors; motor repairers; overhaulers; pitmen; pole men; register men; register repairers; seat repairers; sheet-iron workers; stand men; terminal repairers; trolley inspectors; trolleymen; trolley repairers; truck inspectors; truckmen; truck repairers; upholsterers. (See also car penters).— Inspect, test, overhaul, adjust, repair, and sometimes clean parts of cars and car equipment, as air brakes, air compressors, governors, brake cylinders and valves, hand brakes and brake shoes, brushes, controllers, doors, fare boxes, fenders, gates, motors, trolley poles, registers, seats and seat backs, curtains, trolleys, trucks, etc. Dopers or pitmen work in a pit underneath cars, repairing lower parts; sheet-iron workers repair steel cars or steel parts of cars, shape and bore all sheet iron used in barns or car shops; stand men make emergency repairs at terminals or at the end of lines. In large companies the occupation of car repairers is subdivided into many of the occupational classes stated above while in small companies all who do repair work are called repairers or overhaulers. Employees who are handy with tools and apt in learning to do the work advance to higher classes as they become skilled and proficient. Car repairers' helpers (see details under car repairers).— Help car repairers in their work. Electrical workers (battery men, battery repairers, circuit breakers, commutator builders, commutator men, electrical inspectors and repairers, electricians, resistance men, wiremen, wireworkers).— Inspect and repair lighting circuits, heating circuits, resistance boxes, and other auxiliary electrical apparatus on cars; inspect, replace, and charge storage batteries; inspect and replace worn or broken parts of circuit breakers; wire cars for lights, bells, and motors. Light manual labor requiring skilled electricians. Laborers (< arc-light cleaners and lighters, beam scrapers, car coalers, car sanders, car shifters' helpers, jackers-up, light stand tenders, sand-car men, sanders, sand-house men, sheI men, shop hands, stove men).— Unskilled work around barns and shops; care of the oil house; saturate and drain packing waste; fill oil tanks; sweep floors; collect and dispose of rubbish; sort scrap materials; trim and clean arc lights used in and around barns and shops; scrape and clean dirt from brake beams and brake rigging; make fires in cars; keep coal in heaters; keep emergency supply of coal on cars and remove ashes; put sand in sand boxes on cars; assist car shifters by looking after the trolley and throwing switches; jack up car bodies and remove trucks and motors. Both heavy and light manual labor. Lamp men ( lamp cleaners and lamp tenders).— Clean and fill oil signal lamps; trim wicks, and keep lamps in condition for use. Light unskilled work, done by car repairmen in some places. Machinists (axle grinders, lathe men, machine hands, mechanics, punch men, wheel grinders, wheel pressmen, vise hands).— Operate lathes, planers, etc., in metal working shops, in connection with the repairs and renewals of truck, motor, car body and other parts of rolling stock; do bench work in fitting bearings to armatures and fitting parts made on machines. Occupation requires men of skill, accuracy and training. Work is both light and heavy manual labor. 16 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE U NITED STATES. Plow repairers (contact shoe men).— Assemble, rebuild, and repair plows for under ground connection between electric motor car and electric third rail; adjust and change parts which make connection with the third rail. Semiskilled work requiring a knowledge of plow construction to enable men to assemble parts. Found only in cities where electric current is transmitted to cars from an underground circuit. CHAPTER I.— WAGES OF CAR CREWS. The detailed figures pertaining to wage rates of motormen, con ductors, guards, and gripmen are presented in Table A, pages 393 to 485. The unit of wage payment is almost invariably by the hour. Nearly all companies pay a wagie scale that is increased automatically from time to time, according to the length of service, only a few com panies paying a flat rate. The increase in wage scale indicates the evident desire of the company to retain the services of experienced employees. In Brooklyn there was a merit and de'merit system which modified the seniority system, and in Washington one com T pany paid a flat rate, which, however, was supplemented by a bonus of different amounts based on length of satisfactory service. In each car-crew occupation there are two distinct groups, the* regular men and the extra men. The regular man has a regular run for five, six, or seven days of the week. The extra man works more or less intermittently, substituting for regular men in handling regular runs, or operating regular or extra short runs, commonly called tripper runs, or making additional runs which are scheduled for one or two days a week. The policy of the company is to have a suffi cient number of extra men available to meet any contingency. The extra man accepts such work as may be available until the change in personnel permits his getting a regular run. Some com panies carry an excessive number of extra men who get but little work perhaps for a period of several months and who consequently are anxious for work. With plenty of extra men available to fill every job there is a strong incentive for the regular man to be attentive to his duties. In companies having an increasing wage rate the advance for each year of service usually is about 1 cent per hour. The rate advances year by year up to a maximum flat rate. The advance in the rate frequently continues up to the fifth year of service and in some companies for a longer period, even as much as 10 years or longer. A few companies make advances in rates in three or six month intervals in the early part of service. Several companies make advances at longer intervals than a year, after the first year of service. While motormen and conductors usually receive the same wages for the same length of service, the figures show that the average CHAP. I .---- WAGES OF CAE CHEWS. 17 wage of motormen generally is greater than that of conductors, due to a greater average length of service. In considering the wage rate per hour of motormen, conductors, etc., it should be borne in mind that although as an extra man the work afforded is more or less irregular, when once a man becomes a regular man he has the opportunity to work full time. Street railway operation is not so materially affected by seasonal conditions, industrial depression, or bad weather as are many other industries. CLASSIFIED RATES OF WAGES. For ready comparison of the rates of wages in the several cities, a table (Table 1) is here given, showing for each occupation the number of persons employed at each classified rate. The classi fication of rates is made in 1-cent groups, which is sufficiently close to indicate the rates, as well as the range of rates, for each city. Like General Table A (p. 393), there are two sections of this table. The first section presents figures for companies from which data were collected by special agents, wage rates of regular and extra men being shown separately. The second section gives the data for companies from which data were collected by correspondence. In this section, the data for regular and extra men have not been segregated. Two totals are given in Table 1 for each occupation. One total is for the surface lines and the other for the elevated and subway lines. Immediately below the figures of each total cumula tive percentages are ejitered, which indicate the per cent of men falling in or below the class specified. Reading the first line of Table 1, it is seen that in Altoona, Pa., of the regular motormen 5 were paid 20 and under 21 cents per hour, 7 were paid 21 and under 22 cents per hour, etc., the highest group being 3 night-car men paid 27 and under 28 cents per hour. The total figures for regular motormen for the surface lines show 4 men paid 15 and under 16 cents per hour, 2 paid 16 and under 17 cents per hour, 53 paid 17 and under 18 cents per hour, etc. Immedi ately below the total are cumulative percentages computed in round numbers without extended decimals. Out of the total 30,363 regular motormen on surface lines, the numbers 4, 2, and 53, are insignificant. The 4, 2, 53, and 120, or 179 regular motormen, constituting approxi mately 1 per cent of the total, were paid under 19 cents per hour. The number 179 plus 193, making 372 men earning under 20 cents per hour, still constitutes approximately but 1 per cent of the total. The sum of 374 and the several preceding numbers is 746, constituting approximately 2 per cent of the whole number, 30,363, that were paid under 21 cents per hour. Following the percentages 39749°— Bull. 204—17------ 2 18 STREET B A ILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. it is seen that 56 per cent, or more than half the men, were paid under 29 cents per hour, 98 per cent under 34 cents per hour, etc. On the elevated and subway lines the lowest rate paid is in the group 30 and under 31 cents per hour paid to 19 regular motormen, the highest rate, 37 and under 38 cents per hour, paid to 568 men. With these illustrations the table can readily be understood. No average has been computed of the rates for all companies com bined. The median or middle classified rate for each occupation, however, is here shown for group I and group II. The median rate is the rate of the man having as many men of lower rates below him as of higher rates above him. It is the rate at which 50 per cent of the men are shown in the cumulative percentages. The median or middle rate for each occupation was— GROUP I. Motormen, regular, surface, 28 and under 29 cents per hour. Motormen, extra, surface, 25 and under 26 cents per hour. Motormen, regular, elevated and subway, 35 and under 36 cents per hour. Motormen, extra, elevated and subway, 30 and under 31 cents per hour. Conductors, regular, surface, 27 and under 28 cents per hour. Conductors, extra, surface, 24 and under 25 cents per hour. Conductors, regular, elevated and subway, 26 and under 27 cents per hour. Conductors, extra, elevated and subway, 25 and under 26 cents per hour. Gripmen, regular, surface, 31 and under 32 cents per hour. Gripmen, extra, surface, 25 and under 26 cents per hour. Guards, regular, elevated and subway, 23 and under 24 cents per hour. Guards, extra, elevated and subway, 21 and under 22 cents per hour. GROUP II. Motormen, regular and extra, surface, 25 and under 26 cents per hour. Conductors, regular and extra, surface, 25 and under 26 cents per hour. 20 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. T able l . —N UM BER OF CAR CR EW MEN R ECEIVING I .—Cities from which data were MOTORMEN: REGULAR. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. Line No. 15 | 16 and; and un un der der 16 17 17 and un der 18 18 and un der 19 1 City. 5 3 5 25 3 'Y 7 60 3 20 Altoona, Pa......................................................... Augusta, Ga........................................................ 19 2 0 21 22 23 24 25 and and and and and and and un un un un- un un un der der der * der der der der 20 21 22 25 23 24 26 21 2 31 18 19 1 i Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated R y. C o Surface lines......................................... Elevated lines...................................... | i Buffalo, N. Y ...................................................... Butte, Mont........................................................ 35 i I I 4 Chattfvrmopa,, Tp-pri............ Chicago, 111.: I J 6 i 2 127 60 70 25 14 19 13 15 O /lp.vfilaTiri, Ohio___________________________ Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation..................... Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff division of Fort Worth lines. Davenport, Iowa................................................ Denver, Colo....................................................... Des Moines, Iowa.......................*...................... Detroit, Mich ................................................... Evansville, Ind.................................................. Grand Rapids, Mich......................................... Houston, Tex...................................................... Indianapolis, Ind............................................... Jacksonville, Fla................................................ Kansas City, Mo................................................ Lincoln, Nebr..................................................... Little Rock, Ark................................................ Los Angeles, Cal................................................. Louisville, K y .................................................... Lowell, Mass....................................................... Manchester. N. H .............................................. Memphis, Tenn.................................................. Milwaukee, W is................................................. Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn..................... Mobile^ Ala.......................................................... Nashville, Tenn................................................. Newark, N. J...................................................... New Bedford, Mass........................................... New Britain Conn .......................... New Haven, Conn............................................. New Orleans La ...................... New York, N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co..................... New York & Queens County Ry. Co New York Rys. Co.— Horse-car lines..................................... Storage-battery car lines.................... All lines except horse and storagebattery car lines. Third Avenue, R y . Co.— The Bronx ............... ... ! i | 1 1 'RmnVl'tm XvoiU Transit, Co felevated r»rtfl>KIViL‘Rsmifl XlClilOlt vv* \vlv vaivu _ lU lines V 1 14 42 149 80 73 19 13 39 14 19 51 j Chicago Surface Lines............................... Interborongh Rapid Transit Co.— 10 1 ! 7 11 4 19 33 I ... 2 7 37 1 1 3 40 : 1 14 I 1 3 28 3 22 2 1 8 1 ! ...J .. 1 1 1 1 ! I 1 | 1.. i .. 3 9 1 1 1 1 24 . . . . 27 i 10 . . . J .... "I . i 1 15 28 21 27 32 3 24 27 23 46 25 2 164 13 11 12 20 61 254 12 8 5 89 51 4 20 2 14 ! 26 i !____ 1_____ 22 36 36 i 15 1 52 i 8 03 10 1 52 3 4 I 5 30 592 | 305 46 4 13 52 1 262 e 64 6220 i ! 52 66 4 30 i 48 42 1 1 ! 39 4 33 ! 1 I ! i 1 25 4 7 6 19 11 4 17 18 2 31 i 1 1 1 1 10 13 9 2 32 1 j 1 3 i ! l ! -- 10 2 26 *168* | ........1......... J 1 i Hill-car men. a Night-car men. . s Motormen and conductors; worked interchangeably. , ^, _ , ., 4 Drivers. Rate computed from daily rate on a 10-hour-day basis; runs of under 8 hours on duty were paid for as 8 hours* over 8 to 9, paid for as 9; over 9 to 10, paid for as 10; over 10 were credited to the nearest 6 minutes. 21 CHAP. I.---- WAGES OP CAR CHEWS. EACH CLASSIFIED R A T E OP W A G E S PER H O U R , obtained by special agents. MOTORMEN: REGULAR. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. Line 34 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 35 37 38 39 42 45 33 36 40 No. and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un Total. der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 29 31 32 34 35 37 38 30 27 28 33 39 36 40 41 43 46 i6 3 73 317 26 61 188 1 2 1478 58 6 556 3 36 364 3 1 00 45 1 52 1........ 84 9 10 11 12 351 3367 605 809 14 15 16 17 1 22 2 18 19 37 16 10 2 6 57 17 1117 243 13 13 36 45 79 94 189 ' 48 340 13 39 27 175 5 192 314 2611 346 23 72 62 52 194 246 154 973 55 133 131 259 154 175 46 47 6 43 64 1383 4S 49 50 420 594 51 52 357 198 230 53 54 55 86 124 110 12 11 10 74 5 118 42 108 86 68 350 294 108 54 268 103 55 38 10 12 25 9 5 143 42 210 11 3 3 14 6 165 6 211 502 515 394 117 "55 ' 480 715 132 329 6 787 254 1 '1 1 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 616 65 57 847 341 97 40 177 20 143 13 67 158 494 70 24 209 592 137 37 861 77 25 7 1913 164 102 32 4 5 8 796 8 3 7107 78 19 7 1 12 7 250 7 120 198 5 Drivers. 6 Rate computed from daily rate on 10-hour-day basis; runs of under 8 hours on duty were paid for as 8 hours; over 8 to 9, paid for as 9; over 9 to 10, paid for as 10; over 10 were credited to the nearest 6 minutes. 7 Rate computed from daily rate on a 10-hour-day basis. STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED T able l-N U M B E R OF CAR CREW I.—Cities froi MOTORMEN, REGULAR—Concluded. Number of employees who rec rate of wages (cents) City. M. U 44 45 Norfolk, V a ......................................................... Oakland, Cal....................................................... Oklahoma City, Okla....................................... Omaha, Nebr...................................................... Peoria, 111............................................................. Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit C o .Elevated lines................ ..................... Surface lines......................................... Pittsburgh, Pa.................................................... Portland, Me....................................................... Portland, Oreg.................................................... Providence, R . I ................................................ Pueblo, Colo........................................................ Reading, Pa........................................................ Richmond, V a.................................................... Rochester, N. Y ................................................. SacramentOj Cal................................................. Saginaw, Mich.................................................... St. Louis, Mo...................................................... Salt Lake City. Utah........................................ San Antonio, Tex............................................. San Francisco, Cal.: Municipal Railways of San Francisco.. United Railroads of San Francisco----Savannah, Ga..................................................... Scranton, Pa....................................................... Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co. Seattle Municipal Street R y ..................... Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. C o ... Sioux City, Iowa................................................ South Bend, Ind................................................ Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R. R. Co___ The Washington Water Power Co......... Springfield, 111.................................................... Springfield, Mass................................................ Springfield, Ohio................................................ Superior, W is...................................................... Syracuse, N. Y ................................................... Tacoma, Wash.................................................... Toledo, Ohio........... ........................................... Topeka, Kans..................................................... Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co................... ............... Washington Railway & Electric C o .. . . Wheeling, W . V a ............................................... Wichita, Kans.................................................... Wilmington, Del.: People’s Ry. C o ......................................... Wilmington & Philadelphia TractionCo. 46 47 48 49 Total, surface lines.......................... Per cent (cumulative)................... Total, elevated and surface lines. Per cent (cumulative)................... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 15 and un der 16 16 , 17 18 and and; and un un-j under deri der 17 18 19 19 and under 20 21 and and un un der der 22 21 14 19 11 30 17 19 26 17 10 12 13 30 3471 1 Including extra men; not reported separately. 2 Rate computed from daily rate on 9-hour-day basis. 8 Not including 13 drivers on horse cars. 4 CHAP. I .---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR—Continued, agents—Continued. MOTORMEN, REGULAR—Concluded. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. 42 45 38 39 31 32 33 34 35 29 28 27 40 37 30 36 26 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un Total. der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 29 32 34 27 43 46 33 37 36 40* 41 35 31 38 33 44 40 34 a. 26 17 32 1964 932 65 76 352 62 237 108 1 2 37 2330 1045 16 6 3 4 5 7 8 121 28 11 68 9 371 389 41 55 199 267 85 36 135 10 11 12 1201 154 150 149 41 76 95 722 62 95 122 164 159 i 434 "l0 29 58 43 8 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 244 41 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 257 301 67 54 40 41 42 43 30 67 44 45 &30363 46 47 48 49 76 97 64 170 57 24 147 4 2 121 101 1752 3905 3944 1546 5520 1875 3715 30 97 43 79 85 56 61 17 19 2 3 26 17 4 Not including 30 drivers on horse cars. 5 Not including 43 drivers on horse cars. 6 Less than one-half of 1 per cent. 1231 2 4 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. T able l . —NUM BER OF CAR CR EW MEN R ECEIVING I .—Cities from which data were MOTORMEN: EXTRA. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. Line No. City. 16 and un der 17 Altoona, Pa......................................................... 17 and un der 18 18 and un der 19 17 15 and un der 16 29 4 19 2 0 24 21 22 23 25 and and and and and and and un un un un un un un der der der der der der der 22 21 24 20 26 23 25 12 Augusta, Ga........................................................ 11 12 35 3 , 4 6 11 9 1 6 21 1 1 1 Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co.— Surface lines......................................... F-lAvatdfl linp,s___ , r. ____ Brockton, Mass.................................................. 26 95 .... 3 .... 2 1 9 4 Chicago, 111.: Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation.................... Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff division of Fort Worth lines. Davenport, Iowa................................................ Denver Colo....................................................... Des Moines, Iowa.............................................. Detroit Mich .................................................. Evansville, In d .................................................. Grand Rapids, Mich......................................... Houston, Tex..................................................... Indianapolis, Ind............................................... Jacksonville, Fla................................................ Kansas City, Mo.............................................. Lincoln Nebr .................< .................... Little Rock, Ark. ................................... . . . Los Angeles, Cal................................................ Louisville, K y .................................................... Lowell, Mass....................................................... Manchester, N. H ....................................... Memphis, Tenn.................................................. Milwaukee, Wis.................................................. Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn................. Mobile^ A la.......................................................... Nashville, Tenn.................................................. Newark, N. J...................................................... New Bedford, Mass........................................... New Britain, Conn........................................ New Haven, Conn............................................. New Orleans, La.............................................. New York, N. Y.:Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co................... New York & Queens County Ry. Co New York Rys. Co.— Horse-car lines................................... Storage-battery car lines................... All lines except horse and storagebattery car lines. Third Avenue R y . Co.— The Bronx ............................... Manhattan ................................. Interborough Rapid Transit Co.— 1 1 10 47 78 72 5 7 5 4 1 17 26 119 114 4 2 3 1 3 26 9 12 12 12 10 1 50 15 18 .... .... 61 Charleston. S. C.................................................. 12 2 123 1 3 22 8 3 6 2 1 6 1 3 36 161 13 2 17 3 1 20 1 2 177 4 104 9 6 22 14 7 85 214 23 91 3 46 37 12 1 16 7 "s 3 1 " 50" ” 47* "l7 ' 20 9 91 2 10 3 1 136 301 73 3 3 5 33 2 31 s 16 5 256 102 m ' Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines). Motormen and conductors; worked interchangeably. Conductors and guards acting as motormen. Drivers Rate computed from daily rate on a 10-hour-day basis; runs of under 8 hours on duty were' f™ as 8 paid for oo q hours; nvor s to q tskaA fnr as 9 ; over 9 to 10 , paid for as 1 0 ; over 1 0 , were credited to the nearest over 8 9, paid for as 6 minutes. < Drivers. 1 2 3 CHAP. I .— WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 25 EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR—Continued, obtained by special agents—Continued. MOTORMEN: EXTRA. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. Lino 27 32 29 28 26 34 31 30 33 35 36 38 37 42 45 39 40 No. and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un Total. der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 32 29 27 28 33 31 30 37 34 35 38 36 41 39 40 43 46 23 96 15 21 42 1 266 307 129 13 3 29 5 7 2 10 2 ” 34* 1 1 1 1 18 1 13 1 1 736 53 56 108 i 32 21 5 24 27 7 9 17 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 i.59* *287’ 2 86 2 21 100 8 13 3 80 845 193 320 84 236 1 3 38 20 3 25 72 33 18 19 87 36 228 18 32 59 127 36 189 18 9 2 14 15 16 17 57 26 2 20 21 22 19 193 123 55 25 50 109 352 19 53 133 32 15 124 136 369 80 3 2 2 1 21 3 1 1 22 11 10 5 2 46 47 44 1 4 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 20 11 21 4 1 ...... 1 1 20 12 19 4 54 69 5 10 16 279 48 49 50 - 30 3 6 132 118 51 52 58 15 50 53 54 55 1 1 6 39 6 11 17 6 16 63 64 31 2 » Rate computed from daily rate on 10-hour-day basis; runs of under 8 hours on duty were paid for as 9 hours; over 8 to 9, paid for as 9 hours; over 9 to 10, paid for as 10; over 10, were credited to the nearest 6 minutes. 6 Rate computed from daily rate on a 10 -hour-day basis. STREET? RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED T able 1.—NUMBER OF CAR CREW I .—Cities fro MOTORMEN: EXTRA—Concluded. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. City. u. Norfolk, V a ......................................................... Oakland, Cal....................................................... 3 Oklahoma City, Okla....................................... 4 Omaha, Nebr...................................................... 5 Peoria, 111............................................................. Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co.— Elevated lines...................................... 6 Surface lines......................................... 7 8 Pittsburgh, Pa.................................................... 9 Portland, Me....................................................... 10 Portland, Oreg.................................................... 11 Providence, R. I ................................................ 12 Pueblo, Colo........................................................ 13 Reading, Pa........................................................ 14 Richmond, V a .................................................... 15 Rochester, N. Y ................................................. 16 Sacramento, Cal................................................. 17 Saginaw, Mich.................................................... 18 St. Louis, Mo...................................................... 19 Salt Lake City, Utah........................................ 20 San Antonio, Tex.............................................. San Francisco, Cal.: Municipal Railways of San Francisco... 21 United Railroads of San Francisco........ 22 23 Savannah, Ga..................................................... 24 Scranton, Pa....................................................... Seattle, W ash.:. Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power 25 Co.2 Seattle Municipal Street R y.................... 26 Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. Co___ 27 28 Sioux City, Iowa................................................ 29 South Bend, Ind................................................ Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R. R. C o... 30 The Washington Water Power Co......... 31 32 Springfield, 111............................ : ..................... 33 Springfield, Mass.......................'....................... 34 Springfield, Ohio................................................ 35 Superior, W is..................................................... 36 Syracuse, N . Y ................................................... 37 Tacoma, Wash................................................... 38 Toledo, Ohio....................................................... 39 Topeka, Kans..................................................... Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co................................... 40 41 Washington Railway & Electric Co----42 Wheeling, W . V a .............................................. 43 Wichita, Kans.................................................... Wilmington, Del.: 44 People’s Ry. Co.......................................... Wilmington & Philadelphia Traction Co 45 15 and un der 16 16 and un der 17 17 and un der 18 18 and un der 19 19 and un der 22 21 24 20 23 25 and and and and and and un un un un un un der der der der der der 24 22 25 26 20 21 1 2 46 47 48 49 Total, surface lines............................ Per cent (cumulative)..................... Total, elevated and subway lines. Percent (cumulative)..................... 13 14 13 106 204 128 1 261 1 3 5 I 8 4 394 12 i Motormen and conductors; worked interchangeably. * Extra men are included with regular men; not reported separately. 3 Rate computed from daily rate on 9-hour-day l-~-~ 4 Not including 3 drivers on horse-car lines. CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. IACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR—Continued, btained by special agents—Continued. MOTORMEN s EXTRA—Concluded. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. 42 h 39 40 32 35 36 37 38 28 31 34 29 30 33 27 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and £ un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un I der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der ( 41 43 37 40 32 33 34 38 39 31 35 28 29 27 J . 1 2 3 4 5 128 115 24 55 3 ’ 147 23 24 15 207 57 1 2 6 70 19 13 31 8 7 60 9 10 11 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 124 31 20 21 20 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 12 23 34 1 31 40 41 42 43 44 45 1070 1148 70 82 831 91 27 270 94 32 10 22 110 64 67 99 47 11 41 84 2 99 1 84 17 91 20 30 100 5 19 100 1 100 100 5 Not including 1 driver on horse-car lines. 6 Not including 4 drivers on horse-car lines. ? Less than one-half of 1 per cent. 1 100 46 47 48 49 28 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN' TH E UNITED STATES. Table 1.— UM BER N OF CAR CR EW MEN RECEIVING I.—Cities from which data were COND UCTORS: R EGULAR. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. City. No. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 15 16 and. and un■ under• der 16 17 18 and un der 19 17 and un der 18 19 2 0 21 22 24 23 25 and and and and and and and un un un un un un un der der der der der der der 21 22 20 23 24 25 26 4 Altoona, P a ....................................................... Atlanta, Ga......................................................... Augusta, Ga........................................................ Binghamton, N. Y ............................................ Birmingham, A la.............................................. Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co.— Surface lines......................................... Elevated lines...................................... Brockton, Mass.................................................. Buffalo, N. Y ...................................................... Butte, Mont.3 ..................................................... 31 4 10 U 52 i 31 36 15 12 8 4 IC O 78 25 130 3 1 22 4 6 13 10 13 9 l i 13 | 12 10 3 101 1 6 1 56 15 ! 12 12 30 3 13 2 12 7 i Chattanooga, Tenn............................................ Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways..................... Chicago Surface Lines............................... Cleveland, Ohio.................................................. Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation...................... Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff .. division of Fort Worth lines. Davenport, Towa................................................ Denver, C o lo ..................................................... Des Moines, Iowa.............................................. Detroit, Mich...................................................... Evansville, Ind.......................... - ...................... Grand Rapids, Mich......................................... Houston, Tex..................................................... Indianapolis, Ind............................................... Jacksonville, Fla................................................ Kansas City, M o................................................ Lincoln, Nebr..................................................... little Rock, Ark................................................ Los Angeles, Cal................................................. Louisville, K y .................................................... Lowell, Mass....................................................... Manchester, N. H .............................................. Memphis, Tenn.................................................. Milwaukee, W i s ................................................ Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn.................... Mobile, Ala ........................................................ Nashville, T e n n ................................................ Newark, N .J .................................................... New Bedford, M ass......................................... New Britain, Conn........................................... New Haven, Conn............................................. New Orleans, L a .............................................. New York, N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co.................... New York & Queens County Ry. Co New York Rys. Co.— Horse-car lines..................................... Storage-battery car lines................... All lines except horse and storagebattery car lines. Third Avenue R y. Co.— The Bronx ........................................ Manhattan.......................................... Interborough Rapid Transit Co.— Elevatel lines,.................................... Subway lines .................................... Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines). 6 50 10 61 4 23 7 1 27 1 1' 33 ! ' 166 51 97 19 4 10 ! 4 3 35 59 12 20 6 1 1 15 26 2 16 25 7 ! I 15 12 4 1 14 22 32 41 48 16 40 4 18 44 10 27 2 175 10 6 6 9 9 4 27 47 16 27 30 10 37 106 6 8 67 245 27 18 6 8 6 6 102 10 20 53 5 5 29 591 1 27 . . . . 2 27 65 13 16 114 16 80 90 24 9 |40 14 53 9 47 ___ 1 ___ ____ 1 Hill-car men. 2 Night-car men. s See Motormen: Regular. 1 , 63 4 20 48 56 97 3 368 34 435 « 19 4 63 4635 4202 194 127 108 | *30 & 30 35 92 5 27 5 17 13 3 19 5 15 183 i 29 CH AP. I .---- WAGES OF CAR CBEWS. EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR—Continued, obtained by special agents—Continued. CONDUCTORS: REGULAR. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. 32 38 33 34 35 42 45 39 37 27 28 29 30 31 36 40 26 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un Total. der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 34 32 33 41 38 39 37 35 36 40 27 28 29 30 31 43 46 i7 1 22 312 27 62 183 1 35 121 14 4 20 8 57 Line No. 307 31 43 30 650 391 54 1469 52 81 558 78 (3 ) 48 54 81 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 U 12 13 150 319 166 140 183 737 21 22 206 591 1919 153 46 47 4 362 39 63 1312 48 49 50 219 116 413 573 51 52 333 177 231 53 54 55 122 53 21 83 38 107 14 233 95 82 26 3 66 22 10 209 80 54 252 1 1 5 80 115 I 49 206 i 160 70 1 11 8 4 16 395 4113 130 15 16 13 6 60 31 .... 1..... .... I.._. 1 .. 1 .. 1 " 113 381 119 263 84 610 64 59 830 339 95 37 208 479 704 71 149 488 119 20 .. . "I" 1 1 . . 68 22 " 340 5257 n i5 4 8 20 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 22 146 18 19 74 248 157 946 54 310 2152 796 52 78 7 3 187 1 2 11 22 14 15 16 17 21 282 176 333 3353 600 818 118 59 28 .... 1 .... ...... 1 i i 1 ! Rate computed from daily rate on a 10-hour-day basis; runs of under 8 hours on duty were paid for as hours; over 8 to 9, paid for as 9; over 9 to 10, paid for as 10; over 10, were credited to the nearest 6 minutes, e Rate computed from daily rate on a 10-hour-day basis. STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED T a b le 1.—NUMBER OF CAR CREW MEN RE I.— Cities from which < CONDUCTORS: REGULAR—Concluded. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. ine City. *o. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 15 and un der 16 Norfolk, V a ......................................................... Oakland, Cal....................................................... Oklahoma City, O kla....................................... Omaha, N ebr...................... ............................... Peoria, 111............................................................. Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia R apid Transit Co— Elevated lines...................................... Surface lines......................................... Pittsburgh, Pa............................... .................... Portland, M e....................................................... Portland, Oreg.................................................... Providence, R . I ................................................ Pueblo, C olo........................................................ ............... Reading, P a ....................................... • R ichm ond, V a .................................................... Rochester, N . Y ................................................. Sacramento^ C al................................................. Saginaw, M ich.................................................... St. Louis, M o ...................................................... Salt Lake City, U t a h ....................................... San Antonio, T e x .............................................. San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable R . R . Co............. Municipal Railways of San Francisco... United Railroads of San Francisco........ Savannah, Ga...................................................... Scranton, Pa........................................................ Seattle, W ash.: Puget Sound Traction Light & Power Co. Seattle Municipal Street R y ................. Seattle, R enton & Southern R y . C o___ Sioux City, Iow a................................................ South Bend, In d ................................................ Spokane, W ash.: Spokane & Inland E m pire R . R . C o___ The W ashington W ater Power Co......... Springfield, 111.................................................... Springfield, Mass................................................ Springfield, Ohio................................................ Superior, W is ...................................................... Syracuse, N. Y ................................................... Tacoma, W ash.................................................... Toledo, Ohio........................................................ Topeka, Kans..................................................... Washington, D . C.: Capital Traction C o ....................................j Washington Railw ay & Electric C o___ Wheeling, W .V a ............................................... W ichita, K a n s.................................................... W ilm ington, D el.: People’s R y . C o .......................................... W ilm ington & Philadelphia Traction Co Total, surface lines.................................. 4 Per cent (cumulative)............................ (3) Total, elevated and subway lines....... 1— Per cent (cumulative)............................ !— 16 and un der 17 17 and un der 18 18 and un der 19 22 23 24 25 21 and and and and and un un un un un un der der der der der der 23 21 22 24 25 26 1 , and 9 20 and un der 20 12 28 51 33 53 63 57 17 15 16 13 10 14 15 27 80 168 ( 3) 1 1 Including extra men; not reported separately. Rate computed from daily rate on 9-hour-day basis. 2 20 1092 1350 3521 13 25 95 57 13 31 CHAP. I .---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR—Continued, obtained by special agents—Continued. CONDUCTORS: REGULAR—Concluded. Num ber of em ployees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. Line N o. 42 45 39 34 37 28 40 38 32 29 33 35 36 31 30 27 26 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un u n un un un un un u n un un un un un Total. un der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 41 43 46 39 38 32 28 29 40 34 37 35 33 31 30 36 27 | 6 33 4 40 0 50 90 68 24 31 38 276 84 37 63 10 112 46 3 64 254 3 32 41 20 1 6 21 1 1 1 1 j 269 4 13 1 6 59 1 1 ........1 ......... 442 1 12 1 137 37 28 168 76 112 55 84 65 J 169 i 79 150 139 2 124 95 1 i 27 ____ I____ _____ 1 54 1 51 134 . . . 7 6 18 3 13 6 8 10 2 22 6 2 13 1 146 *ii ‘ * ' 4* 3 *23 124 6 2 3 18 5 1 I 30 74 ! 4 2 21 2116 1 1 ........1......... 1 . | i 4 8 i r i ........ 1 ___ ........I........ 3 2 , 1 . 34 ! i ! ' " 1 t 1 ; ! 1 1 1 | . ; 1 1 1 I 1 ...1 ! ! i ’ . 1 1 ........i___ l ! ! .... ........j........ L .. . 1 327 1 34 99 ! 99 31 1 100 j 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 1 22 53 95 715 61 124 23 24 25 47 99 27 99 133 100 1 s Less than one-half of 1 per cent. I I 1 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 31 64 ........j ‘ j ........1........ 1 1 41 7 100 100 1 13 100 26 8 28 48 42 255 299 68 42 1 ; ! ; | j i j ! 1 : i 1 I ; 1 ____ 1____ ' __________ !____ 1 i i 1 . ' . . .......... 1 ! , I i 1 | 2074 3392 3102 1871 4720 1373 3103 40 51 61 88 98 67 83 31 6 386 286 70 94 97 97 9 10 11 75 99 i 64 172 55 28 146 106 238 41 1 1 ! ; i 6 7 8 1474 i........ 1 7 1 ! 1 1 3 4 5 37 2346 1020 119 413 381 42 57 200 269 82 34 1191 ! 149 142 | 21 1 2 68 356 55 234 l06 4! 7 1 5 132 13 1 : i ; 1 1 1 '! ........1 ........ ..................J ................. | ........ ! . . . . 1 ........i........ ............................-........ I........ I .. .. I I . . . . ..... ..... . j , 31 115 30 30 : 433 1590 89 811 52 27 1 ! 1 j 9 36 53 1 30105 1,163 , 1 45 46 47 48 49 50 32 STREET RAILWAY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 1 .— NUMBER OF CAR CREW MEN RECEIVING I«— Cities from which data were CONDUCTORS: EXTRA. N um ber of em ployees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. Line City. N o. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21* 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 30 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 Altoona, Pa.......................................................... Atlanta, Ga......................................................... Augusta, G a........................................................ Binghamton, N. Y ............................................. Birmingham, A la ............................................... Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated R y . Co.— Surface lines......................................... Elevated lines...................................... Brockton, Mass................................................... Buffalo, N. Y ...................................................... Butte, Mont.2...................................................... Charleston. S. C.................................................. Charlotte, N. C................................................... Chattanooga, Tenn............................................ Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated R ailw ays..................... Chicago Surface L ines............................... Cincinnati, O hio................................................ Cleveland, Ohio................................"................. Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation..................... Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cl ill division of Fort W orth lines. Davenport, Iowa................................................ Denver, Colo....................................................... Des Moines, Iow a.............................................. Detroit, M ich...................................................... Evansville, In d .................................................. Grand Rapids, M ich......................................... Houston, T e x ...................................................... Indianapolis, In d ............................................... Jacksonville, Fla................................................ Kansas City, M o................................................ Lincoln, N ebr..................................................... Little R ock, A rk ................................................ Los Angeles, Cal................................................ Louisville, K y .................................................... Lowell, Mass....................................................... Manchester, N. H .............................................. Memphis, T enn.................................................. Milwaukee, W is.................................................. Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn.................... Mobile, A la .......................................................... Nashville, Tenn................................................. Newark, N . J.................................................... . New Bedford, Mass......................................... . New Britain, Conn............................................ New Haven, Conn........................................... . New Orleans, L a .............................................. New Y ork, N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit. C o.................... New Y ork & Queens County R y. C o .. New Y ork Rys. Co.— Horse-car lines..................................... Storage-battery car lines................... A ll lines except horse and storagebattery car lines. Third Avenue R y. Co.— The B ronx.............................................. Manhattan............. ................................ B rooklyn R apid Transit Co. (elevated lines.) Norfolk V a ........................................................ Oakland, Cal...................................................... Oaklahoma City, Okla................................... Omaha, N eb r.................................................... Peoria, 111.2.......................................... - ............ 15 16 I 17 and and and un-| un-| un der der der 16 17 18 18 and un der 19 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 and and and and and and and un un un un un un un der der der der der der der 20 21 22 24 25 26 16 2 24 128 60 86 32 164 31 2 294 2 See Motormen: Extra. 33 CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. EACH CLASSIFIED R ATE OF W A G E S PER HOUR—Continued, obtained by special agents—Continued. CONDUCTORS: E X T R A . Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. 32 28 29 34 37 38 39 27 31 33 30 35 36 40 42 26 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 32 28 29 30 34 41 31 33 35 36 37 38 39 40 27 43 i 27 no 13 24 82 1 , I 456 17 270 12 7 7 779 24 58 128 (2) 23 2 39 1 45 and un Total. der 46 1 Line No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 30 271 48 13 2 2 4 1 67 292 13 5 927 207 359 14 15 16 17 46 289 10 11 12 18 19 20 1 21 58 2 5 439 74 1 13 9 2 4 1 1 1 1 4 7 23 13 3 1 3 48 49 50 172 173 17 4 2 46 47 15 13 305 2 7 16 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 51 52 53 35 95 54 55 56 211 2 10 20 21 22 18 23 233 134 51 35 72 157 352 14 . 80 155 36 13 123 164 11 101 1 15 171 40 251 19 44 74 115 40 1 1 3 17 2 70 5 7 4 5 1 1 2 10 1 80 57 ........1 ......... 58 (2) Rate computed from daily rate on a 10 -hour-day basis; runs of under 8 hours on duty were paid for as 8 hours; over 8 to 9, paid for as 9; over 9 to 10, paid for as 10; over 10, were credited to the nearest 6 minutes. 3 39749°— Bull. 204— 17------ 3 34 STREET RAILWAY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 1 .— NUMBER OF CAR CREW MEN RECEIVING I.— Cities from which data were CONDUCTORS, EXTRA—Concluded. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. Line No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 30 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 City. 15 and un der 16 Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co.— Elevated lines...................................... Surface lines......................................... Pittsburgh, Pa.................................................... ...................... r- Portlandf Me................ . Portland, Oreg.................................................... Providence, R. I ................................................ Pueblo, Colo........................................................ Reading, Pa........................................................ Richmond, V a .................................................... ............................ Rochester, N. Y ............. Sacramento^ Cal.................................................. ................ Pfiginp.w; Mirth fit. Lmiis, Mo ...................... Salt Lake City, Utah..... .................................. San Antonio, Tex.............................................. San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable R. R. Co............. Municipal Railways of San Francisco United Railroads of San Francisco......... Savannah, Ga..................................................... Scranton, Pa........................................................ Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Traction, Light, & Power C o .4 Seattle Municipal Street R y.................... Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. Co___ Sioux City, Io w a .............................................. South Bend, Ind................................................ Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R. R. Co The Washington Water Power Co......... Springfield, 111., ................................................ Springfield, M ass.............................................. Springfield, Ohio................................................ Superior, W is..................................................... Syracuse, N. Y ................................................... Tacoma, Wash.................................................... Toledo, Ohio....................................................... Topeka, Kans..................................................... Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction C o................................... Washington Railway & Electric Co___ Wheeling, W . V a ............................................... Wichita, Kans.................................................... Wilmington, Del.: People’s Ry. Co........................................... Wilmington & Philadelphia Traction Co. 7 Total, surface lines................................. Percent (cumulative)........................... (3) Total, elevated and subway lines.. . Per cent (cumulative)........................... 1 1 18 16 1 1 7J and and and un un-l under deri, der 17 18 19 19 and un der 20 20 and un der 21 7 42 1 21 22 23 24 25 and and and and and un un un un un der der der der der 22 24 23 25 26 4 4 1 1 44 1 50 67 4 77 1 54 1 287 29 12 1 14 2 15 1 12 136 1 7 24 10 4 10 11 17 15 7 16 123 307 138 404 4 6 10 1 1 2 21 6 4 4 1 4 1 55 4 12 1 16 11 2 28 1 104 14 1 28 101 12 395 14 2 657 1443 1777 1080 20 35 53 64 5 9 15 11 30 63 1 Extra men are included with regular men; not reported separately. 2 Rate computed from daily rate on 9-hour-day basis. 111 70 71 12 35 CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR-Continued. obtained by special agents—Concluded. CONDUCTORS, EXTRA—Concluded. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. 32 28 29 34 37 31 30 42 45 38 39 33 35 26 27 36 40 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un Total. der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 27 32 34 29 41 38 39 33 35 31 30 37 36 28 43 46 40 161 133 203 31 81 1 6 26 83 26 13 3 3 17 2 1 f ___ 1 ____ 1____ 43 1 ........ ........1 ! 38 100 15 1 574 320 27 118 261 8 50 45 192 15 . . . .jI 1 .................. 32 17 303 34 2 1 45 4 63 4 5 2 5 5 12 21 224 8 38 21 1 ........r '* 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 0) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 1 22 1 1 1 | 3 I 2 8 2 14 36 22 28 2 35 64 96 292 99 52 99 1 i 1 ! I 1 1 1 f 56 471 95 1 1 1 1 1492 1144 79 90 17 100 1 ! 11 100 27 100 5 100 1 100 23 100 1 Less than oue-half of 1 per cent. 1 100 2 100 23 24 25 22 27 17 67 16 10 113 34 106 12 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 16 30 16 19 2 2 9 16 11 65 109 12 16 2 2 Line No. 40 41 9916 42 43 44 45 46 36 STREET RAILWAY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 1 .—N UM BER OF CAR C R EW MEN R ECEIVIN G GRIPMEN: REGULAR. I.—Cities from which data were Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. Line No. 1 15 and un der 16 Cities. 3 18 and un der 19 San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable R. R. Co. Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co. Tacoma, Wash.................................................... 4 5 16 | 17 and and un un der der 17 18 19 and un der 20 20 and un der 21 22 24 23 21 25 and and and and and un un un un un der der der der der 24 22 23 26 25 4 Total.......................................................... Per cent (cumulative)........................... 2 1 2 2 2 5 73 GRIPMEN: EXTRA. 12 San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable R. R. Co. Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co.2 Tacoma, Wash.................................................... Total................................. Per cent (cumulative).. GUARDS: REGULAR. Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co. (elevated lines). Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways New York, N. Y .: Interborough Rapid Transit Co.— Elevated lines...................................... Subway lines........................................ Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines). Total.......................................................... Per cent (cumulative)........................... 4 57 14 206 328 3154 3152 3768 »270 3213 3122 3336 142 57 198 189 440 15 424 30 476 1350 46 92 220 100 GUARDS: EXTRA. Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co. (elevated lines). Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways.. New York, N. Y .: Interborough Rapid Transit Co.— Elevated lines...................................... Subway lines....................................... Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines). 24 T o ta l............................... Per cent (cumulative).. 108 146 3273 3 23 »26f5 312 146 753 1Including extra men; not reported separately. * Extra men are included with regular men, not reported separately. 18 18 100 37 CHAP. I .---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. EACH CLASSIFIED R AT E OF W AG ES PER HO UR—Continued, obtained by special a g e n ts— Concluded. GR1PMEN: REGULAR. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. Line 32 42 28 37 29 30 31 45 34 35 36 38 39 40 27 26 33 No. and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un Total. der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 32 41 39 28 37 38 27 29 30 31 43 46 34 35 33 36 40 27 56 1 1 1 8 9 6 1 43 2 7 3 1 28 26 53 8 C O 9 69 33 100 106 4 5 25 8 6 4 6 23 5 27 1 3 11 17 GRIPMEN: EXTRA. 2 14 (2) 1 2 100 15 GUARDS: REGULAR. 75 i 206 i 1102 941 586 2910 GUARDS: EXTRA. 207 830 305 295 189 1826 3 Rate computed from daily rate on a 10-hour-day basis. 38 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN TH E UNITED STATES. T able 1.—NUMBER OF CAR CREW MEN RECEIVING tl.— Cities from which data MOTORMEN. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. 13 and un der 14 14 and un der 15 15 I 16 and and un un der der 16 17 17 and un der 18 18 and un der 19 3 10 and un der 11 City. 20 and un der 21 21 22 and and un un der der 22 23 3 19 and un der 20 Aberdeen, W ash........................................................ Albany, Cnhofis, and Trny; N. Y ____ __________ Allentown, Pa............................................................ AIlian™, Ohin ..................................... ............. Alton, 111.................................................................... Amsterdam, N. Y . (see Gloversville, N. Y .). Anfifirsrm, Tnd............................. T.. . .. _T _____ , Ann Arhor, Mfoh ________________ ___________ Annistony Ala. . ____________ Appleton, W is......................... .................................. Asbury Park, N. J ..................................................... Asheville, N. C ........................................................... Ashland, W is .......... __________ Ashtabula, Ohio........................................................ Atnhisnn, Kans,2 , ........................ , , T _ Athens, Ga.................................................................. , Attleboro and North Attleboro, Mass................... Auburn, N. Y ............................................................. Augusta, Me. (see Lewiston, Me.). Aurora, 111................................................................... Austin, Tex. *............................................................. Bakersfield, Cal.......................................................... Bangor, Me.................................................................. Barre and Montpelier, V t........................................ Batavia, N. Y .2.......................................................... Battle Creek, Mich.................................................... Bay City, Mich........................................................... Beaumont, T ex.......................................................... Beaver Falls, Pa........................................................ Bellingham, W ash.................................................... Bergen division, Public Service Ry. Co., New Jersey. Biddeford, Me............................................................. Bloomington, 111........................................................ Boise, Idaho................................................................ Boone, Iowa........................................ ; ..................... Bridgeport, Conn. (Bridgeport division, Con necticut Co.). Bridgeton, N. J.......................................................... Bristol, Conn............................................................... Broad Ripple, Ind................................................. Burlington, Iowa....................................................... Burlington, V t .................................................. r.. Cambridge, Ohio....................................... ............... Canton, Ohio............................................................... Carlisle, Pa.................................................................. Cedar Falls, Iowa (see Waterloo, Iowa). Cedar Rapids, Iowa.................................................. Central division, Public Service Rv. Co., New Jersey. Charleston, W . V a ..................... .............................. Charlottesville, V a.2.................................................. Chelsea, Mass.............................................................. Cheyenne. W vo.2....................................................... Clinton, Fitchburg, and Leominster, Mass......... Cohoes, N .Y. (wellbany, N .Y .). 1 2 8 i4 2 "T 6 6 1 4 2 16 17 *1 3 ' 16 3 2 117 5 i9 40 1 U2 U i5 U5 i 15 i 3 1 8 1 2 4 18 3 5 3 14 11 5 4 4 13 5 10 4 5 34 35 31 3 10 8 1 29 21 * 21 4 10 3 4 48 16 11 11 46 3 1 <5 13 *1*3* 6 7 1 6 2 1 7 2 15 1 ’ t Colorado Springs, Colo............................................. Columbia, S. C ........................................................... Columbus, Ga............................................................. Columbus, Ohio......................................................... i Coming, N. Y ............................................................. ’ Cortland, N. Y ........................................................... » Council Bluffs, Iowa................................................. ► Danbury, Conn.......................................................... 1 Danville, 111................................................................ Danville, V a ............................................................... 9 16 15 3 3 X 6 8 3 14 3 4 6 7 1 1 76 5 6 1 15 5 1 Motormen and conductors; worked interchangeably. 2 One-man cars. 2 8 CHAP. I .---- WAGES OP CAE CREWS. 39 EACH CLASSIFIED R A T E OF W A G E S PER H O U R —Continued, were obtained by correspondence. MOTORMEN. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. 34 35 | 36 37 32 33 31 30 29 28 27 26 24 25 23 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 32 34 31 24 35 36 37 38 33 30 29 28 27 26 25 13 19 15 i1 i4 13 13 49 21 12 5 474 40 and un der 41 Line 43 No. and un Total. der 44 35 8 38 and un der 39 54 12 15 129 6 122 474 108 9 25 16 14 130 5 40 48 7 20 18 134 41 50 ........ 2 1 36 13 1 9 4 3 8 138 4 11 7 25 7 22 2 26 3 3 10 21 4 6 4 7 7 6 1 2 15 9 4 12 18 1 3 1 5 19 2 3 2 9 8 6 10 v - 11 30 4 1 5 15 3 1 * 11 12 1 12 3 1 15 18 5 22 9 5 63 4 3 7 i3 20 6 8 2 31 25 21 46 24 22 13 1 10 63 7 13 16 4 30 8 94 1 24 8 3 11 24 2 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 64 107 30 329 16 13 58 25 55 15 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 1 18 4 1 92 112 4 6 24 3 15 45 42 87 13 10 15 32 33 34 35 36 9 209 10 20 41 36 6 171 30 17 211 5 30 2 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 67 7 2 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 38 183 16 24 16 5 37 42 33 52 35 45 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 21 19 13 4 61 19 1 15 15 17 I * For runs of 9 to 10 hours men are paid for 10 hours. 4 Motormen and conductors; not reported separately. 40 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 1.—NUMBER OF CAR CREW MEN RECEIVING II.—Cities from which data were MOTORMEN—Continued. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. 10 and un der 11 City. 13 and un der 14 Dayton, Ohio: Company No. 1................................................... Company No. 2 Decatur, 111................................................................. Derby, Conn. (Derby division, Connecticut Co.) Dover, N. H .............................! ................................. Dubuque, Towa.......................................................... Duluth, Minn............................................................. Dunkirk, N. Y ........................................................... Durham, N. C East Liverpool, O h io ...* ......................................... Easton, Pa..and Phillipsburg, N. J Eau Claire, W is......................................................... Elgin, 111........................ ............................................ Elkhart, Ind............................................................... Elmira, N. Y ............................................................... El Paso, T ex............................................................... Elwood, Ind................................................................ Enid, Okla.2 ................................................................ Erie, Pa Escanaba, Mich Eureka, Cal Everett, W ash Fargo, N. Dak Findlay, Ohio2 Fitchburg, Mass. (see Clinton, Mass.). Flint, Mien Fond du Lac, W is Fort Dodge, Iowa Fort Smith, A rk Fort Wayne, Ind Fort Worth, T ex Framingham, Mass. (Framingham division, Boston & Worcester Street Ry. Co.). Frankfort, K y.2 Franklin, Mass. (see Milford, Mass.). Freenort. Ill 2 ___________ ______________________ Fresno, Cal.................................................................. 1 ____ Gadsden, Ala....................... ..................................... !___ Galesburg, 111..............................................................• ___ Galveston, Tex........................................................... 1 ___ (Gardner. Mass,. _______ ________________________!___ Gary, Ind.... ............................................................... Geneva, N. Y ............................................................. Glens Falls and Saratoga, N. Y ............................. Gloucester, Mass........................................................ Gloversville, Johnstown, and Amsterdam, N . Y . Grand Forks, N. Dak............................................... Grand Junction, Colo.2............................................. Great Falls, Mont.2 .................................................... Green Bay, W is......................................................... Greenfield, Mass......................................................... Greensboro, N . C ....................................................... Greenville, S. C........................................................... Hammond, Ind.......................................................... Hampton, Va. (see Newport News, Va.). Hannibal, Mo............................................................. Harrisburg, Pa........................................................... Hartford, Conn. (Hartford division, Connecti cut Co.). Hazleton, Pa............................................................... • Helena, Mont.............................................................. Henderson, K y.2......................................................... Holyoke, Mass............................................................ Homestead, Pa........................................................... Homell, N. Y ............................................................. I Hot Springs, Ark.2..................................................... 14 and un der 15 .............................. i i 1 i i i .11 . .................................... ............. 16 and un der 17 17 and un der 18 18 and un der 19 19 and un der 20 20 and un der 21 ........ 17 1 18 21 22 and and un un der der 22 23 31 g 13 11 4 7 i7 43 10 i i 1 I ! 4 ........................................... .................................. ....................................... .................................... .................................... ................................... ........................................ ................................ ................................ .................................. ................................. ................................. 15 and un der 16 I 5 10 7 3 5 24 2 13 13 21 2 1 5 3 26 3 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 .. J(.... 1 8 3 1 I 4 1 2 1 6 1 1 3 6 16 13 25 6 3 2 9 21 5 3 2 10 5 3 •8 6 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 5 2 5 7 3 3 1 'l4 3 4 18 9 2 .................................. 3 3 . 2 3 4 1 4 8 5 2 I 3 1 7 4 7 8 2 2 2 .... .... 1 Motormen and conductors; worked interchangeably. 2 One-man cars. i 3 8 8 l 3 1 G i 13 1 2 ’ 32' 4 11 9 8 8 CHAP. X.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 41 EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR—Continued, obtained by correspondence—Continued. MOTORMEN—Continued. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. 32 33 31 34 35 36 37 30 29 26 28 27 25 24 23 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 32 33 31 35 36 37 38 30 34 28 26 29 25 27 24 52 13 38 and un der 39 40 and un der 41 Line 43 No. and un- Total. 1 der 44 52 13 9 8 3 5 3 23 10 2 ..... 173 24 5 14 2 8 9 1 6 7 7 21 2 1 4 22 46 25 9 11 3 8 2 10 4 6 24 1 37 1 3 4 1 1 5 7 16 9 1 33 15 9 5 35 15 50 10 6 7 20 1 10 3 6 2 4 5 21 1 28 2 3 7 6 6 5 13 25 2 6 5 3 3 4 16 7 41 27 - 12 5 30 2 1 4 2 1 22 26 2 23 19 4 57 22 4 12 2 3 1 7 15 -18 13 9 7 4 2 6 6 12 116 J16 56 5 I 1 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 12 47 11 35 68 £0 29 3 41 £0 37 ' 16 4 22 17 30 23 24 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 7 115 263 - 152 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 44 9 8 41 93 128 61 16 2 20 3 1 135 34 41 35 30 1109 162 4 22 40 70 30 32 15 67 77 3 12 84 39 24 20 20 11 10 17 3 2 4 U4 41 9 6 2 52 53 54 18 137 12 80 5 11 35 55 56 ’57 58 59 (0 61 a Including 6, rates not reported. Rates of these 6 men were increased 1 cent per hour each year after 30 months’ service, but not to exceed 25 cents per hour. 42 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE U NITED STATES. T a b l e 1 .— NUMBER OF CAR CREW MEN RECEIVING II*—Cities from which data were M O TO R M EN — Continued. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. Line No. City. 10 and un der 11 13 and un der 14 14 and un der 15 15 and un der 16 Hudson division, Public Service Ry. Co., New Jersey. Huntington, W . V a.................................................. Hutchinson, Kans. n . . . . Hyde Park, Mass........................................................ Iowa City, Iowa......................................................... Ironton, Ohio.............................................................. Ishpeming, Mich....................................................... Jackson, Mich............................................................. Jackson, Miss............................................................... 1 .Tanksnn, Tenn.1. . . . . ,, , ii* Jamestown, N . Y ....................................................... ................ .Tanfisyillp., wis.i . _, Jeffersonville, Ind. (see New Albany,Ind.). Johnstown, N . Y . (see Gloversville, N. Y .). Johnstown, Pft........................... Joliet, 111................................................................... Joplin, Mo. (see Pittsburg, Kans.). Kalamazoo, Mich.................................................... Kankakftft, Til.. T ............................ . . Keene, N. H ..................................................... Kenosha, W is.......................................................... Keokuk, Iowa........................................................... Kingston, N. Y ........................................................... Knoxville, Tenn......................................................... Kokomo, Ind............................................................... Laconia, N .H .. ................. La Crosse, W is.............................. La Fayette, Ind......................................................... Lake Charles, L a ........................................................ Lancaster, Ohio 4........................ Lancaster, Pa ............................................................. Lansing, Mich............................................................. Laporte, Ind............................................................. LaSalle, 111................................................. Lawrence, Kans.1 ....................................................... Lawrence, Mass......................................... Leavenworth, Kans.................................................. Lebanon, Pa............................................................... Leominster, Mass. (see Clinton, Mass.). Lewiston and Augusta, Me..................................... Lexington. K y ........................................................... Lockport,N. Y .1...................................................... Logansport, Ind......................................................... Lynchburg, V a .. . ...................... Lynn, Mass................................................................ McAlester, Okla....................................................... Macon, Ga.................................................................... Madison, W is.............................................................. Mankato, Minn........................................................... 1 Manistee, Mich.1....................................................... Mansfield, Ohio.......................................................... Marietta, Ohio................................................... Marinette, W is. (see Menominee, Mich.). Marion, Ind................................................................. Marion, Ohio............................................................... Marlboro, Mass. (see Worcester, Mass.). Marquette, Mich....................................................... Marshalltown, Iowa1................. ...................... Mason City, Iowa .... ... ............................. Meadville, Pa.............................................................. Menominee, Mich., and Marinette, W is............... Meriden, Conn. (Meriden division, Connecticut Co.). Meridian, Miss............................................................ 4 Michigan City, Ind.................................................... Middletown, Conn. (Middletown division, Con necticut Co.). 16 and un der 17 17 and un der 18 18 and un der 19 19 and un der 20 2 5 22 20 21 and and and un un un der der der 21 22 23 5 14 4 8 3 "2 3 1 5 1 4 2 2 1 2 3 2 18 1 2 2 54 9 6 20 3 H5 15 24 3 28 **8* 2 7 6 4 6 35 5 23 3 15 2 (3) 18 4 4 3 8 2 4 3 6 ..... 1 4 3 9 .... 2 1 8 15 1 1 11 7 7 7 13 17 . . . . 7 8 2 24 4 4 5 9 2 18 11 15 1 26 10 *T ” 2 10 1 'l2 1 6 1 2 12 5 4 4 4 4 6 7 2 .... 9 3 5 2 1 1 One-man cars. 2 Motormen and conductors; worked interchangeably. 8 Flat rate of 20 cents; number not reported. 1 5 8 8 12 6 3 CHAP. I .---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 43 EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR—Continued, obtained by correspondence—Continued. M OTORMEN—Continued. Number of employees who received each classified rate of m ages (cents) per hour. 32 31 34 35 36 37 33 28 ’ 29 30 26 27 24 25 23 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 32 31 33* 34 26 28 29 24 25 35 36 37 38 30 27 30 35 79 2 4 12 64 40 and un der 41 16 8 69 38 and un der 39 97 31 131 536 10 2 12 8 6 2 7 37 3 5 4 18 34 43 10 12 4 29 13 6 6 2 1 1 27 12 9 18 9 38 1 3 17 76 6 4 3 8 1 2 36 2 3 1 18 , 2 21 8 10 1 32 19 8 4 2 2 6 13 9 5 2 2 5 3 2 2 10 24 6 13 1 15 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 48 33 17 22 51 169 10 73 38 6 10 20 13 7 13 14 52 21. 4 21 2 22 32 88 14 (3) 33 34 9 12 38 35 3 8 24 86 &21 8 27 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 1 2 79 64 25 6 2 4 7 18 2 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 48 47 48 17 19 2 4 1 41 12 57 12 12 3 45 30 19 77 8 3 4 Lino 43 No. and un Total. der 44 49 50 4 12 9 29 30 54 51 52 53 54 55 56 28 6 25 57 58 3 4 5 1 0 17 18 19 20 2 1 22 23 24 25 20 5J 4 One-man cars, except on special days when school boys were employed as conductors at 15 cents per ho ur. 6 Paid from $50 to $60 per month; number at each rate not reported. 44 STREET RAILWAY EM PLO YM EN T IN TH E UNITED STATES. T able 1.—NUMBER OF CAR CREW MEN RECEIVING1 II.—Cities from which data were MOTORMEN—Continued. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. City. Middletown, N . Y ...................................................... Milford, Franklin, and PlavnviHe, ... Milford, Mass.............................................................. Millville, N. Y ............................................................ Missoula, Mont.2.\ . . . . . Molinp., Til ......... „ .. .. „.............................. Montgomery, Ala....................................................... Montpelier, V e. (see Barre, V t.). Mount Vernon and New Rochelle, N. Y ........... Muncie, Ind................................................................ Muskegon, Mich......................................................... Nantfaoke, Pa . , . .. ...................... 10 and un der 11 13 and un der 14 14 and un der 15 15 and un der 16 16 and un der 17 17 and un der 18 1 2 4 9 18 4. 10 10 13 23 8 14 Newcastle, Pa. (see Youngstown, Ohio). New London, Conn. (see Norwich, Conn;). Newport, R . I ......................................................j . . . Newport News and Hampton, V a ........................ New Rochelle, N . Y . ( see Mount Vernon, N . Y .). Newton, Waltham, and near-by towns, Mass 1 10 5 '13 127 New Albany and Jeffersonville, Ind.3. ................. Norristown, Pa....................................... ; .................. North Adams, Mass. ( see Pittsfield, Mass.). Northampton, Mass.................................................. North Yakima, Wash............................................... Norton and Taunton, Mass..................................... Norwalk, Conn. (Nor\valk division, Connecticut Co.). Norwich, Willimantic, and New London, Conn Ogden, Utah............................................................... Ogdensburg, N . Y ...................................................... Oil City, Pa................................................................. Olean, N . Y ...................• ............................................. Oshkosh, W is.............................................................. Oswego, N. Y ............................................................. Ottumwa, Iowa.......................................................... Owensboro, Ky .5........................................................ Paducah, K y............................................................... Parkersburg, W . Va*................................................ Parsons, Kans.2.......................................................... Pasadena, Cal............................................................. Passaic, N. J. (Passaic division, Public Service Ry. Co.). Pawtucket, R. I......................................................... Peekskill, N . Y ........................................................... Pensacola, Fla............................................................. Peru, Ind..................................................................... Phillipsburg, N. J. (see Easton, Pa.). Phoenix, Ariz............................................................. Phoenixville, Pa........................................................ Pine Bluff, Ark.......................................................... Piqua, Ohio................................................................. Pittsburg, Kans.,and Joplin, Mo.......................... Pittsfield and North Adams, Mass........................ Plainville, Mass. (see Milfora, Mass.). Plattsburg, N. Y ........................................................ Plymouth, Mass......................................................... Pomona, Cal................................................................ Pontiac, Mich............................................................. Portsmouth, N. H ..................................................... Portsmouth, Ohio...................................................... Pottstown, Pa............................................................. Pottsville, Pa.............................................................. Poughkeepsie, N. Y .................................................. Punxsutawney, Pa.................................................... Quincy, 111................................................................... 1 i 18 19 20 21 22 ! and and and and and un un un un un der der der der der 19 20 21 22 23 19 3 10 ‘ 6 > ! 22 i 4 42 <4 10 48 6 1 6 11 4 7 1 4 1 j 2 1 2 1 ” i' 8 2 11 4 2 2 7 1 71 1 4 2 7 1 1 4 3 1 6 4 1 1 5 ! 14 1 ! ! 6 i 3 j 2 : 2 19 i 12 1 12 2 4 9 5 6 4 4 2 3 8 7 2 1 1 10 8 1 3 1 Motormen and conductors; worked interchangeably. 2 One-man cars. 3 One-man cars on some of the runs. 2 3 4 5 1 4 2 1 1 *4’ , 45 CHAP. I,-— WAGES OP CAR CREWS. EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR—Continued, obtained by correspondence—Continued. MOTORMEN—Continued. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. 32 30 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 26 28 29 31 23 24 25' 27 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 32 33 24 26 28 30 34 35 36 37 38 39 41 29 25 27 31 2 1 1 3 1 ? 12 ?, 12 1 10 3 1 23 6 2 18 25 MO 18 18 64 19 6 4 7 Line 43 No. and un Total. der 44 3 1 8 6 101 91 2 1 34 2 1 5 6 9 19 48 27 27 2 60 9 !" 4* , 62 "2 1 8 ..... 5 7 40 6 4 1 7 13 4 61 14 159 41 62 17 18 19 2 4 3 2 10 1 27 20 21 4 1 1 3 3 2 1 10 4 20 11 34 73 136 39 14 35 32 1 14 4 3 4 | 1 14 1 1 2 11 21 2 4 1 1 1 6 27 1 31 27 1 1 1 1 14 35 1 12 14 7 24 4 16 11 7 17 19 53 3 13 1 6 22 1 7 i 1 1 1 1 1 | 3 3 33 30 1 1 ! i 1 6 22 34 22 1 10 1 1 15 16 1 18 i ! 1 1 1 64 1 1 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 2 1 2 2 5 2 6 4 21 2 6 8 1 38 39 40 41 2 1 6 42 43 44 45 46 47 95 1 23 7 4 14 30 4 .. . J . . . . 1 1 2 8 2 27 .. .j1... . 4 One cent less from Oct. 1 to Apr. 1. &One-man cars except in summer months. 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 78 17 26 | 2 13 14 9 16 6 8 2 1 3 8 9 10 1 1 12 29 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 46 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 1 .— NUMBER OF CAR CREW MEN RECEIVING II.—Cities from which data were M O TOR M EN — Continued. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. 10 and un der 11 City. No. 13 and un der 14 14 and un der 15 15 and un der 16 16 and un der 17 17 18 and and un un der der 18 .19 21 22 and and un un der der 22 23 19 and un der 20 20 and un der 21 3 3 5 3 5 1 8 11 21 5 Quincy, Mass. (Quincy division, Bay State Street Ry. Co.). 10 Reading, Mass. (Reading division, Bay State Street Ry. Co.). Redlands, Cal............................................................. Richmond, Tnri... .. _______ Riverside, Cal............................ ................................. Roanoke, V a............................................................... Rock Island, 111.......................................................... Rome. G a . ............................................................... Rome, N. Y . (see Utica, N. Y .). St, Cloun, Minn ___ 3 4 2 _____ ________________ Salem, Mass. (Salem division, Bay State Street Ry. Co.). Salem, Oregon............................................................. San Bernardino, Cal.................................................. San Diego, Cal............................................................ San Jose, Cal.: Company No. 1.................................................... Company No. 2................................................... Santa Cruz, Cal........................................................... Saratoga, N ..Y . (see Glens Falls, N. Y .). Sanlt Ste "Marfa, Mfah _____________________ Schenectady, N. Y .................................................... Sedalia Mo ...................................................... Selma, Ala.1................................................................. Shamokin, Pa............................................................. Sharon, Pa. (see Youngstown, Ohio). Shawnee, Okla ......................................................... Sheboygan, W i s ........................................................ Shreveport, L a........................................................... Sioux Falls, S. Dak................................................... South Bethlehem, Pa............................................... Southbridge, Mass. (see Webster, Mass.). Southern division, Public Service Ry. Co., New Jersey. Spartanburg, S. C...................................................... Spencer, Mass. (see Worcester, Mass.). Stamford, Conn. (Stamford division, Connecti cut Co.). Stockton, Cal............................................................... Sunbury, Pa............................................................... Tampa, Fla................................................................. Taunton, Mass. (see Norton, Mass.). Temple, Tex.1............................................................. Terre Haute, Ind....................................................... Tiffin, Ohio1............................................................... Torrington, Conn. (Torrington division, Con necticut Co.). Trenton, N. J.............................................................. Trinidai, Colo............................................................. Troy, N. Y . (see Albany, N. Y .). Tucson, Ariz............................................................... Tulsa, Okla................................................................. Utica and Rome, N. Y ............................................. Vicksburg, Miss......................................................... Vincennes, Ind........................................................... Waco, Tex................................................................... Walla Walla, W ash................................................... Waltham, Mass. (see Newton, Mass.). Warren, Pa.................................................................. Waterbury, Conn. (Waterbury division, Con necticut Co.). 5 2 6 5 1 . 4 21 6 31 12 2 ___ 2 2 4 5 ii’ 9 2 2 1 6 2 1 6 2 ” 9* 2 5 3 2 10 6 4 6 3 "2 2 5 8 26 29 28 2 22 211 15 2 1 2 11 12 1 1 35 3 2 7 2 3 i 1 One-man cars. 2 Work half day as motormen and half day as conductors. - 2 35 5 31 6 10 3 1 10 10 11 9 5 1 7 6 2 i’ 47 CHAP. I.— WAGES OP CAB CREWS. EACH CLASSIFIED BATE OF WAGES PER HOUR—Continued, obtained by correspondence—Continued. MOTORMEN—Continued. Number o/employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. 32 34 35 36 37 31 33 27 28 30 26 23 24 29 25 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 32 34 29 30 33 35 36 37 38 24 27 28 31 25 26 52 9 13 7 27 19 4 13 1 1 9 14 17 14 2 12 19 1 15 43 No. and un Total. der 44 2 2 3 21 68 26 4 2 1 ... i 3 47 12 40 61 73 23 21 12 5 8 4 1 9 3 55 3 2 30 1 3 14 3 3 18 4 13 13 2 2 25 40 6 I 14 147 30 77 14 1 i 15 8 8 8 22 24 47 27 1 3 28 4 19 23 24 25 2 1 47 12 2 26 27 28 29 30 200 31 1 1 22 32 31 33 72 ,34 35 1 1 1 1 8 43 ! II i I i : ■ 11 12 6 4 18 228 1 13 79 18 8 4 3 2 1 1 1 5 80 4 18 10 2 146 2 2 32 20 137 ; 5 3 4 1 6 29 12 8 1 10 3$ 37 38 39 40 41 42 4 8 18 19 1 I I I I 15 12 13 14 168 13 1 9 10 20 21 22 150 1 7 6 7 8 15 16 17 20 30 I i ! 4 5 1 1 125 127 6 4 3 27 60 3 1 2 2 1 1 0 51 20 1 14 1 40 and un der 41 43 1 11 1 9 9 38 and un der 39 3 | . 42 i i 2 1 1 I i l 45 16 1 i 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 13 122 50 51 25 105 15 ! ' ' 1 "" | | l 1 2 i 3 Motornien and conductors; worked interchangeably. 1 48 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN TH E UNITED STATES. T able 1__NUMBER OF CAR CREW MEN RECEIVING II.—Cities from which data were MOTORMEN—Concluded. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. Line No. 10 13 14 15 and and and and un un un un der der der der 1 14 15 16 1 City. 16 and un der 17 17 and un der 18 18 19 20 21 22 and and and and and un un un un un der der der der der 19 20 21 22 23 Waterloo and Cedar Falls, Iowa.......................... Watertown, N. Y ..................................................... Waterville, Me.......................................................... Waukegan, 111........................................................... Wausau, W is ............................................................ W ebb City. Mo......................................................... Westfield, Mass.1...................................................... Webster and Southbridge, Mass.......................... White Plains, N. Y ................................................. Wilkes-Barre and near-by towns, P a.2 ............. Williamsport, Pa...................................................... Willimantic, Conn. ( see Norwich,Conn.). Wilmington, N. C .................................................... Winona, Minn.3........................................................ Winston-Salem, N. C.............................................. Wobum, Mass........................................................... Woonsocket, R. I ..................................................... Worcester, Spencer, and Marlboro, Mass............. Yonkers, N. Y .......................................................... York, Pa.................................................................... Youngstown, Ohio, Sharon and Newcastle, Pa.. 14 72 41 4662 511 Total................................ Per cent (cumulative). 21 28 CONDUCTORS. Aberdeen, W ash.7...................................................... Adrian, Mich............................................................... Akron, Ohio................................................................ Albany, Cohoes,and Troy, N. Y ............................. Allentown, Pa............................................................. Alliance, Ohio............................................................. Alton, I I I .................................................................... Amsterdam, N . Y . (see Gloversville, N .Y .). Anderson, Ind............................: .............................. Ann Arbor, Mich ..................................................... Anniston, Ala.7 ......................................................... Appleton, Wis.8.......................................................... Asbury Park, N .J ..................................................... Asheville, N .C ........................................................... Ashland, Wis ......................................................... Ashtabula, Ohio......................................................... Atchison, Kans.9........................................... ............ Athens, Ga.7............................................................... Attleboro and North Attleboro, Mass................... Auburn, N. Y ............................................................. Augusta, Me. (see Lewiston, Me.). Aurora, 111 ............................................................. Austin, Tex.7 ............................................................. Bakersfield, Cal .............................................. Bangor, M e ................................................................. Barre and Montpelier, Vt ..................................... Batavia, N. Y .9 .................................................. . Battle Creek, Mich .................................................. Bay City, M ic h ......................................................... Beaumont, Tex.......................................................... Beaver Falls, Pa .............................................. 3 3 10 2 1 i i . I | 1 1 2 11 . . . . 40 2 6 6 1 6 5 2 i 20 2 2 7 18 9 11 9 3 12 8~ 19 5 1 Paid daily rate of $2.30 to $2.85. Number at each rate not reported. 2 Number of men not reported. 3 One-man cars. 4 Not including 6 men whose rate was increased 1 cent per hour each year after 30 months’ service, rate not to exceed 25 cents per hour, but number at each rate not reported. CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 49 EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR—Continued, obtained by correspondence—Continued. MOTORMEN—Concluded. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. 32 33 34 35 36 37 29 30 31 28 24 23 26 25 27 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 32 34 30 33 35 36 37 38 31 29 24 28 25 26 27 38 and un der 39 40 and un der 41 Line 43 No. and un Total. der 44 1 2 1 2 7 1 4 1 1 6 3 4 1 2 5 31 1 1 3 3 36 24 5 2 29 15 3 21 -J ____ ! ____ 5 4 3 31 ........ 86 1 .... 3 3 4 5 i l i I | j | 24 18 32 34 37 272 117 58 269 ..I ___ 1 ___ 2 6 22 102 18 23 169 16 293 92 242 11 1038 1065 1358 1427 1163 2531 72 63 90 35 43 53 664 97 243 99 54 99 33 99 1 99 8 3 3 24 23 12 99 100 100 100 100 100 13731 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 CONDUCTORS. 62 9 28 12 12 11 12 42 6 519 17 ___l___ 102 1 24 1 (?)6 109 519 10 24 16 3 4 i 1 1 .... I ( 34 3 ___ 1 ___ 1 ___ I (7) 40 46 7 18 (9) (7) 36 50 5 1 6 9 2 7 25 16 12 8 3 16 1 a 1 16 I 1 36 3 11 29 5 12 21 1 2 19 4 5 4 11 12 2 3 5 2 8 2 12 3 1 (9) 41 45 32 52 35 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 6 Not including 21 who w erAaid $50 to $60 per month, 32 who were paid $2.30 to $2.85 per day, and 6 whose rate was not reported, but was increased 1 cent per hour each year after 30 months’ service, rate not to exceed 25 cents per hour. * Less than one-half of 1 per cent. 7 See Motormen. s No conductors employed except during summer months. 9 One-man cars. See Motormen. 39749°—Bull. 204— 17------ 4 50 STREET RAILWAY EM PLO YM EN T IN TH E UNITED STATES. T able 1.—NUMBER OF CAR CREW MEN RECEIVING II*—Cities from which data were CONDUCTORS— Continued. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. City. No. 10 and un der 11 13 and un der 14 14 and un der 15 15 and un der 16 16 and un der 17 17 and un der 18 18 and un der 19 19 and un der 20 20 and un der 21 22 21 and and un un der der 22 23 Bergen division, Public Service Ry. Co., New Jersey. 19 Bloomington, 111......................................................... 18 12 12 12 2 7 8 9 10 1 1 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2. 1 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 4? 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 32 Bridgeport, Conn. (Bridgeport division', Con necticut Co.). Bridgeton, N. J........................................................... Bristol, Conn............................................................... Broad Ripplfi, "Jnd ,. , __________________ _______ Burlington, Iowa 2..................................................... Burlington, Vt .......................................................... Cambridge, Ohio 3..................................... ............. 20 • - 5 3 1 1 2 9 6 3 8 4 17 2 7 76 1 3 4 2 6 3 16 7 Cedar Falls, Iowa (see Waterloo, Iowa). Cedar Rapids, Iowa.................................................. Central division, Public Service Ry. Co., New Jersey. Charleston, W .V a ..................................................... Charlottesville, Va.3.................................................. Chelsea, M ass............................................................. Cheyenne, W yo.2....................................................... Clinton, Fitchburg,and Leominster,Mass........... Cohoes, N . Y . (see Albany, N. Y .). Colorado Springs, Colo.............................................. Columbia, S. C ........................................................... Columbus, Ga............................................................. Columbus, Ohio......................................................... Coming, N. Y ............................................................. Cortland, N. Y ........................................................... Council Bluffs, Iowa.................................................. Danburv, Conn.......................................................... Danville, 111................................................................ Danville, V a............................................................... Dayton, Ohio: Company N o .l ................................................... Company No. 2................................................... Decatur, 111.................................................................. Derby, Conn. (Derby division, Connecticut Co ) Dover, N. H ............................................................ Dubuque, Iowa 2....................................................... Duluth, Minn............................................................. Dunkirk, N. Y ........................................................... Durham, N .C ........................................................... East Liverpool, Ohio................................................ Easton, Pa., and Phillipsburg, N. J................... Eau Claire, W is................................................... Elgin, 111...................................................................... Elkhart, Ind................................................................ Elmira, N. Y ............................................................... El Paso, Tex............................................................... Elwood, Ind................................................................ Enid, Okla.2 ................................................................ Erie, Pa........................................................................ Escanaba, Mich.......................................................... Eureka, Cal................................................................. Everett, Wash............................................................ Fargo, N. Dak............................................................ Findlay, Ohio 2........................................................... Fitchburg, Mass. (see Clinton, Mass.). Flint, Mich.................................................................. Fond du Lac, W is..................................................... Fort Dodge, Iowa...................................................... Fort Smith, Ark........................................................ Fort Wayne, Ind....................................................... Fort Worth, Tex....................................................... 16 10 5 5 1 1 13 12 1 3 2 6 10 34 6 21 6 1 55 12 4 6 1 a .... * For runs of 9 to 10 hours men were paid for 10 hours. 2 See Motormen. 3 One-man cars. See Motormen. 6 4 4 6 24 4 11 13 1 3 24 2 8 1 4 4 36 1 5 1 8 2 4 1 4 10 15 13 1 3 7 9 44 1 1 3 1 7 29’ 12 15 CHAP. I .---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 51 EACH CLASSIFED KATE OF WAGES PER HOUR—Continued, obtained by correspondence—Continued. CONDUCTORS—Continued. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. 32 24 23 27 28 29 30 33 34 35 36 37 25 26 31 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 32 26 25 24 29 30 33 28 31 34 35 36 37 38 27 4 6 10 8 7 1 2 9 10 2 2 7 7 6 11 Line 43 No. and un Total. der 44 13 13 40 and un der 41 3 11 38 and un der 39 ” 44" 1 5 15 5 1 2 1 5 47 20 1 24 6 44 12 10 9 39 10 5 3 16 10 2 1 73 3 21 21 6 88 4 (2 ) 19 <) 3 1 15 37 3 30 2 106 105 22 11 4 24 6 5 15 7 4 5 2 7 27 35 19 11 35 59 107 32 311 52 11 3 6 5 52 11 9 6 3 31 15 12 1 12 11 1 5 7 4 1 23 2 1 13 2 7 11 1 1 2 1 9 63 24 45 13 .... I ! 1 I 9 6 13 3 ” 39’ 6 2 2 5 1 17 5 23 19 1 1 1 7 1 14 5 4 24 1 2 1 (2) 159 4 22 40 70 2 0 33 2 14 6 1 1 ........!........ 33S 138 28 40 33 32 16 65 80 4 2 1 1 3 , 5 12 | ! ie 13 15 16 (3 ) 231 (2 ) 53 8 13 14 28 12 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 208 1 1 5 6 18 14 1 11 3 4 5 67 7 4 1 30 6 51 42 37 7 162 30 ...J .... 41 93 134 17 18 19 20 2 1 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 * Including 5, rates, not reported. Rates of these 5 men were increased 1 per cent per hour each year after 30 months’ service- but rate not to exceed 25 oents per hour. 52 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITEI> STATES. T able 1.—NUMBER OF CAR CREW MEN RECEIVING II.—Cities from which data were CONDUCTORS—Continued. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. Line No. 10 and un der 11 City. 13 and un der 14 14 and un der 15 15 and un der 16 16 and un der 17 17 and un der 18 18 and un der 19 19 and un der 20 20 21 22 and and and un un un der der der 21 22 23 Framingham, Mass. (Framingham division, Boston & Worcester Street Ry. Co.). Frankfort, K v.1........................................................... Franklin, Mass. (see Milford, Mass.). 3 4 1 1 Galesburg, 111.............................................................. 9 24 11 1 Gardner, Mass............................................................. 4 13 6 6 14 2 1 Glens Falls and Saratoga, N. Y .................... ........ Gloucester, Mass........................................................ Grand Forks; N. Dak............................................... 6 1 See Motormen. 2 Number not reported. 2 3 Great Falls, Mont.1.................................................... 4 Green Bay, W is......................................................... 1 5 Greenfield, Mass............................. , ......................... 7 9 8 Greensboro, N. C ....................................................... 7 Greenville, S. C.............. ........................................... 6 5 "2 6 3 Hammond, Ind.......................................................... Hampton, Va. (see Newport News, Va.). 14 Hannibal, Mo............................................................. Harrisburg Pa ..................................... Hartford, Conn. (Hartford division, Connecti cut Co.). Hazleton, Pa............................................................... Helena, Mont.1........................................................... Henderson, K y.1....................r.................................. Holvoke, Mass............................................................ Homestead, Pa................................. ........................ Homell, Pa.................................................................. H3 Hot Springs, Ark.1.................................................... Hudson division, Public Service Ry. Co., New Jersey. Huntington, W . V a.................................................. 13 8 Hutchinson, Kans..................................................... 4 Hyde Park, Mass....................................................... 1 Iowa City, Iowa......................................................... Ironton? Ohio. ; ......................................................... 3 Ishpeming, Mich........................................... ........... Jackson, Mich............................................................. 1 1 6 Jackson, Miss.............................................................. 1 Jackson, Tenn.1.......................................................... Jamestown, N. Y ....................................................... 1 55 Janesville, W^is.1............... ......................................... JeffersonvillevInd. (see New Albany, Ind.). Johnstown N ."Y . (see Gloversviiie, N. Y .). Johnstown, Pa............................................................ Joliet, 111.............: ...................................................... Joplin, Mo. (see Pittsburg, Kans.). Kalamazoo, Mich....................................................... ........................ Kankakee, 111....................................• 3 Keene, N. H ............................................................... Kenosna, W is ............................................................. Keokuk, Iowa1........................................................... 5 5 Kingston, N. Y ........................................................... Knoxville, Tenn...................................... *................ 4 26 15 1 Kokomo, Ind.............................................................. 3 9 Laconia, N. H ............................................................. (2) La Crosse, W is............................................................ 5 La Fayette, Ind......................................................... 5 6 Lake Charles, La........................................................ 1 Lancaster, Onio 3....................................................... Lancaster, Pa............................................................. 35 1 10 3 5 ” 7’ 2 20 '69' 4 1 3 4 5 18 5 7 6 20 8 18 4 6 5 2 10 2 3 4 2 1 4 ,3 CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 53 EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR—Continued, obtained by correspondence—Continued. CONDUCTORS—Continued. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. 32 34 35 36 37 38 33 31 29 30 23 26 28 24 25 27 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 32 35 36 37 38 39 31 34 30 33 26 28 29 24 25 27 12 10 9 7 8 40 and un der 41 Line 43 No. and un Total. der 44 63 17 1 0) 10 2 3 4 4 14 6 20 2 2 5 5 3 4 4 3 14 23 28 2 2 0 3 3 6 9 5 6 28 . J 1 16 43 30 J I I ........1 .... 1 7 5 49 19 5 14 4 3 3 10 ■ * 98 18 13 5 3 118 85 88 7 1 2 1 8 1 8 8 5 9 46 16 14 9 5 84 54 12 4 34 22 65 1 ........1.. 1 i ' “ f ........ 20 1 .... 21 ....... . . . J . . . . ____ 1 ___ !___ ____ 1____ 1 ___ 1 6 4 11 __ 18 30 2 4 2 1 1 1 1 3 20 40 10 40 11 7 5 9 .3 . ___ I.. 29 1 1 . 1 i 1 1 I 1 J .. . . i I 1 1 i 1 ... 1 | l 1 j 1 1 | 1 I ! 1 ...J ....L ... 1 1 1 l ! ! 1 1 ! 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 18 0) 0) 76 5 13 (l) 550 l ....I .... I 1 47 9 35 68 43 31 3 43 53 39 14 (l) (x ) 17 33 24 24 32 14 123 260 6 8 2 31 32 13 2 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 45 12 58 8 14 3 43 27 0) 74 C 1) 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 79 60 44 45 51 21 4 19 0) 31 82 15 (2) 33 33 9 (3 ) 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 .5 cents per hour. 54 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 1— NUMBER OF CAR CREW MEN RECEIVING I I .—Cities from whicH data were CONDUCTORS—Continued. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. City. No. 10 and un der 11 LaSalle, ID................................................................. Lawrence, Kans.1..... ............................................... Lawrence, Mass.......................................................... Leavenworth, Kans.................................................. Lebanon, Pa................................................................ Leominster, Mass. (see Clinton, Mass.). Lewiston and Augusta, Me..................................... Lp ington, K y ______________________________ ,-K Lockport, 'N. Y .1.................................................. Logansport, Ind......................................................... Lynchburg, Va........................................................... Lynn, Mass................................................................. McAlester, Okla......................................................... Macon, Ga................................................................... Madison, W is.............................................................. Msunkn.to, Minn________________________________ Manistee, Mich.1......................................................... Mansfield, Ohio.......................................................... Marietta, Ohio.......................................... .. ............... Marinette, Wis. ( see Menominee, Mich.). Marion, Ind................................................................. Marion, Ohio............................................................... Marlboro, Mass. (see Worcester, Mass.), Marquette, Mich........................................................ Marshalltown, Iowa1................................................ Mason City, Iowa...................................................... Meadville, Pa............................................................. Menominee, Mich., and Marinette, W is............... Meriden, Conn. (Meriden division, Connecticut Co.). Meridian, Miss............................................................ Michigan City, Ind.................................................... Middletown, Conn. (Middletown division, Connecticut Co.). Middletown, N . Y . . .................................................. Milford, Franklin,and Plainvilie, Mass..-........... Milford, Mass............................................................... Millville, N. J.i-.......................................................... Missoula, Mont.1........................................................ Moline, 111.................................................................... Montgomery, A la....................................................... Montpelier, V t. (see Barre, Vt.). Mount Vernon and New Rochelle, N . Y ............. Muncie, Ind................................................................ Muskegon, Mich......................................................... Nanticoke, Pa............................................................. Nashua, N . H ............................................................. New Albany and Jeffersonville, Ind.4.................. Newburgh, N . Y ........................................................ Newcastle, Pa. (see Youngstown, Ohio). New London, Conn. (see Norwich, Conn.). Newport, R. I ............................................................. Newport News and Hampton, V a ........................ New Rochelle, N . Y . (see Mount Vernon,N. Y.). Newton, Waltham, and near-by towns, Mass. Niagara Falls, N . Y .................................................. Norristown, Pa........................................................... North Adams, Mass. (see Pittsfield, Mass.). Northampton, Mass.................................................. North Yakima, W ash............................................... Norton and Taunton, Mass..................................... Norwalk, Conii. (Norwalk division, Connec ticut Co.). Norwich. Willimantic. and New London. Conn Ogden, Utah............................................................... | ___ 13 and un der 14 14 and un der 15 15 and un der 16 16 17 and and un un der der 17 18 18 and un der 19 19 and un der 20 20 and un der 21 21 22 and and un un der der 22 23 8 1 2 8 21 11 5 6 6 8 25 3 3 3 9 3 14 11 15 31 1 1 7 5 2 1 10 2 i 2 1 4 2 1 2 6 8 7 10 7 3 1 • 4 5 12 1 2 3 7 3 11 is 6 4 4 4 8 2 2 1 13 10 15 2 10 26 3 6 14 7 8 7 4 1 1 See Motormen. 2 Conductors are paid from $50 to $60 per month. 24 9 2 15 7 1 1 3 14 CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 55 EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR—Continued, obtained by correspondence—Continued. CONDUCTORS—Continued. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. 32 33 31 34 35 36 37 30 26 28 29 24 27 25 23 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der1 der der der der der der der 34 30 31 32 33 35 36 37 38 29 25 27 26 28 24 3 5 20 10 6 2 13 27 38 and un der 39 7 45 1 3 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 51 36 C 1) 18 52 166 9 68 38 6 0) 21 14 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 20 21 22 22 4 0) 10 28 23 55 23 24 25 26 27 28 11 28 6 25 29 30 31 13 15 27 0) C) 18 64 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 102 23 37 6 20 20 26 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 7 50 46 47 30 7 47 7 12 6 39 7 10 2 30 28 1 i 1 1 1 1 i 9 4 4 9 3 2 4 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 4 3 2 6 7 26 6 2 2 8 1 19 10 1 4 84 18 Line 43 No. and un Total. der 44 34 2 8 C 1) 87 323 2 16 13 2 6 40 and un der 41 2 2 13 1 1 2 4 2 11 2 11 4 83 8 148 40 59 48 49 50 1 3 2 2 13 5 25 25 10 30 51 52 53 54 140 41 55 56 26 6 59 25 9 3 8 1 2 20 13 18 9 4 1 5 6 3 6 14 22 11 13 5 7 63 12 3 Some conductors work one-half time as motormen. ^ One-man cars on some of the runs. 56 STREET RAILWAY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNIfEED STATES. T able 1.—NUMBER OF CAR CREW MEN RECEIVING II.— Cities from whicH data were CONDUCTORS—Continued. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. Line No. City. Ogdensburg, N. Y ..................................................... Oil City, Pa................................................ ............... Olean, N. Y ................................................................ Oshkosh, W is............................................................. Oswego, N . Y ............................................................. Ottumwa, Iowa......................................................... Owensboro, K y.2....................................................... Paducah, K y .............................................................. Parkersburg, W . V a.................................................. Parsons, Kans.2.......................................................... Pasadena, Cal............................................................. Passaic, N . J. (Passaic division, Public Service Ry. Co.). Pawtucket, R. I ......................................................... Peekskill,N. Y .......................................................... Pensacola, Fla............................................................ Peru, Ind..................................................................... Phillipsburg, N . J. (see Easton, Pa.). Phoenix, Ariz............................................................. Phoenixville, Pa........................................................ Pine Bluff, Ark.......................................................... Piqua, Ohio................................................................ Pittsburg, Kans., and Joplin, Mo.......................... Pittsfield and North Adams, Mass........................ Plainville, Mass. ( see Milford, Mass.). Plattsburg, N . Y ..........' ............................................ Plvmoutti, Mass......................................................... Pomona, Cal............................................................... Pontiac, Mich............................................................. Portsmouth, N . H ..................................................... Portsmouth, Ohio..................................................... Pottstown, Pa............................................................ Pottsville, Pa............................................................. Poughkeepsie, N. Y .................................................. Punxsutawney, Pa................................................... Quincy, 111.................................................................. Quincy, Mass. (Quincy division, Bay State Street R y. Co.). Raleigh, N . C .............................................................. Reading, Mass. (Reading division, Bay State Street Ry. Co.). Redlands, Cal.....................*...................................... Richmond, Ind.......................................................... Riverside, Cal............................................................. Roanoke, V a ........................ ..................................... Rockford, 111............................................................... Rock Island, 111......................................................... Rome, Ga. I................................................................ -Rome, N. Y . (see Utica, N. Y .). Rutland, Vt................................................................. St. Cloud, Minn......................................................... St. Joseph, M o............................................................ Salem, Mass. (Salem division, Bay State Street Ry. Co.). Salem, Oreg................................................................ San Bernardino, Cal.................................................. San Diego, Cal............................................................ San Jose, Cal.: Company No. 1 ................................................... Company No. 2 ................................................... Santa Cruz, Cal.......................................................... Saratoga, N . Y . (see Glens Falls, N . Y .). Sault Ste. Marie, Mich.............................................. Schenectady, N . Y .................................................... Sedalia, M o................................................................. Selma, Ala2.................................................................. Shamokin, Pa........................................ ................... Sharon, Pa. (see Youngstown, Ohio). Shawnee, Okla........................................................... 13 and un der 14 14 and un der 15 16 and un der 17 18 and un der 19 19 and un der 20 13 1 11 1 G 20 and un der 21 6 6 1... 1 5 16 i 21 22 and and un un der der 22 23 i2 1 15 and un der 16 17 and un der 18 17 10 and un der 11 1 2 9 1 3 1 1 15 2 2 7 3 4 6 3 7 1 13 2 6 2 2 4 ’ io’ 1 1 15 1 3 7 9 i 1 16 ’ 2 2 3 11 4 I 1 1 1 1 ” 'T '" .I .. 2 1 2 2 i I ' 1 i ; 7 3 2 2 G 4 l 16 18 26 6 6 1 4 8 8 5 6 3 6 1 6 1 3 5 4 4 1 6 2 g i 20 53 22 2 2 1 2 2 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 * One cent less from Oct. 1 to Apr. 1. 1 4 10 ; CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 57 EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR—Continued, obtained by correspondence—Continuud. CONDUCTORS—Continued. Number of employees wlio received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. 32 31 33 30 34 35 36 37 29 28 26 24 27 23 25 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 32 36 37 38 30 33 34 35 29 31 28 27 25 26 24 4 1 6 1 1 2 15 21 31 3 16 1 Line 43 No. and un Total. der 44 1 1 1 14 34 4 14 5 8 11 1 25 22 53 3 7 2 5 1 6 23 11 1 14 53 3 2 1 3 4 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 19 6 19 9 6 106 2 28 12 33 6 34 23 34 (2) 26 43 (2) 72 171 83 18 28 4 9 9 ........1 40 40 and un der 41 13 2 3 38 and un der 39 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 46 30 28 4 33 3 21 7 4 14 30 4 8 27 4 38 141 11 14 13 7 23 19 68 35 36 1 2 3 2 4 1 4 7 17 14 39 67 74 23 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 22 9 142 140 44 45 46 47 27 19 137 48 49 50 32 74 14 51 52 53 9 177 13 (*) 18 54 55 56 57 58 7 59 1 1 9 3 6 2 12 . 7 * 6 1 5 10 6 22 9 2 13 11 8 20 27. 2 1 19 1 1 1 ' ' 1 ' ‘ 1 ' 37 j........ 1 7 ! 1 i 1 ___ I___ 1 38 23 35 12 43 5 7 2 6 5 4 2 36 4 2 13 5 2 14 5 4 25 24 ” 37’ 2 20 5 4 13 17 1 37 6 10 I 152 15 ■* 1. j j 1 2 | See Motormen. 58 STBEET KAILWAY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. T a ble 1 .— NUMBER OF CAR CREW MEN RECEIVING II*—Cities from which data were CONDUCTORS—Concluded. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. Line No. 14 and un der 15 15 and un der 16 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Southbridge, Mass. (see Webster, Mass.). Southern division, Public Service By. Co., New Jersey. 5 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 6 4 8 4 3 8 45 Total.................................................................. Per cent (cumulative)................................... 20 21 22 6 1 2 21 22 and and un un der der 22 23 17 11 Taunton, Mass. (see Norton, Mass.). 46 47 17 18 19 6 2 20 and un der 21 Sunbury, Pa.1............................................................. 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 15 16 4 19 and un der 20 2 Spencer, Mass (see Worcester, Mass.). Stamford, Conn. (Stamford division, Connecti cut Co.). Terre Haute, Ind....................................................... Tiffin, Ohio*............................................................... Torrington, Conn. (T.orrington division, Con necticut Co.). Trenton, N .J .............................................................. Trinidaa, Colo............................................................ Troy, N. Y . (see Albany, N . Y .). Tucson. Ariz.1............................................................. Tulsa Okla................................................................. Utica and Rome, N. Y ............................................. Vicksburg, Miss.......................................................... Vincennes Ind.......................................................... Waco. Tex................................................................... Walla Walla, W ash................................................... Waltham^ Mass. (see Newton, Mass.). Warren Pa.................................................................. Waterbury, Conn. (Waterbury division, Con necticut Co.). Waterloo and Cedar Falls, Iowa............................ Watertown, N. Y ...................................................... Waterville, Me............................................................ Waukegan, 111............................................................. Wausau W is........................ ..................................... Webb City, Mo........................................................... Westfield Mass.1........................................................ Webster and Southbridge, Mass............................ White Plains, N. Y ................................................... Wilkes-Barre and near-by towns, Pa.2................. Williamsport, Pa’....................................................... Willimantic, Conn. (see Norwich, Conn.). Wilmington, N. C ...................................................... Winona, Minn.1.......................................................... Winston-Salem, N .C ................................................ Woburn, Mass............................................................ Woonsocket, R. I ....................................................... Worcester, Spencer, and Marlboro, Mass............ Yonkers, N . Y ............................................................ York Pa. . ...*....................................................... Vfoungstown, Ohio, Sharon and Newcastle, Pa 13 14 17 and un der 18 18 and un der 19 9 10 13 and and un un der der 11 14 16 and un der 17 3 City. 6 28 6 2 5 9 1 3 2 2 14 3 13 10 14 9 9 4 2 25 4 2 4 3 1 11 14 72 6 *35' 5 2 7 2 2 6 6 1 8 15 7 6 3 7 5 9 2 9 (5) 8 (5) 6 2 4 16 5 12 7 6 4 28 28 114 102 179 387 474 661 3669 923 2 1 3 6 10 15 20 27 (5) 1 See Motormen. 2 Number of men not reported. 3 Not including 5 Whose rate was not reported but was increased 1 cent per hour each year after 30 months’ service, rate not to exceed 25 cents per hour. 59 CHAP. I .---- WAGES OF CAPv CEEWS. EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES PER HOUR-Continued, obtained by correspondence—Continued. CONDUCTORS—Concluded. Number of employees who received each classified rate of wages (cents) per hour. Line 32 34 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 40 43 33 31 30 29 28 25 27 24 26 23 No. and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and un un un un un un un un un un un- un un Total. un un un un un der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 32 35 36 37 38 %T 41 H 34 33 31 29 26 27 24 30 28 25 • 5 6 6 4 18 14 33 57 32 3 5 3 4 26 8 2 1 1 2 2 39 10 *17 4 199 24 22 i 7 14 2 70 20 0) 85 6 16 3 2 8 7 2 9 154 154 3 23 3 25 13 3 1 5 2 0) 89 (2 ) 27 4 1 15 1 12 2 25 174 16 142 12 48 10 4 2 14 5 3 24 8 5 3 4 4 3 6 10 17 18 19 20 2 1 22 23 8 7 49 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 8 1 1 2 3 9 34 35 15 16 47 17 16 12 7 1 30 13 14 15 113 4 1 8 9 10 1 1 1 2 50 5 2 7 26 90 24 8 *38 41 39 36 33 295 125 59 284 10 18 156 20 18 1168 1162 1335 1516 1010 2189 218 36 56 92 | 94 45 67 75 246 498 97 249 99 42 100 37 100 412978 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 4 Not including 23, whowere paid from $50 to $60 per month,and 5whose rate was not reported but w as, increased 1 cent per hour each year after 30 months’ service, rate not to exceed 25 cents per hour. ' 5 Less than one-half of 1 per cent. 60 STREET RAILWAY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. PAYMENT BY APPROXIMATE UNITS. About one-half of the companies visited credited time worked each day to the minute, the others using various aliquot parts of an hour. Under the latter system two methods were in vogue: (a) Payment to the nearest aliquot part; (&) payment to the next aliquot part. The method of paying to the nearest aliquot part of an hour is a give-and-take proposition, which is practically equalizing in the long run; 14 -companies paid to the nearest one-twelfth hour, 7 to the nearest one-tenth, 1 to the nearest one-sixth, 18 to the nearest onefourth, 1 to the nearest one-third, and 1 to the nearest hour. The second method has no equalizing feature, as it always inures to the benefit of the employee. Three companies (Cleveland, New Bedford, and South Bend) paid to the next one-twelfth hour, and 2 (Boston and Charleston) paid to the next one-fourth hour; that is, the unit of payment was one-fourth hour and any fraction of an hour less than one-fourth was counted as a full fourth. Another variation in the method of crediting time was in crediting the total time for the pay period in aliquot parts of an hour, regard less of the crediting day by day. Davenport and Oakland credited to the nearest one-fourth hour, while Norfolk and Richmond credited to the nearest one-half hour. An even-money payment for the pay period to the nearest 5 cents was made in the following cities: Dallas (N. T. T. Co.), Davenport, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, St. Louis, San Antonio, San Francisco (C. S. C. R. R. Co.), Spokane (S. & I. E. R. R. Co. and W. W. P. Co.), and Wheeling. All of these conditions are brought out by notes in Table A. TIME ALLOWED BUT NOT WORKED. The notes appended to Tables A and B show that in nrany instances under certain conditions time not on duty was allowed and paid for in addition to time actually worked. This provision applies mainly to short runs and tripper rims and runs the duties of which were not continuous but spread over a number of hours, to provide therefor a sufficient compensation. The effect is to increase the earn ings per hour worked above the regular rate per hour and thus to make the runs acceptable to the men. Such payment should be considered in studying both the rates of wages and the hours of labor. The provisions reported for the several companies are here com piled : AltooTia.—Tripper runs of If3 to 1} hours were paid for as 2 hours. * Boston (elevated and surface lines).—Runs of 8 to 8J hours were paid for as 8J hours; runs over hours were paid for to the next quarter hour. For runs taldng more than CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 61 12 hours to complete, 25 per cent above the regular rate was paid for the first hour or fraction of hour over 12, and 50 per cent for each hour or fraction of hour over 13. There were no regular runs under 8 hours. Buffalo.—Runs of 7 and under 9 hours, all-night (or owl) cars excepted, were paid for as 9 hours. All-night car runs did not exceed 8 hours, but were paid for as 10 hours. There were no regular runs under 7 hours on duty. Regular men taken from regular runs to do special work of less hours were paid for time of regular runs. Chicago (Chicago Surface Lines).—Monday to Saturday runs under 9 hours were paid for as 9 hours. Chicago ( Chicago Elevated Railways).—Runs under 10 hours were paid for as 10 hours, over 10 were paid for to the next quarter hour. Train work, other than regular runs, under 2 hours, was paid for as 2 hours, over 2 and under 7 was paid for to the next hour over 7 and under 9 was paid to the next quarter hour. Cleveland.— Time worked each day was paid for to the next 5 minutes. Lowell, Mass.—Time worked each day was paid for to "the next quarter hour. Manchester.—Sunday runs of regular men with hours less than on week days were paid for same as week days. There were about 20 such Sunday runs. Milwaukee.—All Monday to Friday,-and approximately 60 per cent of all Saturday runs under 9 hours were paid for as 9 hours. Minneapolis and St. Paul.—Monday to Saturday runs of 2 swings (parts) under 10 hours were paid for as 10 hours. On runs of 3 swings the time not on duty between the second and third swings was paid for. All runs had 2 or 3 swings. Newark.—About 225 Monday to Friday and 125 Saturday runs under 10 hours had allowances, that is, time not on duty was paid for. The allowances ranged from 1 to 43 minutes. New Bedford.—Tripper runs under 2 hours were paid for as 2 hours. New Orleans.—Runs under 8 hours were paid for as 8 hours. Other scheduled time (tripper runs) under 5 hours and 20 minutes was paid for at 1J times the regular rate. New York (Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co.—surface).—Monday to Friday runs under 10 hours, except 2 of 7J and under 8 and 1 of 8J and under 9, were paid for as 10 hours. Saturday and Sunday runs over 7 and under 8 hours were paid for as 8 hours, over 8 and under 9 were paid for as 9, and over 9 and under 10 were paid for as 10. New York (New York Railways Co.).—Runs under 8 hours were paid for as 8 hours, over 8 and under 9 were paid for as 9, and over 9 and under 10 were paid for as 10. New York (Interborough Rapid Transit Co.—elevated and subway).—A daily rate by years of service was paid for each run regardless of the number of hours worked. Runs ranged from 6 to 10 hours. New York (Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co.—elevated).—Motormen with runs under 10 hours were paid for 10 hours. Approximately all conductors and guards with runs under 6 hours were paid for 7 or 8 hours, over 6 and under 7 were paid for 8, over 7 and under 8 were paid for 9, over 8 and under 9 were paid for 9, 9J, or 9§, and those with runs over 9 were paid for 9f or 10. hours. Philadelphia (surface and elevated).—Monday to Saturday runs under 9 hours were T paid for as 9 hours. To meet traffic conditions each Sunday run had several scheduled hours on duty, but each employee was paid for his longest scheduled Sunday hours. Employees who did court duty (attended court) were paid for the time of their runs for each day of court attendance. Pittsburgh.—Eight hours’ pay was guaranteed for 85 per cent of all runs under 8 hours. Many employees had Sunday runs of less hours than on Monday to Saturday, but were paid for same time for each day. Employees who did extra tripper work before time of beginning or after completing runs, or at noon between swings (parts of runs), were paid for the tripper work and were also paid 25 cents for the time not on duty between the tripper work and the regular time on duty, provided such time was 62 ' STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. over 50 minutes. Regular men who were requested to take emergency runs of less hours were paid for their regular hours. Portland, Me.—Runs under 10 hours were paid for as 10 hours. Providence.—Runs under 8 hours were paid for as 8 hours, and runs over 8 hours were paid for to the next quarter hour. Employees had 1 or more tripper runs which were paid for as follows: Fifty cents for those under 2 hours; $1 for those approximately 2 and under 4 hours; 5J hours’ pay for those 4 and under 5 hours, and 7 hours’ pay for those 5 and under 7 hours. Rochester.—Monday to Saturday runs under 9 hours were paid for as 9 hours. San Antonio.—On 20 runs known as regular tripper runs which ranged from 2 to 9 hours Monday to Friday and 3 to 9 Saturday, 9 hours’ pay was guaranteed. San Francisco ( California Street Cable R. R. Co.).—Each run had an allowance. The allowances ranged from 2 to 31 minutes per day. Seattle (Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. Co.).—Six Monday to Friday and 5 Satur day runs of 9 and under 10 hours were paid for as 10 hours; 7 Monday to Friday and 1 Saturday runs of 8 and under 9 hours were paid for as 9 hours, and 1 Saturday run of 7J and under 8 hours was paid for as 9 hours. Spokane ( Spokane & Inland Empire R. R. Co.).—Tripper runs under 3 hours were paid for as 3 hours. Springfield, Mass.—A daily rate by years of service was paid for each run of 9 hours and under; runs over 9 hours were paid for as a day and one-half hour additional for time over 9 if time did not exceed 15 minutes, or 1 hour additional if time did exceed 15 minutes but did not exceed one-half hour. Washington ( Capital Traction CoJ)—Practically all Monday to Saturday runs of 9 and under 10 hours were paid for as 10 hours. Many Sunday runs of 8 and under 10 hours were paid for as 10 hours, PAY FOR REPORTING TIME. In Table 32 on pages 213 to 215'the reporting time of each com pany is stated and in the text.below are enumerated the companies that paid for such time. ALLOWANCE FOR MAKING DAILY WORK REPORTS AND ACCIDENT REPORTS. Seven companies reported a time allowance given to the car crew for making daily work reports. These cities, with allowances given, were: Boston {surface lines).— Motormen 5 minutes, conductors 10 minutes. Charlotte.—Motormen and conductors 10 minutes. Chicago (C. S . L .)—Motormen and conductors 5 minu»>es. Davenport.— Conductors 15 minuses. Kansas City. — Motormen and conductors 1 2 minutes. Los Angeles.— Motormen and conductors 5 minutes. San Francisco (M . Rys. Co.).— Conductors 10 minutes. Springfield , III .—Motormen and conductors 5 m inute. In a number of cities the men were given an extra time allowance or pay for making accident reports. This allowance was limited to the actual time consumed in making reports in Augusta, Chicago (C. S. L.), Manchester, New York (Third Ave. Ry. Co.), and Superior (if not the fault of employee), while 10 minutes was allowed in San C H AP. I.-----WAGES OF CAR CEEWS. 63 Francisco (M. Rys. Co.), 1 2 minutes in Kansas City, one hour in Min neapolis and St, Paul, and one and one-half hours in Atlanta*, In Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse an allowance of 18 minutes and in Pittsburgh an allowance of 15 minutes was made for personal injury reports only. In Boston and New York (N. Y. Rys. Co.) a money allowance was made for each report, the amount being not to exceed 10 cents in the former city and 20 cents in the latter. Chattanooga made an allowance for reports of serious accidents only, but the allowance was not reported. MEALS OR CASH ALLOWANCE WHEN HELD FOR ORDERS. When tjie car crew were held at barns for further orders after finishing a regular day’s work, they were furnished with meals-by the companies in the following cities: Atlanta. Binghamton. Birmingham. Boston. Brockton. Buffalo. Intfianapolis. Little Rock. Lowell. Memphis. Mobile. New Orleans. Oklahoma City. Omaha. Portland, Me. St. Louis. Scranton. South Bend. Spokane (S. & I. E. R. R. Co.). Springfield, Mass. Tacoma. Brooklyn (elevated lines). In Cincinnati a cash allowance of 30 cents was made if a man was held over six hours, in Manchester and Spokane (W. W. P.. Co.) the men were given 25 cents and in New Bedford 50 cents when held for orders, and in New Britain and New Haven either a meal or 25 cents was furnished, at the option of the men. In Chicago (elevated lines), when men were held for 15 minutes or more, they were paid for two hours, while in Rochester they were paid time and one-half for all time they were held. FREE TRANSPORTATION. Motormen and conductors were allowed free transportation to and from work in all cities from which information was obtained. Free transportation was allowed also when employees were off duty, except in Cleveland, Indianapolis, and Washington (C, T. Co.). Employees off duty, however, were required to be in uniform to entitle them to transportation in Boston, Milwaukee, Minneapolis and St. Paul, Mobile, Newark, New Orleans, New York (Third Ave. Ry. Co.), Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Scranton, and Washington (W. R, & E. Co.). In Cincinnati free transportation while off duty was given only after three years’ service, while in Binghamton and Springfield, Ohio, carmen were given 124 and 62 tickets per month, respectively, to be used for such transportation. 64 STREET RAILWAY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. Free transportation was given to the families of carmen by a few companies. In Binghamton members of the family might use the tickets given to carmen if the latter did not do so. In Denver wives of carmen were allowed 30 trips each month and in Sacramento and Scranton 62 and 50 tickets per month, respectively, were furnished for members of a carman's family. In New York (N. Y. Ry. Co.) wives and dependent mothers were given free transportation, and on the elevated and subway lines, wives, mothers, or sisters when in charge of the household. In Seattle (S. R. & S. Ry. Co.) and Portland, Me., free transportation was given to the wives of carmen, but in the latter city only when a wife was on the car operated by her husband. In Oklahoma City and Seattle (P. S. T. L. & P. Co.) the privilege was granted to all members of the family. GUARANTEED WAGE TO EXTRA MEN. The extra motorman or conductor in most of the companies has no definite assurance of the amount of work that will be assigned him. He must take his chances when he enters on employment. A few companies, however, guaranteed a certain amount of wage to these extra men so that they might have an assured minimum income. The guaranty was in two different forms, in effect the same, a guaranty in time or in amount of earnings. A list is given showing the different guaranties and the companies giving them: Cities. Guaranteed hours or rate. San Antonio......................................................... 5 hours per day. Boston................................................................... 6A hours per day. Superior................................................................ 7 hours, first 3 months; 8 hours, sec ond 3 months; 9 hours, after 6 months. Birmingham......................................................... 9 hours per day. Portland, Me....................................................... 10 hours per day. Pittsburgh............................................................ $1.40 per day for any time on duty less than 5 hours. New York (Brooklyn, surface lines), Charles- $1.50 per day. ton, S. C., Grand Rapids. Minneapolis and St. Paul................................... $2 per day. Philadelphia ( “ last run men” ) ......................... $2.25 per day. Springfield, Mass................................................. Full day’s pay. Milwaukee, Newark, Philadelphia................... $12 per week. Detroit.................................................................. $19 semimonthly. Seattle (S. R. & S. Ry. Co.)............................... $20 per half month. Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Kansas City............. $45 per month. Des Moines........................................................... $50 per month. Seattle (P. S. T. L. & P. C o .).......................... $55 per month. In 34 other companies extra men, who were marked up on the schedule or otherwise notified to report and make certain specified runs or trips, were paid for reporting, even though they were not 65 CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. given the runs or trips that had been assigned to them. paid as follows: They were 7 companies paid for 1 hour. 1 company paid for 1 to 2 hours. 2 companies paid for 2 hours. 1 company paid for 2 hours to half-day. 1 company paid for 5 hours. 13 companies paid for time held. 1 company paid for one-half time held. 1 company paid for 5 minutes only, as reporting time. 3 companies paid for time of run or trip assigned. 1 company paid $1, or for actual time held if would amount to over $1. 1 company paid $1.25. 1 company paid 15 cents per hour for time held. 1 company paid for 1 hour for second report and 2 hours for the third. ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION. Both companies in Washington, D . C., gave compensation to their men in addition to the regular wage. One company gave a bonus annually, based on length of satisfactory service, and the other com pany had a profit-sharing plan. Boston added a percentage to the rate of wages for runs taking more than 1 2 hours to complete. These methods are explained in the notes to Table A. RATES OF PAY FOR SPECIFIED CLASSES OF WORK. OVERTIME. In nearly all cities where the car crew worked overtime, either at their own request or at the request of the company, they were paid only at the regular rate. A few exceptions, however, were reported as follows: Cities. Rates for overtime. Des Moines, New Britain, New Haven, Providence............................................ Regular rate plus 5 cents per hour. Davenport................................................. Regular rate plus 7 cents per hour. Buffalo, Sacramento..................................Regular rate plus 10 cents per hour. Scranton.................................................... Regular rate plus one-fourth. Birmingham, Cincinnati . .. .................Regular rate plus one-third. Rochester, Spokane (W. W. P. Co. and S. & I. E. Co.), Syracuse.....................Regular rate plus one-half. Mobile........................................................25 cents per hour for time over 11 hours. New Orleans............................................. 36 cents per hour or 1J times regular rate. Newark...................................................... 37£ cents per hour. Springfield, Mass...................................... At least 2 hours’ pay for any overtime or ex cess time due to delays under 2 hours, and regular rate for 2 hours and over. Boston (elevated lines)............................ Time and one-half for first hour or fraction; then regular rate. 39749°—Bull. 204— 17------ 5 66 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. OWL-CAR RUNS AND WORK AFTER MIDNIGHT. F iv e co m p a n ie s m a d e a llo w a n ce s fo r a ll-n ig h t (o w l-c a r ) se rv ice , o r f o r w o r k a fte r m id n ig h t. B u ffa lo a llo w e d 10 h o u r s ’ p a y f o r o w l-c a r ru n s o f a b o u t 8 h o u r s ; N e w O rlea n s, 10 h o u r s ’ p a y f o r ru n s th a t d id n o t co n su m e q u ite th a t m u c h t im e ; a n d W a s h in g to n (C a p ita l T r a c tio n C o .) p a id an a v era g e o f 25 ce n ts p e r h o u r f o r o w l-c a r ru ns. A lt o o n a p a id 27 an d P e o ria 50 c e n ts p e r h o u r fo r w o r k a fte r m id n ig h t. OPERATING SNOWPLOW AND SWEEPER. T h e cities in w h ic h th e ca r cre w w e re g iv e n e x tr a a llo w a n ce w h e n op e ra tin g sn o w p lo w s a n d sw eep ers, w ith a m o u n ts p a id , is p re s e n te d b e lo w : Cities. Rates paid. Altoona...................................................... Usually allowed 9J hours’ pay, with meals. Binghamton, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Denver, Rochester, Syracuse..............Regular rate plus one-half. Boston (surface lines).............................. 45 cents per hour. Boston (elevated lines)............................Motormen 45 cents per hour; others 35 cents, for operating trains to keep third rail free of snow or ice. Brockton, Lowell..................................... Motormen, 35 cents per hour; conductors, 30 cents. Buffalo.......................................................5 a. m. to 10 p. m., 35 cents per hour; 10 p. m. to 5 a. m., 40 cents per hour. Chicago (surface lines), Newark, New Bedford.................................................. 35 cents per hour. Des Moines................................................Regular rate plus 5 cents per hour. Indianapolis, St. Louis-----......................27 cents per hour. Kansas City...............................................32 cents per hour. New York (N. Y. & Q. Co. R y. Co.), Saginaw................................................. Regular rate and meals. Manchester................................................30 cents per hour. Milwaukee.......................... ...................29 cents per hour. New Britain, New Haven....................... Regular rate plus (a) 5 cents per hour during regular hours, and ( b) 15 cents per hour for overtime. New York (N. Y. Ry. Co.)..................... 40 cents per horn’ for motormen. Others, regular rate plus one-half. New York (Third Ave. Ry. Co.)............ 40 cents per hour. Pittsburgh; Providence; Springfield, Mass........................................................Regular rate plus 10 cents per hour. Pueblo....................................................... Straight time plus one-half for time over 3 hours; straight time under 3 hours. Scranton.................................................... Regular rate plus one-fourth. Washington (C. T. Co.)............................Regular rate plus 2£ cents per hour. Washington (W. Ry. & E. Co.).............. 30 cents per hour. Wilmington, Del. (W. & P. T. Co.)....... Full day’s pay regardless of hours worked. CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 67 INSTRUCTING NEW MEN. A n u m b e r o f c o m p a n ie s r e p o r te d a d d itio n a l co m p e n s a tio n g iv e n fo r in stru ctin g n e w m en . B e lo w are sh o w n th e cities a n d th e ra te s o f p a y : Cities. Rates of pay. Buffalo, Chicago (surface lines), Kan- Regular rate plus 25 cents per day. sas City, Los Angeles, San An tonio, San Francisco (U. R. R.). Grand Rapids......................................... 50 cents per hour. Sioux C ity................... . ......................... Regular rate plus $2 per month. Seattle (P. S. T. L. & P. C o.).............. Regular rate plus 1 cent per hour. New Bedford, Syracuse........................ Regular rate plus 2 cents per hour. Boston..................................................... Regular rate plus 2\ cents per hour. New York (N. Y. & Q. Co. Ry. Co.). .Regular rate plus 30 minutes’ pay per day. Springfield, Mass.................................... Regular rate plus 1 hour’s pay per day. Tacoma....................................................Not specified. TIME IN EXCESS OF REGULAR RUNS CAUSED BY DELAYS. O b s tr u c tio n s t o tra ffic o r b r e a k d o w n s o n th e lin e o c c a s io n a lly n e ce ssita te tra in m e n re m a in in g o u t o n th e ir ru n s lo n g e r th a n th eir reg u la r tim e. T h is e x ce ss o f tim e o n d u t y u su a lly w a s p a id f o r a t th e reg u la r ra te. A fe w v a r ia tio n s fr o m th e g en era l ru le, h o w e v e r , w ere r e p o rte d as fo llo w s : Cities. Rates paid. Philadelphia......................................Regular rate for material delays, but nothing for minor delays. Cleveland.......................................... Regular rate when not fault of crew. New York (N. Y. Rys. C o.)............ Regular rate if time worked exceeds time paid for by 15 minutes. (See note,2 p. 411.) New York (N. Y. & Q. Co. Ry. Co.).Regular rate when over 10 minutes. New Orleans......................................Regular rate for delays over 30 minutes. New Britain, New H aven...............Regular rate plus 5 cents per hour. Des Moines........................................ Regular rate plus 5 cents per hour if not fault of crew. Davenport......................................... Regular rate plus 7 cents per hour. Buffalo, Sacramento......................... Regular rate plus 10 cents per hour. Mobile................................................Regular rate, but 25 cents per hour for time in ex cess of 11 horn's on duty. Peoria.................................................Regular rate except between midnight and early morning cars; then 50 cents per hour. Birmingham, Cincinnati...................Regular rate plus one-third. Scranton............................................ Regular rate plus one-fourth. Spokane (W. W. P. Co. and S. & Regular rate plus one-half. I. E. R. R. Co.). Chicago (elevated lin e s )................. Paid for 2 hours if delayed 15 minutes or more. Springfield, Mass.............................. Paid for 2 hours. Providence........................................ Regular rate except on runs of over 10 hours, which pay 5 cents per hour additional. 68 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. ONE-MAN CARS. Three companies reported additional compensation for the opera tion of one-man cars. Sioux City paid 4 cents per hour in addition to regular rate, and Topeka and Wichita paid 2 cents per hour additional. PAY FOR MEAL PERIODS. In four cities it was reported that meal periods of substantial duration were paid for on certain runs. Chicago (surface lines) paid for meal periods ranging from 15 to 50 minutes in 61 per cent of the runs; Indianapolis for periods of from 2 0 to 30 minutes on 40 per cent of the runs; South Bend for 30 minutes on 20 per cent of the runs; and Brooklyn (elevated lines) for from 30 to 40 minutes on straight runs; Denver reported meal periods paid for on owl-car runs ranging from 24 to 56 minutes. PREMIUMS FOR PREVENTION OF ACCIDENTS. Only 1 2 companies are reported as giving premiums to car crews for the prevention of accidents. In Jacksonville a safety button was given each carman after three months’ service without accident and one day off with pay each month thereafter in which no acci dent occurred. An accident fund was maintained in Louisville, and the balance not expended for damages was distributed among employees as a bonus. In Memphis employees were given a bonus of 1 cent per hour for each hour in which they had no accident, 10 0 hours being deducted for each accident that occurred. Payments were made every six; months. A bonus, based on hours worked, also was paid in Nashville, with a deduction of 20 0 hours for each acci dent. The system in New Haven provided for the payment of a bonus to men who had no accident during the year. In Norfolk and Richmond each carman was given a uniform for each six: months of service in which he had no accident costing the company more than $ 1 0 , while in San Francisco (U. R. R.) the decrease in damage claims paid in 1914 from the amount paid in 1913 was distributed among employees. Both companies in Washington paid bonuses for the prevention of accidents under their merit and profit-sharing plans. In Wichita a month without accidents entitled men to pay for the days allowed off (1 in 15), while in Wilmington, Del. (P. R. Co.), a bonus of 1 cent an hour was paid for each month in which the employee had no accident. CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 69 RATES AT STATED PERIODS OF SERVICE. Table 2 , next given, shows the rate paid at the beginning of the first and second six months of service, and at the beginning of each year of service thereafter. It is an abridged table, in that it does not give the rate as advanced by a few companies at midyear inter vals after the first year. It affords, however, a ready comparison of the rates paid by the several companies at stated periods of service and brings out clearly the range of rates paid by each company. The highest rate shown in the table for each city is the rate paid during all the succeeding years of service. The same grouping is made in this summary table as in Table A— cities from which data were obtained by agents of the bureau and cities from which data were obtained by correspondence. On the first line of Table 2 it is seen that in Altoona, Pa., the new man on entering service was paid 2 0 cents per hour. The company made no advance during the first year of service. Hence, at the beginning of the second six months of service the employee received 20 cents per hour. As the employee entered on his second year of service he received 2 1 cents per hour. On entering the third year of service he received 23 cents per hour. At the beginning of the fourth year he received 24 cents, and at the beginning of the fifth year 25 cents. For all service thereafter the employee received 25 cents per hour. A note shows that in addition to this regular rate, which applied to the employees generally, there was a special hillcar rate of 26 cents per hour and a night-car rate of 27 cents per hour. T able 2 .—W A G E RATES OF MOTORM EN, CONDUCTORS, GUARDS, AN D GRIPMEN PAID AT BEG INNING OF EACH SPECIFIED PERIOD OF SERVICE. [The same rate is paid in all occupations unless otherwise specified. The highest rate shown in this table for each company is the rate paid during all succeeding years of service.] I.—Cities from which data were obtained by special agents. Hourly rates of wages at beginning of— City. 1st 6 mos. Altoona, Pa............... Atlanta, Ga............... Augusta, Ga............. Binghamton, N. Y . . Birmingham, A la ... Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co. (surface lines)................... Boston Elevated R y. Co. (ele vated lines)— Motormen.......... Conductors 2....... Guards3.............. 2d 6 mos. 2d year. 3d year. 4th year. 5th year. > 0.20 i$0.20 .17 .17 .20 .18 m . 21 i$0.23 1$0.24 i$0.25 .18 .21 .19 .23 .18 .21 .19 .20 .22 .22 .21 .23 .20 .21 .18 .22 .20 .23 .17 .17 .27f . 26J .25 .21f .29J .25 .21| .30 .26 .22i 6th year. $0.24 $0.25 .22 .23 .24 .29f .30f .26* .23 7th 9th 10th After 8th year. year. year. year. 10th year. .291 .31i .31* .27 .32J .27* .24 .23 $0.23 $0.23 $0.24 .26 .25 .33 .28 .24* .23| 1 Hill-car rate, 26 cents; night-car (12 midnight to 6 a. m.) rate, 27 cents. 2 Called guards in Boston. brakemen in Boston. 3 Called 70 T able STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN TH E U NITED STATES. 2.—WAGE RATES OF MOTORMEN, CONDUCTORS, GUARDS, AND GRIPMEN PAID AT BEGINNING OF EACH SPECIFIED PERIOD OF SERVICE—Continued. I.— Cities from which data were obtained by special agents—Continued. Hourly rates of wages at beginning of— City. 1 st 6 mos. 2d 6 mos. 2d year. 3d year. 4th year. 5 th year. 6 th year. 7th 8 th 9th 1 0 th After year. year.^ year. year. 1 0 th year. $0.24 .$0.24 $0.25 $0.26 $0.27 $0.28 Brockton, Mass. .24 .28 $0.29 $0.29 $0.29 $0.29 $0.30 .23 .23 .25 .27 Buffalo, N. Y . . , .38^ .38* .42* .42* .42* .45 Butte, Mont___ .19 .2 1 .17 .2 0 .17 Charleston, S. C .16 .18 .2 1 .2 0 .15 .15 .17 Charlotte, N. C. .2 1 .2 2 .18 .19* .23 .23* Chattanooga, Tenn.. Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways: M otorm en on Northwestern .32 .32 .34 division only.. Motormen on all e x c e p t the Northwestern .34 division........... .30| .30* Motormen, act ing (conducto rs and .28 .28i .28 guards)............ .29* Conductors— .25J Regular........... . 25* .27 Extra............. . 1.24 Guards— Regular........... i .24 .2 1 .2 2 .2 1 .24 .23 Extra............. . Chicago Surface .32 Lines................... .23 .26 .27 .30 .29 .31 .2 1 .2 0 .23 .23 .24 .24 .25 .25 .26 .27 Cleveland, Ohio____ .27 .27 .30 Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric .2 1 .2 2 Corporation.— .24 .2 0 .23 .25 Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff divis i o n of Fort .2 1 .2 2 .24 Worth lines___ .2 0 .25 .23 1 .24 .23 .28 .23 .26 i .24 .24 Denver, Colo___ .26* .28 .28 .28 .30 ! .24 Des Moines, lows .24 .25 .29 i .32 Detroit, M ich.. . .25 .30 j .2 1 .19 .2 0 .2 2 .24 .23 .24 .25 .23 .26 .26* .27 .2 0 .2 1 .2 2 .24 .25 .23 .2 1 .2 1 .23 .24 .26 .27 .25 Jacksonville, F la ... 1 .19 .19 .2 0 .2 1 .2 2 .23 Kansas City, Mo. . . .2 2 . 22| .23 .23* .25 .26 .27 .27 ......... .27 .28 | .27 Lincoln, Nebr......... .,20 •21 * .2 0 .221 .24* .23* .25* .25* .27 j .18 .18 .19 .2 0 .2 1 .2 2 .2 2 .25 . .25 .25 .26 .27 .28 .29 .30 Louisville, K y .. . . . .2 1 .2 1 .2 2 .24 .23 Lowell, Mass........... .24 .24 .25 .26 .28 .27 Manchester, N. H .: Regular men____ (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (0 (2) (2) (2) Extra men......... . .23 .23 .25 .26 % Memphis, Tenn___ .17 .19 .2 0 .2 1 .2 2 .23 .24 .25 Milwaukee, W is___ . .23 .23 .24 .25 .26 .28 .27 Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn. . . .23 .24 .26 .28 .27 .29 .30 Mobile, A la........ .19 .19 .2 0 .2 1 .2 2 .24 .03 Nashville, Tenn. .18 .18 .19 .2 0 .2 0 .2 2 Newark, N. J . . . .24 .23 .25 .26 .27 .27 .28 .28 .29 .29 .30 .25 .25 .26 .27 .28 .29 .30 .2 2 .2 2 .23 •23J .24| .26i . 275 .22 .22 .23 .23^ .24| .261 .27^ . 3 .24 1 Flat rate. 2 paid according to hours of run, regardless of years of service—9-hour run or longer, paid 26 cents per hour; 8f, paid 26f cents; 8*, paid 27r\ cents; 8^, paid 28^T cents; and 8-hour run, paid 29* cents per hour. 3 Flat rate, regardless of years of service, paid during first, second, and third years of a 5-year contract: 241 cents paid in fourth year, and 24* cents, in fifth year. 71 CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. Table 2 . — W AG E R A T E S OF M OTORM EN, CONDUCTORS, GUARDS, A N D GRIPM EN PAID AT B E G IN N IN G OF EACH SPECIFIED PER IO D OF SER VICE—Continued. I.—Cities from which data were obtained by special agents—Continued. Hourly rates of wages at beginning of— City. 1st 6 mos. New York, N . Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co.......... $0.24 New York and Queens County R y. Co................. .22 New York Rys. C o .Horse-car lines.. i 2.10 Storage-battery car lines— Motormen....... 2 2.50 Conductors___ 2 2.25 All lines except horse a n d storage-batte ry car lines— Motormen....... 12.50 Conductors___ 12.40 Third Avenue Ry. Co.— The Bronx.......... .24 Manhattan— Motormen on— Storage-battery cars. . 3.25 Other cars. . .25 C o n d u c to rs on— Storage-battery cars. . 3.22 Other cars. . .24 In te r b o ro u g h Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)— Motormen........... 4 3.00 Conductors......... 42 .35 Guards................ <2.00 In terb orou gh Rapid Transit Co. (subway lines)— Motormen.......... 43.00 Conductors......... 4 2.35 Guards................ 4 2.00 Brooklyn Rapid T r a n s i t Co. (e le v a te d lines)— Motormen.......... .30 Conductors......... .23 Guards................ .20 Norfolk, V a ............... .18 Oakland, Cal............ .30 Oklahoma City,Okla .20 Omaha, Nebr............ .24 Peoria, 111.................. .23 Philadelphia, Pa.: P h ila d e lp h ia Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)— Motormen.......... .28 Conductors......... .25 Guards................ .25 8th 9th 10th After 7th year. year. year. year. 10th year. 2d 6 mos. 2d year. 3d year. 4th year. 5th year. 6th year. $0.24 $0.24 $0.25 $0.26 $0.26 $0.27 $0.27 $0.27 $0.27 $0.28 .22 .22 .23 .23 .23 12.10 12.25 12.50 12.40 12.60 12.50 12.70 12.60 12.70 12.60 12.85 12.70 .24 .27 .25 .26 .27 .27 .28| .24 .25 .26 .26 .27 4 3.00 4 2.35 4 2.00 43.50 4 2.35 4 2.00 4 3.50 4 2.45 4 2.10 4 3.50 4 2.55 4 2.20 4 3.50 4 2.60 4 2.30 4 3.75 4 3.00 4 2.35 4 2.00 43.50 4 2.35 4 2.00 4 3.50 4 2.45 4 2.10 4 3.50 4 2.55 4 2.20 4 3.50 4 2.60 4 2.30 4 3.75 .24 1 .30 .23 .20 .19 .30 .20 .24 .23 •32£ .23 .21 .20 .31 .22 .25 .25 . 32J .24 .22 .21 .32 .24 .26 .28 .321 .25 .22| .22 .33 .24 .27 .32^ .35 .22* .23 .34 .25 .28 .35 .26 .28 .28 .25 .25 .29 .26 .26 .30 .27 .27 .31 .28 .28 .32 .29 .33 .30 .35 .37J i .36 .27 .28 1 .37 .28 .28 .38 .39 .28 .29 $0.40 1 Rate per day of 10 hours. Runs of under 8 hours on duty were paid for as 8 hours; over 8 to 9, paid for as 9; over 9 to 10, paid for as 10; over 10, excess over 10 paid for at regular rate. 2 Flat rate per day of 10 hours, regardless of years of service. Runs of under 8 hours on duty were paid for as 8 hours; over 8 to 9, paid for as 9; over 9 to 10, paid for as 10; over 10, excess over 10 paid for at regu lar rate. 3 Flat rate. 4 Rate per day, regardless of scheduled time of run. 72 Table STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN TH E UNITED STATES. 2.—WAGE RATES OF MOTORMEN, CONDUCTORS, GUARDS, AND GRIPMEN PAID AT BEGINNING OF EACH SPECIFIED PERIOD OF SERVICE—Continued. I.— Cities from which data were obtained by special agents—Continued. Hourly rates of wages at beginning of— City. 1st 6 mos. 2d 6 mos. 2d year. 3d year. 4th year. 5th year. 6th year. 8th 7th 9th 10th After 10th year. year. year. year. year. Philadelphia, Pa.— Concluded. P h ila d e lp h ia Rapid Transit C o . (su rfa c e lines).................... $0.25 $0.25 $0.26 $0.27 $0.28 $0.29 $0.30 .25 .26* .28 .29 .30 .23* Pittsburgh, Pa......... .21 .22 .23 .20 Portland, Me............ .20 .28 .29 .30 .31 Portland, Oreg......... .25 .26 .27 .24* .26 Providence, R . I . . . . .23 .27 .28* .28 .24 .29 Pueblo, Colo........ .23 .25 .26 .27 Reading, Pa........ 1.23 .19 .20 .21 .22 Richmond, V a . . . .18 Rochester. N. Y .. .26 .28 .24 .32 Sacramento, Cal.. .29 .30 .31 .29 Saginaw, M ich... .21 .22 .24 .20 .23 .20 .24 .23 St. Louis, Mo............ .25 .26 .27 .23 .28 .33 Salt Lake CityJJtah. .28 .21 .21 .22 .24 San Antonio, T e x ... .25 $0.26 .20 .23 San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable R .R . Co.. .25 .30 .30 .30 .33 .25 Municipal Rail ways of San Francisco........... 1.37* United Railroads .32 .28 of San Francisco. .26 .29 .30 .31 .33 $0.34 $0.35 .25 .22 .21 .17 .18 .19 Savannah, Ga........... .20 .17 .22 .24 .22 Scranton.Pa............. .26* Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Trac tion, Light & Power Co.— Motormen and .31 .31 $0.32 .26 .28 .27 .29 .30 .30 .31 .25 conductors.. . . .32 .32 .32 Gripmen............. .28 .29 .30 .31 .31 .26 .33 .27 Seattle Municipal Street R y ........... Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry.Co. .32 .28 .29 .30 .31 .25 .26 .27 Sioux City, Iowa: Motormen, regu lar, on one-man .28* .28* .28* .28* .28* $0.29 .26 cars...................... .25 .25 .27* .27 .27* Motormen a n d conductors, reg ular, on other .24* .24* .24* .24* .24* .21 .21 .22 .23* .23* cars.................... . .23 .25 M o to r m e n and conductors, ex1.20 South Bend, Ind___ .20 .19 Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R.R.Co. .27 The Washington Water Power Co .27 .19 .19 Springfield, 111........ Springfield, Mass... 3 2.30 3 2.45 .22 Springfield, Ohio... .23 .22 Superior, W is......... .24 Syracuse, N. Y ....... .24 Tacoma, Wash.: Motormen and .24 .23 conductors........ .24 .25 Gripmen............... .21 .22 .23 .28 .29 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 .30 (2) .28 .20 3 2.60 .23 .24 .26 .29 .21 3 2.70 .24 .25 .28 .30 .22 3 2.85 .25 .26 .30 .23 .30 .24 .30 .30 .30 .30 (2) .26 .26 .27 .27 .28 .25 .26 .25 .26 .25 .26 .26 .27 .26 .27 .26 .27 .27 .28 .27 .28 .27 .28 (4 ) (5) i Flat rate. 11th and 12th years, 30 cents; 13th, 14th, and 15th, 31 cents; after 15th, 33 cents. 3 Rate per day of 9 hours. Scheduled runs of less than 9 hours paid for as 9; of more than 9, paid for as a day and * hour additional for the time over 9 if such time did not exceed 15 minutes, or 1 hour addi tional if such time did exceed 15 minutes but did not exceed * hour. 4 11th and 12th years, 28 cents; 13th to 15th, 29 cents; after 15th, 30 cents. 6 11th and 12th years, 29 cents; 13th to 15th, 30 cents; after 15th, 31 cents. 2 CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 73 WAGE RATES OF MOTORMEN, CONDUCTORS, GUARDS, AND GRIPMEN PAID AT BEGINNING OF EACH SPECIFIED PERIOD OF SERVICE—Continued. T able 2 .— I.— Cities from which data were obtained by special agents—Concluded. Hourly rates of wages at beginning of— City. 7th 8th 9th 10th After year. year. year. year. 10th year. 1st 6 mos. Toledo, Ohio............. Topeka, Kans.: Motormen on 1man cars............. Motormen and conductors on other cars........... Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Washington Rail way & Electric Co......................... Wheeling, W . Va . . . Wichita, Kans.: Motormen on 1man cars............. Motormen and conductors on other cars............ Wilmington, Del.: People’s Ry. Co... W ilm in g t o n & P h ila d e lp h ia Traction Co.. 2d 6 mos. 2d year. 3d year. 4th year. 5th year. $0.23 $0.23 $0.24 $0.25 $0.26 $0.27 .22 .23 .231 .24 .25 .20 .21 .211 .22 .23 2. 211 .22 .211 .22 .221 .23 .221 .24 .221 .25 .221 $0,231 $0.231 $0.231 $0.231 $0.231 $0.25 .29 .26 .22 .22 .23 .231 .24 .25 .26 .20 .20 .21 .211 .22 .23 .24 .18* .18* .20 .21 .21 .22 .23 .24 .22 .20 6th year. >.22J II.—C ities from which data were obtained by correspondence. Aberdeen, Wash.: Regular men......... $0.26 $0.27 $0.28 $0.29 $0.30 3 .25 Extra men............. .18 .17 .17 Adrian, Mich............. .25 .28 $0.29 .25 .26 .27 Akron, Ohio.............. Albany, Cohoes, and 3 .28 Troy, N. Y ............ .23 .24 .26 .23 .27 Allentown. P a.......... .25 3.17 Alliance, Ohio........... 3.263 Alton, III.................... Amsterdam, N. Y . (see Gloversville, N. Y .). .211 .22 .21 .23 $0.23 $0.23 $0.23 $0.23 <50.23 $0.24 .19 .20 Anderson, Ind.......... .22 .26 .30 Ann Arbor, Mich___ .21 .19 .17 .17 Anniston, Ala........... .22 .23 .18 .19 .20 .21 .18 Appleton, W is.......... Asbury Park, N. J .. 3 .188 .19 .21 .23 .25 .19 Asheville, N. C......... .17 .18 .17 Ashland, W is........... .24 .22 .20 .20 .18 Ashtabula, Ohio___ .18 .18 .20 .18 Atchison, Kans........ .188 .195 .20 .18 .17 .155 .145 Athens, u a ................ Attleboro and North .285 .27 .245 .26 .23 Attleboro, Mass. . . .26 .26 .26 .28 .26 .26 .26 .255 .26 .24 .25 .23 Auburn, N. Y ........... Augusta, Me. (see Lewiston, Me.). .265 .235 .245 .235 Aurora, 111................. .22 .23 .18 .20 .17 .16 Austin, Tex............... .29 .30 .28 .27 Bakersfield, Cal........ .215 .225 .205 .215 .205 .205 Bangor, Me............... Barre and Montpe .24 .25 .218 .19 .19 lier, V t.................... 3.18 Batavia, N. Y ........... 1 Flat rate; under a merit system based on satisfactory service a bonus of $25 was also paid annually to employees who had served the company satisfactorily 1 year; $50, 2 years; $75, 5 years; $100,10 years and over. An employee was not paid bonus if his service was unsatisfactory during the 12 months Immediately preceding date of annual bonus payments, but credit for preceding years of good service was revived by a subsequent year of good service. See computed hourly rate in Table A . , 2 In addition to rates here shown employees also received in the calendar year 1914 an allowance from a profit-sharing fund which was equivalent to approximately three-fourths of 1 cent per hour. s Flat rate. 74 T able STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. 2.—WAGE RATES OF MOTORMEN, CONDUCTORS, GUARDS, AND GRIPMEN PAID AT BEGINNING OF EACH SPECIFIED PERIOD OF SERVICE—Continued. II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence —Continued. Hourly rates of wages at beginning ofCity. lst 6 mos. 2d 6 mos. 2d year. 3d year. 4th year. 5tb year. 6th year. 8th 9th 10th After 7th year. year. year. year. 10th year. Battle Creek, Mich. $0.23 $0.24 $0.25 $0.26 .20 .20 .22 $0.23 $0.24 Bay City, Mich....... .21 Beaumont, T ex........ .21 .24 .25 .20 .22 .23 .22 .27 $0.28 Beaver Falls, Pa___ .225 .23 .23 .26 .24 Bellingham, W a sh .. .22 .26 $0.26 $0. 27 $0.27 $0.27 .22 .23 .25 .26 Bergen division, Public Service Ry. .24 .23 .28 .28 .29 .29 Co., New Jersey... .26 .26 .27 .27 .25 .20 Biddeford, Me........... .155 .155 .165 .175 .185 .214 .214 .257 Bloomington, 111___ .236 .236 .246 .246 .24 .29 .30 .25 .26 .27 .28 Boise, Idaho............ .21 .24 .20 Boone, Iowa............ Bridgeport, Conn* (Bridgeport divi sion, Connecticut .24 .225 .235 .253 .268 .285 .225 Co.)........................ Bridgeton, N. J ___ i. 19 Bristol, Conn........... .225 .235 .245 .255 .265 .275 .225 .19 .24 .24 Broad Ripple, Ind. .20 .22 .23 .24 .24 .24 .21 .215 Burlington, Iowa___ .17 .18 .21 .22 .23 .20 Burlington, V t......... .186 .20 .171 .171 .24 .24 .24 .24 .19 Cambridge, Ohio___ .20 .21 .22 .23 .24 .24 .25 .29 .25 Canton, Ohio........... .26 .27 .28 Carlisle, Pa.: Company No. 1— Motormen......... i . 15 Conductors....... i .14 Company No. 2— Motormen......... 1.15 Conductors....... 1.14 Cedar Falls, Iowa (,see Waterloo, Iowa). .22 Cedar Rapids, Iowa .21 .23 Central division, Public Service Ry. .24 .26 .27 .29 .29 .23 Co., New Jersey. . .25 .26 .27 .28 .28 .24 .20 .20 .21 .22 Charleston, W . V a. .23 .25 Charlottesville, V a . .135 .135 .15 .24 .24 .25 Chelsea, Mass.......... .26 .26 .26 .26 .27 .27 .28 .28 .225 Cheyenne, W y o ___ .225 .25 Clinton, Fitchburg, and Leominster, .23 .245 .26 .27 .285 Cohoes, N. Y . (see A lbany, N. Y .). Colorado Springs, .25 .25 .25 .27 .27 .28 Colo......................... .30 .155 „ 20 .22 Columbia, S. C......... .155 .17 .19 Columbus, Ga......... . .17 .18 .19 .16 .20 Columbus, Ohio____ .233 .25 .205 .25 .26 .26 .27 .19 .18 .20 .21 .22 Corning, N. Y ......... . .17 .22 .22 .22 .22 .22 Cortland, N. Y ....... . .18 .18 .19 .19 .19 .21 .21 .21 .21 .22 .24 Council Bluffs, Iowa. .24 .25 .26 .27 .28 .28 .28 .28 .28 .29 .22 .26 Danbury, C on n . . . t . .222 .222 .233 .233 .24 .24 Danville, 111............. .256 Danville, V a ........... . .177 .177 .187 .197 .177 Dayton, Ohio: Company No. 1— D a y m e n ........... 1.27 N ig h tm e n ........ i.26 1.22 E xtra m en........ Com pany N o. 2— D a y m e n ........... 1.27 N ig h tm e n ........ i.26 Extra m en......... i. 22 Decatur. I l l ............. .20 .222 .228 .233 .239 .244 .25 Derby, C onn........... . .24 .225 .225 .235 .253 .268 .285 Dover, N. H ............. .21 .21 .22 .23 .23 .24 .24 .24 .25 .25 .26 Dubuque, Io w a ____ .17 .20 .22 .24 .25 Duluth, Minn........... .22 .23 .24 .25 .26 .26 .27 .27 .28 Dunkirk, N. Y ......... .23 .23 .25 .265 .28 .29 Durham, N. C .......... .15 .15 .16 .17 1 Flat rate. $0.28 .30 * .25 .25 .30 .28 .23 75 CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. Table 2.—WAGE RATES OF MOTORMEN, CONDUCTORS, GUARDS, AND GRIPMEN PAID AT BEGINNING OF EACH SPECIFIED PERIOD OF SERVICE—Continued. II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence— Continued. Hourly rates of wages at beginning of— City. 1st 6 mos. East Liverpool,Ohio $0.24 .23 Easton. Fa., and Phillipsburg. N .J . Eau Claire, W i s .... .18 .235 Elgin, 111.................. .19 Elkhart, Ind........... Elmira, N. Y .......... .19 El Paso, Tex........... .20 .19 Elwood, Ind........... .20 Enid, Okla.............. Erie, Pa.................... .23 Escanaba, Mich----.16 i. 275 Eureka, Cal............. Everett, W ash........ .22 Fargo, N. Dak........ .19 Findlay, Ohio......... .175 Fitchburg, Mass. (see Clinton, Mass.). Flint, Mich................ .25 Fond du Lac, W is.. .18 Fort Dodge, Iow a... .21 Fort Smith, A rk----.18 Fort Wayne, Ind— .19 Fort Worth, Tex----.20 Framingham, Mass. (Framingham di vision, Boston & Worcester Street .235 Ry. Co.)............... Frankfort, K y ........ .16 Franklin, Mass. (see Milford, Mass.). Freeport, 111......... .20 Fresno, Cal.......... .25 Gadsden, A la ............ .14 Galesburg, 111........... .20 Galveston, Tex......... .20 Gardner, Mass.......... .20 Gary, Ind.................. .20 Geneva, N. Y ........... Glens Falls and Saratoga, N. Y ----- i .28 Gloucester, Mass___ .24 Gloversviiie, Johns town, and Am sterdam, N. Y ----.23 Grand Forks, N. Dak......................... .18 Grand J u n c t i o n , Colo......................... .20 .344 Great Falls, M ont... Green Bay, W is....... .18 Greenfield, Mass----.20 Greensboro, N. C— .14 Greenville, S. C ........ .15 Hammond, Ind....... .23 Hampton, Va. (see Newport News, Va.). Hannibal, Mo........... .15 Harrisburg, Pa......... .21 H a r t f o r d , Conn. (Hartford d i v i sion, Connecticut .225 Co.)......................... Hazleton, Pa............ .23 Helena, Mont........... .33 Motormen—O n emancars........... . i .40 Henderson, K y ........ .15 Holyoke, Mass......... .23 Homestead, Pa....... i .30 2d 6 mos. 2d year. 3d year. 4th year. 5th year. 1.24 .23 $0.26 .24 $0.28 $0.30 .26 8th 7th 9th 10th After 10th year. year. year. year. year. $0.27 .18 .235 .19 .245 .21 .21 6th year. $0.22 .22 .21 .20 .265 .22 .21 .23 .215 .23 .21 .24 .22 '.*23 .23 .23 .17 .25 .18 .265 .20 .28 .21 .23 .24 .22 .21 .23 .22 .19 .24 .24 .21 .25 .26 .27 .20 .23 .22 .22 .23 .21 .245 .18 .255 .19 .265 .19 .22 .26 .16 .21 .22 .21 .26 .21 .23 .27 .17 .22 .23 .22 .30 .20 .19 .21 .20 .21 .175 .20 .22 .32 .19 .22 .21 .21 .235 .17 .26 .22 .24 .24 .25 .25 .275 .20 .29 .30 .26 .26 .407 .438 .23 .25 .18 .24 .25 .25 .27 .19 .20 .20 .21 .375 .19 .21 .16 .17 .27 .225 .407 .20 .22 .18 .18 .29 .188 .23 .23 .23 .225 .23 .235 .24 .355 .24 .25 .38 .253 .16 .245 .17 .26 .18 .27 .19 .285 .375 .18 .20 .14 .16 .27 .26 .23 .407 .21 .23 .'2 6 ' .30 1 Flat rate. .21 .31 .285 .20 .28 $0.21 0 21 . $0.23 .23 .21 $0. 2 $0.21 1 ‘ .'23 ".*2 4 76 Table STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN TH E UNITED STATES. 2.—WAGE RATES OF MOTORMEN, CONDUCTORS, GUARDS, AND GRIPMEN PAID AT BEGINNING OF EACH SPECIFIED PERIOD OF SERVICE—Continued. II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence —Continued. Hourly rates of wages at beginning of— City. 1st 6 mos. 2d 6 mos. 2d year. 3d year. 4th year. 5th year. 6th year. 7th 9th 10th After 8th year. year. year. year. 10th year. Horaell, N . Y ........... i$0.20 .206 $0.206 $0,206 $0,214 $0,214 $0,223 $0,223 $0,223 $0,231 $0,231 $0.231 $0.24 Hot Springs, A r k .. . H u d s o n division, Public ServiceRy. .27 .24 .25 .26 .27 .23 .26 .28 .29 .29 .30 Co., N . J................. .28 .21 .22 .24 .25 Huntington, W . Va. .20 .20 .23 .17 .17 .17 Hutchinson, Kans. . .19 .18 .24 .27 .27 .24 .25 .26 .26 Hyde Park, Mass. . . .26 .28 .21 .22 .24 .19 .20 .23 Iowa City, Iowa....... .21 .20 .22 .24 .25 Ironton, Ohio........... .20 .23 Ishpemmg, Mich___ i .21 I .24 .25 .23 Jackson, Mich........... .26 .14 .22 Jackson, Miss............ .16 .18 .15 .15 .19 .16 .17 .18 Jackson, Tenn.......... .195 .205 .215 .225 .225 .225 .235 .235 .25 Jamestown, N . Y . . . .19 .19 .17 .18 .19 .20 .16 .16 Janesville, W is.......... Jeffersonville, Ind. (see New Albany, Ind.). Johnstown, N . Y . (see Gloversville, N. Y .). .22 .24 .25 .27 .23 .26 Johnstown, Pa........ 1 .21 .24 .26 Joliet, III................... i .27 Suburban............. J o p l i n , Mo. (see Pittsburg, Kans.). .23 .24 .25 .26 Kalamazoo, Mich. . .19 .19 .22 Kankakee, 111.......... Keene, N .H .: Call men................ i .20 i .22 Regular men. .21 .22 .21 .25 .23 .24 .26 Kenosha, W is.. .18 .18 .19 .20 Keokuk, Iowa.. .19 .205 .21 .215 .22 .19 .20 .225 .23 Kingston, N . Y .235 .24 .17 Knoxville, Tenn___ .19 .20 .21 .23 i .24 Instructors___ .18 2 .22 .18 .19 .20 .21 2 .23 Kokomo, Ind. . . 2 .24 2 .25 2 .26 2 .27 i .20 Laconia, N . H . . .21 .22 .25 La Crosse, W is.. .18 .19 .20 .21 .22 .23 La Fayette, Ind .21 .22 .20 .20 .23 Lake Charles, La— .16 .17 .175 .16 Lancaster, Ohio-----.18 .18 .18 .18 .18 .18 .18 .19 Lancaster, Pa........... .19 .19 .19 .20 1 .23 .24 .25 Lansing, Mich......... .26 .19 .21 .22 Laporte,Ind........... .20 .23 '___ I______ La Salle, 111............. . i .20 Lawrence, Kans.: Extra men........... i .18 i .20 Regular men........ .24 .24 .25 Lawrence, Mass____ .26 .26 .26 .27 .27 .28 Leavenworth, Kans 350.00 3 50.00 3 52.50 3 55.00 3 57.50 3 60.00 .18 .18 Lebanon, Pa........... .20 .23 Leominster, M a ss. (see C l i n t o n , Mass.). Lewiston and Au .19 .21 gusta, Me.............. .19 .20 .17 Lexington, K y ....... .16 .18 .19 .19 .20 .23 .23 .24 Lockport, N . Y ___ .25 .27 .28 .29 .29 .29 .29 .30 .......... .18 .19 .21 Logansport, Ind___ .20 .22 .23 Lynchburg, V a -----.20 .20 .23 .24 .25 .24 .24 .25 Lynn, Mass............. .26 .26 .26 .27 .27 .28 .22 McAlester, Okla___ .24 .26 Macon, Ga............... .16 .17 .18 .19 .20 Madison, W is.......... .19 .19 .21 .23 .24 Mankato, Minn____ .15 .16 .18 .20 .21 .22 .23 Manistee, Mich____ 1.20 Mansfield, Ohio____ .21 .18 .23 .24 Marietta, Ohio........ .175 .18 .19 .20 .21 .22 Marinette, Wis. (see M enom inee, Mich.). 1Flat rate. 2On interurban lines. 3Per month. CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 77 Table 2.—WAGE RATES OF MOTORMEN, CONDUCTORS, GUARDS, AND GRIPMEN PAID AT BEGINNING OF EACH SPECIFIED PERIOD OF SERVICE—Continued. II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence —Continued. Hourly rates of wages at beginning of— City. 1st 6 mos. 2d 6 mos. 2d year. 3d year. 4th year. 5th year. 6th year. 7th 8th 9th 10th After 10th year. year. year. year. year. Marion, Ind............... $0.19 $0.20 $0.21 $0.215 $0.22 $0.23 $0.23 $0.23 $0.23 $0.23 $0.24 Marion, Ohio............. .19 .18 .18 .20 Marlboro, Mass (see Worcester, Mass.). Marquette, Mich___ i .22 Marshalltown, Iowa. .265 .275 Mason City, Iow a... .185 .204 .222 Meadville, Pa........... .24 .25 .22 .22 .22 .23 Menominee^ M ich., and M a r in e tte , W is.......................... .21 .22 .17 .17 .18 .195 M e r i d e n , Conn. (Meriden division, .285 Connecticut Co.).. .225 .235 .24 .268 .225 .253 Meridian, Miss.......... .22 .15 .21 .17 .19 .16 Michigan City, Ind.. i .275 Middletown, Conn. (Middletown divi sion, Connecticut .225 Co.).......................... .225 .235 .268 .285 .24 .253 Middletown, N . Y . . .18 .22 .19 .20 Milford, Franklin, and P la in v ille , Mass........................ .27 :285 .23 .245 .26 Milford, Mass............ .24 .25 .27 .28 .29 .24 .26 Millville, N . J........... Missoula, Mont......... .35 .38 .39 .36 .37 .40 % Moline, 111.................. .24 .28 .23 .23 .26 Montgomery, A la .. . .15 .17 .18 .16 M o n t p e l i e r , Vt. (see Barre, Vt.). Mount Vernon and New R o c h e l l e , N . Y ........................ .24 .27 .24 Muncie, Ind.............. .21 .215 .22 .23 .19 .23 .23 .23 $0.24 .20 .23 .23 Muskegon, Mich....... .22 .24 .22 .23 Nanticoke, Pa.......... i .24 Nashau, N. H ........... .27 .26 .26 .24 .24 .25 .26 .27 .28 New Albany and Jeffersonville, Ind.: Motormen.............. .195 .215 .205 .205 .215 .215 .215 .215 .215 .225 » .185 Conductors............. .155 .165 .175 .185 .185 .185 .185 .185 .185 .185 * .145 Newburgh, N . Y ___ Newcastle, Pa. (see Y o u n g s t o wn , Ohio). New London, Conn. (see N o r w i c h , Conn.). Newport, R . I .......... .25 .27 .27 .28 .24 .26 .26 .26 Newport News and Hampton, V a........ .21 .19 .18 .20 New Rochelle, N. Y . (see Mount Ver non, N . Y .). Newton, Waltham, and near-by towns, .24 .24 .26 .28 .29 .30 .29 .29 Niagara Falls, N . Y . .29 .29 .24 .25 .28 .30 .23 .23 .27 Norristown, Pa........ North Adams, Mass. (see Pi t t s f i e l d, Mass.). Northampton, Mass .25 .27 .29 .30 .25 .28 .26 North Yakim a, Wash: Extra men........... . i .24 Regular men......... .27 .30 .24 .25 .26 .28 .29 Norton and Taun .25 .22 .235 .21 .21 .23 .24 ton, Mass............... .20 J i Flat rate. 2First 3,000 hours, 17 cents; after 3,000 hours, 18 cents. 78 T able STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. 2.—WAGE RATES OF MOTORMEN, CONDUCTORS, GUARDS, AND GRIPMEN PAID AT BEGINNING OF EACH SPECIFIED PERIOD OF SERVICE—Continued. II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence —Continued. Hourly rates of wages at beginning of— City. 1st 6 mos. 2d 6 mos. 2d year. 3d year. 4th year. 5th year. 6th year. 7th 8th 9th 10th After 10th year. year. year. year. year. IT o r w a 1 k, Conn. (Norwalk d i v ision, Connecticut . Co.).......................... $0.225 SO 225 $0.235 $0.24 $0,255 $0.268 $0,285 Norwich, Willimantic,and New Lon .285 .225 .235 .24 .253 i. 268 don, Conn............... .225 .25 .25 .25 .275 .275 Ogden, U tah ............ .30 2 .17 2 .17 $0.18 40.18 2$0.18 2$0.18 s$0.19 *.17 Ogdensburg, N . Y . . 2 .17 1 .18 a.18 2 .18 2 .22 .24 .20 .23 Oil City, Pa............... .25 .20 Olean, N . Y .............. .22 ,22 .22 .22 .22 .17 .17 .19 .21 .18 .20 .23 Oshkosh, W is ........... .19 .21 .18 .18 .20 .22 .23 .24 .25 .255 Oswego, N. Y ........... .23 .26 .26 .26 .26 .28 .26 .26 .26 .21 .22 .24 .27 Ottumwa, Iowa........ .15 .21 .15 Owensboro, K y ........ .16 .17 .18 .19 .20 .185 .15 Paducah, K y ............ .15 .16 .175 .20 Parkersburg, W . Va. .175 .18 .19 .20 .21 .22 Parsons, Kans.......... 3 .18 Pasadena, Cal........... .25 .25 .27 .28 .26 .29 .30 Passaic, N. J. (Pas saic division, Pub .24 .25 .27 lic Service Ry. Co.) .26 .27 .28 .29 .29 .26 .30 .28 .285 .245 .25 .27 :23 Pawtucket, R. I . Peekskill, N. Y . . .18 .18 .19 .20 .21 Pensacola, Fla... .18 .18 .19 .18 .20 Peru, Ind................... .19 .20 .21 .22 .18 .23 Phillipsburg, N . J. (see Easton, Pa.). Phoenix, Ariz......... .22 .24 .22 .25 .26 .27 Phoenixville, Pa___ .19 .20 .19 Pine Bluffj A rk ........ .17 .16 .21 .22 .18 .19 .20 Piqua, Ohio.............. Pittsburg, K a n s . , and Joplin, Mo___ .25 .26 Pittsfield and North Adams, Mass......... .285 .245 .26 .27 Plainvilie, Mass. (see Milford, Mass.). Plattsburgh, 1 T Y .: S. Motormen............. Conductors........... .21 .24 .24 .26 Plymouth, Mass — .26 .27 .23 .25 .27 .28 .25 .26 .27 .28 Pomona, Cal............ .25 .30 .29 .30 .32 Pontiac, Mich.......... Portsmouth, N. H .. .19 .19 .198 .208 .22 .23 .20 .24 Portsmouth, Ohio.. .23 .25 Pottstown, P a........ .19 .2 0 Pottsville, P a ......... .27 .25 Poughkeepsie, N. Y .20 .21 .22 .23 j ! Punxsutawne y , Pa. .17 .19 .21 1 Quincy, 111............... .17 .18 .22 .20 .21 .23 Quincy, M ass. (Quincy division, Bay State Street .24 .25 .26 .26 .26 .27 .27 .28 R y. Co.)................. Raleigh, N . C ........... .17 .18 .19 .20 Reading, Mass. (Reading division, Bay State Street .24 .26 .25 .26 .26 .27 .27 .28 Ry. Co.)................. Redlands, Cal........... .25 .26 .27 .28 .29 .30 Richmond, In d ........ .19 .20 .21 .22 .23 Riverside, Cal........... .25 .26 .27 .28 .29 .30 Roanoke, Va............. .20 .24 .23 .25 .21 Rockford, 111............. .21 .22 .24 .25 .23 Rock Island, 111........ .23 .24 .26 .28 Rome, Ga................... .15 .16 .17 .18 .19 Rome, N. Y . ( see Utica, N. Y .). Rutland, V t .............. .18 .18 .221 St. Cloud, Minn.: Motormen............... .167 .182 Conductors 4.......... ______ .106 n, 27 cents. Oct. 1 to Apr. 1. s Flat rate. 4 Young men 16 to 18 years of age. CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 79 Table 2__WAGE RATES OF MOTORMEN, CONDUCTORS, GUARDS, AND GRIPMEN PAID AT BEGINNING OF EACH SPECIFIED PERIOD OF SERVICE—Continued. II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence —Continued. Hourly rates of wages at beginning ofCity. 2d 6 mos. 2d year. 3d year. 4th year. 5th year. 6th year. $0.21 $0.21 $0.22 $0.23 $0.24 $0.24 St. Joseph, Mo........... Salem, Mass. (Salem d i v i s i o n , Bay State Street Ry. Co.)...................... Salem, Oreg........... San Bernardino, Cal. San Diego, Cal.......... San Jose, Cal.: Company No. 1 . . . Company No. 2 . . . Santa Cruz, Cal........ Saratoga, N. Y . (see Glens Falls, N .Y .). Sault Ste. Marie, Mich........................ Schenectady, N. Y .. Sedalia, Mo............... Selma, Ala................. Shamokin, Pa........... Sharon, Pa. (see Y ou n g s t o w n , Ohio). Shawnee, Okla......... Sheboygan, W is....... Shreveport, La......... Sioux Falls, S. Dak. South Bethlehem, Pa........................ . Southbridge, Mass. (see W e b s t e r , Mass.). Southern division, P u b l i c Service Ry. Co., New Jer sey............................ Spartanburg, S. C . .. Spencer, Mass. (see W orcester, Mass.). Stamford, Conn. (Stamford divi sion, Connecticut Co.).......................... Stockton, Cal............ Sunbury, Pa............. Tampa, Fla............... Taunton, M a s s . (see N orton, Mass.). Temple, Tex............. Terre Haute, Ind. . . Tiffin, Ohio............... Torrington, Conn. (Torrington divi sion, Connecticut Co.).......................... Trenton, N. J ........... Trinidad, Colo.......... Troy, N. Y . (see Albany, N. Y .). Tucson, Ariz............. Tulsa, Okla............... Utica and Rome, N. Y .................... . . Vicksburg, Miss........ Vincennes, Ind......... Waco, Tex................. Walla Walla, Wash. .27 .28 .28 .30 .27 .29 .29 .30 .30 .29 .30 .205 .27 9th 10th After 7th 8th year. year. year. year. 10th year. $0.25 .22 lst 6 mos. .25 .26 .26 .28 .275 .20 .245 .17 .16 .20 .21 .285 .19 .20 .265 .18 .18 .22 .15 .185 .15 .185 .23 .17 .16 .195 .24 .18 .20 .25 .17 .22 .16 .20 .20 .21 .17 .205 .25 .19 .205 .26 .26 .19 .27 .27 $0.28 $0.28 $0.29 $0.29 .18 .253 .28 .29 .285 .30 .22 .23 .19 .26 .20 1.19 .23 .15 .225 .25 .17 .19 .225 .25 .17 .19 .14 .16 .23 .21 (2 ) .225 i.26 .235 .26 .18 .20 .20 .22 .17 .24 .235 .20 .20 .21 .24 .165 .15 .19 .23 .26 .185 .15 .185 .16 .24 .25 .27 .285 .253 .22 .20 .20 .20 .20 3.22 .22 .21 .23 .18 . . . . .2 3 27 / • ' ,30 1 Flat rate. 2 Based on traffic conditions and hours worked; rates were 20 cents, 19.4 cents, and 18.4 cents. 3 Two employees who broke in new men were paid 24 cents. 4 To men employed prior to September, 1910. $0.30 80 T able STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN TH E UNITED STATES. 2.—WAGE RATES OF MOTORMEN, CONDUCTORS, GUARDS, AND GRIPMEN PAID AT BEGINNING OF EACH SPECIFIED PERIOD OF SERVICE—Concluded. II —.Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence —Concluded. Hourly rates of wages at beginning of— City. 1st 6 mos. 2d 6 mos. 2d year. 3d year. 4th year. 5th year. 6th year. 7th 8th 9th 10th After 10th year. year. year. year. year. Waltham, Mass. (see N e w t o n , Mass.). $0.19 $0.19 $0.20 $0.21 Waterbury, Conn. (Waterbury divi sion, Connecticut .24 $0,253 $0,268 $0,285 .225 .235 .225 Co ).......................... Waterloo and Cedar ,22 .21 .20 .25 .23 Falls, Iowa............. .22 .22 .22 .22 .22 $0.24 .20 .20 Watertown, N. Y __ .165 1.18 .15 .15 Waterville, Me ___ 1 .24 .21 .22 .20 .20 Waukegan, 111.......... .23 .25 .21 .22 .19 .20 .24 1 _____ .175 .19 .23 Wausau, W is............ .22 .24 .21 .23 .26 .20 .25 Webb City, Mo........ Westfield, Mass........ 2 2.30 2 2.45 2 2.60 2 2.70 2 2.85 Webster and South.26 .27 .285 .245 .23 bridge, Mass.......... .24 White Plains, N. Y . .235 .268 .225 .225 .253 .283 Wilkes-Barre and near-by towns, 3.24 Pa............................ Williamsport, Pa.: Extra men............. 3 205 3. 21 Swing men............. Regular men......... 3. 215 Willimantic, Conn. (see N o r w i c h , Conn.). .18 .19 .20 .21 .22 Wilmington, N. C . . . .17 .17 .20 .21 .18 .18 .19 .22 Winona, Minn.......... .23 Winston- S a l e m , N. C ...................... .18 .20 .21 .16 .17 .15 .24 .24 .26 .26 Woburn, Mass.......... .25 .27 $0.28 .27 .27 .26 W oonsocket, R . I ___ .27 .285 .245 .23 Worcester, Spencer, and Ma r l b o r o , .26 Mass........................ .245 .27 .285 .23 .24 .24 .27 Yonkers, N. Y ......... York, Pa.................... .18 .18 .19 .20 .21 .22 Youngstown, Ohio, Sharon and New castle, P a............... .28 .295 .31 1 Three old employees, 2(T cents. Special rate. 2 Per day. _____1_____ 1 1 1- 3 Flat rate. The figures in Table 3 are taken from Table A and show the average rate of wages of motormen and conductors in all cities covered by the report. This table is divided into two sections. In Section I, which includes the cities visited by the agents of the bureau, the average rates for regular and extra men are presented separately. The regular and extra men are not segregated in Sec tion II, covering the cities from which data were obtained by cor respondence. The average is obtained by multiplying each rate by the number of men working thereat, adding the products, and dividing the sum by the total number of men. 81 CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. T able 3 .—A V E R A G E R A T E OF W A G E S OF M OTORMEN AN D CONDUCTORS. I.—Cities from which data were obtained by special agents. Average rate of wages per hour of— City. Motormen. Regular. Altoona, Pa............................................................................... Atlanta, Ga............................................................................... Augusta, Ga. . ............................ Binghamton, N . Y .................................................................. Birmingham, Ala ___ Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co.— Surface lines............................................................... Elfivat.fid Jinp.s,, Brockton, Mass........................................................................ Buffalo, N. Y ........................................................................... Butte, Mont............................................................................. Charleston, S. C............................. ............................ Charlotte, N. C......................................................................... Chattanooga, Twin T, ......... Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways.......................................... Chicago Surface Lines...................................................... Cincinnati, Ohio................. ... . ............................ Cleveland, Ohio........................................................................ Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation........................................... Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff division of Fort Worth lines........................................................... Davenport, Iowa..................................................................... Denver, Colo............................................................................. Des Moines, Iowa.................................................................... Detroit, Mich........................................................................... Evansville, Ind........................................................................ Grand Rapids, Mich............................................................... Houston, Tex........................................................................... Indianapolis, Ind..................................................................... Jacksonville, Fla...................................................................... Kansas City, Mo...................................................................... Lincoln, Nebr........................................................................... Little Rock, Ark...................................................................... Los Angeles, Cal...................................................................... Louisville, K y .......................................................................... Lowell, Mass............................................................................. Manchester, N. H .................................................................... Memphis, T enn........................................................................ Milwaukee, W is....................................................................... Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn.......................................... Mobile, Ala................................................ . ............................. Nashville, Tenn...............*............................................ Newark, N. J............................................................................ New Bedford, Mass................................................................. New Britain, Conn.................................................................. New Haven, Conn.................................................................. New Orleans, La...................................................................... New York, N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co.......................................... New York & Queens County Ry. Co.......................... New York Rys. Co.— Horse-car lines........................................................... Storage-battery car lines......................................... All lines except horse and storage-battery car lines.......................................................................... Third Avenue Ry. Co.— The Bronx.................................................................. Manhattan.................................................................. Interborough Rapid Transit Co.— Elevated lines............................................................ Subway lines.............................................................. Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)............ Conductors. Extra. Regular. Extra. $0.243 .233 .208 .215 .221 $0.213 .200 .173 .200 .187 $0.239 .230 .197 .208 .215 90.202 .196 .173 .200 .182 .308 .325 .275 .273 2.441 .204 .189 .225 .276 .304 .250 . 2332.402 .174 .166 .197 .300 !. 273 .270 .258 2.441 .198 .183 .228 .272 1.257 .247 .231 2.402 .172 .165 .188 .340 .315 .258 .300 .327 .266 .217 .278 .268 .310 .248 .299 .240 .259 .206 .276 .231 .202 .223 .200 .236 .277 .296 .290 .317 .225 .264 .236 . 256 .200 .259 .248 .222 .282 .237 .276 .268 .213 .268 .280 .216 . 204 .276 .290 .260 .264 .240 .207 .241 .262 .275 .276 .195 .232 .213 .212 .190 .224 .202 .191 .251 .221 .250 .234 .173 .233 .239 .193 .185 .241 .255 .231 .231 .240 .231 .270 .293 .286 .314 .216 .258 .228 .245 .199 .249 .241 .212 .276 .236 .274 .268 .206 .265 .275 .208 .202 .262 .287 .257 .260 .240 .206 .234 .254 .241 .273 .192 .231 .208 .210 .190 .222 .200 .185 .251 .221 .248 .238 .173 .233 .236 .190 .184 .239 .255 .225 .227 .240 .263 .231 .244 .221 .259 .228 .243 .221 a 221 . 250 8. 214 4.250 4. 217 4.225 4.213 4.225 *. 274 4.252 4.252 4.241 .268 .270 .247 .252 .256 .248 .243 .238 6.368 6.365 .370 6.318 6.313 .319 5.256 6.254 .246 .242 1Conductors are called guards in Boston. Motormen and conductors worked interchangeably. 8 Rate for drivers. Computed from daily rate on 10-hour-day basis. Runs of under 8 hours on duty were >aid for as 8; over 8 to 9, paid for as 9; over 9 to 10, paid for as 10; over 10, excess over 10 paid for at regu ar rate. 4 Computed from daily rate on 10-hour-day basis. Runs of less than 8 hours on duty were paid for as 8; over 8 to 9, paid for as 9; over 9 to 10, paid for as 10; over 10, excess over 10 paid for at regular rate. 6 Computed from daily rate on 10-hour-day basis. 2 { 39749°— Bull. 204—17------ 6 82 T able STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. 3.—AVERAGE RATE OF WAGES OF MOTORMEN AND CONDUCTORS—Continued. I.— Cities from which data were obtained by special agents—Concluded. Average rate of wages per hour of— City. Motormen. Regular. Norfolk, V a .............................................................. Oakland, Cal............................................................ Oklahoma City, Okla............................................. Omaha, Nebr........................................................... Peoria, 111................................................................. Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit C o .Elevated lines............................................ Surface lines.............................................. Pittsburgh, Pa......................................................... Portland, Me......................; .................................... Portland, Oreg......................................................... Providence, R. I ..................................................... Pueblo, Colo............................................................. Reading, Pa............................................................. Richmond, V a ......................................................... Rochester, N . Y ...................................................... Sacramento, Cal....................................................... Saginaw, Mich......................................................... St. Louis, Mo........................................................... Salt Lake City, Utah............................................. San Antonio, Tex.................................................... San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable Ry. Co...................... Municipal Railways of San Francisco........ United Railroads of San Francisco............. Savannah, Ga.......................................................... Scranton, Pa............................................................ Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co. Seattle Municipal Street R y ......................... Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. Co........... Sioux City, Iowa..................................................... South Bend, Ind..................................................... Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R. R. Co......... The Washington Water Power Co.............. Springfield, 111......................................................... Springfield, Mass..................................................... Springfield, Ohio..................................................... Superior, Wis........................................................... Syracuse, N . Y ........................................................ Tacoma, Wash......................................................... Toledo, Ohio........................................................... . Topeka, Kans.......................................................... Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co........................................ Washington Railway & Electric Co........... Wheeling, W . V a .................................................... Wichita, Kans......................................................... Wilmington, Del.: People’s Railway Co....................................... Wilmington & Philadelphia Traction Co . . $0,208 .351 .252 .275 .279 Conductors. Extra. $0.182 .320 .209 .241 Regular. $0,208 .341 .235 .265 .275 Extra. $0.180 .309 .202 .241 *.238 .329 .298 .298 .223 .291 .279 .285 2.230 .205 .280 .316 .221 .263 .328 .235 .272 .267 .225 .261 .258 .253 2.230 .181 .272 .290 .206 .232 .280 .213 .286 .277 .275 2.230 .199 .280 .315 .219 .254 .326 .232 .265 .258 .218 .255 .256 .248 2.230 .182 .265 .290 .204 .231 .283 .206 3.311 2.375 .308 .187 .264 3.257 2.375 .259 .173 .231 2.375 .288 .176 .264 .250 2.375 .259 .174 .230 4 297 («) .298 .295 .296 .222 2.375 .296 .234 .212 2.375 .266 .200 *.278 2.375 .280 .222 .211 .294 .299 .224 7.308 .214 .250 .280 3.256 .260 .262 .219 .271 .263 .190 7.305 .227 .225 .270 3.240 .237 .232 .205 .287 .297 .213 7.307 .240 .239 .280 .252 .257 8.240 9.235 .267 .234 8.227 9. 216 .220 8.234 9.230 .243 .218 .200 .240 .187 .216 5.285 .212 .238 (8 ) 2.375 .238 .200 .190 .190 7.297 .221 .225 .266 .232 .231 .200 8.227 ». 216 .220 .201 .185 .216 1 Motormen and conductors; worked interchangeably. 2 Flat rate. 3 Rate for gripmen. < Rate for gripmen, including extra men; not reported separately. * Rate for regular and extra men; not reported separately, a Extra men are included with regular men; not reported separately. 7 Computed from daily rate on a 9-hour-day basis. 8 Includes bonus; see Table A. 9 In addition employees received in the calendar year 1914 from a profit-sharing fund an allowance equivalent to approximately three-fourths of 1 cent per hour. CHAP. I .— WAGES OF CAR CREWS. T a b l e 3 .— 83 AVERAGE RATE OF WAGES OF MOTORMEN AND CONDUCTORS—Continued. II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence. Average rate of wages per hour of— City. Motormen. Regular. Extra. Aberdeen, Wash.................................................... i $0.286 Adrian, Mich.......................................................... .175 Akron, Ohio........................................................... .266 Albany, Cohoes, and Troy, N . Y ...................... .280 Allentown, Pa........................................................ .256 Alliance, Ohio........................................................ .170 Alton, 111................................................................. Amsterdam, N. Y . (see Gloversville, N. Y .). Anderson, Ind........................................................ .213 Ann Arbor, Mich................................................... .283 Anniston, Ala......................................................... 1.195 Appleton, W is....................................................... .208 Asbury Park, N. J................................................ .188 Asheville, N .C ...................................................... .238 Ashland, W is......................................................... .179 Ashtabula, Ohio.................................................... .227 Atchison, Kans.3.................................................... .198 Athens, Ga.............................................................. 1.171 Attleboro and North Attleboro, I .273 Auburn, N. Y . .253 Augusta, Me. (see Lewiston, Me.). Aurora, 111. .257 Austin, Tex.............................................................................. 1.199 Bakersfield, Cal....................................................................... .294 .209 Bangor, Me............................................................................... Barre and Montpelier, V t ..................................................... .225 Batavia, N. Y .3...................................................................... . .180 Battle Creek, Mich.................................................................. .252 Bay City, Mich........................................................................ .221 Beaumont, T ex...................................................................... . .215 Beaver Falls, Pa..................................................................... .257 Bellingham, W ash.................................................................. .243 Bergen division, Public Service Ry. Co., New Jersey___ .270 Biddeford, Me.......................................................................... .183 Bloomington, 111.................................................................... .242 Boise, Idaho............................................................................ .280 Boone, Iowa............................................................................. .233 Bridgeport, Conn. (Bridgeport division, Connecticut Co.). .258 Bridgeton, N. J...................................................................... .190 Bristol, Conn.......................................................................... .254 Broad Ripple, Ind................................................................. .212 Burlington, Iowa................................................................... *. 194 Burlington, V t....................................................... -............... .195 1.226 Cambridge, Ohio..................................................... ............. Canton, Ohio.......................................................................... .273 Carlisle, Pa. (both companies)........................................... .150 Cedar Falls, Iowa (see Waterloo, Iowa). .227 Cedar Rapids, Iowa............................................................... Central division. Public Service Ry. Co., New Jersey.. .268 .226 Charleston, W . V a ................................................................. Charlottesville ,V a.3............................................................... .148 .263 Chelsea, Mass.......................................................................... .245 Cheyenne, Wyo.3.................................................................... Clinton, Fitchburg, and Leominster, Mass..................... .280 Cohoes, N. Y . (see Albany, N. Y .). .287 Colorado Springs, Colo.......................................................... .208 Columbia, S. C........................................................................ .171 Columbus, Ga......................................................................... .256 Columbus, Ohio..................................................................... .208 Corning, N. Y ......................................................................... .201 Cortland, N. Y ........................................................................ .269 Council Bluffs, Iowa............................................................. .258 Danbury, Conn...................................................................... .239 Danville, 111............................................................................ Danville, V a .................................................................4........ 1 Motormen and conductors worked interchangeably. 2 No conductors employed except in summer months. 3 One-man cars. 4 Motormen and conductors not reported separately. Conductors. Regular. i $0.286 .175 .261 .280 .253 .170 .209 .300 1.195 (2 ) .188 .239 .171 .207 1.171 .267 .254 .252 1.199 .295 .211 .220 .252 .215 .212 .250 .235 .258 .175 .237 .284 .229 .252 .190 .253 .211 4.194 .195 1.226 .265 .140 .226 .255 .220 .258 .284 .208 .171 .253 .211 .190 .260 .260 .242 .187 Extra. 84 T able STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. 3.—AVERAGE RATE OF WAGES OF MOTORMEN AND CONDUCTORS—Continued. II.— Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence—Continued. Average rate of wages per hour of— City. Motormen. Regular. Dayton, Ohio: Company No. 1............................................................... Company No. 2 ............................................................... Decatur, 111.............................................................................. Derby, Conn. (Derby division, Connecticut Co.)........... Dover, N . H ............................................................................ Dubuque, Iowa...................................................................... Duluth, Minn.......................................................................... Dunkirk, N. Y ........................................................................ Durham, N. C ......................................................................... East Liverpool, Ohio............................................................ Easton, Pa., and Phillipsburg, N. J................................. Eau Claire, Wis...................................................................... Elgin, 111................................................................................... Elkhart, Ind............................................................................ Elmira, N. Y .......................................................................... El Paso, Tex............................................................................ Elwood, Ind............................................................................ Enid, Okla.2 .......................................................................... Erie, Pa.................................................................................... Escanaba. Mich...................................................................... Eureka, Cal............................................................................. Everett, Wash........................................................................ Fargo, N. Dak........................................................................ Findlay, Ohio2....................................................................... Fitchburg. Mass. (see Clinton, Mass.). Flint, Mien.............................................................................. Fond du Lac, W is.................................................................. Fort Dodge, Iowa................................................................... Fort Smith, Ark..................................................................... Fort Wayne, Ind................................................................... Fort Worth, Tex.................................................................... Framingham, Mass. (Framinghamdivision, Boston & Worcester Street R y . Co.)................................................ Frankfort, K y.2...................................................................... Franklin, Mass. (see Milford, Mass.). Freeport, 111.2.......................................................................... Fresno, Cal.............................................................................. Gadsden, A la.......................................................................... Galesburg, 111.......................................................................... Galveston, T ex....................................................................... Gardner, Mass........................................................................ Gary, Ind................................................................................. Geneva. N. Y .......................................................................... Glens Falls and Saratoga, N. Y ......................................... . Gloucester, Mass.................................................................... Gloversville, Johnstown, and Amsterdam, N. Y .......... Grand Forks, N. Dak........................................................... Grand Junction, Colo.2......................................................... Great Falls, Mont.2................................................................ Green Bay, W is..................................................................... Greenfield, Mass................................................. .................. Greensboro, N. C .................................................................... Greenville, S. C ...................................................................... Hammond, Ind...................................................................... Hannibal, Mo.......................................................................... Harrisburg. Pa....................................................................... Hartford, Conn....................................................................... Hazleton, Pa........................................................................... Helena, Mont.......................................................................... Henderson, K y.2 ................................................................... Holyoke, Mass........................................................................ Homestead, Pa........ .............................................................. Hornell, N. Y ........................................................................... Hot Springs, Ark.2 ............................................................... . Hudson division, Public Service R y. Co., New Jersey . Huntington, W . V a................................................................ Hutchinson, Kans.................................................................. Hyde Park, Mass.................................................................... Extra. $0,255 .254 .239 .254 .237 i. 238 .243 .279 .160 .280 .261 .204 .259 .211 .208 .217 .217 .210 .267 (8) .275 .241 .216 .205 Conductors. Regular. Extra. $0.254 .255 .234 .252 .247 !. 238 .237 .285 .157 .277 .258 .204 .251 .206 .202 .217 .221 .264 (3) .275 .242 .215 .316 .194 .218 .227 .218 .233 .311 .200 .216 .219 .212 .227 .264 .184 .261 .208 .276 .162 .226 .224 .229 .275 .240 .280 .268 .264 .203 .209 .418 .205 .231 .161 .184 .293 .185 .240 .266 .230 1.383 .179 .274 .300 .200 .220 .271 .227 .183 .264 1 Motormen and conductors worked interchangeably. 2 One-man cars. 3 Not computed; actual rates not reported for all employees. .268 .157 .222 .217 .224 .277 .230 .280 .270 .262 .201 1 .204 .224 .161 .173 .291 .188 .237 .255 .230 1.383 .270 .300 .200 .257 .226 .177 .261 85 CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. T able 3 .—A V E R A G E R A T E OF W A G E S OF M OTORM EN AN D CONDUCTORS—Continued. II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence— Continued. Average rate of wages per hour of— City. Motormen. Regular. Iowa City, Iowa....................................................................... Ironton, Ohio........................................................................... Tshpftmin^ Mich.. „ „. . . . . . ..... . ............... Jackson, Mich........................................................................... Jackson, Miss............................................................................ Jackson, Tp,nn,i ,, . Jamestown, N. Y .................................................................... .... .............................. Janesville, W is.1 ............. Johnstown, Pa.......................................................................... Joliet, 111.................................................................................... Kalam azoo, Mich. . . - - ____ TCanlraVfift, 1 1 . 1 Keene, N. H ............................................................................. ___ „ Kp.nosna, W is ..................... Kingston, TT V s, KnmrvillP! Tp.frn ..................... ............................... Kolmmo, ind , . _ . . . _ ............................. ........ Laconia, N. H .......................................................................... La Crosse, W is.......................................................................... Lake Charles, L a...................................................................... Lancaster, Ohio 2..................................................................... Lancaster, Pa........................................................................... Lansing, Mich.......................................................................... Laporte, Ind.............................................................................. La Salle, 111 .......................................................................... Lawrence, Kans.1.................................................................... Lawrence, Mass........................................................................ Leavenworth, Kans................................................................ Lebanon, Pa............................................................................. Lewiston and Augusta, Me................................................... Lexington, K y .......................................................................... Lockport, N. Y .1...................................................................... Logansport, Ind....................................................................... Lynchburg, V a ......................................................................... Lynn, Mass............................................................................... McAlester, Okla....................................................................... Macon, Ga................................................................................. Madison, W is............................................................................ Mankato, Minn......................................................................... Manistee, Mich.1...................................................................... Mansfield, Ohio........................................................................ Marietta, Ohio.......................................................................... Marinette, Wis. (see Menominee, Mich.) Marion, Ind............................................................................... Marion, Ohio. . . . ........................................................... Marlboro, Mass. (see Worcester, Mass.). Marquette, Mich...................................................................... Marshalltown, Iowa1__ « . .............................. Mason City, Iowa........... '........................................................ Meadville, P a ........................................................................... Menominee, Mich., and Marinette, W is............................. Meriden, Conn.......................................................................... Meridian, Miss.......................................................................... Michigan City, Ind.................................................................. Middletown, Conn................................................................... Middletown, N. Y ................................................................... Milford, Franklin, and Plainville, Mass............................. Milford, Mass............................................................................ Millville, N. J .......................................................................... Missoula, Mont.1 ..................................................................... Moline, 111.................................................................................. Montgomery, Ala Montpelier, Vt. (see Barre, Vt.). Mount Vernon and New Kochelle, N. Y . Muncie, Ind ...................................................................... Muskegon, Mich . . . . Nanticoke, Pa........................................................................... Nashua. N. H ........................................................................... $0,208 .233 .210 .254 .197 .159 .204 .153 .259 .246 .254 .216 .220 .235 .185 .225 .201 .189 .200 .245 .209 .221 .177 .181 .254 .220 .200 .193 .266 * 56.790 .220 .199 .186 .275 .196 .238 .265 .256 .185 .212 .200 .200 .238 .218 .221 .193 .220 .257 .214 .238 .199 .257 .181 .275 .266 -.217 4.274 .283 .177 .366 .251 .165 .267 .211 .234 .240 .267 Extra. Conductors. Regular. $0.220 .234 .210 .250 .201 .159 .201 .153 .258 .245 .255 .216 .220 .220 .220 .207 .187 .200 .245 .207 .219 .182 .251 .230 .200 .264 3 56.410 .222 .199 .178 .198 .257 .259 .253 .188 .212 ..................... .203 1 .225 1 ..................... .188 !..................... .214 1 ..................... .189 1 ..................... .220 ..................... .200 .230 .186 .256 .184 .275 .261 .212 < .272 .280 .177 .258 .168 .265 .205 .235 .240 .272 1 One-man cars. 2 One-man cars, except on special days when school boys were employed, s Per month. * Conductors and motormen worked interchangeably. Extra. ..................... 1 ..................... 1 ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... 86 T able STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE U NITED STATES. 3 .— AVERAGE RATE OF WAGES OF MOTORMEN AND CONDUCTORS—Continued. II.— Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence—Continued. Average rate of wages per hour of— City. Motormen. Regular. New Albany and Jeffersonville, Ind.1......... Newburgh, N. Y ................................................ Newcastle, Pa. (see Youngstown, Ohio). New Lonclon, Conn. (see Norwich, Conn.). Newport, R. I .................................................... Newport News and Hampton, Va................. New Rochelle, N . Y . (see Mount Vernon, N . Y .). Newton, Waltham, and near-by towns, J' Niagara Falls, N . Y . Norristown, Pa. North Adams, Mass. (see Pittsfield, Mass.). Northampton, Mass.................................................... North Yakima, Wash................................................ Norton and Taunton, Mass...................................... Norwalk, Conn............................................................ Norwich, Willimantic, and New London, Conn. Ogden, Utah................................................................. Ogdensburg, N . Y ...................................................... Oil City, Pa........................ .• ........................................ Olean, N . Y ................................................. ............... Oshkosh, W is............................................................... Oswego, N . Y ............................................................... Ottumwa, Iowa........................................................... Owensboro, K y ........................................................... Paducah, K y ............................................................... Parkersburg, W . V a ................................................... Parsons, Kans.4........................................................... Pasadena, Cal............................................................... Passaic, N. J................................................................ Pawtucket, R . I .......................................................... Peekskill, N . Y ........................................................... Pensacola, Fla............................................................. Peru, Ind...................................................................... Phillipsburg, N. J. (see Easton, Pa.). Phoenix, Ariz............................................................... Phoenixville, Pa......................................................... Pine Bluff? Ark........................................................... Piqua, Ohio................................................................. . Pittsburg, Kans., and Joplin, Mo........................... Pittsfield and North Adams, Mass.......................... Plainville, Mass. (see Milford, Mass.). Plattsburgh, N . Y ...................................................... Plymouth, Mass.......................................................... Pomona, Cal................................................................ Pontiac, Mich.............................................................. . Portsmouth, N . H ...................................................... Portsmouth, Ohio....................................................... Pottstown, Pa............................................................. Pottsville, Pa................................................................ Poughkeepsie, N. Y ................................................... . Funxsutawney, Pa...................................................... Quincy, 111.................................................................... Quincy, Mass............................................................... . Raleigh, N. C ................................................................ Reading, Mass............................................................... Redlands, Cal............... * .............................................. Richmond, Ind............................................................. Riverside, Cal................................................................ Roanoke, Va.................................................................. Rockford, 111.................................................................. Rock Island, 111........................................................... . Rome, Ga....................................................................... Rome, N . Y . (see Utica, N. Y .). Rutland, V t ................................................................. . St. Cloud, Minn............................................................. St. Joseph, Mo............................................................... Salem, Mass................................................................... Salem, Oreg.................................................................... $ 0. Extra, Conductors. Regular. 2 $0.144 .230 .277 .198 .274 .192 .271 .269 .230 .261 .230 .277 .260 .216 .267 .266 .271 .177 .231 .210 .201 .262 .262 .178 .169 .190 .180 .282 .267 .278 .204 .183 .213 .261 .207 .265 .263 .269 .176 .230 .200 .199 .264 .263 (3 ) .159 .190 .274 .258 .277 .206 .187 .218 .232 .200 .195 .189 .260 .277 .224 .200 .188 .189 .260 .271 .195 .246 .270 .320 .209 .245 .198 .265 .221 .258 .180 .266 .280 .213 .277 .230 .223 .265 .163 .201 .185 .236 .266 .298 .218 .243 .195 .265 .217 .200 .194 .256 .184 .263 .289 .212 .279 .224 .217 .259 .166 .221 .173 .234 .267 .266 .217 .104 .228 .262 .272 .210 1 One-man cars on part of runs. 2 Conductors become motormen or enter mterurban service before serving five years. 3 No conductors employed except during summer months. 4 One-man cars, Extra. CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. T a b l e 3 . —AVERAGE 87 RATE OF WAGES OF MOTORMEN AND CONDUCTORS—Concluded. II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence—Concluded. Average rate of wages per hour of— City. Motormen. Regular. Extra. San Bernardino, Cal................................................................ $0,270 San Diego, Cal.......................................................................... .290 San Jose, Cal.: Company No. 1................................................................. .295 Company No. 2 ................................................................. .282 Santa Cruz, Cal........................................................................ .269 Saratoga, N . Y . (see Glens Falls, N . Y .). Sanlt Stft. Marie, Minh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... .223 Schenectady, N . Y .................................................................. .283 Sedalia, M o.............................................. ........... .195 Selma, Ala.1____ . ______ -. ...... ......... „ ................ .200 Shamokin, Pa........................................................................... .211 Sharon, Pa. (see Youngstown, Ohio). Shawnee, Okla.......................................................................... .171 Sheboygan, W is....................................................................... .198 Shreveport, La.......................................................................... .250 Sioux Falls, S. Dak................................................................. .173 South Bethlehem, P a............................................................. .190 Southbridge, Mass. (see Webster, Mass.). Southern division, Public Service Ry.Co.,New Jersey.. .267 Spartansburg, S. C.................................................................. .175 Spencer, Mass. (see Worcester, Mass.) . Stamford, Conn........................................................................ .254 Stockton, Cal............................................................................ .271 Sunbury, Pa............................................................................. 2.186 Tampa, Fla............................................................................... .206 Taunton, Mass. (see Norton, Mass.). Temple, T ex.1......................................................................... .176 Terre Haute, Ind..................................................................... .233 Tiffin, Ohio1............................................................................. .193 Torrington, Conn..................................................................... .248 Trenton, N. J............................................................................ .260 Trinidad, Colo.......................................................................... .230 Troy, N . Y . (see Albany, N. Y .). 2.213 Tucson, Ariz.............................................................................. Tulsa, Okla............................................................................... .214 Utica and Rome, N . Y ........................................................... .276 Vicksburg, Miss........................................................................ .199 Vincennes, Ind......................................................................... .157 Waco, Tex................................................................................. .209 Walla Walla, W ash................................................................. .261 Waltham, Mass. (see Newton, Mass.). .202 Warren, Pa ............................................................................. Waterbury, Conn..................................................................... .255 Waterloo and Cedar Falls, Iowa........................................... .210 Watertown, N. Y .................................................................... .224 Waterville, Me.......................................................................... .171 Waukegan, 111........................................................................... .208 Wausau, W is............................................................................ .215 .251 Webb City, Mo......................................................................... Westfield, Mass ...................................................................... » 2.760 .279 Webster and Southbridge, Mass.......................................... .259 White Plains, N. Y ................................................................. .240 Wilkes-Barre and near-by towns, Pa................................. .212 Williamsport, Pa..................................................................... Willimantic, Conn. (see Norwich, Conn.). .185 Wilmington, N . C ............................................................... .201 Winona, Minn.1...................................................................... .185 Winston-Salem, N .C .............................................................. .267 Woburn, Mass.......................................................................... .274 Woonsocket, R . I ..................................................................... .272 Worcester, Spencer, and Marlboro, Mass........................... .266 Yonkers, N . Y .......................................................................... .213 York, Pa . . .................................................... .308 Youngstown, Ohio, Sharon and Newcastle, Pa............... 1 One-man cars. 2 Motormen and conductors worked interchangeably, s Per day. Conductors. Regular. $0,266 .294 .293 .274 .269 .222 .281 .192 .211 .168 .198 .246 .184 .190 .263 .171 .251 .271 2.186 .200 .240 .245 .260 .233 2. 213 .212 .275 .205 .156 .209 .255 .195 .244 .210 .224 .171 .223 .204 .244 3 2.740 .275 .245 .240 .212 .190 .184 .260 .275 .269 .262 .207 .307 Extra. 88 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. Table 4, the figures of which are taken from Table A, relates to rates of wages at which motormen and conductors enter the service, the number of men working at each initial or entrance rate, the total number engaged in the occupation, and the per cent of all em ployees in the occupation that are working at the initial rate. The object of the table is to afford a ready comparison of the entrance rates of the several companies, and to show the percentage of the employees of each company that are working at such lowest rate. Section I of this table covers the cities visited by agents of the bureau; Section II covers the cities from which data were obtained by correspondence. In Section I, as well as Section II, regular and extra men are combined, so that the occupation is treated as a whole. The first line of Section I, for example, shows that motormen in Altoona entered the service at 20 cents per hour. Seventeen men were working at this rate, which number constitutes 18 per cent of the 96 motormen employed by the company. An analysis of Section I of the table shows that in six instances the initial rate for motormen is a flat rate and consequently covers all employees. The initial rate is paid to not more than 56 per cent of the motor men in any other company. In 2 companies the initial rate covers 50 and 56 per cent of the motormen employed, respectively. In 1 company it covers 49 per cent; in 12 companies from 30 to 39 per cent; in 27 companies from 20 to 29 per cent; in 28 companies from 10 to 19 per cent, and in 22 companies under 10 per cent of all motor men employed. In two instances no motorman was at the time working at the initial rate paid by the company. A larger proportion of conductors than of motormen are working at the entrance rate, due to the larger per cent of change in the per sonnel of this occupation, as compared with motormen, which differ- ence is brought out by the figures in Table 29, on pages 194 to 203. In Section I there were 6 companies paying a flat rate to conductors. In 3 companies the initial rate included from 60 to 68 per cent of all conductors employed, in 6 companies 50 to 59 per cent, in 7 companies 40 to 49 per cent, in 17 companies 30 to 39 per cent, in 25 companies 20 to 29 per cent, in 23 companies 10 to 19 per cent, and in 13 companies under 10 per cent, including 1 company in which no conductor was at the time working at the entrance rate. The reader can make a like analysis of Section II for himself. CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 89 Table 4 .—R A T E OF W A G E S PER H O U R PAID B Y EACH COM PAN Y A T BEG IN N IN G OF SERVICE, AND N U M B ER A N D PER CENT W O R K IN G A T SUCH R A T E . I.—Cities from which data were obtained by special agents. MOTORMEN. City. Rate at be Number at Total num ginning of such initial ber in occu pation. service. rate. Altoona, Pa............................................................................... Atlanta, Ga.............. ......................... ....... ... r.................. Binghamton, N. Y ................................................................. Birmingham, Ala.................................................................... Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. C o .Elevated lines............................................................ Buffalo, N. Y ........................................................................... Butte, Mont.............................................................................. Charleston. S. C........................................................................ Charlotte, N. C......................................................................... Chattanooga, Tenn.................................................................. Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways........................................... / \ $0 .2 0 .17 . 17 .2 0 . 18 .261 .291 .24 .23 . 38$ .17 .15 .18 2 . 30£ 3. 32~ .23 .2 0 Cleveland, Obio______________ _________________________ Dallas, Tex.: .27 41 70 96 413 41 82 230 18 4 27 50 30 77 2,214 10 111 27 128 1 18 18 7 9 135 664 i 132 17 18 11 a 12 38 66 | 78 61 249 3 9 20 19 14 27 57 108 .2 0 51 Northern Texas Traction Co. (Oak Cliff division of .2 0 15 Fort Worth lin e s)....................................................... 12 .23 Davenport, Iowa..................................................................... .24 26 Denver, Colo ......................................................................... .24 9 Des Moines, Iowa .................................................................. .25 133 Detroit, Mich ......................................................................... . 19 12 Evansville, Ind ...................................................................... / .2 2 3 Grand Rapids, Mich............................................................... 1 .23 24 } .2 0 19 Houston Tex . . ..................................................... .2 1 136 Indianapolis, Ind..................................................................... .19 Jacksonville, Fla...................................................................... 68 .2 2 134 Kansas City, Mo...................................................................... .2 0 Lincoln, Nebr........................................................................... 20 Little Rock, Ark...................................................................... .18 14 .25 229 Los Angeles, Cal...................................................................... .2 1 4 Louisville, K y .......................................................................... .24 22 Lowell, M ass........................................................................... .23 14 Manchester, N. H .................................................................. .17 70 Memphis, Tenn...................... ................................................ .23 87 Milwaukee, Wis....................................................................... .23 222 Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn.......................................... .19 26 Mobile Ala ............................................ - ................... .18 52 Nashville, Tenn....................................................................... .23 53 Newark, N. J............................................................................ .25 21 New Bedford, Mass................................................................. .2 2 9 New Britain, Conn.................................................................. .2 2 91 New Haven, Conn................................................................... 4 .24 728 New Orleans, La...................................................................... New York, N. Y .: 606 .21 Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co.......................................... .2 2 119 New York & Queens County Ry. Co.......................... New York Rys. Co.— &.2 1 6 16 Horse-car lines........................................................... 4 . 25 80 Storage-battery car lines.......................................... 5 . 25 476 All except horse and storage-battery car lines... Third Avenue Ry. Co.— .24 128 The Bronx.................................................................. .25 209 Manhattan.................................................................. Interborough Rapid Transit C o .39 6 .30 Elevated lines............................................................ 6 .30 11 Subway lines.............................................................. . 30 18 Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)............ 31 .18 Norfolk Va ........................................................................... .30 76 Oakland, Cal............................................................................. .2 0 8 Oklahoma City, Okla............................................................. 1 Motormen and conductors; worked interchangeably. 2 All divisions except the Northwestern. 3 Northwestern division only. 4 Flat rate. & Computed from daily rate on 10-hour-day basis. • Drivers. Per cent at initial rate. 12 8 383 4,212 798 1,129 5 2 8 22 179 28 49 91 333 190 31 13 1 ,2 0 1 73 15 6 190 386 1 22 805 83 77 1,040 464 152 65 260 589 1,067 8 5 11 16 16 10 35 56 17 24 18 22 1 14 22 27 15 21 86 211 30 25 627 102 8 21 39 333 728 1 00 2,282 244 27 49 23 27 6 47 34 80 1,662 100 552 712 23 29 415 213 280 105 450 71 9 5 29 6 30 17 11 90 STREET RAILWAY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. ' Table 4.—R A T E OF W A G E S PER H OU R PAID B Y EACH COM PANY A T BE G IN N IN G OF SERVICE, AN D N U M BER AN D PER CENT W O R K IN G A T SUCH R A T E —Continued. I.—Cities from which data were obtained by special agents—Continued. M OTO R M EN—Concluded. Rate at be Number at Total num ginning of such initial ber in occu service. pation. rate. City. Omaha, Nebr............................................................................ $0.24 .23 Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit C o .Elevated lines............................................................ 72 149 .28 .25 .23* .20 .25 .23 .23 2.23 .18 .24 .29 .20 .23 .28 . 20 309 1 175 Per cent at initial rate. 23 28 100 28 5 17 29 9 19 11 115 114 30 17 115 927 77 154 100 12 39 11 .25 2.37* .25 .20 .19 80 9 5 9 20 434 9 37 67 58 18 100 14 13 34 . 26 . 26 . 19 3 25 . .22 .22 . 24 .23 .23 .20 13 26 24 4 21 10 11 16 113 15 95 128 83 234 71 35 257 132 353 58 14 20 29 2 30 29 4 12 32 26 2 .22* .21| .22 .20 321 103 26 8 321 410 81 70 100 25 32 11 .18* .21 Sacramento, Cal....................................................................... Saginaw, Mich.......................................................................... St. Louis, Mo .......................................................................... Salt Lake City, Utah.............................................................. San Antonio, Tex .................................................................. San Francisco, Cal.: Municipal Railways of San Francisco......................... United Railroads of San Francisco.............................. Savannah, Ga........................................................................... Scranton, Pa............................................................................. Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co................ Seattle Municipal Street R y .......................................... Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. Co............................ Sioux City, Iowa...................................................................... South Bend, Ind...................................................................... Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R. R. Co........................... The Washington Water Power Co............................... Springfield 111 ........................................................................ Springfield, Mass...................................................................... Springfield, Ohio..................................................................... Superior, W is........................................................................... Syracuse, N. Y ......................................................................... Tacoma, Wash......................................................................... Toledo, Ohio............................................................................. Topeka, T<Ta.ns......................................................................... Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co......................................................... Washington Railway & Electric Co............................ Wheeling, W . V a ..................................................................... Wichita, Kans ........................................................................ Wilmington, Del.: People’s Ry. Co................................................................ Wilmington & Philadelphia Traction Co................... 110 67 23 17 15 132 36 21 2 .37* .25 . 17 .22 Portland, Oreg.......................................................................... 45 2,956 1,347 150 471 645 50 110 237 429 100 51 1,436 185 184 14 15 46 91 30 16 30 21 9 55 129 93 422 40 86 265 5 23 64 49 141 10 35 226 2,248 76 139 686 (4) 71 64 61 40 14 45 42 2 3 9 10 7 CONDUCTORS. Altoona, Pa..................................... Atlanta, Ga..................................... Augusta, Ga................................... Binghamton, N. Y ........................ Birmingham, Ala.......................... Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. C o Surface lines..................... Elevated lines................. Brockton, Mass.............................. Buffalo, N. Y ................................. Butte, Mont................................... Charleston. S. C............................. Charlotte, N. C .............................. SO 20 . .17 .17 .20 .18 .26* .25 .24 .23 •38* .17 .15 (4) 21 11 1Including extra men (motormen and conductors) who worked interchangeably). 2 Flat rate. s Computed from daily rate on 9-hour-day basis. 4 See Motormen. 32 6 13 25 30 17 CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 91 Table 4.—R A T E OF W A G E S PER H O U R PAID B Y EACH COM PANY A T BE G IN N IN G OF SERVICE, A N D N U M BER AN D PER CENT W O R K IN G A T SUCH R A T E —Continued. I.—Cities from which data were obtained by special agents—Continued. CONDUCTORS—Continued. City. Rate at be Number at Total num ginning of such initial ber in occu pation. service. rate. Chattanooga, Tenn.................................................................. Chicago, 111.: $0.18 f \ Olfivelfvnri, Ohio.______________________________________ Dallas, Tqx.: Dallas Electric Corporation........................................... Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff division of Fort Worth lines........................................................... Davenport, Iowa..................................................................... Denver, Colo............................................................................. Des Moines, Iowa.................................................................... Oranri "Rapids, Minh_______________________ ___________ Tndiarm.pnlisJTnrl_____________________________________ Kansas City Mo____________ • _________________________ Lincoln, Nebr........................................................................... Little Rock, Ark...................................................................... Los Angeles, Cal...................................................................... Louisville, K y .......................................................................... Lowell, Mass............................................................................. Manchester, N. H .................................................................... Memphis, Tenn....................................................................... Milwaukee, W is....................................................................... Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn.......................................... Mobile, Ala............................................................................... Nashville, Tenn....................................................................... Newark, N. J............................................................................ New Bedford, Mass................................................................. New Britain, Conn.................................................................. New Haven, Conn.................................................................. New Orleans, La...................................................................... New York, N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co.......................................... New York & Queens County Ry. Co.......................... New York Rys. Co.— Horse-car lines........................................................... Storage-battery car lines......................................... All except horse and storage-battery car lines... Third Avenue Ry. Co.— The Bronx................................................................. / Manhattan.................................................................. \ Interborough Rapid Transit Co.— Elevated lines............................................................ Subway lines ....................................................... Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)............ Norfolk, V a ............................................................................... Oakland, Cal............................................................................ Oklahoma City, Okla ........................................................... Omaha, Nebr............................................................................ Peoria, 111................................................................................. Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co.— Elevated lines .................................................. Surface lines............................................................... Pittsburgh, Pa......................................................................... Portland, Me............................................................................ Portland, O reg........................................................................ Providence, R . I ...................................................................... Pueblo, Colo ............................................................................ Reading. Pa............................................................. ............... 1.25* 2 .24 .23 .20 .27 20 151 35 | 138 140 314 Per cent at initial rate. Ill 18 338 4,280 807 1,177 17 3 17 27 .20 52 164 32 .20 .23 .24 .24 .25 . 19 .23 .20 .21 . 19 .22 .20 . 18 . 25 . 21 .24 .23 . 17 .23 .23 . 19 . 18 . 23 .25 .22 .22 4. 24 10 16 92 38 165 17 42 42 161 65 200 24 26 333 2 26 20 92 111 238 38 69 106 24 11 82 755 41 89 419 197 1,197 73 166 193 378 124 821 82 82 1,063 473 146 72 280 636 1,056 85 229 643 104 35 329 755 24 18 22 19 14 23 25 22 43 52 24 29 32 31 . 24 .22 724 134 2,358 227 31 59 5 21 . 6. 22J 5.24 32 76 929 54 76 1,617 59 100 57 .24 7.22 8.24 349 7 127 8 277 } l J 30 30 40 36 94 21 112 2 585 746 60 54 333 177 248 103 451 65 314 106 9 17 16 35 21 32 36 2 37 2,920 1,340 146 531 642 50 107 4 5 10 15 7 2 100 5.23* 5.23* .23 .18 .30 .20 .24 .23 .25 .25 .23* .20 .25 .23 .23 4.23 1 111 71 15 80 46 1 107 1 Regular men. 2 Extra men, flat rate. s Less than one-half of 1 per cent. 4 Flat rate. & Computed from daily rate on 10-hour-day basis. 6 Computed from flat daily rate on 10-hour-day basis. 7 Flat rate; on storage-battery cars. 8 On other than storage-battery cars. (3 ) 18 28 33 17 23 45 30 16 23 31 25 100 92 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN TH E UNITED STATES. TABLE 4.—R A T E OF W A G E S PER H O U R PAID B Y EACH CO M P AN Y A T B E G IN N IN G OF SERVICE, AN D N U M BER A N D PER CENT W O R K IN G A T SUCH R A T E —Continued. I.—Cities from which data were obtained by special agents—Concluded. CONDUCTORS—Concluded. Rate at be Number at Total num ginning of such initial ber in occu service. rate. pation. City. Richmond, Va ........................................................................ Per cent at initial rate. $0.18 93 245 .24 54 461 Sacramento, Cal....................................................................... .29 19 97 Saginaw, Mich.......................................................................... .20 27 51 381 St. Louis, Mo............................................................................ .23 1,494 44 .28 Salt Lake City, Utah ............................................................ 183 Ran Antonio, T e x . ...... ______ _________ ____ ___ .20 36 187 San Francisco, Cal.: .25 16 65 Municipal Railways of San Francisco......................... 116 116 138 United Railroads of San Francisco.............................. .25 939 .17 Savannah, Ga........................................................................... 47 69 Scranton, P a .................................................................. ......... .22 28 162 Seattle, Wash.: .25 98 474 Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co................. Seattle Municipal Street R y.......................................... *•37* 10 10 4 .25 Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. Co .......................... 37 .20 16 Sioux City, Iowa...................................................................... 64 .19 15 South Bend, Ind...................................................................... 53 Spokane, Wash.: 22 .26 Spokane & Inland Empire R. R. Co............................ 97 .26 19 The Washington Water Power Co............................... 126 .19 33 81 Springfield, 111 .................................................................... *.25 8 Springfield, Mass...................................................................... 239 .22 29 ................................................................ Springfield, Ohio 71 .22 10 38 Superior, W is........................................................................... Syracuse, N. Y ......................................................................... .24 21 259 .23 29 Tacoma, W a s h ........................................................................ 140 132 344 .23 Toledo, Ohio............................................................................. Topeka, Kan.q........................................................................... .20 26 53 Washington, D. C.: !.22i 320 Capital Traction Co ..................................................... 320 135 Washington Railway & Electric Co............................ 408 .21* .22 13 Wheeling, W . V a ..................................................................... 80 Wichita, Kans ........................................................................ .20 18 58 Wilmington, Del.: .18* 20 47 People’ s Ry. C o ............................................................... .21 16 Wilmington & Philadelphia Traction Co................... 94 38 12 20 53 26 24 19 25 100 15 68 17 21 100 11 25 28 23 15 41 3 41 26 8 21 38 49 100 33 16 31 43 17 II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence. M O TO R M EN . Aberdeen, Wash.................................................... Adrian, Mich.......................................................... Akron, Ohio........................................................... Albany, Cohoes, and Troy, N . Y ..................... Allentown, Pa........................................................ Alliance, Ohio........................................................ Alton, 111................................................................. Amsterdam, N. Y . (see Gloversville, N. Y .). Anderson, Ind........................................................ Ann Arbor. Mich................................................... Anniston, A la......................................................... Appleton, W is........................................................ Asbury Park, N. J................................................ Asheville, N .C ...................................................... Ashland, W is......................................................... Ashtabula, Ohio.................................................... Atchison, Kans. 4.................................................. Athens, Ga.............................................................. Attleboro and North Attleboro, Mass.............. Auburn, N. Y ........................................................ Augusta, Me. (see Lewiston, Me.). Aurora, 111............................................................... Austin, Tex............................................................ Bakersfield, Cal...................................................... Bangor, Me.............................................................. Barre and Montpelier, V t .................................... $0.25 .17 .25 1.28 .23 1.17 1.263 33 3 49 474 19 9 25 3 29 6 122 474 108 9 25 10 50 40 100 18 100 100 .19 .22 .17 .18 1.188 .19 .17 .18 .18 .145 .23 .23 1 2 89 16 14 8 30 35 40 48 7 20 18 334 41 50 6 14 30 .235 .16 .27 .205 .19 40 6 1 1 2 a 12 1 9 8 »15 18 4 1 Flat rate. 3 Computed from daily rate on 9-hour-day basis. 8 Motormen and conductors; worked interchangeably. 4 One-man cars. 38 »83 16 24 16 100 13 14 5 11 35 2 18 21 18 75 25 93 CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. Table 4.—R A T E OF W A G E S PER H O U R PAID B Y EACH COM PAN Y A T B E G IN N IN G OF SERVICE, AN D N U M B E R AN D PER CENT W O R K IN G A T SUCH R A T E —Continued. II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence—Continued. MOTORMEN-Continued. City. .................................................... - .................. Bay City, Mich Bergen division, Public Service Ry. Co., New Jersey.. . Bloomington, 111...................................................................... Boone, Iowa.............................................................................. Bridgeport, Conn .................................................................. Bridgeton, N. J........................................................................ Bristol, Conn . . . _____________________________________ Broad Ripplft, Tnri. __________________________ _____ Burlington, Iowa..................................................................... Cambridge, O h io .................................................................... Canton, Ohio............................................................................ Carlisle, Pa.: Company No. 1................................................................. Company No. 2 ............................................................. Cedar Falls, Iowa (see Waterloo, Iowa). Central division. Public Service Ry. Co., New Jersey... Charleston, W . V a ................................................................... Charlottesville, Va.1 ............................................................... Chelsea, Mass............................................................................ Cheyenne, W yo.1 .................................................................... Clinton, Fitchburg, and Leominster, Mass....................... Cohoes, N. Y . (see Albany, N. Y .). Colorado Springs, Colo........................................................... Columbia, S. C.......................................................................... Columbus, Ga........................................................................... Columbus, Ohio....................................................................... Corning, N. Y ........................................................................ Cortland, N. Y ................................................................... Council Bluffs, Iowa............................................................... Danbury, Conn........................................................................ Danville, 111.............................................................................. Danville, V a ............................................................................. Dayton, Ohio: Company No. 1................................................................. Company No. 2 ................................................................. Decatur, 111.. .................................................................... Derby, Conn............................................................................. Dover, N . H ............................................................................. Dubuque, Iowa........................................................................ Duluth, Minn.............................................................. ........... Dunkirk, N . Y ......................................................................... Durham N. C .......................................................................... East Liverpool, Ohio.............................................................. Easton, Pa., and Phillipsburg. N . J ................................... Eau Claire, W is....................................................................... Elgin, 111.................................................................................... Elkhart, Ind............................................................................. Elmira, N. Y ............................................................................ El Paso, Tex............................................................................. Elwood, In d ............................................................................. Enid, Okla.1 ..................................................... !...................... Erie, Pa..................................................................................... Escanaba, Mich .................................................................... Eureka, Cal............................................................................... Everett, Wash......................................................................... Fargo, N. Dak.......................................................................... Findlay, Ohio1......................................................................... Fitchburg, Mass. (see Clinton, Mass.). Flint, Mich............................................................................... Fond du Lac, W is................................................................... Fort Dodge, Iowa.................................................................... Rate at be Number at Total num ginning of such initial ber in occu pation. service. rate. Per cent at initial rate. 100 16 33 33 4 29 9 25 20 3 17 17 100 16 3 21 3 *1 20 5 37 42 33 52 35 45 20 41 36 6 171 21 19 13 » 61 19 *•18 67 3 4 3 4 100 100 .21 .23 .20 .135 .24 .225 .23 1 13 6 2 63 5 9 209 30 17 211 1 30 U 6 20 12 30 20 .25 .155 .16 .205 .17 .18 .24 .22 .222 . 177 11 16 15 14 64 107 30 329 16 13 58 25 55 15 17 15 50 4 135 34 41 35 30 * 109 162 4 22 40 70 30 32 15 67 77 3 12 84 9 24 20 20 11 39 38 2 SO.18 .23 .20 .20 .22 .22 .23 .155 .214 .24 .20 .225 2.19 .225 .19 .17 .171 .19 .25 2.15 2.15 &.27 5.27 . 20 .225 . 21 .17 .22 .23 .15 .24 .23 .18 .235 . 19 .19 .20 .19 .20 .23 .16 2.275 .22 .19 .175 .25 .18 .21 5 6 14 11 2 10 4 5 8 1 1 29 21 3 6 13 1 15 5 52 13 11 7 <7 43 11 8 9 3 5 3 26 24 1 2 20 24 6 8 4 4 3 3 1 One-man cars, a Flat rate. a Motormen and conductors; not reported separately. * Motormen and conductors; worked interchangeably. 6 Night men, 26 cents. 44 9 8 34 16 6 30 46 22 4 27 33 31 23 6 27 50 20 13 10 16 20 39 31 33 17 24 100 30 40 36 9 33 38 94 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. 4 .—R A T E OF W A G E S PER H O U R PAID B Y EACH COM PANY A T B E G IN N IN G OF SERVICE, AN D N U M B ER A N D PER CENT W O R K IN G A T SUCH R A T E —Continued. T able II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence— Continued. M O TO R M EN —Continued. City. FraTrnngham, Mass____ _____ _ . . _____ Frankfort, K y .1 ...................................................................... Franklin, Mass. (see Milford, Mass.). Fresno, Cal........................... ____ _________ Gadsden, A la............................................................................ Galesburg, 111............................................................................ Galveston, Tex......................................................................... Gardner, Mass, ,. ........................ .................... Gary, Ind................................................................................... Geneva, N. Y ........................................................................... Glens Falls and Saratoga, N. Y ........................................... Gloucester, Mass........... ....................................... Gloversville, Johnstown, and Amsterdam, N. Y „ . . . Grand Junction, Colo.1 .......................................................... Great Falls, Mont.1 ................................................................ Green Bay, W is........................................................................ Greenfield, Mass...................................................................... Greenville, S. C ........................................................................ ......................................... .. TTfi.mmnnn; Tnrl _........... Hampton, Va. (see Newport News, Va.). Hannibal, Mo........................................................................... Harrisburg, Pa......................................................................... Hartford, Conn......................................................................... Hazleton, Pa............................................................................. Helena, Mont ......................................................................... Henderson, K y.1 ..................................................................... Holyoke, Mass.......................................................................... Homestead, Pa......................................................................... Homell,N. Y ........................................................................... Hot Springs, Ark.1 ................................................................. Hudson division, Public Service Ry. Co., New Jersey.. Huntington, W . V a................................................................ Hutchinson, Kans................................................................... Hyde Park, Mass.................................................................... Iowa City, Iowa....................................................................... Ironton, O h io ........................................................................ Ishpeming, Mich...................................................................... Jackson, Mich........................................................................... Jackson, Miss............................................................................ Jackson, Tenn.1 ....................................................................... Jamestown, N Y .................................................................... Janesville, W is .1 ................................. .................................... Jeffersonville, Ind. (see New A lbany, N. Y .). Johnstown, N . Y . (see Gloversville, N. Y .). Johnstown, P a .......................................................................... Joliet, 111..................................................................................... Joplin, Mo. (see Pittsburg, Kans.). Kalamazoo, Mich.................................................................... Kankakee, 111........................................ ................................. Keene, N . H ............................................................................. Kenosha, W is........................................................................... Keokuk, Iow a........................................................................... Kingston, N. Y ........................................................................ Knoxville, Tenn..................................................................... K okom o, Ind............................................................................ Laconia, N. H .......................................................................... La Crosse, W is......................................................................... La Fayette, Ind..................................................................... Lake Charles, La............................................................. Lancaster, Ohio 5 .................................................................. Lancaster, Pa............................................................... Lansing, Mich........................................................................... Laporte, Ind............................................................................. La Salle, 111............................................................................... Lawrence, Kans.1 .................................................................. 1 Rate at be Number at Total num• Per cent ginning of such initial ber in occu■ at initial pation. rate. service. rate. $0.18 .19 .20 .235 .16 2 14 9 9 41 93 128 61 10 5 15 7 15 .20 .25 .14 .20 .20 .20 .20 (2 ) 3.28 .24 .23 .18 .20 .344 .18 .20 .14 .15 .23 6 10 3 9 21 5 3 50 21 27 26 31 10 10 41 6 4 7 2 1 4 3 7 3 1 12 47 11 35 68 50 29 3 41 50 37 16 4 22 17 30 23 24 32 100 12 11 44 50 5 > 24 10 30 13 3 .15 .21 .225 .23 .33 .15 .23 8.30 3.20 .206 .23 .20 .17 .24 .19 .20 8 .21 .23 .14 .15 .19 .16 13 32 18 <3 2 9 5 11 9 30 14 2 8 4 2 3 4 1 11 35 5 7 115 263 18 <37 12 80 5 11 35 536 41 12 57 12 12 3 45 30 19 77 8 11 12 100 8 17 11 100 100 26 6 34 17 14 33 17 100 9 3 58 45 63 .22 .21 6 20 79 64 8 31 .23 .19 .22 .21 .18 .19 .17 .18 3.20 .21 .18 .20 .16 .18 .23 .19 3.20 .18 6 3 4 5 <15 3 15 8 52 21 4 21 * 22 32 88 14 12 14 100 24 68 9 17 57 33 34 9 12 38 35 3 8 24 9 21 22 (2) 3 7 2 35 6 <2) 8 9 1 One-man cars. 2 Not reported. 8 Flat rate. 4 Motormen and conductors; worked interchangeably. * One-man cars, except on special days, when school boys were employed. 92 17 100 38 CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 95 4 .—R A T E OF W A G E S PER H O U R PAID B Y EACH COM PANY A T B E G IN N IN G OF SERVICE, A N D N U M BER A N D PER CENT W O R K IN G AT SUCH R A T E —Continued. Table II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence—Continued. MOTORMEN—Continued. City. Rate at be Number at Total num ginning of such initial ber in occu service. pation. rate. Per cent at initial rate. $0.24 12 Lawrence, Mass........................................................................ 86 LeavenW^rf.h, Kans, - .................. . 150.00 . . . . . . . . _______ 2 21 Lebanon, Pa............................................................................. .18 n >8 Leominster, Mass. ( see Clinton, Mass.). .19 2i Lewiston and Augusta, Me................................................... 48 2 Lexington, K y.......................................................................... .16 33 4 Lockport, N. Y . 3.................................................................... 17 Logansport, Tnd., _____________________ .18 8 22 Lynchburg, V a ........................................................................ .20 9 51 .24 Lynn, Mass.. .. .................................... ........ ........ 36 169 .22 10 McAlester, Okla....................................................................... 11 .16 Macon, Ga................................................................................. 73 15 .19 38 Madison, W is............................................................................ 1 Mankato, Mrrvn. ..................................... ................ .15 6 Manistfip Mich 8 _ . _ ________ ____ ___ 4 .20 10 10 .18 Mansfield, Ohio........................................................................ 20 .175 Marietta, Ohio.......................................................................... 13 Marinette, Wis. (see Menominee, Mich.). Marion, Ind............................................................................... .19 17 .18 Marion, Ohio............................................................................. 6 19 Marlboro, Mass. (see Worcester, Mass.). 4.22 4 4 Marquette, Mich...................................................................... .265 2 12 Marshalltown, Iowa3.............................................................. .185 Mason City, Iowa.................................................................... 9 8 .22 Meadville, Pa............................................................................ 29 Menominee, Mich., and Marinette, W is............................. 4 30 .17 12 Meriden, Conn.......................................................................... .225 54 4 Meridian, Miss......................................................................... .15 28 4 .275 6 6 Michigan City, Ind.................................................................. Middletown, Conn................................................................... .225 25 Middletown, N . Y ................................................................... 12 .18 2 Milford, Franklin, and Plainvilla, M a ss........................... .23 18 1 Milford, Mass............................................................................ .24 25 6 13 Millville^ N. J............................................................................ .17 MO 6 18 Missoula, Mont.3 ...................................................................... .35 7 18 Moline, 111 ................................................................................ .23 Montgomery, Ala..................................................................... 64 .15 23 Montpelier, Vt .(s ee Barre, Vt.). Mount Vernon and New Rochelle, N. Y ........................... .24 101 10 2 Muncie, Ind............................................................................... .19 21 Muskegon, Mich ..................................................................... .22 34 10 6 6 4 .24 Nanticoke, Pa ......................................................................... 2 Nashua, N. H ........................................................................... .24 19 9 New Albany and Jeffersonville, In d .6 ................................ 48 .185 Newburgh,"N. Y ...................................................................... 4 .23 27 27 Newcastle, Pa. (see Youngstown, Ohio). New London, Conn. (see Norwich, Conn.). 7 Newport, R. I .......................................................................... .24 Newport News and Hampton, Va....................................... 40 .18 13 New Rochelle, N. Y . (see Mount Vernon, N. Y .). Newton, Waltham, and near-by towns, Mass.................. 159 .24 60 4 41 Niagara Falls, N. Y ................................................................. .23 62 Norristown,, Pa......................................................................... 4 .23 62 North Adams, Mass. (see Pittsfield, Mass.). 8 •27 Northampton, Mass................................................................. .25 8 North Yakima, Wash............................................................. 21 .24 Norton and Taunton, Mass................................................... 4 10 .20 5 34 Norwalk, Conn......................................................................... .225 Norwich, Willimantic, and New London, Conn............. 136 .225 14 39 Ogden, Utah ........................................................................ .25 21 Ogdensburg, N. Y ................................................................... 8 14 7 .17 7 35 Oil City, Pa............................................................................... .20 1 6 Olean, N. Y ............................................................................. .17 32 Oshkosh, W is............................................................................ .18 10 22 Oswego, N. Y ............................................................................ .23 1 34 Ottumwa, Iowa........................................................................ .21 22 Owensboro, K y ........................................................................ .15 6 1 Per month. 2 Not including some who worked one-half time as conductors. 3 One-man cars. 4 Flat rate. * Motormen and conductors; worked interchangeably. 6 One-man cars on part of runs. 7 One cent less, Oct. 1 to Apr. 1. 14 10 13 50 6 24 .23 36 18 21 15 39 17 100 32 100 17 28 13 22 14 100 11 4 33 33 39 36 10 10 29 100 11 19 100 33 38 10 100 30 38 40 15 10 54 57 20 17 31 3 27 96 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T a b le 4 .—R A T E OF W A G E S PER H O U R PAID B Y EACH CO M PAN Y A T BE G IN N IN G OF SERVICE, A N D NU M BER AN D PER CENT W O R K IN G A T SUCH R A T E —Continued. II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence—Continued. M O TO R M EN —Continued. City. Parkersburg, W .V a ................................................................ Passaic, N . J ............................................................................. PfieVslrill, N Y . ........................................................ ........... Pensacola, Fla*......................................................................... Peru, Ind................................................................................... Phillipsburg, N. J. (see Easton, Pa.). Phoenix, Ariz............................................................................ Pine Bluff j Ark ...................................................................... Pittsburg, Kans., and Joplin, Mo........................................ Pittsfield and North Adorns, JM ____________ ________ asr Plainville, Mass. (see Milford, Mass.). Plymouth, Mass....................................................................... Pomona, Cal.............................................................................. Pontiac, Mich............................................................................ Portsmouth, N. H ................................................................... Portsmouth, Ohio.................................................................... Pottsville, Pa .......................................................................... Poughkeepsie, N. Y ................................................................ Punxsutawney, Pa................................................................. Quincy, 111................................................................................. J .................................................... *................ ............. Quincy, Mass............................................................................. Raleigh, N .C ............................................................................ Reading, Mass........................................................................... Redlands, Cal............................................................................ Richmond, Ind......................................................................... Riverside, Cal............................................................................ Roanoke, Va.............................................................................. Rockford, 111.............................................................................. Rock Island, 111........................................................................ Rome, Ga................................................................................... Rome, N. Y . ( see Utica, N. Y .). Rutland, V t .............................................................................. St. Cloud. Minn........................................................................ St. Joseph, Mo.......................................................................... Salem, Mass............................................................................... Salem, Oreg............................................................................... San Bernardino, Cal................................................................ San Diego, Cal.......................................................................... San Jose, Cal.: Company No. 1................................................................. Company No. 2................................................................. Santa Cruz, Cal......................................................................... Saratoga, N. Y . ( see Glens Falls, N. Y .). Sault Ste. Marie, Mich........................................................... Schenectady, N. Y ................................................................... Sedalia, Mo................................................................................ Selma, A la.1............................................................................. Shamokin, Pa........................................................................... Sharon, Pa. (see Youngstown, Ohio). Shawnee, Okla.......................................................................... Sheboygan, Wis........................................................................ Shreveport, La.......................................................................... Sioux Falls, S. Dak.................................................................. South Bethlehem, Pa............................................................. Southbridge, Mass. (see Webster, Mass.). Southern division. Public Service Ry. Co., New Jersey.. Spartanburg, S. C .................................................................... Spencer, Mass. (see Worcester, Mass.). Stamford, Conn........................................................................ Stockton, Cal................................................................. Sunbury, Pa.............................................................................. Tampa, Fla............................................................................... Rate at be Number at Total num ginning of such initial ber in occu pation. service. rate. Per cent at initial rate. $0.15 .175 2.18 .25 .23 .23 .18 .165 .18 11 1 8 7 19 .22 .19 .16 * .189 .25 .23 12 2.195 .21 .25 .25 .19 .20 .19 .25 .20 .17 .16 .24 .17 .24 .25 .19 .25 .20 .20 .23 .14 3 8 3 52 10 9 1 5 2 8 11 13 5 3 23 7 4 14 30 12 8 27 2 29 144 21 68 6 23 12 40 61 73 23 .18 .152 .21 .24 .22 .25 .27 2 31 14 2 8 55 21 10 125 127 27 20 147 20 25 11 7 40 37 .25 .25 .25 1 14 1 30 77 14 3 18 7 .20 .245 .17 .16 .20 2 3 2 25 2 18 9 8 168 11 11 19 .15 .185 .22 .16 2 .19 2 9 6 6 2 8 21 47 12 2 25 43 13 50 100 .23 .15 14 2 200 22 7 9 .225 .25 .17 .19 8 28 86 28 31 72 8 28 79 26 39 21 35 2 4 9 1 5 1 2 2 8 i One-man aFlat rate. cars, 8Worked half day as motormen and half day as conductors. 31 27 8 68 166 78 17 26 3 35 4 100 10 11 18 6 21 9 6 95 67 12 15 100 1 100 35 36 3 17 25 30 10 36 48 13 17 22 17 20 18 18 22 47 CHAP. I.---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 97 T a b le 4 .—R A T E O F W A G E S PER H O U R PAID B Y EACH COM PANY A T BEG IN N IN G OF SERVICE, AN D N U M B E R AN D PER CENT W O R K IN G AT SUCH R A T E —Continued. II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence—Continued. MOTORMEN—Concluded. Rate at be Number at Total num ginning of such initial ber in occu pation. service. rate. City. Taunton, Mass. (see Norton, Mass.). Temple, Tex.1.......................................................................... Terra Hant.pi, Ind Tiffin, Ohio1............................................................................. Torrington, Conn..................................................................... Trenton, N . J ........................................................................... Trinidad, Colo.. . . .................. ..... ...... Troy, N . Y . ( see Albany, N. Y.). Tucson, Ariz............................................................................. Tulsa, Okla ... . . . ............................ Utica and Rome, N. Y ........................................................... Vicksburg, Miss........................................................................' Vincennes, Ind......................................................................... Waco, Tex................................................................................. Walla Walla, W ash .. ; ........................................................... Waltham, Mass. (see Newton, Mass.). Warren, Pa............................................................................... Waterbury, Conn............................ ....................................... Waterloo and Cedar Falls, Iowa.......................................... Watertown, N. Y .................................................................... Waterville, Me.......................................................................... Waukegan, 111........................................................................... W ausau, W i s . . . ............................................ Webb City, M o ...................................................................... Westfield, Mass................................................ ...................... Webster and Southbridge, Mass.......................................... White Plains, N. Y ................................................................ Wilkes-Barre and near-by towns, Pa.................................. Williamsport, Pa.................................................................... Willimantic, Conn. (see Norwich, Conn.). Wilmington, N. C.................................................................... Winona, Minn.1........................................................................ Winston-Salem, N. C ............................................................. Woburn, Mass.......................................................................... W oonsocket, R. I .................................................................... Wcrcester, Spencer, and Marlboro, M ass........................... Yonkers, N. Y .......................................................................... York, Pa.................................................................................... Youngstown, Ohio, Sharon and Newcastle, P a ............... 5 86 4 10 146 8 Per cent at initial rate. $0.14 .21 (2 ) .225 3 .26 .20 3 146 2 .20 .20 .24 .165 .15 .19 .23 <5 5 8 2 7 10 3 48 25 16F .19 .225 .20 .20 .15 .20 .175 .20 &2.30 .23 .225 3.24 .205 5 21 17 4 4 5 38 17 44 25 24 63 2 3 13 (8) 14 13 122 39 16 17 8 11 50 32 44 47 C 6) 86 7 7 3 5 3 21 15 3 16 24 18 32 34 37 272 117 58 269 29 39 9 15 8 8 13 5 6 6 109 J>19 102 10 24 50 57 100 27 100 100 16 3 13 40 46 7 18 100 13 86 33 36 3 35 .17 .18 .15 .24 .23 .23 .24 .18 .28 - 12 45 16 41 30 100 25 63 20 5 13 58 22 19 6 7 28 16 CONDUCTORS. Aberdeen, W ash.................................................... Adrian, Mich.......................................................... Akron, Ohio........................................................... Albany, Cohoes, and Troy, N. Y ...................... Allentown, Pa................. 1.................................... Alliance, Ohio....................................................... Alton, 111................................................................. Amsterdam, N. Y . (see Gloversville, N. Y.). Anderson, Ind........................................................ Ann Arbor, Mich................................................... Anniston, Ala......................................................... Appleton, W is....................................................... Asbury Park, N. J................................................ Asheville, N. C....................................................... Ashland, W is......................................................... Ashtabula, Ohio.................................................... Atchison, Kans.9................................................... Athens, Ga.............................................................. Attleboro and North Attleboro, Mass................ $0.25 .17 .25 3 .28 .23 3 .17 3 .263 .190 .220 .170 .180 3 .188 .190 .170 .180 .180 .145 .230 (7) 3 62 519 28 10 24 2 (7) (8) (7) 40 6 6 6 1 1 One-man cars. 2 Rates are based on traffic conditions and hours worked. 3 Flat rate. * Motormen and conductors; worked interchangeably. &Per day. 6 Not reported. 7 See Motormen. 8 No conductors employed except during summer months, 9 One-man cars. See Motormen. 39749°—Bull 204— 17- (7) (7) (8) (7) 98 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T a b le 4 .—R A T E OF W A G E S PER H O U R PAID B Y EACH CO M PAN Y A T B E G IN N IN G OF SERVICE, A N D N U M B ER AN D PER CENT W O R K IN G A T SUCH R A T E —Continued. II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence—Continued. CONDUCTORS—Continued. Rate at be Number at Total num ginning of such initial ber in occu service. pation. rate. City. Auburn, N. Y ........................................................................... Augusta, Me. (see Lewiston, Me.). Aurora, III................................................................................. Austin, Tex............................................................................... Bakersfield, Cal........................................................................ Bangor, Me................................................................................ Barre and I lontpelier, V t ...................................................... Batavia, N- Y . 2. . # . ................................................................. Battle Cre ‘c, Mich................................................................... Bay City, M, h ......................................................................... $0,230 6 .235 8 .160 (,) i .270 .205 20 .190 5 .180 .230 5 .200 18 9 .200 .220 2 Beaver Falls, Pa...................................................................... Bellingham, W ash................................................................... .220 19 .230 4 Bergen division, Public Service Ry. Co., New Jersey....... s .155 Biddeford, Me........................................................................... 9 Bloomington, Til__ _____ . . . . . . __________________ _____ .214 12 Boise, Idaho.............................................................................. .240 2 .200 Bridgeport, Conn________ _______________________ ______ .225 32 * .190 20 Bristol Conn__ . .. T r. . . . . . . . . . . __________________ . .225 3 .190 .170 Burlington, Iowa..................................................................... 0) .171 3 .190 Cambridge, Ohio...................................................................... Canton, Ohio............................................................................ .250 30 Carlisle, Pa.............. ................................................................. .150 Cedar Falls, Iowa (see Waterloo, Iowa). 1 Cedar Rapids, Iowa................................................................. .210 51 .230 Central division. Public Service Ry. Co., New Jersey. . 9 .200 Charleston, W . V a .......................... *...................................... .135 Charlottesville, Va.2 ............................................................. 88 .240 Chelsea, Mass............................................................................ .225 Cheyenne. W y o 2 . ......................................... 4 Clinton, Fitchburg, and Leominster, Mass......................... .230 Cohoes, N . Y . (see Albany, N . Y .). 12 .250 Colorado Springs, Colo........................................................... .155 16 Columbia, S. C ....................................................................... 12 .160 Columbus, Ga........................................................................... .205 17 Columbus, Ohio....................................................................... Corning, N. Y ...................................................................... .170 13 .180 Cortland, N. Y ......................................................................... 22 .240 Council Bluffs, Iowa ............................................................. Danbury, C o n n ...................................................................... .220 .222 10 Danville, 111.............................................................................. 5 .177 Danville, V a ............................................................................. Dayton, Ohio: 52 Company No. 1................................................................. .270 11 Company No. 2................................................................. .270 .200 Decatur, 111............................................................................... .225 6 Derby, Conn............................................................................. .210 Dover,N. H . .......................................................................... .170 Dubuque, Iowa........................................................................ ( V) 55 .220 Duluth, Minn........................................................................... .230 Dunkirk, N. Y ......................................................................... 12 .150 Durham, N .C .......................................................................... 5 .240 East Liverpool, Ohio.............................................................. 8 Easton, Pa., and Phillipsburg, N. J ................................... .230 1 .180 EauClaire, W is...... ................................................................ .235 12 Elgin, 111.................................................................................... 4 .190 Elkhart, Ind............................................................................. 36 .190 Elmira, N. Y ............................................................................ 24 .200 El Paso, Tex............................................................................. .190 Elwood, Ind............................................................................. .200 Enid, Okla.2............................................................................. 23 .230 Erie, Pa...................................................................................... 1 .160 Escanaba, Mich........................................................................ 24 * .275 Eureka, Cal ............................................................................. 8 .22 Everett, Wash.......................................................................... 8 Fargo, N . Dak.......................................................................... .19 .175 Findlav. Ohio2......................................................................... 1 See Motormen. 2 One-man cars. See Motormen. * Runs of 9 to 10 hours, paid for as 10 hours. 4 Flat rate. Per cent at initial rate. 50 12 36 22 (1) 16 29 12 6 69 42 41 45 32 52 35 41 21 42 37 7 162 20 18 14 12 40 28 4 54 10 43 29 0) 29 20 100 17 16 45 11 25 32 231 38 31 13 59 107 32 311 11 21 63 24 45 13 20 15 38 5 138 28 40 33 21 0) 19 67 4 9 208 28 C) 1 38 39 159 4 22 40 70 20 32 16 65 80 4 35 87 9 24 21 19 62 35 22 38 18 55 13 11 5 38 25 55 30 26 U 100 38 42 CHAP. I.-----WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 99 4 .—R A T E OF W A G E S PER H O U R PAID B Y EACH CO M PAN Y A T BEG IN N IN G OF SERVICE, AN D N U M B E R AN D PER CENT W O R K IN G A T SUCH R A T E —Continued. T able II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence—Continued. CONDUCTORS—Continued. Rate at be Number at Total num ginning of such init^l ber in occu pation. service. rate. City. Fitchburg, Mass. (see Clinton, Mass.). ..... Flint, Mich. ............... .................................. Fond du Lac, W is................................................................... Fort Dodge, Iowa.................................................................... Fort Smith, Ark...................................................................... Fort Wayne, Tnd .. . . . . _ Fort Worth, Tex...................................................................... Framingham, Mass.: Framingham division, Boston & Worcester Street Ry. Co.................................................... Frankfort, Ky i __ __ ___ . . . . . . . . . . . . . Franklin, Mass. (see Milford, Mass.). Fresno, Cal................................................................................ Gadsden, A la............................................................................ Galesburg, 111............................................................................ Galveston, Tex......................................................................... fj-ardnftr, Onry, 1ml., . .......................... . . . . Geneva, N. Y ........................................................................... Glens Falls and Saratoga, N. Y ........................................... Gloversville, Johnstown, and Amsterdam, N .Y ............... Grand Forks; N. Dak............................................................. Grand Junction, Colo.1........................................................... Great Falls, Mont.1................................................................. Green Bay, Wis .................................................................... Greenfield, Mass...................................................................... Greensboro, N. C..................................................................... Greenville, S. C ........................................................................ Hammond, Ind........................................................................ Hampton, Va. (see Newport News, Va.). Hannibal, Mo........................................................................... Harrisburg, Pa......................................................................... Hartford, Conn......................................................................... Hazleton, Pa............................................................................. Helena, Mont........................................................................... Henderson, K y.1...................................................................... Holyoke, Mass.......................................................................... Homestead, Pa......................................................................... Hornell, N . Y ........................................................................... Hot Springs, Ark.1.................................................................. Hudson division, Public Service Ry. Co., New Jersey___ Huntington, W . V a................................................................ Hutchinson, Kans.................................................................. Hyde Park, Mass.................................................................... Iowa City, Iowa .................................................................. Ironton; Ohio........................................................................... Ishpeming, Mich...................................................................... Jackson, Mich........................................................................... Jackson, Miss........................................................................... Jackson, Tenn 1........................................................................ Jamestown, N. Y .................................................................... Janesville, Wis 1 ..................................................................... Jeffersonville, Ind. (see New Albany, Ind.). Johnstown, N. Y . (see Gloversville, N. Y .). Johnstown, Pa......................................................................... Joliet, 1 1 1 ............................................................................. Joplin, Mo. (see Pittsburg, Kans.). Kalamazoo, Mich..................................................................... Kankakee, 111 ....................................................................... Keene, N. H ........................................................................... Kenosha, W i s ......................................................................... Keokuk, Iowa ................................................- .................. Kingston, N. Y ........................................................................ Knoxville, Tenn...................................................................... Kokomo, Ind............................................................................ Laconia, N. H ...................................................................... Lacrosse, W is........................................................................... La Fayette, Ind....................................................................... Lake Charles, La...................................................................... $0.25 .18 .210 .180 .190 .200 2 1 4 3 29 15 46 8 8 41 93 134 4 13 50 7 31 11 .235 .160 12 63 19 10 3 9 24 11 1 47 9 35 68 43 31 3 43 53 39 14 21 33 26 35 26 3 .200 .250 .140 .200 .200 .200 .200 (2 ) 3.28 .24 .23 .18 .20 .344 .18 .20 .14 .15 .23 (2) 43 5 5 6 4 7 7 5 17 33 24 24 32 100 9 13 43 24 21 29 21 14 123 260 18 16 27 100 13 5 13 76 5 13 17 100 100 118 13 8 14 21 29 67 24 3 3 8 1 550 45 12 58 8 14 3 43 27 21 100 19 4 38 74 51 .22 .21 6 20 79 60 8 33 .23 .19 3.22 .21 .18 .19 .17 .18 3 .20 .21 .18 .20 5 3 4 8 51 21 4 19 10 14 100 42 31 82 15 16 5 60 33 33 9 9 15 11 .15 .21 .225 .23 .33 .15 .23 3.30 3.20 .206 .23 .20 .17 .24 .19 .20 3.21 .23 .14 .15 .19 .16 1 One-man cars. See Motormen. 2 Not reported. 3 Flat rate. <See Motormen. * Per cent at initial rate. 20 69 18 (4 ) (4 ) W 5 4 9 0 3 5 1 (4 ) (2) 100 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. T ab le 4 .—R A T E OF W A G E S PER H O U R PAID B Y EACH COM PANY A T B E G IN N IN G OF SERVICE, A N D N U M B E R A N D PER CENT W O R K IN G A T SUCH R A T E —Continued II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence—Continued. CONDUCTORS—Continued. City. Lancaster, Ohio1...................................................................... Lancaster, Pa............................................................................ Lansing, Mich........................................................................... Laporte, Ind............................................................................. La Salle, 111............................................................................... Lawrence, K ans.:a Extra men.......................... .............................................. Regular men...................................................................... Leavenworth, Kans................................................................ Lebanon, Pa............................................................................. Leominster, Mass. (see Clinton, Mass.). Lewiston and Augusta, Me................................................ Lexington, K y......................................................................... Rate at be Number at Total num ginning of such initial ber in occu pation. service. rate. $0.16 .18 .23 . 19 2.20 8 45 34 2 8 100 3 ' 52 23 &16 13 5 13 35 6 .18 .20 4 50.00 .18 25 8 51 36 49 22 6 9 45 1 7 15 1 18 52 166 9 68 38 6 33 17 27 11 10 39 17 3 7 21 14 14 50 .19 .18 1 10 21 20 5 50 2.22 .265 .185 .22 . 17 .225 2 .15 .275 4 4 100 5 11 12 15 6 6 10 28 23 55 28 • 6 50 39 52 27 21 100 25 13 15 27 8 8 7 4 7 13 18 64 39 20 .24 .19 .22 2.24 .24 .135 2.23 18 3 7 6 2 g 26 102 23 37 6 20 20 26 18 13 19 100 10 40 100 .24 .18 24 7 50 48 .24 .23 a .23 25 6 59 148 40 59 17 15 100 4 8 7 3 25 25 10 30 16 32 70 10 .225 .18 .23 .24 .17 .35 .23 .15 • .25 .24 .20 .225 2 1 1 1 («) (6) 1 One-man cars except on special days when schoolboys are employed. ^ Flat rate. s Oqe-man cars. See Motormen. * Per month. bIncluding some who worked one-half time as motormen. 6 See Motormen. J One-man cars on part of runs. 78 18 .19 .16 .23 .18 .20 .24 .22 .16 .19 .15 2 .20 .18 .175 Logansport, Ind....................................................................... Lynchburg/ V a ......................................................................... Lynn, Mass. . _____ \ *________ _________________________ McAlester, Okla....................................................................... Macon, Ga................................................................................. Madison, W is............................................................................ Mansfield, Ohio........................................................................ Marietta, Ohio.......................................................................... Marinette, Wis. (see Menominee, Mich.). Marion, Ind............................................................................... Marion, Ohio............................................................................. Marlboro, Mass. (see Worcester, Mass.). Marquette, Mich...................................................................... Marshalltown, Iowa 3.............................................................. Mason City, Iowa.................................................................... Meadville, Pa ........................................................................ Menominee, Mich , and Marinette, W is............................ Meriden, Conn. (Meriden division, Connecticut Co.)........ Meridian, Miss........................................................................ Michigan City, Ind.................................................................. Middletown, Conn. (Middletown division, Connecticut Co.)......................................................................................... Middletown, N . Y ................................................................... Miliord, Franklin, and Plainville, Mass............................ Milford, Mass ........................................................................ Millville, N. J........................................................................... Missoula, Mont.3...................................................................... Moline, 111 ............................................................................... Montgomery, A la.................................................................... Montpelier, Vt. (see Barre, Vt.). Mount Vernon and New Rochelle, N. Y .......................... Muncie, Ind .......................................................................... ................................................................ Muskegon, Mich Nanticoke, Pa .................................................................... Nashua, N . H ........................................................................... New Albany and Jeffersonville, Ind.7................................. Newburgh, N . Y ...................................................................... Newcastle, P a . (see Youngstown, Ohio). New London, Conn. (see Norwich, Conn). Newport, R . I .................................................................... Newport News and Hampton, V a ..................................... New Rochelle, N . Y . (see Mount Vernon, N . Y.). Newton, Waltham, and near-by towns, Mass.................... Niagara Falls, N . Y . . . ........................................................... Norristown, P a........................................................................ North Adams, Mass. (see Pittsfield, Mass.). Northampton, Mass................................................................ North Yakima, Wash............................................................. Norton and Taunton, Mass.................................................. Norwalk, Conn. (Norwalk division, Connecticut Co.). . . Per cent at initial rate. CHAP. I .---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. 101 T able 4*—R A T E OF W A G E S PER H O U R PAID B Y EACH COM PANY A T B E G IN N IN G OF SERVICE, A N D N U M B ER AN D PER CENT W O R K IN G AT SUCH R A T E —Continued. • II.—Cities from which data were obtained by correspondence—Continued. CONDUCTORS—Continued. City. Rate at be Number at Total num ginning of such initial ber in occu pation. service. rate. 14 $0.225 22 .25 7 i .17 .20 6 1 .17 11 .18 1 .23 1 .21 Ottumwa, Iowa........................................................................ .15 (2) Paducah, K y ............................................................................ 16 Parkersburg, W . Va................................................................ .175 15 Parsons, Kans.4........................................................................ 3 .18 Pasadena, Cal ............... „................. ............................... 21 .25 Passaic, N. J. (Passaic division, Public Service Ry. Co.). 40 .23 .23 Pawtucket, R. I ....................................................................... 1 Peekskill, N. Y ........................................................................ .18 . 165 Peru, Ind................................................................................... .18 Phillipsburg; N . J. (see Easton, Pa.). Phnanix, A n /................................ , 16 .22 Phn^nixvillft; Pa............. ......... .19 1 Pine Blu£T? Ark........................................................................ .16 9 Piqua, Ohio.............................................................................. 8.189 .25 Pittsfield and North Adams, Mass...................................... .23 5 Plainville, Mass. (see Milford, Mass.). 3 Plattsburg, N. Y ..................................................................... » .185 11 Plymouth, Mass....................................................................... .21 1 Pomona, Cal............................................................................. .25 1 Pontiac, Mich........................................................................... .25 3 Portsmouth, N. H ................................................................... .19 2 Portsmouth, Ohio................................................................... .20 .19 2 Pottstown, Pa.......................................................................... 2 .25 Pottsville, Pa............. . ........................................................... 6 Poughkeepsie, N . Y ................................................................ .20 1 Punxsutawney, P a ................................................................ .17 3 Quincy, 111.................. .............................................................. .16 Quincy, Mass. (Quincy division, Bay State Street Ry. .24 46 Co.).......................................................................................... Raleigh, N . C............................................................................ .17 6 Reading, Mass. (Reading division, Bay State Street R y. .24 11 Co.).......................................................................................... .25 Redlands, Cal........................................................................... 1 .19 Richmond, Ind........................................................................ 2 .25 Riverside, Cal........................................................................... 16 Roanoke, V a............................................................................. .20 18 Rockford, 111............................................................................. .20 22 .23 Rock Island, 111........................................................................ .14 3 Rome, Ga.................................................................................. Rome, N . Y . (see Utica, N . Y .). .18 2 Rutland, V t .............................................................................. .091 St. Cloud, Minn........................................................................ 53 .21 St. Joseph, Mo.......................................................................... .24 27 Salem, Mass. (Salem division, Bay State Street Ry. Co.). 2 .22 Salem, Oreg............................................................................... .25 7 San Bernardino, Cal............................................................... 37 .27 San Diego, Cal.......................................................................... San Jose, Cal.: 2 .25 Company No. 1................................................................. .25 20 Company No. 2................................................................. .25 Santa Cruz, Cal ........................................................... Saratoga, N. Y . (see Glens Falls, N. Y .). 2 .20 Sault Ste. Marie, Mich............................................................ 10 .245 Schenectady, N . Y . ............................................................... 2 .17 Sedalia, Mo .......................................................................... . 16 Selma Ala 4 .............. 8 .20 Shamokin, Pa........................................................................... Sharon, Pa. (see Youngstown, Ohio). 1 .15 Shawnee, Okla.......................................................................... 9 .185 Sheboygan, W is....................................................................... 140 41 12 33 6 34 23 34 Norwich. Willimantic, and New London, Conn............. Ogden, Utah............................................................................. Ogdensburg, N. Y ................................................................... Oil City, Pa............................................................................... Olean, N. Y ........................................................................... Oshkosh, W is........................................................................... 1 1 cent less Oct. 1 to Apr. 1. 2 No conductors employed except during summer months, a Flat rate. * One-man cars. (See Motormen.) * Young men 16 to 18 years of age. Per cent at initial rate. (2) 10 54 58 18 17 32 4 3 .15 26 43 62 35 72 171 83 18 28 4 29 23 19 6 19 9 6 106 84 5 100 3 21 7 4 14 30 4 8 27 4 38 100 52 14 25 21 7 50 25 22 25 8 141 19 33 32 68 7 17 14 39 67 74 23 16 22 6 10 142 140 27 19 137 6 5 6 14 41 27 30 13 9 37 19 7 37 27 32 74 14 6 27 9 177 13 22 6 15 18 44 7 21 14 43 102 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. T a b le 4 .— R A T E OF W A G E S P E R H O U R PAID B Y EACH COM PANY A T BE G IN N IN G OF S ER VICE, A N D N U M B ER AND PER CENT W O R K IN G AT SUCH R A T E —Concluded. II.—C ities from which data were obtained by correspondence—Concluded. CONDUCTORS—Concluded. City. Sioux Falls, S. Dak................................................................. Southbridge, Mass. (see Webster, Mass.). Southern division, Public Service Ry. Co., N . J............ Spartanburg, S. C. _____ Spencer, Mass. (see Worcester, Mass.). Stamford, Conn. (Stamford division, Connecticut Co.). . Stockton, Cal............................................................................ Tampa, Fla............................................................................... Taunton, Mass. (see Norton, Mass.). Temple, Tex. 3......................................................................... Tfirro Hantfij Tnd Tiffin, Ohin 3,. Torrington, Conn. (Torrington division, Connecticut Co.).......................................................................................... Trenton, N. J........................................................................... Trinidad, Colo.......................................................................... Troy, N. Y . (see Albany, N . Y .). Tucson, Ariz............................................................................. Tulsa, Okla............................................................................... Utica and Rome, N. Y ........................................................... Vicksburg, Miss........................................................................ Vincennes, Ind......................................................................... Waco, Tex................................................................................. Walla Walla, Wash................................................................ Waltham, Mass. (see Newton, Mass.). Warren, Pa............................................................................... Waterbury, Conn. (Waterbury division, Connecticut Co.).......................................................................................... Waterloo and Cedar Falls, Iowa.......................................... Watertown, N. Y .................................................................... Waterville, Me.......................................................................... Waukegan, 111......................................................................... Wausau, W is.......................................................................... Webb City, Mo..................................................................... Westfield, Mass........................................................................ Webster and Southbridge, Mass.......................................... White Plains, N . Y ............................................................... Wilkes-Barre and near-by towns, Pa................................. Williamsport, Pa................................................................. Willimantic, Conn. (see Norwich, Conn.). Wilmington, N . C.................................................................... Winona, Minn. 3...................................................................... Winston-Salem, N . C ............................................................. Woburn, Mass.......................................................................... Woonsocket, R. I .................................................................... Worcester, Spencer, and Marlboro, Mass........................... Yonkers, N. Y ......................................................................... York, Pa.................................................................................... Youngstown, Ohio, Sharon and New Castle, Pa............. Rate at be Number at Total num ginning of such initial ber in occu pation. rate. service. $0.22 .16 i .19 8 3 2 39 12 2 21 25 100 .23 .15 18 5 199 22 9 23 30 70 27 37 85 53 28 89 31 6 154 2 13 154 8 46 100 25 .225 .25 . 17 .19 8 26 (2) .14 .21 (4) .225 i .26 .20 .20 .20 .24 .165 .15 .19 .23 (!) .17 .18 .15 .24 .23 .23 .24 .18 .28 5 9 (2) 9 10 2 25 174 16 12 48 10 ( 2) 20 5 75 21 20 9 15 60 35 25 4 5 4 2 1 1 .19 .225 .20 .20 .15 .20 . 175 .20 5 2.30 .23 .225 1 .24 .205 45 (2) 113 47 17 16 8 11 50 31 38 41 31 53 24 31 50 18 2 3 86 16 15 («) 14 (6) 37 7 31 23 6 6 1 30 35 2 20 39 36 33 295 125 59 284 15 17 3 10 28 3 7 1 Flat rate. 2See Motormen. 3 One-man cars. See Motormen. 4 Rate based on traffic conditions and hours worked instead of period of service. 6 Per day. 6 Not reported. Per cent at initial rate. CHAP. I .-----WAGES OF CAB CREWS. 103 Table 5 shows for all of the cities combined the several entrance rates of motormen and conductors on surface, and elevated and sub way lines, the total number of persons working at each of such rates, and the per cent of the total working at each rate or less. This table, like other tables, presents separately the cities from which data were obtained by special agents of the bureau and cities from which data were obtained by correspondence. Referring to Table 5 it appears that the lowest entrance rate of motormen on surface lines found in the cities visited by the bureau's agents was 15 cents per hour, and 7 motormen were receiving this rate. The next higher entrance rate at which men were working was 17 cents per hour paid to 147 men, etc. The highest entrance rate found was 38J cents per hour, paid to 18 men. A total of 6,781 motormen were working at the entrance rates of their respective com panies. The column of cumulative percentages shows that the 7 motormen working at 15 cents per hour constituted less than onehalf of 1 per cent of the total 6,781. The 147 men at 17 cents plus the 7 at 15 cents, a total of 154, made 2 per cent of the total receiv ing 17 cents per hour or less. The number 243 plus 147 plus 7 , a total of 397, made 6 per cent receiving 18 cents per hour or less, etc. The median rate— that is, the rate of the middle man— was 24 cents per hour. This is determined from the cumulative percentage, as 50 per cent of the men were reached and passed in the group receiving 24 cents. The other figures of the table can be read in like manner. 104 STREET RAILWAY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. T ab le 5 .—R ATES OF W A G E S PER H OUR P AID M OTORMEN A N D CONDUCTORS A T T H E BEG INNING OF SERVICE, T H E NU M BER OF PERSONS W O R K IN G A T EAC H R A T E , AN D PER CENT OF T H E T O TAL W O R K IN G A T EACH R A T E OR LESS. Number and per cent in cities from which data were obtained by Special agents. Rates per hour. Motormen. Correspondence. Conductors. Motormen. Conductors. Per cent Per cent Per cent Per cent receiving receiving receiving Number. receiving Number. each rate each rate Number. each rate Number. each rate or less. or less. or less. or less. SURFACE LINES. 13J cents...................... 14 cents........................ 14^ ccnts...................... 15 cents........................ 15$ cents...................... 15J cents...................... 16 cents........................ 16£ cents...................... 17 cents........................ cents..................... 17i cents...................... 17Tff cents..................... 7 18 cents........................ 18£ cents...................... 18$ cents...................... 18,% cents..................... 19 cents........................ 19\ cents...................... 20 cents........................ 20J cents...................... 20$ cents...................... 21 cents........................ 21$ cents...................... 21£ cents...................... 22 cents........................ 22$ cents....................... 22J cents...................... 23 cents........................ 23J cents...................... 24 cents........................ 24J cents...................... 25 cents........................ 26 cents........................ 2 6 ^ cents..................... 26J cents...................... 27 cents........................ 27J cents...................... 28 cents........................ 29 cents........................ 30 cents........................ 33 cents........................ 34$ cents...................... 35 cents........................ 37J cents...................... 38$ cents...................... Total.................. 7 11 0) 0) 147 2 190 2 243 14 6 6 373 20 6 6 150 8 168 8 314 13 512 13 171 15 211 16 103 430 17 23 135 634 17 24 321 1,080 40 1,652 28 44 45 69 396 1,595 71 3,412 28 45 46 81 1,473 39 9i 91 977 41 92 92 77 249 92 96 141 314 94 97 36 17 76 97 97 98 44 19 94 98 98 99 124 18 100 100 126 (2) 100 6,781 100 9,484 ' 100 40 60 5 10 51 0) 1 1 4 4 5 6 6 10 10 10 10 15 16 17 17 24 24 32 34 34 38 38 24 60 63 69 100 166 2 16 12 97 2 21 57 6 118 3 5 5 165 18 40 9 228 3 260 46 9 130 8 100 io 68 12 8 10 80 92 100 Total.................. 98 100 (3) 1 79 3 25 35 3 4 67 3 24 5 145 17 40 9 272 6 6 7 7 11 12 13 13 20 282 51 28 29 152 12 34 34 112 15 152 342 22 337 3 190 146 25 2 120 30 531 42 42 47 57 58 68 68 74 78 79 79 83 83 100 i43 10 208 521 32 373 10 224 154 24 38 38 44 58 59 69 69 75 80 80 101 30 582 83 84 100 5 3 1 6 100 100 100 100 5 100 3 3,302 100 4 3,657 100 ELEVATED AND SUB WAY LINES. 23 cents........................ 23£ cents...................... 24 cents........................ 25 cents........................ 25£ cents...................... 29| cents...................... 30 cents........................ 30J cents...................... 32 cents........................ 8 14 1 Less than one-half of 1 per cent. 2 Conductors are included with motormen. a Not including 2 at $2.30 per day and 2 at $50 per month. 4 Not including 1 at $2.30 per day and 3 at $50 per month. CHAP. I.---- WAGES OP CAR CREWS. 105 The wages and hours of extra men are brought out in different parts of the report and preceding text tables show the entrance rates paid by the several companies, which entrance rates apply in great part to extra men. Considering the lower scale of wages paid and the more or less broken and irregular time worked by extra men, it is of interest to know what proportion of the men. of the two major occupations, motormen and conductors, are in the class “ extra.” Table 6 , therefore, has been compiled. Reading the first line of the table it appears that of the 96 motormen in Altoona, 73 men, or 76 per cent of the total, were regular, and 23 men, or 24 per cent of the total, were extra men. Of the 93 conductors in Altoona, 66 men, constituting 71 per cent of the total, were regulars, and 27 men, or 29 per cent of the total, were extra men. It will be observed that in 2 companies 50 per cent or more motormen were extras and in 14 companies more than one-third of the motormen were extras. As to conductors, the percentage of extra men did not run as high as 50 per cent in any company, but in 17 companies more than one-third of the conductors were extras. 106 T able STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. 6 . —NUM BER AND PER CENT OF MOTORMEN AND CONDUCTORS CLASSED AS “ R E G U L A R S” AND AS “ E X T R A S .” Motormen. Regular. Conductors. Regular. Extra. Extra. City. Total. Altoona, Pa.......................................... Atlanta, Ga.......................................... Augusta, Ga......................................... Binghamton, N. Y .............................. Birmingham, A la................................ Boston, Mass.: Surface lines.................................. Elevated lines............................... Brockton, Mass.................................... Buffalo, N. Y ....................................... Butte, Mont......................................... Charleston, S. C................................... Charlotte, N. C .................................... Chattanooga, Tenn............................. Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways____ Chicago Surface Lines................. Cincinnati, Ohio.................................. Cleveland, Ohio................................... Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation------Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff division of Fort Worth lines............................... . Davenport, Iowa................................. Denver, Colo......................................... Des Moines, Iowa................................ Detroit, Mich....................................... . Evansville, Ind................................... Grand Rapids, Mich.......................... Houston, Tex....................................... . Indianapolis, Ind................................ Jacksonville, Fla................................. . Kansas City, M o................................. . Lincoln, Nebr........................................ Little Rock, Ark................................. . Los Angeles, Cal................................... Louisville, K y ..................................... . Lowell, Mass.......................................... Manchester, N. H ................................. Memphis, Tenn................................... Milwaukee, Wis................................... . Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn....... . Mobile, A la............................................ Nashville, Tenn................................... . Newark, N. J....................................... . New Bedford, Mass............................ . New Britain, Conn............................... New Haven, Conn.............................. . New Orleans, La................................. . New York, N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co____ New York & Queens County R y. Co................................................. New York Rys. Co.— Horse-car lines....................... Storage-battery car lines-----Ail lines except horse and storage-battery car lines... Third Avenue Ry. Co.— The Bronx............................... Manhattan................................ Interborough Rapid Transit C o .Elevated lines....................... Subway lines......................... Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)......................... Per Total. Per Per Per Num cent Num cent Num cent Num cent ber. ber. ber. of ber. of of of total. total. total. total. 73 317 26 61 188 76 77 63 74 82 23 96 15 21 42 24 23 37 26 18 2,214 ,1,478 111 58 135 79 664 556 132 i 100 66 45 57 52 108 84 67 52 59 84 76 68 91 78 736 53 56 108 1 32 21 5 24 383 351 4,212 3,367 798 605 1,129 809 92 80 76 72 96 413 41 82 230 93 422 40 86 265 66 312 27 62 183 71 74 68 72 69 27 110 13 24 82 33 48 41 16 24 32 9 22 2,248 1,469 76 52 139 81 686 558 (2) (2) 71 48 64 54 111 81 65 68 58 81 68 84 73 779 35 24 32 58 42 128 19 (2) 23 **‘ *32 10 16 30 27 32 845 193 320 8 20 24 28 338 333 4,280 3,353 807 600 1,177 818 99 78 74 69 5 927 207 359 1 22 26 31 29 26 32 28 31 179 122 68 57 32 164 118 72 46 28 49 91 333 190 1,201 73 165 190 386 122 805 83 77 1,040 464 152 65 260 589 1,067 86 211 627 102 39 333 728 23 72 246 154 973 55 133 131 269 86 616 65 57 847 341 97 40 210 480 715 67 158 494 70 24 209 592 47 79 74 81 81 75 81 69 67 70 77 78 74 81 73 64 62 81 81 67 78 75 79 69 62 63 81 26 19 87 36 228 18 32 59 127 36 189 18 20 193 123 55 25 50 109 352 19 53 133 32 15 124 136 53 21 26 19 19 25 19 31 33 30 23 22 26 19 27 36 38 19 19 33 22 25 21 31 38 37 19 41 89 419 197 1,197 73 166 193 378 124 821 82 82 1,063 473 146 72 280 636 1,056 85 229 643 104 35 329 755 21 74 248 • 157 946 54 122 119 263 84 610 64 59 830 339 95 37 208 479 704 71 149 488 68 22 206 591 51 83 59 80 79 74 73 62 70 68 74 78 72 78 72 65 51 74 75 67 84 65 76 65 63 63 78 20 15 171 40 251 19 44 74 115 40 211 18 23 233 134 51 35 72 157 352 14 80 155 36 13 123 164 49 17 41 20 21 26 27 38 30 32 26 22 28 22 28 35 49 26 25 33 16 35 24 35 37 37 22 2,358 1,919 2,282 1,913 84 369 16 81 439 19 244 164 67 80 33 227 153 67 74 33 47 80 3 43 64 91 80 34 9 20 54 76 39 63 72 83 15 13 28 17 1,662 1,383 16 83 279 17 81 305 19 552 712 420 594 76 83' 132 118 24 17 1,617 1,312 585 746 413 573 71 77 172 173 29 23 415 213 357 198 86 93 58 15 14 7 333 177 333 177 100 100 280 230 82 50 18 248 231 93 17 7 1 Worked interchangeably as motormen and conductors. 2 Conductors are included with motormen. 8 Drivers. CHAP. I .---- WAGES OF CAR CREWS. Table 107 6 .—NUM BER AN D PER CENT OF M OTORMEN AND CONDUCTORS CLASSED AS “ R E G U L A R S” A N D AS “ E X T R A S ”—Continued. Conductors. Motormen. Regular. Regular. Extra. Extra. City. Total. Norfolk, V a ............................................ Oakland, Cal.......................................... Oklahoma City, Okla........................... Omaha, Nebr......................................... Pem-ia, Til. . ..... Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co.— Elevated lines.......................... Surface lines............................. Pittsburgh, Pa....................................... Portland, Me.......................................... Portland, Oreg....................................... Providence, R. I ................................... Pueblo, Colo........................................... Reading, P a........................................... Richmond, V a ....................................... Rochester, N. Y .................................... Sacramento: Cal.................................... Saginaw, Mich....................................... St. Louis, Mo......................................... Salt Lake City, Utah........................... San Antonio, Tex................................. San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable R. R. C o.. Municipal Railways of San Fran cisco .............................................. United Railroads of San Fran cisco .............................................. Savannah, Ga......................................... Scranton, Pa.......................................... Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co.4 .............................. Seattle Municipal Street R y ........ Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. Co.................................................. Sioux City, Iowa................................... South Bend, Ind................................... Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R. R. Co.................................................. The Washington Water Power Co. Springfield, 111....................................... Springfield, Mass................................... Springfield, Ohio................................... Superior, W is......................................... Syracuse, N. Y ...................................... Tacoma, Wash....................................... Toledo, Ohio.......................................... Topeka, Kans........................................ Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co...................... Washington Railway & Electric Co.................................................. Wheeling, W . V a .................................. Wichita, Kans....................................... Wilmington, Del.: People's Ry. Co.............................. Wilmington & Philadelphia Traction Co................................. Per Per Total. Per Per Num cent Num cent Num cent Num cent ber. ber. ber. of of of ber. of total. total. total. total. 76 352 62 237 108 72 78 87 77 62 29 98 9 72 i 67 28 22 13 23 38 37 45 2,956 2,330 1,347 1,045 121 150 371 471 389 645 41 50 55 110 199 237 429 267 85 100 36 51 1,436 1,201 154 185 184 150 82 79 78 81 79 60 82 50 84 62 85 71 84 83 82 8 626 302 29 100 256 9 55 38 162 15 15 235 31 34 18 21 22 19 21 40 18 50 16 38 15 29 16 17 18 105 450 71 309 175 68 356 55 234 106 66 79 85 75 100 35 95 10 80 (3) 34 21 15 25 37 37 2,920 2,346 1,340 1,020 119 146 413 531 642 381 42 50 57 107 200 245 269 461 82 97 34 51 1,494 1,191 149 183 142 187 100 80 76 82 78 59 84 53 82 58 85 67 80 81 76 574 320 27 118 261 8 50 45 192 15 17 303 34 45 20 24 18 22 41 16 47 18 42 15 33 20 19 24 18 103 451 65 314 106 70 3 56 80 314 20 65 53 82 12 115 95 83 20 17 116 95 82 21 18 927 77 154 722 62 122 78 81 79 205 15 32 22 19 21 939 69 162 715 61 124 76 88 77 224 8 38 24 12 23 9 8 89 1 11 10 8 80 2 20 37 67 58 29 58 43 78 87 74 8 9 15 22 13 26 37 64 53 28 48 42 76 75 79 9 16 11 24 25 21 95 128 83 234 71 35 257 132 353 58 76 97 64 170 57 24 147 101 244 41 80 76 77 73 80 69 57 77 69 71 19 31 19 64 14 11 110 31 109 17 20 24 23 27 20 31 43 23 31 29 97 126 81 239 71 38 259 140 344 53 75 99 64 172 55 28 146 106 238 41 77 79 79 72 77 74 56 76 69 77 22 27 17 67 16 10 113 34 106 12 23 21 21 28 23 26 44 24 31 23 321 257 80 64 20 320 255 80 65 20 410 81 70 301 67 54 73 83 77 109 14 16 27 17 23 408 80 58 299 68 42 73 85 72 109 12 16 27 15 28 46 30 65 16 35 47 31 66 16 34 91 67 74 24 26 94 64 68 30 32 1 Extra men worked interchangeably as motormen and conductors. 2 Conductors are included with motormen. 3 Gripmen. 4 Regular and extra men are not reported separately for this company. CHAPTER n —HOURS OF LABOR AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. RUNS (DAY'S WORK). One of the great problems that confront a street railway company is so to arrange its car service as to accommodate the variations in traffic from hour to hour and day to day during the week. To meet the demands of travel the company operates a different number of cars at different hours of the day and on different days, but at the same time the company naturally considers the cost and seeks to run no more cars at rush periods than necessary to carry the traveling public. The ordinary traffic is taken care of by regular runs. Broadly speaking, a run for men operating a street car consists of a certain number of trips, or possibly but one trip, out from a car barn over the line and back to the barn. A regular run is a regular established and scheduled day’s work, consisting of a certain number of trips out from and back to the car barn, chosen by or assigned to a regular man, and which he is expected to make regularly. The schedules are generally so arranged as to furnish a full week’s work of seven days with an infrequent limitation to five or six days, as some service may be taken off on Saturday or Sunday. In addition to the regular runs there are other kinds of service to meet the heavier traffic at certain hours, or on certain days. The majority of companies have regular tripper rims put on each day at certain hours, for short periods, generally in the morning or evening. Also on certain days, usually Saturday or Sunday, certain full day runs may be put on for such days only. Unusual conditions caused by a ball game, circus, a convention, etc., may further call for spe cial tripper runs or all-day runs. These short or irregular runs are almost always assigned to extra men. In a few companies there is also a small number of scheduled runs of approximately a full day’s service which are not filled by regular men, but given to extra men. Detailed data covering regular runs were obtained from nearly all companies visited by the bureau’s agents and the figures are presented in section 1 of Table B, page 486. A limited amount of data concerning regular scheduled car service, other than the regular runs, was ob tained from a few companies and the figures are presented on pages 138 to 165 Summary figures from a large number of other cities were obtained by correspondence and are presented in section 2 of Table B, pages 603 to 608. Runs are also classified as straight and swing. A straight run is one in which there is no intermission between the beginning and end 108 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 109 of the day’s work. The swing, or split, run has one and possibly two or mofe periods of intermission between periods of duty, for meals, or to meet variations in the volume of traffic. Such intervals are sometimes so long that although the hours on duty may not be ex cessive, the time within which runs are completed may be so long as to afford but a short and frequently inadequate period of rest between one day and the next. On the surface lines the regular run constitutes the day’s work for both the motorman and conductor, and when the schedule is adhered to, as it generally is, the runs of the motorman and conductor working on the same car are the same. Occasionally, however, a man may be regularly assigned or allowed to operate a regular tripper run in ad dition to his regular day’s run, thus, in effect, amending his scheduled run. The man on the other end of the car may not perform such additional service, thus breaking the exact parallel between the runs of the motorman and conductor on the car. The modification of regular scheduled runs occurs so seldom that to all intents and pur poses the runs of conductors are the same as those of motormen, hence the runs of motormen only were tabulated for the surface lines. On the elevated and subway lines the schedules arranged for motormen, conductors, and guards differed so materially that the figures for each occupation are given in the table. Practically every street railway has two schedules of runs, one for week days and one for Sundays, and the majority of lines in the large cities have a still different arrangement of runs for Saturday. There are still other variations of runs on different days for a few cities. These changes in length of run and the hours in which the runs are made are caused by different traffic conditions on different days of the week. The length of run, the length of intermission be tween periods on duty and the consequent length of outside time have many variations between the different runs, even on the same day of the week. Table B, above referred to, is so long that a general survey and a comparison of city with city is difficult, hence two summary tables (Tables 7 and 8 ) are here given. One table (Table 7) summarizes the regular runs of the several cities by hours on duty, and the other (Table 8 ) by the time within which completed, that is, the interval between the beginning and the ending of the day’s work, including intervals, if any, off duty during the day. Each table is divided into three sec tions : one covering the usual week-day run, one relating to Saturday runs, and the third relating to Sunday runs. The tabulation of runs by exact length of time on duty, or exact length of time within which completed, is prohibitive because of the many small variations in time. The only practical method of tabulation was to classify the data by half-hour periods. 110 STREET RAILWAY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. At the bottom of each section of the table totals are given for the surface lines and for the elevated and subway lines separately. Thus at the close of the section-of Table 7 relating to hours on duty in the Monday to Friday runs, the figures show 161 regular runs on surface lines having time on duty of under 6 hours, 87 runs with hours on duty of 6 and under 6 J hours, etc. The greatest number of Monday to Friday runs on surface lines falling under any one classification of hours was 6,992, having 9§ and under 10 hours on duty; the next largest group (6,763) had 10 and under 10J- hours on duty; and the third largest group (5,893), 9 and under 9J hours. The median run— that is, the run having as many shorter runs below it as it had longer runs above it—fell within the group, 9J and under 10 hours on duty. The time on duty on the elevated and subway lines as a whole was less than on surface lines. The largest number of runs for motormen and conductors fell within the group of 9 and under 9 J hours and the median run was in this group. For guards 8 | and under 9 hours was the predominating group. With this explanation it is believed that the figures of the table will be clearly understood. Table 8 presents the outside time of the regular runs. In other words, it shows the time intervening between the beginning and the end of the run, including any and all intermissions. As some runs are straight runs— that is, with no intermission— the length of time within which they are completed is the same as the time on duty, but as there are many swing, or split, runs with greater or less in tervals of time off duty, the outside time is longer than the time on duty in such runs. Totals are given for the different sections of this table, relating to the Monday to Friday runs, the Saturday runs, and the Sunday runs. 112 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 7.—NUMBER OF REGULAR RUNS WITH EACH MONDAY TO FRIDAY. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Line No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 City Altoona, Pa.................................................................. Atlanta, Ga.................................................................. Augusta, Ga................................................................. Binghamton, N. Y ...................................................... Birmingham, Ala........................................................ Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co.— Surface lines................................................... Elevated lines— Motormen.............................................. Conductors 1.......................................... Guards2.................................................. Brockton, Mass............................................................ Buffalo, N. Y ............................................................... Butte, Mont................................................................. Charleston, S. C........................................................... Charlotte, N. C ............................................................ Chattanooga, Tenn..................................................... Chicago, 111.: Chicago Surface Lines....................................... Chicago Elevated Railways— Motormen...................................................... Conductors.................................................... Guards............................................................ Cincinnati, Ohio.......................................................... Cleveland, Ohio........................................................... Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation.............................. Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff di vision of Fort Worth lines. Davenport, Iowa......................................................... Denver, Colo................................................................ Des Moines, Iowa........................................................ Detroit, Mich............................................................... Evansville, Ind........................................................... Grand Rapids, Mich.................................................. Houston, Tex............................................................... Indianapolis, Ind........................................................ Jacksonville, Fla......................................................... Kansas City, Mo......................................................... Lincoln, Nebr.............................................................. Little Rock, Ark......................................................... Los Angeles, Cal.......................................................... Louisville, K y ............................................................. Lowell, Mass................................................................. Manchester, N. H ....................................................... Memphis, Tenn.3 ......................................................... Memphis, Tenn.4......................................................... Milwaukee, W is.......................................................... Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn............................. Mobile, Ala................................................................... Nashville, Tenn.’’ ........................................................ Newark, N. J ............................................................... New Bedford, Mass.................................................... New Britain, Conn..................................................... New Haven, Conn...................................................... New Orleans, La......................................................... New York N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co.............................. New York & Queens County Ry. Co............. New York Rys. Co.— Horse-car lines (drivers)............................. Storage-battery car lines............................. All lines except horse and storage-bat tery car lines, Third Avenue Ry. Co. (The Bronx and Man hattan). 6 9 6 7 n 7i Un and and and and and and and and der un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der 9 7 8 0 9£ 1 n 15 1 27 1 1 858 1 1 1 15 2 4 12 5 5 8 40 1 80 243 19 19 6 20 20 1 24 4 1 1 12 280 52 52 70 23 45 3 121 29 41 " i s " 3 19 1 10 165 15 1 870 29 29 25 41 70 109 109 47 101 120 120 43 152 107 222 1 1 3 31 57 279 46 240 13 3 4 34 7 31 3 1 1 7 *23* 145 ’Y 7 12 1 0 9 13 3 3 18 21 1 20 18 13 79 3 3 1 164 2 .... "i* 1 2 1 12 1 9 13 69 13 10 50 47 13 38 2 74 45 172 25 1 2 11 1 4 5 13 13 1 16 29 25 198 138 23 55 18 12 200 53 181 1 5 72 196 403 5 11 2 21 3 46 49 57 27 32 199 10 17 29 2 1 744 36 1 4 3 60 137 1 3 9 707 2 5 ‘ei* 3 1 Called guards. Called brakemen. 3 Tuesday to Friday; used in total for all cities. 2 42 18 5 30 18 40 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. SPECIFIED N UM BER OF HOURS ON D U T Y. M O N D AY TO FRIDAY. Number of runs, wilk hours on duty of— 1 15 15* 12 12 * 10 10* 1 m 16 16* 13 33*; 14 14* 17 17i and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 18 un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over. 10* 1 Hi 12 12* 13 13* 14 14* 15 15* 16 16* 17 17* 18 1 40 6 2 2 7 9 1 1 11 20 47 6 18 1 5 1 1 1 1 3 3 25 4 3 2 2 24 3 37 19 2 1 4 6 1 '*22' 12 1 3 28 7 11 57 28 21 15 1 ” T 20 10 6 7 14 4 1 4 5 ..... 2 3 4 1 5 1 1 3 3 26 2 3 4 3 8 2 4 1 12 1 5 1 1 3 7 3 28 1 2 * Monday only; not used in total for all cities. 5 Friday only; used in total for all cities. 6 Wednesday only; used in total for all cities. 39749°— Bull. 204— 17- -8 113 114 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE U NITED STATES. T able 7.—NUMBER OF REGULAR RUNS WITH EACH MONDAY TO FRIDAY—Continued. N um ber of runs, with hours on d uty of— Line No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 City. New Y ork, N. Y .—Concluded. Interborough R apid Transit Co.— Elevated lines— M otorm en............................................. Conductors........................................... Guards...........................I...................... Subway lines— M otormen............................................. Conductors........................................... Guards................................................... Brooklyn R apid Transit Co. (elevated lines)M otormen.................................................... Conductors................................................... Guards.......................................................... Norfolk, V a ................................................................. Oaklan'd, C al.............................................................. Oklahoma City, O kla.............................................. Omaha, N ebr............................................................. Peoria, 111.................................................................... Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia R apid Transit Co.— Surface lines................................................ Elevated lines— Motormen............................................. Conductors........................................... Guards................................................... Pittsburgh, Pa........................................................... Portland, M e.............................................................. Portland, Oreg........................................................... Providence, R . I ....................................................... Pueblo, C olo............................................................... Reading, P a ............................................................... R ichm ond, V a ........................................................... Rochester, N. Y ........................................................ Sacramento, Cal........................................................ Saginaw, M ich........................................................... St. Louis, M o............................................................. Salt Lake City, U tah............................................... San Antonio, T e x ...................................................... San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable R y . Co.: Gripm en... Municipal Railways of San F rancisco.. T. . . United Railroads of San Francisco................ Savannah, Ga............................................................. Scranton, Pa............................................................... Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co.. Gripmen....................................................... Seattle Municipal Street R y ............................ Seattle, Renton & Southern R y . C o ............. Sioux City, Iowa.............................• ......................... South Bend, In d ....................................................... Spokane, W ash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R . R . C o ............ The Washington W ater Power Co................. Springfield, 111........................................................... Springfield, Mass....................................................... Springfield, Ohio....................................................... Superior, W is............................................................. Syracuse, N. Y .......................................................... Tacoma, W ash........................................................... Gripmen............................................................... Toledo, Ohio............................................................... Topeka, Kans............................................................. Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction C o........................................... Washington Railway & Electric C o............. Wheeling, W . V a ...................................................... Wichita, K ans........................................................... 6 61 7 8 | 91 Un and and and and and and and and der un un un un un un un un 6 der der der der der der der der 10 7 n 9J 138 127 300 39 29 119 126 96 70 1 1 307 399 591 1 0 1 0 206 2 1 87 103 1 0 12 115 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS ON DUTY—Continued MONDAY TO FRIDAY—Continued. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— 12 15 154 13 13J 14 144 16 164 1 1 04 11 m 0 17 174 Line 12| and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 18 Total. No. un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over. 13 m 14 144 15 10* 11 H i 12 m 154 16 164 17 174 18 367 335 1135 199 193 14 9 7 38 388 19 2 3 10 15 1 157 21 235 238 635 77 362 64 241 108 6 8 5 3 1 3 2 2 27 38 6 5 1 1 28 2 3 1 167 3 11 50 25 2 12 56 6 5 1 1 3 4 7 3 4 13 3 7 14 4 2 6 2 3 1 9 9 3 33 1 19 1 17 8 7 2 5 33 69 5 4 12 47 1 14 6 23 7 48 1 25 11 203 1 2 3 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 5 4 3 1 12 5 3 5 3 1 1 36 7 1 1 i 32 33 34 35 36 330 32 8 30 58 44 37 38 39 40 41 42 78 99 66 176 57 28 151 110 7 252 44 1 2 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 58 101 751 62 128 4 15 3 15 39 39 72 1074 121 389 391 44 58 205 279 85 36 1211 160 137 1 10 13 14 2374 1 37 96 1 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 260 313 69 50 54 55 56 57 116 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE U NITED STATES. T a b le 7.—NUMBER OF REGULAR RUNS WITH EACH MONDAY TO FRIDAY—Concluded. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Line No. 6 7 H 7i Un and and and and and and and and der un un un un un un un un 6 der der der der der der der der 10 6J 7 7* 8J 9 City. Wilmington, Del.: People's Ry. Co.............................................. Wilmington & Philadelphia Traction Co. Total: Elevated and subway lines— Motormen...................................... Conductors.................................... Guards............................................ Surface lines 1....................................... 151 252 117 301 288 433 675 388 1518 3287 241 239 15 2 48 15 4 11 21 3 27 11 12 26 399 834 296 1 1 2 4 15 52 52 70 23 46 3 41 3 5 5 8 40 132 29 1 15 19 10 180 15 1 2 161 446 395 544 40 40 48 653 32 46 96 96 45 821 93 122 125 125 44 872 134 273 1 4 8 11 90 3 30 57 245 18 6 7 1 12 32 9 23 1 50 34 30 46 285 2 44 7 29 2 74 10 8 67 16 10 10 1 6 5 7 15 1 1 31 28 15 14 36 181 78 20 58 15 21 1 SAT U R D A Y. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Altoona, Pa Atlanta, Gau Augusta, Ga................................................................. Binghamton, N. Y ..................................................... Birmingham, Ala............. - .............. ....... Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated R y. Co.— Surface lines.................................................. Elevated lines— Motormen ................................. Conductors2 ................... * .. .. Guards 3.................................................. Brockton, Mass........................................................... Buffalo, N. Y ............................................................... Butte, Mont................................................................. Charleston, S. C........................................................... Charlotte, N .C ............................................................ Chattanooga, Tenn..................................................... Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways— Motormen.......................... Conductors.................................................... Guards............................................................ Chicago Surface Lines....................................... Cincinnati, Ohio......................................................... Cleveland, Ohio........................................................... Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation......................... Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff divi sion of Fort Worth lines. Davenport, Iowa......................................................... Denver, Colo................................................................. Des Moines, I o w a ............................................ Detroit, Mich............................................................... Evansville, Ind........................................................... Grand Rapids, Mich.................................................. Houston, Tex............................................................... Indianapolis, Ind........................................................ Jacksonville, Fla......................................................... Kansas City, Mo......................................................... Lincoln, Nebr............................................................... Little Rock, Ark......................................................... Los Angeles, Cal.......................................................... Louisville, K y ............................................................. Lowell, Mass................................................................. Manchester, N. H ....................................................... Memphis, Tenn........................................................... Milwaukee, Wis........................................................... Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn............................. Mobile, Ala................................................................... Nashville, Tenn........................................................... Newark, N .J ............................................................... New Bedford, Mass.................................................... New Britain, Conn..................................................... 1 1 1 1 17 1 1 5 5 1 4 3 1 12 13 1 1 37 19 19 11 68 2 1 17 17 49 202 32 40 1 14 5 1 8 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 4 12 29 1 1 2 7 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 9 1 8 1 1 1 9 3 2 6 7 1 3 3 4 1 2 1 3 9 3 1 5 6 4 8 9 3 14 1 10 3 10 153 21 1 51 93 165 27 32 134 9 5 i Not including drivers on the New York Ry. Co. (horse-car lines), gripmen on the California Street Cable Ry. Co., gripmen on the Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co., and gripmen in Tacoma. 117 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED B Y CAR CREWS. SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS ON DUTY—Continued. MONDAY TO FRIDAY—Concluded. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— 12 10 10* 11 n * 14 Line 17 13 13* 15 15* 16 16* 14i 17| and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 18 Total. No. un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over. 12 12* 10* 11 m 13 13* 14 14* 17 17* 18 15 15* 16 16* 3 1 3 1 11 60 9 59 9 1 31 6763 2845 1173 14 11 8 28 5 8 1 1 32 67 1 2 1225 3148 30438 3 4 5 6 1260 558 351 89 59 15 8 3 S ATU R DA Y. 3 57 3 79 2 43 7 3 39 42 6 76 322 27 52 20 10 1 1 1529 3 127 1 50 1 2 18 *23' "12 "2 56 56 31 576 1 200 211 64 14 4 37 37 26 39 29 159 17 2 2 15 4 23 63 24 126 401 54 143 116 27 43 51 *43’ 33 24 123 16 7 51 15 70 3 154 '5 1 11 1 1 1 241 30 163 6 2 10 "2 24 74 1 3 6 22 1 26 18 2 3 2 ” i’ 14 7 17 57 30 19 17 30 1 2 io' 19 **5’ 2 1 1 21 4 5 1 1 22 16 4 2 4 4 20 3 2 14 2 1 1 1 2 Called guards. 4 1 10 3 Called brakemen. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 75 246 161 939 56 138 133 281 9.0 633 67 59 863 348 98 40 216 481 704 71 158 452 74 24 24 4 16 92 16 4 16 78 14 144 1 8 20 21 125 23 2 32 5 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 362 362 260 3485 623 832 36 23 258 12 58 58 80 82 571 50 48 56 85 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 118 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 7.—NUMBER OF REGULAR RUNS WITH EACH SATURDAY—Continued. Number of runs, with hours on duty of- City. New Haven, Conn...................... ............................... Nfiw Orlf^n-Sj La, . . . . . New York, N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co........... New York & Queens County Ry. Co............. New York Rys. Co.— 9 6 7 8 7i % 6* 8i Un- and and and and and and and and der un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der 6 9 10 8 7 8J 9J n 22 14 4 Storage-battery car lines............................. All lines except horse and storage-bat 110 tery car lines. Third Avenue Ry. Co. (The Bronx and Man 3 hattan). Interborough Rapid Transit C o .Elevated lines— Motormen................................................ Conductors.............................................. Guards..................................................... Subway lines— Motormen................................................ Conductors.............................................. Guards..................................................... 2 Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)— Motormen...................................................... 11 Conductors..................................................... Guards............................................................ 307 Norfolk, V a.................................................................. Oakland, Cal........................................................... Oklahoma City, O k la .............................................. Omaha, Nebr............................................................... Peoria, 111...................................................................... Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co.— Surface lines.................................................. Elevated lines— Motormen................................................ Conductors............................................ Guards..................................................... Pittsburgh* Pa............................................................. 1 Portland, Me......................................................... Portland, Oreg........................................................... 4 Providence* R . I ........................ *............................ 6 Pueblo, Colo........................................................... Reading, Pa................................................................. Richmond, V a ............................................................. Rochester, N. Y ......................................................... Sacramento, Cal........................................................... Saginaw, Mich........................................................... St. Louis, Mo............................................................... Salt Lake City, Utah................................................. San Antonio, Tex........................................................ San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable Ry. Co.: Gripmen. . . 1 Municipal Railways of San Francisco............. United Railroads of San Francisco.................. Savannah, Ga............................................................... Scranton, Pa.................................................. ............. Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Traction, Light, and Power Co. Gripmen................................................ Seattle Municipal Street R y ............................. Seattle, Renton & Southern R . R. Co Sioux City, Iowa......................................................... 1 South Bend, Ind......................................................... Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R. R . Co.............. The Washington Water Power Co.................. Springfield, 111............................................................. Springfield, Mass....................................................... Springfield, Ohio......................................................... Superior, W is............................................................... Syracuse, N. Y ............................................................. Tacoma, Wash............................................................. Gripmen................................................................. 3 18 2 3 3 2 19 3 33 **28' 15 13 79 23 66 53 181 71 196 29 1 21 5 73 16 208 13 600 18 1 5 30 4 3 60 1 137 3 9 707 5 5 16 **6i* 4 2 2 6 10 18 55 1 2 74 43 4 48 82 58 230 81 144 478 115 102 260 41 23 25 53 37 167 54 56 235 43 33 169 22 51 328 7 2 2 18 4 33 4 * 19 21 127 2 56 2 31 5 22 1 1 12 23 1 1 3 3 . 42 49 *126* 59 17 41 41 56 96 29 70 22 93 153 5 14 24 1 1 52 17 38 3 6 13 87 33 348 8 252 26 11 39 20 13 2 12 1 5 9 2 7 15 2 2 2 3 4 1 4 2 13 1 2 36 185 21 6 22 9 12 2 69 3 4 8 8 5 1 5 12 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 7 1 27 2 2 1 4 1 1 8 632 548 18 18 23 322 28 37 121 21 1 7 134 43 4 4 5 203 21 69 103 10 84 54 63 7 38 *6 1 41 i42 2 34 23 2 79 10 2 6 5 1 43 37 20 10 16 89 17 2 20 53 4 9 21 24 90 29 3 2 39 9 2 1 1 1 1 1 24 107 33 4 209 64 71 119 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS ON DUTY—Continued. SATURDAY—Continued. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Line 12 12* 16 16* 17 17! 10| 15 15! 14 13 10 11 13i and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 18 Total. No. un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over. 12 m 11 H i 15 15J 16 16J 17 IV! 18 14 14! 13 m m 253 51 134 25 15 33 225 5 9 52 83 53 3 4 48 72 1461 5 6 7 416 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 238 635 77 359 64 241 108 2 144 180 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2 519 32 1 2 211 202 1074 3 220 614 363 331 1117 50 71 28 10 1 6 1925 1 1 1 21 7 5 2 1 4 3 235 2 68 9 70 2 13 11 7 39 16 4 3 13 13 1 1 5 467 234 73 38 16 16 1 1 135 3 114 62 13 1 61 25 2 18 625 26 3 37 15 91 5 23 11 1 4 8 2 1 2 42 25 2 21 36 4 5 2 10 1 2 5 220 1 7 35 9 2 4 1 333 1 22 208 3 11 49 | 1 25 12 6 144 12 7 7 11 78 9 1 1 7 4 22 22 9 8 6 19 20 8 3 3 9 11 1 1 1 1 2374 23 39 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 39 72 8 5 1185 121 389 391 44 58 1 205 2t>8 85 | 36 | 1210 160 137 2 2 58 101 751 62 128 1 3 4 2 I 25 4 40 41 42 43 44 360 39 2 30 58 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 78 99 66 176 57 28 151 104 7 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 8 1 8 3 4 13 4 7 5 2 6 2 3 1 4 2 25 5 . 4 3 4 9 2 13 2 2 3 1 2 2 5 2 5 2 4 3 1 6 2 1 3 120 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN TH E UNITED STATES. T able 7 .—NU M BER OF R E G U LA R RUNS W IT H EACH SATUR DAY—Concluded. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Lins’ No. 9 1 9 6 8 7 8i 6i Un and and and and and and and and der un un un un un un un un 6 der der der der der der der der 10 9 7 8 * 8i 6* City. 9 1 2 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total: Elevated and subway lines— Motormen............................................ Conductors.......................................... Guards................................................. Rnrfafiftl it»p,s . . .......................................... 2 3 4 5 6 1 1 1 3 2 19 58 107 3 2 1 2 5 1 8 3 9 8 1 Toledo, Ohio................................................................. Topeka, Kans............................................................... Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co............................................. Washington Railway & Electric Co............... Wheeling, W . V a ........................................................ Wichita, K an s. . . . ........ .. ...................... ......................... ............. Wilmington, Del.: People’s R y. Co................................................... WilTntngtnn Philadelphia Traction C o .. . . 22 10 30 4 128 30 15 4 2 1 1 1 1 11 323 196 2 4 63 96 2 68 81 5 9 117 142 96 156 269 403 251 54 130 341 350 244 209 525 895 575 431 340 1361 3197 5434 6943 SUND AY. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 1 Altoona, Pa................................................................... 9 16 1 7 Atlanta, Ga.................................................................. Augusta, Ga................................................................. 1 1 Binghamton, N. Y ...................................................... 6 1 Birmingham, Ala........................................................ 2 Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co.— Surface lines.................................................... Elevated lines— Motormen................................................ Conductors2............................................ Guards 3................................................... Brockton, Mass............................................................ 2 8 7 Buffalo, N. Y ............................................................... 2 2 2 Butte, Mont.................................................................. 1 Charleston, S. C........................................................... Charlotte, 1 T C............................................................. S. 9 16 4 Chattanooga, Tenn..................................................... 2 6 Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways— Motormen....................................................... 13 Conductors..................................................... 13 Guards............................................................ Chicago Surface Lines....................................... 585 559 585 443 3 11 Cincinnati, Ohio.......................................................... 22 13 1 1 Cleveland, Ohio..................................................... 2 Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation............................... 1 Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff di 1 2 vision of Fort Worth lines. 3 3 Davenport, Iowa......................................................... 2 7 ' 8 Denver, Colo................................................................ s 13 Des Moines, Iowa....................................................... 7 Detroit, Mich............................ .................................. 15 77 142 Evansville, Ind ........................................................... 1 1 Grand Rapids, Mich.................................................. 2 1 1 Houston, Tex............................................................... Indianapolis, Ind........................................................ 1 1 Jacksonville, Fla-......................................................... Kansas City, Mo............... ............I........................... 74 29 34 21 1 Lincoln, Nebr.............................................................. Little Rock, Ark......................................................... 1 2 1 Los Angeles, Cal.......................................................... Louisville, K y ............................................................. 27 **42* '*30* " 4 i ' 3 7 Lowell, Mass................................................................ 6 10 1 5 Manchester. N. H ....................................................... 8 3 Memphis, Tenn........................................................... Milwaukee, W is........................................................... 5 4 2 Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn.............................. 1 Mobile, A la................................................................... 1 2 3 6 . 1 26 4 1 32 2 2 14 2 10 1 7 3 16 8 25 12 15 3 4 9 24 443 557 151 5 5 6 17 105 29 1 8 26 1 104 15 2 16 18 13 6 2 2 7 6 48 48 68 11 30 3 1 21 14 29 29 3 256 27 40 40 3 263 51 95 25 25 20 233 121 115 65 65 18 184 158 190 111 111 44 121 97 144 2 1 5 1 7 11 15 1 14 1 150 10 19 22 196 1 8 4 2 1 26 1 1 3 5 30 3 g 18 11 7 1 16 30 151 24 22 49 65 i9 12 2 1 28 6 37 19 12 1 85 15 1 16 7 1 15 37 114 73 20 16 36 24 49 5 35 6 22 3 102 11 1 104 2 6 4 34 "8 23 1 1 3 2 15 16 7 19 43 21 17 6 2 46 113 90 14 i Not including drivers on New York Rys. Co. (horse-car lines), gripmen on California Street Cable Ry. Co., gripmen on Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co., and gripmen in Tacoma. 121 C H AP. II.— HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. SPECIFIED N U M BER OF H O U R S ON D U T Y —Continued. SATURDAY—Concluded. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— 121 12 13 131 14 141 15 151 17 10 1 01 11 16 161 1 11 17| and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 18 Total. un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over. 131 14 141 15 151 16 161 17 171 12 13 10 1 11 121 18 111 46 2 30 87 17 1 10 1 33 73 5 4 1 2 1 2 1 252 44 3 12 6 5 1 50 ?n 10 4 3 1 1 1 1 14 7 12 3 1 1 14 8 5 11 26 8 4 3 4 1 9 1 2 260 313 69 50 1 36 10 76 75 10 1 31 6562 3127 1423 684 425 Line No. 104 149 6 5 7 2 32 67 8 41 1268 1230 3238 3 30384 10 11 12 38 11 10 4 8 3 1 1 9 SUNDAY. 72 269 27 176 13 14 15 16 17 1151 2 65 18 2 60 3 47 7 21 1 3 28 3 53 21 14 5 ?, 1 3 1 2 66 88 43 4 6 11 18 9 1 2 53 53 ■74 81 404 50 48 56 85 1 21 21 12 63 38 57 5 304 304 102 2 10 18 17 4 3 6 12 6 2 2 22 2 7 24 13 2 6 3 10 15 5 16 15 18 22 2 2 2 7 17 4 13 12 6 12 5 8 5 350 12 36 48 156 1 2 3302 592 619 1 8 1 76 1 2 26 13 64 1 1 13 2 ...... 3 21 4 2 51 12 12 12 156 26 3 25 45 29 40 7 20 6 1 22 2 50 76 7 1 3 1 56 " 2 5 ’ ' “ 5 3 27 1 7 3 4 1 18 7 * 1 4 1 2 2Called guards. 2 366 .... 1..... 3Called brakemen. 36 37 38 39 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 577 71 54 55 40 2 15 34 35 129 133 257 90 577 67 58 677 335 96 45 213 56 1 17 15 19 4- 28 29 30 31 32 33 22 124 1 6 6 25 62 33 23 24 25 26 27 75 239 156 863 1 3 19 20 21 22 53 122 STREET RAILWAY EM PLOYM ENT IK T H E U NITED STATES. T a b le 7.— NUMBER OF REGULAR RUNS WITH EACH SUNDAY—Continued. Number of runs, with hours on duty of- City. 8 6 . 9 7 71 8i % Un- and and and and and and and and der un un un un un un un un 6. der der der der der der der der 9 8 7 10 61 91 71 6 1 1 1 8 3 12 16 57 9 52 55 8 2 3 4 4 42 45 2 1 5 17 3 19 4 25 7 57 56 3 70 181 15 275 9 6 2 11 16 4 13 16 59 17 74 13 359 15 2 2 19 27 4 41 ” 33* 1 6 2 99 345 4 16 25 25 38 45 50 4 ’ *37’ 129 22 22 72 3 19 113 5 5 13 19 19 86 1 6 3 g 3 2 6 New York, N. Y .: New York Rys. Co.— Horse-car lines (drivers)............................. Storage-battery car lines............................. All lines except horse and storage-bat tery car lines. Third Avenue Ry. Co. (The Bronx and Man hattan). Interborough Rapid Transit Co.— Elevated lines— Motormen................................................ Conductors.............................................. Guards..................................................... Subway lines— Motormen............................................... Conductors.............................................. Guards..................................................... Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co.(elevated lines)— Motormen....................................................... Conductors....... ............................................. N orfolk, V a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ _ Oakland, C a l...................... . Oklahoma City, Okla................................................ Omaha, Nebr........................................... ................... Peoria, 111.1.................................................................... Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co.— Surface lines............. ..................................... Elevated lines— Motormen................................................ Conductors............................................. Guards..................................................... Pittsburgh, Pa............................................................. Portland, Me................................................................ Portland, Oreg............................................................. Providence, R. I ......................................................... Pueblo, Colo................................................................. Reading, Pa.................................................................. Richmond, V a ............................................................. Rochester, N . Y .......................................................... Sacramento, Cal........................................................... Saginaw, Mich............................................................. St. Louis, Mo....................................... ...................... Salt Lake City, Utah................................................. San Antonio, Tex....................................................... San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable Ry. Co.: Gripmen Municipal Railways of San Francisco............ United Railroads of San Francisco.................. Savannah, Ga.............................................................. Scranton, Pa................................................................. Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Traction, Light and Power Co Gripmen......................................................... Seattle Municipal Street R y............................. Seattle, Renton and Southern Ry. Co........... Sioux City, Iowa......................................................... South Bend, Ind......................................................... Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R . R . Co............... The Washington Water Power Co.................. Springfield, 111 ............................................................. Springfield, Mass......................................................... Springfield, Ohio......................................................... 1 9 1 25 10 1 3 1 2 4 1 1 1 3 4 5 30 82 2 4 89 127 14 504 151 55 18 18 49 35 35 41 41 181 24 24 186 2 10 31 40 15 45 16 37 82 46 27 1 9 3 5 11 11 10 21 88 75 15 104 9 9 2 22 71 12 5 5 3 45 119 24 38 2 16 88 10 325 377 312 20 20 12 1 1 2 1 4 3 2 7 3 5 5 2 3 5 3 116 257 3 3 3 19 "*67* 246 g 18 26 8 18 33 7 26 102 11 10 2 13 22 13 55 4 66 6 1 1 1 2 11 7 60 171 1 2 268 36 39 52 38 71 g 3 308 15 7 35 6 2 3 6 g g A 171 13 61 68 21 1 17 55 42 2 7 57 44 71 7 1 5 23 5 ” 44* *iio* g 13 16 22 5 3 5 19 8 28 3 8 16 43 31 70 2 2 3 4 3 6 11 1 4 2 7 4 3 3 35 5 2 3 14 g 2 8 1 5 4 1 1 2 20 10 58 14 25 67 6 1 1 1 trip—approximately 10 37 19 27 179 42 63 5 5 111 8 117 48 254 15 4 2 Alternate Sundays most of the runs are shortened by 2 6 1 hour. 8 7 34 5 70 9 ” *2 11 5 35 18 In • lU *15" 123 CHAP. II.---- H OURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS ON DUTY—Continued. SUNDAY—Continued. Number of runs, with hours on duty of- 15 15* 16 16* 17 17* 12 12 * 13 13* 14 14* 10 m 11 m No. and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 18 un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and Total. der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over. 17 17* 18 14 14* 15 15* 16 16* 12 12* 13 13* 11 m 10* 2 3 18 40 3 1 5 37 10 30 384 13 248 30 124 11 35 3 13 34 143 2 1 37 3 61 29 13 7 3 2 3 158 324 71 24 217 599 1 3 1 3 18 1 1 2 2 4 1349 128 18 47 751 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 *"43’ 8 248 2 8 1 11 1 100 8 3 1 1 1 16 17 18 165 164 77 339 64 241 108 1 22 1 19 20 2 1 22 23 24 25 1852 11 2 12 1 4 5 2 17 2 14 1 3 34 1 6 4 1 11 64 16 3 7 14 1 3 3 2 2 261 11 9 158 4 9 41 9 13 2 5 4 1 66 7 9 4 2 9 1 3 1 2 3 2 2 9 1 6 18 21 6 10 1 3 4 5 4 2 1 1 8 6 5 1 2 1 ........t........ 1 43 44 45 46 47 321 41 8 22 58 44 6 1 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 38 37 38 39 40 41 42 50 98 656 62 126 1 26 36 36 34 925 113 349 331 44 58 205 232 85 36 1133 160 137 1 29 1 47 18 13 8 21 13 14 15 142 142 607 1 10 1 1 1 2 282 258 830 4 3 8 45 353 . . . J ____ 48 49 50 51 52 53 78 97 66 172 57 54 55 56 57 58 124 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE U NITED STATES. T a b le 7.—NUMBER OF REGULAR RUNS WITH EACH SUNDAY—Concluded. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Line No. 1 0 6i 7 74 94 Un and and and and and and and and der un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der 64 7 74 0 4 10 City. Superior, W is......................................................... Syracuse, N. Y ....................................................... Tacoma, Wash....................................................... Gripmen........................................................... Toledo, Ohio........................................................... Topeka, Kans......................................................... Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co....................................... Washington Railway & Electric Co.......... Wheeling, W . Va................................................... Wichita, K a n s .................................................................... Wilmington, Del.: People’s Ry. Co.............................................. Wilmington & Philadelphia Traction Co. Total: Elevated and subway lines— Motormen...................................... Conductors..................................... Guards............................................ Surface lines1....................................... 3 1 14 770 T a b l e 8 . — NU M BER 5 85 228 328 195 42 42 168 90 148 194 162 7 27 168 680 360 285 902 1111 1350 3027 3392 4019 3999 OF R EG U LA R RUNS COMPLETED M O N D A Y TO F R ID A Y . Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Line No. City. Altoona, Pa .............................................................. Atlanta, Ga.................................................................. Augusta, Ga ........................................................... Binghamton, N. Y ..................................................... Birmingham, A la........................................................ Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co.— Surface lines.................................................. Elevated lines— Motormen............................................... Conductors2........................................... Guards3................................................... Brockton, Mass........................................................... Buffalo, N. Y ............................................................... Butte, Mont................................................................. Charleston, S .C ........................................................... Charlotte, N. C ............................................................ Chattanooga, Tenn..................................................... Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways— Motormen....................................................... Conductors.................................................... Guards............................................................ Chicago Surface Lines........................................ Cincinnati, Ohio...........................>............................. Cleveland, Ohio........................................................... Dallas, Tex;i Dallas Electric Corporation............................... Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff divi sion of Fort Worth lines. 6 8 9 7 % 7i 8K 9i Un and and and and and and and and der un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der 6 7 8 9 10 64 74 84 94 6 5 3 2 4 42 3 27 10 12 21 10 1 14 21 2 1 208 15 7 27 3 2 52 29 4 45 15 1 2 41 3 15 16 11 12 12 6 8 10 10 4 6 8 15 15 5 116 25 1 65 65 13 211 84 2 89 89 22 310 113 11 1Not including drivers on New York Rys. Co. (horse-car lines), gripmen on California Street Cable Ry. Co., gripmen on Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co., and gripmen in Tacoma. CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 125 SPEC IFIED N U M B ER OF H O U R S'O N D U T Y —Continued. SUNDAY—Concluded. Number of runs, with hours on duty of12 11 15 15* 13 13* 14 14* 10 16 16* 17 Line 10| 11* 17i -and and and and and an ! and and and and and and and and and and 18 Total. No. un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over. 12 12* 13 13* 14 14* 17 17* 11 H i 15 15* 16 16* 18 10* 3 7 11 3 3 1 10 1 1 13 28 8 1 i l 1 16 70 7 7 5 60 1 4 9 , 95 2 12 t 8 8 6 1 6 7 2 12 5 15 6 5 8 8 3 7 25 24 12 2 3169 1661 828 362 1 5 1 10 28 256 77 • 1 1 10 41 9 4 2 11 12 982 957 1647 25848 ?, 1 7 8 9 10 32 61 1 2 3 4 5 6 240 263 69 50 2 1 98 6 232 44 132 1 13 14 15 16 W IT H IN EACH SPECIFIED N U M BER OF HOURS. M O N D A Y TO F R ID A Y . Number of runs, with hours on duty of 15 15* 14 16 16* 17 12 12* 13 13* 11 10 10* Total. lin e 14| 1 7| n! No. and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 18 un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over. 16 16* 14 14* 15 15* 17 17* 18 13* 13 11 H i 12 12* 10* 3 1 4 13 4 2 30 10 1 46 2 1 51 49 47 31 8 3 4 8 7 8 2 3 5 41 61 1 55 3 26 18 2 2 2 15 249 269 299 10 22 35 49 100 111 64 7 7 10 3 21 20 20 28 16 11 8 8 10 22 5 5 5 6 6 27 4 4 6 8 69 3 3 2 1 26 1 2 22 22 8 1 1 3 1 48 48 30 328 186 1 13 13 5 180 36 6 19 19 11 109 3 21 25 25 22 156 1 97 20 20 32 278 2 1 1529 22 4 4 17 18 19 20 21 58 58 80 82 571 50 48 56 85 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3 1 1 4 4 "*35* 6 2 1 1 5 1 1 2 2 26 1 7 2 2 4 2 25 1 7 7 12 3 131 1 21 76 322 27 66 189 2 1 26 1 1 1 4 6 6 2 6 35 158 20 20 36 355 1 122 18 18 25 296 1 102 8 8 12 288 9 87 279 23 30 196 19 14 163 22 16 178 11 23 25 7 16 12 24 28 22 25 31 9 49 362 362 232 3485 623 833 20 6 15 3 25 3 19 1 6 3 11 1 1 2 3 10 5 1 4 3 2 1 125 23 aCalled guards. 8Called brakemen. 126 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE U NITED STATES. T a b le 8.—NUMBER OF REGULAR RUNS COMPLETED WITHIN MONDAY TO FRIDAY—Continued. Number of runs, with hours on duty ofLine No. City. Davenport, Iowa......................................................... Denver ? Colo................................................................ Des Moines, Iowa........................................................ Detroit, Mich............................................................... Evansville, Ind........................................................... Grand Rapids, Mich.................................................. 9 8 6 7 8* 6J 7i Un- and and and and and and and and der un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der 6 9 8 7 9* 10 8J 72 6* 2 1 3 3 9 46 45 1 5 4 5 5 1 1 10 18 1 15 1 Tndinnapnlis, Tnd , . . ____________________________ Jacksonville, Fla......................................................... Lincoln, Nebr.............................................................. Little Rock, Ark......................................................... Los Angeles, Cal.......................................................... Louisville, K y ............................................................. Lowell, Mass................................................................ Manchester, N. H ....................................................... Memphis, Tenn.1........................................................ Memphis, Tenn.2........................................................ 19 54 76 4 31 5 9 27 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 8 10 18 21 22 2 2 12 1 5 1 5 6 47 3 2 24 5 1 39 38 102 2 86 5 8 4 20 3 2 1 4 3 8 2 20 3 3 32 45 44 117 109 171 32 19 26 Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn............................. Mobile,Ala................................................................... New Bedford, Mass.................................................... New Britain, Conn..................................................... New Haven, Conn...................................................... New Orleans, La......................................................... New York, N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co.............................. New York & Queens County R y. Co............. New York Rys. Co.— Horse-car lines (drivers)............................ Storage-battery car lines............................. All lines, except horse and storage-bat tery car lines. Third Avenue R y. Co. (The Bronx and Manhattan). 4 Interborough Rapid Transit Co.: Elevated lines— Motormen............................................... Conductors............................................. Guards..................................................... Subway lines— Motormen............................................... Conductors............................................. Guards..................................................... Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)— Motormen...................................................... Conductors..................................................... Guards............................................................ Norfolk, V a.................................................................. Oakland, Cal................................................................ Oklahoma City, Okla................................................ Omaha, N ebr............................................................... Peoria, 111...................................................................... Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co.— Surface lines.................................................. Elevated lines: Motormen................................................ Conductors............................................ Guards..................................................... Pittsburgh, Pa............................................................ Portland, Me................................................................ Portland, Oreg ........................................................ Providence , R . I ................................................... Pueblo, Colo ............. ................................................ Reading, Pa .................- ..................- .................. Richmond Va ......................................................... 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 14 1 1 1 2 15 7 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 5 6 40 38 26 98 44 42 98 30 16 49 21 37 176 1 2 1 4 1 3 2 11 3 9 4 8 24 32 28 107 85 51 2 99 6 83 1 1 87 207 429 15 1 10 . . .J ___ 1 Tuesday to Friday; used in total for all cities. 2 Monday only; not used in total for all cities. 19 1 6 3 21 91 1 ..... 3 12 9 13 358 14 14 192 2 6 1 1 229 1 10 2 10 4 127 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS—Continued. MONDAY TO FRIDAY—Continued. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Lirni 12 121 13 131 14 141 15 151 16 161 17 171 1 1 101 1 0 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 18 Total. No. un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over. 1 10* 1 lli 12 121 13 131 14 141 15 151 16 161 17 171 18 7 7 10 28 28 12 1 1 3 58 96 40 6 5 7 11 14 ?4 18 10 19 24 19 43 6 13 7 38 51 43 4 11 8 7 96 146 114 63 32 11 1 7 3 1 12 26 23 14 24 27 93 56 17 172 183 51 18 8 5 7 9 9 69 68 25 4 3 7 2 46 ” 25* " l 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 576 21 105 19 21 8 148 10 2 198 38 19 3 183 62 65 76 21 25 140 3 23 10 43 26 18 90 7 16 9 41 11 1 38 196 233 339 8 8 7 32 8 78 13 8 4 10 30 1 1 2 56 3 63 6 8 2 2 13 13 1 3 11 4 1 2 4 8 10 4 8 2 1 2 1 3 10 3 5 32 5 1 7 4 9 9 3 1 3 51 5 1 8 11 2 1 2 1 2 16 1 2 "2 17 17 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 11 11 1 1 20 5 10 1 1 15 2 1 25 97 4 13 20 8 10 8 220 116 18 59 75 16 59 43 3 4 17 27 1 1 1 1 2 11 2 5 4 1 2 2 1 1 17 1 1 3 1 28 29 30 31 32 411 18 18 1 1 4 8 18 17 1 2 1 1 2 3 5 9 13 28 26 1974 180 33 367 335 1135 2 22 9 4 9 9 17 1 1 1 13 1 4 ..... 1 11 51 2 62 22 2 1 39 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 48 72 1461 1 2 39 2 2 6 11 15 21 75 251 161 987 56 138 133 281 90 633 67 59 863 348 98 45 216 216 485 720 71 158 503 74 24 220 614 34 35 36 199 193 994 306 27 13 2 17 6 8 13 11 3 25 37 38 39 235 238 635 77 362 64 241 108 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 2374 1 59 61 12 41 5 4 17 2 2 11 4 3 7 9 8 4 3 2 1 2 4 3 Friday only; used in total for all cities. 4 Wednesday only; used in total for all cities. 1 1 11 1 1 1 2 17 13 18 48 39 39 72 1074 121 389 391 44 58 205 279 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 128 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IK THE UNITED STATES. T able 8.—NUMBER OF REGULAR RUNS COMPLETED WITHIN MONDAY TO FRIDAY—Concluded. Number of runs, with hours on duty ofLine No. 7 6 8 9 7J % 6i 8i Un- and and and and and and and and der un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der 6 8 9 7 10 6J 7J Sh 9* City. 2 Sacramento, Cal ................................................ Saginaw, Mich . . . . __________ ______________ 8 1 6 7 4 63 San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable R .R . Co.: Gripmen. 1 14 Unit,«d Railroads of Sa.n Franoipno........ ....... Scranton, Pa................................................................ Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co Gripmen.......................................................... Seattle Municipal Street R y ............................. Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. Co................ Sioux City, Iowa......................................................... South Bend, Ind......................................................... Spokane, Wash.: ' Spokane & Inland Empire R. R. Co.............. The Washington Water Power C o ................. Springfield, 111 ........................................................... Springfield, Mass......................................................... Springfield, Ohio......................................................... Superior, W is............................................................... Syracuse, N. Y ............................................................ Tacoma, Wash............................................................. Gripmen................................................................. Toledo, Ohio................................................................ Topeka, TCnns.............................................................. Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co............................................. Washington Railway & Electric Oo................ Wheeling, W .V a ........................................................ Wichita, Kang............................................................. Wilmington, Dei.: People’ s Ry. C o ........ .......................................... Wilmington & Philadelphia Traction Co___ Total: Elevated and subway lines— Motormen............................................ Conductors.......................................... Guards................................................. Surface lines1............................................. 1 27 4 1 71 2 1 4 2 8 2 2 1 12 41 34 1 1 1 1 8 34 68 2 1 1 4 4 2 1 6 5 8 1 2 1 20 4 4 1 2 1 4 24 20 4 29 "jL6* 2 4 3 1 1 1 2 1 5 8 59 63 1 9 6 1 16 106 12 20 5 1 19 1 g 22 1 10 g 1 2 4 31 25 22 57 97 68 42 114 234 91 236 263 106 222 244 158 261 275 776 1970 2242 SAT U R DA Y. Altoona, Pa.................................................................... Atlanta, Ga.................................................................. Augusta, Ga................................................................. Binghamton, N. Y .................................................... Birmingham, A la....................................................... Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co.— Surface lines.................................................. Elevated lines— Motormen............................................... Conductors 2........................................... Guards3.................................................. Brockton, Mass........................................................... Buffalo, N. Y .......................................... ................... Butte, Mont................................................................. Charleston. S .C ........................................................... Charlotte, N. C ............................................................ Chattanooga, Tenn..................................................... 1 1 1 3 27 10 12 21 10 17 48 21 , 2 1 14 1 201 8 25 3 2 61 29 4 54 15 2 41 3 15 19 10 i Not including drivers on New York Rys. Co. (horse-car lines), gripmen on California Street Cable R. R. Co., gripmen on Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co., and gripmen in Tacoma. 129 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS—Continued. MONDAY TO FRIDAY—Concluded. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— 12 1 10* 1 0 15 15* 13* 14 1 16 161 17 Line 12| 13 17| and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 18 Total. No. un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over. 10* 1 n* 12 m 13 13 * 14 14* 15 15* 16 16* 17 17* 18 1 20 9 24 3 *20’ 20 22 51 29 1 12 6 20 7 15 55 58 6 111 98 751 62 128 28 17 330 32 8 9 10 1 1 12 14 16 *22' 15 1 13 2 85 36 1 18 2 2 32 56 1 01 3 8 30 58 44 4 1 1 '42’ 10 1 1 14 50 27 78 99 1 66 176 57 28 151 24 2 2 22 4 18 16 37 18 24 25 24 5 3 4 5 1 11 2 37 16 2 1 2 1 1 2 160 137 3 37 5 3 3 7 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 7 252 44 2 1 1 13 17 1 0 24 25 26 27 260 313 69 50 28 29 30 31 32 67 14 14 3 110 32 33 1260 1225 3148 318 30438 34 35 36 37 76 322 27 38 39 40 41 42 1529 43 58 58 80 82 571 50 48 56 85 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 16 1 1 42 48 39 48 63 150 97 74 30 55 78 77 103 110 55 76 208 329 440 545 433 170 50 2019 1612 1701 2362 3170 3192 3034 3215 1587 158 595 147 183 1 1 1 255 SA T U R D A Y. 1 29 10 268 257 7 7 10 3 23 23 300 28 16 12 56 52 45 27 3 2 8 7 8 2 3 5 1 33 61 92 85 78 39 69 2 7 7 18 20 20 49 4 1 55 1 51 2 1 1 2 2 15 1 7 3 3 2 1 22 2 2 4 2 22 1 1 1 12 3 119 1 20 i 18 1 2 28 4 6 47 6 2 12 6 9 2 Called guards. 39749°— Bull. 204—17------ 9 3 6 "3 9 6 2 3Called brakemen. 130 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 8.—NUMBER OF REGULAR RUNS COMPLETED WITHIN SATURDAY—Continued. Number of runs, with hours on duty of- Line No. City. 9 6 , 61 8 7 »1 8i 7l Un- and and and and and and and and der un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der 6 71 8 9 10 7 Si 12 H 6* Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways— Motormen....................................................... Conductors.................................................... Guards............................................................ 3 Chicago Surface Lines............... „ ..................... Cincinnati, Ohio. . . ...... ......... . ................... 2 Cleveland, Ohio........................................................... Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation.............................. Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff divi sion of Fort Worth lines. Davenport, Iowa......................................................... Denver, Colo................................................................. 3 4 Des Moines, Iowa........................................................ Detroit, Mich .............................. . ........... u Evansville, Ind........................................................... Grand Rapids, Mich.................................................. Houston, Tex............................................................... 1 Indianapolis, Ind........................................................ Jacksonville, Fla......................................................... Kansas City, Mo......................................................... Lincoln, Nebr.............................................................. Little Rock, Ark......................................................... Los Angeles, Cal......................................................... 2 Louisville, K y ............................................................. Lowell, Mass................................................................ 2 Manchester, N. H ....................................................... Memphis, Tenn........................................................... Milwaukee^ W is.........................................................c 2 Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn............................. Mobile, A la................................................................... Nashville, Tenn........................................................... Newark, N. J ............................................................... New Bedford, Mass.................................................... New Britain, Conn..................................................... New Haven, Conn...................................................... New Orleans, La......................................................... New York, N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co............................. 3 20 New York & Queens County Ry. Co............. 1 New York Rys. Co.— Horse-car lines (drivers)............................ Storage-battery car lines.......................... All lines except horse and storage-bat 1 2 tery car lines. Third Avenue Ry. Co. (The Bronx and Man 1 3 hattan). Interborough Rapid Transit Co.— Elevated lines— Motormen............................................... Conductors............................................. 1 Guards........ • ........................................... ........!........ Subway lines— i Motormen............................................. . Conductors............................................. Guards........ ........................................... Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)— Motormen...................................................... Conductors..................................................... 1 Guards.......................................................... 2 Norfolk, V a.................................................................. Oakland, Cal................................................................ Oklahoma City, Okla................................................ Omaha, Nebr............................................................... Peoria, 111...................................................................... Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co.— Surface lines.................................................. Elevated lines— Motormen............................................... i Conductors............................................ 1 Guards.................................................... 12 12 6 11 6 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 19 6 13 22 22 10 134 26 2 56 56 24 272 82 6 92 92 33 349 104 10 5 11 2 5 9 14 17 54 70 10 46 47 2 3 1 7 2 2 4 5 5 18 1 18 1 1 1 1 1 2 8 18 1 1 9 12 15 16 8 2 10 7 1 3 3 3 1 6 3 5 1 51 5 24 6 1 39 38 102 1 86 5 3 7 4 4 4 21 3 1 1 . 1 1 1 14 ; 10 11 1 1 9 3 8 2 21 9 23 39 67 109 90 92 178 42 28 32 1 1 1 16 10 76 43 30 111 47 47 173 25 11 51 23 34 , 162 1 3 2 11 3 9 4 g 24 32 28 107 85 51 2 122 1 i i 4 1 1 i 1 24 12 | 65 I 2 6 87 "i3 * 218 451 413 1 4 4 i g g 2 131 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAB CREWS. EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS—Continued. SATURDAY—Continued. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Line 1 124 13 13* 14 14* 15 15* 16 16* 17 17\ 2 1 1 10| 1 0 Total. No. and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 18 un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over. 2 10* 1 HI 1 12* 13 13* 14 14* 15 15* 16 16* 17 17* 18 1 28 34 31 24 26 49 362 362 260 3485 623 832 9 7 1 6 3 3 1 125 23 3 1 3 2 2 23 18 2 8 4 15 8 32 5 6 1 7 51 5 2 3 23 1 2 1 11 1 1 1 1 2 40 216 481 704 71 158 452 74 24 1 614 220 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 1 7 1925 180 35 36 48 72 1461 8 8 37 38 39 I 32 8 8 1 6 29 2 5 4 4 1 47 1 1 1 21 257 17 30 167 15 22 16 1 5 3 7 1 10 22 1 24 6 12 12 37 14 51 4 4 135 13 7 9 3 17 7 8 9 20 7 43 1 7 102 4 1 4 2 26 6 4 6 12 2 25 2 3 2 36 1 6 6 4 21 3 16 2 17 1 44 8 1 19 10 1 15 4 29 42 117 8 7 18 2 112 130 9 11 161 8 9 295 8 62 23 14 73 4 10 4 6 21 4 34 1 3 5 3 1 2 9 7 3 11 4 4 2 2 2 19 1 3 1 1 5 16 2 8 9 1 2 1 1 16 11 5 1 10 3 2 13 11 5 9 10 1 9 18 1 25 "io * 345 8 43 15 10 2 198 20 1 1 2 1 11 27 320 3 14 3 12 2 1 1 1 4 2 115 133 180 8 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 1 1 1 | 1 * 1 1 1 1 6 9 3 36 ■'*8* 5 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 ! 11 i * 1 i i ! 1 2 2 363 331 1117 41 42 43 1 i 1 4 1 26 18 90 7 12 9 42 10 1 1 1 2 40 1 1 46 75 246 161 939 56 138 133 281 90 633 67 59 1074 2 11 202 44 45 46 235 238 635 77 359 64 241 108 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 1 17 1 1 2 ........ 3 2 2374 39 39 72 I 55 56 57 58 132 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T a b le 8 .—NUMBER OF REGULAR RUNS COMPLETED WITHIN SATURDAY—Concluded. Number of runs, with hours on duty of- Line No. 6 7 6i 7i 8 8i 9 9l Un- and and and and and and and and dcr un un un-_ un un un un un der der der der der der der der 6 8 10 9 7 9J n City. Pittsburgh, Pa , r________ ______ Portland, Me................................................................ Portland, Oreg , , _____ Providence, R. I ......................................................... Pueblo, Colo................................................................. Reading, Pa................................................................. Richmond, V a ............ ................................. ......... Rochester, N. Y .......................................................... Sacramento, Cal.......................................................... Saginaw, Mich............................................................. St. Louis, Mo............................................................... Salt. T,ake City\ Utah San Antonio, Tex....................................................... San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable Ry. Co.: Gripmen. Municipal Railways of San Francisco........... United Railroads of San Francisco............... Savannah, Ga............................................................... Scranton, Pa................................................................. Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co Gripmen........................................................ Seattle Municipal Street Ry. Co...................... Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. Co............... Sioux City, Iowa......................................................... South Bend, Ind......................................................... Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R. R. Co.............. The Washington Water Power Co.................. Springfield, 111............................................................. Springfield, M ass....................................................... Springfield, O h io ....................................................... Superior, W is............................................................... Syracuse, N. Y ............................................................ Tacoma, W ash........................................................... Gripmen............................................................... Toledo, Ohio................................................................. Topeka, Kans............................................................... Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co.............................................. Washington Railway & Electric Co................. Wheeling, W . V a ........................................................ Wichita, Kans............................................................. Wilmington, Del.: People’ s Ry. C o .................................................. W ilm ington & Philadelphia Traction Co Total: Elevated and subway lines— Motormen........................................... Conductors.......................................... Guards................................................. Surface lines1............................................ 1 262 2 7 9 9 6 1 2 21 1 2 8 121 2 8 1 5 6 1 4 2 1 1 12 1 280 1 10 2 15 5 8 1 18 23 4 63 71 1 25 7 3 4 7 3 8 1 41 34 2 14 1 1 1 44 2 1 2 2 12 2 6 5 20 4 4 1 24 4 29 4 20 16 5 8 1 2 1 1 16 1 1 1 3 2 3 1 15 51 78 20 1 2 2 9 1 5 1 6 1 16 106 12 21 1 1 1 1 6 29 1 2 10 36 36 26 93 109 73 51 162 248 1 1 42 1 2 23 9 16 7 2 2 14 10 1 15 1 8 6 7 3 16 8 25 12 9 21 1 27 31 137 108 199 272 140 195 247 301 282 280 875 2148 2369 SUN DAY. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Altoona, Pa................................................................. Atlanta, G a ................................................................. Augusta, Ga................................................................. Binghamton, N. Y ..................................................... Birmingham, A la........................................................ Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co.— Surface lines.................................................. Elevated lines— Motormen.............................................. Conductors 2........................................... Guards3................................................... 1 1 2 i Not including drivers on New York Railways Co. (horse-ear lines), gripmen on California Street Cable Railway Co., gripmen on Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co., and gripmen in Tacoma. CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 133 EACH SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HOURS—Continued. SATURDAY—Concluded. Number of runs, with hours on duty of12 12* 10 10i 11 13 13* 14 14i 15 15£ 16 16i 17 17| Total. Line No. and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 18 un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over. 13 13i 14 14i 15 15i 10i 11 Hi 12 m 16i 17 17i 18 16 18 23 32 115 10 29 8 18 3 5 119 23 11 16 66 40 3 3 5 32 14 5 151 21 15 8 62 16 8 5 4 22 15 2 134 26 30 3 56 4 8 1 2 9 8 4 89 21 48 11 1 2 5 9 1 2 9 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 10 1 18 7 1 3 3 61 1 7 6 1 2 60 3 2 2 4 1 2 17 15 18 1 2 55 1 43 58 23 2 27 1 29 1 2 2 33 7 30 5 21 2 13 1 1 11 1 4 6 13 7 1 1 6 5 8 4 24 11 14 22 8 24 5 8 3 3 2 7 1 6 18 6 7 4 11 4 1 9 2 4 3 21 20 2 5 1 12 '**6' 1 9 27 4 43 7 27 6 11 11 1 13 3 10 5 8 13 83 59 1 18 3 60 55 170 2208 1960 1 108 9 3 110 4 117 2 3 7 1 50 16 101 8 21 10 22 2 123 34 9 17 2 5 3 2 1 1 2 32 *’ 20' 1 1 1 4 3 1 3 3 4 8 8 2 | ... 5 2 1 1 1 23 7 ? 1 1 1 2 1 6 17 5 1 1 2 1 3 14 15 16 17 360 39 8 30 58 44 19 20 21 22 23 24 78 99 66 176 57 28 151 104 7 252 44 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 1 8 1 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 9 3 2 12 12 9 260 313 69 50 2 10 2 7 32 67 40 41 1268 1230 3238 451 30384 42 43 44 45 72 269 27 46 47 48 49 50 1 1 2 1 1 6 2 13 11 8 9 1 19 1 14 4 4 1 1 1 1 514 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 2 2 2 845 2 1 I 1 .......... 1 1 38 2 42 81 43 133 2 50 29 83 71 97 9 482 362 320 256 147 2617 3119 2790 2529 2449 1333 3 1 1 ! 2 2 1185 121 389 391 44 58 205 268 85 36 1210 160 137 58 101 751 62 128 50 33 4 4 1 544 . 1 ... 191 | 202 255 284 2 3 2 SU N D AY. 4 1 39 1 16 1 31 8 2 34 3 18 3 45 2 20 7 3 2 15 13 10 5 4 2 4 1 1 3 307 281 15 5 12 20 19 25 15 16 18 18 26 8 8 12 9 9 14 6 6 8 3 3 4 .... 2Called guards. 1 1 1 6 1 3 66 176 1151 53 53 74 3Called brakemen. 52 53 54 134 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T a b le 8.—NUMBER OF REGULAR RUNS COMPLETED WITHIN SUN DAY—Cont inued. Number of runs, with hours on duty of- Line No. City. Brockton, M ass.......................................................... Buffalo, N. Y ............................................................... Butte, Mont................................................................. Charleston, S. C........................................................... Charlotte, N. C ............................................................ Chattanooga, T^rm ..... .......... Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways— Motormen...................................................... Conductors.................................................... Guards............................................................ Cincinnati, Ohio.......................................................... Cleveland, Ohio........................................................... Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation................................ Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff divi sion of Fort Worth lines. Davenport, Iowa......................................................... Denver, Colo................................................................ Des Moines, Iowa........................................................ Detroit, Mich............................................................... Evansville, Ind........................................................... Grand Rapids, Mich.................................................. Houston, Tex............................................................... Indianapolis, Ind........................................................ Jacksonville, Ela......................................................... Kansas Cily, Mo.......................................................... Lincoln, Nebr.............................................................. Little Rock, Ark......................................................... Los Angeles, Cal.......................................................... Louisville, K y ............................................................. Lowell, Mass................................................................. Manchester, N. H ........................................................ Memphis, Tenn........................................................... Milwaukee^, W is........................................................... Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn............................. Mobile, Ala................................................................... Nashville, Tenn........................................................... Newark, N. J............................................................... New Bedford, Mass.................................................... New Britain, Conn..................................................... New Haven, C onn...................................................... New Orleans, La......................................................... New York, N. Y .: B rooklyn Rapid Transit C o .............................. New York & Queens Countv R y . Co............. New York R ys. Co.— Horse-car lines (drivers).............................. Storage-battery car lines............................ A ll lines except horse and storage-battery car lines. Third Avenue R y . Co. (The B ronx and Man hattan). Interborough R apid Transit C o . E levated lines— Motormen............................................... Conductors............................................. Guards..................................................... Subway lines— Motormen............................................... Conductors............................................. Guards..................................................... Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)— Motormen....................................................... C onductors..................................................... Norfolk, Va ................................................................. Oakland, Cal................................................................ Oklahoma City, Okla................................................ Omaha, Nebr............................................................... Peoria, 111.1...................................................... ........... 6 9 8 7 8i Un- and and and and and and and and der un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der 6 10 9 8 7 62 9i 8* n 2 1 3 1 9 4 2 3 3 5 18 3 7 22 3 7 60 29 51 15 16 6 2 7 6 2i 14 8 26 6 22 2,8 37 28 37 22 3 17 260 "208* 256 51 120 25 3 56 31 44 44 14 202 159 46 76 76 24 158 95 34 11 11 540 18 2 563 12 1 564 2 392 7 1 1 2 3 11 5 4 1 6 12 73 1 128 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 133 9 30 137 10 48 65 3 12 24 46 4 14 22 187 1 1 3 7 1 15 1 5 3 12 10 28 21 30 4 1 6 5 1 4 13 1 5 7 5 2 28 2 1 38 12 14 5 9 125 63 1 17 21 1 25 10 2 1 41 1 30 35 3 2 6 2 5 3 1 3 5 4 2 6 1 3 5 1 6 1 3 2 4 1 3 5 1 4 6 1 6 6 5 2 1 4 1 25 4 1 2 10 4 21 33 13 6 5 12 12 10 2 8 2 8 27 6 1 22 8 16 9 3 35 1 4 28 33 15 1 32 119 13 10 7 2 1 25 4 6 3 3 4 8 23 10 1 1 19 1 3 12 13 37 67 95 431 100 69 141 16 26 89 2 5 5 9 15 15 74 16 16 36 33 33 75 26 26 107 22 22 162 1 6 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 9 9 11 1 4 1 3 15 42 1 7 I 2 1 10 2 1 Alternate Sundays most of the runs are shortened by 1 trip—approxim ately 1 hour. 12 25 80 32 73 15 9 94 102 1 5 3 2 88 1 10 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 135 EACH SPECIFIED N U M B ER OF H O U R S—Continued. SU N D AY —Cont inued. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— 17 17! 15|16 16! 15 10 10i 11 n i 12 12! 13 13| 14 and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and and 18 un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un and der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der over. 18 1 | 11 HI 12 12! 13 13-| 14 14! 15 15| 16 16! 17 m 0 7 51 22 22 13 110 39 54 6 11 6 32 27 36 7 7 3 36 17 3 3 4 4 1 121 2 8 19 54 2 3 29 16 1 3 15 23 18 12 12 2 2 24 16 17 18 *y 26 33 ’ 75* 3 58 1 58 7 16 5 25 '32' 7 28 17 1 5 32 2 2 11 17 46 4 33 60 15 63 "l2 50 130 7 8 2 2 81 404 50 48 56 85 10 44 10 10 304 304 '*4* 51 3302 592 619 102 5 21 9 2 10 17 21 21 2 9 61 69 25 13 16 22 99 1 3 26 10 5 76 7 70 30 164 15 23 228 19 43 6 3 108 215 25 135 19 40 42 7 17 15 16 17 18 19 1349 128 41 42 43 44 45 32 21 12 22 13 14 18 47 751 2 6 32 10 12 20 3 38 26 12 6 3 28 12 10 6 2 2 11 18 15 8 40 9 14 22 6 257 7 76 11 12 6 4 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 282 258 830 7 4 " 16 5 5 ’ ” i' 13 21 4 33 47 48 49 142 142 607 13 13 21 20 2 1 22 46 2 4 4 18 158 5 6 2 12 75 239 156 803 56 129 133 257 90 577 67 58 677 335 96 45 213 366 577 71 158 324 71 24 217 599 14 12 11 22 16 19 10 124 11 2 4 ’ 77’ 130 16 28 2 1 1 8 22 24 53 36 54 100 10 2 5 54 1 24 31 31 18 14 54 3 15 31 4 13 'otal. Line No. 50 51 52 165 164 77 339 64 241 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 108 136 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T a b le 8__NUMBER OF REGULAR RUNS COMPLETED WITHIN SUNDAY—Concluded. Number of runs, with hours on duty of- Line No. 8 6 7 9 9* 8i 7i Un- and and and and and and and and der un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der 6 8 9 7 10 6* 9* n City. Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co.— Elevated lines— 12 2 5 5 3 22 1 3 1 3 2 7 3 . . ______ ______ ____ 4 4 2 2 5 3 115 19 239 64 310 199 8 17 5 29 2 20 3 5 11 11 2 13 4 33 16 5 4 57 7 123 8 1 216 6 1 178 1 19 1 Saginaw, Mirh . _ _____________________________ Salt Lake City, Utah................................................. San Antonio, Tex........................................................ San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable Ry. Co.: Gripmen Municipal Railways of San Francisco............ United Railroads of San Francisco.................. Savannah, Ga.............................................................. Scranton, Pa.'.............................................................. Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Traction Light & Power Co Gripmen........................................................ Seattle Municipal Street R y ............................. Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. Co............... Sioux City, Iowa............... ......................................... South Bend, Ind............................................ *........... Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R . R. Co.............. The Washington Water Power Co.................. Springfield, 111............................................................. Springfield, Mass......................................................... Springfield, Ohio......................................................... Superior, W is............................................................... Syracuse, N. Y ............................................................ Tacoma, Wash............................................................. Gripmen............................................................... Toledo, Ohio................................................................ Topeka, Kans.............................................................. Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co............................................. Washington Railway & Electric Co............... Wheeling, W . V a ........................................................ Wichita, ICans............................................................. Wilmington, Del.: People’s Rv. C o ................................................... Wilmington & Philadelphia Traction Co___ 2 2 5 Surface lines................................................... Pittsburgh, Pa............................................................. Reading, P a .. . . 20 20 12 71 40 1 8 361 260 1 22 8 1 15 15 2 2 105 5 63 318 171 9 17 27 32 31 9 65 2 71 1 2 2 10 1 1 22 7 4 2 16 68 5 1 5 5 3 28 19 8 4 1 8 15 28 2 38 2 4 3 2 60 1 1 4 2 10 6 6 3 2 5 5 4 4 2 8 3 2 14 1 8 1 2 4 2 13 1 3 4 1 1 4 4 2 5 3 2 5 1 7 3 1 7 1 1 1 20 2 6 ..... 15 "is* 4 10 1 32 68 8 5 19 12 5 25 1 1 1 Total: Elevated and subway lines— Motormen............................................. Conductors............................................ Guards................................................... Surface lines1........................................... . 778 12 724 6 5 5 818 i 37 36 21 864 2 1 3 3 7 10 3 5 5 15 1 4 "*8 * 11 18 90 1 15 1 43 12 15 56 37 13 1 1 62 67 123 199 194 46 77 153 175 197 80 73 523 262 275 962 1547 1829 2476 2191 1 Not including drivers on New York Rys. Co. (horse-car lines), gripmen on California Street Cable R y. Co., gripmen on Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co., and gripmen in Tacoma. .---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. S UMBER OF HOURS—Concluded. T SUNDAY—Concluded. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— 10-1 11 10 iii 12 12\ 13 and and and and and and and un un un un un un un der der der der der der der 101 11 HI 12 121 13 131 11 3 14 18 10 16 3 5 5 12 18 3 36 16 116 18 75 5 10 19 13 13 55 10 30 8 13 2 2 39 4 17 8 29 4 8 4 3 7 15 6 14 21 un der 14 14 1H 15 151 16 161 17 17\ and and and and and and and and 18 Total. un un un un un un un un and der der der der der der der der over. 161 17 171 18 141 15 15* 16 36 36 34 1852 925 113 349 331 44 58 205 232 85 36 1133 10 2 40 1 1 3 5 6 13 2 4 "i" 1 "2 4 14 ICO 137 74 50 98 656 62 126 17 7 1 321 41 8 J. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 U 22 25 26 27 28 78 97 232 44 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 240 263 69 50 40 41 42 43 32 61 44 45 982 957 1647 25848 46 47 48 49 58 44 20 7 5 19 66 3 12 172 57 28 132 20 12 21 32 26 30 21 29 26 28 37 42 19 58 1966 1741 1630 1260 1236 14 18 4 865 466 72 29 138 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. To illustrate the runs, which are arranged so as to meet the varying traffic demands during the day aild at the same time to make a full day’s work for each man, four charts are here given. Each chart is for the regular week-day schedule of a surface line. Each of the charts A, B, and C represents a division of a company in one of three large cities. As the charts are illustrative only, the runs of all divisions of each company are not charted. Chart D represents all runs of a company operating in a small city of the Middle West. The charts show regular scheduled runs except as tripper runs are indicated. Each line across the page of the chart shows a run, with approximately the time of beginning and ending of each part of the run. Each run means a scheduled day’s work for a motorman and a conductor. Reading the first line of Chart A and quoting the exact figures of the run sheet used in preparing the chart it appears that the car crew on this run began work at 4.48 a. m. and worked until 9.03 a. m .; resumed work at 10.45 a. m. and worked until 2.45 p. m .; again resumed work at 5.14 p. m. and worked until 6.53 p. m., making the total time on duty for the day 9 hours and 54 minutes completed within 14 hours and 5 minutes. Each other line can be read in practically the same manner. Near the bottom of Chart A are four lines repre senting straight all-night runs which owing to the limitations of the chart are shown in two sections. Thus the first of the four runs began at 10.31 p. m. and continued without a break until 9.04 a. m. the next day. On the particular division charted there were five tripper runs in the late afternoon. • It will be observed that the runs were so arranged that as there was an intermission in one run, another run was operating so as to keep the desired number of cars moving. At the bottom of the chart, figures show the number of cars in operation at each stated hour. Thus Chart A shows 4 cars in oper ation at 4 o’clock a. m., 6 cars at 5 o’clock, 36 cars at 6 o’clock, etc. ADDITIONAL SCHEDULED SERVICE. By far the greater part of street-car operation is carried on by regular men working on regular scheduled runs constituting each a day’s work, but nearly every company has in addition some other kind or kinds of car service to meet traffic conditions, as stated on page 108. Such additional service consists of tripper runs on certain days only, unassigned runs, etc. Figures for scheduled service other than regular runs were taken in a few cities and the data for some of the cities so covered are here presented as illustrative of this character of car service. Stated runs of this class practically always are given to extra men. 139 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. C hartA - R uns on a representative [n u m b e r OF R U N S AM. 11 3 i d i v i s i o n , in T R IP P E R S * P.M. C ity A , 5 \] ~ S 8 9 IO I 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 1 II 12 I 2 3 A I 2 0 it h i " 7'y A, 6 54- SS 54 64- 99 112 67 54-48 41 41 36 14 6 4 - 4 C A RS fN O PER A TIO N AT EACH H O U R 3 6 65 96 68 59 5 5 54NUM BZR O F o- er± 140 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. R uns o n C hart B - [n u m b e r a r e p r e s e n ta tiv e M -.... A A -- ...... ........ .. 7 4 - 5 6 7 8 9 d iv is io n , in C it y B. o r RU N S 5 4 - ') T R I P P B R S 4 4 * C F O R E N O O N 2 3 , AFTER NOO N 2 l X ] 10 It 12 RM A 1 2 3 ■/*>- ■{75,- 7 r, 4 - 5 6 ► 2 6 9 10 11 12 I 2 3 4- ns{~' r s. 1 1 22 40 5* 27 22 23 22 24- 23 23 23 4-2 S8 28 25 2 21 23 1 4- 1 1 1 1 6 N U M BER OF C A R S IN O P E R A T IO N AT EACH HOUR CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CHEWS. C h a r t C — R u n s on a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e [ n i/ m b e r S 6 7 6 9 orvisioN j in C it y G . runs RM. A. M. 4- or 141 IQ II 1 2 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 \ II 1 Q 2 I 2 3 4- is) 9 1 42 65 6 43 36 3 36 38 40 42 46 65 7 63 35 23 2 22 1 1 5 1 5 5 3 9 5 NUMBER OF CARS IN OPERATION AT EACH HOUR. II 1 9 0 142 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. An extra man during a day may get one of tliese runs only or two or more of them and he may also get substitute work for the absent regular man on a regular run. These runs, therefore, must not be considered as a day’s work, as is the case of the regular runs shown in Table B. C h a r t D ~ R u n s in a REPRtsen t a t iv e s m a l l c it y , ([number o r r u n s 75.] 4 -5 A.SV1. 6 7 8 9 IO if 12 1 2 3 - 4 - 5 P.M. 6 7 8 C ity 9 10 II 12 1 2 3 D. 4- - . .1 4 T~ er/r>} n a f e — (/Vi, j h i rc n s . > ir S ■t 3 8 34. 46 46 37 37 4-0 37 38 39 39 40 5» 51 4-1 38 38 37 37 23 3 3 ^ NUM BER OF CARS IN OPERATION AT FACH HOUR. 3 3 ' BOSTON, MASS. su r fa c e lin e s. Tables are given of the tripper and additional-service runs. There were three schedules— the Monday-t o-Friday runs, the Saturday runs, and the Sunday runs. The Monday-1 o-Friday runs and the Sunday runs were all of the tripper class. The number of runs on Sunday, however, was much smaller. The Saturday runs included a consid erable number of full-day runs. 143 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. T able 9 .—ADDITIONAL-SERVICE AND TRIPPER RUNS ON SURFACE LINES IN BOSTON. M O N D A Y T O F R ID A Y . Number of runs with hours on duty of— Number of hours within which runs were completed. 2 3 1 Un and and and and and un un un un un der der der der der der 1 01 2 3 8J *2 Under 1...................... 1 and under 1|.......... l i and under 2 .......... 2 and under 2\. _____ 21 and under 3 .......... 3 and under 3J. . . 3\ and under 4 .......... 4 and under 4J.......... 4? and under 5 .......... 5 and under 5^.......... 51 and under 6 .......... 6 and under 6^.......... 6 7 and under 7 .......... 7 and under 7J.......... 85 4 and un der % and un der 5 5 and un der 5* 8 and un der 8J % and un der 9 9 and Total. un der 9J 85 Total................ 34 and un der 4 85 15? 150 100 32 25 7 5 152 150 1 2 2 99 1 3 2 29 4 2 1 16 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 152 155 105 36 20 4 2 2 1 2 8 2 5 5 5 1 569 i SATURDAY. Under 1...................... 1 and under 1^.......... 1\ and under 2 .......... 2 and under 2\.......... 2\ and under 3 ______ 3 and under 3|.......... 3J and under 4 .......... 4 and under 4J.......... 6 and under 6£.......... 6J and under 7.......... 7 and under 7|.......... 9J and under 10........ 10 and under 1 0 ^ .... 10J and under 11___ 11 and under 11J___ 11^ and under 1 2 .... 12 and under 1 2 ^ .... 12J and under 1 3 .... 13 and under 13J. . . . 13| and under 1 4 .... 14 and under 14J. . . . 14^ and under 15 15 and under 15£. . . . 15J and under 1 6 .... 68 Total................ 68 3 1 1 3 4 5 11 2 1 2 6 3 1 1 2 4 1 68 122 106 85 23 11 2 2 2 5 3 4 6 7 19 '2 3 8. 11 6 5 2 2 6 30 45 6 510 122 106 1 2 84 2 21 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 2 7 2 3 4 3 4 1 122 109 87 23 10 5 2 3 1 SUNDAY. Under 1 1 and under 1J. 1J and under 2 2 and under 2%........ 2| and under 3 3 and under 3J 3 J and under 4 .. 4 and under 4J 4\ and under 5 5 and under 51 5J and under 6 6 and under 6|. 6J and under 7. 7 and under 1\. Total. . . 19 23 7 1 1 3 4 4 5 1 9 2 3 ... 25 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 19 5 1 9 1 1 3 6 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 4 7 1 25 14 12 18 8 1 19 23 7 13 12 16 13 5 8 3 6 5 2 1 133 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 144 ELEVATED LINES. The scheduled additional-service runs were the same Monday to Saturday, but differed on Sunday, and there was a separate schedule for brakemen and for motormen and guards. The term “ guard” in Boston applies to the work performed by conductors on elevated lines in other cities, and the term “ brakeman” in Boston designates men classed elsewhere as guards. For motormen and conductors (guards) from Monday to Saturday there were 32 additional-service and tripper runs classified as follows: T able 1 0 .—AD DITIO NAL-SER VICE AND TR IPPER RUNS OF M OTORMEN AND CONDUC TORS i ON E L EVAT ED LINES IN BOSTON. M ON DAY TO SATURDAY. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours within which runs 1 and 11 and 4 and 41 and 5 and 51 and were completed. Under under under 31 and under under under under under 1 2 5 6 4 41 51 1* Under 1................... 1 and under H . J\ and under 2....... 2 and under ....... 4 and under 41....... 5 and under 51....... 5J and under 6....... 6 and under 61....... 61 and under 7....... 7 and under 71....... 71 and under 8....... 2 61 and under 7 2 Total............. 6 and under 61 1 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 4 3 1 7 4 4 5 5 4 32 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 3 1 5 Total. 3 1 Called guards in Boston. For the same occupation group there were 19 such runs for Sun day, which did not differ materially from the week-day schedule. For guards (brakemen) there were 50 week-day additional-service or tripper runs and 28 on Sunday, corresponding closely with those for motormen and conductors (guards). BROCKTON, MASS. The company had 89 straight tripper runs. Friday are classified as follows: 28 runs of 32 runs of 16 runs of 4 runs of 3 runs of 3 runs of Those for Monday to 1 and under 1J hours. and under 2 hours. 2 and under 2£ hours. 2J and under 3 hours. 3 and under 3-| hours. 3J and under 4 hours. For Monday to Friday, except Wednesday, there were— 1 run of 2\ and under 3 hours. 2 runs of 3$ and under 4 hours. CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 145 For Wednesday there were— 1 run of 3£ and under 4 hours. 2 runs of 7J and under 8 hours. The runs for Saturday differed but slightly as to number and length. There were no runs of this kind scheduled for Sunday. BUFFALO, N. Y. The company had 76 straight tripper runs, Monday to Friday, as follows: 2 runs of under 1 hour. 26 runs of 1 and under 1J hours. 25 runs of 1J and under 2 hours. 15 runs of 2 and under 2} hours. 7 runs of 2\ and under 3 hours. 1 run of 4J and under 5 hours. On Saturday there were 60 straight tripper runs, while on Sunday there were only 2 such rims, both in the classification of 2 and under 2 1 hours. The company also had 1 2 Monday to Saturday straight tripper runs for trailer conductors, classified as follows: 3 runs of 1 and under 1J hours. 6 runs of 1£ and under 2 hours. 1 run of 2J and under 3 hours. 2 runs of 3 and under 3J hours. CHICAGO, ILL. SURFACE LINES. The surface lines had additional scheduled service for Saturday and Sunday. The 30 additional Saturday runs were practically as long as the regular Saturday runs. The additional scheduled service for Sunday was quite different from that for Saturday, in that there was a greater proportion of shorter runs and the outside time was decidedly lower. T able 1 1 .—AD D ITIO N AL-SER VICE RUNS ON SURFACE LINES IN CHICAGO. SATURDAY. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours within which runs were completed. 7 and under 7* 7* and under 8 8 and under 8* 9 and under 9* and under 10 10 and under lQh Total. 2 8* and under 9 ................................. 10* and under 11 ................................... 11 and under 11*..................................... 11* and under 12..................................... 12 and under 12* ................................ 12* and under 13 ................................ 13 and under 13* ................................ 13* and under 14 ................................. 15*and under 15* ................................. 16 and under 16* ............. ...................... 1 Total.............................................. 1 1 1 2 i 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 ! i 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 ,1 39749°— Bull. 204—17------ 10 8* and under 9 1 5 6 4 5 I 8 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 3 2 1 30 146 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 1 1 .—A D D IT IO N AL -SER VICE RUNS ON SURFACE LIN E S IN CHICAGO—Concluded. SUND AY. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours within w h i c h runs were com pleted. 6 Un and der 6 un der 6* Under 6 ................... 6 and under 6\........ 6J and under 7 ........ 7 and under 7J........ 7^ and under 8 ........ 8 and under 8J........ 8^ and under 9 ........ 9 and under 9J........ 9| and under 10 . . 10 and under 10£ 10§ and under 11 24 7 and un der n 9 10 8 Total. m gK and and and and and ana and under under under under under under under 10J 9 10 11 8 9£ 8* 24 Total.............. and un der 7 24 .. 5 i 2 -J 22 2 28 13 11 1 4 14 23 11 4 5 I 7 24 41 12 18 34 9 2 1 3 3 2 4 5 24 30 24 5 37 15 7 4 6 5 4 181 ELEVATED LINES. Additional scheduled service on the elevated lines was different for Monday to Friday, Saturday, and Sunday, and the schedule for motormen and conductors differed from that for guards. Nearly all were straight runs. For motormen and conductors, for Monday to Friday, the straight additional-service or tripper runs were: 54 runs of 1 and under 1J hours. 39 runs of 1J and under 2 hours. 22 runs of 2 and under 2\ hours. 26 runs of 2£ and under 3 hours. 2 runs of 3J and under 4 hours. 3 runs of 5 and under 5J hours. There were also 14 swing runs, completed within 1 2 and under 1 2 ^ hours. 9 runs of 5 and under 5J hours. 5 runs of 5J and under 6 hours. • For Saturday there were 136 runs of practically the same hours. For Sunday there were 1 1 additional-service or tripper runs, all straight, as follows: 3 runs of 2 and under 2J hours. 1 run of 3 and under 3J hours. 2 tuns of 4J and under 5 hours. 2 runs of 5 and under 5J hours. 2 runs of 6J and under 7 hours. I run of 8 and under 8J hours. CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 147 For guards, from Monday to Friday, there were 696 additionalservice or tripper runs, all of which were straight runs. 1 run of under 1 hour. 175 runs of 1 and under 1J hours. 110 runs of l\ and under 2 hours. 179 runs of 2 and under 2\ hours. 132 runs of 2| and under 3 hours. 42 runs of 3 and under 3J hours. 29 runs of 3| and under 4 hours. 8 runs of 4 and under 4£ hours. 18 runs of 4J and under 5 hours. 2 runs of 5 and under hours. On Saturday there were 624 straight runs of about the same hours, except that 1 2 were longer than 5J hours, the longest of these 1 2 being under 8 hours. On Sunday there were but 4 additional-service runs for guards. CLEVELAND, OHIO. This company had additional scheduled service on Monday to Friday and on Saturday, with only an inconsequential number of runs on Sunday. The Saturday schedule differed quite materially from the Monday to Friday schedule; hence data for both the Mon day to Friday and the Saturday service are here presented. T able 1 2 .—ADDITIONAL-SERVICE RUNS IN CLEVELAN D . M O N D A Y T O F R ID A Y . Number of runs, with hours on duty ofNumber of hours within which runs were completed. 1 and under 1* 1J and under 2 2 and under 2J . .. 2* and under 3 3 and under 3J 6 and under 6* 6* and under 7.. 7 | and under 8 . . 10 and under 10* 1 0 * and under 11 11 and under 11* l l i and under 12 12 and under 12* 12J and under 13 13 and under 13* 13* and under 14 Total................. 1 5 6 2 3 4 2i and and and and and and and and and and and and Total. under under under under under under under under under under under under 6 5 3 4 7 2 5* 3* 6* 2* 1* 2 54 13 6 2 2 1 1 2 1 12 7 7 25 22 21 2 2 178 54 13 6 1 1 2 1 1 1 5 1 2 54 13 17 2 6 3 3 4 20 - 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 4 9 2 3 2 2 1 5 6 10 5 1 3 1 1 1 1 10 16 8 24 9 3 2 1 148 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 1 2 .—AD D IT IO N A L -SE R V IC E R U N S IN C L E V E L A N D —Concluded. SATURDAY. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours 24 within which runs Un and der un were completed. 24 der 3 3 % and and un un der der 3h 4 . 5 5J 4 % and and and and un un un un der der der der 5 5* 6 6 and un der 6* and un der 7 7 and un der 7i 8 and and un un der der 8 8* 8* 9 9* 10 m To and and and and and tal. un un un un un der der der der der 10 10i 11 9 17 10 3 2J and under 3......... 1 3| and under 4......... 4J and under 5......... 5 and under 5J......... 6 and under 6^......... 6J and under 7......... 7 and under ......... 7J and under 8......... 8 and under 8J_____ 8^ and under 9___ 9 and under 9|......... 11 and under 11^ 1 1 J and under 12 12 and under 124 12J and under 13 13 and under 13| 13J and under 14 14 and under 14^ 14\ and under 15 15 and under 15^ 15J and under 16 16 and under 16J 16J and under 17 17 and under 17^ 17^ and under 18 18 and over............... , Total............... 131 \ ? 1 2 3 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 i 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 l 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 10 2 8 6 3 5 7 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 i 7 2 1 2 1 "i .... 1 1 1 2 1 4 12 17 10 3 2 2 2 1 1 6 1 3 2 1 2 1 3 3 6 9 15 2 2 4 4 15 1 12 1 1 9 8 3 3 2 1 3 6 2 13 9 2 5 3 5 4 2 8 6 11 21 164 i Seventeen runs 1 and under 1J hours on duty, 10 runs 1§ and under 2 hours,‘and 4 runs 2 and under 2\ hours. Cleveland also had additional scheduled runs for conductors on trailers: 1 2 0 on Monday 10 Friday, 108 on Saturday, and 13 on Sunday. The Monday to Friday and Saturday runs correspond approxi mately with the runs shown in the tables above. The Sunday runs are straight; 9 are 6 | and under 7, and 4 are and under 8 hours. DES MOINES, IOWA. Des Moines had 43 scheduled additional-service or tripper runs, all straight, from Monday to Saturday. They were— 3 runs of under 1 hour. 8 runs of 1 and under 1£ hours. 6 runs of 1J and under 2 hours. 9 runs of 2 and under 2\ hours. 3 runs of 2J and under 3 hours. 3 runs of 3 and under 3£ hours. 4 runs of 3J and under 4 hours. 1 run of 4 and under 4J hours. 2 runs of 5 and under 5| hours. 3 runs of 6 and under 6£ hours. 1 run of 7 and under 7J hours. CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 149 INDIANAPOLIS, IND. The scheduled tripper and additional-service runs of the company for Monday to Friday, Saturday, and Sunday differ so much that figures are given for the several schedules. Owing to the wide variation in hours, the Saturday runs are given in 1 -hour groups to bring them within the bounds of the page. T able 1 3 .—A D D ITIO N AL-SER VICE AND TR IPPE R RUNS IN IN D IA N A PO LIS. M O N D A Y T O F R ID A Y . Number of runs, with hours on duty ofNumber of hours within which runs were completed. 2 4 5 1 3 6 Total. 5i 3*„ and and and and and and and and and and and and under under under under under under under under under under under under 2 3 7 4 5 6 2i 3J 4! 6h n 1 and under 1J........... 1J and under 2........... 2 and under 2\........... 2J and under 3....... 3 and under 3£........... 3J and under 4........... 4 and under 4J........... 6 and under 6|......... 12 and under 12|___ 12J and under 13....... 13 and under 13|....... 13J and under 14....... 14 and under 14J . 14J and under 15.. . 15 and under 15^....... 1 Total................. 1 5 3 13 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 2 4 1 1 3 13 13 2 3 1 1 5 6 10 2 5 1 5 3 1 10 1 1 2 1 5 3 13 U 1 1 1 2 6 12 12 2 2 1 73 SATURDAY. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours within which runs were completed. 9 11 8 10 7 2 4 5 6 1 3 and and and and and and and and and and and under under under under under under under under under under under 12 9 10 11 4 5 7 8 6 2 3 1 and under 2 __ 2 and under 3 __ 3 and under 4 4 and under 5 ........... 6 and under 7 ___ 11 and under 12 12 and under 13......... 13 and under 14 14 and under 15 15 and under 16 . 16 and under 17 5 Total................. 5 17 16 1 6 2 17 16 3 5 5 2 2 1 11 1 1 1 5 2 6 2 3 5 1 1 4 2 1 9 1 2 3 Total. 5 17 16 1 6 1 2 16 7 10 1 82 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 150 T a b le 13— ADDITIONAL-SERVICE AND TRIPPER RUNS IN INDIANAPOLIS—Concluded. SUNDAY. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours within which runs 3fcand 4£ and 5 and 6§ and 8 and 8£ and 9£ and lOJand 11 and 11J and were completed. under under under under under under under under under under 4 5 7 9 12 10 11 H H Hi 3i- and under 4........... 4J and under 5........... 5 and under 5 i .......... 6J and under 7........... 8^ and under 9........... 9^ and under 10......... 10J and under 11....... 12 and under 12J....... 13J and under 14....... 14 and under 14£....... 15 and under 15J....... 1 Total................. 1 Total. 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 14 1 KANSAS CITY, MO. The company had 68 additional-service and tripper runs scheduled for Monday to Saturday, and 16 for Sunday. The Monday to Satur day runs are here given. T able 1 4 .—AD DITION AL-SER VICE AND TRIPPER RUNS IN KAN SAS CITY. M ON DAY TO SATURDAY. Number of runs, with hours on duty ofNumber of hours within which runs were completed. 1 and under 1J 1J and under 2 2 and under 2|.......... 2^ and under 3. 3 and under 3J.......... 3£ and under 4.......... 5 and under 5^.......... 5J and under 6.......... 6 and under 6J.......... 10 and under 10^ 10^ and under 1 1 .... 11 and under 11| . . 11^ and under 12 12 and under 12J . . 12J and under 13 13 and under 13J .. . . 13i and under 1 4 .... 14land under 14J.. . . Total ............ 2 3 1 2K and and and and and and un un un un un un der der der der der der 2 4 3 2i 11 4 and un der 4* a and un der 5 5 and un der 5£ 5i and un der 6 6 and un der % and un der 7 7 and Total. un der 7* 1 1 1 3 4 5 11 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 5 7 3 4 6 6 5 68 3 4 5 11 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 4 6 12 7 8 8 1 2 2 4 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 Eleven of the 16 Sunday runs were straight and 5. were swing. The straight runs ranged from 3 and under 3^ to 12 and under 12^ hours and the swing runs ranged from and under 5 to 9^ and under 10 hours on duty, completed within 8 and under 8 J to 10 and under 1 0 £ hours. CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 151 LOS ANGELES, CAL. The company had separate schedules of additional rims for Monday to Friday, for Saturday, and for Sunday. The 47 Monday to Friday runs and the 37 Sunday runs, classified, were as follows: T able 1 5 .—AD DITION AL-SER VICE RUNS IN LOS A N G E LE S. M O N D A Y TO F R ID A Y . Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours within which runs were completed. 2 1 8 5 6 7 Total. and and and and and and and and and and and under under under under under under under under under under under 8 5 6 7 3 2* 7* 6* 5* 1* 8* 1 and under 1*.. .. 2 and under 2*........ 2* and under 3 ____ 11 and under 11* 11* and under 12 12 and under 12* 12* and under 13 13 and under 13* 13* and under 14 14 and under 14* 14* and under 15 15 and under 15* 15* and under 16 2 Total.............. 2 2 1 7 1 5 6 6 7 3 4 3 1 1 1 7 1 1 1 2 1 i 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 5 1 3 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 7 1 l 6 6 15 3 3 2 47 SUND AY. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours within which runs were completed. 5* and under 6 5* and under 6___ 7* and under 8___ 9* and under 10... 10 and under 10*.. 10* and under 11.. 11 and under 11*.. 11* and under 12.. 12 and under 12*.. 12* and under 13.. 13 and under 13*.. 13* and under 14.. 14 and under 14*.. 16 and under 16*.. Total........... 7 and under 7* 7* and under 8 9 and under 9* 9* and under 10 10 and under 10* 10* and under 11 11 and under Total. Hi 8 1 1 3 2 4 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 37 The 51 runs for Saturday were about the same as those for Monday to Friday, save 2 runs that had hours on duty of 9J and under 10 hours, 1 with outside time of 17^ and under 18 hours. 152 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN TH E UNITED STATES. LOWELL, MASS. The scheduled tripper runs for Monday to Friday were all straight runs. The 37 runs, Monday to Friday, classified, were: 1 run of under 1 hour. 9 runs of 1 and under hours. 16 runs of 1J and under 2 hours. 4 runs of 2 and under 2J hours. 4 runs of 2J and under 3 hours. 1 run of 3J and under 4 hours. 2 runs of 4 and under 4J hours. 2. On Saturday there were 75 scheduled tripper runs, all straight but The straight runs were: 2 runs of under 1 hour. 17 runs of 1 and under 1J hours. 21 runs of 1J and under 2 hours. 4 runs of 2 and under 2J hours. 5 runs of 2\ and under 3 hours. 1 run of 3 and under 3J hours. 2 runs of 3J and under 4 hours. 2 runs of 4 and under 4 J hours. 4 runs of 4J and under 5 hours. 1 run of 5 and under hours. 3 runs of 5J and under 6 hours. 4 runs of 6 and under 6J hours. 5 runs of 6J and under 7 hours. 2 runs of 7 and under 7% hours. The 2 Saturday swing runs were: 1 run of 7 and under 7\ hours, completed within 8 and under 8J hours. 1 run of 8 and under 8J hours, completed within 9 and under 9J hours. MEMPHIS, TENN. The company had 3 different schedules oi additional-service and tripper runs, Monday to Friday, Saturday, and Sunday. The runs for Monday to Friday, classified, were as follows: T able 1 6 .— A D D IT IO N A L -SE R V IC E A N D T R IP P E R RUNS IN MEMPHIS. M O N D A Y T O F R ID A Y . Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours within which runs were completed. and un der 2 2 and un der 2i and lan der 3 3 and un der 31 4 and un der 4* and un der 5 5 and un der 5h 5K and un der 6 % and un der 7 7 and un der 7h and un der and un der 8h To tal. 1| and under 2___ 2 and under 2\___ 2| and under 3___ 4 and under 4£— 4£ and under 5___ 12 and under 121.. 12J and under 13.. 13 and under 13£.. 13£and under 14.. 14 and under 14J.. 14£ and under 15.. 15 and under 15J.. 16 and under 16 2 Total.......... 25 1 2 4 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 5 1 153 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. Three of the 29 Saturday runs had a little longer hours on duty than any of the Monday to Friday runs, but the longest Saturday outside time was 15 and under 15f hours. Of the 14 Sunday runs one reached the limit of 1 2 and under 1 2 | hours completed within 13 and under 13^ hours. NEWARK, N. J. The company had 81 additional scheduled runs for Saturday and for Sunday. The Saturday runs are here given. 1 7 .—ADDITIONAL-SERVICE RUNS IN N E W A R K . T able SATURDAY. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours within which runs were completed. 9 10J 11 10 8 8i and and and and and and and and under under under under under under under under 9 10 * 11 10 8 8* 9J Hi 8 and under 8 i .......... 9i and under 1 0 ........ 1 0 and under 1 0 J___ 1 0 J and under 11 11 and under 1 1 J l l i and under 1 2 1 2 and under 1 2 i 12i and under 13 13 and under 13i___ 13j and under 14___ 14 and under 14£.. . . 14J and under 15___ 16 and under 16^___ 16i and under 17 Total............... Hi and under 12 12 and under 12i 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 5 3 «1 1 2 2 3 3 5 5 4 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 7 2 2 3 1 1 Q Q 8 4 i 2 8 24 Total. 2 1 11 9 3 1 13 1 1 2 2 1 i 1 24 8 5 2 1 7 6 2 3 6 81 The Newark Sunday runs averaged somewhat shorter as to hours on duty and an hour or more shorter as to outside time. NEW BEDFORD, MASS. New Bedford had scheduled tripper runs for Monday to Friday, for Saturday, and for Sunday. The longest of the 1 2 straight Mon day to Friday runs was 3\ and under 4 hours. The 1 2 Saturday runs all fell under the same group, except 3— 1 in the group 6 J and under 7 hours, 2 in the group 9 and under 9J hours; all 3 completed within 1 0 J and under 1 1 hours. The 6 Sunday runs were all straight runs under 3 hours. NEW YORK, N. Y. INTERBOROUGH RAPID TRANSIT CO. (ELEVATED LINES). For motormen there were but few regular tripper and additionalservice scheduled runs. The Monday to Friday runs of motormen were— 4 straight runs of 1 and under 1J hours. 13 straight runs of 1J and under 2 hours. STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 154 On Saturday there were— 1 straight run of 1 and under 1J hours. 6 straight runs of 1J and under 2 hours. 4 straight runs of 2 and under 2J hours. 2 straight runs of 2\ and under 3 hours. For conductors there were 6 additional-service runs on Saturday as follows: 1 run of 8J and under 9 hours completed within 8£ and under 9 hours. 3 runs of 8 and under 8J hours completed within 11J and under 12 hours. 1 run of 8J and under 9 hours completed within 12 and under 12J hours. 1 run of 9 and under 9£ hours completed within 12 and under 12J hours. For guards the additional-service runs on Saturday were as follows: T able 1 8 .—ADDITIONAL-SER VICE RUNS OF GUARDS ON IN T E R B O R O U G H R A P ID T R A N SIT CO.’S E L E V A T E D LINES IN N E W Y O R K . SATURDAY. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours within which runs were com pleted. 7£ and under 8 8 and under 8! ............................................................... 8J and under 9...................................................................... 9 and under 9|...................................................................... 9J and under 10 ............................................................. .. 10J and under 11.................................................................. 11 and under 11^ ............................................................. 11§ and under 12................................................................... 12 and under 12J ............................................................... 12i and under 13.................................................................. 13 and u nder 13i _............................................................. T o t a l____ 8 and under 8i 8i and under 9 9 and under 9* Total. 8 34 2 2 2 6 2 6 6 23 4 6 5 4 10 11 16 10 8 58 93 8 7 12 29 s 34 2 2 12 18 42 27 28 13 186 On Sunday the additional scheduled runs for guards were— 10 straight runs of 8 and under 8J hours. 6 straight runs of 8i and under 9 hours. 6 straight runs of 9 and under 9J hours. 2 straight runs of 9i and under 10 hours. There were also swing runs: 2 runs of and under 8 hours completed within 10 and under 10J hours. 2 runs of 8 and under 8J hours completed within 10 and under 10J hours. 4 runs of 9£ and under 10 hours completed within 11 and under 11J hours. INTERBOROUGH RAPID TRANSIT CO. (SUBWAY LINES). The regular tripper runs for motormen, Monday to Friday, were— 8 runs of 1 and under 1J hours. 7 runs of 1§ and under 2 hours. 3 runs of 2\ and under 3 hours. 1 run of 3 and under 3i hours. CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 155 On Saturday there were— 9 runs of 1 and under 1J hourj. 9 runs of 1J and under 2 hours. 1 run of 2\ and under 3 hours. For conductors the Monday to Friday regular tripper runs were— 5 runs of 1 and under 1J hours. 3 runs of 2J and under 3 hours. On Saturday the tripper runs for conductors were the same as for motormen. The Monday to Friday tripper runs for guards were— 67 runs 56 runs 14 runs 24 runs of of of of 1 and under 1J hours. 1J and under 2 hours. 2| and under 3 hours. 3J and under 4 hours. On Saturday there were— 23 runs of 64 runs of 12 runs of 3 runs of 33 runs of 1 and under 1J hours. 1J and under 2 hours. 2J and under 3 hours. 3 and under 3J hours. 3J and under 4 hours. On Sunday there were— 9 runs of 1 and under 1J hours. 37 runs of 1J and under 2 hours. 3 runs of 2 and under 2J hours. All of the above were straight runs. NEW YORK RAILWAYS CO. (SURFACE LIN ES). The few regular tripper runs Monday to Saturday were— 6 straight runs of 1| and under 2 hours. 2 straight runs of 2 and under 2\ hours. 5 straight runs of 2J and under 3 hours. On Sunday there were 40 additional-service runs as follows* T able 1 9 .—ADDITIONAL-SERVICE RUNS ON SURFACE LINES IN N E W Y O R K . SUND AY. Number of runs with hours on duty of— Number of hours within which runs were completed. 84 and under 9— 94 and under 10... 10 and under 104-. 1 04 and under 1 1 .. 11 and under 1 1 4 .. 114 and under 1 2 .. 1 2 and under 1 2 4 .. 124 and under 13.. 13 and under 134-. 134 and under 14.. Total......... 7 and under 7* 74 and under 8 and under 8J 84 and under 9 and under 94 94 and under 1 0 10 and under 104 10^ and under Total. 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 9 14 7 2 1 40 156 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. PHILADELPHIA, PA. SURFACE LINES. There were 278 Monday to Friday additional-service and tripper runs, all straight runs: 9 runs of under 1 hour. 67 runs of 1 and under 1J hours. 91 runs of 1J and under 2 hours. 36 runs of 2 and under 2J hours. 27 runs of 2\ and under 3 hours. 5 runs of 3 and under 3J hours. 4 runs of 3J and under 4 hours. 6 runs of 4 and under 4| hours. 3 runs of 4J and under 5 hours. 4 runs of 5 and under 5J hours. 3 runs of 5J and under 6 hours. 3 runs of 6 and under 6£ hours. 3 runs of 6J and under 7 hours. 5 runs of 7 and under 7J hours. 6 runs of 7J and under 8 hours. 3 runs of 8 and under 8J hours. 2 runs of 8^ and under 9 hours. 1 run of 9| and under 10 hours. On Saturday there were 261 tripper and additional-service runs, mostly straight runs but in part swing runs. The straight runs w ere— 2 runs of under 1 hour. 36 runs of 1 and under 1^ hours. 45 runs of 1| and under 2 hours. 41 runs of 2 and under 2\ hours. 27 runs of and under 3 hours. 12 runs of 3 and under 3^ hours. 7 runs of 3| and under 4 hours. 4 runs of 4 and under 4\ hours. 2 runs of 4| and under 5 hours. 4 runs of 5 and under 5§ hours. 2 runs of 5J and under 6 hours. 6 runs of 6 and under 6J hours. 13 runs of 6J and under 7 hours. 15 runs of 7 and under 7J hours. 4 runs of 7J and under 8 hours. 2 runs of 8 and under 8| hours. 4 runs of 8^ and under 9 hours. 9 runs of 9 and under 9J hours. 2 runs of 9| and under 10 hours. 6 runs of 10 and under 10J hours. 1 run of 10| and under 11 hours. 2 runs of 11 and under 11§ hours. 2 runs of 12 and under 12J hours. CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 157 The swing runs were—• 1 run of 8^ and under 9 hours completed within 11\ and under 12 hours. 1 run of 8J and under 9 hours completed within 12 and under 12£ hours. 1 run of 8J and under 9 hours completed within 13^ and under 14 hours. 1 run of 9 and under 9£ hours completed within 11^ and under 12 hours. 1 run of 9^ and under 10 hours completed within 11 and under 11^ hours. 1 run of 9J and under 10 hours completed within 12J and under 13 hours. 1 run of 9^ and under 10 hours completed within 13 and under 13J hours. 3 runs of 9J and under 10 hours completed within 13i and under 14 hours. 1 run of 10 and under 10J hours completed within 11 and under 11J hours. 1 run of 10 and under 10J hours completed within 12J and under 13 hours. 1 run of 10J and under 11 hours completed within 13 and under 13J hours. On Sunday there were 2 2 such runs. were— The straight Sunday runs 2 runs of 5 and under 5J hours. 1 run of 5J and under 6 hours. 3 runs of 7J and under 8 hours. 4 runs of 8 and under 8J hours. 1 ran of 8J and under 9 hours. 2 runs of 9J and under 10 hours. 6 runs of 10 and under 10J hours. The Sunday swing runs were— 1 run of 10 and under 10^- hours completed within 13 and under 13J hours. 2 runs of 10J and under 11 hours completed within 12J and under 13 hours. ELEVATED LINES. The company had but few tripper runs, all of which were straight runs. The Monday to Friday runs were— 3 runs of 1| and under 2 hours. 6 runs of 2 and under 2\ hours. 9 runs of 6 -and under 6^ hours. The Saturday runs were— 1 run under 1 hour. 7 runs of 1 and under 1J hours. 1 run of 1^ and under 2 hours. 1 run of 6J and under 7 hours. 8 runs of 7 and under *1 hours. \ PORTLAND, OREG. The Monday to Friday straight tripper runs were— 7 runs of 1 and under 1J hours. 8 runs of 1^ and under 2 hours. 16 runs of 2 and under 2J hours. 12 runs of 2\ and under 3 hours. 7 runs of 3 and under 3£ hours. 1 run of 4 and under 4^ hours. 1 run of 4£ and under 5 hours. 158 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. The Monday to Friday swing tripper runs were— 1 run of 3 and under 3J hours completed within 11 and under 11^ hours. 2 runs of 3J and under 4 hours completed within 11J and under 12 hours. 2 runs of 5 and under 5J hours completed within 12 and under 12J hours. 3 runs of 5 and under 5J hours completed within 12J and under 13 hours. 1 run of 5 and under 5J hours completed within 13 and under 13J hours. The Saturday straight tripper runs were— 7 runs of 1 and under 1£ hours. 12 runs of 1J and under 2 hours. 17 runs of 2 and under 2J hours. 12 runs of 2\ and under 3 hours. 7 runs of 3 and under 3£ hours. 1 run of 4 and under 4J hours. 1 run of 4£ and under 5 hours. 1 run of 6i and under 6 hours. Saturday swing tripper runs were— 2 runs of 5 and under 5J hours completed within 12J and under 13 hours. 1 run of 5£ and under 6 hours completed within 13J and under 14 hours. 2 runs of 6J and under 7 hours completed within 14 and under 14J hours. PROVIDENCE, R. I. The company had quite a large number of tripper and additionalservice runs. The number of tripper and additional-service runs on Saturday varied so widely that to bring them within the bounds of the page they are given in a 1 -hour classification. T able 2 0 .—TR IPPER AN D A D D IT IO N A L -SE R V IC E RUNS IN PR O VID EN CE. M O N D A Y T O F R ID A Y . Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours within which runs were completed. 1 2 3 2i Total. 4 6 5 Un and and and and and % and and and and and and der un un un un un under under and under under under under under der der der der der 1 7 4 6 5 5* 6J 4J 2 3 3* 2* li Under 1...................... 1 and under 1J.......... and under 2 .......... 2 and under 2J.......... 2£ and under 3 .......... 3§ and under 4 .......... 4 and under .......... 5 and under 5^__ -... 5J and under 6 .......... 6 and under 6J.......... 6-| and under 7.......... 7 and under 7|.......... 8 and under 8J.......... 8i and under 9 .......... 9 and under 9J 11 and under 11J. . . . 11§ and under 12 12 and under 12J__ 12J and under 1 3 .... 13 and under 13i . . . . 13J and under 14___ 14 and under 14J. . . . 6 Total................ 6 24 3 2 4 1 1 1 1 3 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 24 5 1 2 4 9 5 6 1 2 4 8 1 17 15 1 3 4 1 4 3 1 19 1 2 6 1 1 13 1 2 2 1 1 1 4 4 3 15 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 12 13 14 8 2 1 2 3 16 6 24 3 2 4 1 1 2 3 7 8 3 2 5 1 2 6 16 28 36 13 5 178 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. T able 159 3 0 .—TR IP P E R AND A D D IT IO N AL -SER VIC E RUNS IN PR O VID EN CE—Concluded. SATU R D AY. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— within w h i c h runs were com pleted. Un 1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and 5 and 6 and 7 and 8 and 9 and 10 and Total. der under under under under under under under under under under 4 2 8 1 3 5 6 9 11 7 10 Under 1.................... 1 and under 2 .......... 2 and under 3 .......... 3 and under 4 .......... 4 and under 5 .......... 5 and under 6 .......... 6 and under 7 .......... 7 and under 8 .......... 8 and under 9 .......... 9 and under 10........ 10 and under 11___ 11 and under 12___ 12 and under 13___ 13 and under 14 14 and under 15___ 15 and under 16___ 17 and under 18___ 18 and over.............. 3 Total.............. 3 31 1 12 1 4 2 * 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 7 4 1 2 1 2 1 6 5 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 io 3 5 2 1 5 2 1 1 1 3 5 2 1 1 1 1 34 23 20 19 22 11 10 11 2 7 1 2 2 3 6 1 1 3 31 13 1 1 3 13 17 g 1 3 11 36 14 7 1 2 1 166 SU N D A Y . I Number of hours within which runs were completed. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— 41 and under 5 5 and under 51 51 and under 6 6 and under 61 71 and under 8 8 and under 81 9 and under 91 91 and under 10 1 Total. 1 5 and under 5 i.......... 51 and under 6.......... 6 and under 61.......... 8 and under 8 f.......... 81 and under 9 .......... 9 ! and under 10........ 101 and under 11___ 11 and under 111___ 111 and under 1 2 .... 12 and under 121___ 1 Total................ 1 7 and under 71 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 3 15 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 160 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. ROCHESTER, N. Y. The scheduled additional-service and tripper runs for this company for Monday to Friday, and for Saturday, were as follows: T able 2 1 .—ADD ITIONAL-SER VICE AND TRIPPER RUNS IN RO CH ESTER. M O N D A Y T O F R ID A Y . Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours 1 5 3 4 6 2 7 5i w i t h i n which % and runs were com Un un and and and and and and and and and and and and and To der' un un un un un un un un un un un un un tal. pleted. 1 der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 5 6 2 4 7 3 8 14 44 54 64 24 34 74 Under 1..................... 1 and under 1 4 ........ 14 and under 2 ........ 2 and under 2 4 ........ 2 4 and under 3 ........ 5 and under 5J........ 6 and under 6 4 ........ 7 4 and under 8 ........ 8 and under 8 4 ........ 10| and under 11 11 and under 11^ 1 14 and under 12 12 and under 1 24 124 and under 13 13 and under 134 13§ and under 14 14 and under 144 1 4 4 and under 15 15 and under 15* 154 and under 16 6 Total.............. 6 6 7 ......I ..... 7 9 3 1 9 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 6 3 1 1 i 1 8 3 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 7 12 14 6 1 2 5 13 7 2 1 2 5 8 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 5 3 6 7 20 6 7 12 5 8 1 1 1 2 4 8 107 SATURDAY. Number of runs, with hours on duty of Number of hours 2 1 w ith in w h ich and and and runs were com un un un pleted. der der der 14 2 24 Under 1..................... 1 and under 1 4 ......... and under 2......... 2 and under 2 4 ......... 2 4 and under 3......... 6 4 and under 7......... 7 and under 74......... 7 4 and under 8......... 8 and under 8 4 ........ 11 and under 1 1 4 ___ 114 and under 12 12 and under 1 2 4 ___ 1 2 4 and under 13 13 and under 134___ 134 and under 14 14 and under 144___ 144 and under 15 15 and under 154___ 1 54 and under 16 .. 4 un un un un un un un un un un un un un un tal. der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 9 34 4 44 5 54 6 64 7 74 8 94 10 1 04 5 11 5 11 U 11 14 Total............... 5 3 84 9 54, 6 34 %7 % and and and and and and and and and and and and and and To 9i 10 and un der 3 3 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 "i" 1 1 2 1 1 3 4 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 3 "’i‘ 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 i 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 i 1 1 1 1 1 17 1“ 3 I 5 2 15 i 9 5 7 3 7 6 5 5 1 6 6 1 Five runs under 1 hour on duty and 12 runs 1 and under 14 hours. The 4 tripper runs for Sunday were— 1 straight run of under 1 hour. 1 straight run of 1 and under 1J hours. 1 straight run of 1£ and under 2 hours. 1 swing run of 2\and under 3 hours completed within 4 and under 4J hours. 6 1 10 8 18 11 U 10 2 1 109 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAE CREWS. 161 SEATTLE, WASH. PUGET SOUND TRACTION, LIGHT & POWER CO. The straight tripper runs of this company, Monday to Friday, were— 23 runs of 1 and under 1J hours. 23 runs of 1£ and under 2 hours. 14 runs of 2 and under 2J hours. 12 runs of 2\ and under 3 hours. 4 runs of 3 and under 3J hours. 2 runs of 3J and under 4 hours. There were also 1 run of 4 and under 4J hours and 1 run of 4J and under 5 hours, both completed within 13 and under 13J hours. On Saturday there were 28 straight tripper runs, all save 1 falling within the limits of the Monday to Friday runs. On Sunday there were 4 straight tripper runs of 5 and under 5J hours. SPOKANE, WASH. th e W ashington w a te r pow er co. All tripper runs were straight. The Monday to Friday runs were— 1 run of 1 and under 1J hours. 5 runs of 1J and under 2 hours. 2 runs of 2 and under 2\ hours. 3 runs of 2\ and under 3 hours. 2 runs of 3 and under 3J hours. 2 runs of 3J and under 4 hours. The 14 Saturday runs all fell within the same limits. SPRINGFIELD, MASS. The Monday to Friday and Sunday additional-service and tripper runs are here shown. The 43 Saturday runs were so nearly like the Monday to Friday runs that they are not given. T able 2 2 .—AD D ITIO N AL-SER VICE AN D TR IP P E R RUNS IN SPRIN G FIELD . M O N D A Y T O F R ID A Y . Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours within which runs were completed. 8 and 9 and 2 and 2i Un 1 and and under and and 6 and and under and under and Total. under under under under under under under under der 1 2i 8* 9* 6i li 2 8 9 10 3 6 Under 1 ....................... 1 and under 1 4 ........... 1J and under 2........... 2 and under 2J........... 9 and under 9J........... 9^ and under 10......... 10J and under 11....... 11 and under 11J........ 11£ and under 12....... 12 and under 12J........ 8 Total................. 8 14 1 2 1 14 1 39749°— Bull. 204—17------ 11 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 5 1 2 1 2 2 3 4 8 1 1 8 * 14 1 2 1 1 2 5 5 a 1 45 162 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T a b l e 2 2 . — ADD ITIO N AL-SER VICE AN D TR IPPER RUNS IN S P R IN G F IE L D —Concluded. SUNDAY. Number of runs, with hours on duty ofNumber of h o u r s within which runs were completed. 54 6 and 8 and *** 9 and 9i Total. 2 and 2* land Un under and under and and under and under and under and under under under under under under der 1 8! 2! 6! 9! 1£ 9 10 2 3 6 8 Under 1 ....................... 1 and under 1 !........... 1! and under 2........... 2 and under 2 !........... 2^ and under 3 .. 5 ! and under 6........... 8 and under 8 !........... 9 and under 9J........... 9 ! and under 10......... 11 and under 11J ... . 11J and under 12....... 12 and under 12J....... Total................. 11 2 i 11 25 t > 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 2 58 11 25 5 3 i 1 1 3 1 5 25 3 1 5 1 i l l 1 SYRACUSE, N. Y. The company had such a variety of additional-service and tripper runs that the 3 schedules, Monday to Friday, Saturday, and Sun day, are here given. T able 2 3 .—ADD ITIO N AL-SER VICE AN D TR IP P E R RUNS IN SYRACU SE. M O N D A Y T O F R ID A Y . Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours within which runs were completed. 2 3 1 To ii 4 5 6 % and and and and and and and and and and and and and tal. un un un un un un under under under under under under under der der der der der der 5 6 7 8 6! 5! H 3 2 4 2! 3£ 1! 1 and under 1J........... 1 ! and under 2........... 2 and under 2 !........... 2! and under 3........... 3 and under 3 !........... 3J and under 4........... 4 and under 4 !........... 4i and under 5........... 5"and under 5 !........... 5J and under 6........... 6 and under 6 ! __ 8 ! and under 9........... 12 and under 12!__ . 12! and under 13....... 13 and under 13!....... 13! and under 14....... 14 and under 14!....... 1 Total................. 1 ' 1 ! 1 1 1 3 3 1 3 3 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 4 2 2 2 3 35 3 3 1 3 3 2 i 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 4 1 8 1 2 2 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. T able 163 2 3 .—A D D IT IO N A L -SE R V IC E AND T R IP P E R RUNS IN SYRACU SE—Concluded. SATU R D AY. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours 2 I 5 6 4 3 9 7 To within which runs and and and and and and and and and and and 2i % 3i % and and and and and tal. were completed. un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un un der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der der 1 0 61 7 7 1 II 2 21 3 3 1 4 41 5 5 1 91 1 and under 11___ 11 and under 2___ 2 and under 21___ 21 and under 3___ 3 and under 31___ 31 and under 4___ 4 and under 41___ 41 and under 5___ 5 and under 51___ 51 and under 6___ 6 and under 61___ 8 and under 81___ 81 and under 9___ 9 and under 91___ 10 and under 101. ■ 101 and under 11.. 11 and under 111.. I ll and unde 1 1 2 .. 12 and under 121.. 121 and under 13.. 13 and under 13|.. 131 and under 14.. Total. Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours within which rims were completed. 2 and un der 21 2 and under 2h........... 31 and under 4........... 41 and under 5........... 5 and under 51........... 51 and under 6........... 6 and under 61........... 71 and under 8........... 8 and under 81........... 9 and under 91........... 101 and under 11....... 11 and under 111....... 12 and under 121....... 121 and under 13....... 13 and under 131....... 13^ and under 14....... 14 and under 141....... 15 and under 151....... 1 Total................. 1 31 and un der 4 41 and un der 5 5 and un der 51 5*„ and un der 6 6 and un der 61 and un der 8 8 and un der 81- 8i and un der 9 9 and un der 91 9iA and un der 10 10 and Total. un der 101 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 i 1 l 1 4 3 2 1 9 7 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 6 1 3 2 3 2 33 164 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. TACOMA, WASH. There was so much variation in the additional-service and tripper runs that the 3 schedules are here given. T able 2 4 .—AD D ITIO N AL-SER VICE A N D TR IPPE R RUNS IN TACOMA. M O N D A Y T O F R ID A Y . Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours 2 4 3 3* i* within which runs and and and and and and were completed. un un un un un un der der der der der der 2 2* 4 4* 3 3* 8 7 7* 6 9 % and and and and and and un un un un un un der der der der der der 8 8* 9 9* 6* 7 * 9* and un der 10 10 and un der 10* 10* and un der 11 11 and un der lli Hi and un der 12 12 To and tal. un der 12* 1 1* and under 2......... 2 and under 2*......... 2* and under 3......... 3 and under 3*........ 6 and under 6*......... Total. . . 5 5 6 4 1 1 1 17 5 6 4 1 6 4 1 SATURDAY. i* and under 2......... | 6 2 and under 2*. 2* and under 3 3 and under 3 * ___ 3* and under 4......... 4 and under 4*......... 8* and under 9......... 9 and under 9*......... 9* and under 10....... 10 and under 10*.... 10* and under 11___ 13 and under 13*___ 13* and under 14___ 16 and under 16* 17 and under 17* 17* and under 18 Total............... 6 3 2 4 2 1 2 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 4 2 2 1 3 2 4 1 2 1 1 6 3 2 4 2 1 2 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 34 SUND AY. 7 and under 7*......... 7* and under 8......... 8 and under 8*......... 8* and under 9......... 9 and under 9*......... 10 and under 10*___ 12* and under 13___ 13* and under 1 4 .... Total............... 1 | 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 12 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 165 TOPEKA, KANS. The additional-service and tripper runs, Monday to Friday, Sat urday, and Sunday, are here given. Table 2 5 .—AD DITION AL-SER VICE AND TRIPPER RUNS IN TO P E K A . M O N D A Y T O F R ID A Y . Number of runs, with hours on duty of— Number of hours within which runs were completed. 2 and under 2^.......... 12 and under 12J 12^ and under 13 13 and under 13§ 14 and under 14J 4J and under 5 5J and under 6 6 and under 6* 7 and under n 9 and under 91 10 pnd lOJand under under 11' m 1 2 1 1 I 1 1 1 Total. 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 Total 4 and under 4£ 1 2 and under 2* 1 1 4 8 SATURDAY. 10 and under 12 and under 13 and under 14 and under 16 and under 1 10J 12^ 13§ 14J 16|___ 1 1 1 T o ta l.............. 4 i l 2 2 1 2 1 l 8 1 2 1 1 SUND AY. 6 and under 6|.......... 7^ and under 8 .......... 10J and under 11___ 11 and under 11| Total. ... 1 1 2 i 2 ******----- 1 2 2 1 i | ............. 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 j............. 1 7 SELECTION OF RUNS. Regular runs are chosen by the men in order of seniority of service, except in Memphis, Nashville, New York (Third Avenue Railway Co.), Norfolk, Richmond, St. Louis, San Antonio, Springfield, Ohio, and Wilmington, Del., where they are assigned by company officials. Information was obtained from a few companies as to the frequency of selection by the men. In such companies variations were found ranging from once in two weeks to once a year. Generally the selec tions were made two, three, or four times a year. DAYS ALLOWED OFF DUTY. In practically all cities men operating cars are, in practice, excused from duty upon request to a reasonable extent, and their runs given to extra men. In the following statement are shown the cities in which men were entitled to days off duty in accordance with an 166 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. established rule, regulation, or agreement, and the number of days off duty: Boston (surface lines), Buffalo, Oakland, San Francisco (early regulars, C. S. C. R. R. Co.)................................................................ 1 day a week. Reading............................................................ 1 day a week (compulsory). Denver and Washington (W. R. & E. Co.). .1 day in 8. San Francisco (M. R ys.)................................. 1 day in 9. Davenport, Wichita, and Boston (elevated lines).............................................................1 day in 15. Milwaukee and Washington (C. T. Co.)........2 days per month. Springfield, Mass..............................................3 days per month. Wilmington, Del. (P. Ry. Co.)...................... 4 days per month (compulsory). Wilmington, Del. (W. & P. T. Co.)...............4 days per month. Indianapolis..................................................... 1 Sunday per month. Cleveland..........................................................2 Sundays per month. New York (N. Y. Rys. Co.)........................... Every third Sunday. Toledo............................................................... 2 weeks each year, with pay, after 1 year’s service. OVERTIME ALLOWED UPON EMPLOYEES’ REQUEST. Men having regular runs are allowed to work overtime upon request in most cities, usually, however, only after the extra men have been provided with work. Time limits to which such work must be con fined have been made in some cities, as follows: Charleston........................................................ 2 hours in excess of regular run. Manchester....................................................... 3 hours in excess of regular run. Altoona............................................................. 6 hours in excess of regular run. Scranton........................................................... 8 hours in excess of regular run. San Francisco (U. R. R. C o.)........................ 10 hours, including regular run. Detroit, Indianapolis, New York (B. R. T. Co.), Seattle (P. S. T. L. & P. Co.), Washington (C. T. Co. and W. R. & E. Co.), and Wheeling..................................... 16 hours, including regular run. New York (N. Y. & Q. Co. Ry. Co.) and Seattle (S. R. & S. Ry. Co.)...................... 18 hours, including regular run. Employees having regular runs are not allowed to work overtime upon request in Birmingham, Milwaukee, New York (Third Avenue Ry. Co.), Reading, and Seattle (M. R. Co.), while in Denver, Minne apolis and St. Paul, and Mobile they may work overtime only under exceptional conditions or emergencies. “ If needed” regulars are allowed to work overtime in Chicago (surface lines), Cincinnati, Davenport, Los Angeles, and Newark. HOURS WORKED OR PAID FOR EACH DAY FOR ONE WEEK. General Table B (p. 486) relates to the scheduled hours of men on regular runs, and on pages 138 to 165 figures are given as to additional scheduled service. General Table C (p. 609), next con sidered, shows the time actually worked each day for one represent ative week, as nearly as it could be determined from the records CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 167 consulted. In other words, one set of figures relates to scheduled (time-table) time, while the other relates to time made. Table C makes distinction, whenever the records permit, between men who worked during a day at their regular occupation exclu sively and men who worked at their regular occupation and also did additional work in some other occupation, the purpose being to show the conditions of the occupation as unmixed with any other work. Each day has been considered separately, as a man may be in one class one day and in the other class on another day. Whenever possible the time actually worked is given, but some companies pay in approximate units of time and their records are kept accordingly. The records of such companies thus show the time credited rather than the time actually worked. As the source of the information was the company records, it was necessary to accept such figures as were available. Notes for each company explain the character of the time tabulated. The table presents separate figures for regular men and for extra men. Because of the many variations in the length of time made, a classification was necessary in this table, as well as in other tables. For regular men all time under 6 hours is combined in one group. From 6 to 8 hours a day the grouping is made in half-hour periods; from 8 to 1 2 hours a day, where most of the employees fall, the grouping is by quarterhour periods; and from 1 2 hours up the grouping is by half-hour periods. For extra men the time is classified entirely by half-hour periods. For certain companies two or more sets of figures are given. Thus for the Boston surface lines there are five presentations: (а) Paid time for men on all divisions including those who also did more or less work in some other occupation. (б) Paid time for men on division 2 , including those who also did more or less work in some other occupation. (c) Actual time for men on division 2 , including those who also did more or less work in some other occupation. (d) Actual time for men on division 2 who did no work other than in their regular occupation. (e) Actual time for men on division 2 who did work in addition to their regular occupation. It was possible to get actual time for all divisions, but the task of working it out from the voluminous records was so great as to make it impracticable, if not prohibitive. Actual time was compiled for division 2 only, which is considered representative of the company as a whole. The number of men included who did other work in addition to their regular occupation was comparatively small. As a partial analysis of Table C, Table 26 has been prepared there from, showing the per cent of regular and extra motormen whose time, actual or paid, on the. Wednesday of the week studied, was cer 168 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. tain specified hours or less. In other words, the table is one of cumu lative percentages of men by time made during the day. Wednesday was selected as representing ordinary week-day conditions. A like analysis can be made if desired for the other days of the week covered. The classification is by 1 -hour periods for regular motormen, and for 2 -hour periods for extra motormen. The time made by nearly all regular men fell between 6 and 1 2 hours. As many extra men made but short time on this day, the classification for such extra men be gins with the group under 2 hours and continues by 2 -hour classifi cations. Reading the first line of Table 26 it is seen that in Altoona no regular motormen on the Wednesday considered made under 8 hours per day, 30 per cent of them, however, made under 9 hours per day, 72 per cent under 10 hours per day, 78 per cent under 1 1 hours per day, and 96 per cent under 1 2 hours per day. By deduction the remain ing 4 per cent of the men made 1 2 hours per day or over. The last column of the table shows that paid time was tabulated as recorded by the company to the nearest half hour. Reference is next made to the Boston surface lines. The first line covers the paid time of all regular motormen, including a small proportion who in addition to their regular work also did work in some other occupation. The time tabulated is the time credited to the next quarter hour. According to the figures, 5 per cent of the regular motormen were credited with under 6 hours on the day stated; 6 per cent under 7 hours, etc. The second line, covering division 2 only of the company, represents the paid time of regular motormen, including those who also did other work. The third line, covering division 2 only, represents the actual time, as distin guished from the paid time, and includes such men as did also other work. The fourth line represents actual time for division 2 of men who did no work outside of their regular occupation as motormen. A comparison of the second and third line reflects the difference be tween the paid time and the actual time of identical men. There was little difference in the figures for under 8 hours, but in the next col umn the figures differ radically, for while 32 per cent were paid for under 9 hours, 76 per cent actually worked under 9 hours. This difference is accounted for by pay being given for reporting time of 5 to 15 minutes, and by the number of regular runs falling a little under 9 hours that because of paying to the next quarter hour were paid for as 9 hours. Table C, page 626, shows but 8 regular motormen on these Boston surface lines who did work on this particular day in addition to their regular occupation— too few to warrant a place in this summary table. Their exclusion accounts for the slight differ ence between the third and fourth lines for this company in this table. The figures for these few men in Table C show a wide range in the hours actually worked. CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. T a b le 2 6 .— 169 PER CENT OF MOTORMEN W HO SE ACT U AL OR PAID TIME ON A R E PR E S EN T ATIVE W E D N E S D A Y W A S HOURS SPECIFIED OR LESS. MOTORMEN, REGULAR. Per cent of motormen whose actual or paid time on a representative Wednesday was— City. Un der 7 hrs. Un der 8 hrs. Altoona, Pa................................... Un der 9 hrs. Un der 10 hrs. Un der 11 hrs. 72 78 96 3 Augusta, Ga.................................. Time used in tabulation. Un der 12 hrs. 30 Un der 6 hrs. 3 4 5 15 45 84 2 4 2 4 2 4 25 4 80 26 92 52 98 2 3 4 6 Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co.— Surface lines— All divisions1......... 22 78 95 5 6 7 26 91 96 98 Division 2 1.............. Do.1.................. Do. 2 .................. Elevated lines............... Brockton, Mass............................ Buflalo, N. Y ............................ 5 6 5 4 6 4 6 6 5 5 10 4 7 7 6 7 11 5 32 76 77 82 44 15 96 97 99 100 94 53 99 99 99 100 100 96 99 100 100 100 100 99 Paid time. Paid to nearest i hour for regular runs, paid 2 hours for tripper runs of 1 ^ to 1£ hours. Paid time. Paid to near est 5 minutes. Actual time. Paid time. Paid to nearest 10 minutes. Actual time. Paid time. Paid 8J hours for runs of 8 to 8i hours, paid to next J hour for runs over 8J hours. Paid time includes 5 minutes reporting time, and 5 minutes allowed for making out.reports. Do. Actual time. Do. Do Do. Paid time. Paid to nearest 6 minutes. Paid time. Paid to nearest 5 minutes. Actual time. Paid time. Paid to nearest 5 minutes. Do. Butte, Mont.3............................... 1 2 2 11 93 93 93 Charleston, S. C............................ Charlotte, N. C............................. 5 5 7 9 48 12 96 19 98 56 98 Chattanooga, Tenn...................... Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Rail ways— All divisions1................. 4 9 11 24 58 81 89 2 3 4 6 6 93 94 South Side division2. .. D o .2.......................... Chicago Surface Lines......... Cincinnati, Ohio.......................... 4 7 (<) 3 6 g 1 3 6 15 4 4 9 38 28 13 9 68 77 42 93 94 99 67 94 95 100 86 Cleveland, Ohio............................ 5 6 7 23 61 99 100 7 5 9 5 10 16 15 21 21 21 47 42 95 68 Actual time. Paid time. Paid to nearest 5 minutes. 1 5 1 3 2 3 1 7 1 3 2 8 1 9 3 6 2 9 1 12 10 35 2 22 48 39 70 84 6 72 100 73 93 98 58 89 100 92 98 99 100 96 9 11 12 12 25 47 83 Do. Actual time, Do. Do. Do. Paid time. Paid to nearest I hour. Paid time. Paid to nearest 5 minutes. Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation. Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff division of Fort Worth lines. Davenport, Io w a ........................ Denver, Colo................................. Des Moines, Iowa........................ Detroit, Mich................................ Evansville, Ind............................ Grand Rapids, Mich................... Houston, Tex............................... Paid time. Paid 10 hours for runs under 10 hours, paid to next i hour for runs over 10 hours. Paid time includes reporting time of 8 to 30 minutes on straight runs and a maximum of 60 minutes on swing runs. Do. Actual time. Do. Paid time. Paid to nearest 6 minutes. Paid time. Paid to next 5 minutes. 1 Including those who also did other work. a Those who did no other work. 8 Motormen and conductors worked interchangeably. 4 Less than one-half of 1 per cent. 170 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. CENT OF MOTORMEN WHOSE ACTUAL OR PAID TIME ON A REPRE SENTATIVE WEDNESDAY WAS HOURS SPECIFIED OR LESS—Continued. T a b l e 2 6 .— P E R M O TO R M EN , R EGULAR— Continued. Per cent of motormen whose actual or paid time on a representative Wednesday was— Time used in tabulation. City. Un der 6 hrs. Un der 7 hrs. Un der 8 hrs. Un der 9 hrs. Un der 10 hrs. Un der 11 hrs. Un der 12 hrs. Indianapolis, Ind. Jacksonville, F la.. Kansas City, Mo. - 4 3 3 4 5 3 6 5 3 11 10 5 32 10 23 90 37 67 99 90 96 Lincoln, Nebr___ Little Rock, Ark. Los Angeles, C al.. Louisville, K y .. . Lowell, Mass........ 6 6 2 2 5 6 6 3 3 8 6 15 5 3 11 6 15 7 10 45 7 21 31 25 100 9 26 94 70 100 59 98 99 93 100 Manchester, N .H . 32 32 34 68 100 100 100 Memphis, T enn... 5 7 10 19 40 81 95 Milwaukee, W i s ... Minneapolis and St. Minn. Mobile, A la............ 2 4 2 4 7 5 14 6 56 48 92 86 98 94 2 5 69 92 98 Nashville, Tenn....... Newark, N. J............ New Bedford, Mass. 3 3 21 3 3 23 3 i 6 ! 26 1 8 10 46 46 52 62 66 96 95 70 99 98 New Britain, Conn.. 18 18 23 J 23 32 100 100 5 5 1 6 ! 4 17 25 67 86 97 99 98 100 Paul, New Haven, Conn..................... New Orleans, La........................ . New York, N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. New York & Queens Coun ty Ry. Co. New York Rys. Co.— Horse-car lines2........... Storage-battery car lines All lines except horse and storage-battery car lines A ll lines except horse and storage-battery car lines and Fourth Ave. and Ninth Ave. divisions.3 Do.3........................... Do.4........................... D 0.4................... Third Avenue Ry. Co.The Bronx.............. Manhattan............... 0) Paid time. Paid to nearest 6 minutes. Actual time. Do. Paid time. Paid to next 5 minutes. Paid time. Paid to nearest | hour. Do. Actual time. 2 2 2 3. 58 95 99 Do. 7 8 9 25 51 88 99 Do. 20 6 5 20 8 6 29 16 8 37 22 21 49 45 34 97 96 95 100 100 99 4 5 7 20 34 94 99 8 3 11 4 17 6 22 18 61 33 94 94 99 99 7 10 16 21 60 94 99 6 2 8 3 13 4 27 11 55 32 84 82 92 99 i Less than one-half of 1 per cent. * Drivers. Actual time. Do. Paid time. Paid to nearest 6 minutes. Actual time. Do. Do. Do. Paid time. Paid to next i hour. Paid time. Paid to near est J hour. Paid time. Paid to nearest 5 minutes. Do. Actual time. Do. Do. Paid time. Paid 8 hours for runs under 8 hours, paid 9 hours for runs over 8 and under 9, paid 10 hours for runs over 9 and under 10, paid to nearest 6 minutes for runs over 10 hours. Do. Actual time. Paid time. Paid 8 hours for runs under 8 hours, paid 9 hours for runs over 8 and under 9, paid 10 hours for runs over 9 and under 10, paid to nearest 6 minutes for runs over 10 hours. Actual time. Do. Do. 3 Including those who also did other work. * Those who did no other work. CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 171 PER CENT OF M OTORMEN W HOSE ACTUAL OR PAID TIME ON A R E P R E SEN TATIVE W E D N E S D A Y W AS HOURS SPECIFIED OR LESS—Continued. T a b le 2 6 .— M O TO R M EN , REGULAR—Continued. Per cent of motormen whose actual or paid time on a representative Wednesday was— Time used in tabulation. City. Un der 6 hrs. New York, N. Y .—Concluded. Interborough Rapid Tran sit Cov Elevated lines— AH lines 1__ Second and Third Avenue lines.1 Do.2.................... Do.2 ................... Un der 7 hrs. Un der 8 hrs. Un der 9 hrs. Un der 10 hrs. Un der 11 hrs. Un der 12 hrs. 1 1 1 1 1 100 100 1 1 1 1 1 J00 100 2 3 15 50 100 100 100 100 100 D o .2................... Subway lines.................. Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)— All divisions1................. 1 2 2 3 12 13 47 62 100 98 100 99 100 99 2 2 3 3 3 84 94 Brighton-Culver and Bay Ridge-West End divisions.1 Do.1............................ Do.2............................ 1 1 1 1 1 91 97 1 1 1 1 2 1 23 1 91 1 99 91 100 98 ........................... Do.1 Norfolk, V a ................................... Oakland, Cal................................. Oklahoma City, Okla................. Omaha, Nebr................................ Peoria, 111....................................... Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Tran sit C o .Elevated lines................ 1 9 1 5 3 2 1 11 1 7 3 2 2 11 1 7 3 2 23 11 6 9 5 7 91 16 75 67 39 97 100 39 97 93 94 99 100 84 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 Surface lines................... Pittsburgh, Pa.............................. Portland, Me................................. Portland, Oreg.............................. 1 I 3 1 2 5 4 96 93 98 86 98 98 100 97 8 13 15 36 47 11 35 72 74 92 32 Providence, R. I .......................... 1 1 5 15 | 5 J 21 | 1 74 93 97 1 Including those who also did other work. Paid time. Paid 10 hours for runs under 10 hours. Paid time includes re porting time of from 10 to 30 minutes per day. Do. Actual time. Paid time. Paid 10 hours for runs under 10 hours. Paid time includes re porting time of from 10 to 30 minutes per day. Actual time. Do. Paid time. Paid 10 hours for runs under 10 hours. Paid time includes 10 m in u t e s r e p o r t i n g time and 30 to 40 min utes for meals. Do. Actual time. Paid time. Paid 10 hours for runs under 10 hours. Paid time includes 10 m in u te s r e p o r t in g time and 30 to 40 min utes for meals. Actual time. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Paid time. Paid to near est 6 minutes. Do. Actual time. Do. Paid time. Paid to near est 5 minutes. Paid time. Paid 8 hours for runs under 8 hours, and to next quarter hour for runs over 8 hours. Paid 50 cents for tripper runs under 2 hours, $1 for tripper runs of 2 and under 4 hours, 5J hours for tripper runs of 4 and under 5 hours, and 7 hours for tripper runs of 5 and under 7 hours. 2 Those who did no other work. 172 T a b le STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 26.—PER CENT OF MOTORMEN WHOSE ACTUAL OR PAID TIME ON A REPRE SENTATIVE WEDNESDAY WAS HOURS SPECIFIED OR LESS—Continued. M O TO R M E N , R EGULAR— Concluded. Per cent of motormen whose actual or paid time on a representative Wednesday was— City. Un der 6 hrs. Un der 7 hrs. Un der hrs. Un der 9 hrs. Time used in tabulation. Un der Un der Un der hrs. hrs. hrs. 100 15 100 17 10 68 1 2 Pueblo, Colo. Reading, P a .. 1 1 1 2 Actual time. Paid time. Paid to near est £ hour. Paid time. Paid to near est 5 minutes. Do. Actual time. Do. Do. Do. Do. Richmond, V a. 18 67 97 Rochester, N . Y ........................... Sacramento, Cal............................ Saginaw, Mich.............................. St. Louis, Mo................................ Salt Lake City, Utah.................. San Antonio, Tex........................ San Francisco, Cal.: Municipal Railways of San Francisco. United Railroads of San Francisco. Savannah, Ga............................... Scranton, Pa................................. Seattle, Wash.: Seattle Municipal Street Ry. Co. Seattle, Renton & South ern R y. Co. Sioux City, Iowa.......................... 91 98 15 1 2 100 100 94 95 100 100 100 99 99 99 100 100 100 27 91 14 13 2 1 68 29 100 72 100 Do. Do. 100 100 100 100 Do. 31 65 100 100 13 25 42 62 13 24 47 4 57 8 6 4 52 94 6 29 2 78 94 96 92 South Bend, Ind. Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R. R. Co. The Washington Water Power Co. Springfield, 111.............................. Springfield, Mass........................ Springfield, Ohio......... ............. Superior, W is. Syracuse, N . Y ., Tacoma, W ash.. Toledo, Ohio___ Topeka, Kans........................ Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co____ Washington Railway Electric Co. Wheeling, W .V a .................. Wichita, Kans....................... Wilmington, Del.: People’s R y. Co............. Wilmington & Philadel phia Traction Co. 82 95 57 8 6 60 4 13 12 Do. Do. Paid time. Paid to near est 5 minutes. Paid time. Paid to next 5 minutes. Actual time. Do. 100 99 100 85 3 14 Do. 96 1 2 61 Do. Do. Paid time. Paid to near est 5 minutes. Paid time. Paid to near est 6 minutes. Actual time. Do. Paid time. Paid to near est J hour. Do. Actual time. Do. 19 100 29 100 67 Do. Do. Paid time. Paid to near est I hour. Do. CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. T a b le 173 26.—PER CENT OF MOTORMEN WHOSE ACTUAL OR PAID TIME ON A REPRE SENTATIVE WEDNESDAY WAS HOURS SPECIFIED OR LESS—Continued. M OTORM EN: EXTR A. Per cent of motormen whose actual or paid time on a representative Wednesday was— Time used in tabulation. City. Altoona, Pa................................ Un der Un der Un der hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. 19 94 100 15 2 hrs. Un der 4 hrs. Un der 19 Un der 81 49 92 Atlanta, Ga................................ 10 1 2 Augusta, Ga............................... Binghamton, N. Y ................... Birmingham, Ala...................... Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co. Surface lines— A ll divisions1.......... 30 97 59 Paid time. Paid 8§ hours for runs of 8 to 8£ hours; paid to next i hour for runs over hours. Includes 5 minutes reporting time, and 5 minutes allowed for making out reports. 97 99 96 28 Actual time. Do. Actual time and 2, 4, or 6 min utes reporting time. Actual time and 5 minutes re portingtime. Paid time. Paid to nearest 6 minutes. Paid time. Paid to nearest 5 minutes. Actual time. Paid time. Includes 10,15, or 20 minutes reporting time and 10 min.utes allowed for making out reports. Paid to nearest 5 minutes. Paid time. Paid to nearest 5 minutes. Do. Division 2 *... Do.1......... Do.2........ Elevated lines. Brockton, Mass.. 100 Buffalo, N. Y — 96 Butte, Mont.3.. .. 100 Charleston, S. C . Charlotte,N. C .. Chattanooga, Tenn................. 17 19 52 83 60 57 Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways— All divisions1............ 76 19 South Side division *. Do.2........................ Chicago Surface Lines., 43 100 13 (4 ) (4 ) Cincinnati, Ohio. 5 13 100 31 53 13 Cleveland, O hio.. 33 Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation. Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff division of Fort Worth lines. Davenport, Iowa............. •........... 22 1 Including those who also did other work. 2 Those who did no other work. Paid time. Paid to nearest £ hour for regular runs; paid 2 hours for tripper runs of 1X to V 11 hours. Paid time. Paid to nearest 5 minutes. Actual time. Paid time. Paid to nearest 10 minutes. Actual time. 92 85 Paid time. Paid 10 hours for runs under 10 hours; paid to next i hour for runs over 10 hours. Includes reporting time of 8 to 30 minutes on straight runs and a maximum of 60 minutes on swing runs. Do. Actual time and reporting time of 8 to 30 minutes on straight runs and a maximum of 60 minutes on swing runs. Actual time and 10 to 30 minutes reporting time, 5 minutes allowed for making out reports, and 15 to 50 minutes for meals on 61 per cent of runs. Paid time. Paid to nearest 6 minutes. Paid time. Paid to next 5 min utes. Actual time. Paid time. Paid to nearest 5 minutes. Do. 3 Motormen and conductors worked interchangeably. 4 Less than one-half of 1 per cent. 174 T a b le STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 26.—PER CENT OF MOTORMEN WHOSE ACTUAL OR PAID TIME ON A REPRE SENTATIVE WEDNESDAY WAS HOURS SPECIFIED OR LESS—Continued. M O TO R M EN , E X T R A — Continued. Per cent of motormen whose actual or paid time on a representative Wednesday was— Time used in tabulation. City. Un der 2 hrs. Un der 4 hrs. Denver, Colo.......... Un der Un der Un der Un der hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. 10 1 2 84 28 94 Des Moines, Iowa.. 97 Detroit, Mich......... 100 Evansville, Ind......... . Grand Rapids, Mich.. 93 Houston, T ex------ 80 Indianapolis, Ind. 95 Jacksonville, Fla. 84 Kansas City, Mo.. 78 Lincoln, Nebr----Little Rock, Ark Los Angeles, Cal.. Louisville, K y ....... Lowell, Mass.......... Manchester, N .H . 100 95 Memphis, Tenn. 50 Milwaukee, W is............................ Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn. Mobile, Ala..................................... 99 100 Nashville, Tenn-----Newark, N . J........... . New Bedford, Mass. 10 New Britain, Conn. New Haven, Conn........................ New Orleans, L a.......................... New York, N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. New York & Queens County Ry. Co. New York Rys. Co.— Horse-car lines 1 ............ Storage-battery car lines All except horse and storage - battery car „ lines.2 91 100 Do. 52 46 2 9 17 28 57 2 Including those who also did other work. Do. Do. Paid time. Paid 8 hours for runs under 8 hours, paid 9 hours for runs over 8 and under 9, paid 10 hours for runs over 9 ana under 10; paid to the nearest 6 minutes for runs over 10 hours. Do. 99 yy 98 Do.3................... . Do.3............................ Do. 100 100 100 All except horse and storage-battery car lines and Fourth Ave nue and Ninth Ave nue divisions.2 D 0 .2 ............................ i Drivers. Actual time and 10 minutes al lowed for making out reports. Actual time and 5 minutes re porting time. Actual time and 10 minutes re porting time. Actual time. Paid time. Paid to nearest £ hour. Paid time. Paid to nearest 5 minutes. Actual time and 20 to 30 min utes for meals on 40 per cent of regular runs. Actual time and 10 minutes re porting time. Paid time. Includes 12 minutes allowed for making out reports. Paid to nearest 6 minutes. Actual time. Do. Actual time and 5 minutes al lowed for making out reports. Actual time. Paid time. Paid to next J hour. Paid time. Includes 10 minutes reporting time. P a i d to nearest i hour. Paid time. Paid to nearest 5 minutes. Do. Actual time. Paid time. Paid to nearest 6 minutes. Actual time. Do. Paid time. Includes 5 to 20 m in u te s reporting time. Paid to next 5 minutes. Paid time. Paid to nearest, i hour. Do. Actual time. Actual time. Paid time. Paid 8 hours for runs under 8 hours, paid 9 hours for runs over 8 and under 9, paid 10 hours for runs over 9 and under 10; paid to the nearest 6 min utes for runs over 10 hours. Actual time. a Those who did no other work. CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. TABLE 175 2 6 .—PER CENT OF MOTORMEN W H O SE ACTU AL OR P AID TIM E ON A R EP R E S EN T ATIVE W E D N E S D A Y W A S H OURS SPECIFIED OR LESS—Continued. M O TO R M E N : E X T R A —Continued. Per cent of motormen whose actual or paid time on a representative Wednesday was— City. New York. N. Y .—Concluded. Third Avenue Ry. Co.— The Bronx...................... Manhattan ___ _____ Interborough Rapid Transit C o .Elevated lines— .................. All lines 1 Un der 4 hrs. Un der 6 hrs. Un der 8 hrs. Un der 10 hrs. Un der 12 hrs. 3 1 20 3 42 4 59 11 82 46 97 100 4 23 26 38 94 Second and Third Avenue lines.1 Do.1.................... Subway lines................... Time used in tabulation. Un der 2 hrs. 8 Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)— All divisions 1................. 28 44 88 24 44 84 100 33 47 73 87 100 18 7 20 16 24 35 50 85 Brighton-Culver a n d Bay Ridge-W est End divisions.1 Do.1............................ 17 22 30 48 83 26 48 57 74 87 Do. 2 .......................... 17 22 30 48 83 Do.2............................ 26 48 57 74 87 Norfolk, V a.................................... Oakland, Cal.................................. Oklahoma City, Okla................... 4 8 3 25 3 25 29 5 25 33 72 63 83 100 100 Omaha, Nebr................................. Peoria, 111.3..................................... Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit C o .Elevated lines................. 14 36 19 44 27 47 40 69 61 97 79 14 14 14 29 100 100 Surface lines.................... Pittsburgh, Pa.............................. Portland, Me................................. 5 7 15 21 8 21 33 8 24 36 31 77 73 77 98 94 100 Portland, Oreg.............................. 1 9 21 29 47 93 Providence, R. I ........................... 0) 12 27 62 81 94 Actual time. Do. Paid time. Paid 10 hours for runs under 10 hours. Includes 10 to 30 minutes reporting time. Do. Actual time and 10 to 30 minutes reporting time. Actual time and 10 to 20 minutes reporting time. Paid time. Paid 10 hours for runs under 10 hours. Includes 10 minutes reporting time and 30 to 40 minutes allowed for meals. Do. Actual time and 10 minutes re porting time, and 30 to 40 min utes allowed for meals. Paid time. Paid 10 hours for runs under 10 hours. Includes 10 minutes reporting time and 30 to 40 minutes allowed for meals. Actual time, and 10 minutes re porting time and 30 to 40 min utes allowed for meals. Actual time. Do. Actual time and 10 minutes re porting time. Actual time. Do. Paid time. Paid to nearest 6 minutes. Do. Actual time. Actual time and 20 minutes re porting time on 8 runs and 10 minutes reporting time on all other runs. Paid time. Includes 5 minutes reporting time; paid to nearest 5 minutes. Paid time. Paid 8 hours for runs under 8 hours and to next quarter hour for runs over 8 hours. Paid 50 cents for trip per runs under 2 hours, $1 for tripper runs of 2 and under 4 hours, 54 hours for tripper runs of 4 ana under 5 hours, and 7 hours for tripper rnns of 5 and under 7 hours. 1 Including those who also did other work. 2 Those who did no other work. « Extra men worked interchangeably as motormen and conductors. * Less than one-half of 1 per cent. 176 T able STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 2 6 .—PER CENT OF M OTORMEN W H O SE ACTUAL OR PAID TIME ON A R E P R E SE N T A T IV E W E D N E S D A Y W A S HOURS SPECIFIED OR LESS-Concluded. M O T O R M E N : E X T R A —Concluded. Per cent of motormen whose actual or paid time on a representative Wednesday was— City Un der 2 hrs. Un der 4 hrs. Un der 6 hrs. Un der 8 hrs. Un der 10 hrs. Un der 12 hrs. 2 16 25 32 78 45 100 57 3 3 3 3 7 93 13 37 54 72 93 99 Sacramento, Cal............................ 18 27 64 64 100 100 St Louis, Mo................................. 10 13 7 19 40 7 25 60 36 30 60 50 39 80 100 100 100 4 16 24 52 64 5 16 21 100 100 9 18 19 26 99 4 12 20 30 76 70 88 33 33 33 11 44 9 9 9 55 24 47 59 82 100 19 23 31 54 81 27 27 87 93 31 10 56 20 93 50 96 100 Richmond, V a.............................. San Antonio, Tex......................... San Francisco, Cal.: Municipal Railways of San Francisco. United Railroads of San Francisco. 3 Savannah, Ga................................ Scranton, Pa.................................. Seattle, Wash.: Seattle Municipal Street Ry 100 Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. Co. Sioux City, Iowa.......................... South Bend, Ind.......................... Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R. R. Co. The Washington Water Power Co. Springfield, 111............................... 12 100 50 100 Time used in tabulation. Actual time. Paid time. Paid to nearest J hour. Paid time. Paid to nearest 5 minutes. Paid time. Includes 5 minutes reporting time; paid to nearest 5 minutes. Actual time and 10 minutes for pulling cars out of barn and 5 minutes for pulling cars into barn. Actual time. Do. Actual time and 10 minutes reporting time. Actual time. Actual time and 5 minutes for pulling cars out of barn and 2 minutes for pulling cars into barn. Actual time and 5 minutes for pulling cars out of barn and 2, 3 ,3J, 4, or 4| minutes for pulling cars into barn. Actual time. Do. Paid time. Paid to nearest i hour. Actual time. Paid time. Paid to nearest 5 minutes. Paid time. Includes 30 minutes allowed for meals on 20 per cent of runs. Paid to next 5 min utes. Actual time. Do. 4 10 13 10 14 14 14 29 86 Syracuse, N. Y .............................. 16 42 54 64 91 99 Tacoma, Wash.............................. Toledo, Ohio.................................. 4 4 13 15 26 21 35 37 57 61 87 89 6 25 38 38 50 Actual time and 10 minutes re porting time and 5 minutes for making reports. Actual time. Paid time. Paid to nearest 5 minutes. Paid time. Paid to nearest 6 minutes. Actual time and 5 minutes re porting time. Actual time. Paid time. Paid to nearest i hour. Do. 15 5 25 . 17 25 38 25 39 67 49 98 96 Actual time. Do. 8 8 7 15 7 15 14 62 43 92 79 Do. Do. Paid time. hour. Do. Springfield, Mass........................ Springfield, Ohio.......................... Superior, W is................................ Topeka, Kans................................ Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co.............. Washington Railway & Electric Co. Wheeling, W . Va.......................... Wichita, Kans.............................. Wilmington, Del.: People’s Ry. Co..................... Wilmington & Philadelphia Traction Co. 25 33 33 33 33 58 11 37 68 79 84 84 Paid to nearest i CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 177 CALENDAR DAYS WORKED IN WHOLE OR IN PART AND ACTUAL EARNINGS FOR ONE WEEK. Street railway operation as an industry knows no rest day. The roads are in operation 7 days per week. Individual employees, how ever, do not all work every day, but are absent from duty more or less during the week from one cause or another. Occasionally a road makes provision for regular days off, but the general rule is that men are allowed time off from duty on request. In addition to time off for recreation, time is also lost to a greater or less extent because of sickness, personal affairs, etc. General Table D, pages 177-294, Chapter V III, shows the number of car-crew men, who in the selected week studied worked the whole or some part of one or all of the calendar days of the week, and in con nection therewith it also shows the classified earnings of the employees during the week. In the table a person is entered as at work on a day if he performs any work on that day; a day in this table, therefore, must not be taken as meaning a full day. As in other industries, men do not always work at their primary occupations all of the time, but occasionally are shifted to other kinds of work to meet condi tions. For example, a motorman or conductor may occasionally be assigned to act as a switchman, inspector, etc. Table D includes, or accounts for, all men engaged in the operation of cars in the week studied. The records of the several companies as to the the kind of work actually performed are incomplete. Some companies keep account of each kind of work done by each employee, but other companies shift men at times to other work without the change appearing on the pay roll, especially if the rate of pay remains the same. As far as possible a segregation was made in the table of the carcrew men who in the week did work exclusively at their regular occupation, and of men who worked at their regular occupation and some other occupation as well. In some instances the number that fell within the second group was so small as not to warrant tabulation. Notes, however, indicate the number within the group. The number of days worked, stated in the table, applies only to days on which work was done at the specified occupation. No consideration is taken in the table of days or parts of days employed at other work. In the statement of earnings, however, the figures include the pay for work at the regular occupation, and for all other work as well. In other words, the earnings are the total earnings of the employees, regardless of the occupation at which employed. For the men who worked at their regular occupation only there is a direct correlation of days on which work was done and earnings, but in the other group, those who 39749°— Bull. 204— 17------ 12 178 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. did other work as well, there is no correlation of days worked and earnings. A special condition appears in the figures for the Boston surface lines, page 874. A complete segregation for the company into two groups, those following their regular occupation only, and those who did other work also, was possible, but it was not done for the entire company because of the great amount of work involved. Such segre gation, however, was made for one of the divisions of the company, division 2 . There are, therefore, three sections of this table for the Boston surface lines: (а) A tabulation embracing all divisions and including all men, whether or not they did work at any other occupation. (б) A tabulation for division 2 only, of such men as did no other work. (c) A tabulation for division 2 only, of the few men who worked at their regular occupation and did work in some other occupation as well. A comparison of the second and third sections of this table for this company shows no material difference in the earnings, day by day, of the men in the two groups. As stated above, the days shown are the calendar days on which the man worked at his regular occupation only, while the earnings are those at the regular occupation and at all other work as well. When other work was done, therefore, the earnings bear no relation to the days on which the man worked at his regular occupation. Thus on page 877 a regular motorman worked but one day in the selected week at his regular occupation, yet earned $18 and under $19 in the week because of other work spread over several days. To bring out clearly the regularity with which men worked, a summary table (Table 27) drawn from Table D is here given, showing for each company the number of men who did work on each number of calendar days from 1 to 7, and percentages computed from such figures, showing the per cent who were employed 7 calendar days in the selected week, 6 days, and less than 6 days. A wide variation was found in the different companies in the proportion of motormen and conductors who worked 7 days per week, 6 days per week, etc. Read ing the first line of the table below, relating to Altoona, it is seen that 1 regular motorman worked the whole or a part of 1 day in the week studied, 1 man worked 2 days, 1 man 3 days, 4 men 4 days, 9 men 5 days, 23 men 6 days, and 34 men 7 days, making a total of 73 who worked during the week. Of the total 73, the 34 who worked 7 days constituted 47 per cent, the 23 who worked 6 days constituted 32 per cent, and the remaining men 2 2 per cent. The figures for the other companies can be read in like manner. CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 179 2 7 .—NU M BER A N D PER CENT OF CAR-CREW M EN W H O W O R K E D A T T H E IR R EG U LAR OCCUPATION EACH SPECIFIED NU M BER OF D A Y S OR P AR T D A Y S IN ONE W E E K . Table M O T O R M E N : R EGULAR. Per cent who worked on— Number who worked on— City. 1 day. Altoona, Pa....................................... Atlanta, Ga. . . . . . . , Augusta, Ga....................................... Bingham tort, N, Y ............................ Birniinghfl.mj A la ......................... . Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co.— Surface lines — all divi sions 1................................ Surface lines—division 2 2. Surface lines—division 2 3. Elevated lines2................... Elevated lines3 ................... Brockton, Mass.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Buffalo, N. Y .: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Butte, Mont.4................................... Charleston, S. C ................................ Charlotte, N . C ................................. Chattanooga, Tenn.......................... Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways— Those who did no other work................................. Those who also did other work.................................. Chicago Surface Lines............. Cincinnati, Ohio............................... Cleveland, Ohio: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation... Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff division of Fort Worth lines............................. Davenport, Iowa.............................. Denver, Colo..................................... Des Moines, Iowa............................. Detroit, Mich.................................... Evansville, Ind................................. Grand Rapids, Mich........................ Houston, Tex.................................... Indianapolis, Ind.............................. Jacksonville, Fla.............................. Kansas City, Mo.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Lincoln, Nebr................................... Little Rock, Ark.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Los Angeles, Cal............................... Louisville, K y ................................... Lowell, Mass.: Those who did no other work Those who also did other work Manchester, N. H ............................. Memphis, Tenn.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. 4 5 2 3 6 7 days. days. days. days. days. days. 1 4 1 3 1 9 4 21 3 4 1 4 1 2 5 6 2 8 3 10 3 38 3 Less 7 6 than days days 6 in in days week. week. in week. 3 4 1 2 1 1 1 34 88 13 32 123 73 315 25 61 188 47 28 52 52 65 32 41 32 28 21 22 31 16 20 13 104 10 2 1 2 547 66 8 7 1 769 1,478 76 161 6 17 40 49 4 9 52 47 35 82 44 37 41 47 14 11 11 12 18 4 44 1 2 16 7 46 5 64 15 72 33 25 47 3 20 11 2 4 3 6 2 1 23 128 8 17 40 1 1 1 9 62 4 2 9 1 1 1 33 1 9 2 4 7 180 16 22 11 9 16 270 28 65 30 34 57 507 49 100 43 52 84 53 57 65 70 65 68 36 33 22 26 17 19 11 10 13 5 17 13 23 138 161 338 48 41 12 3 7 13 464 1,088 1,502 3,367 60 190 605 318 54 45 53 23 32 31 23 23 16 4 3 8 24 6 40 7 2 78 5 1 171 19 4 6 16 1 35 1 75 6 272 30 322 41 730 79 44 52 37 38 19 10 2 3 2 5 10 25 75 122 61 20 18 2 2 2 1 4 2 1 6 1 4 1 2 5 2 6 11 1 1 2 5 2 8 8 45 2 2 4 13 3 2 4 32 10 99 10 11 17 23 12 6 37 130 46 276 18 26 43 73 25 12 31 69 83 531 23 87 60 139 34 23 72 244 154 973 55 133 129 256 85 52 43 28 54 55 42 65 47 54 40 26 51 53 30 28 33 20 33 29 29 22 6 18 16 17 25 15 20 17 31 3 5 8 14 2 2 65 5 12 188 18 24 293 15 26 576 40 65 51 38 40 33 45 37 16 18 23 4 1 86 36 9 2 304 95 29 5 410 176 48 9 847 341 60 56 48 52 19 22 36 28 21 22 16 21 5 3 20 4 11 49 11 25 80 17 40 61 65 63 25 24 28 14 12 10 6 2 15 7 105 63 135 75 78 84 11 9 11 7 1 1 5 1 1 1 2 3 1 4 11 7 25 20 2 9 4 4 2 1 2 1 2 1 Including those who also did other work. 2 Those who did no other work. To tal. 3 3 1 3 Those who also did other work. * Motormen and conductors worked interchangeably. 180 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 2 7 .—N UM BER AN D PER CENT OF CAR-CREW MEN W H O W O R K E D A T T H EIR R E G U L A R OCCUPATION EACH SPECIFIED N UM BER OF D A Y S OR P A R T D A Y S IN ONE W E E K —Continued. Table M O T O R M E N : R EGULAR—Continued. Per cent who worked on— Number who worked on— To tal. City. 1 day. Milwaukee, W is................................ Minneapolis and St. Paul, M inn.. Mobile^ Ala................................. Nashville, Tenn................................ Newark, N. J.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. New Bedford, Mass.......................... New Britain, Conn.......................... New Haven, Conn....... ................... New Orleans, L a ............... . New York, N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co.— Those who did no other work.................................. Those who also did other work............. •.................. New York & Queens County Ry. Co.— Those who did no other work.................................. Those who also did other work................................. New York Rys. Co.— Horse-car lines— Those who did no other work............... Those who also did other work............... Storage-battery car lines— Those who did no other work............... Those who also did other work............... All lines except horse-car and storage-battery car lines— Those who did no other work............... Those who also did other work............... Third Avenue Ry. Co.— The Bronx.......................... Manhattan.......................... Interborough Rapid Transit Co.— Elevated lines— Those who did no other work................ Those who also did other work............... Subway lines...................... Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)— Those who did no other work................................. Those who also did other work................................. Norfolk, Va.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work Oakland, Cal..................................... Oklahoma City, Okla.. Omaha, Nebr.................................... Peoria, 111........................................... 3 4 5 6 7 2 days. days. days. days. days. days. Less 7 6 than days days 6 in in days week. week. in week. 2 3 3 1 3 5 1 6 4 1 18 17 3 4 70 34 6 8 243 228 16 22 138 424 37 123 480 715 67 158 29 59 55 78 51 32 24 14 21 9 21 s 3 1 1 6 4 2 5 2 6 2 18 19 8 2 2 6 30 31 13 4 1 16 63 119 38 24 6 71 83 187 63 39 15 112 387 369 125 70 24 209 592 51 50 56 63 54 65 32 30 34 25 34 14 17 19 10 13 12 21 687 1,700 8 16 30 59 206 694 40 41 19 3 5 11 21 41 77 55 213 26 36 38 1 2 1 10 30 47 57 148 39 32 30 1 1 2 2 7 3 16 19 44 38 1 1 1 13 22 38 58 34 8 4 1 5 20 80 1 7 19 26 56 46 34 20 2 3 1 2 3 8 38 25 38 545 1,284 8 14 28 45 138 506 42 39 18 2 4 2 14 13 32 32 99 32 32 35 6 5 7 5 20 14 16 25 33 84 177 287' 335 420 594 68 56 20 30 12 14 3 2 7 17 91 162 282 57 32 10 4 3 18 68 53 127 75 198 71 64 24 34 5 2 3 6 83 100 194 52 43 6 1 3 15 17 36 47 42 11 1 15 3 307 9 80 29 46 2 18 50 116 52 68 8 352 61 237 108 68 25 5 82 49 48 22 38 87 15 34 27 10 38 8 3 17 25 2 2 1 3 1 3 2 1 4 2 1 1 8 7 3 7 5 8 15 1 22 9 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 181 T able 2 7 .—NUM BER AN D PER CENT OF CAR-CREW MEN W H O W O R K E D A T TH EIR R E G U LA R OCCUPATION EACH SPECIFIED NU M BER OF D A Y S OR PA R T D A Y S IN ONE W E E K —Continued. M O T O R M E N : REGULAR—Concluded. Per cent who worked on— Number who worked on— To tal. City. 1 day. Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co.— Elevated lines..................... Surface lines— Those who did no other work............... Those who also did other work............... Pittsburgh, Pa.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Portland, Me.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Portland, Oreg.................................. Providence, R. I ............................... Pueblo, Colo...................................... Reading, Pa....................................... Richmond, V a .................................. Rochester, N . Y ................................ Sacramento ?Cal................................ Saginaw, Mich................................... St. Louis, Mo.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work Salt Lake City, Utah...................... San Antonio, T ex............................. San Francisco, Cal.: Municipal Railways of San Francisco................................. United Railroads of San Francisco................................. Savannah, Ga................................... Scranton, Pa..................................... Seattle, Wash.: Seattle Municipal Street Ry Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. Co..................................... Sioux City, Iowa.............................. South Bend, Ind.............................. Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R. R. Co........................................ The W ashington W a t e r Power Co................................. Springfield, 111................................. Springfieid, Mass.............................. Springfield, Ohio.............................. Superior, W is.................................... Syracuse, N. Y .: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work Tacoma, Wash.................................. Toledo, Ohio..................................... Topeka, TCans................................... Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co.................. Washington Railway & Elec tric Co...................................... Wheeling, W . Va.............................. Wichita, Kans................................... Wilmington, Del.: People’s Ry. Co......................... Wilmington & Philadelphia Traction Co............................. 2 4 6 7 5 3 days. days. days. days. days. days. 1 1 16 18 42 2 2 3 12 1 14 1 21 2 Less 7 6 than days days 6 in in days week. week. in week. 34 59 870 2,252 39 38 23 17 78 22 41 37 262 31 529 51 941 104 56 49 28 30 16 21 1 6 2 36 13 3 8 9 29 4 4 13 7 119 91 13 39 58 84 19 8 76 14 198 273 23 5 118 134 60 23 97 24 371 389 41 55 193 263 85 36 78 58 53 70 56 9 61 51 71 64 13 29 32 23 32 71 30 32 22 22 8 12 15 6 12 20 9 17 7 14 2 1 2 80 5 7 12 351 16 31 24 654 1,156 45 20 154 109 99 149 57 44 71 66 30 36 20 16 13 20 9 17 8 102 345 859 4 18 32 35 6 68 12 1 1 1 3 4 1 3 6 1 14 3 1 1 5 9 20 24 18 4 1 2 1 1 9 7 21 1 1 4 3 5 34 4 3 4 6 50 37 95 39 53 8 11 1 4 18 1 2 16 1 6 50 2 7 318 11 38 305 46 67 722 62 122 42 74 55 44 18 31 14 8 14 1 2 5 8 63 25 13 1 2 1 2 2 3 4 9 4 7 16 47 30 29 58 43 55 81 70 31 7 16 14 12 14 2 2 2 1 5 18 52 76 68 24 8 2 3 2 18 13 17 4 1 26 16 69 16 11 47 30 79 35 12 97 64 169 57 24 48 47 47 61 50 27 25 41 28 46 25 28 12 11 4 3 5 1 4 5 14 2 9 4 7 35 1 36 2 22 84 11 74 12 66 97 25 129 18 101 239 41 57 67 65 41 61 28 11 22 35 27 15 22 13 24 12 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 7 2 7 15 138 87 257 34 54 12 2 3 2 2 3 3 1 12 2 43 2 9 163 13 23 76 47 16 301 67 54 25 70 30 54 19 43 21 10 28 47 53 19 64 30 48 22 1 1 15 5 14 8 31 30 1 182 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 2 7 .—NUM BER A N D PER CENT OF CAR-CREW MEN W H O W O R K E D A T T H E IR R E G U L A R OCCUPATION EACH SPECIFIED NU M BER OF D A Y S OR P A R T D A Y S IN ONE W E E K —Continued. M OTORM EN: EXTR A. T able Per cent who worked on— Number who worked on— To tal. City. 1 day. Altoona, Pa....................................... Atlanta, Ga........................................ Augusta, Ga.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work Binghamton, N. Y ........................... Birmingham, Ala....... ...................... Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co.— Surface lines—all divi sions 1................................ Surface lines—division 2 2. Surface lines—division 2 3 .. Elevated lines..................... Brockton, Mass.: Those who did no other work.. Those who also did other work. Buffalo, N. Y .: Those who did no other work.. Those who also did other work Butte, Mont.4.................................... Charleston, S. C.: Those who did no other work.. Those who also did other work. Charlotte, N. C ................................. Chattanooga, Tenn.......................... Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways— Those who did no other work.................................. Those who also did other work.................................. Those who did no other work5.....................: ......... Those who also did other work 5................................ Chicago Surface Lines.............. Cincinnati, Ohio............................... Cleveland, Ohio: Those who did no other work.. Those who also did other work Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation... Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff division of Fort Worth lines............................. Davenport, Iowa.............................. Denver, Colo.: Those who did no other work.. Those who also did other work Des Moines, Iowa............................. Detroit, Mich..................................... Evansville, Ind................................. Grand Rapids, Mich........................ Houston, T e x ................................... Indianapolis, Ind............................. Jacksonville, F la.............................. Kansas City, Mo.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Lincoln, Nebr..........- ....................... Little Rock, Ark.: Those who did no other work Those who also did other work. 4 5 2 6 7 3 days. days. days. days. days. days. 1 1 6 1 Less 7 6 than days days 6 in in days week. week. in week. 1 7 3 15 6 21 4 27 8 18 23 95 35 19 17 28 48 53 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 2 1 6 6 8 2 6 27 11 4 21 42 73 50 29 64 18 25 29 14 9 25 43 21 3 10 3 15 1 7 2 41 1 14 4 141 11 25 10 524 16 32 33 736 30 82 53 71 53 39 62 19 37 30 19 10 10 30 19 1 1 1 2 1 14 4 31 7 49 57 63 14 29 29 8 1 4 3 1 4 7 2 1 14 1 6 53 21 12 82 26 32 65 81 38 17 4 19 18 15 44 2 1 1 4 1 6 11 3 3 15 13 8 5 24 85 38 60 63 50 20 25 15 13 20 13 8 20 31 65 26 10 1 1 100 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 4 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 5 17 26 65 19 15 62 6 74 3 2 138 3 3 197 11 10 217 24 6 123 138 22 845 193 27 15 72 45 26 12 27 60 16 6 5 1 4 3 7 7 9 8 28 22 115 105 174 146 66 72 16 15 18 13 3 2 2 1 4 10 35 57 61 18 21 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 3 18 10 26 19 69 53 12 16 19 32 9 4 1 7 2 3 1 6 2 5 5 5 1 12 5 5 11 2 2 3 6 5 21 5 8 44 8 10 13 25 6 20 137 8 20 32 69 23 71 16 36 228 18 32 58 119 35 30 12 3 2 1 8 21 1 9 56 60 44 63 55 58 66 30 31 22 19 44 31 22 21 17 41 69 22 21 11 6 22 21 17 5 1 7 1 3 8 3 18 6 1 36 8 3 77 16 14 152 37 18 51 43 78 24 22 17 26 35 6 1 1 1 2 2 9 4 12 8 75 50 25 25 25 1 34 8 1 1 5 1 Including those who also did other wore. 2 Those who did no other work. 3 Those who also did other work. < Motormen and conductors; worked interchangeably. &Acting motormen (conductors and guards). ' CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 183 T a b le 2 7 .—N UM BER A N D PER CENT OF CAR-CREW MEN W H O W O R K E D A T T H E IR R E G U LA R OCCUPATION EACH SPECIFIED NU M BER OF D A Y S OR P A R T D A Y S IN ONE W E E K —Continued. MOTORMEN j EXTRA—Continued. Per cent who worked on— Number who worked on— To tal. City. 1 day. Tj s Angeles, Hal,.............., T O Tjonisvflle, _____ . __ ________ Lowell, Mass.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Manchester, N. TT_________ _____ Memphis, Tenn.: Those who did no other work.. Those who also did other work. Milwaukee, W is................................ Minneapolis and St. Paul, M inn.. Mobile. Ala........................................ Nasbyijle Tp/nri.. r - r_______ ____ Newark, N. J.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. New Bedford, Mass.......................... 1 4 1 3 Less 6 7 than days days 6 days in in week. week. in week. 3 7 •7 5 21 24 52 31 108 49 193 123 56 40 27 25 17 35 1 1 2 2 11 3 15 4 9 11 21 18 37 25 50 30 84 17 41 16 33 30 2 1 3 1 3 6 1 4 1 3 3 2 10 2 4 2 9 12 7 2 2 1 16 74 6 9 16 23 80 243 4 31 24 26 109 352 19 53 67 88 73 69 21 58 8 4 15 21 32 17 25 8 12 10 47 25 4 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 5 3 6 10 7 10 1 2 10 17 21 27 9 1 34 46 23 29 22 6 63 51 61 72 32 15 124 136 38 40 69 40 51 38 34 38 28 7 27 34 28 22 3 53 22 29 1 2 New Haven, Conn........................... New Orleans, La.............................. 5 New York, N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co.— Those who did no other g work.................................. Those who also did other work.................................. New York & Queens County Ry. Co.— Those who did no other work.................................. Those who also did other work.................................. 4 New York Rys. Co.— Horse-car lines.................... Storage-battery car lines— Those who did no other work............... Those who also did other w ork............... All lines except horse-car and storage-battery car lines— Those who did no other work............... 2 Those who also did 4 other work............... Third Avenue Ry. Co.— The Bronx........................... 3 6 Manhattan........................... Interborough Rapid Transit C o .Elevated lines..................... Subway lines...................... Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)— Those who did no other work................................. Those who also did other 2 work................................. 3 Norfolk, Va ................................... Oakland, C a l ................................... Olrlnhnma Cit.v OTrla Omaha, Nebr.................................... ............ Peoria HI.1.........................................1 .......... 2 4 5 7 3 6 days. days. days. days. days. days. 2 6 2 8 3 12 31 76 67 205 33 37 30 9 17 24 48 43 23 164 14 26 60 1 8 9 15 19 52 37 29 35 2 1 6 10 5 28 18 36 46 2 2 4 50 50 6 3 13 23 46 31 1 1 3 33 33 33 41 1 2 \ 1 13 7 18 29 52 49 170 29 31 4 3 14 25 35 24 109 22 32 46 5 4 6 3 6 10 13 13 30 23 69 59 J32 118 52 50 23 19 25 31 13 2 40 13 57 15 70 87 23 13 7 1 3 j 1 4 1 1 2 3 8 6 20 30 40 30 5 8 4 3 8 2 2 1 5 4 57 1 13 11 2 15 28 6 55 50 30 26 98 9 72 67 7 58 29 67 76 75 17 15 58 11 18 16 77 27 13 22 6 9 1 2 | 4 2 2 1 | 1 Motormen and conductors; worked interchangeably. 184 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T ab le 2 7 .—N U M B ER AN D PER CENT OF CAR-CREW M EN W H O W O R K E D A T T H E IR R E G U L A R OCCUPATION EACH SPECIFIED N UM BER OF D A Y S OR PA R T D A Y S IN ONE W E E K —Continued. M O TO R M E N : E X T R A — Continued. Per cent who worked on— Number who worked on— City. 1 day. Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit C o .Elevated lines.................... Surface lines— Those who did no other work............... Those who also did other work............... Pittsburgh, Pa.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Portland, Me.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Portland, Oreg.................................. Providence, R . I .............................. Pueblo, Colo...................................... Reading, Pa...................................... Richmond, V a.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Rochester, N. Y ............................... SacramentOj Cal............................... Saginaw, Mich................................... St. Louis, Mo.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Salt Lake City, Utah...................... San Antonio, Tex............................ San Francisco, Cal.: Municipal Railways of San Francisco................................. United Railroads of San Fran cisco.......................................... Savannah, Ga................................... Scranton, Pa..................................... Seattle, Wash.: . Seattle Municipal Street Ry. Co.............................................. Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. Co..................................... Sioux City, Iowa.............................. South Bend, Ind.........., .................. Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R. R. Co........................................ The W ashington W ater Power Co............................................. Springfield, 111................................... Springfield, Mass.............................. Springfield, Ohio.............................. Superior, W is.................................... Syracuse, N. Y .: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Tacoma, Wash.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Toledo, Ohio...................................... Topeka, Kans................................... Washington, D. C.: Washington Railway & Elec tric Co...................................... . Capital Traction Co.................. . Wheeling, W . Va.............................. Wichita, Kans................................... 2 4 5 6 7 days. days. days. days. days. days. To tal. Less 7 than days days 6 in in days week. week. in week. 38 1 1 91 209 20 19 1 2 2 2 12 19 1 568 79 74 50 16 146 156 13 61 13 5 1 1 2 1 2 1 44 9 20 20 49 171 3 15 100 256 9 55 17 4 78 3 31 7 158 15 15 23 14 13 53 27 171 64 31 22 23 16 22 42 27 23 39 20 15 34 53 16 205 15 32 100 13 20 2 1 45 37 31 2 1 24 26 20 18 41 38 7 105 17 109 64 14 16 50 45 22 25 29 25 43 19 22 6 9 1 2 50 47 7 44 185 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. T a b le 2 7 .—NUM BER AN D PER CENT OF CAR-CREW MEN W H O W O R K E D A T T H EIR R E G U LA R OCCUPATION EACH SPECIFIED NU M BER OF D A Y S OR PAR T D A Y S IN ONE W E E K —Continued. MOTORMEN: EXTRA—Concluded. Per cent who worked on— Number who worked on— City. 1 day. 2 4 3 5 6 7 days. days. days. days. days. days. Wilmington, Del.: People’s Ry. Co.......................... Wilmington & Philadelphia Traction Co.— Those who did no other work.................................. Those who also did other work................................. 9 1 To tal. 5 1 16 Less 6 7 than days days 6 in days in week. week. in week. 6 31 63 1 1 7 2 11 18 64 18 1 1 6 5 13 38 46 15 31 69 CONDUCTORS : REGULAR. Altoona, Pa....................................... Atlanta, Ga........................................ Augusta, Ga....................................... Binghamton, N . Y ................. . _ „ Birmingham, Ala,,. - ______ Boston^Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. C o Surface lines—all divi sions 1................................ Surface lines—division 2 2. Surface lines—division 2 3 Elevated lines2................... Elevated lines3.................. Brockton, Mass.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Buffalo, N . Y . : Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work Charleston, S. C ................................ Charlotte, N . C ................................. Chattanooga, Tenn.......................... Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways— Those who did no other work................................. Those who also did other work.................................. Chicago Surface Lines............. Cincinnati, Ohio............................... Cleveland, Ohio: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation.. Northern Texas Traction Co.. Oak Cliff division of Fort Worth lines............................. Davenport, Iowa.............................. Denver, Colo..................................... Des Moines, Iowa....................... Detroit, Mich..................................... Evansville, Ind................................. Grand Rapids, Mich........................ Houston, Tex.................................... Indianapolis, Ind.............................. Jacksonville, Fla.............................. Kansas City, Mo.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Lincoln, Nebr................................... 6 9 8 2 1 1 16 1 2 5 5 24 2 3 3 7 60 3 7 8 22 129 12 20 27 28 139 66 309 27 62 183 47 22 30 45 76 33 42 44 32 15 20 36 26 23 9 26 2 53 5 3 173 20 4 1 551 73 6 13 3 649 1,469 158 56 4 17 26 42 7 10 44 35 24 62 70 38 46 35 31 30 18 18 41 7 1 5 1 1 1 3 5 1 22 3 37 5 69 12 54 42 32 25 14 33 4 4 32 1 1 3 8 167 24 13 12 19 269 24 30 34 46 504 54 48 54 81 53 44 63 63 57 33 44 27 22 23 13 11 10 15 20 20 141 91 265 34 53 12 24 14 68 6 564 1,134 1,243 3,353 324 63 171 600 9 37 54 35 34 29 56 29 18 2 1 1 3 1 8 1 1 1 5 2 1 3 1 2 2 0 2 2 8 3 5 21 6 4 69 7 12 86 7 8 236 22 8 11 10 3 21 1 108 7 292 18 315 24 765 53 41 45 38 34 21 21 1 1 1 5 9 21 80 118 6 8 18 14 2 1 2 7 26 104 57 247 19 30 39 80 28 12 32 89 64 531 28 73 55 133 35 21 74 248 157 946 54 122 119 263 80 57 43 36 41 56 52 60 46 51 44 33 35 42 • 36 26 35 25 33 30 35 10 22 22 23 18 13 16 21 19 21 171 16 18 293 24 31 560 50 64 52 48 48 31 32 28 17 20 23 4 2 6 1 7 1 4 2 15 1 2 2 2 3 4 1 2 1 7 1 5 10 10 3 2 12 37 26 83 5 10 11 24 9 11 2 3 13 2 2 64 5 8 6 29 1 14 4 35 1 1 Including those who also did other work. 2 Those who did no other work. 3 Those who also did other work. 186 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 2 7 .—NU M BER AN D PER CENT OF CAR-CREW MEN W H O W O R K E D A T T H E IR R E G U LA R OCCUPATION EACH SPECIFIED N UM BER OF D A Y S OR P A R T D A Y S IN ONE W E E K —Continued. COND UCTOR S: REG ULAR—Continued. Per cent who worked on— Number who worked on— To tal. City. 1 day. Little Rock, Ark.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Los Angeles, Cal............................... Louisville, K y ................................... Lowell, Mass.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Manchester, N . H ............................. Memphis, Tenn.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Milwaukee, W is................................ Minneapolis and St. Paul, M in n .. Mobile, Ala........................................ Nashville, Tenn Newark, N . J.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. New Bedford, Mass.......................... New Britain, Conn.......................... New Haven, Conn............................ New Orleans, L a .............................. New York, N . Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co.— Those who did no other work.................................. Those who also did other work.................................. New York & Queens County R y. Co..................................... New York Rys. Co.— Horse-car lines.................... Storage-battery car lines All lines except horse-car and storage-battery car lines— Those who did no other work............... Those who also did other w ork............... Third Avenue Ry. Co.— The Bronx.......................... Manhattan.......................... Interborough Rapid Transit C o .Elevated lines— Those who did no other work............... Those who also did other work............... Subway lines— Those who did no other work............... Those who also did other work............... Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)— Those who did no other work.................................. Those who also did other work................................. Norfolk, V a ........................................ Oakland, Cal..................................... Oklahoma City Okla . . . Omaha, Nebr..................................... Peoria. Ill........................................... --....... -,__ 4 5 6 7 2 3 days. days. days. days. days. days. 5 2 88 38 11 5 311 113 28 2 366 162 47 12 830 339 4 2 1 8 3 8 18 10 46 11 18 78 17 37 4 2 7 10 1 2 22 13 1 5 4 6 93 35 6 4 10 6 235 234 28 31 104 66 120 400 33 103 129 79 479 704 71 149 1 11 2 2 17 3 2 1 9 7 9 3 15 5 40 43 12 6 2 20 72 110 29 27 4 83 100 216 37 30 16 87 346 10 10 41 85 314 769 2 2 8 23 49 55 16 155 1 3 3 11 31 46 52 2 1 2 16 13 25 20 19 46 93 523 4 12 15 21 53 17 17 36 59 112 185 235 279 4 1 7 4 1 1 2 3 22 *’ *3 2 ’ 5 16 1 1 3 3 1 2 8 2 1 3 5 2 4 15 15 21 1 1 11 Less 6 7 than days days 6 in in days week. week. in week. 23 42 37 33 17 42 18 19 59 23 65 49 '*'27 18 35 24 81 84 25 57 46 69 8 8 49 33 39 21 12 9 26 10 14 10 405 83 68 22 206 591 53 45 44 73 42 59 27 35 40 18 40 17 20 20 16 9 17 25 535 1,764 30 44 26 10 35 54 147 35 31 33 38 60 53 32 34 42 13 27 546 1,259 43 42 15 40 28 32 413 573 57 49 27 32 16 19 60 17 44 48 5 11 7 11 2 1 6 12 55 97 173 56 32 12 1 5 12 21 46 75 160 47 29 24 1 1 4 13 40 33 92 36 43 21 1 2 1 9 27 45 85 53 32 15 1 2 3 15 82 81 184 44 45 11 4 4 5 23 1 28 4 18 38 15 42 93 43 34 66 356 55 234 106 53 58 4 76 40 41 24 26 87 20 38 41 24 17 9 4 22 19 2 1 2 1 1 4 2 3 3 1 6 2 4 12 11 8 17 309 11 90 43 1 CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 187 T able 2 7 .—N U M BER A N D PER CENT OF CAR-CREW M EN W H O W O R K E D A T TH EIR R E G U L A R OCCUPATION EACH SPECIFIED NU M BER OF D A Y S OR PAR T D A Y S IN ONE W E E K —Continued. CO NDU CTOR S: REGULAR—Concluded. Per cent who worked on— Number who worked on— City. 1 day. Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co.— Elevated lines..................... Surface lines— Those who did no other work............... Those who also did other w ork............... Pittsburgh, Pa.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Portland, Me.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Portland, Oreg........................... Providence, R . I ............................... Pueblo, Colo....................................... Reading, Pa....................................... Richmond, V a .................................. Rochester N . Y .......................... Sacramento, Cal............................ Saginaw, Mich................................... St. Louis, Mo.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work Salt Lake City, Utah...................... San Antonio, T ex............................. San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable R . R. Co.............................................. Municipal Railways of San Francisco................................. United Railroads of San Fran cisco....................................... Savannah, Ga............................ Scranton, P a..................................... Seattle, Wash.: Seattle Municipal Street Ry. Co.............................................. Seattle. Renton & Southern Ry. Co..................................... Sioux City, Iowa.............................. South BencL Ind.............................. Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R. R. Co........................................ The W a s h i n g t o n Water Power Co................................. Springfield, 111................................... Springfield, Mass.............................. Springfield, Ohio.............................. Superior, ^ i s ................................ " Syracuse, N. Y .: Those who did no other work Those who also did other work Tacoma, W ash........................ Toledo, Ohio..................................... Topeka, Kans................................... Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co.................. Washington Railway & Elec tric Co....................................... Wheeling, W . Va.............................. Wichita, Kans............................... Wilmington, Del.: People's Ry. Co........................ Wilmington & Philadelphia Traction Co............................. 2 4 5 7 3 6 days. days. days. days. days. days. 1 5 11 To tal. Less 6 7 than days days 6 in days in week. week. in week. 37 54 30 16 804 2,311 20 31 47 125 339 954 35 41 24 1 2 3 5 18 6 35 17 51 31 18 1 14 23 2 34 1 85 4 299 29 470 40 943 77 50 52 32 38 18 10 1 5 1 4 1 3 5 1 18 7 1 5 7 22 1 5 1 41 30 2 16 13 22 3 5 23 3 125 105 10 30 47 105 22 8 63 18 216 237 28 3 123 98 53 17 96 23 413 381 42 57 193 261 82 34 66 78 52 62 67 5 64 38 65 50 24 13 30 28 24 53 24 40 27 24 10 9 17 10 10 42 12 22 9 26 37 2 6 3 106 3 7 9 343 16 28 30 629 1,136 32 55 106 149 142 91 55 58 71 64 30 29 19 21 14 13 10 15 19 11 1 2 1 4 2 1 4 7 1 1 3 3 2 8 2 4 10 1 1 4 6 8 1 4 4 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 3 11 53 21 60 53 33 95 35 56 9 21 2 7 88 5 20 308 10 49 277 44 39 715 61 124 39 72 31 43 16 40 18 11 29 2 5 8 63 25 13 2 4 1 1 2 1 12 9 5 13 31 34 28 48 42 46 65 81 43 19 12 11 17 7 3 7 32 4 1 6 4 3 2 6 14 52 75 69 19 12 3 4 6 3 11 9 15 5 2 35 12 78 8 7 46 38 69 35 15 98 64 172 55 28 47 59 40 64 54 36 19 45 15 25 17 22 15 22 21 17 4 7 29 4 46 5 24 76 9 58 9 69 92 23 128 18 105 231 41 45 50 66 40 56 36 28 23 33 22 19 22 11 27 22 3 1 3 1 3 5 1 2 10 2 2 16 2 2 6 6 4 22 106 109 255 43 42 16 4 2 3 1 1 9 3 54 1 5 198 19 16 31 44 15 299 68 42 10 65 36 66 28 38 23 7 26 3 4 2 7 19 1 31 3 61 35 4 19 27 9 61 15 44 41 188 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 2 7 .—NUM BER AN D PER CENT OF CAR -CR EW MEN W H O W O R K E D A T TH EIR R E G U L A R OCCUPATION EACH SPECIFIED NU M BER OF D A Y S OR P A R T D A Y S IN ONE W E E K —Continued. C O N D U C TO R S: E X T R A . Per cent who worked on— Number who worked on— City. 1 day. Altoona, Pa....................................... 2 1 1 7 2 1 1 12 2 8 To tal. Less 7 6 than days days 6 in in days week. week. in week. 1 4 1 9 7 15 1 2 2 3 19 1 4 6 7 39 3 5 12 7 25 6 11 59 27 110 12 24 82 26 23 50 46 72 26 35 25 21 15 48 42 25 33 13 24 1 5 1 45 2 7 1 145 12 16 6 541 29 33 16 779 46 64 24 69 63 52 67 19 26 25 25 12 11 23 8 1 1 4 1 Binghamton, N. Y .......................... Boston, Masis.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co.— Surface lines—all divi sions 1................................ Surface lines—division 22. Surface lines—division 2 3. Elevated lines.................... Brockton, Mass.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Buffalo, N . Y .: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Charleston, S. C ................................ Charlotte, N . C................................. Chattanooga, Tenn.......................... Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways— Those who did no other work................................. Those who also did other work................................. Chicago Surface Lines............. Cincinnati, Ohio............................... Cleveland, Ohio: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff division of Fort Worth lines............................ Davenport, Iowa.............................. Denver, Colo.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work Des Moines, Iowa............................. Detroit, Mich..................................... Evansville, Ind................................. Grand Rapids, Mich....................... Houston, Tex.................................... Indianapolis, Ind.............................. Jacksonville, F la ............................. Kansas City, Mo.: Those who did no other work. Those who alsodidotherwork. Lincoln, Nebr................................... Little Rock, Ark.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work Los Angeles, Cal............................... Louisville, K y ............................... . w Lowell, Mass.: Those who did no other work. - Those who also did other work. Manchester,N. H . .......................... Memphis, Tenn.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Milwaukee, W is................................ Minneapolis and St Paul, Minn. . . 4 7 5 2 6 3 days. days. days. days. days. days. 1 2 3 1 16 6 27 9 49 67 55 11 33 22 12 3 1 7 1 2 16 7 1 1 8 68 8 17 8 15 111 17 21 10 30 61 47 81 80 50 14 41 5 10 27 24 12 14 10 23 1 1 3 33 33 33 21 68 30 15 100 49 16 2 1 1 1 2 7 5 1 2 21 11 49 2 60 3 118 5 203 13 280 32 196 141 2 927 207 10 8 5 6 6 6 7 46 30 145 90 226 133 64 68 20 23 15 10 1 3 3 7 32 46 70 15 15 1 2 1 1 3 4 13 9 20 15 65 60 15 27 20 13 43 2 11 49 5 9 20 26 14 160 11 40 ' ” 251 19 44 74 112 37 47 22 145 12 28 36 57 16 55* 58 63 64 49 51 43 27 18 28 20 26 20 27 23 38 26 82 18 23 10 16 24 26 19 39 15 2 102 26 16 154 57 18 66 46 89 25 26 11 8 28 1 4 3 3 3 8 14 3 1 8 1 2 4 8 1 3 7 3 21 3 3 12 1 1 4 8 3 75 16 13 2 5 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 3 5 1 2 5 5 1 3 6 6 1 1 6 8 13 18 2 2 57 42 11 5 145 56 15 8 233 134 73 63 62 42 13 25 24 31 13 13 13 27 1 1 4 5 3 10 11 4 26 17 10 41 35 40 63 49 30 24 31 30 12 20 6 8 12 4 6 27 80 21 33 120 243 30 42 157 352 70 79 76 69 13 14 17 23 17 7 6 8 1 5 1 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 6 1 2 2 2 1 Including those who also did other work. 2 Those who did no other work. 3 Those who also did other work. CHAP. II.-----HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 189 T a b l e 2 7 . — N UM BER AND PER CENT OF CAR-CREW MEN W H O W O R K E D AT T H EIR R EG U LA R OCCUPATION EACH SPECIFIED NUM BER OF D A Y S OR PART D A Y S IN ONE W E E K —Continued. CO NDU CTOR S: E X T R A —Continued. Per cent who worked on— Number who worked on— City. 1 day. 3 5 2 4 6 7 days. days. days. days. days. days. 4 Newark, N. J.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Less 7 6 than days days 6 in in days week. week. in week. 1 5 1 4 6 6 23 2 42 14 80 14 53 43 29 43 19 9 3 1 9 10 5 6 19 30 22 33 14 6 1 26 41 43 24 23 7 54 57 102 53 36 13 123 164 42 45 64 54 44 35 32 26 17 8 21 25 25 28 19 38 35 40 2 2 9 New York, N . Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co.— Those who did no other work................................. Those who also did other New York & Queens County New York Rys. Co.— Horse-car lines.................... Storage-battery car lines.. All lines except horse-car and storage-battery car lines— Those who did no other work............... Those who also did other work............... Third Avenue Ry. Co.— The Bronx.......................... Manhattan.......................... Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)— Those who did no other work................................. Those who also did other work................................. Norfolk, Va.: Those who did no other work Those who alsodid other work Oakland, Cal................................... Oklahoma City, Okla.................... Omaha, Nebr.................................... Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co. (surface lines): Those who did no other work................................. Those who also did other work................................. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Those who did no other work. Those who alsodid other work. Portland, Me.: Those who did no other work Those who also did other work. Portland, Oreg.................................. Providence, R. I ............................... Pueblo, Colo...................................... Reading, Pa....................................... Richmond, V a ..................... '........... Rochester, N. Y ............................... Sacramento, Cal............................... Saginaw, Mich................................... St. Louis, Mo.: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work Salt Lake City, Utah...................... San Antonio, Tex............................. 3 To tal. 2 3 7 5 2 1 1 2 9 8 8 22 33 74 132 74 351 21 38 41 5 14 10 16 34 9 88 10 39 51 2 4 7 15 36 67 54 22 24 1 1 2 2 2 6 4 6 4 15 13 40 31 40 31 20 38 11 12 44 51 142 287 49 18 33 2 2 2 9 18 50 11 39 21 11 24 21 51 44 53 68 172 173 31 39 30 25 40 35 9 1 10 10 90 2 1 6 17 33 50 14 8 27 4 59 25 10 95 10 80 56 80 28 40 74 24 10 57 60 18 20 10 15 3 5 22 1 2 7 11 5 9 1 1 11 9 1 1 1 1 1 12 2 2 2 6 1 54 6 14 1 1 3 9 4 17 71 153 186 119 550 22 34 45 1 1 1 5 5 9 2 24 8 38 54 3 2 2 1 9 12 1 19 4 50 21 138 58 233 87 59 67 21 24 19 9 2 2 3 4 5 4 4 4 10 17 2 3 1 4 3 2 4 8 1 15 7 11 1 2 2 3 28 47 3 13 11 59 5 4 9 9 66 180 4 18 15 104 9 7 13 14 118 261 8 50 43 189 15 17 69 64 56 69 50 36 35 55 60 41 15 21 24 18 38 26 26 31 33 24 15 14 20 13 13 38 40 14 7 35 6 11 5 1 1 29 5 3 6 43 18 8 10 134 45 20 27 229 74 34 44 59 61 59 61 19 24 24 23 23 15 18 16 2 5 1 1 1 1 2 4 3 1 1 1 190 T STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE U NITED STATES. 2 7 .—NU M BER AN D PER CENT OF CAR -CR EW M EN W H O W O R K E D A T T H EIR R E G U L A R OCCUPATION EACH SPECIFIED N UM BER OF D A Y S OR PAR T D A Y S IN ONE W E E K —Continued. able CONDUCTORS: EXTRA—Concluded. Per cent who worked on— Number who worked on— City. 1 day. San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable R. R. Co.............................................. Municipal Railways of San Francisco................................. United Railroads of San Francisco................................. Savannah, Ga................................... Scranton, Pa..................................... Seattle, Wash.: Seattle Municipal Street Ry. Co.............................................. Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. Co..................................... Sioux City, Iowa............................... South Bend, Ind.............................. Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R . R. Co.................................. The Washington W a t e r Power Co................................ Springfield, 111................................... Springfield, Mass.............................. Springfield, Ohio.............................. Superior, W is..................................... Syracuse, N. Y .: Those who did no other work. Those who also did other work. Tacoma, Wash.: Those who did no other work Those who also did other work Toledo, Ohio..................................... Topeka, Kans................................... Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co.................. Washington Railway & Elec tric Co....................................... Wheeling, W . Va............................... Wichita, Kans................................... Wilmington, Del.: People’s Ry Co.......................... Wilmington & Philadelphia Traction Co.: Those who did no other work................................. Those who also did other work................................... 6 7 4 5 days. days days. days. days. days. 2 To tal. 6 than 7 days days 6 in in days week. week. in week. 12 2 1 224 14 50 41 25 18 10 8 38 56 25 22 36 125 17 67 16 32 35 31 50 40 10 30 20 40 27 19 10 27 7 105 33 1 2 17 65 2 45 109 47 16 *38 16 56 2 1 24 1 2 22 G U A R D S: 3 R EGULAR. Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co. (elevated lines)— Those who did no other work.................................. Those who also did other work.............................. Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways— Those who did no other work.................................. Those who also did other work................................... 1 2 2 3 16 21 41 51 39 10 1 1 7 9 16 34 47 26 26 5 1 3 14 75 50 146 34 51 14 8 10 31 5 60 8 52 40 iNot including 2, who also did other work. * Not including 1, who also did other work. » Called brakemen in Boston. CHAP. II.---- HOURS AND DAYS WORKED BY CAR CREWS. 191 NUM BER AN D PER CENT OF CAR-CREW M EN W H O W O R K E D AT TH E IR R E G U L A R OCCUPATION EACH SPECIFIED NU M BER OF D A Y S OR PART D A Y S IN ONE W E E K —Continued. Concluded. T a ble 3 7 .— GUARDS: REGULAR— Per cent who worked on— Number who worked on— City. 1 day. New York, N .Y .: Interborough Rapid Transit Co.— Elevated lines— Those who did no other work............... Those who also did other work................ Subway lines— Those who did no other work............... Those who also did other work................ Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)— Those who did no other work.................................. Those who also did other work.................................. Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)............... 2 3 4 5 6 7 days. days. days. days. days. days. To tal. Less 6 than 7 6 days days in in days week. week. in week. 6 6 11 17 45 290 442 817 54 35 10 4 9 9 20 48 106 89 285 31 37 32 4 2 12 25 75 280 207 605 34 46 20 7 2 9 21 52 115 136 342 40 34 27 1 3 1 12 31 200 169 417 41 48 12 1 4 2 11 32 59 60 169 36 35 30 1 1 2 3 10 38 14 69 20 55 25 65 113 207 55 31 14 GUARDS: * EXTRA. Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co. (ele 7 vated lines)............................ Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways— Those who did no other work................................... 5 Those who also did other 15 work................................. New York, N .Y .: Interborough Rapid Transit C o .Elevated lines— Those who did no other work............... ......... Those who also did other work................. 2 Subway lines— Those who did no other w ork............... 1 Those who also did other work................. 1 Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)— Those who did no other work................................... 7 Those who also did other work................................... 4 Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)— Those who did no other work.................................. Those who also did other work................................... 2 4 16 17 6 10 11 63 126 238 53 26 21 27 48 67 147 233 55 592 9 39 51 1 8 14 18 63 156 260 60 24 16 1 2 2 7 19 12 45 27 42 31 3 9 14 27 61 70 185 38 33 29 1 3 5 21 44 35 110 32 40 28 3 2 11 19 35 13 90 14 39 47 4 8 17 28 27 11 99 11 27 62 6 1 2 2 8 4 10 11 5 * Called brakemen in Boston. 19 30 32 68 100 192 STREET RAILWAY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. NUM BER AN D PER CENT OF CAR-CREW M EN W H O W O R K E D AT TH E IR R E G U L A R OCCUPATION EACH SPECIFIED NUM BER OF D A Y S OR PAR T D A Y S IN ONE W E E K —Concluded. T able 3 7 .— GRIPMEN: REGULAR. Per cent who worked on— Number who worked on— City. 1 day. San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable R. R. Co.............................................. Tacoma, W a s b ................................. 2 4 5 3 6 7 days. days. days. days. days. days. 1 4 To tal. Less 6 than 7 days days 6 in in days week. week. in week. 6 1 36 9 6 56 7 16 86 64 20 14 8 2 1 1 14 1 7 100 14 79 GRIPMEN: EXTRA. San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable R. R. Co .......................................... Tacoma, W ash.................................. 3 CHAPTER III.— CHANGE IN PERSONNEL DURING ONE YEAR. Table 29 gives figures concerning the extent of the change in the personnel of motormen and conductors and others engaged in the operation of cars during one year, which change is commonly desig nated as the turnover of the force. The table gives the number employed at the beginning of the year, the number hired, the number who left during the year, whether by death, resignation, or discharge, the number in employment at the end of the year, and the per cent of the year’s turnover. The first step in the process of computing the per cent of turnover has been to get the mean of the number employed at the beginning and at the end of the year, which mean has been taken as the basis of computation in the absence of the more exact number, the average number employed during the year. I f the force was increased the net increase was subtracted from the number hired, leaving the net number hired to maintain the force as distinguished from the increase in force. This number was then divided by the mean force for the year, giving the per cent of the turnover. If there was a decrease in the force during the year, the number hired was divided by the mean force for the year, to ascertain the turnover. To illustrate the method of computation the Altoona total figures, page 194, are taken. The mean of 175 and 196 is 185.5. The number that left the service was 52, while 73 were taken on. Consequently 52 were taken on to maintain the service and the additional 2 1 were taken on to increase the service. The 52 taken on to maintain the service was 28 per cent of 185.5, the mean force, hence the turnover or change in the force in the year was 28 per cent. Binghamton had a reduction of force. The mean of 2 1 1 and 186 is 198.5. As the service was reduced the whole number taken on, 182, were hired to maintain the force desired and none were hired to increase the force. The number 182 is 92 per cent of 198.5, making the turnover for the year 92 per cent. A study of the table shows a much greater turnover of conductors than of motormen. A summary is here given for 96 companies, in which the companies are classified according to the extent of the turn over of their motormen and conductors. In the data from five com panies the figures for motormen and conductors were inseparably combined. The figures for such companies are included in the table under motormen, but not under conductors. 39749°—Bull. 204—17------ 13 193 194 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE U NITED STATES. T a b l e 2 8 .— CLASSIFIED PER C EN T OF T U R N O V E R FOR MOTORMEN AN D CONDUCTORS. Number of com panies with each classified per cent of turn over for— Classified per cent of turnover. Motor men. Con ductors. i 13 i 19 i 15 13 14 18 3 1 i3 2 5 Under 10 per cent.......................................... 10 and under 20 per cent.............................. 20 and under 30 per cent............................... 30 and under 40 per cent............................... 40 and under 50 per cent............................... 50 and under 60 per cent.............................. 60 and under 70 per cent.............................. 70 and under 80 per cent............................... 80 and under 90 per cent............................... 90 and under 100 per cent............................. 100 per cent and over..................................... Total companies.................................. 8 10 11 16 9 9 8 5 2 1 12 96 3 91 2 1 Including 1 company for which data for motormen and conductors were not reported separately. 2 Including 5 companies for which data for motormen and conductors were not reported separately. * Not including 5 companies for which data for motormen and conductors were not reported separately T a b l e 2 9 . — CHANGES IN PER SO NNEL OF M OTORMEN, CONDUCTORS, GUARDS, AN D GRIPMEN D URING ONE Y E A R IN SPECIFIED CITIES. (The number of men in the car crews employed by each company at the beginning or end of the year does not agree with the number shown in Table A . Table A covers the men who actually worked the whole or some part of one selected week, which week for many companies was for a date other than the begin ning or end of the year covered by Table 29. The per cent of turnover, where there was an increase durmg the year, is derived by dividing the number leaving the service by the mean number employed at the beginning and at the end of the year, or, where there was a decrease during the year, by divid ing the number taken on during the year by this mean.] In employ at begin ning of year. City, road, and occupation. Date. Altoona, Pa.: Motormen .......................... Apr. 30,1913 Conductors ..................... ........d o ........... Total................................. Atlanta, Ga.: Motormen............................ May 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. Total................................. Augusta, Ga.: Motormen............................ May 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. Total................................. Binghamton, N. Y .: Motormen........................ July 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. Total................................. Birmingham, Ala.: Moformen............................ Sept. 30,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. Total................................. Separations from service during year. Taken on during Per year. Died. Re Dissons. signed. chg’d. Total. Num ber in em ploy at end of year. Per cent of turn over during year. 90 85 32 41 19 23 4 6 23 29 99 97 24 32 175 73 42 ' 10 52 196 28 480 463 190 204 52 82 69 70 121 152 549 515 24 31 943 394 134 139 273 1,064 27 47 46 29 29 1 10 9 18 21 29 30 47 45 62 64 93 58 1 19 39 59 92 63 102 109 60 122 1 x 43 50 27 85 71 136 91 95 62 120 211 182 2 93 112 207 186 92 222 256 154 296 3 4 77 126 57 143 137 273 239 279 59 102 450 7 203 200 410 518 82 478 CHAP. III.---- CHANGE IN PERSONNEL DURING ONE YEAR. T a b le 195 29. — CHANGES IN PERSONNEL OF MOTORMEN, CONDUCTORS, GUARDS, AND GRIPMEN DURING ONE YEAR IN SPECIFIED CITIES—Continued. In employ at begin ning of year. City, road, and occupation. Date. Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. C o Surface lines— Motormen........... Conductors......... Separations from service during year. Taken on during DisPer year. Died. Re signed. chg’d. Total. sons. Total. Elevated lines— Motormen. . Conductors. Guards........ July 1,1913 ------ do............ ------ do............ 2,397 2,477 358 646 24 238 346 4,874 July 1,1913 ____do............ 1,004 32 584 106 Total. Dec. 31,1913 33 718 747 330 287 284 84 284 829 571 4 112 547 2 1 24 32 310 8 74 146 375 572 673 674 47 70 1,347 59 19 666 137 Charlotte, N. C.: Motormen___ Conductors.. . 4 18 947 154 Nov. 14,1913 ------do............ Total. 148 91 308 48 1,465 July 1,1913 ....... do............ Butte, Mont.: Trainmen5___ Charleston, S. C.: Motormen____ Conductors___ 158 667 (7 ) (7 ) (7 ) Total. 8 74 142 Total. Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Rail ways— Motormen................... Conductors................. Guards........................ 17 129 140 109 115 46 269 June 1,1913 ....... do............ ....... do............ 415 379 1,090 Total. 14 22 1,247 1,283 Chicago Surface LinesTrainmen 10........ Cincinnati, Ohio: Motormen...................... Conductors.................... Feb. 101 49 45 118 Sept. 30,1913 ------ do............ 1 2 82 112 Sept. 1,1913 ------do............ Chattanooga, Tenn.: Motormen........... . Conductors......... . 20 15 26 223 367 2,369 2,460 157 131 Total. Buffalo, N. Y .: Motormen.. Conductors. Total. 2 i 147 May 1,1913 ------do............ 124 163 147 142 97 273 Total. Brockton, Mass.: Motormen___ Conductors. . . Per cent of turn over during year. 1,049 4 19 Num ber in em ploy at end of year. 1,1914 ii 781 July 31,1913 ....... do............ 8 (7 ) (7 ) 147 411 830 1,666 9 11 9 19 9 979 1,009 2 3 178 477 352 40 218 16 1 Promoted from other occupation or occupations. 2 Including 12 promoted to motormen. 3 Including 17 promoted to conductors. 4 Including 29 promoted to motormen and conductors. 6 Worked interchangeably as motormen and conductors. 6 Including 1 promoted and those discharged. 7 Included in resigned. 8 Including those discharged. 9 Including those who died. i° Motormen and conductors were not reported separately, u Including those reinstated. 18 416 379 1,180 102 1,975 13 22 1,157 183 113 39 90 13 24 62 8,739 165 408 818 833 18 49 1,651 34 196 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T a b l e 2 9 . — CHANGES IN PER SO N N EL OF M OTORM EN, CONDUCTORS, GU AR D S, AND GRIPMEN D UR ING ONE Y E A R IN SPECIFIED CITIES—Continued. In employ at begin ning of year. City, road, and occupation. Date. Per sons. • Jan. 1,1913 1,117 ........do............. 1,161 Cleveland, Ohio: Num ber in em ploy at Re Dis- Total. end of signed. chg’d. year. Per cent of turn over during year. 2 20 101 4 324 91 327 419 1,163 1,203 29 35 834 10 544 192 746 2,366 32 167 170 171 171 2 88 100 69 72 159 172 179 169 101 342 2 188 141 331 348 97 41 45 23 30 g 11 9 15 17 26 47 49 39 55 86 53 19 24 43. 96 47 100 13 25 1 12 12 O o 13 20 94 26 93 93 13 27 194 38 1 24 21 46 186 20 366 449 42 108 1 2 35 g2 11 47 lfc 102 361 455 23 815 150 3 117 29 149 816 18 213 214 33 46 1 25 31 § 20 32 51 214 209 22 427 79 1 56 26 83 423 19 1,249 1,262 349 541 5 4 125 199 , 147 239 277 442 1,321 1,361 34 2,511 Total................................. 6 337 Sept. 1,1913 do 373 461 2,278 Total................................. Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corpora tion— Motormen.................... Conductors................... Separations from service during year. Taken on during year. Died. 890 9 324 386 719 2,682 28 72 73 26 47 g I 16 16 29 24 45 74 75 33 61 145 73 24 45 69 149 47 336 190 1 109 76 186 340 55 194 191 68 49 67 16 29 66 109 1 2 196 98 202 34 50 385 177 3 116' 45 164 398 42 406 394 224 280 4 3 180 188 49 103 233 294 397 380 56 72 800 504 7 368 152 527 777 64 113 118 116 96 2 68 1 43 35 41 105 85 124 129 O Q oy 69 231 21 2 3 111 76 ion iyu 9£Q /O O 79 92 Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff division of Fort Worth lines— Conductors................... Sept. 1,1913 do Total................................. Davenport, Iowa: Conductors.......................... Sept. 1,1913 Total................................. Denver, Colo.: Motormen............................ Conductors.......................... May l, 1913 Total................................. Des Moines, Iowa: Motormen............................ Conductors.......................... Sept. 1,1913 Total................................. Detroit, Mich.: Motormen .......................... Conductors.......................... May 1,1913 Total................................. Evansville, Ind.: Motormen............................ Conductors.......................... May 15,1913 Total................................. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Trainmen i.......................... Jan. 1,1913 Houston, Tex.: Motormen............................ Sept. 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. Total................................. Indianapolis, Ind.: Motormen............................ Oct. 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. Total................................. Jacksonville, Fla.: Motormen............................ July 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do Total................................. i Motormen and conductors were not reported separately. 12 15 22 CHAP. III.---- CHANGE IN PERSONNEL DURING ONE YEAR. 197 T ablSi 2 9 .—CHANGES IN PER SO N N EL OF M OTORM EN, CONDUCTORS, GU ARD S, AND GRIPMEN D U R IN G ONE Y E A R IN SPECIFIED CITIES—Continued. In employ at begin ning of year. City, road, and occupation. Date. Kansas City, Mo.: Motormen............................ Oct. 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. Separations from service during year. Taken on during Per year. Re Died. signed. Dis- Total. sons. chg’d. Num ber in em ploy at end of year. Per cent of turn over during year. 867 837 294 481 5 2 174 250 93 177 272 429 889 889 31 50 1,704 775 7 424 270 701 1, 778 40 95 94 37 47 1 15 14 26 37 41 52 91 89 40 51 189 84 1 29 63 93 180 46 100 100 40 43 1 10 9 9 19 20 28 80 85 22 30 200 83 1 19 28 48 165 26 Los Angeles, Cal.: Motormen............................ May 12,1913 1,014 Conductors.......................... ........do............. 1,082 418 552 7 4 233 260 91 223 331 487 1,101 1,147 31 44 2,096 970 11 493 314 818 2,248 38 457 474 217 194 4 1 133 116 67 68 204 185 470 483 44 39 931 411 5 249 135 389 953 41 150 150 30 37 2 3 11 5 7 12 20 20 160 167 13 13 300 67 5 16 19 40 327 13 76 78 32 28 1 2 l 24 23 i 25 25 83 81 31 31 154 60 3 i 47 i 50 164 31 261 266 384 434 1 249 262 105 134 355 396 290 304 129 139 527 818 1 511 239 751 594 134 610 653 81 108 3 4 52 45 32 59 87 108 604 653 13 17 1,263 189 7 97 91 195 1,257 15 973 997 743 871 3 2 327 467 208 212 538 681 1,178 1,187 50 62 1,970 1,614 5 794 420 1,219 2,365 56 88 90 88 124 51 67 37 64 88 131 88 83 100 143 178 212 118 101 219 171 121 200 239 116 125 2 1 86 94 14 36 102 131 214 233 49 53 439 241 3 180 50 233 447 53 Total................................. Lincoln, Nebr.: Motormen............................ Sept. 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. Total................................. Little Rock, Ark.: Motormen............................ Sept. 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. ....................... Total......... • Total................................ Louisville, K y.: Motormen............................ July 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............ Total................................. Lowell, Mass.: Motormen............................ June 1,1913 Conductors.......................... „___ do............ Total................................. Manchester, N. H.: Motormen............................ Nov. 15,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. Total................................. Memphis, Tenn.: Motormen............................ Sept. 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. Total................................. Milwaukee, Wis.: Motormen............................ July 1,1914 Conductors.......................... ........do............. Total................................. Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn.: Motormen............................ May 31,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. Total................................. Mobile, Ala.: Motormen............................ Oct. 31,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. Total................................. Nashville, Tenn.: Motormen............................ Sept. 30,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............ Total................................. » Including 12 promoted. 198 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T a b le 29.—CHANGES IN PERSONNEL OF MOTORMEN, CONDUCTORS, GUARDS, AND GRIPMEN DURING ONE YEAR IN SPECIFIED CITIES—Continued. beginar. City, road, and occupation. Date. Newark, N. J.: Motormen.. Conductors. Separations from service during year. Taken on during Per year. Died. Re Dissigned. chg’d. Total. sons. Num ber in em ploy at end of year. Per cent of turn over during year. 723 710 199 474 3 4 95 213 66 229 164 446. 758 738 22 62 1,433 673 7 308 295 610 1,496 42 117 119 34 36 1 1 17 20 5 7 23 28 128 127 19 23 236 70 2 .37 12 51 255 21 38 40 9 14 0) 0) (x) 0) C 1) 0) 6 16 41 38 15 36 78 23 C 1) 0) C 1) 22 79 28 327 366 199 173 0) 0) C 1) 0) C 1) C 1) 145 151 381 388 41 40 693 372 0) 0) C 1) 296 769 40 767 779 112 164 6 6 63 72 48 86 117 164 762 779 15 21 1,546 276 12 135 134 281 1,541 18 2,080 2,098 1,336 1,579 17 19 564 698 511 617 1,092 1,334 2,324 2,343 50 60 4,178 2 ,915 36 1,262 1,128 2,426 4,667 55 217 248 145 193 3 2 53 57 55 138 111 197 251 244 47 78 465 338 5 110 193 308 495 64 1,811 1,799 1,003 2,796 8 11 400 780 553 1,943 961 2,734 1,853 1,861 52 149 3,610 3, 799 19 1,180 2,496 3,695 3, 714 101 566 571 291 814 2 2 120 142 173 644 295 788 562 597 52 135 1,137 1,105 4 262 817 1,083 1,159 94 Dec. 31,1913 ------ do............ 747 754 315 623 4 2 92 138 210 461 306 601 756 776 41 79 Total. Interborough R a p i d Transit Co.— Elevated lines— Motormen........... . Jan. 1,1914 Conductors......... . ....... do............ Guards.................. ....... do............ 1,501 938 6 230 671 907 1,532 60 421 341 1,414 328 3 15 3 181 3 6 14 47 54 6 103 9 7 29 4 19 5 17 6 146 430 339 1,449 4 4 10 2,176 3 224 23 7 114 45 7 182 2,218 8 May 7,1913 ....... do........... Total. New Bedford, Mass.: Motormen............. Conductors........... June 1,1913 ....... do............ Total. New Britain, Conn.: Motormen........... . Conductors......... . July 1,1913 ....... do........... Total. New Haven, Conn.: Mortormen.......... Conductors.......... July 1,1913 ____do............ Total. New Orleans, La.: Motormen........ Conductors___ Oct. 31,1913 ____do............ Total. New York, N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co.— Motormen.................... Jan. 1,1914 Conductors.................. ____do............ Total. New York & Queens County Ry. Co.— Motormen.................... Jan. 1,1914 Conductors.................. ____do........... . Total. New York Rys. Co.— Motormen 2 ............. Conductors............. Nov. 30,1913 -----do........... . Total. Third Avenue Ry. Co.The Bronx— Motormen......... Conductors........ Total...................... Manhattan— Motormen.. Conductors. Total. Dec. 31,1913 ____do............ 1 Not reported. 2 Including drivers of horse cars. 3 Transferred from other occupations. 4 Including 3 transferred to other occupations. &Including 1 transferred to other occupation. 6 Including 64 transfo^ pexia other occupations. 7 Including 68 transferred to other occupations. 199 CHAP. III.---- CHANGE IN PERSONNEL DURING ONE YEAR. T a b l e 2 9 . — CHANGES IN PER SO N N EL OF M OTORM EN, CONDUCTORS, G UARDS, AND GRIPMEN D U R IN G ONE Y E A R IN SPECIFIED CITIES—Continued. Separations from service during year. Taken on during Re DisPer year. Died. signed. chg’d. Total. sons. In employ at begin ning of year. City, road, and occupation. Date. Sept. 1,1913 Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co.— Elevated lines— Motormen............. Apr. 1,1914 Conductors........... ........do............. Guards................... ........do............. Total...................... 216 195 1,259 16 30 10 8 300 148 8 458 1,670 26 283 249 699 21 1 458 1 5 8 3 5 215 5 9 145 9 19 368 295 231 789 480 14 223 159 396 1,315 31 133 163 137 128 58 60 70 83 128 143 142 148 93 82 265 118 153 271 290 90 393 401 110 107 1 1 22 36 16 16 39 53 464 455 9 12 217 2 58 32 92 919 11 85 77 25 35 19 20 2 5 21 25 89 87 24 30 60 39 7 46 176 27 359 365 199 174 1 1 96 96 77 58 174 155 384 384 47 41 * 724 Total................................. 29 4 31 6 418 162 Total................................. Omaha, Nebr.: Motormen............................ Sept. 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. 3 12 133 794 Total................................. Oklahoma City, Okla.: Motormen............................ Sept. 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. 25 415 6 280 296 Total................................. Oakland, Cal.: Motormen........................... May 14,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............ 1 4 5 1,231 Total.................................. Norfolk, Va.: Motormen............................ Sept. 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. 1 10 3 40 5 388 1,690 Total................... Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (elevated lines)— Motormen.................... Jan. 1,1914 Conductors........... ........d o . . ........ Guards. ........d o ............ Peoria, 111.: Motormen and conductors Per cent of turn over during year. 00 C O New Y ork, N. Y .—Concluded. Interborough R a p i d Transit Co.—Concluded. Subway lines— Motormen............. Jan. 1,1914 215 Conductors........... 186 Guards................... ........do............. 1,289 Num ber in em ploy at end of year. 373 2 192 135 329 768 44 274 85 5 17 47 69 290 24 47 37 139 114 124 « 5 7 14 23 I 1 24 4 1*3 J 47 39 122 9 8 5 223 16 i6 30 1 i631 208 7 12 4 133 4 3 (9) 49 1 Transferred from other occupations. 2 Including 4 transferred to other occupations. 3 Including 39 transferred from other occupations. < Including 5 transferred to other occupations. 5 Including 341 transferred from other occupations. 6 Including 45 transferred to other occupations. * Including 390 transferred from other occupations. 8 Including 54 transferred to other occupations. 9 Less than one-half of 1 jper cent. 1 Including Berkley Division which is almost entirely interurban. Data for this division are not included 0 in other tables. 1 Transferred from other service. 1 1 Including 2 transferred to other service. 2 1 Including 1 transferred to other service. 3 1 Including 6 transferred to other service. 4 1 Including 9 transferred from other service, 5 is Including 9 transferred to other service. 200 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. T a b l e 2 9 . — CHANGES IN PE R SO N N E L OF M OTORM EN, CONDUCTORS, GU ARD S, AND GRIPMEN D U R IN G ONE Y E A R IN SPECIFIED CITIES—Continued. Separations from service during year. Taken on during Re Dis- Total. Per year. Died. signed. chg’d. sons. In employ at begin ning of year. City, road, and occupation. Date. Philadelphia, Pa.—Concld. Philadelphia Rapid Tran sit Co.—Concluded. Surface lines— Motormen............. Apr. 1,1914 3,093 Conductors........... ........do............. 3,074 17 20 2 145 4161 46 119 2 208 4 300 3,038 2,981 5 7 5 360 37 6 306 165 6 508 6,019 6 1,450 1,474 101 190 12 11 792 8 120 28 104 7132 8 235 1,419 1,429 7 13 291 23 9 212 132 9 367 2,848 10 Total................................. May 15,1913 Total................................. Richmond, Va.: Motormen............................ Dec. 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ___ do.............. Total................................. Rochester, N . Y .: Motormen............................ Jan. 1,1914 Conductors.......................... ........d o . . ........ Total................................. Sacramento, Cal.: Motormen............................ May 7,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............ Total................................. Saginaw, Mich.: Motormen............................ June 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........d o . ......... 14 30 5 10 20 40 177 187 11 22 68 1 44 15 60 364 17 526 566 151 236 4 4 121 183 41 63 166 250 511 552 29 42 387 8 304 104 416 1,063 36 625 620 202 201 4 6 76 62 48 52 128 120 699 701 19 18 403 10 138 100 248 1,400 19 60 58 8 18 7 6 4 5 11 11 57 65 14 18 118 May 1,1913 __ do............... 1 1,245 Total................................. 23 45 1 1,092 Total................................. Providence, R. I.: Motormen............................ June 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ___ do............ 174 182 356 Total................................. Portland, Oreg.: Motormen............................ May 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. Total................................. 1 153 3 207 2,924 Total............................... . Portland, Me.: Motormen............................ June 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. Reading, Pa.: Motormen............................ Conductors.......................... 26 13 9 22 122 18 116 113 18 22 2 12 8 4 9 18 17 116 118 16 15 229 40 2 20 13 35 234 15 242 . 253 172 233 1 102 152 57 87 159 240 255 246 64 93 495 405 1 254 144 399 501 80 510 535 119 192 2 3 115 99 53 132 170 234 459 493 25 37 1,045 311 5 214 185 404 952 31 95 95 19 29 10 17 3 6 13 23 101 101 13 23 190 48 27 9 36 202 18 58 54 17 35 2 9 18 8 16 19 34 56 55 30 62 112 52 2 27 24 53 111 47 1 Including 43 transferred from other service. 2 Including 29 transferred to other service. 3 Including 30 transferred from other service. 4 Including 27 transferred to other service. 6 Including 73 transferred from other service. Ter cent of turn over during year. 6,167 Total................................. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Motormen............................ Dec. 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............ Pueblo, Coio.: Motormen............................ Conductors.......................... Num ber in em ploy at end of year. 6 Including 56 transferred to other service. 7 Including 6 promoted. 8 Including 7 promoted. 9 Includihg 13 promoted. 201 CHAP. III.---- CHANGE IN PERSONNEL DURING ONE YEAR. T able 2 9 .—CHANGES IN PER SO N N EL OF M OTORM EN, CONDUCTORS, GU ARD S, AN D GRIPMEN D U R IN G ONE Y E A R IN SPECIFIED CITIES—Continued. Separations from service during year. Taken on during Re DisPer year. Died. signed. chg’d. Total. sons. In employ at begin ning of year. City, road, and occupation. Date. St. Louis, Mo.: Motormen............................ Jan. 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ___ do.............. Total................................. Salt Lake City, Utah: Motormen............................ May 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ___ do.............. Total................................. San Antonio, Tex.: Trainmen l . r,. . Sept. 1,1913 San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable Railroad Co.— Gripmen....................... May 9,1913 Conductors................... ........do............. Total................................. MunicipalRailway s of San Francisco— Motormen.................... June 30,1913 Conductors................... do............ Total .............................. United Railroads of San Francisco— Motormen..................... May 1,1913 Conductors................... ___ do.............. Total................................. Savannah, Ga.: Motormen............................ June 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. Total................................. Scranton, Pa.: Motormen............................ May 31,1913 Conductors......................... ........do............. Num ber in em ploy at end of year. Per cent of turn over during year. 1,573 1,552 351 595 337 472 81 155 418 627 1,506 1,520 23 . 39 3,125 946 809 236 1,045 3,026 31 164 170 59 86 1 16 30 16 39 33 69 190 187 19 39 334 145 1 46 55 102 - 377 29 348 339 1 213 92 306 381 84 68 67 26 19 1 13 6 9 9 22 16 72 70 31 23 135 45 1 19 18 38 142 27 58 57 69 68 1 1 127 124 1 115 137 1 1 251 1 892 502 872 * 513 4 4 263 242 146 189 413 435 981 950 44 48 1,764 1,015 8 505 335 848 1,931 46 79 79 104 174 1 60 81 37 93 98 174 85 79 120 220 158 278 1 141 130 272 164 169 166 163 43 29 20 11 19 5 39 16 170 176 23 9 31 24 55 346 16 329 72 Seattle, W ash.:2 Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co.— Motormen.................... Dec. 31,1913 (3) 1,008 Conductors................... ___ do.............. 4 163 157 2 129 113 63 81 194 194 S3 ) 4 940 1,008 320 2 242 144 388 940 33 Total................................. Total................................. Seattle Municipal Street Ry.5 ................................. Seattle, Renton & South ern Ry. Co.— Motormen.................... Nov. 30,1913 Conductors................... ___ do.............. » Total ............................... Sioux City, Iowa: Motormen............................ Sept. 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............. Total................................. 36' 37 19 21 8 6 8 13 16 19 39 39 43 50 73 40 14 21 35 78 46 64 73 32 44 2 15 20 8 26 23 48 73 69 34 62 137 76 2 35 34 71 142 5! 1 Motormen and conductors were not reported separately. 2No data reported for gripmen. 3 Included in conductors. 4 Including motormen. 6 Not organized until May, 1914. No data reported. 202 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T a b l e 2 9 . — CHANGES IN PER SO N N EL OF M OTORM EN, CONDUCTORS, GUARDS, AN D GRIPM EN DU R IN G ONE Y E A R IN SPECIFIED CITIES—Continued. In employ at begin ning of year. City, road, and occupation. Date. South Bend, Ind.: Motormen............................ Sept. 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ___ do.............. Dec. May Total................................. Toledo, Ohio: Motormen............................ Conductors.......................... Aug. 15,1913 Total................................. Topeka, Kans.: Motormen............................ Oct. 15,1913 Conductors.......................... ___ do............... Total................................. Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co.— Motormen.................... July 31,1913 Conductors................... ___ do............... Total................................. 1Including 1 transferred. 56 131 112 114 101 107 32 34 1 18 24 14 14 32 39 101 102 32 33 66 1 42 28 71 203 32 143 137 62 75 37 41 30 35 67 76 138 136 44 55 137 78 65 143 274 49 74 78 63 90 24 24 5 19 29 43 108 125 32 42 153 48 24 72 233 37 233 231 38 52 1 3 110 15 3 12 14 20 257 263 5 8 90 4 2 15 15 34 520 7 75 76 28 52 18 34 5 15 23 49 80 79 30 63 80 52 20 72 159 46 42 46 56 64 49 57 4 10 53 67 45 43 122 144 120 106 14 120 88 136 264 262 76 83 1 3 39 39 25 41 65 83 275 262 24 32 159 4 78 66 148 537 28 147 152 76 123 1 1 51 72 17 49 69 122 154 153 46 80 199 2 123 66 191 307 63 360 360 191 191 2 2 168 165 16 19 186 186 365 365 51 51 382 4 333 35 372 730 51 64 60 45 66 1 30 33 14 34 45 67 64 59 70 111 111 1 63 48 112 123 90 327 347 156 180 1 99 101 48 89 148 190 335 337 45 53 674 1,1913 75 124 Total................................. 129 720 1,1913 128 102 299 Total................................. 54 58 526 1,1913 69 62 88 Total................................. Superior, Wis.: Motormen............................ June Conductors.......................... 30 26 151 Total................................. Springfield, Ohio: Motormen............................ Sept. 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ___ do............... 39 36 464 Total ................................ Springfield, Mass.: Motormen............................ June 30,1913 Conductors.......................... ___ do.............. 69 60 152 Dec. 31,1913 54 60 280 Total ................................ Tacoma, Wash.:3 Motormen............................ Conductors.......................... Per cent of turn over during year. 208 Total ................................ The Washington Water Power Co.— Motormen..................... May 15,1913 Conductors................... ___ do.............. Syracuse, N. Y .: Motormen............................ Conductors.......................... Num ber in em ploy at end of year. 114 Total ................................ Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Em pire R. R. Co.— Motormen..................... Jan. 1,1914 Conductors................... ___ do.............. Springfield, 111.: Motormen............................ Conductors.......................... Separations from service during year. Taken on during DisPer year. Died. Re sons. signed. chg'd. Total. 336 1 200 137 338 672 50 2Including 2 transferred. 3No data reported for gripmen. CHAP. III.---- CHANGE IN PERSONNEL DURING ONE YEAR. 203 T a b l e 2 9 . — CHANGES IN PER SO N N EL OF M OTORM EN, CONDUCTORS, G UARDS, A N D GRIPMEN D UR ING ONE Y E A R IN SPECIFIED CITIES—Concluded. In employ at begin ning of year. City, road, and occupation. Date. Washington, D. C.—Concld. Washington Railway & Electric Co.— Motormen.................... June 1,1913 Conductors................... ........do............. Total ............................... Wheeling, W . Va.: Motormen............................ May 31,1913 Conductors.......................... ___ do.............. T o ta l............................... Wichita, Kans.: Motormen............................ Oct. 1,1913 Conductors.......................... ........do............ Total................................. Wilmington, Del.: People’s Ry. Co.— Motormen.................... Sept. 1,1913 Conductors................... ........do............. Total................................. Wilmington & Philadel phia Traction Co.— Motormen.................... Sept. 1,1913 Conductors ................. ___ do.............. Total........ ................. Separations from service during year. Taken on during Re Per year. Died. signed. Dischg’d. Total. sons. Num ber in em ploy at end of year. Per cent of turn over during year. 405 409 159 212 1 4 102 100 54 97 157 201 407 420 39 48 814 371 5 202 151 358 827 44 88 87 24 17 2 1 117 19 i8 19 27 19 85 85 28 20 175 41 3 i 26 U7 46 170 24 59 61 15 25 4 3 1 9 5 12 69 74 8 18 120 40 7 10 17 143 13 51 54 26 42 1 8 16 10 25 18 42 59 54 33 78 105 68 1 24 35 60 113 55 98 98 10 29 1 2 6 13 8 17 15 32 93 95 10 30 196 39 3 19 25 47 188 20 1 Estimated. CHAPTER IV.— MISCELLANEOUS DATA RELATIVE TO CAR CREWS, APPLICATION FOR EMPLOYMENT. In making application for employment the applicant is required generally to fill out a form giving more or less personal history, state ments as to previous employment, and enter into various agreements as conditions of service. The scope of the inquiries and agreements varies with the different companies. See Appendix A. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION. Applicants for the positions of motorman and conductor are required to submit to physical examination in many companies, while in others no examination whatever is required. These examinations range from rigid and thorough ones given by a physician down to eye tests only, given by a company official. A general medical examination, similar to that given to applicants for life insurance, is required in Altoona, Birmingham, Boston, Butte, Charleston (S. C.), Chicago (C. S. L. and C. E. Ry. Co.), Dav enport, Denver, Des Moines, Detroit, Evansville, Grand Rapids, Houston, Jacksonville, Little Rock, Lincoln, Nashville, Newark, New York (B. R. T. Co., N. Y. & Q. Co. Ry. Co., I. R. T. Co., N. Y. Rys. Co., and Third Ave. Ry. Co.), Norfolk, Oklahoma City, Omaha, Peoria, Philadelphia, Portland (Oreg.), Providence, Richmond, Rochester, Sacramento, Saginaw, Salt Lake City, Scranton, Seattle (S. M. S. Ry. and P. S. T. L. & P. Co.), Sioux City, South Bend, Spokane (W. W. P. Co. and S. I. E. R. R. Co.), Springfield (Ohio), Syracuse, Tacoma, Topeka, Washington (W. Ry. & E. Co. and C. T. Co.), and Wichita. A general examination, but less rigid, is required in Atlanta, Buffalo, Dallas (N. T. T. Co.), Kansas City, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Minneapolis and St. Paul, New Britain, New Haven, Oakland, Pittsburgh, Pueblo, San Antonio, San Francisco (U. R. R .), and Springfield (Mass.). An examination for sight and color sense is made by a physician in Brockton, Lowell, New Bedford, and Wheeling, and a similar exami nation is made by a company official in Binghamton and Wilmington (Del.) (W. & P. T. Co.). In Charlotte a physician examines the ap plicant’s sight and hearing and a similar test is made by a company official in Louisville. No medical examination is required in San Francisco (M. Rys. Co.), but physical tests are given in running, 204 CHAP. IV.---- MISCELLANEOUS DATA RELATIVE TO CAR, CREWS. 205 jumping, lifting, etc. In St. Louis tests of sight and for rupture are made by the employment agent, and in Manchester a physician's certificate of good health is required. No physical examination is required in Augusta, Chattanooga, Cleveland, Dallas (D. E. Corp.), Memphis, Mobile, Portland (Me.)? Reading, San Francisco (C. S. C. R. R. Co.), Savannah, Seattle (S. R. & S. Ry. Co.), Springfield (111.), Superior, Toledo, and Wilmington (Del.) (P. Ry. Co.). Blank forms used by some companies are published as Appendix B. These forms illustrate the wide difference in degree of thoroughness required in making medical examinations. AGE ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS, TIME UNDER INSTRUCTION, AND AMOUNT OF BOND OR CASH DEPOSIT. Age requirements for motormen and conductors on entering the service are shown in Table 30. It will be seen that all but 4 cities require applicants to be within a certain age limit as a condition of hiring. The prevailing age requirement for entrance is 2 1 years. Only 3 cities have a lower age limit. Springfield, Mass., employs men who are 18 years of age; Reading, Pa., employs those who are 2 0 , and Altoona has this age as a minimum for conductors. In 18 of the cities covered by the inquiry the minimum hiring age is over 21 years; the highest entrance requirement, 25 years, is found in 5 cities. Eight cities having a minimum age requirement have no maxi mum age limit. The lowest maximum age is found in Minneapolis and St. Paul, where motormen and conductors are not employed if over 28 years of age. The next lowest is St. Louis, 33 years, fol lowed by 1 0 cities each having a maximum of 35 years. Charlotte, Chattanooga, Davenport,* and Reading are the only cities having a maximum entrance of over 45 years. In these cities men of 50 years of age may be employed. These requirements indicate that motormen and conductors are not hired until they have reached an age of discretion and good judgment, and that men who might be unable physically to perform the duties of these occupations on account of age infirmity are barred from employment. All street railway companies require newly employed motormen and conductors to take a course of instruction in order to learn the duties of their occupations, and to become familiar with cars and their operation, streets, etc. The time that must be spent under instruc tion varies in the different cities, as may be seen by referring to the table below under the heading “ learners' period.” Altoona has a learners’ period of 2 weeks; Atlanta, 3 weeks; Augusta, 10 days, etc. 206 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. In many of the cities no definite period of training is set, but the period varies according to the ability of an employee to become fa miliar with his new duties. For instance, in Charleston the period is given as from 1 0 to 14 days. A bright and alert employee might be considered ready for serivce after 1 0 days of instruction, while one less quick to learn would require the full 14 days. The cities in which trainmen are paid for service rendered during their learning period, with amounts paid, are as follows: Boston (elevated), guards (brakemen) only, 2 1 f cents per hour. Boston (surface); Buffalo; Milwaukee, paid after 1 month’s service; Wilmington, Del. (W. & P. T. Co.), $ 1 per day. Brooklyn (elevated), motormen only, $ 2 per day. Chicago (elevated), guards only, 2 1 cents per hour. Grand Rapids, $1.50 per day, paid after 1 year’s service. Kansas City, 50 cents per day, paid after 3 months’ service. Minneapolis and St. Paul, and Superior, 1 0 cents per hour unless employee voluntarily leaves service within 1 year. No deduction if discharged within year. Newark, $10 for 14 days’ learning period, paid after 1 year’s service. New York (I. R. T. Co.), motormen, $3 per day; guards, $ 2 per day. Conductors are promoted from guards. San Antonio, 75 cents per day as motormen; nothing as conductors. All trainmen learn duties of both occupations. Springfield, 111., 2 cents per hour. It will be observed that several companies withhold pay for the learning period until after a certain length of service, thus insuring to the company ho loss of wages for wholly nonproductive time. Not only do some companies not pay a learner during his period of learning, but provide that the learner, should he not stay for a cer tain time in the employ of the company, shall himself pay for the instruction that he has received. This provision is illustrated by the following paragraph drawn from a blank application of one company: In consideration of the necessity of the * * * Street Railway Company in structing me through the supervision of experienced motormen or conductors in the duties of the employment herein applied for, which course of instruction covers a period of from * * * to * * * days, and for which the company pays the instructor, I agree that in case I fall to render satisfactory service for a period of three months, dating from the day of my employment, and either resign or am dismissed from the employment of the company for cause, that the company shall deduct from the money due me by them the sum of five dollars ($5), which it is agreed covers the average cost to them of my course of instruction. Many cities require a cash deposit or surety bond of motormen and conductors. The cash deposit is usually a small one to cover the cost of badge, buttons, punch, tools, etc., furnished by the com CHAP. IV.---- MISCELLANEOUS DATA RELATIVE TO CAR CREWS. 207 pany, and is returned when an employee terminates his service. A larger deposit or a surety bond to insure faithful service or to cover shortages sometimes is required. In many instances the premiums on surety bonds were paid by the companies, though in some cities employees were required to pay them. The amount of bond or cash deposit required in each city is shown in the table below. The largest cash deposit, $25, is required in Buffalo, New Orleans, Oak land, Pueblo, and Washington (C. T. Co.). It is interesting to note that in three of these cities interest is paid by the company on the money deposited. The largest surety bond required is $500. This is the amount of the bond in Evansville, Little Rock, Los Angeles, Toledo, and Washington (W. R. & E. Co.). The latter requires also a small cash deposit. T a b le 3 0 .—AGE R EQ U IR E M E N TS, INSTRUCTION P ER IO D , A N D BOND OR DEPOSIT R E Q U IR E D . Age entrance require ments for— Learners’ period. Amount of bond or cash deposit required of— Motormen. Conductors. City. Motormen. Conductors. Motormen. Mini Maxi Mini Maxi mum, mum, mum. mum, 2 weeks... 3 weeks... 10 days___ 15 days___ 12 days___ i 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 Charlotte, N . C............. Chattanooga, Tenn___ Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways. Chicago S u r fa c e Lines. i 21 Cincinnati, Ohio.......... 21 40 40 Cleveland, Ohio........... Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Cor poration. 21 35 21 N orthern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff division of Fort Worth lines. Davenport, Iowa........... Denver, Colo................... Des Moines, Iowa.......... 21 21 $2 deposit. $2.85 deposit. $1 deposit. None. Do. 12 to 20 days. Same as mo tormen. 60 2 weeks. . 10 days— 2 weeks. . . 10 to 14 days. 10 days___ 15 days___ i 35 40 2 weeks... $1 deposit___ 3 weeks.. ____do........... 10 days_ _ ____do........... . 15 days_ _ None.............. 12 days_ _ ------do........... . 12 to 20 days. Altoona, Pa................... Atlanta, Ga................... Augusta, Ga................. Binghamton, N . Y ____ Birmingham, A la........ Boston, Mass.: Surface lines.......... Elevated lines....... Brockton, Mass............ Buffalo, N . Y ............... Butte, Mont................. Charleston, S. C........... 2 weeks. . , 10 days___ 2 weeks... 10 to 14 days. 10 days_ _ ....... do........... 15 days___ $5 deposit... Surety bond $100; com pany pays prem iu m first year. None.............. $5 deposit___ $25 deposit2- . None.............. ....... do............. 60 days1... None............. 2 w e e k s ........do........... m ini mum. 7 t o 10 ........do........... 35 2weeks m ini mum. 7 t o 10 days. 10 days___ 42 42 140 hours.. 140 hours. 40 40 ...d o ......... (3 ) (3 ) 14 days. 10 days___ 12 t o 14 days. 10 days... ........do........... $100 surety bond; com pany pays premium. ...d o ........... . — do........... 14 days_ _ 10 days_ _ 12 t o 14 days. $1 deposit.. $50 bon d ... $20 deposit. 1 For guards only. Conductors and motormen promoted from guards. 2 Deducted from wages at rate of $2 per month. 3 None. Conductors. None. $5 deposit. $25 deposit.2 None. $5 deposit. None. $5 deposit. None. Do. Do. Do. Same as mo tormen. Do. $1 deposit. $50 bond. $15 deposit. 208 T a b le STB EET RAILW EM AY PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 30. AUE REQUIREMENTS, INSTRUCTION PERIOD, AND BOND OR DEPOSIT REQUIRED—Continued. Age entrance require ments for— Learners’ period. Amount of bond or cash deposit required of— Motormen. |Conductors. City. Motormen. Conductors. Motormen. Conductors. Mini Maxi Mini- Maxi mum. mum. mum. mum. 45 45 Detroit, Mich............ (0 Evansville, Ind........ (0 Grand Rapids, Mich Houston, Tex........... 40 45 Indianapolis, Ind. . . 45 Jacksonville, Fla___ 40 45 10 d a y s m ini mum. Average 10 days. 13 days.... About 2 weeks. 10 t o 20 days. 40 10 to Kansas City, Mo----- 38 Lincoln, Nebr........... 45 Little Rock, A rk .. . . 45 12 to 17 days. 6 t o 10 days. 10 days___ 40 15 days___ Los Angeles, C al.. . . 40 Louisville, K y .......... 23 15 14 d a y s m ini mum. 14 days.... ...d o ......... 8 t o 20 days. 23 Lowell, Mass............. Manchester, N . H . . . Memphis, Tenn........ 10 d a y s m ini mum. Av e r a g e 10 days. None.. $500 bond at $1 cost each year to each man. 10 days___ $4 deposit___ A b o u t 2 $2 deposit___ weeks. 10 t o 20 $100 s u r e t y bond; em days. ployee pays premium. 10 to 15 $1 deposit___ days. 12 to 17 $5 deposit___ days. 6 t o 10 $2 deposit___ days. 10 d ays.... $500 surety bond; com pany pays premium. $500 surety 15 days___ b o n d ; $5 pr e mi um paid jointly by com p a n y and employee. 14 d a y s *$3.65 deposit. m ini mum. 14 days_ _ $5 deposit___ ...d o ......... $3 deposit___ 8 t o 2 0 $20 deposit; $5 of above days. not rereturned if leave emloym ent efore 3 months on account of unsatisfac tory serv ice. 10 days___ $5 d e p o s i t . . None. $500 bond at $1 cost each year to each man. $4 deposit. $2 deposit. Same as mo tormen. $2.50 deposit. $5 deposit. $2 deposit. Same as mo tormen. Same as mo tormen. $15 deposit. $5 deposit. $15 deposit. Same as mo tormen. E 21 Milwaukee, W is.. Minneapolis and Paul, Minn. St. Mobile, Ala. 40 21 23 28 23 (2) Nashville, Tenn.. Newark, N . J----New Bedford, Mass___ New Britain, Conn........ New Haven, Conn........ (2) 45 40 35 8 (2) 40 10 days___ Av e r a g e 18 days. (2) Average 2 weeks. Same as mo tormen. $3.50 deposit. $150 surety bond. 35 2 to 3 weeks 2 to 3 weeks $3.50 deposit. $5 deposit. 2 weeks.. . 2 w eeks... $3 deposit___ ...d o ................. do..................... do............. d£ 45 40 8 days....... 14 days___ 8 * 45 with experience or 35 without experience. $2 deposit; returned with first pay. Average 2 $10 deposit; weeks. re t ur ne d if contract is not vio lated. 8 days... $1 deposit___ 14 days.. ....... do........... Average 18 days. $5 deposit and $100 surety b o n d ; em ployee pays premium. Same as mo tormen. 2 None. CHAP. IV.---- MISCELLANEOUS DATA RELATIVE TO CAR CREWS. T able 3 0 — 209 AGE REQUIREMENTS, INSTRUCTION PERIOD, AND BOND OR DEPOSIT REQUIRED—Continued. Age entrance require ments for— City. Now Orleans, La. 25 45 21 New York, N . Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co.— Surface lines .. . 21 45 21 2 21 21 2 45 45 21 Third Avenue Ry. Co. Interborough R a p i d Transit Co. (elevated and subway lines). Norfolk, V a .................... Oakland, Cal.................. 21 45 0) C) 1 4 21 45 45 21 Oklahoma City, O kla.. 45 (’) 40 40 36 Portland, Me............. Portland, Oreg.......... Providence, R. I ___ Pueblo, Colo............. 45 0) 35 35 35 Reading, Pa.............. Richmond, V a .......... Rochester, N . Y ....... Sacramento, Cal....... Saginaw, Mich.......... 3 weeks.. . 14 to 20 days. Conductors. Same as mo tormen. $3.25 deposit. $4.25 deposit and bonded; employee pays premi* um, Si per year. 1 week2. .. ........d o............ $3.25 deDosit.3 12 to 14 None............... None. days. 7 days m ini- 15 to 30 6 to 8 days. ........d o ............ days. 2 to 3 weeks About 12 $2 deposit___ days. None......... (5) (5) 1 to 3 weeks 1 to 3 weeks $3.15 deposit. 12 days___ 12 days... $25 deposit; company allows 6 per cent inter est. 40 Av e r a g e Av e r a g e $400 surety bond. 14 days. 14 days. 40 About 10 About 10 None............... days. days. 40 10 days___ 10 days___ ........do............. 36 6 t o 1 4 6 t o 1 4 ........do............. days. days. 45 About 10 About 10 $1.25 deposit. days. days. (0 14 days___ 14 days___ None......... 35 10 days___ 10 days___ $5 deposit___ 35 19 to 26 Av e r a g e None............... days. 12 days. $25 deposit; 10 days— 35 10 days— co mpany allows 6 per cent inter est. 14 to 20 14 to 20 50 cents de posit. days. days. 7 t o 2 1 7 t o 2 1 $5 deposit___ days. days. $200 surety 10 days___ bond first year only; e m ployee pays pre mium. 40 14 days___ 7 t o 1 0 $5 deposit___ days. 0) 2 w eie kis 2 w e e kis $2.50 deposit. m n m in mum. mum. 40 Peoria, 111................... Philadelphia, Pa___ 0) 10 days___ Motormen. $25 deposit; c ompany allows 4 per cent inter est. Motormen. Conductors. 14 d a y s m ini mum. <45 Omaha, Nebr............ Pittsburgh, Pa......... Amount of bond or cash deposit required of— Motormen. Conductors Mini Maxi Mini Maxi mum. mum. mum, mum. Elevated lines . New York & Queens County Ry. Co. New York Rys. Co. Learned period. 40 0) Do. $2 deposit. None. $4 deposit. Same as mo tormen. $400 surety bond. None. $15.75 deposit. Do. $3.25 deposit. None. $5 deposit. $500 surety bond. Same as mo tormen. 50 cents de posit. $5 deposit. Same as mo tormen. $5 deposit. $2.50 deposit. 1 None. For guards only. Conductors promoted from guards. 8 Guards deposit $1.25. * For gatemen only. Gatemen are promoted to guards and guards to conductors and motormen. &Guards 3 days but serve as gatemen before eligible. Conductors promoted from guards. Motormen 5 days, but serve 1 year as guards and at least 1 year as switchmen before eligible. 2 39749°— Bull. 2 0 4 -1 7 - -14 210 T able STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 3 0 .— AGE REQUIREMENTS, INSTRUCTION PERIOD, AND BOND OR DEPOSIT REQUIRE D—Concluded. Age entrance require ments for— City. 10 days— 10 days.... 12 to 14 days. About 16 days. 12 to 14 days. About 16 days. Salt Lake City, U tah... 45 21 45 San Antonio, T e x . .. 35 21 35 San Francisco, Cal.: Municipal Railways of San Francisco. California S t r e e t Cable R . R . Co. United Railroads of San Francisco. Savannah, Ga................. Conductors. $10 deposit; $5 returned a f t e r 30 days’ serv ice. None.............. Same as mo tormen. None. $3.50 deposit. $3.50 deposit. 0) 21 0) 7 days— 7 days___ $3 deposit___ 21 0) 10 days... 10 days_ _ $1.50 deposit. $2.50 deposit. 13 deposit. 40 21 40 7 days___ 7 days___ $3 deposit___ 45 21 45 2 weeks. . . 2 weeks. . . 45 21 45 2 weeks. . . 2 weeks. $2 deposit; Same as mo c o mpany tormen. allows 6 per cent inter est. None............... None. 45 21 45 15 days___ 15 days.. 23 45 Only experienced men em ployed. 10 days___ Only ex- ........do............. perienced men em ployed. 10 days___ $1.75 deposit 10 to 14 days. 10 to 20 days. 10 to 14 days. 10 to 20 days. 21 0) 21 0) 21 0) 21 0) 21 40 21 40 Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R. R. Co. The W ashington Water Power Co. Springfield, 111............... Springfield, Mass........... 40 21 23 35 23 35 0) 18 0) 40 0) 18 0) 40 Springfield, Ohio........... 21 45 21 45 Superior, W is................ 21 40 21 40 Syracuse, N. Y .............. Tacoma, Wash............... Toledo, Ohio.................. 21 21 21 40 45 0) 21 21 21 40 . 45 0) 21 2 . . . d o .......... . . . do.......... 10 days___ 10 days___ 5 or 6 days. 5 or 6 days. No speci No speci fiedtime fied time 10 to 12 10 to 12 days. days. No speci No speci fiedtime fiedtime 15 days___ 15 days___ 10 days___ 10 days___ 2 weeks. . . . . . do.......... .do.. 1None. C 1) 40 Do. $3.50 deposit. $10 deposit. None. $100 surety bond. $3 deposit___ $100 s u r e t y bond, $3 deposit. None............. $3 deposit___ Do. $5 deposit. $5 deposit___ Do. ....... do........... None.............. ....... do............. $500 b o n d . Employee pays pre mium. 8 t o 1 4 $300 bond___ days. 10 days___ 8 t o 12 days. Do. None. Do. Same as mo tormen. $150 bond. 0) 45 C 1) 45 0) 21 Do. None............. 10 days— 8 t o 12 days. Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co. Washington Rail way & Electric Co. Wheeling, W . V a .......... Wichita, Kans............... $5J50 deposit. $10 deposit.. 8 t o 14 days. Topeka, Kans................ Motormen. 0) Scranton, Pa................. Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Trac tion, Light & Power Co. Seattle, Municipal Street Ry. Wilmington, Del.: People’s Ry. Co___ Wilmington & Phil adelphia T r a c tion Co. Motormen. Conductors 33 St. Louis, Mo. South Bend, Ind........... Amount of bond or cash deposit required of— Motormen. Conductors. Mini Maxi Mini Maxi mum mum mum. mum. Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. Co. Sioux City, Iowa........... Learners, period. 0) 21 14 days___ 6 t o 24 days. $25 deposit... $3.50 deposit a n d $5 0 0 bond. 14 days___ $1 deposit___ 6 t o 2 4 ------do........... . days. 0) 40 1 week___ 15 -days___ 1 week___ $10 deposit... $10 deposit. 15 days___ $1 deposit___ $1 deposit. 2 For inexperienced men. $25 deposit. $5 deposit and $500 bond. $3 deposit. CHAP. IV.---- MISCELLANEOUS DATA RELATIVE TO CAR CREWS. 211 PURCHASE OF UNIFORMS. Carmen purchase their uniforms in open market in practically all cities. The company designates the concerns from which uniforms shall be purchased in Binghamton, Memphis, Minneapolis and St. Paul, Nashville, Newark, New York (B. R. T. Co., N. Y. Rys. Co., and I. R. T. Co.), Oklahoma City, Pueblo, San Antonio, Savannah, and Washington (C. T. Co.). Usually two or more concerns are desig nated in each city. In Buffalo and Portland, Oreg., the concerns from which uniforms are to be purchased are chosen by the carmen's union, and in Louisville and Salt Lake City by committees of employees. In New York (Third Ave. Ry. Co.) the company selects a tailor, subject to the approval of the carmen, and in Philadelphia uniforms are purchased by the men through a cooperative associa tion. The company furnishes cloth for uniforms at cost in Mil waukee, and each carman has his suit made by a tailor chosen by himself. In Denver the men are required to purchase their uniforms for the first three years of service, from a tailor chosen by the com pany, after which time they are furnished by the company. In Grand Rapids carmen purchase their uniforms in open market, but are given 1 suit or overcoat each year by the company, after 5 years of service. The same condition exists in Springfield, 111., and Topeka, Kans., with the variation that 1 uniform is furnished each year after 5 years of service, and in the former city 1 uniform and an overcoat, and in the latter city 2 uniforms each year after 10 years of service. This plan also is in vogue in Kansas City, where the company, in addition to furnishing 1 uniform a year after 5 years of service and 2 a year after 10 years, allows the men $3 to apply on uniforms after 2 years, $5 after 3 years, $8 after 4 years. CHANGE CARRIED BY CONDUCTORS, DAILY ASSIGNMENT OF RUNS, REPORTING TIME, FREQUENCY OF PAY DAYS, AND “HOLD BACK.” The second column of Table 31 shows the amount of change con ductors are required to carry while on duty. As will be seen by a reference to the table, the prevailing amounts of change required to be carried are $ 2 and $5. For a few companies the amount is as high as $ 1 0 and $2 0 . In Butte and Charleston conductors are not required to carry any change. In 1 1 companies there is no rule on the subject; the amount of change to be carried is not specified, but is left to the discretion of each conductor. In Peoria, Rochester (on P. A. Y. E. cars), and St. Louis change is furnished the con ductors by the company. It is customary to post in car barns each afternoon a working board for the following day. This board shows the motorman and conductor for each run leaving the car barn. If the regular man 212 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. holding a run has not been excused, his name remains opposite the run. If he has been excused, the name of the extra man who is to take the run for the following day is inserted. An extra man posted for a regular run usually is not required to report earlier than is necessary to go on the run assigned. In the table below the time when the working board is posted each day is shown under the heading “ Time extra trainmen are assigned to runs for the following day” for each city. When no board is posted, extra men are usually notified verbally by the car-house foreman as soon as they are assigned to runs. In all cities each regular motorman, conductor, guard, and gripman is required to report at the car barn a few minutes before his car is scheduled to leave the barn. This is to enable the car-barn foreman to assign an extra man to a run in sufficient time to have the car leave the barn in accordance with the schedule, if one of the regular crew fails to report. This reporting time is paid for in the following cities: Boston (surface lines). Charlotte. Denver. Des Moines. Detroit. Jacksonville. Portland, Me. San Francisco (C. S. C. R. R. Co.) Springfield, 111. Boston (elevated lines), paid for 2 minutes for each report, or 2, 4, or 6 minutes per day. Chicago (surface lines), paid for 10 minutes for each report. Chicago (elevated lines), paid for 8 to 30 minutes per day on straight runs, and to maximum of 60 minutes on swing runs; New Bedford, paid for one-half of each report, or 5 to 20 minutes per day. New York (I. R. T. Co.—elevated lines), paid for 10 to 30 minutes per day; (subway lines) paid for 10 to 20 minutes per day. New York (B. R. T. Co.—elevated lines), paid to those who started from yards. Portland, Me., paid for 20 minutes per day.for each of 8 runs and for 10 minutes for other runs. Brockton, paid for on early runs only. Portland (Oreg.) and Syracuse, paid for one-half of the reporting time. Sacramento, paid for one-half of reporting time to those who pulled cars out of bam in the morning, and for 5 minutes to those who pulled cars into barn after completion of runs. San Francisco (M. Rys.), paid for 5 minutes for each report to those who pulled cars out of bam, and 2 minutes to those who pulled cars into barn after completion of runs. San Francisco (U. R. R .), paid for 5 minutes to those who pulled cars out of barn, and for 2, 3, 3J, 4, or 4£ minutes per day to those who pulled cars into bam after com pletion of runs. Crews taking cars out of the barn are paid for reporting time in Manchester, Okla. homa City, Rochester, Sacramento, and Salt Lake City. The table below shows also the frequency with which employees are paid and the time that elapses between the end of the pay period and pay day. The frequency varies from daily, in Denver, Sacra mento, and Washington (W. R. & E. Co. and C. T. Co.), to monthly in San Francisco (M. Rys. Co.), Spokane (S. I. E. R .R.Co.), and Superior. CHAP. IV.---- MISCELLANEOUS DATA RELATIVE TO CAR CREWS. 213 Semimonthly pay days are in vogue in a majority of the cities covered by the inquiry, but in many places employees are paid weekly. Employees are seldom paid up to the last day of service. Time is required to prepare the pay rolls and make up the pay envelopes. As a consequence there is usually a holdback or delay in the payment of wages after the end of a pay period for a time, varying from 1 day to 15 days. table 3 1 .—CHANGE CAR R IED B Y CONDUCTORS, ASSIGNM ENT OF RUNS, REPORTING TIM E, F R E QU EN C Y OF P A Y D AY S, A N D “ H O L D B A C K .” Amount of change con ductors are required to carry. City. Time required to report before starting on run (minutes). Time extra trainmen are assigned to runs for the following day. Motorman. Altoona, Pa.......................... About $2......... 5 p. m .............. $2...................... 4 p. m .............. Augusta, Ga......................... ........do............... ........do.............. Binghamton, N. Y ............. S3 city; $5 2 p. m .............. suburban. Birmingham/ A la. ........... $5...................... 5 p. m .............. Boston, Mass.: Surface lines.................. ........do.............. Between 2 and 3 p. m. Elevated lines.............. None................ Before 5 p. m . / \ Brockton, Mass................... $5...................... 5 p. m .............. Buffalo, N . Y ...................... $5...................... 6 p. m .............. Butte, Mont......................... None................ Charleston, §> C. *............... Charlotte, N. C .................... $5...................... Chattanooga, Tenn............. No specified amount. Chicago, III.: ..Chicago Elevated Rail None................ ways. Chicago Surface Lines. $10..................... Cincinnati, Ohio................. $5...................... Cleveland, Ohio.................. $20.................... Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corpo 15....................... ration. Northern Texas Trac ........do............... tion Co. Davenport, Iowa................. ........do.............. Denver, Colo........................ $10..................... Des Moines, Iowa............... $5...................... Detroit, Mich....................... $15 for tickets and change; at least $3 m u s t be change. Evansville, Ind ............... $5...................... Grand Rapids, Mich.......... ........do............... Houston, Tex...................... ........do............... Indianapolis, Ind................ Jacksonville, Fla................. No specified amount. Kansas Citv, Mo................. $2...................... Lincoln, Nebr...................... $5...................... Conduc tor. Time be tween end of How employ pay ees are paid. period and pay day (days). 5 10 10 10 5 Semimonthly. 10 do 10 ........do............... 10 ........do............... 5 5 ........do............... 5 5 12 *5 } 45 (6) 5 Weekly............ 6 to 7 ........do............... 4 5 ........do............... 4 times a (5) month. 15 Semimonthly. 15 Weekly............ 10,15,20 Semimonthly. 10 ........do............... 6 to 7 5 7 m 4 p. m .............. 1.30 p. m ......... (5) (5 ) 15 15 10,15,20 10 4 p. m .............. 8 to 30 ........do............... 10 5 p. m ............. 5 p. m .............. 3.30 p. m ......... 10 10 5 10 ........do............... 10 ........do............... 5 ........do............... 7 5 5 to 7 (6 ) 5 3 3 to 5 3 4 p. m .............. 10 10 ........do............... 5 6. p. m ............. 10 10 ........do............... 5 4.30 p. m ......... Between 11 a. m. and 12 noon. 12 noon............ 4 p. m .............. 10 10 10 ........do............... 10 Daily............... 5 ........do............... 5 p. m .............. ........do.............. 4 p. m .............. 5 p. m .............. Between 5 and 6 p. m. 4 p. m ............... 5 5 Semimonthly. __do............... 5 5 . . do.............. ........do............... ........do............... 10 Weekly............ 10 Semimonthly. 6 to 8 4 4 3 15 ........do............... 6 to 12 1 0 1 0 1‘ 0 5 1 0 1 0 5 1 0 15 10 10 1 1 0 10 ........do............... » At terminal. 2 At yards. a Conductors (guards) and guards (brakemen) same as motormen. 4 On early runs. 6 No specified time. 8 Conductors and guards same as motormen. 5 8 5 5 7 1 0 214 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE U NITED STATES. T a b le 3 1 .—CHANGE CAR R IED B Y CONDUCTORS, ASSIGNM ENT OF R U N S, R EPORTING TIM E, F R E QU EN C Y OF P A Y D A Y S, A N D “ H O L D B A C K ” — Continued. City. Little Rock, Ark. Los Angeles, Cal.. Amount of change con ductors are required to carry. Time extra trainmen are assigned to runs for the following day. No specified amount. $5...................... Time required to report before starting on run (minutes). 4 p. m .............. Louisville, K y . Lowell, M ass... $20................... No specified amount. Manchester, N. H ............. Memphis, Tenn................. Milwaukee, W is................ Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn. Mobile, A la......................... Nashville, Tenn................. Newark, N. J..................... New Bedford, Mass.......... New Britain, Conn........... Between 4 and 5 p. in. 4 p. m .............. 6 p. m .............. Motor man. Oklahoma City, Okla. Omaha, Nebr............... Peoria, 111...................... $2 ................... Philadelphia, Pa. Pittsburgh, Pa. . . Portland, Me____ 1.30 p. m ......... 4 p. m .............. Between 4 and 5 p. m. $3 to $5............ 4. 30 p. m ........ $5...................... 5 p. m .............. ....... do............... 4.30 p. m ......... Not specified.. 0) $10..................... 5 p. m .............. $5 except on 6 p. m .............. P. A . Y . E. cars where companyfurnishes $16. $5...................... 4 p. m ___ $20 for itckets 4.30 p. m. and change. Provided by 4 p. m ___ company. $2 ..................... 5 p. m .. $3 and half- ------ do. * fare book— Portland, Oreg... Providence, R. I . Pueblo, Colo........ Reading, Pa........ Richmond, V a . .. Rochester, N. Y .. Sacramento, Cal. Saginaw, Mich. . . St. Louis, Mo___ Salt Lake City, Utah.. San Antonio, Tex....... $5.................... Provided by company. $2 ................... $5.................... $2 ................... Conduc tor. 10 Semimonthly Weekly.......... $10..................... 5 p. m ............... $2...................... 4 p. m ............... $5...................... ....... do............... $5...................... Between 4 and 6.30 p. m. $2...................... 0) ....... do.............. 0) $5...................... 5 p. m .............. $2 ..................... 4.30 p. m ......... No specified 5 p. m ............... amount. New Haven, Conn.............. ....... do.............. .do. New Orleans, L a................ $2...................... (3 ) New York, N. Y .: 5 p. m . Brooklyn Rapid Tran $ 2 . sit Co. New York & Queen’s $ 2 . 6 p. m .. County Ry. Co. 4 p. m .. New York Rys. Co___ Third Avenue Ry. Co. ....... do. Interborough Rapid Transit C o Elevated lines....... None. (3 ) Subway lines....... None. , (3 ) Brooklyn Ilapid Tran None. Before 5 p. m sit Co. ( e l e v a t e d lines). Norfolk, V a .......................... $ 1 0 . About 5 p. m 3.30 p. m ........ Oakland, Cal........................ $5... How employ ees are paid. Time be tween end of pay period and pay day (days). 0) 0) Semimonthly W eekly.......... 0) C 1) 10 ........do............... 10 Semimonthly. 10 ........do............... 10 ........do............... 10 10 10 2 10 5 ........do............... W eekly............ ........do............... ........do............... ........d o .............. 5 10 5 5 5 10 do.............. Semimonthly . 3 3 1 to 6 4 4 10 4 to 7 10 ........d o .............. 5 10 ........d o .............. 10 ........do............... 10 to 30 10 to 20 4 10 10 to 30 ........do............... 10 to 20 ........do.............. ........do............... (5) 5 to 7 5 to 7 4 to 7 10 10 Semimonthly 4 times a month. 10 Semimonthly 10 ------d o . -----10 ------ do............. 5 p. m . 4 p. m.. 5 p. m.. 10 5 10 5 4 5 15 1 3 toe 10 Semimonthly 5 W eekly.......... 10 Semimonthly 10 ___ do............. 10 ........do............. times a «5 4 month. «10 10 W eekly........... Semimonthly W eekly........... 5 5 10 4 and 8 3 6 10 10 6 10 5 5 -----do.............. «10 5 Daily............... Semimonthly 5 to 8 ........do.............. ..d o ............ . 10 $2. San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable No specified 3.30 p. m . R . R. Co. amount. Municipal Railway of ....... do............... 1 p. m ___ San Francisco. 1 No specified time. 2 For day men. 8 Assigned for the day at reporting time. W eek ly.. Monthly. 4 For those taking trains out of yards. 5 Conductors and guards same as motormen. 6 For those who take car out of barn. 5 CHAP. IV.---- MISCELLANEOUS DATA RELATIVE TO CAR CREWS. 215 T able 3 1 .—CHANGE CARRIED B Y CONDUCTORS, ASSIGNM ENT OF RUNS, R EPORTING TIME, FRQ U EN C Y OF P A Y DAYS, A ND “ H O L D B A C K ” —Concluded. City. San Francisco, Cal.—Con. United Railroads of San Francisco. Savannah, G a.................... Scranton, Pa___ _____. . . . . Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co. Seattle M u n i c i p a l Street Ry. Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. Co. Sioux City, Iowa................. South Bend, Ind................. Spokane, Wash.: The Washington W a ter Power Co. Spokane & Inland E mpire R. R. Co. Springfield, 111 ............... Springfield, Mass................. Time required to report before starting on run (minutes). Time be tween end of How employ pay ees are paid. period and pay day (days). Amount of change con ductors are required to carry. Time extra trainmen are assigned to runs for the following day. $5...................... 4 p. m .............. 5 $2...................... ........do............... $2...................... 4 p. in.............. 10 5 10 Semimonthly. 5 ___ do $5...................... Motorman. Conduc tor. 5 W eek ly... 2 to 6 5 21 5 p. m ............... 10 10 ........do............... 10 No specified 0) amount. $5, minimum.. 4.30 p. m ......... 10 10 ........do............... 10 10 10 ........do............... 3 $10.................... ........do............... ........do............... 4 p. m .............. 10 10 10 ___ do............... 10 ........do............... 5 7 $5...................... ........do............... 10 10 ....... do............... ........do............... ........do............... 10 10 Monthly 5 $;3...................... ........do............... No specified (2 ) amount. Springfield, Ohio................. $15.................... 6 p. m .............. Superior, W is...................... $10.................... 5 p. m .............. Syracuse, N. Y .................... $2...................... 4 p. m .............. 10 10 10 10 Semimonthly . W eekly.......... 7 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 10 3 $5...................... 3 p. m .............. ........do............... 4.30 p. m ......... ........do............... 5.30 p. m .......... 10 10 10 Semimonthly. Monthly. 4 times a month. 10 Semimonthly. 10 ........do............... 10 ....... do............... 0) About 3 p. m . 10 10 10 Daily............... 10 ........do............... $2...................... 4 p. m .............. $10..................... 5 p. m .............. 10 10 10 Semimonthly. 10 ........do . . . 5 5 3 p. m .............. 4.30 p. m ......... 10 10 10 ........do............... 10 4 times a month. 2 4 Tacoma, Wash..................... Toledo, Ohio........................ Topeka, Kans...................... Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co. . . Washington Railway & Electric Co. Wheeling, W . V a ................ Wiohita, Kans ........ . . . Wilmington, Del.: People’s R y . Co........... Wilmington & Phila delphia Traction Co. $2...................... $3...................... $2...................... $5...................... 1 No specified time. 7 7 5 5 to 10 2 Assigned for the day at reporting time. SEATS FOR CAR EMPLOYEES, TOILET FACILITIES, INCLOSED CARS, AND HEATING METHODS. The next table (Table 32) shows the cities in which seats are pro vided for motormen and conductors. It will be noted that in practically all cities seats are provided for motormen, but that as a rule seats are not furnished for conductors. A conductor is required to walk through his car to collect fares in the older styles of cars, but in those of the newer types he is stationed at the entrance to the oar and collects fares as the passengers enter. In the first instance it may not be practicable to furnish a seat for the conductor, but in cars of the type last mentioned seats are being installed in some cities. The table also shows the cities in which toilet facilities are pro vided by the company at other than starting points and the longest 216 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. period of time that trainmen are without an opportunity to use toilets. In some cities where the company does not provide such facilities, public toilets or other places are accessible. The inquiry concerning toilets was answered merely “ Y es” or “ N o ” in most cases, but additional information was gjiven in some instances, as “ Yes, at all reporting places,” and “ Yes, at end of each route.” The answers are shown below as given. The time reported as the longest period which trainmen are without opportunity to use toilets appears to be rather long in some cities. It is presumed that in some of these cases the time reported refers to the use of toilets provided by the company, while as a matter of fact other conveni ences are accessible within a much shorter period of time. In a few cities a part of the cars have inclosed vestibules'and a part do not, and in a few instances the cars are partially inclosed— that is, the front of the vestibule is inclosed but the sides not inclosed. The most generally used system of car heating is electric. In the northern cities stoves, hot air, and hot water are used to a con siderable extent. In several southern cities there is no provision for heating the cars. T able 3 2 .—SEATS FOR TRA IN M E N, T O ILET FACILITIES, INCLOSED CARS, AN D H E A T ING METHODS. Seats provided for— City. Motormen. Conductors. Longest period Cars Toilet facilities without provided provided by oppor with Method of company at tunity inclosed heating cars. other than to use vesti starting points. toilet bules. (min utes). Altoona, Pa....................... About 60 per cent. Only on sub urban cars. Y e s................. No................... Yes; at all re porting places. No................... Y es................... No..................... No................... No..................... Birmingham A la............ After 60 days’ service. No................... Y es................... Electricity or stoves. 80 Binghamton, N . Y .......... Y es................. Yes 30 Y e s................. Atlanta, Ga...................... Augusta, Ga..................... Boston, Mass.: Surface lines.............. Y es................. Elevated lines........... Y e s................. Brockton, Mass................ On prepay ment cars only. N o . . . ............. 45 Par t l y Electricity. inclosed. Nearl y Not heated. all cars. 45 Par t l y Hot water, hot air? or inclosed. electricity. 30 85 per Electricity. cent en tirely; 15 per cent paitially. 50 Yes; at ends of all lines. Y e s................. Yes; at every station. No................... Yes; at end of each route. Buffalo, N. Y ................... Yes................. Y es................. Y es................... Butte, Mont..................... No................... No................. Y e s................... Charleston, S. C............... No................... No................. N o ........ Charlotte, N. C................ Y es................. No................... Y es............... Chattanooga, Tenn......... No................... Y es................... Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Yes................. No................... Yes............. Railways. Chicago S u r f a c e Ye s ................. Ye s ................. No.......... Lines. i Use public toilets, hotels, etc. Yes Do. Do. 3 Yes 30 Yes Do. 30 20 30 40 30 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Do. Do. Not heated. Electricity. Do. Yes Electricity or hot water. Electricity. 80 0) Yes CHAP. IV.---- MISCELLANEOUS DATA RELATIVE TO CAR CREWS. T able 217 3 2 .—SEA TS F O R T R A IN M E N , T O IL E T F A C IL IT IE S , IN CLO SE D CAR S, A N D H E A T IN G M E T H O D S —Continued. Seats provided for— City. Motormen. flinnirmat.ij O h io _______ Y e s ............. Cleveland, Ohio............... Conductors. Y e s ................. Longest period Cars Toilet facilities without provided provided b y oppor with Method of com pany at tunity inclosed heating cars. other than to use vesti starting points. toilet bules. (m in utes). Y e s ................... N o ................... Y e s ............. . 20 Y e s ........ 90 Yes E le c tr ic ity or hot air. H ot air. seats. Dallas, T ex.: Dallas Electric Cor poration. N orth ern T e x a s Traction Co., Oak Cliff division of Fort W orth lines. Davenport, Iowa. Denver, C olo.. . Y e s ................. N o ................... Y e s ................... 55 Yes Electricity. Y e s ................. Y e s ................. Y e s ................... 25 Yes Do. Y e s ................. Y e s ................. Y e s ................... 45 Y e s ........ Provide ow n seats. Y e s ................. N o ................... Yes; at ends of lines. N o ..................... 45 Yes Y e s ................. 75 Yes N o ................... Yes; at ends of lines and loops. N o................... Yes; arrange ment made with fire dep a rtm en t and others. N o ................... Y e s ................... 54 Yes 30 Y e s........ Detroit, M ich. Y e s ................. Evansvillp., Tnd Y e s ................. Grand Rapids, M ich. . .Y e s ................. Houston, T e x ............... Provide own seats. ........d o ............. Indianapolis, I n d . . 40 E le c tr ic ity , hot water, or hot air. Electricity. Forced air. Stoves. hot H ot water. hot air ana electricity. Y e s ........ H ot water or stoves. Not heated. Provide own Y e s ................... seats. N o ................... Yes; at ends of lines. 80 Yes 30 Y e s ........ P a rtly . . per cent. Yes Yes Jacksonville, F la .. . Kansas City, M o . . . . Y e s ................. Y e s ................. Y e s ................. Y e s ................. N o..................... Y e s ................... 90 60 Little R ock, A rk............. Lincoln, Nebr............... Y e s ................. Y e s ................. N o ................... Y e s ................... N o ................... N o ..................... 60 20 Do. H ot air or hot water. Not heated. Los Angeles, C al.......... Y e s ................. Y e s ................. Louisville, K y ................. Y e s ................. Y e s ................. Yes; at or near ends of lines. Yes; at ends of lines. 60 25 p e r cent. Yes Lowell, Mass..................... Manchester, N. H ........... Memphis, T en n ............... Milwaukee, W is............... Y e s ................. Y e s ................. Y e s ................. Y e s ................. N o ................... N o ................... N o ................... Y e s ................. ........d o ............... N o ..................... Y e s ................... Y e s ................... 60 30 60 45 Yes Yes Yes Yes Minneapolis & St. Paul, Y e s ................. N o ................... Yes; at ends of Minn. lines. Mobile, A la ....................... N o ................... N o ................... Y e s ................... Nashville, Tenn............... Y e s ................. N o ................... N o .................... Newark, N. J ............... Y e s ................. A bout 50 per Y e s ................... cent. New Bedford, Mass........ Some.............. N o ................... N o ..................... New Britain, Conn......... Y e s ................. N o ................... Y e s ................... New Haven, C onn.......... Y e s . . . : .......... N o ................... Y e s ................... New Orleans, L a............ Y e s ................. Y e s ................. Y e s ................... New Y ork, N . Y .: 5 per ce n t. . . N o ................... Yes; at all B rooklyn R a p i d swit chback Transit Co. points New Y ork & Queen’ s N o................... N o ................... N o ..................... County R y. Co. New Y ork R ys. C o .. 50 per cen t. . . N o ................... Y e s ................... 60 Yes 45 90 60 Y e s ........ Y e s ........ Yes Not heated. Electricity. 20 20 20 60 Yes Yes Yes Y es........ D o. Do. D o. N ot heated. 60 5 per cent Electricity. 50 P a rtly .. D o. 20 50 p e r cent. Yes Do. Third Avenue R y . Co. Yes; except storage bat tery cars. N o ................... N o .................... 60 66§ Steam heat or forced hot air. Not heated. Electricity. 60 E le c tr ic ity , hot water, or hot air. Electricity. D o. D o. Stoves, hot air or hot water. H ot water. D o. 218 T able STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 33.—SEATS FOR TRAINMEN, TOILET FACILITIES, INCLOSED CARS, AND HEAT ING METHODS—Continued. Seats provided for— City. Motormen. Conductors. Longest period Cars Toilet facilities without provided oppor provided b y with com pany at tunity inclosed other than, to use vesti starting points. toilet bules. (m in utes). Method of heating cars. N ew Y ork, N. Y .—Con. Interborough Rapid Transit Co. (ele vated and sub w ay lines). Brooklyn R a p i d Transit Co. (ele vated lines). Norfolk, V a .................... Oakland, Cal.................. Oklahoma City, O k la .. Y e s ................. N o ................... Yes; at nearly all terminals N o................... Y e s ................. Omaha, N ebr................. Y e s ................. Y e s ................. N o. Peoria, 111........................ Y es. Y es. Y es . Y es. Philadelphia, P a ........... Y es. Y es. Y e s. Pittsburgh, P a............... Y es. N o .. Yes; at termi nals. Y e s ................. Portland, Me.................. Portland, Oreg............... Y es. Y es. N o. N o.. Y es. Y es. Electricity or hot air. E lectricitv. D o. ‘ Only on owl cars. N o .................. N o ................... Yes; at termi nals. N o ................... Y es. D o. Yes; at ends of lines. Yes; at ends of some lines. N o.................... Yes; on some lines. Y es. N o. Yes; at all sta tions. Y es. N o. Y es. Some.. Y e s ... N o .. Y es . Providence, R . I ........... Y es. Pueblo, C olo................... Y es. Reading, P a ................... N o .. R ichm ond, V a ............... Rochester, N. Y ............. P a rtly. Y e s .... N o. N o. Sacramento, Cal............. Y es. Y es. Saginaw, M ich............... St. Louis, M o ................. Y es. Y es. N o .. Y es. Salt Lake City, U tah___ San Antonio, T e x ........... San Francisco, Cal.: California S t r e e t Cable R . R . Co. Municipal Railways of San Francisco. Y es. N o .. Y es . N o .. United Railroads of San Francisco. Savannah, Ga.................. Scranton, Pa.................... Seattle, W ash.: Puget Sound Trac t io n , L ig h t & Pow er Co. Seattle Municipal Street R y . Seattle, R enton & Southern R y . Co. Yes; at ends of lines. N o .................... Yes; on some lines. N o .................... N o .................... Y es. 30 Yes — O n ly c few. Y e s .. . 0) Y e s. Y e s. Y es. Y es. Y es. N o .. Y es. Y e s. Y e s. Y es. Do D o. Not heated. H ot air or electricity. H ot water, hot air, or electricity. Electricity or stoves. Electricity. D o. Electricity or hot water. Electricity. H ot water or forced hot air. N ot heated. Stoves. Forced hot air. E lectricity. Not heated. N o .. Y es. Y es . Y e s .............. Y es . On air-brake cars only. N o ................. N o .. Y es; on some lines. Y e s ................. . Partially N o .. N o. Y e s .. Yes, e x c e p t on ca b le cars. Y e s ............... Yes, e x c e p t on c a b le cars. Y e s ............... Y es. Partially. N ot heated. No . Y e s ........ Y es. Y es. Y es. 45 p e r E lectricity 45 cent; 55 per cent; per cent not heated, partially. 55 percent. Forced hot air. Electricity or hot water. Y es; at ends o f lines. ____d o ......... Sioux City, Io w a .. Y es. Y es. N o. Y es. Y es . N o.. Y es. N o .. Y es. Y es. Y es.. 20 Y es. South Bend, I n d .. Spokane, W ash.: Spokane & Inland Em pire R . R . Co. T he W a s h i n g t o n W ater Power Co. Electricity. 1 Yes; at termi nals. May leave cars at any tim e. N o. N o. N o ... D o. 60 per cent not heated; electricity, 40 per cent. N ot heated. D o. E lectricity or hot water. D o. Y es. Electricity. Yes. Do. CHAP. IV,---- MISCELLANEOUS DATA RELATIVE TO CAE CREWS. T a b l e 3 2 . —SEATS 219 F O R T R A IN M E N , T O IL E T F A C IL IT IE S , IN CL O SE D C AR S, A N D H E A T IN G M E TH O D S—Concluded. Seats provided for— City. Motormen. Springfip.lri, Til Conductors. Longest period Cars Toilet facilities without provided oppor provided b y with company at tunity inclosed other than to use vesti starting points. toilet bules. (m in utes). Y e s ................. N o ................. ............. Y e s ................. Y e s ................. Springfield, Mass Springfield, O hio............. Y e s ................. N o .................. Y es................. N o .................. N o .................... N o .................... Y e s ................... Yes; at ends o f lines. N o ................... Y e s ................... Syracuse, N. Y . . . ........... Y e s ................. Tacom a, W ash................ E x ce p t on cable cars. N o .................. Y e s ................... Toledo, Ohio.................... Y e s ................. Only on P. A. Y . E .cars. N o................... N o .................... Topeka, K ans.................. Y e s ................. N o .................... W ashington, D. C.: Capital Traction C o. Y e s ................. W ashington Rail ................. Yes way & Electric Co. N o................... Y e s ................... N o...................i Y es; on long runs. W heeling, W . V a ............ N o ................... N o .................... 67 per c e n t ... ................. Y e s ................. N o K a n s W ichita, ................... N o .................... W ilm ington, Del.: People’s R y . Co........ N o ................... N o ................... N o .................... W ilm ington & Phil N o ................... N o................... Y es; at each j adelphia Traction terminal. Co. 45 Method o f heating cars. Yes Y es Y e s ........ Y e s ........ Electricity. Do. Do. Stoves or hot water. H ot air, hot 90 Y e s __ water, or stoves. 60 12 cars, Electricity in yes; 12 c a r s ; others not 88 cars, partially; heated. cable cars, no. 50 N e a rly H ot air or hot water. all cars. H ot air. 50 Yes 30 60 Yes Electricity. Some D o. entirely, some partially. 120 ‘ Y e s ___ E le c tr ic ity , h ot air, or hot water. H ot air. 60 Yes 44 40 45 33 Yes Y^es........ Electricity. D o. 220 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. ACCIDENT, SICK, AND DEATH BENEFITS. In connection with the present inquiry concerning wages, hours, and working conditions, data were obtained as to existing provisions made by companies for the relief of street railway employees injured while on duty, and for payment by benefit associations of accident, sick, and death benefits. On pages 270 to 274 a statement is given of the relief provided by the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees as a national body and by the several local divisions of that association in addition. A tabular statement is here presented showing: (a) The relief provided by the employing companies to employees or their depend ents ; and (6) relief given by local benefit associations not affiliated with any labor organization. The relief extends to : (a) Employees in case of accident; (b) em ployees in case of sickness, and (c) dependents of an employee in case of his death. State compensation acts operative in 42 of the cities covered by the present inquiry make provision for an employee injured while on duty, or for his dependents in case of his death from accident. In Bulletin No. 203 of this bureau detailed information is given as to the benefits paid under these compensation laws. Where compensation is not provided by law, the companies them selves provide relief, usually for employees injured while on duty, but sometimes also for dependents of an employee, in case of his death caused by accident on duty. Such relief as the companies provide is set forth in the first two columns of the table below. Opposite each city, under the heading “ Benefit associations,” will be found a short statement showing whether the association is man aged by the employees alone or jointly with the company, together with company donations. Also the extent of the membership, dues, and assessments, sick and accident benefits, and death benefits. As stated above, the benefit associations mentioned in this table do not include local divisions of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees. STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 33.—ACCIDENT, SICK, AND DEATH BENEFITS Provision made b y com pany for— su. City. Employees injured while on duty. Insuring lives oemployees. Benefit associations. H ow managed. 1 Altoona, Pa. Customary to pay regular 2 Atlanta, G a............. Pays for hospital service, surgeon, and nurse. 3 Augusta, G a .......... 4 Binghamton, N. Y, Pays physician and regular wages. State compensation act. 5 Birmingham, A la . Pays wages and gives medical attention if not fault of em ployee. N o provision m ad e.. Membership com pulsory for motormen and con ductors. 6 Boston, Mass.: Elevated and surface lines. State compensation act. State compensation act. 8 7 Brockton, Mass. Buffalo, N. Y . . . .d o . .d o . N o provision m ad e.. B y employees.. .do. Jointly b y employees and com pany. .d o . N o association. State compensation act. .d o . .d o . 9 Butte, M on t____ No provision m ad e.. No provision made. 10 Charleston, S. C. 11 Charlotte, N. C............... Chattanooga, Tenn........ Pays regular wages; also for physician, hospital, and med icines. ....... d o ........................ Pays wages a n d physician. 12 13 14 15 Chicago, 111.: Chicago E l e v a t e d Railways. Chicago Surface Lines. Cincinnati, O hio. 1 A ll . . . . d o ....................... B y em ployees.. T w o associations, man aged b y employees; com pany pays expenses up to $6,000 per year. N o association.................... Jointly b y employees and com pany. B y em ployees.. ............d o ........... . .d o . .d o . N o association....... ............ B y employees; only white employees of operating department eligible for membership. Pays medical and hospital bill and from half to full pay. ...... do. Pays part or full wages and medical expenses when not fan It of employee. State compensation act. .do. B y employees; com pany contributes $1 for each week’s sick benefit paid and $100 for each death benefit. B y employees; com pany pays for 100 member ships. State compensation act. B y em ployees..................... white employees; per cent of total em ployees not reported. IV.---- MISCELLANEOUS DATA RELATIVE TO CAR CREWS. T RAILWAY EMPLOYEES. Benefit associations. Ap proxi mate per ■cent of all em ploy ees who are m em bers. ne Dues and assessments. Sick and accident benefits. 50 cents per m onth and as sessed I I for death of mem ber and 50 cents for death of member ’s wife. For sickness, $5 per week after third day; minimum period for paym ent, 10 days; m axi mum , 26 weeks. For acci dent, $5 per week; m axi m um period, 26 weeks. For sickness, $1 per day after 5 days, and furnished medi cines and physician; m axi mum period, 90 days during any one year. Am ount equal to $1 per member; for death of mem ber's/wife amount equal to 50 cents per member. 1 $100. 2 $5 per week for not over 10 weeks in any one year. Am ount equal to $1 per member; for death of mem ber’s wife or child, amount equal to 50 cents per mem ber. $100 for first year and in creases $100 each year there after to a m axim um of $500, 50 cents per m o n th .. . Death benefits. 3 50 cents per month; also as sessed $1 for death of mem ber and 50 cents for death of m ember's wife or child. $1 per m onth............................ SI per day for 60 consecutive days; m aximum of $100 in any one year; physician and hospital service furnished at any tim e. 50 eents per month; one as $7 per week; maximum period for paym ent, 10 weeks. sociation levies assessment o f SI when death-benefit fon d contains less than $1,000. 50 cents per m onth. $1 per m onth........... $1 per day after 7 days; not to exceed 90 days in any one year; physician and m edi cine free. Medical, surgical, drug, and hospital bills paid. $1 per da y; minimum for w hich paid, 7 days; m axi m um , 10 weeks in any one year. One, $1,000; other, paid. none 4 5 6 7 $150. 8 None.......................................... 9 $100; for death of wife, $75, and for child under 14 years o f age, $25. 10 $5 per week after 5 days for not to exceed 15 consecutive weeks, and not over $150 in any calendar year. $ 100. 12 $8 per $ 200. 1 50 cents per year and assess ments; annual cost, $3 to $6.50. None.. $500. 14 $1 per month and death as- $7 per week first 12 weeks; $3.50 $800.. per week second 12 weeks; $2 per week third 12 weeks; not to exceed $150 in one year. If illness eortinues m to second year, not to ex ceed $78, payable $3.50 for first, $2 for second, and $1 for third 12 weeks, and for third year, $1 per week for 36 weeks. For loss of both hands, both feet, or entire sight, may elect to receive $800 in lieu of benefit payments. 50 cents per m onth. 50 cents per month. .d o . week, after 7 days, for maximum of 14 weeks in one year. 11 15 224 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. Table 33.—ACCIDENT, SICK, AND DEATH BENEFITS Provision made by company for— Line No. City. Cleveland, Ohio. Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Cor poration. 18 Northern T e x a s Traction Co., O-ek Cliff division of Ft. Worth lines. Davenport, Iowa............. Denver, Colo. Des Moines, Iowa. Detroit, Mioh. . . Evansville, Ind. 24 Grand Rapids, Mich. Houston, Tex............. 26 Indianapolis, Ind. 27 Jacksonville, Fla. 28 Kansas City, Mo. Benefit association. Employees injured while on duty. Insuring lives of employees. State compensation act. State compensation act. Pays medical and hospital expenses and full wages if not fault of em ployee; if fault of employee, 60 per cent of wage loss after first week. Pays medical expen ses and full wages. No provision made.. No association. State compensation act. Pays medical and hospital expenses if employee was not at fault. State compensation act. No provision made. .do. State compensation State compensation act. act. ____do........................ ........do........................ Medical and hospital No provision made. expense, and regu lar pay, paid on recovery in lump sum. .. . . d o ....................... .do. Pays full wages and, usually, phy sician’s fee. No provision made . Pays all medical and hospital expenses and regular wages when not fault of employee. Pays wages and hosp i t a l e x p e n se when not caused by e m p lo y e e 's How managed. By employees . .do. .do. No. 1, jointly by employ ees and company; com pany pays $25 for every $100 paid by employees and makes up deficits. No. 2, by company. No association. .do. .do. By employees.. .do. No association.. .do. By employees; company pays physician and do nates proceeds of sale of lost articles. .do. .do. Jointly by employees and company; company con tributes sum equal to dues paid by employees. Jointly by employees and company. 1 Fifty-two per cent of all white employees; per cent of total employees not reported. CHAP. IV.---- MISCELLANEOUS DATA RELATIVE TO CAR CREWS. 225 FOR STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYEES—Continued. Benefit associations. Ap proxi mate per cent of all em ploy ees who are mem bers. Dues and assessments. 50 cents per month. Sick and accident benefits. 13.50 for first 7 days, $1 per day for next 63 days, 50 cents per day for next 35 days; not to excede 184 in any one year. Death benefits. $500, less amounts of benefits received by member dur ing membership for sick ness, death of wife, etc.; for death of wife, $50; max imum amount for illness, disability, and death of wife, $300. Line No. 16 17 18 19 73 Class 1, $1 per month; class 2, 75 cents per month; class 3, 50 cents per month. 100 50 cents per month................. Class 1, $6 per week; class 2, $4.50 per week; class 3, $3 per week; nothing for nrst 10 days unless disability caused by accident. Medical and surgical attend ance, including medicines, and hospital service when authorized by company phy- Class 1, $1,000; class 2, $750; class 3, $500. 20 No death benefits. 2i 22 23 75 cents per month. $1.50 per day for 100 days; phy sician and medicine. $500. 24 25 80 0) $1 per month. 50 cents per month. 80 cents per month; if mar ried, 15 cents additional for wife and 10 cents addi tional for each child; as sessed 50 cents for death of each member. 39749°—Bull. 2 0 4 -1 7 - $30 per month for total disabil Death due to accident, $200; ity for not to exceed 6 months; death due to illness, $100; nothing for first 7 days, if due amounts paid as benefits for illness or accident caus to illness; for partial disa ing death deducted from bility, half of above amount. death benefit. Physician provided and $1 per $200.......................................... day for not to exceed 20 weeks in one year; nothing paid for first week if disabil ity due to illness. $1.50 per day after first 5 days, An amount equal to 50 cents for each member; $50 for not to exceed 80 days in any death of wife; $35 for death one year. of child. -15 26 27 226 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 33.—ACCIDENT, SICK, AND DEATH BENEFITS Provision made by company for— Line No. Benefit associations. City. Employees injured wnile on duty. Insuring lives of employees. No,provision made.. No provision made.. By employees; member ship compulsory for mo tormen and conductors. 29 Lincoln, Nebr.. 30 Little Rock, A rk.. .do. 31 Los Angeles, Cal.. .do.. 32 Louisville, K y ----- Pays wages and for m e d ic a l a t tendance. 33 Lowell, Mass.......... 34 Manchester, N. H. 35 Memphis, Tenn. . . 36 Milwaukee, W is... State compensation act. Pays regular wages and physician’s fees. Pays regular wages; also medical and hospital expenses. State compensation act. 37 38 M in n e a p o lis and St. Paul, Minn. Mobile, A la..................... State compensation act. No provision made.. 39 Nashville, Tenn.. Pays wages if not fault of employee. 40 Newark, N. J ............ 41 New Bedford, Mass. State compensation State compensation act. act. ____do.......................... ____do.......................... 42 43 44 New Britain, Conn.. New Haven, Conn.. New Orleans, La___ How managed. Pays premiums on $1,000 policy for each employee. ____do.......................... No association. State compensation act. Jointly by employees and company; company con tributes an amount equal to that paid as dues by employees and pays operating expenses. No association.................... Compulsory membership; company deducts dues from wages. No provision made.. By employees; only white employees earning $1.50 or more a day are eligible. State compensation No association.................... act. No provision made., By employees; compul sory membership for trainmen and inspectors. .do.. No association.................... State compensation act. No provision made.. By employees; member ship compulsory; only white males eligible. .do.. ____do.......................... ____do........................ ____do.......................... ____do........................ Pays half of regular No provision made. wages and physi cian’s bill. i Or 98 per cent of motormen and conductors. No. 1 and No. 2, jointly by employees a n d com pany; only white em ployees eligible. No. 2, death benefit asso ciation. No association; company welfare plan. By employees...................... No association.................... ____do.................................... Six associations, managed by employees. CHAP. IV.---- MISCELLANEOUS DATA RELATIVE TO CAR CREWS. 227 FOR STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYEES—Continued. Benefit associations. Ap proxi mate per cent of all em ploy ees who are mem bers. 63 Dues and assessments. Sick and accident benefits. Death benefits. Line No. * » 75 cents per month; if mar ried, 15 cents additional for wife, and 10 cents addi tional for each child; as sessed $1 for death of each member. $1.50 day after first five days, not to exceed 80 days in any one year. An amount equal to $1 for each member; $50 for death of wife; $35 for death of child. 29 30 Services of physician and sur geon, and medicines. No death benefits.................. 31 46 ........do......................................... 90 cents per day, after 7 days, for 6 months, then 50 cents per day indefinitely unless permanent disability. $150; for death of wife, $50; and child under 14 years, $25. 32 50 cents per month................. $7 per week after first week for not to exceed 13 weeks in any one year. $100............................................ 100 50 cents per month................. 33 71 34 35 50 cents per month................. $1 per day for 100 days and 50 cents per day for next 100 days, with medical and sur gical attendance. $300............................................ 56 50 cents per month; assessed $1 for death of member. 75 No. 1,10 cents per week......... $2.50 for first week, $5 per week thereafter, not to exceed 7 successive weeks. $200; one-half paid by com pany; $50 for death of wife and $25 for death of child, paid by company. No death benefit.................... 15 No. 2, assessed $1.10 for death of each member. None.......................................... Amount equal to $1 for each member. $7 per week.................................. $300............................................ 30 50 cents per month; assessed $1 for death of member and 50 cents for death of mem^ ber’s wife. $1 for first week; $7 per week to An amount equal to $1 for sixteenth week; $6 for six each member, but not to teenth week; not over $105 exceed $200; for death of wife, one-half above in one year. amount. 30 No. 1, 75 cents per month; Drugs and physician for mem assessed $1 for death of ber, wife, and children under 15 years of age. member. No. 2, 25 cents per month___ $3 first week; $5 thereafter; not over 13 weeks in year. No. 3, 75 cents per month $5 per week; not over 13 weeks in year; drugs and physician plus 25 cents per quarter; assessed $1 for death of furnished for member and family. member. i 79 36 37 $1 per day after fourth day; not over 60 days in any one year; medicines furnisned. Amount equal to $1 for each member. No death benefits. Amount equal to $1 for each member; $15 for death of wife and $7.50 for child under 15. 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 228 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 34.—ACCIDENT, SICK, AND DEATH BENEFITS Provision made by company for— Line No. City. Employees injured while on duty. Insuring lives of employees. State compensation act. State compensation act. How managed. New Orleans, La. (con.). 45 46 New York, N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co.: Ele vated and surface lines. New York & Queens County Ry. Co. Interborough Rapid Transit Co. 51 .do . State compensation act; also provides for cases not cov ered by act. .do . Jointly by employees and company; transporta tion department em ployees must join. Jointly by employees and company; membership compulsory for motor men and conductors. Jointly by company and employees; c o m p a n y pays running expenses and deficiencies. .d o . Third Avenue R y ... State compensation Jointly by employees and act. Insured for company; company con $1,000. life or ac tributes amount equal cident, or both; to that paid by mem members of associ bers. ation pay 15 cents per week; others 24 cents. Associa tion pays $250 on life policy of its members. Only applicable to trans p o r ta tio n men and other employ ees who elect to join in a body. New York Rys. Co. Compensation act; .do.. Jointly by company and also donates in employees. deserving cases. Norfolk, V a ..................... Employees in serv No provision made. . Jointly by company and ice 10 years and employees; c o m p a n y totally disabled pays initiation fee of given pension of $1 for each member and $15 per month. $250 for death of mem ber. Oakland, Cal., State compensation State compensation act. act. Oklahoma City, Okla__ Omaha, Nebr................... Pays wages................ No provision made, Usually pays doctor .-...d o........................ and regular wages. By employees.. 1 85 per cent of employees on elevated lines; 59 per cent of employees on subway lines. 2 All white employees; per cent of total employees not^reported. 3 Or 65 per cent of motormen and conductors. CHAP. IV.---- MISCELLANEOUS DATA RELATIVE TO CAR CREWS. 229 FOB STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYEES—Continued. Benefit associations. Ap proxi mate per cent of all em ploy ees who are mem bers. Line No. Dues and assessments. Sick and accident benefits. No. 4, 75 cents per month... $3 per week for not over 8 weeks within 12 consecutive months; not paid for less than 2 weeks; drugs and physician furnished mem ber and family. $5 per week for not over 10 weeks in year; not paid for less than 2 weeks. $3 per week for not to exceed 13 weeks in year; drugs and physician furnished member and family. Amount equal to 50 cents for each member; for death of wife, 25 cents for each member. $1 per day after 8 days’ ; maxi mum period for payment. 90 days in any one year; free medical attendance. $1 per day after first 7 days, for not over 90 days in one year. $200. 45 $100; $50 for death of mem ber’s wife. 46 Class 1, 75 cents per month 50 cents per day for 52 weeks, then 25 cents per day. . $250; additional benefits may be secured by following payments on each $250. 47 Class 2, $1.50 per month___ $1 per day for 52 weeks, then 50 cents per day. Class 3, $3 per month......... $2 per day for 52 weeks, then $1 per day. $1.50 per day after 5 days; from first day in case of accident or serious injury; maximum, 90 days in one' year; physi cian and medicine furnished. $500; not over 45 years, 30 cents per month; over 45 and not over 60 years, 45 cents per month. $1,000; over 60 years, 60 cents per month. $250; if insured by company, applies on $1,000 poiicy. No. 5, 25 cents per month... No. 6, $1 per month.............. 65 50 cents per month............. . 50 cents per month............. 0; 50 cents per month............. 67 (2 ) 50 cents per month. 50 cents per month; assessed 50 cents for death of mem ber. 329 $1 per month. . 50 cents per month. ------ do........................ $1 per day after 7 days; not to exceed 90 days in one year. For sickness, $1 per day after 4 days for 150 days, thep 50 cents per day for 100 days. For accident, from first day, not to exceed $200 for any one disability or cause. $4 for first week and $10 per week for next 15 weeks; limited to 16 weeks for one disability or in one year. $7 per week................................ $1 per day after 6 days; not to exceed 182 days in one fiscal year. Death benefits. No death benefits. Amount equal to $1 for each member; for death of wife, 25 cents for each member. $300. 49 $500; $50 for death of wife or for death of mother of man. 50 $75.. $300 $100 52 53 230 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 33.—ACCIDENT, SICK, AND DEATH BENEFITS Provision made by company for— Line No. Benefit associations. City. Employees injured while on duty. Insuring lives of employees. Philadelphia, Pa State compensation act. Pays wages and for medical attention. State compensation act. Insures for $500 after 2 years’ continu ous service. Pittsburgh, P a .. Pays wages. Insures for 1 year's w ages; p a id monthly. Portland, Me.. Pays wages and for medical attend ance; provision made for perma nent injury. Pays regular wages and p r o v i d e s physician. Beneficiary g i v e n $300 by company if employee had served 1 year. By employees.. P a y s beneficiary $100. Two associations; mem b e r s h i p compulsory: No. 1, trainmen; No. 2, mechanical. Providence, R. I . State compensation act. State compensation act. Jointly by company and employees; c o m p a n y guarantees benefits and makes up deficits. Pueblo, Colo.. If by unavoidable a c c i d e n t , pays wages, m e a i c a l and hospital bills. Pays for hospital treatment a n d expenses. Employees in serv ice 10 years, and totally disabled, given pension of $15 per month. No provision made. No association. ____do........................ By employees. ____do........................ Jointly by company and employees; c o m p a n y pays initiation fee of $1 for each member and $250 on death of member. Jointly by employees and company. Peoria, 111........... 58 Portland, Oreg. Reading, P a .. Richmond, Va 67 Rochester, N. Y . . State compensation act. State compensation act. SacramentOj Cal.. Saginaw, M ich... St. Louis, M o___ 63 ____do. ____do. Pays Usual! and hospital bills unless caused by violation of rules. Company pays running expenses and contrib utes amount equal to that paid by employees. Jointly by company and employees; c o m p a n y pays running expenses and contributes amount equal to 50 per cent of dues. ____do........................ ____do........................ No provision made. Salt Lake City Utah___ How managed. No association..................... ....... do..................................... Jointly by company and employees; company pays salaries and ex penses and contributes amount equal to dues paid by members. No provision m ade.. By employees...................... i All white employees; per cent of total employees not reported. IV.---- MISCELLANEOUS DATA RELATIVE TO CAR CREWS. IT RAILWAY EMPLOYEES—Continued. Benefit associations. Dues and assessments. u. Sick and accident benefits. Death benefits. Not reported......... None............................................ . $1,000 54 25 cents per month. $1 per day after 7 days; not to exceed 100 days in any con secutive 12 months. $150.. 55 SI per month. After 7 days, $1.50 per day for first 6 months; 75 cents per day for second 6 months; 37J cents per day for second year; benefits cease after second year. If illness con tinues over 60 days, first 7 days are paid for. After first week, $7 per week for not more than 10 weeks in any year. $300. 56 $50. 57 No. 1, amount equal to $1 per member; for death of wife, 25 cents per single member and 50 cents per married member. No. 2, amount equal to $1 per member. 58 Class A, $500; class B, $750; class C, $1,000. 59 50 cents per month. 75 cents per month and assessed $1 for death of member. Class A, earning less than $9 per week, 10 cents per month; class B, earning less than $12 per week, 15 cents; class C, earning $12 or more per week, 20 cents. 13 cents per week. 50 cents per month; assessed 50 cents for death of mem ber. 75 cents per month. No. 1, $10 per week after first week, not to exceed 16 weeks in year; physicians’ services and medicine. No. 2, $7 per week after first week, not to exceed 10 weeks in year; physicians’ services and medicine. Nos. 1 and 2, if illness con tinues over 4 weeks, then first week is paid for. Class A, $4 per week; class B, $6; class C, $8. 60 $4 per week for 52 weeks, then $100; for death of wife, $50.. $2 per week during disa bility. For sickness, $1 per day after 4 $500; $50 for death of wife or for death of mother of days for 150 days, then 50* single man. cents per day for 100 days. For accident benefits are paid from first day, not to ex ceed $200 for any one dis ability or cause. $1 per day after first 3 days, $150. but not to exceed $100 in • any one year. 50 cents per month. $1 per day after first 7 days, $300. for 100 days; 50 cents per day for next 100 days; not to exceed $150 in any 12 months. $1 per month; assessed $1 for death of member and 50 cents for death of mem ber’s wife. $7 per week after first week for 16 weeks, then $3.50 per week for 16 weeks; limited to 32 weeks for same illness. $500; $100 for death of w ife.. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 232 STREET BAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 33.—ACCIDENT, SICK, AND DEATH BENEFITS Provision nwle by company for- Line No. 68 Benefit associations. City. Employees injured while on duty. Insuring lives of employees. How managed. San Antonio, Tex........... No provision made.. No association. 72 Savannah, Ga.. Pays regular wages and physicians’ and hospital bills. State compensation act. State compensation act. State compensation act; also insures 4th-year men for $300; 5th-year men, $500; and over 5thyear men, for$1,000. No provision made.. 73 Scranton, P a.. None. No provision made.. By employees..................... 74 Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Trac tion, Light & Power Co. State compensation act. State compensation act. 75 Seattle Municipal Street Ry. No provision made. 76 Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. South Bend, Ind........... . State compensation act. .. . . d o ....................... N o association...................... 77 Full pay for 30 days and half pay for not over 6 months; hospital service furnished. State compensation act. No provision made., 78 Sioux City, Iowa........... . State compensation act. State compensation act. No association..................... 79 Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R. R. Co. 69 70 71 80 Pays wages and rtiedical expenses. San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Ca State compensation act. ble R. R. Co. Municipal Railways State compensation act. of San Francisco. United Railroads of ------ do.......................... San Francisco. The Washington Water Power Co. ____do........................ .do. ....... do.............. No association ------ do............... By employees; company contributes amount equal to dues paid by members. By employees; member ship compulsory unless wages less than $25 per month; company makes up deficits. No association..................... Jointly by employees and company; company pays running expenses and contributes $500 annu ally. .do. Jointly by company and employees; member ship compulsory; com pany makes up deficit up to $250. .do. Jointly by company and employees; member ship compulsory. 81 Springfield, 111___ Pays hospital and physicians’ bills. No provisions made. By employees.. 82 Springfield, Mass.. State compensation act. State compensation act. No association. CHAB. IV.---- MISCELLANEOUS DATA RELATIVE TO CAE CREWS. 233 FOB STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYEES—Continued. Benefit associations. Ap proxi mate per cent of all em ploy ees who are mem bers. Line Dues and assessments. Sick and accident benefits. Death benefits. No. 68 69 70 71 50 50 cents per month. 25 cents per month. 87 75 cents per month. $1 per day for 60 days, then 50 cents per day for 60 days; first week not paia for unless disability continues more than 14 days. $5jper week; not over 13 weeks m any one year; free medical attention. $250. $100; for death of wife, $50; for death of mother of unmarried man, $50. 73 After first week, $10 per week for not to exceed $260 in any one period of 12 months. $250............................................ 7 -J 75 76 Class A , 50 cents per month; Class B, $1. 75 Class A, 50 cents per day for illness and 75 cents for acci dent; Class B, $1 per day for illness and $1.50 for accident; benefits limited to 120 days in any one year. Class A . $200; Class B, $400. Wages under $100 per month, 50 cents per month; wages $100 to $200 per month, $1 per month; wages over $200 per month, $2 per month. Wages under $75 per month 50 cents per month; wages $75 to $100 per month, 75 cents per month; wages $100 to $200 per month, $1 per month; wages over $200 per month, $2 per month. 50 cents per month............... . Medical and surgical treat ment, hospital and nurse provided. $75. .do. $1.25 per day for maximum of 26 weeks; nothing paid for less than 7 days’ disability. 77 $100., 80 $75; $50 for death of wife or child. 81 82 234 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 3 3 .—ACCIDENT, SICK, AND D E A T H BEN EFITS Provision made by company for— Line No. City. Benefit associations. Employees injured while on duty. . . Insuring lives of employees. How managed. State compensation act. State compensation act. Compulsory membership.. 84 Springfield, Ohio, 85 86 87 Superior, W is................... ........do.......................... ........do.......................... N o association........... do Syracuse, N. Y ................ ........do.......................... ........do.......................... do.......................... Tacoma, Wash................. Pays first aid and hospital bill; also State compensa tion act. Toledo, O h i o .................. Pays medical and No provision made ........do..................................... hospital expenses. Topeka, Kans................... State compensation State compensation Company contributes act. act. amount equal to dues paid by members. 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 .... ............... .... Washington, D. C.: Capital TractionCo.. Pays regular wages if not fault of em ployee. No provision made. Washington Rail* ‘ way & Electric Co. Pays for medical, ........do...................... surgical, and hos pital attendance. Wheeling, W . V a ............ State compensation State compensation act. act. Wichita, Kans................. ........do........................ ........do.................. Wilmington, Del.: People's Ry. Co Wilmington & Phil adelphia Traction Co. .... . By employees...................... Jointly by employees and company. N o association__ Company contributes amount equal to dues paid by members. No provision made.. No provision m ade.. N o association__ Pays half wages........ ........do......................... By employees. 1 Or 100 per cent of motormen and conductors. CHAP. IV.---- MISCELLANEOUS DATA RELATIVE TO CAR CREWS. 235 FOR STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYEES—Concluded. Benefit associations. Ap proxi mate per cent of all em ploy ees who are mem bers. iCl ! Dues and assessments. 50 cents per month. Sick and accident benefits. $5 per week, not to exceed $75 in one year; not paid for first week unless disability caused by mjury on duty or going to or returning from work. Death benefits. $200. Line No. 84 85 86 87 Assessed 30 cents when re serve fund falls below $200. $8 per week; not over 14 weeks in one year; nothing for first week unless disability continues four weeks. $1 per month; assessed $1 for death of member and 50 cents for death of mem ber’s wife. $1 per month.......................... $6 per week first 6 months, $3 $500; $250 for death of wife.. per week second 6 months, then benefits cease; no bene fits for first 6 days. $3 for first week and $1 per day $250; for death of mother of thereafter; not to exceed $200 single member or wife of in any one year. member, $50. $100. 80 91 92 100 80 L30 cents when re serve fund falls below $200. 50 cents per month. $8 per week, not to exceed 14 weeks in one year. $ 100.. $5 per week for 13 weeks, then $2.50 for 13 weeks; maxi mum, $150 in one year. $100; for death of wife or mother of member, $30. 94 95 CHAPTER V,— EMPLOYEES OTHER THAN CAR CREWS. While the major portion of this report is devoted to the considera tion of motormen, conductors, and other car-crew occupations, data as to rates of wages and regular working hours are given in Table E, Chapter VIII, for such other occupations as are distinctively found in street railway operation, and also for certain other occu pations employed in large number in street railway work, necessary in street railway operation, though not distinctive therein. The table does not include the various power-plant employees or those in a variety of miscellaneous trades and occupations who, while em ployed by street railway companies, were engaged in work not materially differing from what they would have done had they worked at their trade or occupation in any other industry. The several trades and occupations were found on the pay rolls of the several companies expressed in many different terms, which has made it necessary to group them under more general titles, in order to reduce the tabular space and permit comparison between companies. The occupations in Table E are arranged in alphabetical order under three general classifications: Track and line occupations; transpor tation occupations; barn and shop occupations. On pages 11 to 16 a list is given of all occupations for which data are presented in the several tables of this report together with brief definitions thereof. The list shows the grouping of terms under the occupation desig nations that appear in Table E. To illustrate the use that can be made of Table E and to afford a ready comparison for three of the leading occupations—laborers, line and track; linemen, line and track; and car repairers—Table 34 has been prepared. The table shows the number of persons employed at each classified wage rate per hour. The classification is made in 1-cent groups. 236 CHAP. V .---- EMPLOYEES OTHER TH A N CAR CREWS. 237 Reading the table for laborers, line and track, it is seen that the 2 2 men in the occupation in Altoona were paid 17 and under 18 cents per hour. In Atlanta 59 were paid 1 2 and under 13 cents per hour, 113 were paid 14 and under 15 cents per hour, etc. With these illus trations it is believed the table is clear. STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED ST A L 34.—NUMBER OF LABORERS AND LINEMEN (LINE AND TRA< .B E L ABO R ER S: LINE AN D T R A C K . Under City. N. U 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 12 cents. Altoona, Pa................................................ Atlanta, Ga................................................ Augusta, Ga............................................... Binghamton, N. Y ................................... Birmingham, Ala..................................... Boston, Mass.: Boston Elevated Ry. Co.— Surface lines................................. Elevated lines............................. Brockton, Mass......................................... Buffalo, N. Y ............................................. Butte, Mont............................................... Charleston, S. C......................................... Charlotte, N. C.......................................... Chattanooga, Tenn................................... Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways............. Chicago Surface Lines...................... Cincinnati, Ohio....................................... Cleveland, Ohio......................................... Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation............ Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff division of Fort Worth lines. Davenport, Iowa....................................... Denver j Colo.............................................. Des Moines, Iowa..................................... Detroit, Mich............................................. Evansville, Ind......................................... Grand Rapids, Mich................................ Houston, Tex............................................ Indianapolis, Ind...................................... Jacksonville, Fla....................................... Kansas City, Mo....................................... Lincoln, Nebr............................................ Little Rock, Ark....................................... Los Angeles, Cal....................................... Louisville, K y ........................................... Lowell, Mass.............................................. Manchester, N. H ..................................... Memphis, Tenn......................................... Milwaukee, W is........................................ Minneapolis & St. Paul, Minn................ Mobile, A la................................................ Nashville, Tenn........................................ Newark, N. J ............................................. New Bedford, Mass.................................. New Orleans, La....................................... New York, N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co............. New York & Queens County Ry. Co. New York Rys. Co............................ Third Avenue Ry. Co.— The Bronx................................... Manhattan................................... Interborough Rapid Transit C o .Elevated lines............................. Subway lines............................... Norfolk, V a ................................................ Oakland, Cal..... ........................................ Oklahoma City, Okla.............................. Omaha, Nebr............................................. Peoria, 111................................................... Philadelphia,Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co. (surface lines). Pittsburgh, Pa.......................................... Portland, Me.............................................. Portland, Oreg.......................................... Providence, R. I ....................................... Pueblo, Colo.............................................. Reading, Pa............................................... Richmond, V a ........................................... Rochester, N. Y ........................................ Sacramento, Cal........................................ 1 2 and under 13 cents. 13 and under 14 cents. 14 and under 15 cents. 15 and under 16 cents. 113 12 161 **i6 10 427 36 8 104 141 4 100 2 CHAP. Y.---- EMPLOYEES OTHER THAN CAR CREWS. 239 REPAIRERS (BARN AND SHOP) EARNING EACH CLASSIFIED' RATE OF WAGES, CITIES. LABORERS: LINE AND TRACK. 22 25 24 20 23 18 19 21 27 26 and and and and and and and and and and under under under under under under under under under under 19 20 26 24 21 25 22 23 28 27 cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. 28 and under 29 cents. 29 and under 30 cents. 30 cents and over. Line No. 1 i 150 21 2 391 1 i ........... i............ ........... !............ i i 12 1 17 214 329 610 25 238 63 ' *' - 1 1 1 ____ . .. U I. 13 149 32 2 16 51 1 0 1 1 1 2 3 1 3 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 11 100 54 532 4 1 1 16 142 1 1 i 25 29 I 113 20 2 1 22 7 5 20 75 142 6i 15 2 5 3 6 735 35 4 14 381 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 1 16 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 10 44 45 2 32 58 130 14 19 125 6 36 47 48 2 30 1 14 14 94 15 28 9 571 89 42 71 5 8 56 33 16 110 48 15 3 27 6 7 8 1 9 7 42 1 2 2 2 2 5 85 5 76 7 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED ,E 34.—NUMBER OF LABORERS AND LINEMEN (LINE AND r LABORERS: LINE AND T R A C K — Concluded. Under !U. 66 68 67 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 City. 12 cents. Saginaw, Mich..................................... St. Louis, Mo....................................... Salt Lake City, Utah.......................... San Antonio, Tex................................ San Francisco, Cal.: California Street Cable R y . Co... MunicipalRailwaysof SanFrancisco United Railroads of San Francisco. Savannah, Ga............................................ Scranton, Pa.............................................. Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co. Seattle Municipal Street R y........... Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. - Co. Sioux City, Iowa....................................... South Bend, Ind....................................... Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland Empire R.R.Co. The Washington Water Power Co. Springfield, 111........................................... Springfield, Mass...................................... Springfield, Ohio......... ............................ Syracuse, N. Y .......................................... Tacoma, Wash.......................................... Toledo, Ohio.............................................. Topeka, Kans............................................ Washington, D. C.: Capital Traction Co.......................... Washington Railway & Electric Co. Wheeling, W . V a...................................... Wichita, Kans........................................... Wilmington, Del.: People’s Ry. C o................................. Wilmington & Philadelphia Trac tion Co. 12 and under 13 cents. 13 and under 14 cents. 14 and under 15 cents. 15 and under 16 cents. 167 39 2 19 'm CHAP. V.---- EMPLOYEES OTHER THAN CAR CREWS. 241 REPAIRERS (BARN AND SHOP) EARNING EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES, CITIES—Continued. LABORERS: LINE AND T R A C K — Concluded. 22 21 23 24 26 27 20 25 19 18 and and and and and and and and and and under under under under under under under under unier under 24 27 25 26 28 22 21 23 20 19 cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. 1 999 3 28 and under 29 cents. 29 and under 30 cents. 30 cents and over. Line No. 66 68 1 67 69 2 6 9 1 203 1 1 6 8 i6 4 28 5 3 35 5 5 1 1 18 1 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 20 11 6 76 77 78 79 42 130 1 28 1 75 1 18 55 3 70 71 72 73 74 6 245 3 20 88 1 S9 90 1 4 42 2 10 1 91 92 9 3 1 1 39749°—Bull. 204—17------16 94 I STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE U NITED STA able 34.—NUMBER OF LABORERS AND LINEMEN (LINE AND TRAC] L IN EM EN : LINE AND T R A C K . 26 24 22 25 20 21 23 and and and and and and and under under under under under under under 26 27 21 22 24 25 cents. 23 cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. Under City. S o. T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 Altoona, Pa................................................ Augusta, Ga............................................... Binghamton, N. Y ................................... Birmingham, Ala..................................... Boston, Mass.............................................. Boston Elevated Ry. Co. (surface lines) Brockton, Mass......................................... Buffalo, N. Y ............................................ Charlotte, N. C.......................................... Chattanooga, Tenn................................... Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways........... Chicago Surface Lines.................... Cleveland, Ohio......................................... Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corpo ration. Davenport, Iowa...................................... Denver, Colo.............................................. Des Moines, Iowa..................................... Detroit, Mich............................................. Evansville, Ind......................................... Grand Rapids, Mich................................ Houston, Tex............................................ Indianapolis, Ind...................................... Jacksonville, Fla....................................... Kansas City, Mo....................................... Lincoln, Nebr............................................ Little Rock, Ark....................................... Los Angeles, Cal....................................... Louisville, K y ........................................... Lowell, Mass.............................................. Manchester, N. H ..................................... Memphis, Tenn........................................ Milwaukee, W is........................................ Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn........... Mobile, A la................................................ Nashville, Tenn.............. \ ...................... Newark, N. J. New Bedford, Mass.................................. New Orleans, La....................................... New York, N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co........... New York & Queens County Ry. Co. New York Rys. Co........................... Third Avenue Ry. Co.— The Bronx................................... Manhattan................................... Norfolk, V a ................................................ Oakland, Cal.............................................. Oklahoma City, Okla.............................. Omaha, Nebr............................................ Peoria, 111................................................... Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co. (surface lines). Pittsburgh, Pa.......................................... Portland, Me............................................. Portland, Oreg.......................................... Providence, R. I ...................................... Pueblo, Colo.............................................. Reading, Pa............................................... Richmond, V a . . ....................................... Rochester, N. Y ........................................ Sacramento, Cal........................................ St. Louis, Mo............................................ Salt Lake City, Utah............................... San Antonio, Tex..................................... 20 i1 124 1 15 cents per hour. 2 1 at 16 cents and 2 at 17£ cents per hour. 3 56J cents per hour. * 2 at 15.1 cents, 3 at 17.8 cents, and 2 at 19.2 cents per hour. 5 42$ cents per hour. 6 45 cents per hour. 712 at 41§ cents, and 1 at 42J cents per hour. 8 53J cents per hour. CHAP. Y .---- EMPLOYEES OTHER T H A N CAR CREWS. 243 REPAIRERS (BARN AND SHOP) EARNING EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES, CITIES—Continued. LIN E M E N : LINE AND T R A C K . 39 34 32 38 37 30 31 36 28 29 33 35 27 40 and and and and and and and and and and and and and Line under under under under under under under under under under under under under cents No. and 32 40 over. 39 38 30 28 29 33 31 37 34 35 36 cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. * 1 2 4 2 2 14 3 i 4 1 3 4 5 2 2 1 7 2 2 7 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 s I I 72 1 1 6 3 1 1 2 5 3 38 3 2 2 2 1 i 3 I 1 13 14 1 1 4 3 51 ! , 4 9 6 14 4 1 1 2 6 1 11 5 2 1 4 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 7 2 1 23 9 2 2 19 1 7 13 2 1 1 1 4 4 1 6 7 41 2 i i i 5 1 1 12 3 7 8 13 93 10 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 4 9 2 17 3 2 4 116 6 2 3 3 i 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 . . 1 ! 1 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 1 22 3 4 1 6 1 1 4 1 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 12 2 1 1 1 3 13 15 3 16 5 9 42 cents per hour. 1 40 cents per hour. 0 1 2 at 53.1 cents, and 4 at 56.3 cents per hour, 1 i* 2 at 17 cents, and 2 at 19 cents per hour. 13 56£ cents per hour. w 1 at 17 cents, 8 at 19.2 cents, and 3 at 19.4 cents per hour, is 54 cents per hour, is 43.8 cents per hour. 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 244 STREET RAILWAY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. T able 3 4 .—N U M B ER OF L A B O R E R S AN D LIN E M E N (LIN E A N D TR A CK ) A N D CAR BY LINEMEN: LINE AND TRACK—Concluded. Line No. 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 22 24 20 21 25 26 23 and and and and and Under and and 20 under under under under under under under 26 24 21 22 27 25 cents. 23 cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. City. San Francisco, Cal: Municipal Railways of San Fran cisco. United Railroads of San Francisco. Savannah, Ga............................................ Scranton, Pa ........................................... Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Traction, Light & Power Co. Seattle, Renton & Southern Ry. Co. Sioux City, Io w a ..................................... South Bend, I n d ..................................... Spokane, Wash.: Spokane & Inland EmpireR. R. Co The Washington Water Power Co Springfield, 111 ..................................... Springfield, Mass ................................... Springfield, Ohio...................................... Syracuse, N. Y .......................................... Tacoma, W a s h ......................................... Topeka, Kans ....................................... Washington, D. C.: Washington Rail way & Electric Co. Wheeling, W .V a ...................................... Wichita, Kans ....................................... Wilmington, Del.: People’s Ry. Co ............................ Wilmington & Philadelphia Trac tion Co. 159§ cents per hour. i 3 1 i 2 2 1 2 1 11 2 1 1 a 3 at 41f cents, and 8 at 44$ cents per hour. i i 1 ........... i i t i 5 1 1 6 1 1 3 52.7 cents per hour. CHAP. V.---- EMPLOYEES OTHER THAN CAR CREWS. 245 R E P A IR E R S (BAR N AN D SHOP) EAR N IN G EACH CLASSIFIED R A T E OF W AG ES, CITIES—Continued. LINEMEN: LINE AND TRACK—Concluded. 34 38 35 36 37 32 39 30 29 33 28 27 31 40 and and and and and and and and and and and and and Line under under under under under under under under under under under under under cents No. and 35 37 40 over. 34 39 28 36 38 30 32 29 33 31 cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. 11 1 7 1 7 1 i I 1 1 62 2 11 63 64 65 36 41 1 1 67 68 5 3 52 64 f 1 > 6 1 1 3 4 54 5 1 79 80 81 82 1 4 42.6 cents per hour. 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 5 44| cents per hour. 6 45 cents per hour. 7 17^ cents per hour. STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED ST B E 34.—NUMBER OF LABORERS AND LINEMEN (LINE AND TRA' L CAR REPAIRERS: BARN AND SHOP. City. Iu . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Altoona, Pa........................................... Atlanta, Ga........................................... Augusta, Ga......................................... Binghamton, N . Y .............................. Birmingham, Ala................................ Boston, Mass: Boston Elevated Ry. Co.— Surface lines.......................... Elevated lines........................ Brockton, Mass.................................... Buffalo, N . Y ....................................... Butte, Mont.......................................... Charleston, S. C................................... Charlotte, N. C..................................... Chattanooga, Tenn............................. Chicago, 111.: Chicago Elevated Railways___ Chicago Surface Lines................. Cincinnati, Ohio.................................. Cleveland, Ohio................................... Dallas, Tex.: Dallas Electric Corporation............. Northern Texas Traction Co., Oak Cliff division of Fort Worth lines. Davenport, Iowa....................................... Denver, Colo.............................................. Des Moines, Iowa...................................... Detroit, Mich............................................. Evansville, Ind......................................... Grand Rapids, Mich................................ Houston, Texas......................................... Indianapolis, Ind...................................... Jacksonville, Fla....................................... Kansas City, Mo....................................... Lincoln, Nebr............................................ Little Rock, Ark....................................... Los Angeles, Cal........................................ Louisville, K y ........................................... Lowell, Mass.............................................. Manchester, N . H ..................................... Memphis, Tenn......................................... Milwaukee, W is........................................ Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn........... Mobile, Ala................................................. Nashville, Tenn........................................ Newark, N. J............................................. New Bedford, Mass.................................. New Orleans, La....................................... New York, N. Y .: Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co........... N ew York & Queens County R y . Co. New York Rys. Co............................. Third Avenue Ry. Co.— The Bronx................................... Manhattan................................... Interborough Rapid Transit Co.— Elevated lines............................. Subway lines............................... Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co. (ele vated lines). Norfolk, V a................................................ Oakland, Cal.............................................. Oklahoma City, Okla.............................. Omaha, Nebr............................................. Peoria, 111................................................... Under 18 cents. 18 and under 19 cents. 19 and under 20 cents. 20 and under 21 cents. 27 33 <3 65 10 14 42 45 *fi"4 18 121 1 80 5 41 *2 16 1 13 5 19 7 ' V2 2 at 16J cents, and 2 at 17^ cents per hour. 1 at 12§ cents, 1 at 13 cents, and 5 at 15 cents per hour. 1 at 16 cents, and 2 at 17 and under 18 cents per hour. * 17^ cents per hour. 5 43$ cents per hour. e 3 at 15 and under 16 cents, and 2 at 16£ cents per hour. * 1 at 16 cents, and 3 at 17£ cents per hour, s 2 at 15 cents, and 1 at 17£ cents per hour. » 37 cents per hour. 1 2 3 CHAP. V.---- EMPLOYEES OTHER THAN CAR CREWS. 247 REPAIRERS (BARN AND SHOP) EARNING EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES, CITIE S—Continued. CAR REPAIRERS: BARN AND SHOP. 34 32 33 35 31 36 30 28 24 29 27 26 25 37 and and and and cents and and and and and and and and and under under under under under under under under under under under under under and Line No. 35 33 34 36 32 37 31 29 25 26 30 28 27 cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. over. 2 41 2 4 1 6 2 1 2 1 11 5 1 49 1 1 1 1 1 I 4 i 118 23 1 1 2 1 1 1. 1 10 ! 24 3 53 23 6 22 3 16 65 2 6 9 7 4 5 10 223 15 3 13 131 1 4 1 3 2 15 2 3 7 4 1 9 1 8 17 6 2 2 147 21 1 16 14 4 12 5 6 1 93 1 1 5 27 1 6 17 20 1 21 1 22 1 2 1 l i 1 I-.1 ........... 1 l ......... 2 | 1 1 1 I 1 1 2 1 1 U 1 ! 1 1 2 2 1 38 1 1 1 5 I 10 1 1 50 1 17 1 1 2 9 2 4 7 1 4 13 1 47 48 6 49 50 51 6 9 1 5 1 1 5 at 15 cents, and 9 at 17^ cents per hour. 0 1 1 at 13f cents, 2 at 15 cents, and 1 at 17$ cents per hour. 1 1 2 17 cents per hour. 13 40 and under 41 cents 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 1 1 15 2 2 3 6 41 1 13 1 2 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 1 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 14 15 16 17 18 19 1 5 1 1 12 1 1 7 2 12 13 1 2 2 11 19 40 2 9 4 1 1 2 3 12 8 5 10 11 1 I 2 5 12 &10 1 1 ........... t............ !............ 1 i per hour. i* 1 at 14£ cents, 1 at 15 cents, and 2 at 171 cents per hour. 15 17$ cents per nour. 1616 cents per hour. 17 17 and under 18 cents per hour. is 21 at 37 and under 38 cents, and 2 at 39 cents per hour. 1 23 8 52 53 54 55 56 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED T able 34^-NUMBER OF LABORERS AND LINEMEN (LINE AND CAR REPAIRERS: BARN AND SHOP— Concluded. u. City. Philadelphia, Pa.: Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co.— Elevated lines............................. Surface lines................................ Pittsburgh, Pa.......................................... Portland, Me............................................. Portland, Oreg.......................................... Providence, R . I ..................................... Pueblo, Colo.............................................. Reading, Pa............................................. Richmond, V a......................................... Rochester, N. Y ....................................... SacramentOj Cal........................................ Saginaw, Mich......................................... St. Louis, Mo........................................... . Salt Lake City, Utah............................. . San Antonio, Texas................................ San Francisco, Cal.: 72 California Street Cable R. R. Co___ Municipal Railways of San Fran 73 cisco. United Railroads of San Francisco 74 75 Savannah, Ga.......................................... 76 Scranton, Pa............................................ Seattle, Wash.: Puget Sound Traction, Light & 77 Power Co. 78 Seattle Municipal Street R y .......... 79 Seattle, Renton & Southern R y. C o... 80 Sioux City, Iowa..................................... 81 South Bend, Ind..................................... Spokane, Wash.: 82 Spokane & Inland Empire R .R . Co. The Washington Water Power Co. 83 84 Springfield, 111......................................... 85 Springfield, Mass..................................... 86 Springfield, Ohio..................................... 87 Superior, W is........................................... 88 Syracuse, N . Y ............................. .......... 89 Tacoma, Wash......................................... 90 Toledo, Ohio............................................ 91 Topeka, Kans.......................................... Washington, D. C.: 92 Capital Traction Co.......................... 93 Washington Railway & Electric Co. 94 Wheeling, W . V a.................................... . 95 Wichita, Kans.......................................... Wilmington, Del.: 96 People’s Ry. Co............................... . Wilmington & Philadelphia Trac 97 tion Co. 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Under 18 cents. 18 and under 19 cents. 19 and under 20 cents. 20 and under 21 cents. 21 and under 22 12 1 14 57 10 124 31 »1 13 6 16 6 14 7 ir; cents per hour, 23- cents per hour, 31 cents per hour, 1 4 6 it 15 cents, 1 at 16 cents, and 2 at 17J cents per hour, & it 15 cents, and 1 at 17J cents per hour. 6 64 c \cents per hour. 7 5 it 14 and under 15 cents, 1 at 15 and under 16 cents, 2 at 16 and under 17 cents, and : 3 ce: ts per hour. 8 3 ' £ cents per hour. CHAP. V.---- EMPLOYEES OTHER THAN CAR CREWS. 249 REPAIRERS (BARN AND SHOP) EARNING EACH CLASSIFIED RATE OF WAGES, CITIES—Concluded. CAR R EPAIRERS: BARN AND SHOP— Concluded. 35 32 33 34 24 36 31 28 25 30 29 27 26 37 and and and and and and and and and and and and and under under under under under under under under under under under under under cents Line and No. 35 34 26 36 37 31 32 33 28 27 25 30 29 cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. cents. over. 5 11 15 11 7 1 1 17 4 9 6 10 1 2 5 3 2 1 3 1 1 1 43 1 1 1 4 11 9 1 1 13 1 26 1 1 2 3 1 1 64 1 1 1 8 5 9 21 8 2 2 68 56 2 1 1 8 12 1 81 1 92 2 10 2 2 2 1 1 3 4 7 1 1 38 50 w 1 4 2 114 5 20 1 4 2 1 2 4 4 2 2 3 1 1 3 72 73 74 75 76 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 1 1 5 5 7 1 2 4 8 69 70 71 77 3 2 6 84 i 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 3 1 1 7 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 4 1 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 2 i 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 1 9 39f cents per hour. 1 6 at 37| cents, 14 at 43| cents, and 2 at 50 cents per hour. 0 1 1 at 38^ cents, 2 at 39A cents, and 1 at 42ft cents per hour. 1 1 2 1 at 15 cents, and 3 at 17| cents per hour. 13 38-& cents per hour. 14 39^ cents per hour. 1 5 1 at 13 cents, and 2 at 17 cents per hour. 161 at 12! cent's, 1 at 15 cents, 1 at 1&& cents, and 3 at 17x cents per hour. % 17 1 at 16 cents, and 3 at 17£ cents per hour. 88 CHAPTER VI.— ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. AMERICAN ELECTRIC RAILWAY ASSOCIATION, The American Street Railway Association (now the American Elec tric Railway Association) was organized at Boston on December 13, 1882, by 56 street railway men of the United States. The plan of organization was conceived by about a dozen interested street railway officials scattered throughout the country, who had been considering the idea for more than a year prior to the formation of the association. Just prior to the Boston convention much missionary work had been done by the original promoters through out the Middle West in the interest of closer relationship between street railway companies, and the following letter had been mailed to all street railway companies throughout the United States and Canada: L o u i s v i l l e C i t y R a i l w a y C o ., L o u i s v i l l e , K y ., N ov em b er 8, 1882. : Permit me to call your attention to a matter which has for some time been considered by a number of street railroad men, viz.: The formation of an association based upon well established principles governing similar organizations, the object of which shall be the promotion and advancement of knowledge, scientific and practical, in all matters relating to the construction, equipment and management of street railways; the establishment and maintenance of a spirit of fraternity among the members of the association, by social intercourse and friendly interchange of informa tion and ideas, to the end that the best service may be obtained at the least possible cost. With this object in view I have been requested by a number of street railway officials both in the East and the West to issue this circular, and urge that your com pany send a representative to a convention to be held in the city of Boston, on the 12th day of December, 1882, for the purpose of organizing and adopting a constitution for the government of such an organization. It is expected that most of the prominent street railroad companies in the United States will be represented. Will you be kind enough to notify Mr. J. E. Rugg, superintendent, Highland Street Railway Co., Boston, Mass., at once whether your company will send delegates, in order that adequate accomodations for the convention may be made in advance? As soon as replies are received arrangements will be made, and you will be notified of the location and the hour the convention will meet. Very respectfully, ( S i g n e d ) ------------------- , Superintendent, Louisville City Railway Co. D e a r S ir 250 CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 251 The growth of the association as well as the growth of the industry are set forth in the journal of the association—Aera, of April, 1915 (pp. 980-983), as follows: There was at that time [1882] in the United States and Canada an investment of $150,000,000 in street railway properties, while 3,000 miles of track and 35,000 employees composed the total mileage and employees of the companies who carried for that year 1 ,2 1 2 ,400.000 passengers. To-day [1915], however, instead of an invest ment of $150,000,000 there are more than $4,000,000,000 so invested; instead of 3,000 miles of track there are 43,000 miles— 37,000 miles, or 86 per cent, being mileage of association companies; instead of 35.000 employees there are 300,000 and instead of a billion and a quarter passengers being carried more than 1 2 ,000 ,000,000 passen;ers are carried, or an equivalent of more than seven times the popuation of the globe. Further, of the $533,000,000 gross earnings of electric railway companies of the United States and Canada, $500,000,000, or 94 per cent, is earned by companies who are members of this association. Instead of there being 62 companies represented in the association as in 1882 there are now 400. Substantially every street railway company in the United States and Canada of any size is a member of this association. * * * There can be little doubt, therefore, that the American Association with its affiliated associa tions, including the manufacturers, does substantially represent the entire electric railway industry in North America. The association first opened offices in Brooklyn. In 1896 they were transferred to Chicago and later moved to New York City. The present location is No. 8 West Fortieth Street, New York City. f THE ERA OF HORSE RAILWAYS. During the first few annual conventions of the association much time was spent in discussion of such problems as what were the best remedies for numerous horse diseases. Those were the days of the horse railway, and members were then all “ hoss-car” men and naturally interested in matters con cerning the care of horses. A most instructive as well as interesting report to one of those early conventions was that made by the Com mittee on Stables and Care of Horses to the third annual meeting of the association held at New York City October 15, 1884. ADOPTION OF THE CABLE SYSTEM. During the transitional period from animal to electric power on the street railways of the country the proceedings of the annual meetings of the association were largely taken up with the considera tion of the application of electricity t o .transportation purposes. It was believed that the substitution of electricity for animal power would elevate the business to a higher plane. Attention became directed to the application of better methods, better service, and generally better appliances. 252 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. The apparent attitude of the association in this regard was very aptly expressed by Mr. C. Densmore Wyman in a response to “ Our Association’ ’ at the thirteenth annual meeting held at Atlanta, Ga., October 17-19, 1894, in which he said: We soon found we wanted something better for our use in the conduct of our roads, and questioning each other we discovered that our longing for growth and development was mutual and allabsorbing. So with one accord we placarded the walls of our con vention hall with great interrogation points and to them we called the attention of the inventive genius and intelligence of our country. We said to them, “ Come and help us.” The cable men responded and the electric inventor said “ Here!” and to our meetings by invitation came such experts and skilled workers in the departments of science and engineering as Van Depoele and Edison, Westinghouse and Short, Sprague and a host of others, who sat down and told the story of what might be and predicted what was to come. We were eager seekers, earnest listeners and honest believers, and we were hungry for help. * * * Our sole aim, as so well expressed in our constitution, is the “ acquisition of experimental, statistical, and scientific knowl edge relating to the construction, equipment, and operation of street railways and the diffusion of this knowledge among the members of the association, with the view of increasing the accommodation of the passengers, improving the service, and reducing its cost. Among the earlier reports to the annual meetings of the associa tion and at the time of the first period of transition from animal power to endless cables there was issued a report by the Committee on The Cable System of Motive Power. This report occasioned much discussion, as did a subsequent report on the “ Progress of the cable system as a motive power, for the reason that there was serious doubt as to its universal application as a motive power.” The first report was made to the third annual meeting held in New York City October 15, 1884. As showing the problems before the association at that time and the development of the cable system, the following extracts are quoted from the report of the Committee on the Cable System of Motive Power, as published in the proceedings of the third annual meeting of the association, held in New York City, October 15, 1884, pages 145 to 148. * * * The fertile genius of Mr. A. S. Hallidie conceived the idea that transportation, which could not be accomplished by animal power, might be secured by endless ropes, and to him and his asso ciates all credit is due for the first successful construction and opera tion of the system, 11 years ago [1873]. What seems so easy and natural in the retrospect lay before those men an untried, and in the opinion of many, a foolhardy under taking. The money invested was regarded as squandered, and the whole scheme a trifling with the impossible. But through innumer able difficulties and trials they persevered, until intelligent experi CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 253 ment and dauntless courage wrought success. Clay Street Hill (San Francisco) became world-renowned for its novel and ingenious rail way, the advantages of which soon caused parallel lines on steep grades to be constructed on Sutter Street, California Street, Geary Street, Union Street, and recently one on the more level line of Market Street and its branches. After the first four lines had been built, covering short distances and carrying few people, a road was constructed in Chicago in 1881. The latter city claims not one iota of credit for the invention of the cable system, but did undertake the somewhat serious task of demon strating: First, that the system could be utilized in a region of harsh winters, deep snow, and frost, the antipodes of the balmy climate and per petual summer of California; and Second, that it could be expanded into a suitable system for moving the vast population of our largest cities. The former could not be accomplished by any fragile construction, but required great strength and compactness to resist the strains inevitable in a large commercial city and the powerful pressure of the frost in a northern winter. The latter could not be accomplished by any mile, or mile and a half, of timid trying; but with unshaken faith in its method of construction and the possibilities of the system, 20 miles of track were constructed, and the daily transportation of 10 0,00 0 people attained, with the ability to move five times as many. In addition to the lines indicated above, cars have been moved by cable for 15 months over the New York and Brooklyn Bridge; an extensive system is building in Philadelphia; a line in New York; one in Kansas City, and one in Hoboken, and comprehensive systems have been proposed for New York and Brooklyn. Recently, under the superintendence of American engineers, this purely American system has been introduced and short lines constructed in London, England, South Wales, and New Zealand. * * * In Chicago a speed of S i miles an hour is attained over one-half the lines, and 9J miles over the other half, except in a few places, where the speed is one-half the above rates, and can be made as much less at any point, as may be desired. * * * In hilly sections, where horses and locomotives would be useless for the purpose, the cable system can move cars as quickly and swiftly as on a level road; and on level roads it is found to be only one-half as expensive in operation as the ordinary horse railway sys tem, while its capacity for moving vast numbers of people is prac tically unlimited. * * * As regards humanity for horses and consideration for the nerves of passengers, it commends itself to all. In point of cleanli ness, a system which saves the use of thousands of animals in a city is of great sanitary value, and the comparative quietness of its opera tion is highly appreciated by those who reside beside it. ELECTRICITY AS A MOTIVE POWER. The possibility of electricity as a motive power was the leading topic presented and discussed at the meetings of the association beginning with the year 1885. Little progress had been made in the 254 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. application of electricity to the moving of cars prior to 1888, although the solution of the problem was deemed not far distant. A t the annual meeting in 1890 the president of the association stated that there were 1,600 miles of electric street railways in the country, and he predicted that electricity would be the coming power for street railways (except on heavy grades, where cable is best suited), which would prove so effective as a means of rapid transit for cities that later conventions of the association never would seriously consider horses for the operation of street railways In the 1 1 years from 1890 to 1901 the mileage of electric street railways increased from about 1,600 miles to approximately 25,000 miles. Probably the greatest activity displayed daring the years 1901 and 1902 was the development of the suburban and interurban proper ties, as distinguished from the purely local service of city companies. The development became notable not only in increased mileage, but in equipment and volume of business transacted, plus the extent of the field occupied and the service rendered. Another striking devel opment was toward consolidation of the street railway properties in the smaller cities with electric and gas lighting companies. The electrification of certain portions of some of the great steam railroads had begun to show progress by 1906. A campaign for the consolidation of small street railway properties into large and strong organizations was undertaken b y the steam railroads. It was claimed that these larger organizations had the means to employ men of greater skill and experience in the mechanical and operating depart ments, to provide better tracks and equipment, and to give better service than would be possible for small and financially weak com panies. The extension of electric railway service introduced new problems for discussion into the annual meetings, such as fares; transporta tion of freight; operating expenses; the most advanced electrical engineering methods, not only in the transmission of the power at high voltage necessary to operate cars, but in the car equipment as well; electric-welded joints; and right of way. The papers presented on these subjects at the annual meetings became highly technical, and often were read by men of note in the scientific world. The growth of the association, as presented elsewhere, seems to have kept pace with the development of the industry. The history of the association is similar to that of the industry itself, which has been one of constant growth and development, from the original small group of 56 street-railway men meeting in Boston in 1882, to the present huge association of electric railway men in 1915, with a membership representing 94 per cent of the gross earnings of all electric railway companies of the United States and Canada. CHAP. V I.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 2 5 5 The development of the industry was summed up by the president of the American Electric Railway Association at the 1908 convention as follows : 1 First. The old horse car carrying from 16 to 20 passengers, with one man serving in the dual capacity of driver and conductor, the pas senger depositing his fare in a box provided for that purpose. Second. The discarding and consigning to the scrap pile of the original horse cars and light track and the substitution of larger and more modern cars and heavier track. Third. The discarding and consigning to the scrap pile of the entire horse railway system and the substitution of the underground cable railway system, requiring power houses and new cars, as well as the entire reconstruction of roadbed and track. Fourth. The discarding and consigning to the scrap pile of the entire underground cable railway system, with all its expensive con struction and appliances and the substitution of the originally invented system of street railways propelled by electric power. Within a short time .following these changes began the discarding of the original equipment of electric street railways, including powergenerating apparatus and machinery, tracks and cars, and the sub stitution continuously thereafter, from year to year, of the latest type of electric apparatus manufactured with high power and large capac ity, heavier track and construction, as well as modem street cars. EDUCATION OF STREET RAILWAY LABOR. As the street railway became more necessary to the public a higher standard was required of employees. More attention was paid to their qualifications and training. The instruction car and other edu cational apparatus became regular features of the equipment of many of the larger companies. All motormen were required to demonstrate their ability to operate a car before they were assigned to cars. In addition, in some instances, such instruction was supplemented by schools where lectures were given on technical and popular subjects by men of prominence in the street railway world. It w^s believed that as the conditions attending street and interurban railway employ ment were continually being improved, the business becoming firmly established, standardized, and recognized as one offering solid and substantial rewards, men would take it up as a life work. In the report of the Committee on Labor and the Graduated System of Compensation made to the meeting of the association in 1884 a sug gestion was made as to the attitude a company should assume toward its employees and the graduated system of compensation, now so general, was advocated. Extracts from the report follow: LABOR AND THE GRADUATED SYSTEM OF COMPENSATION. The labor system of street railway companies has this peculiarity, viz: It is intimately connected with metropolitan society, and is con sequently much exposed to disturbing influences; it is also distin i Volume III of the Annual Meetings, p. 99. 256 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. guished by the fact that the entire income of the corporation is col lected in small amounts by a numerous set of employees. These fea tures render its regulation a matter of considerable perplexity and make it all the more important that it should be systematized on simple, practical principles. Street railways are public carriers running through dense popu lations, their relations to the public being determined in a large meas ure by their employees. Hence it is that at the outset of an inquiry as to the best means of regulating their labor system arises the obvious necessity for mutual good will between the companies and the labor they control. * * * From a purely business standpoint it is true of all forms in which invested capital depends for returns on regular, continuous labor that to awake in the employees an interest in their duties and a personal friendliness toward the corporation employing them is the best basis for permanent profits. * * * It should be a settled principle that discharges, as far as possible, shall not be capricious or without cause and that promotions will be made on the basis of length of service and personal merit. The labor system of an ordinary line is not sufficiently varied or exten sive to embrace a regular scale of promotions, but the principle should be recognized and established that the management is influenced by the relative merits of their employees, that there is no favoritism tolerated, and that a faithful and efficient man will not be overlooked nor unfairly treated. When the men are educated or understand this, an esprit du corps will gradually spring up and a guaranty of good work secured obtainable in no other way. In enforcing a system of fair promotions and a strictly equitable treatment of labor much dependence must necessarily be placed upon the reports of under officers. It is therefore of essential importance that they should be honorable and just men, as well as energetic and vigilant, and that their reports should be reviewed carefully by the chief executive officer, through whose individuality flows the inspiration of manage ment. A graduated system of compensation regulated according to length of service and general efficiency would also, if judiciously intro duced, be productive of beneficial results. Such a system could not be created summarily, but by establishing conditions as to the filling of vacancies and fixing a lower rate of pay for new appointees and the terms upon which their advancement will take place a complete sys tem may soon be created, the features of which can be adjusted to suit the particular circumstances surrounding the operation of each indi vidual line. A man who possesses experience and whom the company has tested and found reliable and competent is certainly worth more wages than a comparatively new appointee. His services are more pecuniarly profitable, and there is a corresponding loss when a new man is placed upon the same footing. A graduated system of compensation should be based upon a permanent and well known classification of the men, and b y this means there might be, if desirable, a saving of wages and a oetter recognition of individual merit and demerit. The system once estab lished would tend to promote fidelity and self-respect among the employees. Seeing its justice, they would cooperate in its main tenance; and at the same time, it would improve the relation of CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYEES. 2 5 7 capital to labor, and give to the men a stronger personal interest in the permanency of their employment. The use of all kinds of registers and other detective arrangements and contrivances simply expresses distrust; all of them represent the same efforts of experience and ingenuity to devise a substitute for personal honesty; all of them are imperfect and irritating, tending to blunt moral sensibilities, and foster want of confidence. It is true, undoubtedly, that these devices can not be dispensed with under the conditions that now exist, and the views here expressed have reference rather to general principles of the regulation of labor, than to the details of detective measures; yet we can not fail to see in their introduction a great disturbing element. We will not, there fore, discuss the relative values of the various contrivances, but insist that, were it an established fact, that these artificial means were indispensable, yet even then the principles herein set forth ought to control the labor system of street railways. The losses incurred by strikes, from which we have not been exempt; the ceaseless dis cussion of the relation between labor and capital, incident to modern times; and the increasing sensitiveness of capital to social disquiet, all unmistakably suggest that, so far as possible, corporations em ploying large forces of men should ground their policy on equity, avoid unnecessary antagonism, and consequent hostile legislation. We owe this duty to society, and we owe it to the large interests con fided to our charge. It may be impossible to prevent occasional dis putes, but when they arise, we should not be found evidently in the wrong, and bearing the stigma of oppressing labor, or of neglecting wise and just rules for its employment and control. REORGANIZATION PERIOD In 1903 there began, among those interested in electric transporta tion, an effort to broaden the scope of the activities of the association. Prior to 1904 the association was known as the American Street Railway Association and held meetings annually. The work of this association consisted mainly of the presentation of reports and of an exchange of opinions or experiences regarding the handling of the problems on the different street railway properties, but no plan had been developed to establish an association which would embrace the numerous allied electrical railway activities. The president of the association in his address to the twenty-first annual meeting held at Detroit, Mich., in 1902, pointed out that— . It may seem desirable to welcome the participation of all com panies engaged in electric railway transportation for the reason that there is no organization in the country which has accomplished so , much, or at its annual conventions and exhibitions can aiford any where near the same opportunity for instruction to those interested in electric transportation in its different phases. Heretofore no manager or engineer of a trunk line company which is contemplating or has installed a system of electric traction, could join this associa tion except as a representative of some street railway company; but in view of the interest which is being taken in electric railway equip39749°—Bull. 204r—17------ 17 258 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. ment by some of the large trunk line interests and the undeniable future which electric power will have for such transportation, es pecially for terminal and suburban work, the question will arise in the near future, if it has not already done so, whether the benefits which this association can confer are available for companies which are not now eligible to membership. At the St. Louis convention, held in 1904, it was felt that the asso ciation would be placed upon a much firmer basis by the formation of a parent organization surrounded by affiliated and allied associa tions interested in the upbuilding of the electrical street railway industry. The convention of the association, held in 1903, had already appointed a committee of five manufacturers, and it was empowered to add five others, for the purpose of reporting on a plan of organiza tion, under which the annual exhibit should be taken charge of by the manufacturers. On February 29, 1905, the plan of organization reported by this committee was accepted by the American Street Railway Association, which appointed a subcommittee to act with the manufacturers. The first exhibition under the direction of the Manufacturer's Association was held at the Philadelphia convention in 1905. In 1906 a constitution and by-laws were adopted by the manufacturers, who thus formed a permanent organization. At the convention held in Philadelphia in 1905, the present form of organization was adopted. At the same meeting the name of the association was changed to the American Street and Interurban Railway Association. In September, 1905, a secretary was appointed to devote all his time to the association's affairs. At the 1910 con vention of the association the name was changed to The American Electric Railway Association and the names of the affiliated and allied associations altered to comply with such change. The constitution as amended to January 1 , 1914, here quoted in part, sets forth the objects and character of membership of the associ ation. CONSTITUTION. NAME AND LOCATION. I. (a) The name of the association shall be the “ American Electric Railway Asso ciation.” (6) The headquarters of the association shall be located in the city of New York. o b je c ts. II. The objects of the association shall be as follows: (а) The discussion and recommendation of methods of construction, management, and operation of urban and interurban railways and the electrified sections of steam railways, and of safeguarding the interests of the same. (б) The establishment and maintenance of a spirit of cooperation among the mem bers, and the encouragement of friendly relations between the companies and the public. CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 2 5 9 (c) The acquisition of experimental, statistical, and scientific knowledge relating to the construction, equipment, and operation of urban and interurban railways, ana of the electrified sections of steam railways and the diffusion of this knowledge among the members. MEM BERSHIP. III. The membership of this association shall consist of two classes, as follows: (a) Company members^ consisting of American urban and interurban railway com panies, or lessees, or individual owners of urban and interurban railways or steam railways having electrified sections. Each member company shall be entitled to one vote, which shall be cast by the properly accredited delegate. (b) Members, consisting of individuals, copartnerships, and corporations who are actively identified with urban and interurban railway interests, or with those of steam railways having electrified sections, and other persons who, in the opinion of the executive committee, have had experience of such a nature as to render desirable their connection with the association. Members may ally themselves either directly with the American Association or with its Engineering Association, its Claim Agents’ Association, or its Transportation and Traffic Association, provided such membership conforms to the constitution and by-laws of the designated organization. Only those eligible, as determined by its executive committee, to the^ executive sessions of the American Association conventions may be allied directly with the American Associa tion. Excepting that they shall not be entitled to vote or hold office, the privileges of the members shall be similar to those of the company members. * * * (c) Associations of electric railway companies, or of individuals engaged in or affiliated with the electric railway business in the United States or other countries, organized for the purpose of the advancement and protection of the interests of the electric railway industry and for the purpose of dealing with specific local problems affecting their respective countries, sections, or localities, may, upon application, become sectional associations of this association, and the relationship between such associations and this association shall be governed and controlled as follows: 1. The membership of such sectional associations shall be composed of company members, or individual members, who are members of this association. 2. A committee of this association shall be appointed to promote the welfare of such sectional associations, and is to be known as the committee on sectional associations. * * * 3. Sectional associations shall be entitled to all the benefits and privileges enjoyed by members of this association, except the right to vote, without the payment of any membership dues other than those paid by the company or individual members of such sectional association as members of this association. (d) Foreign members consisting of urban and interurban railway companies or lessees or individual owners of urban and interurban or steam railways having elec trified sections, located outside of the United States of America and its possessions, Canada, and Mexico. Each member shall be entitled to one vote, which shall be cast by the properly accredited representative. * * * THE EXEC U TIVE COMMITTEE. VI. (a) The entire charge and management of the affairs of the association shall be in the hands of an executive committee. * * * AFFILIATED ASSOCIATIONS. X II. This association shall do all in its power to promote the welfare of other asso ciations organized with its approval to investigate technical matters connected with street and interurban railway construction and operation. To this end it will, in the following ways, and in others which may be determined by the executive committee, assist in the work of such affiliated associations: (a) By authorizing the formation and approving the constitutions of such associa tions. (b) By admitting to the executive committee a member from each of such associa tions. By granting financial assistance to such associations. By editing, printing, and binding the*reports of the proceedings of such associa tions. (e) Through its secretary and executive committee it will assist in arranging for conventions, suggesting suitable subjects for investigation; it will file information for reference and distribution and in every way endeavor to stimulate interest in all of the affiliated associations. S 260 STBEET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. FEES. The association has an admission fee of $ 1 0 for each company joining and annual dues depending on the gross receipts of the com pany represented, varying from $25 to $750. The dues of individual members are $5 per year. CODE OF PRINCIPLES. The attitude of the association on the relations of street railways to the public is set forth in a code of principles adopted at the con vention held in 1914. CODE OF PRINCIPLES. 1. The first obligation of public utilities engaged in transportation is service to the public. The first essential of service is safety. Quality of service must primarily depend upon the money received in fares. For this reason it is necessary that the rate of fare should be sufficient to permit the com panies to meet the reasonable demands of patrons and to yield a fair return on a fair capitalization. 2. Regulated private ownership and operation of electric railways is more conducive to good service and the public welfare than Government ownership and operation because the latter are incompatible with administrative initiative, economy, and effi ciency, and with the proper development of cities through the extension of trans portation lines. The interests of the public are fully protected by the authority given to regulatory bodies. 3. In the interest of the public and good service local transportation should be a monopoly and should be subject to regulation and protection by the State rather than by .local authorities. 4. Short-term franchises are detrimental to civic welfare and growth because they ultimately check the extension of facilities and discourage good service. 5. In order to render good service, electric railways must be allowed to earn a fair return on a fair capitalization^ and the foundation for this result will be obtained if the issuance and sale of securities representing such fair capitalization shall be legally authorized on such terms as will produce the requisite funds. 6. Securities which have been issued in accordance with the law as it has been interpreted in the past should be valid obligations on which an electric railway is entitled to a fair return. 7. The relation of adequate wages to efficient operation should always be recognized, but electric railways, being public servants regulated by public authorities, should be protected against excessive demands of labor and strikes. 8. The principle of ownership of securities of local companies by centralized hold ing companies is economically sound for the reason that the securities of the latter have protection against the varying business conditions of a single locality or company and because money for construction and improvements can thus be more readily obtained. 9. In the appraisal of an electric railway for the purpose of determining reasonable rates, all methods of valuation should have due consideration. 10. Full and frank publicity should be the policy of all transportation companies to the end that proper information may be available to the investor and the public. SCOPE AN D W O RK OF ASSOCIATIONS. Individual members may affiliate with such association as they choose or may, upon payment of dues to each, affiliate with two or more associations. In general, the scope of the various associations is: ^American Association.—In general the fulfillment of the object set forth in the Sec tion B of Clause II of the constitution, as follows: “ The establishment and mainte nance of a spirit of cooperation among the members and the encouragement of friendly relations between the companies and the public, and in particular the consideration of matters concerning general welfare, public policy, fares, taxation, insurance, gen eral policy, and kindred subjects.’ ’ Accountants' Association.—The consideration of questions relative to the standardi zation of accounts and reports and other matters relating to accounting for electric railways. CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYEES. 2 6 1 Engineering Association.—The consideration of engineering questions covering con struction and maintenance of electric railway equipment and apparatus, standardiza tion, block signals, multiple-unit operation, etc. Claims Association.—The consideration of work for the prevention of accidents, the reduction of the damages account, the maintenance of an index bureau service, and other matters relating to the claims department of an electric railway. Transportation and Traffic Association.—The consideration of general operating methods in detail, rules, freight and express, time-tables, the hiring and training of employes, block signals, multiple-unit operation, and other matters relative to traffic and transportation. Sectional associations.—To avoid duplication of work and to knit together all organi zations having as their general purpose the advancement of electric railway interests, and to establish cooperation between the American Electric Railway Association and other organizations, representing sections of the United States and foreign countries, provision for close relationship with such organizations is made. When membership in such association is confined to member companies and individual members of the American Electric Railway Association, such organizations may become affiliated with the parent association, and their presidents, in this event, become ex officio members of the committee on sectional associations. Company sections.—Company sections may be formed on the property of any mem ber company or group of member companies, provided the membership be confined to company and individual members of the parent association. A committee of the parent association looks after the organization and interest of such sections. THE W O R K OF COMMITTEES. The work of the parent association and its affiliated associations is largely done through committees. As the constitution of each of these bodies leaves their man agement to their executive committee, it is the practice to have the working com. mittees appointed by the presidents with the approval of the executive committeesW O R K OF H EA DQ U AR TE RS. . Supplementing the work of the committees is that performed by the various bureauseither under the direction of committees or under the personal supervision of the secretary and by the office force at the association’s headquarters. Among the most important of these activities are: Information bureau.—It is the function of this bureau, which is under the direction of the secretary, to collect and compile information on subjects relating to manage ment, operation, and other subjects of interest to member companies. Insurance bureau.—The work of the insurance bureau is in charge of an insurance expert, under whom is a chief engineer. The bureau is under the direction of the committee on insurance. It began its labors by collecting data which proved that basic rates and deficiency charges on electric railway properties were excessive; it worked out plans and specifications for the protection of electric railway properties and it formed, ready for operation, an insurance company among electric railway and light companies, for the purpose of carrying the insurance on their own properties. The committee on insurance cooperated with the National Fire Protection Associa tion in improving conditions surrounding electric railway property and the old line companies offered their cooperation and organized the Central Traction and Lighting Bureau, which had charge for the insurance companies of insurance on electric railway and lighting properties and through which negotiations could be conducted for better conditions and rates. The insurance bureau, through its experts, conducts such negotiations; it examines, recommends, and oversees changes and improvements in conditions surrounding the property of its members and suggests and oversees the installation of fire protective apparatus; it is in touch and acts for its members in arranging for rates and conditions with the old line insurance companies, factory mutual companies, State rating bureaus; represents the association in the National Fire Protection Association and in fact assists in every way its members in all matters connected with insurance. The cost of membership in this bureau varies with the gross receipts of the company. Educational courses.—Two educational courses for officers and employees of electric railway companies are conducted under the auspices of committees of the association. The courses for shopmen and others connected with the mechanical and electrical departments are conducted by a correspondence school with the committee on education of the American Association acting in an advisory capacity. 262 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. The following courses are offered to electric railway employees: A. B. C. D. Mechanical shop course. (1) Forge and blacksmith work; (2) machine work. Electrical shop course. Line and track work course. (1) Outside line work; (2) track work. Power house and substation course. Varying fees are charged for these courses. The course for accountants is conducted by John R. Wildman, C. P. A., professor of accounting, New York University School of Commerce, Accounts, and Finance, under the auspices of the committee on education of the Accountants’ Association. The topics for the first year are as follows: 1. The purpose and scope of accounting. 2. The relation of accounting to allied subjects such as economics, law, finance, and organization. 3. The method of keeping books and the media for recording financial transactions. 4. Accounts; their philosophy, construction, and classification. 5. Discussion of the balance-sheet accounts. 6. Discussion of the revenue and expense accounts. 7. Preparation, interpretation, and use of balance sheets, income statements, etc. 8. Graphs, charts, and statistics as aids to operation and management. The topics for the second year embrace the following subjects: 1. Organization and development. 2. Operation. 3. Merger. 4. Consolidation. 5. Holding company. 6. Receivership. 7. Reorganization. 8. Dissolution. Identification bureau.—This association is a member of the --------- Information Bureau, and through this membership the services of this concern are thrown open to every member company. T h e ---------Information Bureau is a clearing house for the exchange between trans portation and accident insurance companies of information concerning claimants for personal-injury damages. Bureau of fare research.—This bureau began operation in 1914. Its province is to study the problems of rates and fares. It has to do with the costs of service, the relation between revenues received and services rendered, and fare and rate read justments. The bureau receives monthly reports of operating statistics from the companies. Bureau of public relations.— At its convention in 1914 the associa tion authorized its committee on public relations to proceed with the establishment of a bureau of public relations, under the super vision of a director, whose appointment is in the hands of the commit tee which has general charge of the bureau’s activities. The work of the bureau was outlined in the report of the committee as follows: I. The dissemination of information and literature on subjects of general importance to public service corporations, including particularly: (a) Relations with employees. (b) Public relations. (c) Regulatory laws and commissions. (d) Publicity concerning facilities, service, and accounts. (e) Rate making. (/) Depreciation and reserve accounts. (g) Taxation. (h) Franchises. The above contemplates close association between the bureau and member com panies of the association as to the furnishing and distribution of reports, information, and statistics, and it is suggested that each member company be requested to designate a representative through whom correspondence with the bureau may be conducted. II. Cooperation with similar committees of other public service associations. CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 2 6 3 III. Influencing the sources of public education, particularly by: (a) Lectures on the Chautauqua circuits. ( b) Formation of a committee of prominent technical educators to promote the for mulation and teaching of correct principles and public service questions in technical and economic departments of American colleges through courses of lectures and other wise. (c) Formation of a similar committee in each of the great technical societies, such as the electrical engineers, mechanical engineers, civil engineers, chemists, hydraulic engineers, telephone engineers. (d) Formation of a similar committee to work in connection with the various civic and economic societies. (e) Discussions at institutions of learning and Young Men’s Christian Associations on subjects pertinent to the relations between the public and service corporations. IV. The publication in magazines and periodicals of signed popular articles on public service questions by prominent workers in the electric railway industry. Y. Newspaper advertising when desirable and financially possible. Monthly magazine.—A era is the'monthly magazine of the association. Its publica tion is under the direction of the secretary of the association and an advisory com mittee, upon which each affiliated and allied association is represented. ORGANIZATION OF STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYEES. It is not the purpose here to trace in minute detail the history of organization among street railway employees, but tq presen-t as accurately as possible the salient features in the development of the aims and objects of the association. The composition of the organization of street railway employees is singularly different from that of any other industrial association. The membership is peculiar to itself. Acquisition is made from all crafts and callings in the world of industry. Few continue in the service and grow old as street railway men. The great majority who engage in these occupations soon leave to take up active careers in other lines. During the past 40 years occupations in street railway service have undergone a tremendous change. The occupation commonly known as "street car man” had its origin in November, 1832, contemporary with the actual operation of the* first street railway line built in America, the horse car line running from Fourteenth Street to City Hall in the city of New York. The equipment comprising the early systems was known as the one-horse “ pay-box” systems, there being no one but a driver in charge of the car, fares being deposited by passengers into a box arranged in the front end of the car. As street railways developed this style of car was changed to what was known as the “ two-horse ” car. The street car man of those days was engaged more particularly for his skill in the handling and care of horses than for his ability to handle traffic. The terms familiar to the public in the old horse-car days were conductors, drivers,, truck drivers, head changers, hostlers, hitchers, tow boys, snow-plow drivers, sweeper drivers, harness cleaners, car cleaners, lamp men, feed men, and helpers. With the advent of the “ two-horse” car, carrying a conductor, came the abolition of the pay-box, system. Following this came 264 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. the introduction of large, heavy, double-truck cars, subways, and ele vated systems, electric power, and air brakes. With this approach of modern electric street railroading came the development of responsi bility and necessarily the requirement of a higher type of skill in its operation. Consistent with the transition in street railway equipment and serv ice there naturally developed a change in the types of membership of the organization of street railway men. Originally only drivers and conductors were enrolled as members of the association; the organization now embraces the entire range of street railway employ ments, including repair-shop and power-house men. EARLY ORGANIZATION UNDER THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR. The first horse railroad employee to join the Knights of Labor in New York was initiated in a printers' local assembly. A printer riding up and down on the cars entered into conversation with the driver, and showed him the advantages of b^ing a knight. The driver was convinced, made application, was initiated, and finally persuaded 13 more drivers to join. Thev then obtained transfer cards, and started the first local assembly 01 horse railroad employees, in September, 1883. Owing to the opposition of the railroad officials, great caution at first was necessary. By December the membership was increased to about 500, and another local assembly was formed in East New York. Then assemblies were formed in Flatbush in January, 1884; and in Greenwood and at Greenpoint in February. A traitor to the cause obtained entrance to the first assembly organized, and gave to the company's officials a copy of the consti tution, the names of the officers of the assembly, and of those most active in its interests. Soon after this information was given, 3 of the officers and about 20 members were discharged by the company. This caused a panic in the organization and the railroad employees feared to visit any assembly, knowing they would be discharged if such visits were found out. The company's inspectors and superin tendents followed the men after they were through work for the day to see where they went and where the meetings were held, and those seen attending the meetings were discharged. This caused the assembly, which numbered 600, to drop to 13 members in good standing in three months. These, however, determined to carry on the cause they had espoused, and to form a district assembly of their own. In July, 1884, a district charter was procured from the Knights of Labor. At first it was impossible to procure mem bers, owing to the terrible boycott of the companies. But in Septem ber 1 1 men were socured to start the first assembly in New York. This assembly prospered until January, 1885, when 40 of its members were discharged by their employers, and the work of organization was checked .1 The next attempt was made on the “ East Side," where 3 drivers met in a basement, knowing well what would become of them if the com pany knew they had joined the Knights of Labor. Working cau 1 The Labor Movement—The Problem of To-day. George McNeill, Ch. XIV, pp. 383,384. CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 2 6 5 tiously they secured 3 more within a week. In another week these 6 secured 2 2 , who started the assembly which conducted the strike on the Third Avenue line. The second assembly on the “ East Side” started with 9 members, who worked so carefully that none were discharged for being members of the order. Another assembly was formed on the “ West Side” in July, 1885. These four assemblies each initiated some 200 members weekly, until, by January, 1886, nearly all the horse-car drivers in New York had been initiated. After this was accomplished they began to initiate the conductors, and in a few weeks succeeded in getting all of them. Following the victory of organization in New York City and the general agitation for the 8 -hour workday by the organized forces of labor throughout the country, in May of the same year, 1886, the street car men of the various cities were encouraged to organize, and, as a result, organizations sprang up in most of the leading cities of the country, and through these organizations the 16 and 18 hour workdays which had universally prevailed previous to this time were wiped out, and the 1 2 -hour day was established.1 ORGANIZATION UNDER THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR. Notwithstanding the conspicuous successes of organization many of the local assemblies were immediately abandoned. This is accounted for by the fact that many of the members of the hastily organized assemblies of the Knights of Labor knew comparatively little of the aims and objects of the labor movement, and therefore believed that when a single victory had been won there was no need for further continuance of an organization. Moreover, the methods of handling grievances of street railway men by the Knights of Labor were unsatisfactory, inasmuch as men unacquainted with street railway conditions or street railway occupations were often delegated to meet the companies in an endeavor to adjust grievances. Coupled with the decline in membership of street railway men in the Knights of Labor, came a vigorous campaign of organization among members of.this craft by the American Federation of Labor. In the spring of 1888 the work of organizing street railway employees into federal unions of their craft was undertaken by the American Federation of Labor and pushed forward rapidly. The success achieved apparently warranted the Federation of Labor at its Bir mingham convention December, 1891, in concentrating its efforts to further organize the street railway employees into a national or international union, and in accordance with instructions of the con vention a meeting for this purpose was held at Indianapolis, Ind., September 1 2 , 1892. i The Labor Movement—The Problem of To-day. George McNeill, Ch. XIV, pp. 383, 384. 266 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. In the call issued for the Indianapolis meeting, President Gompers, of the American Federation of Labor, cited the necessity for solidarity in the following language: Many efforts have been made to organize the men who are employed by the street railway companies, but only to a very limited extent have they been successful; and then mainly upon the lines of local interests. Experience has demonstrated that singly and alone unions have too often been defeated in the contests with concentrated capital, and that if the toilers are seriously inclined to disenthrall themselves from the slavery of long hours of burdensome toil, to improve their conditions, and participate in some of the progresses and advantages of modern life, it is essential that they must not only organize unions of their respective localities, but to have these unions formed into a national organization, thus enabling all to concentrate their efforts upon a given point to obtain success, where otherwise by isolated action defeat would necessarily ensue.1 In response to the call, issued July 1 1 , 1892, representatives of 40 local organizations met at Mansur Hall, Indianapolis, Ind. There were 51 delegates present, representing local organizations of the Knights of Labor, federal unions of the American Federation of Labor, and several who represented independent organizations of street railway employees. After several inharmonious sessions, dur ing which the representatives of the Knights of Labor of New York and Chicago argued against affiliation with the American Federation of Labor, it was decided to form a national organization independent of the American Federation of Labor or the Knights of Labor. It was finally decided that the organization should be known as the Amalgamated Association of Street Railway Employees of America. During the first year of the life of the new national organization little attention or direction was given to its growth by the general officers. Considerable effort, however, was made to build up and keep intact the local divisions, but by the time the second convention assembled in Cleveland, Ohio, October 9, 1893, only 15 divisions were represented. A complete change of front was announced by the president of the national association and his recommendation of affiliation with the American Federation was unanimously agreed to by the convention. In accordance with this decision a telegram was forwarded from the convention to the president of that body, and a charter was issued by the American Federation of Labor to the Amalgamated Association of Street Railway Employees of Amer ica November 8 , 1893.2 Among the many resolutions adopted by the second convention was one which “ requested that each local division should set apart one-half hour each meeting for a school of instruction in their duties 1 History of Organization Among the Street Railway Employees of America, by W . D. Mahon in the Motorman and Conductor, March, 1909, p. 36. 2 In 1903 the name of the association was changed by adding the words “ and Electric ” after the word “ street.” CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 2 6 7 of properly operating and conducting their cars.” Probably the most important action of this convention was the selection of a presi dent and the fixing of his salary at $800 per year, a reduction of $ 1 0 0 from that fixed for the president the previous year .1 During the year 1895 an official organ of the association, known as “ The Motorman and Conductor,” was established. The objects of this magazine are to act as a medium of communication between the association and its members and between members of the associa tion and the labor movement in general, the education of electric railway employees by imparting a practical knowledge of modern and improved methods and systems of transportation and trade matters generally, and the presentation of official records of the association. GROWTH OF THE ORGANIZATION. During the spring of 1896 efforts were made to organize the eastern cities. The president of the association and a eorps of organizers took up the work in New York City, Buffalo, Syracuse, Pittsburgh, Reading, and Baltimore. Their undertakings met with varying success, but subsequent events would seem to indicate that the seed sown developed later on into several comparatively healthy organiza tions. The growth of organization was most rapid in the Middle West. During the period of four years covering the existence of the Amalgamated Association, or from September, 1892, to May, 1896, there had been granted 77 charters for the institution of local divi sions. Only 1 1 of these charters were granted to eastern cities. However, the association had up to this time invaded 20 different States. The instituting convention of 1892 comprised representatives from Detroit, Mich.; Toledo, Canton, Columbus, Cleveland, and Youngs town, Ohio; Colorado Springs, Colo.; Milwaukee, Wis.; Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, and Terre Haute, In d .; St. Louis, Mo.; Wheeling, W. Ya.; Topeka, Kans.; Duluth, Minn.; Memphis, Tenn.; Chicago and Stony Island, 111.; New Orleans, La.; New York, N. Y .; Tacoma, Wash.; street and electric railway systems of 21 different cities with 51 dele gates representing various independent, Knights of Labor, and American Federation of Labor federal unions. At the founding of the organization, September 15, 1892, its affiliated membership was 2,368. A year later, or October, 1893, the association affiliated with the American Federation of Labor with a membership reduced to 1,893. During the succeeding three years its membership growth was irregular, but from the year 1896 the i In 1913 the convention fixed the salary of the president at $6,000 per year. 268 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. growth has gradually increased until the year 1914 shows a member ship of 82,498. The divisions represented in the association in 1915 number 206, distributed through 33 different States. Graphic Chart Showing the Membership Growth of the ** Association ** Dec.31,1914 ..82498 Dec.31,1913.. 76.112 Dec.51,1912.. 68,023. Dee 31,1911.. 51*112 Dec.31,1910.. 52628 Dec.31.1909.. 50318 Dec.31,1908.. 44,837. Dec.31,1907. .42219. Dec.31,1906. .38563. Dec.31,1905. ,36484 Dec.31.1904. .34,486-.. Dee.31,1903..33£26 Dec.31.1902..29.841 Dec.31,1901.. 16.267........................... , Dec.31,1900... 9579 Dec.31,1899... 8156 Dec.31.1898... 3.687.________ Dec.31.1897... 2846 Dec.31,1896.. 1.766........... Dec.31.1895.. 3*964....... , Dec 31.1894.. lj667. Dec. 31,1893.. 1396.., September ~ 1892, members represe nted in convention, 1893 J* <r» The constitution and general laws of the street railway employees’ association, which is here quoted in part, shows the object and methods of the organization. CHAP. V I.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 269 CONSTITUTION AND GENERAL LAWS. NAM E. Section 1. This organization shall be known as the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America, and shall consist of division associations composed of street and electric railway employees. S e c . 2. The following abbreviations, when used in the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America, shall have these meanings, viz: A. A. of S. and E. R. E. of A.—Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America. I. P.—International president. I. T.—International treasurer. G. E. B.—General executive board. L. D.—Local division. R. S.—Recording secretary. F. S.—Financial secretary. L. T.—Local treasurer. L. C.—Local correspondent. M. & C.—Motorman and Conductor. o bjects. Sec. 3. The objects of this association shall be to organize division associations. Sec. 4. To place our organization upon a higher plane of intelligence, efficiency, and skill; to encourage the formation in division associations of sick and death benefit funds in order that we may properly care for our sick and bury our dead; to establish schools of instruction for imparting a practical knowledge of modern and improved methods and system of transportation and trade matters generally; to encourage the settlement of all disputes between employees and employers by arbitration; to secure employment and adequate pay for our work; to reduce the hours of labor and by all legal and proper means to elevate our moral, intellectual, and social condition. ADM ISSION OF LOCAL DIVISIO NS. Sec. 36. A local division may be formed by ten (10) or more street or electric rail vray employees, who must apply to the I. P. and send $10 for a charter fee, outfit and seal, which will be forwarded, providing the applicants are qualified according to the constitution. Sec. 37. No new charter shall be granted in cities where an L. D. in affiliation with this organization already exists, except with consent of the G. E. B. Sec . 38. The by-laws and rules for L. D .’s must be adopted by a two-thirds vote of the members voting and submitting to the I. P. for approval. FINANCES A N D D U E S. Sec. 47. The initiation fee of a member shall be no less than one dollar ($1). Dues shall be no less than one dollar ($1) per month. Upon the initiation of a member the financial secretary of the L. D. shall forward to the general office twenty-five (25) cents, in payment of the member’s registration fee and certificate of membership. The certificate of membership shall be filled out in the general office, and returned to the financial secretary of the L. D., who, in turn, shall see that it is delivered to the member. A member losing his certificate of membership may secure a duplicate by forwarding, through the financial secretary of the L. D., to the general office, the sum of 25 cents to cover the cost of inspection of the records and issuance of a dupli cate certificate. No registration fee shall be charged to the ten charter members. Their certificates shall be made out and forwarded to them with the charter and sup plies of the L. D. when instituted. No officer or member shall be exempt from the payment of dues and assessments, nor shall any dues or assessments be remitted or canceled in any manner to any member. Sec. 49. Each L. D. shall pay, through its financial secretary, monthly, to the inter national office the sum of 50 cents per member. This amount shall be to cover all per capita tax, covering the general expense of the Association, the defense fund, the death, disability, and old-age benefit fund,-and “ M. & C.” Eleven (11) cents per month of said moneys received shall be used as a fund for the general management of the association; twenty-six (26) cents per month shall be used to create a fund for the payment of death, disability, and old-age benefit claims; nine (9) cents per month 270 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. shall be used to create the defense fund of the association for the protection of the mem bership of the various divisions in case of lockouts and strikes; four (4) cents per month shall be paid to the “ M. & C.” for the purpose of furnishing and forwarding said journal to each and every member in good standing in the association. S e c . 50. For the purpose of protecting its members and defraying the legitimate expenses of members on strike and locked out and for conducting strikes and lockouts authorized by the proper authority of the A. A. of S. and E. R. E. of A., there shall be established and maintained a fund to be known as the defense fund, in which all members shall participate as provided by section 49, and which shall be used as here inafter provided. Sec. 51. For the maintenance of the defense fund there shall be set %side nine (9) cents per member, each month, from the regular per capita tax, as provided in sections 49 and 50 of this constitution. The I . P. shall keep a correct record of all receipts from local divisions for this purpose, and make regular report in connection with the general reports of the association of the amount received from each L. D. When this fund has reached one million dollars ($1,000,000), that part of the per capita tax applied to the defense fund shall be discontinued until such time as the fund falls below that amount. Sec. 52. The L. T. of the L. D., through the financial secretary of the L. D., shall send per capita tax to the I. P. on the first of each month for the month preceding. All moneys shall be payable by post-office order, bank draft, or express money order to the I. P., who shall receipt for the same. QUALIFICATION OF M EM BERSHIP. Sec. 56. A candidate, to be admitted to membership in any L. D. of the A. A. of S. and E. R. E. of A., must be of good moral character and a competent workman in his line of work. He shall be working at the occupation in some capacity in which he is eligible to membership at the time he applies and is initiated into the association. Sec. 57. No manager, superintendent, foreman, or other officer of a street railway, having the working rules and regulations of the company to enforce over the employes, can become a member of this association. Where members of this association are are appointed to such official position, as above described, they shall withdraw from membership in this association by taking out a withdrawal card. Should they return to the service again and desire to renew their membership they can do so by depositing their withdrawal card, subject to the provisions of this constitution, and with the con sent of the L. D. become members again. When members of this association are hold ing, or are appointed to such minor positions as starter, dispatcher, timekeeper, inspec tor, street man, or barn, shop, and track foremanship, working with their fellow workers, and having not the power of discipline, in the way of suspending or discharging of employees, they may retain their membership by paying their dues and keeping themselves in good standing as the laws of this association require. But, while holding such positions, they shall not attend the meetings of the division, nor participate in, nor take any part in the work of the association, in so far as its negotiations or dealings with the company are concerned. Any violation of this provision by members holding these minor positions shall subject them to suspension by the L. D. Former members qualified ior reinstatement under the provisions of this section, the date of whose with drawal cards is subsequent to January 1, 1912, may return to membership with full seniority respecting death, disability, and old-age benefits by making application for reinstatement on or before January 31,1914, and paying back dues and assessments for the number of months representing the period of withdrawal. Former members, the date of whose withdrawal is prior to January 1, 1912,' and qualified for reinstatement under the provisions of this section may return to membership as new members by filing their withdrawal card^as applications on or before January 31,1914. FU N ER AL , O LD -A G E , AN D D ISABILITY B ENEFITS. Sec. 82. In order to establish a funeral benefit for the proper burial of members in case of death, a disability benefit to aid them in cases of total disability, and an old-age benefit to assist them in old age, these laws are hereby adopted by this association, and will go into effect on the first day of January, 1912, and all former laws on funeral and total disability benefits and old-age pension are hereby repealed. S e c . 83. Members of this association shall be entitled to one of the following benefits: Funeral, total disability, or old-age, providing they and their local divisions are in good financial standing and have complied with the rules laid down in the constitution and laws of this association. Sec. 84. A member to be entitled to a funeral, total disability, or old-age benefit of this association shall be when he joins this organization in sound health, and not CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 2 7 1 afflicted with any disease likely to injure his health or cause permanent disability, Provided, however, That when a member is over two (2) years in continuous member ship in this association there shall be no question relative to the condition of his health at the time he became a member of this association. Sec . 91. A member of this organization in good standing as provided in this consti tution and general laws, will be entitled to any one of the following claims: Funeral, total disability, or old-age benefit, but he will be entitled to only one of these benefits. Should a member receive his funeral benefit, he will not be entitled to any other benefit. Should a member receive a disability benefit, he will not be entitled to any other benefit. Should a member receive an old-age benefit, he will not be entitled to any other benefit. S e c . 92. Should the funds providing for payment of death, disability and old-age benefit claims become exhausted because of any unusual increase of deaths to the membership of this association, the G. E. B. is hereby authorized to levy a special assessment of fifty cents (50c.) per member to be placed upon the monthly working cards of the membership of this association for such month as the board may determine, but the membership shall be assessed not to exceed two assessments amounting to one dollar ($1) in any one calendar year. Such assessments shall be applied solely to the death, disability, and old-age benefit fund. S e c . 9 4 . On the death of a beneficiary member the funeral benefit shall be paid as follows: First, it shall be the duty of the L. D. to see that the deceased member is respectfully buried and the expenses of the funeral properly paid, for it must be dis tinctly understood that this is not an insurance fund, but a funeral benefit, created for the express purpose of giving to our members a proper and respectful burial, and none of the moneys for funeral benefits must be used for any other purpose or con verted to any other use until all expenses in connection with the funeral have been paid. If the funeral arrangements are looked after by the family or friends of the deceased, the L. D. shall see that all financial expenses are or will be properly paid before paying the benefit to anyone. If the division had charge of the funeral arrange ments, it shall pay the funeral expenses, receiving receipted bills for the same, and then turn over to the person entitled thereto the balance of the benefit, together with the receipted bills for all expenses paid in connection with the funeral, and receive therefor a receipt in behalf of the association for the full amount of the claim. S e c . 9 5 . Payment of funeral benefits shall be made as follows: 1. To the widow of the deceased; such widow to receive any and all balance due upon said benefit. The widow shall be the sole beneficiary, subject to the provisions of section 94. 2. There being no surviving widow, payment shall be made to the lineal descending heirs, who are the children and grandchildren of the deceased, share and share alike. 3. There being no lineal descending heirs as above described, payment shall be made to the following ascending lineal heirs, in order—mother, father, grandmother, and grandfather. 4. There being no surviving lineal heirs as above described, payment shall be made to collateral heirs, brothers and sisters. 5. In case there survives no lineal or collateral heirs, as herein provided, to whom payment may be made, the local division to which the deceased belonged shall pro vide a respectful burial of the deceased, and for the erection of a tombstone at the grave of the deceased; such tombstone or monument not to exceed forty dollars ($40) in cost. The local division shall then submit to the international president jan item ized statement of the funeral and tombstone expense, said statement and itemized account to bear the approval of an authorized committee of the local division, attested by the local president and financial secretary. The international association shall then pay the accounts shown to be due by such itemized statements, and payment of such funeral and tombstone expenses shall be a settlement in full of the claim, subject to the provision that in no case shall the said accounts exceed the benefits due upon the deceased member. Any residue of the benefit shall remain as of the death, disability, and old-age benefit fund of the association. Neither shall the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America be held responsible for any further benefits in the name of the deceased. S e c . 96. The amounts of funeral benefit to which the association is responsible for payment in case of death of members shall be: In the event of death of a member during the second consecutive year of continuous membership, one hundred dollars ($100). In the event of death during the third consecutive year of continuous membership, one hundred and fifty dollars ($150). In the event of death during the fourth consecutive year of continuous membership, two hundred and fifty dollars ($250). 272 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. In the event of death during the fifth consecutive year of continuous membership, four hundred dollars ($400). In the event of death during the sixth consecutive year of continuous membership, five hundred dollars ($500). ^ In the event of death during the seventh consecutive year of continuous member ship, six hundred dollars ($600). In the event of death during the eighth consecutive year of continuous membership, seven hundred dollars ($700). In the event of death during the ninth consecutive year of continuous membership, or thereafter, eight hundred dollars ($800). Sec. 97. A member legally in benefit according to this constitution and general laws and suffering the loss of a hand at or above the wrist, the loss of a foot at or above the ankle joint, the loss of the sight of both eyes, or receives an injury through sudden accident, or is suffering from any affliction, the cause of which can be traced directly to the occupation while in the service as a street and electric railway employee, that will totally disable him from ever following occupation as a street and electric railway worker, shall be entitled to disability benefit in accordance with his term of member ship in this association, as follows: For disability sustained during the second consecutive year of continuous mem bership, the afflicted member shall receive one hundred dollars ($100). When said disability is sustained during the third consecutive year of continuous membership, the afflicted member shall receive one hundred and fifty dollars ($150). When said disability occurs in the fourth consecutive year of continuous member ship, the afflicted member shall receive two hundred and fifty dollars ($250). When said disability is sustained in the fifth consecutive year of continuous mem bership, the afflicted member shall receive four hundred dollars ($400). When said disability is sustained in the siscth consecutive year of continuous mem bership, the afflicted member shall receive five hundred dollars ($500). When said disability is sustained in the seventh consecutive year of continuous membership, the afflicted member shall receive six hundred dollars ($600). When said disability is sustained in the eighth consecutive year of continuous membership, the afflicted member shall receive seven hundred dollars ($700). When the affliction is sustained in any consecutive year of continuous membership after eight years, the member shall receive eight hundred dollars ($800). OLD-AGE BEN EFITS. Sec. 102. A member of this association who has been in continuous membership for twenty (20) years and over and has complied with the constitution and laws of this association, and has reached the age of sixty-five (65) years, and because of his age is totally disabled from following the occupation of a street and electric railway employee, shall be entitled to the old-age benefit of eight hundred dollars ($800), as prescribed by the constitution. STRIKES AN D LOCKOUTS. Sec. 107. When any difficulty arises between the members of any L. D. of this association and their employers, regarding wages, hours of labor, or any other question that may result in a strike or lockout, the dispute shall be first taken up by the execu tive board of the L. D., or by a committee appointed by the L. D. for that purpose, and they shall make a thorough investigation, and seek, through conferences with the company, to get the matter satisfactorily adjusted. The committee, after having fin ished the work of negotiating with the company, shall submit a full report to a meeting of the L. D. Sec.108. If by compliance with sec. 107, the committee has been unable to secure a settlement of the matters in dispute satisfactory to the L. D., and the L. D. believes that the matters in dispute are of such importance that a strike should be ordered, the question of a strike shall be submitted to a secret ballot vote of the entire member ship of the L. D. If necessary to reach the entire membership of the L. D. the ballot shall be taken by referendum, ballots being prepared and so distributed to give every member an opportunity to vote. If two-thirds of the membership voting upon the question decide in favor of suspending work, the L. D. shall at once notify the I. P. The I. P .s upon receipt of such notice, shall proceed to the scene of dispute in person or by deputy, and in conjunction with the committee of the L. D. shall make a thor ough investigation and attempt to settle the matter in dispute. In case of failure thus to secure a settlement he shall then, in conjunction with the local committee, prepare propositions of arbitration defining the points in dispute and the basis upon which CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 273 they shall be arbitrated. If the company refuses to accept arbitration as tendered, the I. P. or his deputy shall then communicate with the membership of the B. E. B. in writing or by telegram and obtain the consent of a majority of the G. E. B. before in dorsing the strike. S e c . 109. In case the international representative, who is handling questions in dispute between an L. D. and the employing company, has propositions that he believes should be considered by the entire membership, he shall acquaint the membership with such propositions, either through a circular carefully outlining and explaining the propositions, or through a general meeting of the L. D. After having acquainted the membership with the proposition or propositions, he shall then have a referendum vote of the entire membership of the L. D. taken upon the same. If the L. D. has by-laws providing for a referendum vote of its membership, he shall follow such provisions. If the L. D. has no by-laws governing such vote, he shall then make arrangements and have such vote taken in the best and easiest manner possible—either by appointing a special election day and having the membership come to the hall or headquarters of the L. D. and cast their vote, or through a com mittee who shall take the vote of the members at the different stations or barns. Every member shall be given an opportunity to vote upon said propositions and the majority of the votes cast by the membership of the L. D. shall decide the question. S e c . 110. The G. E. B. shall have the power to sustain or refuse to sustain the action of the L. D., providing the L. D. has complied with this constitution. The I. P. shall notify the L. D. of the decision without delay. Sec. 111. In case the G. E. B. refuses to sustain the L. D. in its application for support, the L. D. can appeal for a vote of all L. D .’s in request for support, and it shall be the duty of the I. P. to submit the appeal and facts in the case to a vote of the general membership, which vote shall be returned to the I. P. within thirty (30) days, and if the appeal is sustained the L. D. making the same shall be notified and shall be entitled to all support in accordance with the constitution. S e c . 112. L. D .’s going on strike without the consent of the G. E. B. shall forfeit all right to assistance and be subject to expulsion from the association. S e c . 113. A lockout is where the members of a division are discharged for member ship in this association. It shall not apply to a member or members suspended or discharged for any other cause. No lockout can take place in divisions recognized by the respective employing companies and having provisions for settling grievances and disputes. Lockout must be officially declared to exist by the G. E. B. before lockout benefits will be paid. AM OUNTS OF BEN EFIT AN D W H E N P A YA B L E . S ec . 114. The defense fund is the only fund available for the support of strikes and lockouts. The I. P. shall notify the L. D .’s going on strike or involved in a lockout in a legal manner of the exact amount that there is available for the support of the strike or lockout, which shall be paid in accordance with the provisions herein pro vided, until the fund is exhausted. The G. E. B. is also empowered to transfer from time to time, either in cases of emergency or when it feels the general fund will warrant it, such amounts from the general fund to the defense fund as the G. E. B. deems advisable. S e c . 115. When, in accordance with the rules herein provided, the members of this association have inaugurated a strike or lockout and a settlement is effected within two (2) weeks thereafter, the said members shall receive no financial benefit; but if the strike or lockout shall continue for a longer period they shall receive benefits from the beginning of the second week of the strike or lockout. Sec. 116. The striking or locked-out members, subject to the provisions of sections 119 and 120, shall be paid at the rate of five dollars ($5) per week, payable weekly. The secretary of the L. D. on strike or involved in lockout shall forward to the I. P. each week a list of each and every member entitled to strike or lockout benefits. These lists shall be made out in ink and approved by, and bear the signature of the local executive board. The I. P. shall, upon receipt of the list of members entitled to strike or lockout pay, make out pay roll for that week and return to the F. S. of the L. D. the pay roll with the amount of funds sufficient to pay the members. The F. S. of the L. D. shall receipt him upon receiving the fund for the men. He shall then disburse the same to the members and have each one sign the pay roll as they are paid and then return the receipted pay roll to the I. P. Each F. S. shall keep a correct account of all moneys received and disbursed by him. S e c . 117. In case a division or divisions are on strike or involved in a lockout and the money in the defense fund becomes exhausted, the I. P. may then appeal to all 39749°— Bull. 204— 17------- 18 274 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. the local divisions of the association for donations to assist them in continuing the struggle, such donations to be distributed in accordance with the laws herein pro vided. S e c . 118. In case an L. D. is on strike or involved in a lockout and the money in the defense fund becomes exhausted, the G. E. B. is hereby authorized to assess all local divisions not less than ten (10) nor more than twenty-five (25) cents per member per week; and all L. D .’s shall, upon such assessment being levied, forward to the international headquarters the necessary sum to cover their assessment at least every fifteen (15) days. Any L. D. failing to make good such assessment within said period of fifteen (15) days shall be considered delinquent, and shall be fined or suspended, or both (fine to be not less than double the amount of that portion of the assessment for which such L. D. may be delinquent), subject to the decision of the G. E. B., which decision shall stand, unless reversed by the next regular convention. S e c . 119. It shall be the duty of all members of an L. D. on strike or involved in a lockout to report once each day and answer roll call. They shall report and answer roll call either to the secretary of tJie L. D. at a headquarters designated by the L. D., or to the captains of their barns, as the L. D. may determine at the time of going on strike or being involved in a lockout. Any member refusing to answer to roll call and do picket duty, as prescribed by the L. D., shall be debarred from his strike or lockout benefits. S e c . 120. Should any member of an L. D., while on strike or lockout, work at other employment over two days in any one week, said member shall not be entitled to strike or lockout benefits for that week. Should a member secure permanent employ ment and remain at the same over seven days, such member shall not be restored to the pay roll without approval of the G. E. B. OUR PRINCIPLES. Resolved, That we hold it as a sacred principle, that trades-union men above all others should.set a good example as good and faithful workmen, performing their duties to their employers with honor to themselves and to their organization. Resolved, That we hold a reduction of hours for a day’s work increases the intelli gence and happiness of the laborer and also increases tne demands for labor and the price ot a day’s work. Resolved, That we hold a liberal education of the young to be a preeminent prepara tory to life’s social and industrial work, and that the principles and purposes of organized labor demand free and compulsory education. LEGISLATIVE ACTIVITIES AND LEGISLATION SECURED. INCLOSED-VESTIBULE CARS. The first important work undertaken in the direction of securing legislation was carrying out the policies of the association as regards legislation for vestibule cars. In the spring of 1895, in accordance with instructions of the Milwaukee convention, bills were drafted and presented to the Legislatures of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Indiana. The work of securing the passage of this legislation was vigorously pushed. The campaign during this first year resulted in having the measures enacted by the Legislatures of Michigan, Indiana, and Wisconsin. Twenty-nine States in the Union have enacted laws which are commonly known as inclosed-vestibule laws for the protection of street-railway employees, and this legislation, the officials of the organization claim, was largely due to the activities of the organiza tion. The general intent of such laws is to guard the health and provide for the safety of the employees in the course of their em ployment, and they are therefore within the general scope of the CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 275 police power of the State. The gist of these laws is found in the provision which prescribes that the platform of street-railway cars shall be protected by means of a shield or inclosure during certain months of the year, usually from December 1 to April 1. The list of States having such legislation and the dates of enactment are as follows: Colorado................. ......... 1901 Ohio.............................. 1893 Connecticut................. ......... 1897 Delaware...................... ......... 1911 District of Columbia .. . 1904,1905 Illinois.......................... ......... 1903 Indiana................... ....... 1895 Iowa............................. ......... 1898 Kansas.......................... ...... 1909 Louisiana..................... ......... 1904 Maine............................ ......... 1905 Massachusetts.............. ......... 1906 Michigan...................... ......... 1895 Minnesota................ ....... 1893 Mississippi................... ......... 1912 Missouri........................ ......... 1899 Nebraska...................... New Jersey.................. New Hampshire.......... New Y ork ............... North Carolina............ Oregon......................... South Carolina............ Tennessee.................... Utah............................. Virginia........................ West Virginia .......... Washington.................. Wisconsin..................... 1897 1897 1899 1903 1901 1901 1902 1901 1901 1902 1901 1895 1895 The brief summary of these laws which here follows aims merely to point out some of the common provisions included in all of these laws as well as some of the more striking differences in them. Prac tically all the States having inclosed-vestibule laws require such in closures only during the months of December, January, February, and March, although some laws require them during the month of Novem ber. The Washington act merely requires them to be installed “ dur ing the rain or winter season/’ while West Virginia makes no speci fication as to the period of time, this being left to the discretion of the railroad commission of that State. Failure to comply with the law is usually a misdemeanor punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both, and each day’s failure to comply is considered a separate offense; in New York the fine is $25 for each separate offense, while some States prescribe as high as $50. The provisions of the law are not made applicable as a rule to those cars termed “ trailers” where such are mentioned; some States explicitly exempt from the operation of the law the rear platforms of cars. Only one State, Ohio, requires the maintenance of a specified temperature (60° F.) within the inclosed vestibule, while the Kansas law directs that the inclosed platform shall be heated in the same manner at all times as the interior of the car. Maine makes exception to the requirement of the law possible in the case of temporary service in emergency, and also gives to the railroad commissioners authority to grant exceptions as to any line where it would be consistent with safety to permit the operation of a car without an inclosed platform; such exception, however, may 276 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE U NITED STATES. be granted only after hearing and investigation. The Maine law requires an inclosed platform during the months of December, Jan uary, February, and March only. The law of Mississippi applies to municipalities of 5,000 and over only; it also requires that the company shall “ provide some means of heating the cars." The act of Montana excepts from the provisions of the law “ summer or open cars," and provides merely that a shield of glass shall be installed across the whole front, not requiring a complete inclosure of the platform. A similar provision is contained in the laws of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. The New York law specifies that both vestibules of the car must be inclosed. North Carolina permits of an exception to the requirements of its law on fair days falling within the months designated in the law, but then only in case of emergency, no such exception to be per mitted for a longer period than four days in any one month. The legislation of Oregon, in addition to the usual requirements, provides for the installation of seats for the motormen, and directs that the motormen “ shall be permitted to occupy said seats at least one-half the time while operating said cars." Utah has inserted in its law a provision which exempts from its operation trailing cars, construction or repair cars, and open or summer cars. The act of Virginia contains the following provision: 1 That such ‘ vestibule fronts need not be used upon open summer cars, run, operated, or transported by them [the electric railway companies] during the months of November and April." In connection with these vestibule laws attention is called to the fact that seats for motormen are required by the legislation of six States: Connecticut, Louisiana, Missouri, New Jersey, Oregon, and Vermont. H O U R S OF LABOR. Next in importance was the promotion of legislation for a shorter workday. The aim of the organization was to secure legislation by which the workday should be fixed at not to exceed 10 hours, with a view to ultimately fixing it at 9 hours. Prior to the legislative campaigns for the shorter day efforts were made to secure voluntary concessions from street railway companies for what was known as the 1 two-turn system," which in reality was a 9 and 10 hour day. 1 The proceedings of the sixth convention, held at Louisville, Ky., May 6 , 1899, would seem to indicate that but few local divisions had secured the “ two-turn system "; instead, the system generally in use was what was known as the swing system. This system is illus trated as follows: “ Two cars, each scheduled at 18 hours, the two CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 2 7 7 making 36 hours per day, or 72 one-man hours per day, should be allotted to three crews so designed that the workday of the six men would average 1 2 hours each. Not being enabled to make an equal division of these 72 hours among the six men, any marginal time in the division of the hours was accorded to the early and late runs, leaving the swing-run crew with the least number of hours, so that the hours of the service day of the early and late men ofttimes far exceeded 1 2 hours, and to the swing-run men the service day would be less than 1 2 hours, making the service day range anywhere from 10 to 13 or 13J hours per day, as the circumstances required, to meet the pleasure of the operative management in the division of the hours among the three classes of crews— early, late, and swing.” The tenacity with which the railway companies generally held to this system occasioned bitter arraignment by the delegates to this convention, and inspired the enactment of resolutions directing the officers of the association to seek legislative remedy. It was pointed out that, in all probability, in securing the shorter workday through legislation an increase in wage rates would ultimately follow. Efforts to secure the enactment of this type of legislation were vigorously opposed by street railway companies. In fact, the first attempts' were ignored or defeated, but by persistent efforts on the part of the officers of the association and friendly legislators 10 States have enacted measures bearing on the hours of labor of street railway employees. The true intent or purpose of these laws is to provide against long and continuous hours of service of street railway employees; or, in other words, to limit the usual hours of labor within a stated number of hours in a given day in the absence of agreements as to such hours between employers and employees. The most advanced step taken in regulating the number of hours of street railway men has been by the State of Massachusetts, where the law provides that a day’s work shall not exceed 9 hours, and so arranged that it must be performed within 1 1 consecutive hours. The law of New York makes provision for 10 consecutive hours’ labor, including within that time one-half hour for dinner. Rhode Island makes 10 hours a day’s work, to be performed within 1 2 con secutive hours. New Jersey provides that 1 2 hours’ labor be per formed within 1 2 consecutive hours, with not less than one-half hour for meals. The States of Louisiana and Washington make 10 hours constitute a day’s work, the former within 12 hours, and the latter within 24. California makes an exception in the requirement by providing that 1 2 hours’ labor be within 1 2 hours, and regulating the pay for over time beyond that of a regular day’s work by a provision of 30 cents 278 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. per hour for said overtime. Pennsylvania, Maryland, and South Carolina permit service of 1 2 hours to be performed within 24 hours. A brief summary of these laws shows that practically all of the States make failure to comply with the provisions a misdemeanor, punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both. In California a penalty of $50 is provided in case of a violation of this law, and a contract for a greater number of hours per day “ shall be and is considered void at the option of the employee.” There is also a provision for a penalty of $50 for nonpayment of overtime at the rate of 30 cents per hour. Failure to comply with the law in Louisiana makes the company liable to a fine of $50. In Massachusetts a similar provision makes the company liable to a fine of $ 10 0 . The same penalty is prescribed in Maryland for the same offense, but the company is liable to a for feiture of its charter for misuse. Violation of the law of New Jersey is considered a misdemeanor, but no penalty is attached. Pennsyl vania makes a violation of the act a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine or imprisonment of from 30 days to 6 months. Khode Island, while considering a violation of the act a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of from $100 to $500, does not forbid a contract between street railway employers and employees to work a greater number of hours. In Washington a violation of the provisions of the act is considered a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of $25 to $100. South Carolina makes a violation of the act a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of $ 10 0 , but permits employees to work a greater number of hours if they so desire. California , 1887.— Twelve hours’ labor constitutes a day’s work on the part of drivers and conductors and gripmen of street cars for the carriage of passengers. Any contract for a greater number of hours’ labor in one day shall be and is void, at the option of the em ployee, without regard to the terms of employment, whether the same be by the hour, day, week, month, or any other period of time, or by or according to the trip or trips that the car may, might, or can make between the termini of the route, or for any shorter distance. Any and every person laboring over 1 2 hours in one day as driver or conductor or gripman on any street railroad shall receive from his employer 30 cents for each hour’s labor over 1 2 hours in each day. Louisiana , 1886, 1902.— Ten hours’ labor in 24 shall constitute a day’s labor in the operation of all street railroads owned or operated by corporations incorporated under the laws of this State, whatever motive power may be used in the operation of such railroads; the said 10 hours7 work to be performed within 1 2 consecutive hours. Maryland , 1886, 1898.— No street railway company incorporated under the laws of this State shall require, permit, or suffer its con ductors or drivers, or any of them, or any employees in its service, CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 2 7 9 or under its control, to work more than 1 2 hours during each day of 24 hours, and shall make no contract or agreement with such em ployees which stipulates that they shall work more than 1 2 hours during each or any day of 24 hours. Massachusetts, 1912.— A day’s work for all conductors, guards, drivers, motormen, brakemen, and gatemen who are employed by or on behalf of a street railway or elevated railway company shall not exceed 9 hours, and shall be so arranged by the employer that it shall be performed within 1 1 consecutive hours. New Jersey , 1887.— Twelve hours’ labor to be performed within 1 2 consecutive hours, with reasonable time for meals, not less than half an hour for each, shall constitute a day’s labor in the operation of all cable, traction, and horse-car street surface railroads, and of all cable, traction, and steam elevated railroads. New Y o rk , 1907.— Ten consecutive hours’ labor, including onehalf hour for dinner, shall constitute a day’s labor in the operation of all street, surface, and elevated railroads, of whatever motive power, owned or operated by corporations in this State, whose main line of travel or whose routes lie principally within the corporate limits of cities of the first and second class. Pennsylvania, 1887.— It shall be unlawful for the president, board of directors, superintendent, or other agents of any horse, cable, or electric railway company to permit or suffer any conductor, driver, or any other person in the employ of any such company to work more than 1 2 hours on any one day in the service of such company; provided, that all necessary labor over and above the time set by this section shall be considered overtime, for which the laborer shall receive additional compensation. Rhode Island, 1902.— A day’s work for all conductors, gripmen, and motormen now employed or who may hereafter be employed in the operation of all street railways, of whatever motive power, in this State shall not exceed 10 hours’ work, to be performed within 1 2 consecutive hours. South Carolina, 1897.— No incorporated horse railway company, or other street railway company, shall require, permit, or suffer its, his, or their conductors, motormen, or drivers or other such employees, or any of them, in its or his service, or under his, its, or their control, to work more than 12 hours during each day or any day of 24 hours, and shall make no contract or agreement with such employees, or any of them, providing that they or he shall work for more than 1 2 hours during each day or any day of 24 hours. Washington, 1895.— No person, agent, officer, manager, or super intendent or receiver of any corporation or owner of street cars shall require his or its gripmen, motormen, drivers, or conductors to work more than 10 hours in any 24 hours. 280 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING. The question of agreements in the early history of the organiza tion was left to the local divisions. Some of the agreements were in writing; others were oral, the policy being left entirely to the local organization. In 1901 this policy was changed, and the interna tional union adopted a policy of having all agreements in writing and having the local divisions, before making their agreements, submit copies of their demands to the international office for approval or disapproval, as the case might be, before submitting them to the companies, and from that time on the policy of the international union has been to secure from the operating companies written contracts, making them as nearly uniform as possible, and to have adopted wherever possible the provisions of arbitration. In 1901, when the latter policy was adopted, there were 2 2 written agreements. In 1907 there were 114; in 1913 there were 186, and on July 2 1 , 1915, there were 203 written agreements. These contracts usually determine wages, hours of labor, and work ing conditions for a given period of time. The thirteenth conven tion, held at Salt Lake City, Utah, September, 1913, indorsed the policy of the previous convention by the inclusion of the following section in the constitution and general laws: S e c t io n 141. The only agreements that are accepted as binding upon this asso ciation are those that are in writing, specifying the association, giving the division number, and legally signed by the officers of the same. It shall be the aim of the local division to make short-term contracts, and no contract of any kind shall be entered into to exceed a period of three years by any division of this association, and when the continuous contract form is used it shall be so provided as to open every year, if possible, and in no case shall it exceed the provisions of three years without being opened up for revision. In late years almost invariably the agreements have included pro visions for mediation and arbitration. The international president in his report to the thirteenth convention took issue with those who advocated the abandoning of the laws of the association which pro vided for arbitration. He expressed the belief that whatever success had been attained by the association could be attributed to the fact that— Arbitration was the corner stone upon which the association had been built. The assurance to the employer and to the public that in cases of disputes between us there will be no strike but that the matters in dispute will be submitted to arbitration has been the means by which you have secured your agreements and through which you have established this splendid organization. You are not only the employ ees of a corporation, but you are also the servants of the public, and you must take that fact into consideration. You must also remember that the public sentiment is more necessary to you in your contests CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYEES. 281 than it is to almost any other class of workers in their contests. If we sum up the entire situation and measure the disappointments we have had by the conditions that we have gained through arbitra tion we will find that we have not been the losers, but that we have been heavy gainers by the same, and to abandon that principle now would be to change the entire policy of your organization and leave you practically without an anchor, and I repeat you can not afford to take that position. It would spell disaster and destruction to this magnificent organization. I agree that there are drawbacks and disappointments in arbitra tion. One of the dissatisfactions is the selection of a third arbitrator, but that we have been unable to overcome and it is a situation that we have to meet. My recommendation to this convention would be for you to say to the membership of this association * * * they must maintain arbitration in the future as we have in the past, and to show to the world that we have no demands but what are just, and are not asking for anything but what we consider is fair and honorable, and that we are willing to leave all of these questions to an unbiased board of arbitration composed of our fellow citizens and to abide by their decision. AGREEMENTS AND ARBITRATION CLAUSES IN PUBLIC FRANCHISES. The first attempt to secure an arbitration clause in any public util ity franchise was made in Toledo in 1896. The street railway com pany was then seeking an extension of its franchise. In conformity with the policy of the Amalgamated Association of Street Railway Employees its president presented to the city council a clause pro viding for the arbitration of differences between the employees and the employing company. The section submitted to the city council to be embodied in the proposed franchise was as follows: Should any difference arise at any time during the limits of this franchise between the street railway company and their employees regarding wages, hours, or any other disputes that can not be settled by the company and its employees, the matter in dispute shall be submitted, at the request of either party, to a board of arbitrators com posed of five aldermen then serving in the city council; two of said aldermen to be chosen by the employees, two to be chosen b y the company, and the four thus chosen to choose the fifth one. The five shall constitute a board of arbitration to hear complaints and render a decision which shall be binding on both parties for at least six months. This amendment was defeated. It is worthy of note that such provisions now exist in franchises in four municipalities in the United States— Detroit, Mich.; Wheeling, W. V a .; Monroe, La.; and East Liverpool, Ohio. The provision in three of these cities is here given. 282 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. M O N R O E , LA . O r d in a n c e N o . 2020. Authorizing the mayor to enter into and sign an agreement and con tract with the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America, Division No. 667, of Monroe, Louisiana. S e c t i o n 1. Be it ordained by the council of the city of Monroe, in regular session convened: That the mayor be and is hereby authorized, directed, and empowered to make, sign, and execute for and on behalf of the city of Monroe, Louisiana, a con tract with the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America, Division No. 667, of Monroe, Louisiana, in the following form, substance, letters, and terms, to wit: This agreement, made and entered into by and between the Municipal Street Rail way Company, their successors and assigns, party of the first part, hereinafter called * The Department,” and the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Rail '1 way Employees of America, Division No. 667, of Monroe, Louisiana, party of the second part, hereinafter called “ The Association.” Witnesseth: That in the operation of the lines of the party of the first part, both parties hereunto mutually agree that for and in consideration of the covenants and agreements hereinafter stated further the party of the first part agrees with the party of the second part as follows: A. Wages of motormen and conductors: For the 1st six months............................................... ........... 17 cents per For the 2d six months............................................... ........... 18 cents per For the 3d six months............................................... ........... 19 cents per For the 4th six months.............................................. ........... 20 cents per For the 5th six months.............................................. ........... 21 cents per For the 6th six months............................................. ........... 22 cents per For the 7th six months.............................................. ........... 23 cents per For the 8th six months............................................. ........... 24 cents per For the 9th six months............................................ ........... 25 cents per For the 10th six months............................................ ........... 26 cents per Thereafter................................................................... ........... 27 cents per hour. hour. hour. hour. hour. hour. hour. hour. hour. hour. hour. B. Time and one-half time for all overtime after 12 o’clock midnight. C. Any regular man missing his run at barn for three (3) days during any one month, except b y permission of the superintendent of transportation, or for sickness or death in his immediate family, shall be placed at bottom of extra board at his present salary. D. All passengers not paying cash fares must have employees’ ticket or employees’ badge in full view. E. When car, on road, has been reported in bad order, all responsibilities of motor men and conductors cease until same has been fixed. F. All headlights must be cleaned and adjusted in barn by barn men. G. All doors and windows in cars must be kept in good order. H. Motormen and conductors to be promoted to best runs, in accordance with the length of time they have been in continuous service of the company. S ec . 2. All business matters arising between the parties hereto shall be transacted between the properly accredited officials of the department and the properly accredited officials of the association or duly appointed committee thereof. Sec . 3. All motormen and conductors, or other employees, shall be entitled to free transportation, subject to the rules of the company. CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 2 8 3 S ec. 4. Where employees are laid off to look up evidence or to act as witnesses in court, in behalf of the city of Monroe, such employee or employees shall be paid full time for the time consumed in attending court or looking up evidence in behalf of said city of Monroe, payment to be made at the next regular pay day. It is further agreed that any motorman or conductor, member of the association, who shall be elected to office or assigned to any duties by the association which require his or their temporary absence from runs shall be granted leave of absence at any time his or their attention is required, except during special occasions, without pay, and upon their return shall be entitled to their respective runs or place on the board. Sec . 5. An employee suspended, but upon investigation found not guilty of charge for which said employee was suspended, shall be reinstated to his former position and paid the wages he would have earned had be been working. Sec . 6. No employee, serving time,1 shall be asked to report, and any employee serving time and called back to work before said time has expired, shall be considered to have served his full time. Sec . 7. Where leave of absence is granted to a regular man, and he is off for a period exceeding five (5) days, his time shall be so divided between the extra men as to give each five days’ regular work, in so far as is possible. Sec . 8. There shall be no sympathetic strike, or no strike of any kind, provided the department is willing to submit any and all grievances to arbitration where an ad just^ ment can not be secured in conference. Sec. 9. Except in cases of discharge on account of irregularities in registering fares or transfers, an employee of the department who may be a member of the association, feeling that he has been unjustly treated, may ask the superintendent for a review of his case; and, on his failing to secure satisfactory adjustment, may appeal to the asso ciation for consideration, and if the officials of the association feel that such employee is entitled to further consideration, then such question or grievance shall be submitted to a temporary board of arbitration, one member thereof to be selected by the proper officials of the department and one by the executive committee of the association, and the two so chosen before entering upon the performance of their duties shall select a third in case they do not agree, and the decision of the majority of said board sub mitted in writing to the department and to the association shall be binding upon the parties hereto. The association and the department shall select their arbitrators within five (5) days* from the time either party shall notify the other in writing that an arbitration is desired, and shall state in said writing the points to be arbitrated. Failure of either the department or the association to name an arbitrator within five (5) days shall con stitute a default and cause the defaulting party to lose the case. Said two arbitrators so chosen shall hold daily meetings to adjust the matter referred to them, and if they fail to agree shall immediately call the third arbitrator already selected as above, and said board of three (3) arbitrators shall likewise meet daily to consider the matter so submitted, unless by mutual consent the time shall be extended. The executive board shall first hear and pass upon all grievances before they are submitted to the department. Should the department desire arbitration of any such question the same ruling as above shall apply. Sec . 10. The committee of the association shall have the privilege of examination of the report of an inspector on any conductor or motorman discharged for irregular registering of fares or transfers. Sec . 11. Any member expelled from the association, pursuant to the rules of the association, shall be discharged by the department upon the request of the association in writing, accompanied by a copy of the resolution, certified by the mayor and city council and attested by the seal of the association. 284 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. Sec. 12. All motormen and conductors who are members of the association shall remain members in good standing, according to the rules of the association. The department further agrees that all new employees shall become members of the association within thirty (30) days from the date of employment. It is understood by both parties hereto that such new employees are on probation for thirty (30) days, and the purpose of this clause is that such new employee shall not have the right to the protection of the association in matters of discharge or other grievances. S e c . 13. There shall be suitable closets, and motormen and conductors given reasonable time to visit same. Sec . 14. All regular men after six (6) months’ service shall provide at their own expense, and wear constantly while on duty, a uniform composed of material, color, and pattern prescribed b y the superintendent. Sec . 15. Should negotiations be necessary for a new contract at the expiration of this one, it is mutually agreed that said renewal shall be executed at least thirty (30) days previous to the expiration of the contract then existing. S e c . 16. This agreement shall be binding upon the department, their successors, transfers, and assigns, and the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Rail way Employees of America, Division No. 667, and the members of said association, individually, and the employees of the Municipal Street Railway Company for a period of three (3) years from the 1st day of January, 1915, to the 1st day of January, 1918, at Monroe, Louisiana. E A ST L IVE R P O O L , O H IO . The East Liverpool, Ohio, franchise provision is as follows: It is a condition of the granting of this franchise that in case said company and its employees are unable to amicably settle without strike, or other interference with the public rights, any controversy or difference which may arise between them, at the request of either the company or its employees, or if they refuse at the request of the mayor or president of council, such controversy shall be submitted to a board of arbitration consisting of five disinterested persons, one of whom may be selected by said company, one by the employees, and three of whom shall be appointed by the judge of the court of common pleas of Columbiana County. In case any of the arbi trators thus chosen shall refuse to act his place shall be filled by such judge of the court of common pleas. The finding of a majority of this board shall be final and binding upon all parties to the controversy. D E T R O IT , M IC H . Franchise provision adopted at a special election held on April 7 , 1913, to revise the city charter: S e c t i o n 19. In case of dispute over wages or condition of employment, said board [the board of aldermen] is hereby authorized and directed to arbitrate any question or questions," provided each party shall agree in advance to pay half the expense of such arbitration. DEATH, DISABILITY, AND OLD-AGE BENEFITS. CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH BENEFITS ARE PAID. The year 1896 is marked by the introduction of death and disability benefits. The old-age benefit fund did not become operative until January 1 , 1912. CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYEES. 2 8 5 Each member is entitled to only one of the three benefits. A member to be entitled to a funeral, total-disability, or old-age benefit of this association shall be, when he joins this organization, in sound health and not afflicted with any disease likely to injure his health or cause permanent disability; provided, however, that when a member is over two years in continuous membership in this association, there shall be no question relative to the condition of his health at the time he became a member of this association. (See page 270.) In order to be entitled to any of the benefits he must be in good standing, that is, must have all dues, fines, and assessments paid up on or before the 15th of each month, in compliance with the laws of the association. He also must be a member of a local division in good financial standing, as required by the laws of the association or the international organization. According to section 87 of the constitution of the association, members belonging to divisions in bad financial standing with the international organization may at once communicate with the inter national president and place their membership with the international association. Section 88 of the constitution specifies that no death or disability claim be allowed or paid to members whose death or disability has been caused while on duty as a volunteer militiaman, policeman, or paid city fireman, or engaged in any other hazardous occupation. DEATH AND DISABILITY BENEFITS. The amount of benefit, which depends on the length of member ship, is identical in cases of death and of total disability. In the former the legitimate heirs of. the deceased— widow, lineal or col lateral heirs— receive the compensation. The provisions and scale of benefits are set forth on page 271. OLD-AGE PROVISIONS. Any member of the association who has had a continuous member ship for twenty years and over and has complied with the constitution and laws of the association, and has reached the age of 65 years, and because of his age is totally disabled for following the occupation of a street and electric railway employee, is entitled to a lump-sum ben efit of $800. FILING CLAIMS. The procedure of filing claims is as follows: When death or dis ability occurs to any member, or when a member desires to make application for total-disability benefit, the person applying for the benefit is required to present to the local division concerned a cer tificate of the facts from the attending physician, upon approval of 286 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. facts presented by the authorities of the local division. The claim is forwarded by the financial secretary of the local division to the international president. The benefit is then paid out of the treasury of the international organization. AGGREGATE PAYMENTS. The payments that have been made by the Amalgamated Asso ciation are set forth below. 3 5 .—AM OUNT OF D E A T H , D ISA B IL IT Y , AN D OLD-AGE B E N E FITS PAID EACH Y E A R B Y TH E AM ALG A M ATED ASSOCIATION OF ST R E E T AN D ELECTRIC R A IL W A Y EM PLO YEES OF AM ER ICA, 1896 TO 1914. T able Death claims. Year. Disability claims. Old-age benefit claims. Total. 1896........... 1897........... 1898........... 1899........... 1900........... 1901........... 1902........... 1903........... 1904........... 1905........... 1906........... 1907........... 1908........... 1909........... 1910........... 1911.......... 1912........... 1913........... 1914........... $200 375 400 550 675 1,000 1,375 6,275 15,175 12.900 12,300 16.900 16,700 17,500 22,100 24.900 109,750 134,000 189,793 $150 150 925 675 400 1,600 1,200 1,300 800 600 500 5.200 4.200 8,700 $1,600 $200 375 400 550 675 1,150 1,525 7,200 15,850 13.300 13,900 18,100 18,000 18.300 22,700 25,400 114,950 138,200 200,093 Total. . 582,868 26,400 1,600 610,868 * LOCAL DIVISION BENEFITS. In addition to the benefit provisions of the international associa tion, many local divisions pay sick and death benefits. Reports from 37 local divisions state the total of death benefits paid in 1913 as $59,841.50. In the same year 70 local divisions reported payment of $59,692.85 in sick benefits. D E A T H B E N E FIT S O F LO CA L D IV IS IO N S. The amounts of the death benefits paid by the local divisions inde pendent of the amount paid by the international organization, so far as reported, are as follows: Division No. 2 2 , Worcester, Mass., pays a death benefit of $50 after 6 months’ membership. Division No. 26, Detroit, Mich., pays a death benefit of $2 , 000 , raised by an assessment on the membership of $1 each. This di vision also pays a benefit of $2,0 00 in case of total disability and $1,000 for partial disability. Division No. 85, Pittsburgh, Pa., pays a death benefit of $150. CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 2 8 7 Division No. 98, Akron, Ohio, pays $25 to a member who loses his wife or child. Division No. 99, Winnipeg, Manitoba, pays a death benefit of $25. Division No. 103, Wheeling, W. Va., pays a death benefit of $250 after 6 months’ membership, by assessing each member $ 1 . Division No. 125, East St. Louis, 111., makes a special assessment of 25 cents per member and pays the amount received as a death benefit. Division No. 132, Troy, N. Y., pays a death benefit of $ 1 0 0 after 1 year’s membership. Division No. 164, Wilkes-Barre, Pa., pays a death benefit of $ 10 0 . Division No. 168, Scranton, Pa., pays a death benefit of $50. Division No. 169, Easton, Pa., pays a member $25 on the death of his wife. Division No. 194, New Orleans, La., pays a death benefit of $ 1 0 0 on a membership of 1 year or less, and $ 2 0 0 on a longer membership. Division No. 241, Chicago, 111., which comprises all the men em ployed on the surface lines, pays a death benefit of $ 1 0 0 during the first 2 years 7 membership and $2 0 0 thereafter. Division No. 256, Sacramento, Cal., assesses the membership 50 cents each and pays $100 death benefit after 6 months’ membership. Division No. 265, San Jose, Cal., levies an assessment of $ 1 each on the membership and pays the amount received as a death benefit. Division No. 268, Cleveland, Ohio, levies an assessment of 25 cents each upon the membership, and pays the amount received as a death benefit to the beneficiary of a deceased member. Division No. 272, Youngstown, Ohio, levies an assessment of $ 1 each upon the membership and pays the amount received as a death benefit to the beneficiary of a deceased member. Division No. 282, Rochester, N. Y., pays a death benefit of $ 1 , 000 , raised by special assessment of $ 1 . Division No. 308, Chicago, 111., pays a death benefit of $2 0 0 after 1 year’s membership. Division No. 312, Davenport, Iowa, pays a death benefit as follows: On a membership of less than 6 months, an assessment of 50 cents; over 6 months, an assessment of $ 1 . On death of a member’s wife there is an assessment of 50 cents, and on death of a member’s child, of 25 cents. Division No. 313, Rock Island, 111., on the death of a man who has been a member over 30 days and less than 6 months, assesses the membership 50 cents each, or, if the deceased has been a member over 6 months, $ 1 , to be paid as a death benefit. Division No. 329, Dubuque, Iowa, pays death benefits; amount not given. 288 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. Division No. 343, Kalamazoo, Mich., pays death benefits; amount not given. Division No. 379, Niles, Ohio, levies an assessment of $ 2 each on the membership and pays the amount received as a death benefit to the beneficiary of a deceased member. Division No. 380, Elyria, Ohio, pays a death benefit of $ 10 0 . Division No. 382, Salt Lake City, Utah, pays a death benefit of $500, also $100 on death of a member’s wife and $10 on death of a member’s child. Division No. 441, Des Moines, Iowa, pays $300 on death of a mem ber, $150 on death of a member’s wife, $75 on death of a members child, and $150 on death of a mother or father of a single member. Division No. 456, Madison, Wis., pays death benefits; amount not given. Division No. 519, La Crosse, Wis., on the death of a member levies an assessment of $ 1 each on the membership, on the death of the wife of a member an assessment of 50 cents, and on the death of a child of a member an assessment of 25 cents, to be paid as a death benefit. Division No. 576, Schenectady, N. Y., levies an assessment of $ 1 each on the membership and pays the amount received as a death benefit to the beneficiary of a deceased member. Division No. 580, Syracuse, N. Y., levies an assessment of $ 1 each on the membership and pays the amount received as a death benefit. Division No. 582, Utica, N. Y., levies an assessment of $ 1 each on the membership and pays the amount received as a death benefit to the beneficiary of a deceased member. Division No. 589, Boston, Mass., pays a death (or disability) benefit of $100 on a membership of under 6 months, $150 on a membership of 6 months and under 12 months, and $200 thereafter. Division No. 590, Columbia, S. C., levies an assessment of 50 cents each on the membership and pays the amount received as a death benefit. Division No. 592, Fredonia, N. Y., levies an assessment of $ 1 each on the membership and pays the amount received as a death benefit. Division No. 618, Providence, R. I., assesses the membership an amount which, with what is paid from the international office, will amount to $ 1,0 0 0 and pays this as a death benefit. Division No. 645, Indianapolis, Ind., pays a death benefit of $50 after a membership of 6 months. S IC K B E N E FIT S OF LO CA L D IV IS IO N S . The figures, so far as available, of the amounts of the sick benefits paid by local divisions, are as follows: Division No. 103, Wheeling, W. Va., pays a sick benefit of $ 2 for the second week, $3 for the third week, $4 for the fourth week, and $5 for not exceeding 10 more weeks. CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 289 Division No. 168, Scranton, Pa., pays a sick benefit of $ 3 per week. Division No. 235, Brockton, Mass., pays a sick benefit of $ 5 per week for 6 weeks in any 6 months. Division No. 280, Lowell, Mass., pays a sick benefit of $5 per week for 10 weeks in any 1 year. Division No. 281, New Haven, Conn., pays a sick benefit of $5 per week for 10 weeks in each of 3 consecutive years. Division No. 312, Davenport, Iowa, pays a sick benefit of $ 7 per week for 10 weeks in 1 year. Division No. 382, Salt Lake City, Utah, pays a sick benefit of $ 7 * per week for 16 weeks, and $3.50 per week for the second 16 weeks in any year, and $1.50 per month thereafter, as long as a sick member is unable to work. Division No. 441, Des Moines, Iowa, pays a sick benefit of $ 7 per week for not exceeding 10 weeks in any consecutive 12 months. Division No. 448, Springfield, Mass., pays a sick benefit of $ 7 per week after the first week for a period of not more than 13 weeks in any 1 year. Division No. 618, Providence, R. I., pays a sick benefit of $ 5 per week for 13 weeks in any consecutive 1 2 months. Division No. 623, Buffalo, N. Y., reports a sick-benefit association which pays a sick benefit of $7 per week and provides free medical attendance after the first 7 days of sickness for a period not exceeding 1 2 weeks. The dues of this association are 50 cents per month. Division No. 645, Indianapolis, Ind., reports having a sick and acci dent association which pays $ 1 per day after the first week for 10 weeks and then $3 per week for 3 months. Division No. 662, Pueblo, Colo., pays a sick benefit after 30 days’ membership of $6 per week after the first week for a period of 1 U weeks. STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS. The following tabular statement presents the number of strikes and lockouts, by years, from 1893 to 1914, the number of persons affected each year, total number of lockouts each year, and the num ber of strikes and lockouts won or lost during each year. The num ber of persons affected represents only those who were eligible to strike benefits from the union. The data of the strikes or lockouts tabulated were obtained from the records.in the office files of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America. In recording strikes and lockouts as won or lost, the method of determination has been that with the return of locked out men to their former positions without submitting to the proposed changes in conditions of employment by the employing companies, the lockout is considered as having been won. 39749°— Bull. 204—17------ 19 290 T STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 3 6 .—N U M BER OF STRIK ES AN D LOCKOUTS, N U M BER W O N OR LOST, A N D NU M B ER OF PERSONS AFFEC TED , AS R EPO R TED B Y T H E AM ALG A M ATED ASSOCIATION OF STREET A N D ELECTRIC R A IL W A Y EM PLO YEES OF AMERICA, FOR TH E Y E A R S 1893 TO 1914. able Strikes and lockouts. Year. 1893 1894 1895....................... 1896....................... 1897 1898 ................. 1899....................... 1900....................... } 1901....................... 1902....................... j 1903....................... 1904....................... 1905....................... 1906....................... 1907....................... 1908....................... 1909....................... 1910....................... 1911....................... 1912....................... 1913....................... 1914....................... Total. .. 6 1 1 2 2 6 4 Strikes and lockouts. Persons affected.1 Lock outs. Won by em ployees. Lost by em ployees. 2 1 1 2 2 5 4 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2 ) (2) 4 1 20 2,546 10 10 3 23 2,000 12 6 4 3 13 4 19 14 11 15 18 9 26 16 2,626 275 2,850 6,955 2,730 9,832 8,000 3,673 8,270 7,272 1,008 11 3 9 6 4 16 10 3 1 10 10 5 7 13 8 5 13 10 1 2 3 7 9 4 2 10 4 13 6 5 213 58,037 61 124 82 2 1 Includes only those eligible to strike benefits from the union. 2 Not reported. 3 Including 5 strikes pending at time of reporting. 4 Including 2 strikes pending at time of reporting. 6 Including 7 strikes pending at time of reporting. NOTABLE STRIKES. The following data relates to the most notable street railway strikes that have occurred in the United States between 1883 and 1915. The test of importance of such strikes is, first, the settlement of a specific issue as between the employing company and the men; second, the amount of apprehension aroused by its occurrence, as regards violence and the apparent necessity for calling out the militiathird, the amount of publicity given to it by reason of the disregard of either or both parties of a public demand for arbitration; fourth, number of men involved; fifth, losses resulting to the company and the men in consequence of a suspension of operations; sixth, the serious inconvenience to the public; and seventh, its general signifi cance for capital and labor. New Y o rk City— Strikes of December, 1885, and A p ril 15, 1886.— The first difficulty to occur between the street car men, organized by the Knights of Labor in 1884, and the street railway companies in New York City and Brooklyn was in consequence of the Sixth Avenue company refusing to recognize the organization. Recogni tion had been granted previously by the Third Avenue company, when the men had presented a list of grievances, which were satis factorily adjusted by that company. CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYEES. 2 9 1 A list of grievances were submitted to the Sixth Avenue company on December 18. They were ignored by the company for a period of 3 weeks, whereupon the men ordered a strike. After 5 hours the company consented to sign an agreement and the men returned to work. The next strike was ordered on the Broadway line. It lasted only 1 0 hours, the company then signing an agreement. A strike on the Fourth Avenue line followed. The company readily signed an agreement, but broke it within 2 weeks. After a series of conferences, which lasted 5 days, it refused to make another agreement. A strike was then ordered, and the men gave up their cars,but after 16 hours the company consented to sign an agreement. The Dry Dock company, which was considered by the men the /most formidable corporation in New York City, was left until the last. It was believed that the successes attained with the other com panies would be helpful in adjusting the difficulties expected with this company. -However, being unable to secure even recognition from the company, a strike was ordered. At the expiration of 5 days the company agreed to a settlement. An agreement with the Bleeker Street and Twenty-third Street Railroad was next sought, but the president of the road said, “ I do not propose to allow any labor organization to dictate to me how much I shall pay my employees nor how many hours they shall work." A strike was ordered which lasted 1 day and resulted in the signing of an agreement, which was to become effective in 1 0 days. Negotiations were then undertaken with the Brooklyn companies, and no trouble was experienced except with the Broadway company and the Atlantic Avenue company. The former company agreed to a settlement, after a strike-had been ordered against the company and it had been in effect for a period of 24 hours. An agreement was secured with the Atlantic Avenue company without recourse to a strike. April 15, 1886, the men on the Third Avenue company’s line pre sented a list of grievances, 14 in all, 13 relating to hours of labor, and 1 asking for the discharge of 6 men. To these the president of the company demurred. Later an appeal was made to the executive officers of the company to effect a settlement but without results. A strike was then determined upon as the only means left to the men. The strike after several hours' duration was settled. Chicago, E l . — Strike of Ju n e , 1885.— “ Against the discharge of 16 of our leading members and an attempt to break up our organization. We used every means possible to avoid a strike and asked repeatedly for arbitration through a committee; our communications were destroyed in presence of our representatives and arbitration refused. We had the full sympathy of the public. At the time we organized our union we were paid about 1 2 J cents per hour for the trip; if it 292 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T’ IN THE UNITED STATES. required 10 hours to make two trips the men only received 25 cents pay; now we receive 20 cents per hour from the time we report for duty; this, with many other advantages, we owe to our being organ ized. The strike terminated successfully in eight days.” Brooklyn , N. Y . — Strike of Jan u a ry 14,1895 .— What was considered the most notable strike of the decade (1885-1895) took place in Brooklyn, January 14, 1895. Its importance engaged the attention of the Assembly of the State of New York to the extent that on the 7 th day of February the assembly adopted the following resolution relative to the strike of the employees of Jcie surface railroads in that city: Whereas the city of Brooklyn is now in a state of siege and under martial law, arising from the disturbances incident to the great trolley strike; and whereas the First and Second Brigades of the National Guard of the State have been summoned to perform active duty to protect the lives and property of the residents of that city; and whereas as the railroad companies refuse to accede to the demands of their employees, and the men are firm in their determination to hold out for what they claim are but just and reasonable demands and fair compensation for service rendered; and whereas the lives of the citizens of Brooklyn have been and are being imperiled in consequence, property has been destroyed and the city put to untold expense for the maintenance of military forces to enforce the laws of our common people: Now, therefore, be it resolved, for a better protection of the lives and property of our citizens, this legislature appoint a special committee of five of its members to examine into the causes leading up to the strike, fix the basis of responsibility therefor, and report to this legislature at the earliest possible moment their conclusions, with such recom mendations as will prevent a recurrence of the same. That said committee shall have full power and authority to investigate all and singular the aforesaid matters and charges, and that such committee have full power to prosecute its inquiries in any and every direction in its judgment necessary and proper to enable it to obtain and report the information required by this resolution. Under this resolution, the committee proceeded to investigate; it endeavored to discover the true cause of the strike, its extent and duration, its consequences, and those things which contributed to its prolongation; to fix the responsibility, not only for the strike itself, but for the disorders consequent upon it, and particularly for the calling out of an armed force of about 7,500 men to maintain the public peace. The strike began on the 14th of January, 1895, and continued until tfie 24th day of February, 1895. During the greater part of this time about 5,000 men left their employment. The operation of the surface railroads upon which the strike occurred was, for the time being, more or less completely paralyzed, and the fear of serious breaches of the public peace led to the calling out of the First and Second Brigades of the National Guard of the State. “ There was no time during the strike when the railroad companies so wholly failed to perform their duty as carriers as to justify a for feiture of their charters; but from the 13th and 19th of January such performance was technical and nominal rather than actual, owing to CHAP. V I.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 293 the inability on the part of the roads at that time to secure men to act as motormen and conductors in sufficient number to run the customary number of cars and the customary number of trips without submitting to the terms of their late employees.” 1 For m any years the employees of these roads were organized into a district assembly of the K nights of Labor, and the contracts entered into between the Brooklyn City Railroad Co. and the com panies merged into it, on the one part, and their conductors, drivers, or motormen, had been made, not between the companies and the employees individually, but between the companies and the employees through the intermediation of the executive board of the Knights of Labor, and these contracts so made governed the companies and the men in their relations to each other. The contracts sought to be entered into with each of these roads were practically the same in all respects, save that the contract with each company made special provisions with regard to the number and proportion of regular cars and so-called tripper cars to be oper ated upon particular lines. The chief points in the contracts submitted were: First, the pro visions with regard to the length of the working day; second, the agreement between the companies and the men as to how many trips should be run daily over each line to constitute a full day’s work; third, that the company agreed with its men as to the pro portion of so-called tripper to so-called regular cars; fourth, the recognition of the principle of seniority among the employees them selves; fifth, that the employees should have the right to hearing before discharge; sixth, that the cleaning of the cars and the chang ing of the horses should be done by persons other than conductors and drivers, thus relieving the former while on “ stand” ; seventh, the provision as to the meal time; and, eighth, the establishment of the $ 2 rate for conductors and drivers on full-day cars, and $1.50 for those on tripper cars or cars running a part of the day. “ A careful estimate by the committee shows that the loss to the employees who went out on the strike, and who were wholly out of employment from the 13th of January to the 24th day of February, was not less than $350,000. Cost to the city for the pay and mainte nance of an armed force of 7,500 men, $20 0 ,000 . Extra cost to the city for police service during the strike, $75,000.” 1 The committee reported to the assembly that it had very carefully investigated, “ among other subjects, the question of compulsory arbitration, the licensing of railway employees, of the amendment of the 10-hour law, the enlargement of the duties of the State Board of Mediation and Arbitration, and other cognate questions.” 1 Report of special committee of the Assembly of New York, p. 3. 294 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE U NITED STATES. The committee concluded that no radical legislative remedy for such conditions and disorders was necessary, but expressed the belief that “ such disorders grew out of social facts and economic con ditions which are too deep for radical cure by legislation, and the only ultimate cure must come naturally from better relations and a greater feeling of sympathy between employers and employed.’ ’ Milwaukee, Wis.— Strike of May 4, 1896.— Strike of the employees of the Milwaukee Electric Railway & Light Co. The causes of the strike in part were occasioned by a demand for an increase in wages to 20 cents per hour; the running time of cars to be equally divided among day and night crews; preference in runs to men in order of their seniority; men working 2 hours or less in any one day to be paid at the rate of 25 cents per hour; time of all men to begin from the time of reporting; 8 hours to constitute a day’s work in power houses; 10 hours in repair shops, with time and a half for overtime; free transportation for all employees; the right to procure uniforms wherever the men desire; that a grievance committee be received by the company and matters discussed, and that all differences which can not be settled b}^ voluntary agreement of both parties be sub mitted to arbitration. The company in its communication to the men considered the most important demands to be “ that motormen or conductors be paid 20 cents per hour, and that differences which can not be settled by vol untary agreement of both parties be submitted to an arbitration board of disinterested persons.” To all other demands the company demurred. The company reminded the men that wages of conductors and motormen had been increased on May 1 , 1893, from 18 cents to 19 cents per hour, and that they considered the scale just and rea sonable, judged by the standards prevailing in other cities. As to arbitration, “ we can not under any circumstances yield the right of deciding for ourselves all questions as to the executive management and policy of the company.” The State board of arbitration met with the committee of the strikers, as well as the officers of the company, several times, finally prevailing upon the men to withdraw all their demands except that the men who had already left the company be restored to their former places without exception. In view of the fact that the company had secured new men and promised them permanent employment, they declined to assume responsibility for this state of affairs and refused the request. A conference was arranged between a committee of the strikers and officials of the company the day preceding the strike; but on account of exceptional activities on the part of the company officials in regard to the importation of new men, for which the men charged the company with bad faith, the conference was broken off and a strike ordered. The strike involved 700 men, lasted several weeks, and was accounted as lost to the employees. CHAP. V I.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYEES. 295 Cleveland, Ohio— Strikes of June 10 and J u ly 17, 1899.— The first strike was inaugurated on Saturday morning, June 1 0 , and resulted in a complete tie-up of the entire system. The number of men involved was approximately 900. The issue between the Cleveland Electric Railway Co. and the men, which was formally presented early in June, had been preceded by a spirit of general discontent among the employees for several months prior to that time. During the progress of their meetings the executive board repre senting the organization of the employees presented for the signature of the company a memorandum which contained, among other pro visions, the following: Complete recognition of the union. That whenever an employee is discharged or laid off a full report shall be filed with the organization, which shall indicate its acquies cence or otherwise in the proposed action, and that failure on the part of either party to notify or answer shall constitute a forfeiture of the right of said party to demand arbitration as provided in the agreement. That all time schedules which may be adopted or changed shall first be submitted to the union. That in order to dismiss any employee for interfering with or dis turbing the service of the company the proof must be satisfactory to the organization as well as to the company. That free transportation shall be provided the business agent of the union, and that all members thereof shall be permitted to ride free, while not on duty, without wearing their badges on their hats. That in case the representatives of the union and the company fail to adjust any differences that may arise the former may order the case to arbitration, the decision thereof to be binding upon the respec tive parties. That if any member of the union is laid off and investigation shows that he was not at fault he shall be paid in full for time thus lost. That upon the request of the union any employee shall be suspended without pay until such time as the association requests his reinstate ment. That any member of the association who upon being elected to office therein is required to absent himself from work shall be rein stated by the company, upon his retirement from office, without prejudice to his rights as an employee. That all conductors and motormen shall be members or be permit ted to become members of the association within 60 days from date of employment, and that where learners are to be instructed the company shall obtain a permit from the union, for which it shall pay $ 1 for each man. 296 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. T hat runs shall be in consecutive order and be completed in less than 12 hours, with dinner relief of not less than one hour. That all conductors or motormen who have been in the service 1 2 months or over shall receive 20 cents per hour; those employed less than 1 2 months, 18 cents per hour; service of short duration in any one day shall be paid at a higher rate. That no employee shall be held personally responsible for any dam age inflicted or obligation incurred while in the operation of his car. That the first run of less than nine hours shall be considered as “ first e x tra /’ and where a man misses his run he shall lose that day only ; where he misses his run in the middle of the day he shall lose the balance of that day and the day following; where he does not show up for two hours after his run goes out he shall be laid off seven days, and where he misses twice in 30 days he shall be laid off for seven days only. That when a regular man asks off before the board is “ marked u p ” the first extra man shall have the privilege of his run. T hat mistakes in conductors’ reports shall be reported to the office of their division within three days, and that upon the delivery of a conductor’s report at the division office he shall be given a receipt showing that such report has been deposited in the safe. The Ohio State Board of Arbitration visited Cleveland im m ediately after the strike was called and put itself in com munication with the officers of the street railway com pany and the executive board rep resenting the striking railway employees. On Sunday evening, June 1 1 , the board of arbitration held separate conferences with the contending parties. The board learned from the men that although they had presented to the company a form of agreement for its signatures, they would not exact the demands at that time, provided the company would acknowledge the executive board of the union and permit all employees to return to work. The company declined to accede to the proposition of the men, declaring “ that while its employees had the right to organize as they may desire, it can not and will not enter into any contract with such organization.” The company expressed its willingness to meet its employees to discuss and redress any reasonable complaint, but beyond that it would not go. Later, however, out of deference to the board of arbitration the officers of the company met with the rep resentatives of the union. The board presented a plan which seemed a fair and reasonable method of adjustment, but it failed because of inconsiderate expressions and actions of a few representatives of the company. The board continued its efforts for a period of a week with varying results, but was unable to bring about a settlement. Thus matters continued until June 19, when the city council ap~ CHAP. V I.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYEES. 297 pointed a committee of five members to confer with the railway company with the aim of bringing about a settlement of the strike. The committee appointed began its conferences with the contending sides on June 19 and continued to meet from day to day until June 24; when the following agreement 1 was entered into, and the strike declared at an end: The committee appointed b y the city council to aid in adjusting, if possible, the strike between the Cleveland Electric Railway Co. and its late employees can to-day obtain such an adjustment upon the following terms, to which the said company on its part assents: 1. The restoration of former schedules to stand, as publicly announced to the city authorities. 2. Upon questions of wages of the men working short hours, the distribution of extra runs and the pay therefor, as well as upon other grievances, the company will receive a committee of its own employees for the purpose of considering the same, and if unable to reach a conclusion with such employees or their committee as to the reasonableness thereof the company will submit these differences to disinterested arbitrators, to be chosen in the usual way. 3. In order that the men in the company’s employ may have a proper sense of security in their employment the company shall not discharge any man except for cause, which cause shall, at his request, be given him, and he shall be given a full and fair opportunity to explain or disprove the same, by himself or a committee of said company’s employees, to be selected by said discharged employee. 4. Questions of schedules and of wages shall not be submitted to arbitration. The company shall have the ultimate right to hire and discharge men, contracting with them individually and not collectively. It shall take back into its employment such of its former employees as its business demands, aggregating at the present time 80 per cent of such employees, and as other vacancies occur shall give preference to such former employees, excepting always those who have committed unlawful acts against the company, its property, or its employees during the present strike; but the rehiring of all men shall be upon the express condition that their service with the company’s present employees must be loyal and the latter must not be subject to annoyance or abuse by them, and any violation of this condition shall be deemed cause for discharge. 5. The service of the employees shall be distributed as equitably as possible under existing conditions. The company shall at once upon the return of its former em ployees to its service give 80 per cent of the runs to the former employees and 20 per cent of the runs to its present employees; the remainder of its former and present em ployees to be placed on the extra list in the same proportion. The method of appor tioning these runs between former and present employees shall be as follows: The first four runs on the time table of each line shall go to the former employees, the fifth run to the present employees, the next four runs to the former employees, and the tenth run to the present employees, and so on through the time table with the day runs, late runs, and extra list. Temporarily this adjustment may work some inequalities to some men, but the same will be adjusted as equitably and promptly as possible on these lines. These propositions the committee deem equitable to both present and former em ployees and to the company, and recommend the same for your acceptance. Unless acted upon and accepted at once the committee believes its service will be of no further avail. The committee is fully aware that the public service can not longer await the adjustment of this difficulty. Some means will have to be adopted at once to provide for the public needs on this company’s lines. 1Report of Ohio State Board of Arbitration for 1899, p. 36. 298 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. The second strike occurred on the morning of July 17, just three weeks after the settlement of the first strike and for substantially the same reasons as the first strike, plus the declaration made by both parties that each were violating the agreement signed June 24. In addition it was declared that the superintendent had publicly an nounced that he would break up the union within 60 days. The State Board of Arbitration endeavored to bring the parties together and by mediation or conciliation effect a settlement or persuade them to submit the matters in dispute to arbitration. In this they failed. The union declared its intention of fighting the strike out to the bitter end. The com pany publicly announced its regret for the tem porary inconvenience which m ust accom pany the strike, but at the same time declared itself entirely blameless. The strike continued for a period of about five weeks. The civil authorities claimed they could not control the situation, and on July 25 the militia was called to protect life and property, restore and maintain public order. Gradually order was restored, and on or about February 1 , 1900, the street car men’s organization declared the strike at an end. St. Lo u is , Mo.— Strike of May 8 , 1900.— On May 8 , 1900, a strike was declared by the employees of the St. Louis Transit Co., involving approximately 3,500 employees who had become members of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America. On May 7 the union’s officials demanded that such of their fellow employees as would not join the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America be discharged. They further demanded that thereafter no one but members of that asso ciation be employed. To these demands the directors of the railway company refused to accede. The street railway officials and the unions were importuned b y the State commission of labor to subm it their differences to arbitration, but without avail. The attorney for the transit com pany in reply to the commissioner of labor concerning the submission of differences between the com pany and the men to arbitration expressed his regrets at the unwillingness of the president of the com pany to subm it to arbitration. Concerning his reply to the commissioner, it is, in part, as follow s: There may be no dispute between the company and those recently employed by it, but there is a serious difficulty between the company and some 3,500 men who were engaged in its employment at the time this controversy arose, some three weeks ago. This army of men engaged in the service of the company had what they deemed just causes of complaint against the company. They made known their complaints to the officers of the company, and respectfully requested that their causes of grievance should be removed. Out of these requests differences arose between the company and its employees which they were unable, or at least failed, to settle between themselves. CHAP. V I.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 299 Thereupon the employees expressed a willingness and proposed to submit the questions of difference to arbitration. The company refused either to correct the abuses com plained of or to submit the differences between it and and its employees to arbitration, and in consequence thereof the strike from which the public has since been suffering was precipitated. Since then efforts have been made to bring about a compromise and settlement of the questions at issue between the parties. But upon two or three of these questions they were unable to bring about an agreement. One of these ques tions relates to the recognition of the labor union to which the employees belong, and another relates to the reinstatement of the employees to their positions in the service of the company. The employees submitted to the company certain tentative propo sitions upon these subjects, which were rejected by the company, and the company in turn made certain counter propositions which were not acceptable to the men. Again, the men proposed to submit these questions to arbitration, agreeing to abide by the award of the arbitration whether it should be wholly or in part for or against them; and again the company refused to take the judgment of just and impartial men.1 The chief executives of the Merchants’ Exchange, the mayor and the president of the board of police held many conferences in an effort to develop means by which a settlement could be reached, but without results. Meanwhile the governor of the State was importuned to call out the State Guards. This he refused to do. The strike continued in its most aggressive phase for nearly three months, during which time it is estimated by the commission of labor that the transit company lost over $ 10 0 ,000 , the employees over $225,000, and the business public more than $25,000,000. There were 14 people killed and approximately 200 wounded during that time. San Francisco , Cal.— Strike of A p ril 19, 1902.— The cause of the strike and the demands of the union briefly enumerated are as follows: Recognition o f the union; the right to present for consideration all grievances of the men; reinstatement of former employees who were discharged for adhering to union principles; the hours of duty not to exceed 10 within 12; minimum wage of 25 cents per hour; time and one-half for overtime; company to abolish the system of insurance of its employees; full liberty of employees on days off; that employees be granted the right to ride on cars on their badges; that employees shall not be marked off their runs oftener than 1 day in 10 unless by request or because of infringement of the rules by an employee; the company to agree that all motormen, conductors, gripmen, and drivers shall become members of the union prior to the expiration of 30 days from the time their course of instruction is completed; pending nego tiations the company to agree not to attempt to run cars except mail cars, and the men to keep a constant patrol of their members for the protection of all cars, barns, and other property of the company; that no agreement be effective till the Geary Street Railroad signs a similar agreement; the interpretation of any signed agreement to be decided by arbitration; pending such arbitration the company not to declare 1 Twenty-second Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and Inspection of the State of Missouri, 300 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. lockout nor men to order a strike; the terms of any agreement to be for 1 year. Upon presentation of the demands a strike was declared and all of the company’s lines were “ tied u p /’ involving approximately 1,850 men. For a period of seven days the company resisted the demands, but finally granted all except one, which it subsequently granted, to wit: The company declined to recognize the union as such, but agreed to treat with committees of its own employees. Chicago j III.— Strike of November 12,1903 .— About 2,600 men in the service of the Chicago City Railway Co., working under an agreement which expired September 30, 1903, demanded an increase of 4 cents an hour for men on the electric lines, so as to make the minimum wage 28 cents an hour. The wages under the old contract were at the rate of 24 cents an hour, except on the cable lines on State Street and Cot tage Grove Avenue, where the men were paid by the trip, averaging about 28 cents an hour. In addition demands were made on the company for a complete unionization of the lines and some minor concessions in the shape of fewer hours on duty for the extra men or men on tripper runs and some changes in the running schedules. The State Board of Arbitration endeavored through the tender of its services to avoid a strike, but to no avail. The strike went into effect Thursday, November 1 2 , completely tying up the train service of the company. The city council of Chicago at once instructed Mayor Harrison to name a committee to confer with both sides in an effort to bring about a settlement. The conferences between the committee of the city council and rep resentatives of both sides continued for several days, until common ground f<?r settlement was reached. The terms of the agreement were in the nature of a compromise, both sides making concessions, the question of wages and hours to be settled by a committee representing the trainmen and the company, and the company agreeing not to discriminate against members of the union. Future grievances were to be disposed of by properly accredited officers of the company and a committee of the union. The strike terminated November 25, having lasted 13 days. Cleveland, Ohio— Strike of May 16, 1908.— The apparent cause of the Cleveland strike was the determination of the Municipal Traction Co. to ignore or modify the then existing agreement between Division No. 268 of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Rail way Employees of America and the Cleveland Electric Railway Co. Briefly, a repudiation of the wage provision of the agreement was demanded by the company. The men accepted a wage reduction of 1 cent per hour, but almost immediately a large number of men were discharged and new men employed to take their places on the best early runs. This had the effect of forcing men from 3 to 1 2 CHAP. V I.---- ASSOCIATIONS OF EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYEES. 301 years in the service back on the late runs and upon the extra list, destroying the seniority rights provided by common practice in Cleve land and b y the agreement. It was evident from the first that the people of Cleveland believed they were interested partners in the Municipal Traction Co. and that an effort was being made to give them transportation at no more than the actual cost, based upon expenses of operation and 6 per cent income upon the actual investment. The strike was conceded a failure industrially at the end of the second week and was declared off b y the officials of the association. Philadelphia, P a .— Strikes of May 28, 1909, and February 19, 1910.— The strike of February 19, 1910, had its origin in the discharge of 40 Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co. employees in November, 1908. These men claimed they were discharged from the service for “ union activity ” in the attempts, then seriously begun, to organize the men into a local of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America. The discharged men were rein stated through the intervention of the mayor and others of the city upon the promise that their efforts at organization in the future should not be a disturbing element among the company’s men and destructive of discipline. Organization of the men slowly continued and on May 28, 1909, a mass meeting was held and a strike called. The membership of the union at this time was reported to be “ about 425 paid-up members.” Notwithstanding this, two-thirds, or 4,500, of the motormen and conductors responded to the strike order. After a strike lasting seven days, an agreement was signed and the men returned to work. The men had demanded the abolition of the “ swing-run system,” a 3-cent-an-hour increase in wages, that there should be at least one union firm from which they should be free to buy their uniforms, and that grievances should be adjusted at regular meetings with “ accredited representatives” of the employees. The com pany conceded the first demand, refused the increase of pay, specified five firms, one union, from which uniforms m ight be bought, and agreed to m eet representatives of the men for the adjustment of grievances. The agreement which was drawn up between the com pany, as party of the first part, and the “ accredited representatives” of the employees, party of the second part, was signed b y men (acting as individuals) who were actually elected b y the union as their “ accred ited representatives.” Under this agreement more or less friendly relations were main tained for a period of about five months. In the autumn of 1909 complaint was made that the company was violating the agreement of June 24 by meeting for the adjustment of grievances a committee 302 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. composed of employees other than thoso who had signed the agree ment. The committee to which objection was made was selected from an association of about 2,500 men commonly known as the “ Keystone men.” The union men claimed that this was an outlaw organization, fostered by the company, and that there was gross discrimination by minor officials and division superintendents in favor of the Keystone men. It was the fostering of this organi zation by the company which formed the real issue that brought about the strike of 1910. During the conferences which were held between the com pany’s officers and representatives of the Am algam ated Association efforts were made b y the men to get the com pany to agree to give recogni tion to members of their association, but the com pany declined, sug gesting that the agreement then in operation be modified b y the insertion of the following clause: Employees shall be free to join or not to join any organization and may present their grievances to the company individually, or, if members of any organization of employees, by a committee of the representatives thereof, and there shall be no intimidation or discrimination against any employee so doing by any official of the company or their subordinates. This proposed amendment became the crucial point in the negotia tion. The conferees on the part of the Amalgamated Association declined to enter into an agreement that recognized the existence of two unions. This action, and the discharge of 174 union men, brought about a deadlock in the proceedings, which later resulted in the ordering of a strike on February 19. Subsequently 76 of the 174 discharged men were reinstated. The strike lasted approximately 9 weeks, 3,400 of the 4,800 men returning to work April 24 without an agreement and at the wages offered just prior to the beginning of the strike (23 cents an hour, increasing to 25 cents for men who remained in the service until 1914). The strike, which cost the Rapid Transit Co. $2,395,000 and the men approximately $800,000, was considered a draw.1 Columbus, Ohio— Strike of A p ril 29 , 1910.— This strike was called, first, in accordance with the belief that the Columbus Railway & Light Co. had discharged 35 of its men for joining the union; second, because of a violation of an agreement to reinstate discharged em ployees with a promise that in the future no discrimination would be made against employees because of membership in any union. A subsequent agreement to reinstate all employees, giving them the freedom of joining any union, ended the strike, which lasted four days. The second strike (July 26), which was called because of an alleged violation of the April agreement, was declared off, after having con* Daniel T. Pierce in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 1, No. 37, p. 99. CHAP. VI.---- ASSOCIATIONS OP EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. 303 tinued 13 weeks. It was the longest strike in the history of the city, and cost the State $ 200,000 for military service. The estimated cost to the company in extraordinary expenses was $450,000. The loss in wages to the employees was Estimated at approximately $ 7 5 ,000 . In support of the strike the unions expended $35,000/ Boston, Mass.— Strike of June 7, 1912.— It appears that about the first of May, 1912, an organizer of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America was sent to Bos ton in response to a call from one of the employees of the Boston Elevated Railway Co. to organize the men in the employ of said company. Activities in connection with the perfection of such an organization, such as obtaining a charter and the election of officers, were communicated by minor officials of the company to superior officers. Men active or identified with the formation of the union were advised by the company’s officials not to join the union. Subse quently a statement submitted by counsel for the company to the Massachusetts Board of Arbitration showed that during the six weeks prior to the 7th day of June 262 men were discharged for various offenses, and of this number 149 were discharged without explanation other than “ unsatisfactory service.” The men discharged under this designation declared that the reason given was only a subterfuge, and assumed that the action of the company was an unwarranted restriction or an invasion of their lawful rights, as set forth in sec tions 18 and 19 of chapter 514, Acts of 1909, as follows: S e c t i o n 18. No person shall, by intimidation or force, prevent or seek to prevent a person from entering into or continuing in the employment of any person or cor poration. S e c . 19. No person shall, himself or by his agent, coerce or compel a person into a written or oral agreement not to join, or become a member of a labor organization as a condition of his securing employment or continuing in the employment of such person. The State Board of Arbitration, after an investigation, commented as follows: “ These laws make for industrial freedom alike for the individual and for organized labor. The discharge of men, if for the reason that they had become members of a labor organization or contemplated such membership, is contrary to the spirit of the law. The controversy seriously affects the public, and the board recom mends to the parties that in conference they endeavor by agreement to accomplish an amicable settlement, which shall be alike just to the company and its employees and the public which it is its duty to serve.” Subsequently the parties met in conference and agreed to terminate the controversy. The agreement in part contained the following: “ The company shall restore to their former positions and ratings such employees as desire to return who were discharged from i Ohio State Board of Arbitration, Eighteenth Annual Report, pp. 25-44. 304 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. May 1 to June 7, 1912, for the reason designated as 1unsatisfactory service/ and those who voluntarily left its service on June 7, except such as have been charged before the court with the offense of being guilty of a breach of peace or acts ‘of violence against persons or property and have not been acquitted, or, if convicted and appeal taken, have not been acquitted by the superior court.” The board suggested that all who were to be reemployed should be returned to their employment in order of their seniority, but all prior to August 19, 1912. The strike, which terminated in favor of the union, involved approximately 2,0 00 employees and lasted from June 7 to July 30, 1912. The subsequent arbitration proceedings occupied nearly three months. Cincinnati, Ohio— Strike of May 10, 1913.— The strike was for recognition of the union. The company sought to disrupt the union by discharging a number of union men. The strike, which began May 1 0 , terminated on May 19, the company signing an agreement granting recognition, covering wages, working conditions, and arbi tration of all disputes. CHAPTER VH.— AGREEMENTS BETWEEN EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYEES. BETWEEN COMPANIES AND THE AMALGAMATED ASSOCIATION (UNION OF EMPLOYEES), This chapter presents a study of contracts between certain street railway companies of the United States and their employees, collec tively, as expressed in agreements between the companies and local divisions of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America, which agreements were furnished to this bureau by the officials of the international association for this purpose. Agreements applying to employees in strictly interurban service are not included in the study, but only those applying to employees on city lines, or city and interurban lines combined; those sections of the agreements referring solely to interurban employees or conditions are omitted. The basis of presentation is the agree ment itself, without regard to the number of employees or miles of trackage within its scope. Eighty-four agreements, applying to the members of 108 local divisions of the Amalgamated Association in 119 cities, are represented. Between 13,000 and 14,000 miles of city trackage are operated by the companies who are parties to the agreements. Each of these 84 agreements was in effect in 1914. In the following discussion the word “ company" refers to the street railway company and the word “ association ” to the local division of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Rail way Employees of America, parties to the agreements examined. PURPOSE, SCOPE, AND DURATION OF AGREEMENTS. Nine of the agreements contain a clause setting forth the purpose of their existence, the clause appearing in four of the agreements being as follows: Whereas it is agreed by both parties that it is for their mutual interest and the con venience of the public that there should be continuous and uninterrupted street railway service, and there being no disposition on the part of the association to make unjust and vexatious demands on the company, and it being the desire of the com pany to treat its employees fairly, justly, and without prejudice or discrimination, it is hereby mutually understood and agreed: Clauses in three agreements state that their purpose is to provide the best and most satisfactory service to the public, to provide the best possible working conditions for the men, at the same time having 39749°— Bull. 204— 17------- 20 305 306 STREET RAILWAY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. due regard to the economical operation of the company’s cars. other two are similar to this, specifying in addition as follows: The Believing it is to the best interest of the parties hereto and of the patrons of such street railway system that there is no interruption of traffic by reason of misunder standing upon the part of either party hereto, and believing it to be to the best inter est of the parties hereto and to the public generally that fixed terms as to the rela tionship of the parties to this agreement be agreed upon and specified, whereby the relations of the parties may be known in advance and the circumstances under which they are to operate be definitely fixed, it is hereby agreed: As a rule the agreements cover all employees who are members of the local divisions of the association, without regard to the nature of their employment. One agreement, however, is limited in its application to such employees of the company as are engaged in the employments for which wage schedules are set out and fixed by it (motormen, conductors, and barn men), while in five instances agree ments apply to members of the association except dispatchers, inspec tors, foremen, clerks, and timekeepers. Agreements are made for periods of time varying from 1 to 10 years, or for indefinite periods. Of the 84 agreements studied, 23 are for a period of 1 year, 12 for 2 years, 35 for 3 years, 4 for 4 years, 3 for 5 years, 1 for 6 years, 1 for 10 years, and 5 for no definite period. Fifty of these agreements contain a clause providing for continuing the agreement under certain stipulated conditions after the expiration of the period for which it was drawn. This clause is found in prac tically the same form in 30 of the agreements, as follows: This agreement and provisions thereof shall continue in force and bo binding upon the respective parties hereto until ---------- and from year to year thereafter, unless changed b y the parties hereunto. Either of the parties hereunto desiring to change any section or sections of this agreement shall notify the other party, in writing, of the desired change thirty (30) days prior to the ending of each year, which is the first day 0f ---------- , Under such notice the agreement shall be open to consider whatsoever change or changes are desired. A variation is made in several instances by the addition of a clause providing for the submission to arbitration of any disagreements arising in considering desired changes which can not be amicably adjusted between the parties, the decision of the arbitration board to become a part of the agreement. It seems that under the terms of those agreements which contain a general section providing for arbitration, as well as one for the continuation of the contract from year to year, disputes as to desired changes could be referred to arbi tration without a specific clause to that effect. However, a specific clause removes all doubt that might arise as to whether such disputes are subject to arbitration. In three of the agreements 15 days’ notice only instead of 30 days’ notice of desired changes is required. Two agreements having a term of 3 years, and continuing from year to year thereafter, provide that CHAP. VII.---- AGREEM ENTS: EMPLOYERS AND ASSOCIATION. 307 desired changes, except matters relating to the wage scale, may be taken up at the end of 1 and 2 years, respectively, from their date. The same provision is found in a third 3-year agreement, with the addition that matters referring to hours of labor are exempt from changes until after 3 years, other matters being subject to change at the end of the second year. Two agreements which contain the section quoted above, and which continue from year to year after May 1 , 1916, also contain the fol lowing clause: Either party hereto may terminate this agreement on January let, 1920, or at the expiration of any five (5) year period thereafter by giving the other party thirty (30) days’ written notice. Sections in other agreements which provide for a continuation after the date of expiration are, in effect, as follows: “ Until termi nated by either party upon 2 years’ notice” ; “ until terminated by either party upon 30 days’ notice” ; “ as long as * * * has the management of the com pany” ; “ until changed by mutual consent of parties” ; “ until a new agreement is made and entered into by and between the parties.” In two cases it is provided that the agreement shall continue for 1 year after the date of its expiration, under a stated optional wage scale, unless either party gives 60 days’ notice that it is desirable that changes should be considered. Two others are similar to these, the difference being that there is no optional wage scale for the fourth year; and one requires only 30 days’ notice. Another provides that if at the date of termination a new agreement has not been made, and nego tiations are pending, the old agreement is to remain in effect for a further period of 10 days. It is doubtful whether the following section, which is found in three agreements running for 2 , 3, and 5 years, respectively, with no provision for a continuation thereafter, could be construed as continuing such agreements after their expiration: Should negotiations be necessary for a new contract at the expiration of this contract, it is mutually agreed that said renewal shall be executed at least 30 days previous to the expiration of the contract then existing. The effect of a section found in one contract— This agreement shall be in force and effect until January 1, 1915, and any change or alteration desired by either party to this agreement must be submitted to the other at least thirty (30) days previous to its expiration— is also doubtful. The language indicates the contract after January 1 , 1915, but it effect had not been produced. Two agreements, one for 4 and one for from the others in that the former provides an intention to continue would seem that such an 10 years, vary somewhat that either party may ask 308 STREET RAILWAY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. for a revision of the wage schedule 2 years from the date of the contract, and the latter grants permission to take up wage questions, or any other grievance that may be in contention, 3 years and 6 years from the date of the contract. Each of these contracts terminates at a definite period. One contract, terminating in 3 years, provides that “ in order to guarantee the public uninterrupted street car service the negotiation of a new agreement shall be taken up by the parties hereto at least 60 days prior to the expiration of this agreement.” If the parties fail to agree within 10 days before the old agreement terminates the matter is referred to arbitration. CONFERENCES. A provision to the effect that the company, through its properly accredited officers, will meet and treat with the properly accredited officers and committees of the association upon all questions, differ ences, or grievances that may arise is found in 77 agreements. In some instances new employees on probation, who have not yet become members, are not given the right to appeal through the association and are not entitled to its protection in matters of discharge or other grievances. The probationary period varies from 30 to 90 days. Some companies limit the matters upon wiiich they will treat with the association to those covered by the agreement, and in one contract the matter of wages is exempted on the ground that wages are fixed by the agreement itself. The last-mentioned agreement provides for conferences with members of the international executive board of the association in case the company’s representatives can not agree with the representatives of the local division of the association, and the same provision is found in another agreement with the variation that the international president or vice president, as well as members of the international executive board, may be called in conference. MEMBERSHIP IN ASSOCIATION. The matter of employees becoming members in the association is referred to in 67 agreements. Membership is compulsory as a con dition of employment under the terms of 30 agreements, while the other 37 contain optional clauses only. A summary of the sections which require membership in the association, with the number of agreements containing each section, is shown below. 1. Three agreements: All motormen and conductors employed by the company to become and remain members in good standing. One of these states also that all cars are to be operated by members of the association, and one contains a time limit of 15 days within which new employees must make application for membership. 2. Seven agreements: No person allowed to act as motorman or conductor who is not a member of the association or a recognized CHAP. VII.---- AGREEM ENTS: EMPLOYERS AND ASSOCIATION. 309 student. A time limit of 30 days in which new employees must join is found in one of these, while three specify that motormen and con ductors must have a permit card from the association before being allowed on a car. 3. Two agreements: No person allowed to act as a regular on car or in barn who does not become a member of the association within 30 days from date of employment. 4. One agreement: All motormen, conductors, car movers, and placers are to make application immediately for membership upon entering service of company. 5. Four agreements: All motormen and conductors to be members of the association, new men to be turned in for initiation (a) within 90 days (3); ( b) within 60 days (1); but to procure a permit card from the association, paying $1 for the same, (a) within 48 hours after being employed (2 ); within no specified time (2 ). 6. One agreement: All employees, except trackmen and laborers on emergency work, who are eligible for membership, to become mem bers within 30 days after being hired. Must secure permit card from the association before being put to work. 7. One agreement: All employees except construction gang to file application for membership before entering employ of company. If not accepted as a member within 30 days, company may refer case to arbitration. All cars to be operated by members of the association. 8. One agreement: All motormen and conductors to be members of the association, old employees to become members upon execution of agreement and new employees to become members within 60 days after date of their employment. Car-barn and power-house men free to elect whether they become members. 9. One agreement: All motormen, conductors, and employees of crafts and trades affiliated with the association to become members. 10. One agreement: All employees to secure a permit from the asso ciation within 5 days from date of employment, and become mem bers at the end of 30 days’ probationary period, if retained in service of company. 11. One agreement: Motormen, conductors, barn men, and substa tion operators entering the service of the company to secure per mits from the association and become members within 30 days. New men not allowed on any car to learn road without permit from association. 12. One agreement: All motormen, conductors, sprinkling and freight car men, pitmen, pitmen’s helpers, doper pitmen’s helpers, car washers, and present curve oilers who are members of the association to remain members in good standing. All new men entering above employments, except curve oilers, to become members of the asso ciation within 3 months from date of employment. 310 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. 13. Three agreements: All motormen and conductors who are mem bers to remain members and new motormen and conductors to become members after 00 days’ probationary service. One contains an addi tional clause to the effect that the company recommends that all motormen and conductors become members, notices to that effect to be posted. 14- One agreement: All motormen, conductors, and car repairers who are members to remain members while employed by the company. New employees of these classes to become and remain members. 15. One agreement: Motormen and conductors now members to retain membership, new men to become members within 60 days. Students pay $ 1 for permit from the association. 16. One agreement: No student motorman or conductor to receive instruction without first securing permit card from the association. Copy of application blank filed by each motorman and conductor to be furnished the association when motorman or conductor is placed as a student. Must become member at termination of 30 days’ pro bationary period. From the above it will be seen that each of the 30 agreements re quires motormen and conductors to become members of the associa tion, while but 1 1 refer to employees in other occupations. Of those referring to motormen and conductors, 2 1 require that they become and remain members while in the service of the company, 6 that present members shall retain and new employees procure and retain membership, and 3 that new employees shall become members. * One agreement providing that the company is to employ only motormen and conductors who are members of the association, pro vides also that— The association on its part agrees that it will not refuse membership to any person whom the company sees fit to employ as regular or extra motormen or conductors except to such as have been expelled or suspended from or rejected by any local division of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of America or other local union. Neither will the association suspend or expel any person from membership in the association except for a good and sufficient cause. Causes for rejection, suspension, or expulsion of any regular or extra motorman or conductor shall be stated to the company in writing when so requested. OPTIONAL MEMBERSHIP. The following section taken from one agreement is representative of 1 2 having sections giving employees the right to elect whether they shall become members of the association, without discrimination on the part o f either the company or the association: The railway company agrees that it will not oppose any of its employees in joining the Amalgamated Association, and the Amalgamated Association agrees that it will not coerce or use any undue influence to compel any such employees to join the union; CHAP. V II.---- AGREEMENTS : EMPLOYERS AND ASSOCIATION, 311 that is, it is understood that the men are to be free in their election to join the union or not, and that it shall not be construed as “ using undue influence” for any member of the Amalgamated Association to endeavor, b y argument or persuasion, to induce the employees to join the union. Two of these 1 2 agreements provide also that the company will not discriminate against employees for performing duties imposed by the association. The employees of one company recognize the right of the company to operate as it deems best, provided there are no violations of the agreement, while two companies reserve the right to employ, dismiss, and discipline employees as seen fit, except for membership in the association. A restriction upon the activities of the association is found in one agreement which provides that if a nonmember is once requested to join the association and refuses to do so, he shall not be requested again to join. The following shows provisions found in agreements not mentioned above, with the number of agreements in which each is found : To be no discrimination on the part of the company favorable to employees who are nonmembers, or against those who are members (10 agreements). To be no discrimination for performing duties imposed by the asso ciation (1 agreement). The company not to oppose employees belonging to the associa tion (3 agreements). The company to furnish the association with names of new em ployees (1 agreement). All employees may become and remain members at their option (2 agreements). No distinguishing badge or emblem of the association to be worn by employees on the company’s cars or property (1 agreement). The company reserves the right to employ whom it chooses (1 agreement). The company reserves the right to retain men who make proper application to join the association, but are not permitted to do so, unless furnished with proof that such men are not fit and proper persons to act as motormen or conductors (1 agreement). The company recommends that all employees now in the associa tion remain members, and it also recommends that all new men that may enter the service and who are eligible to membership in the association become and remain members, as it prefers to deal with employees through the association (2 agreements). COLLECTION OF DUES. Three agreements permit officers of the association to collect dues from members in car houses and other places without interference on the part of the company. In one of these is the restriction that 312 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. collections in shops and car houses are not to interrupt men in the performance of their work. Sections from two other agreements which relate to dues and their collection are as follows: 1. The company hereby guarantees the payment to the association by its employees of all regular dues. 2. The business agent will be allowed at all times during working hours to visit *any member of the association, providing he notifies the superintendent or foreman in charge of the various departments of his desire to interview such member. Said interview to be held in the building where the department is located, in some suitable place as may be designated by the superintendent or foreman and to be private. NOTICES OF ASSOCIATION. The association is permitted to maintain bulletin boards in car houses and shops for use in posting its notices under the terms of seven agreements. Two of these provide that notices must be approved by the general manager of the company before being posted. SUSPENSION, DISCHARGE, AND GRIEVANCES. All but three of the 84 agreements examined deal with the ques tion of suspending and discharging employees. The basis of a majority of the sections relating to this topic is the provision that a member of the association suspended or discharged, and after investigation found not guilty of charges on which the action was based, is to be reinstated in his former position and paid for all time lost by reason of such suspension or discharge at the same rate as if he had been operating his car. A clause to this effect is found in 70 agreements, although five of these agreements provide that the employee shall be paid for such time lost as may be decided upon by the officials of the company and of the association. If the employee is an extra man, he is paid an amount equal to that earned by the extra man who took his place (2 agreements), the average amount earned by all extras during the period of suspension or discharge (1 agreement), or, if the last extra man, the same amount earned by the extra man ahead of him on the list (1 agree ment). Two other agreements provide for reinstatement as above, but in one instance pay for time Jost is not allowed when the suspen sion or discharge was caused by irregularity in registering fares, tickets, or transfers, while the other makes no mention of pay for lost time. B y another agreement pay for time lost is not granted if the conduct of the employee was such as to give reason to believe him guilty. Sixteen agreements provide that a member of the association sum moned to the office to answer charges is to be summoned as soon as possible after the alleged offense is committed. Two others fix the time in which employees are to be summoned as 24 and 72 hours, respectively. Under twenty-two agreements members of the asso CHAP. VII.---- AGREEMENTS : EMPLOYERS AND ASSOCIATION. 313 ciation are entitled to receive a copy of the charges preferred against them, and in nine instances they are allowed time in which to make answer. A number of agreements, however, provide that an adjourn ment may be had to enable an employee to answer charges and prepare his defense, at the option of the superintendent of the company. Five agreements provide that members suspended or discharged are. to be notified of the reason for the action and length of suspen sion, the time in which this is to be done varying up to within three days. The same information must be furnished the association upon request under the terms of 1 1 agreements, with no time limit stated in 5, and with a limitation of 24 or 48 hours in the others. Employees are required to answer the specific charges only on which they were summoned, under 7 agreements. If found guilty, the right to appeal to a higher official is granted in 14 instances, but this clause might properly be held to apply to all of those agreements which provide for an investigation after suspension or discharge. Other features found in the agreements are that notices of appeals and requests for investigations must be made within a specified time; that employees are entitled to advisers while answering charges; that petty charges are to be answered without loss of time; that either the company or the association may have the accused employee present at the investigation; that the investigation must be made within a certain time after being requested or the employee returns to work. Sections taken from typical agreements are as follows: The railway companies agree that any of their employees who are members of the Amalgamated Association, believing themselves to be aggrieved, shall have the right to appeal to the president or general manager of the railway companies or either of them and to state such grievance orally, in writing, in person, or by representative, and the railway companies agree that the said grievance or supposed grievance shall have a full and complete investigation by the president or general manager, or either of them, and if members are found not at fault they shall be reinstated and paid for all lost time. When a member of the association is summoned before the superintendent or official in charge to answer a charge it must be as soon as possible after the alleged offense was committed. He shall lose no more time than is actually necessary, and after a fair and impartial hearing before the official of the company and committee of the association, if not found guilty of the alleged offense shall be reimbursed for all time lost. When any member is summoned before the superintendent or official in charge for the violation of rules, he shall upon request have time after hearing the charge against him to present any defense which he may have to the charge. He shall, if he so desires, be entitled to adviser or advisers, and an adjournment for a reasonable time of the hearing for the purpose of enabling him to present his defense shall be granted. This time to be mutually agreed upon at the time of such adjournment. Whenever a member of the association is summoned to appear before the superin tendent or official in charge to answer a charge he is to be handed a written copy of the charges if he so desires, to which charge he shall be given five (5) hours to answer. In case he is not satisfied with the decision of the superintendent or official in charge 314 STREET R AILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. will he shall have the right to appeal to the general manager, and in this appeal he be entitled to adviser or advisers and final decision shall be given within a week, and if the member is not found guilty of the charge alleged he shall be reinstated in his former position and paid for all time lost. When any member is summoned to answer charges before the superintendent or official in charge and has been excused or has not been proved guilty of the alleged offense, no other charge shall be preferred against him and he shall be paid for all time lost. That where any member of the association employed by the company has been suspended or discharged and the association feels after a careful investigation on its part (the company cooperating to a reasonable extent) that an injustice has been done him, the association shall have the right to take the case up first with the divi sion superintendent, and if it can not reach a satisfactory adjustment with the divi sion superintendent it shall have the right to appeal the case to the general super intendent, and if it can not reach a satisfactory adjustment with the general superin tendent it shall have the right to appeal the case to the general manager. If it is determined that such conductor, motorman, or employee was unjustly laid off or discharged he shall be reinstated in his former position and paid for all time lost. Should any motorman or conductor have any grievance in connection with his work for the company, he shall bring same to the attention of the manager, himself or by committee, and will always receive a hearing. Eight agreements provide that nothing is to be placed against an employee’s record until he has been given the right to a hearing, while 1 1 have a provision that on the records of the company show ing violations of its rules the defense made by an employee as well as the offense with which he is charged is to be made a matter of record. Some companies reserve the right to discharge employees for any cause except membership in the association and to administer dis cipline as they deem proper for infraction of their rules, while one company agrees that employees are not to be discharged except for violations of its rules and regulations. Failure to render faithful service and to cooperate with the company in making relations be tween the association and company mutually agreeable and profit able is sufficient cause for dismissal under 1 agreement, while in 13 others the following provision is found in practically the same form: Any member of the association by act or word interfering with or disturbing the course of negotiations between the association and company, upon any subject what soever, or interfering with or disturbing the service in any manner contrary to the spirit and conditions of this agreement, shall upon proof of the same be dismissed from the service and from the association. The time within which discipline must start after investigation shows an employee to be guilty is given in some agreements, while 1 provides that no employee is to be discharged without two weeks’ notice or two weeks’ pay, unless dismissed for dishonesty. A clause canceling an employee’s suspension when it is deferred on account of a shortage of men is found in 1 agreement. Each of the clauses given below is found in 1 agreement only: A committee of the association has the right to examine report of inspector on any member discharged for irregularity in registering fares. CHAP. VII.---- AGREEM ENTS: EMPLOYERS AND ASSOCIATION. 315 Complaints regarding fares to be passed upon by tlie general man ager of the company and a committee of the association. Conductor discharged for irregularity in registering fares to have a hearing before association and company officials. All orders and reprimands to be given employees in private. Employees to have merit marks for meritorious service as well as demerits for wrongdoing, record to be open to employees. No man to bo given more than 7 days at foot of extra list unless offense is sufficient for dismissal. No suspension or discharge of a motorman or conductor to be made public. DISCHARGE AT REQUEST OF ASSOCIATION. Twenty-six agreements contain a provision under which members who are suspended or expelled by the association are suspended or expelled by the company upon request of the association. The cause of suspension or discharge must be a violation of the agreement (3 agreements), violation of the laws or rules of the association ( 1 2 agreements), or misconduct (6 agreements), although in some instances (5 agreements) the cause of suspension or discharge is not mentioned. After an employee has been suspended or discharged from the associ ation he is to be suspended or discharged by the company, when requested by the association, upon satisfactory proof of the mis conduct, etc., which was the basis of the association’s action ( 1 2 agreements), or merely upon request, without proof of misconduct, etc. (14 agreements). Two of the agreements which provide that the company is to suspend or discharge upon request of the associa tion, and without proof of misconduct, also provide that the company may submit the case to arbitration if it feels that the suspension is unjust. By the terms of one of these the suspended employee also may refer his case to arbitration. When the association requests the suspension or discharge of an employee the request must be accom panied by a copy of the resolution suspending or expelling the employee from the association, certified to by the officials of the association and attested by its seal, under some of the agreements. The sections from three agreements quoted below illustrate the wording of a majority of those outlined above: In cases of suspension or expulsion of any member of the association the company agrees to suspend or dismiss such member on satisfactory proof of misconduct for which such suspension or expulsion is made. Any member expelled from the association pursuant to the rules of the association shall be discharged by the railway company upon the request of the association, in writing, accompanied by a copy of the resolutions certified by the president and secretary and attested by the seal of the association. If any member of the association is expelled or suspended from his membership therein for violation of any of the provisions of this agreement, the company, being satisfied that such expulsion or suspension was for such reason and was justifiable, shall dismiss such employed from its service. 316 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. If an employee refuses to pay dues or assessments for which ho became liable to the association during his membership, and before he notified the association of his withdrawal therefrom and the sur render of his membership, 3 companies agree to discharge or suspend such employee from service until all dues and assessments for which he is liable are paid. Under the provisions of 9 agreements employees are to be dismissed from the service of the company at the end of their probationary period, usually 30 days, if they are unsatisfactory to the association. ARBITRATION. Sixty-nine agreements provide for the arbitration of differences arising between the association and the company. The clause gen erally used is to the effect that all differences, grievances, or matters in controversy not amicably adjusted between the officials of the company and association are to be submitted to arbitration upon request of either party (54 agreements), with a modification in some instances that questions must arise under the agreement to be subject to arbitration (8 agreements). In 2 agreements arbitration is lim ited to questions arising over desired changes in the agreements themselves at the end of each year, and in 1 each, to the establish ment of a new wage scale at the termination of the agreement; whether a member was suspended, discharged, or disciplined on account of his membership in the association; to differences not specifically covered by the agreement; to misunderstandings as to the interpretation of the contract; and to the performance of the agreement, i. e.; whether either party has or has not lived up to the agreement. Questions of discipline; hours of labor, except as to observance of the agreement itself; complaints as to irregularities in collecting fares; the wage scale; and matters affecting the organization of the company, or general policy to which the company may be obligated when not affecting the employment of members of the association, are exempted from those questions listed above as being subject to arbitration, in 2 , 2 , 7, 2 , and 3 agreements, respectively. In several instances the matter in dispute is referred to the presi dent or general manager of the company before being sent to arbitra tion, and 3 agreements require a reference to the president of the company and the international president of the association. One agreement covering several locals of the association provides that arbitration is not to be requested on any question before the various locals have passed upon it, 1 requires reference to the international association before the local asks for arbitration, and 1 that both the officials of the company and the executive committee of the associa tion must consider differences before arbitration is requested. An CHAP. VII.---- AGREEM ENTS: EMPLOYERS AND ASSOCIATION. 317 interesting feature is disclosed by 2 agreements which, show that the company’s franchise requires differences to be submitted to arbitra tion, the mayor or president of common council having authority to order arbitration if the parties to the agreement refuse to do so. The method of bringing about arbitration is practically the same in all the agreements. Either party desiring arbitration advises the other party to that effect, in writing. Usually the arbitration board consists of 3 persons, 1 selected by the company, 1 by the association, and the third chosen by the 2 thus selected (65 agreements). Some of these agreements provide that the arbitrators must be disinterested persons (17 agreements), or persons skilled in the matters and things to be determined (2 agreements), while 1 requires that the arbitrator appointed by the company be its president or some person connected with it other than an attorney, and that of the association its inter national president or member of the international executive board. The third arbitrator is not chosen unless the first 2 selected can not agree and decide the matters submitted to them after a single con ference or adjournment thereof, under the terms of 16 agreements. Four of the agreements provide for an arbitration board of 5 members, 2 appointed by each party and 1 by the 4 thus appointed (1 agreement); 1 selected by each party and 3 by the judge of a designated court (2 agreements); or 1 selected by each party and 3 by the mayor or president of the city council (1 agreement). A time limit varying from 2 days to 15 days, within which each party must name its arbitrator after being notified that arbitration is desired, is found in 41 of the agreements. Twenty-eight of these provide that the,, party failing to name its arbitrator within the prescribed time forfeits its case. The method of choosing a third arbitrator if the arbitrators named by the company and association fail to do so, varies in the different agreements. A summary of the methods employed in such cases follows: Failure to agree within 10 days, arbitrators discharged and new ones appointed. Either party may, on the third Tuesday of month, remove arbi trator appointed by other, provided third arbitrator has not been appointed. Failure to select within 10 days, discharged and receive no pay. Selected by governor of State, but not to be a member of or an attorney for a labor union, or stockholder, officer, or attorney for any traction company. Appointed by judge of designated court. If not selected within 10 days, representatives of company and association confer with 2 arbitrators and these 4 select a third 318 STREET RAILW AY EM PLOYM ENT IN THE UNITED STATES. arbitrator. Upon failure to do so within 10 days, third to be appointed by judge of designated court, or 2 discharged and new ones appointed. Third arbitrator selected from list of 5 names prepared by arbi trator named by party requesting arbitration. If no selection made within 3 days, other party prepares list of 5 names. Alternate in preparing list of 5 names every 3 days until third arbitrator is agreed upon, the same name not to be submitted twice. If not selected within 10 days, representatives of company and association confer with 2 appointed and select a third arbitrator or make arrangements that will result in his selection. Some of the agreements prescribe how and when hearings shall be held, but usually this is left to the discretion of the arbitration board. Others require that questions submitted for arbitration must be specified in writing. The decision of a majority of the board, in writing, is final and binding upon the parties to the agreement. That each party shall pay its arbitrator and an equal proportion of other arbitration expenses, is provided in 48 agreements, while 3 which provide for 5 arbitrators require each party to bear half the expense. The others contain no provision for paying expenses of arbitration. Sections from 3 agreements which contain the principal features relating to arbitration are given below: 1. Upon failure of adjustment of any case * * * , either party hereto is hereby authorized to order such case or cases to arbitration by written notice. Such written notice for arbitration shall specify the subject matter to be submitted to arbitration and contain the names and addresses of the arbitrator of the choice of the party sub mitting such notice. Upon receipt of such notice, written by either party the party receiving such notice shall, within five (5) days from receipt of-same, make acknowl edgment in writing of receipt of such notice, such acknowledgment to bear the name and address of the arbitrator of the responding party. Neglect in acknowledg ment as herein provided and within said five (5) days, shaU be forfeiture of case by respondent. The two arbitrators thus chosen, one each by the parties hereto, shall meet from day to day for the purpose of the selection of a third arbitrator to complete the board of arbitration. In the event that within ten (10) days from the date of the appointment of the arbitrator by the respondent there shall have been no third arbitrator chosen by the arbitrators selected by the parties hereto, then immediately upon expiration of said ten (10) days there shall be a meeting of the properly author ized representatives of the parties hereto in conjunction with the two arbitrators already selected. Such meeting is provided for the purpose that a joint endeavor shall be made to select a third arbitrator or adjust the case. Immediately after an arbitration board is created by the provisions hereto such board of arbitrators shall meet and receive all of the evidence to be submitted for arbitration. After all of the testimony and evidence have been submitted in the case, the said board of arbitrators shall submit their findings in writing to both parties hereto, and the decision of a majority of such board shall be final and binding upon the parties hereto during the life of this agreement. Each party hereto shall bear the expense of its own arbitrator and both parties shall share and share alike in paying the expense of the third arbitrator and such other necessary expenses incurred by order of the board of arbitration. CHAP. VII.---- AGREEM ENTS: EMPLOYEES AND ASSOCIATION. 319 2. Any differences between the company and the association concerning the per formance of the terms of this agreement, shall be adjusted as follows: Any such differences, which can not be adjusted between the employee and the head of his department, shall be submitted to the general manager of the company by the properly accredited officers of the association, and if they can not agree, the case shall be submitted to a board of arbitration as soon as possible. The board of arbitration shall be constituted as follows: A temporary board of three (3) disinterested persons; one selected by the company, one by the association, and the two so chosen shall choose the third arbitrator; said third arbitrator shall be an impartial party. Either party failing to appoint its arbitrator within five days after agreeing to arbitrate shall forfeit its case. The arbitrators shall meet daily until the third arbitrator is chosen, and in case the two arbitrators chosen can not agree in five (5) days on the third arbitrator, then the company, the executive committee, and the two arbitrators shall meet and try to adjust the matter, and if they can not agree then both arbitrators shall be dismissed and two new ones chosen in the manner aforesaid. The board shall receive all evidence desired to be submitted by either party, and a majority decision of the board shall be final and binding on both parties hereto. Each party shall pay its own arbitrator and the parties hereto shall jointly pay the third arbitrator. 3. In case there should be any serious difference or differences between the parties hereto in respect to matters not covered by this agreement, or in respect to the true intent and meaning of any provision hereof * * * , and after a consideration of the difference or differences by the association and a determination by said associa tion that the difference or differences is or are sufficiently serious to be called to the attention of the company, and after notice to the company and consideration by the association and the company, if the parties find that the difference or differences can not be amicably adjusted between them, the said difference or differences shall be submitted,upon request of either party to the other in writing, to a special board of arbitration to consist of three disinterested persons. The said special board of arbitrators shall be appointed as follows: The company shall select one member, the association shall select one member, and the two mem bers so selected shall select a third member, and the finding or decision of the said board, or of the majority thereof, shall be binding upon the company and upon the association. In case a difference or differences be submitted to arbitration, the question or ques tions to be determined by the board of arbitration shall be specified in writing and each party shall select its arbitrator within five days after such specification of differ ence or differences shall have been given by either party to the other, and the two arbitrators shall meet daily until the third arbitrator has been by them selected, and the failure of either party to select its arbitrator within five days shall warrant a hearing and finding by the arbitrator selected by the other party on the difference or differences submitted in the written specifications. The cost and expense of arbitration to be paid by each of the parties to its own arbitrator and both parties jointly pay the third arbitrator. STRIKES. Twenty agreements contain provisions relative to strikes and lockouts. Each of these also contains a provision for referring differ ences to arbitration. The provisions referring to strikes and lockouts, and the number of agreements in which each provision is found, are given below: To be no sympathetic strike, 10 agreements. To be no sympathetic lockout, 1 agreement. 320 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. To be no strike during life of agreement, 4 agreements. To be no lockout during life of agreement, 3 agreements. To be no strike pending matters submitted to arbitration, 15 agreements.1 To be no lockout pending matters submitted to arbitration, 7 agreements. To be no strike unless company refuses to arbitrate, 2 agreements To be no strike except for violation of agreement, 1 agreement. RESIGNATIONS. Closely related to the question of strikes are the following clauses from three separate agreements: Employees are to give 48 hours’ notice before resigning, not more than 25 conductors and 25 motormen to resign within 24 hours, resignations to take effect in the order of receipt of application, in writing. No regular employee to leave the service of the company, unless by mutual consent, except on 10 days’ written notice to the general superintendent. No employee to quit the service without 2 weeks’ notice to the company, except in case of accident, sickness, or unavoidable cause. Quitting without notice forfeits 2 weeks’ pay. HOURS OF LABOR. Seventy-four agreements contain some reference to hours of labor for trainmen or other employees. The sections referring to hours of labor can not be combined to any extent on account of the many variations found in them. The provisions relating to motormen and conductors and to other employees are shown separately below, the number of agreements to which each provision refers being given. M O TO R M EN AND COND UCTO R S. One agreement: Scheduled run is any run of 8 to 9| hours of plat form time; platform time of not less than 40 per cent of scheduled runs not to exceed 9 hours., remainder not to exceed 9J hours; not less than 80 per cent of these runs to be completed within 1 2 hours; 40 per cent to be completed within 11 hours. Outside time of 20 per cent of scheduled runs may exceed 1 2 hours but not 16 hours, but actual platform time of not less than one-half of these runs must not exceed 9 hours and of remainder 9J hours. Company to arrange as many runs as possible of 8 § to 9§ hours’ platform time, balance to be not less than 8 hours. All platform work other than scheduled runs shall be considered as extra runs, which are to be completed within 14 hours, except i One agreement makes exception when strike is ordered b y international president or executive board. CHAP. VII.---- AGREEM ENTS: EMPLOYERS AND ASSOCIATION. 321 limit may be exceeded on Saturday, Sunday, emergency, or unusu ally heavy traffic, as circus week, etc. One agreement: Eight to 1 0 J hours to be a day’s work on regular runs, divided equally, as near as possible, into early and late runs. One agreement: Eight to 1 GJ consecutive hours to be a day’s work on regular runs, divided equally between early and late runs as near as possible. ^ One agreement: All regular runs: Maximum of 10 hours, minimum of 8 hours; completed within 1 2 consecutive hours. One agreement: “ All regular runs shall be early and late straights, known as the two-turn system, with minimum 8 hours.” One agreement: Minimum 9 hours, maximum 10 hours, with leeway of i hour to complete schedule when necessary; except that of freight crews, which may be 10 J hours. One agreement: Regular runs to average 9 hours per day as near as possible, with minimum of 8 hours and maximum of 1 1 hours. One agreement: Runs to conform to 9-hour day as near as possi ble. One agreement: “ Nine consecutive hours, not exceeding 10 hours, shall constitute a day’s work.” One agreement: Nine consecutive hours a day. Distribution of regular runs— one week early and one week late shifts. One agreement: Hours for early and late straight runs and swing runs to be on basis of maximum of 1 1 hours and minimum of 9 hours (except on all-night or owl cars), but to be made as near 10 hours as possible. All early and late straight runs to be completed as nearly as practi cable within 1 2 consecutive hours and in no case to exceed 13 hours. All swing runs to be completed as nearly as practicable within 15 hours and in no case to exceed 16 hours. Owl-car and all-night car runs not to exceed 8 hours. One agreement: Maximum of 9 i hours to constitute a day’s work on regular runs. One agreement: Runs to be as near 9 hours as possible. One agreement: Regular runs to be divided into 2 runs of 9 hours or 9 | hours, each to be known as day runs and late runs, with leeway of 30 minutes for completion. Week’s work, 7 days. One agreement: Regular runs to be, as nearly as possible, 1 1 hours, with a minimum of 9 hours (except Sundays and holidays or because of discontinuance of service where cars are operated in factory serv ice or unless legislative action necessitates rearrangement of runs.) One agreement: Regular motormen and conductors, 9 to 10 hours, with one-half trip leeway, to be day’s work; completed within 1 2 consecutive hours, excepting where absolutely necessary for service it may be 1 2 J hours. 39749°— Bull. 204—17------ 21 322 STREET RAILW AY EM PLO YM EN T IN THE UNITED STATES. Regular run is run of 8 hours or over completed within 1 2 to 1 2 \ hours. No schedule to show less than 52 per cent regular runs, nor more than 48 per cent swing runs. Swing run is scheduled run of 6 hours or over, not completed within 1 2 hours. Swing runs to be made in shortest number of hours pos sible. Company to reduce percentage of swing runs and increase regular runs whenever possible. One agreement: Runs to be divided into a. m. and p. m. runs, each as near 9 hours as possible. One agreement: Nine hours to constitute a day’s work. One agreement: All runs based on two-turn system, “ straight early and straight late.” No scheduled run to be less than 9 hours. One agreement: Nine hours’ work in not more than 1 2 consecutive hours to constitute a day’s work. One agreement: All regular runs to be as nearly as possible 10 hours, with minimum of 9 hours, except Sundays and holidays, or discon tinuance of factory service where cars are not required, unless rear rangement of runs is made necessary through legislative action. One agreement: Maximum, 1 1 hours; minimum, 9 hours (except Sunday and night cars). All runs to be as near 10 hours as possible. Present percentage of week-day straight time runs (Nov. 7, 1912), is 27.5 per cent. Company not to decrease percentage but to endeavor to increase it. Percentage of week-day swing runs completed in 13 consecutive hours, 17 per cent; completed within 13 to 15 hours, 36 j>er cent; 15 to 16 hours, 4.5 per cent. Percentage of week-day runs which may be swing runs, 14 per cent. Company not to increase consecutive hours for these runs but to endeavor to decrease such hours. All swing runs requiring 16 con secutive hours or over (at present 14 per cent) to be brought down to 16 hours or under within a period not to exceed one year (by Sept. 5, 1913). All runs on Sunday to be straight time, as near 8 hours as practi cable. Company to comply with this provision within a period of not to exceed 1 year from date of agreement (by Sept. 5 , 1913). Same rules regarding hours of service to govern night and day cars. One agreement: Forty per cent .of scheduled runs to be completed within not to exceed 1 1 hours; 20 per cent within 1 1 to 1 1 J hours; and 40 per cent within 12 to 16 hours. Sixty per cent to have platform time not to exceed 9 hours; remain ing 40 per cent not to exceed 9J hours. Company to arrange scheduled runs as far as possible with platform time of 84 to 9J hours, rest of scheduled runs to have not less than 8 hours platform time. CHAP. VII.---- AGREEM ENTS: EMPLOYERS AND ASSOCIATION. 323 Extra runs to be completed within 14 hours, except on Saturdays, holidays, and occasions of unusually heavy traffic. One agreement: Day men, 9^ hours completed in 1 1 hours. Night runs commence at expiration of day runs, and continue until relieved or excused. One agreement: Working day to be not less than 9 nor more than 1 1 hours; runs to be as near 10 hours as possible. Two agreements: D ay’s work not to exceed 9 hours, completed within 1 1 consecutive hours as nearly as practicable, except as here after provided; At least 60 per cent of scheduled runs to be not more than 9 hours; not less than one-third to be completed in 1 1 consecutive hours; not more than one-third in 1 2 consecutive hours; and the remainder in 1 1 consecutive hours. Not more than 40 per cent of scheduled runs may be as much as 9 i hours, and no run may exceed 9J hours; not less than one-hali to be completed within 1 1 consecutive hours; not more than one-half, within 1 2 consecutive hours. One agreement: Regular runs to be as near 10 hours as possible, with a minimum day of 9 hours, except Sundays, holidays, and dis continuance of factory service cars not required, and unless legisla tive action makes rearrangement necessary. One agreement: Cars to be operated in 2 shifts of 9 hours each as near as possible; 1 shift a day’s work. One agreement: Minimum, 9 hours; maximum, 10 hours; with halfhour leeway to complete schedule when necessary. Straight runs to be completed within 1 2 consecutive hours. Swing runs completed within 14 hours; in no case to exceed 15 hours. Number of swing runs not to exceed 45 per cent of number of regu lar runs. Two agreements: All runs to be of 10 consecutive hours as nearly as practicable. One agreement: Company to arrange week-day schedule so as to make as many runs of 10 hours as possible. Remaining runs to be 8 hours or more, as nearly as possible. Ten hours to constitute day’s work except on Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays, when extra time will be worked. Extra time to be worked also in case of accident, storm, unavoidable delays and fail ure of reliefs to appear. One agreement: Ten hours with 30 minutes’ leeway to constitute a day’s work, except under unusual conditions. Runs to be divided into day and night runs as nearly equal as practicable. Run of 7 hours or less considered an extra run. 324 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. One agreement: D ay’s work not to exceed 10 hours. Not over 5 per cent of runs to require longer period than 14J hours; all other runs to be completed in 14 consecutive hours, except straight runs, which shall be completed in 1 1 i hours. One agreement: Runs early and late, two-turn sj^stem, divided as nearly equal as practicable. No runs to be scheduled to exceed 1 0 1 hours and to be completed within 1 0 ^ consecutive hours. Two agreements: Runs to conform to as near 1 0 -hour work day as possible ; no run to exist that can not be completed inside of 1 1 hours. Men to shift to equalize hours, subject to approval of officials in charge of car service. One agreement: All runs to be early and late, two-turn system, equally divided as nearly as possible. No runs to be scheduled to exceed 1 0 | hours. Eleven hours a day’s work on all line, sand, freight, and work cars. Gne agreement: Straight runs to consist of 10 hours’ work in 1 1 consecutive hours. None of present straight runs of 8 hours to be changed to swing runs y Swing runs to consist of not more than 10 hours’ work, completed in 1 2 consecutive hours, except in extreme cases. One agreement: Runs not to exceed 1 0 ^ hours. One agreement: All runs to conform to 1 0 -hour workday as nearly as possible; no straight runs to exist that can not be completed within 1 2 consecutive hours, with leeway of half a trip to complete schedules. Swing runs to be completed in shortest hours possible. One agreement: Early and late runs to conform as nearly as possible to 1 0 -hour day. All regular runs to be completed in 1 2 consecutive hours. One agreement: As nearly as possible all runs to be 10 hours, com pleted within 1 2 consecutive hours. When impossible to complete in 1 2 hours, longer runs not to be considered violation of agreement. One agreement: Ten hours with 30 minutes’ leeway, completed within 1 2 hours, to constitute a day’s work. When runs of less than 10 hours $nd not under 8 hours have been completed, crews are not to be called on for extra work, except in emergency. Runs divided into day and night runs equally as nearly as possible. Runs less than 8 hours, extra runs. One agreement: Regular hours based upon not to exceed 20 hours of two shifts. Day cars operating less than regular hours may be operated by shifts most advantageous to company, provided service does not exceed 10 hours. Regular runs to conform as nearly as practicable to 9-hour day and not to exceed 10 hours, except in emergency or unusual occasions. CHAP. VII.---- AGREEMENTS: EMPLOYERS AND ASSOCIATION. 325 One agreement: Ten hours per day as nearly as practicable, to be completed within 1 2 consecutive hours. One agreement: Runs to conform as nearly as possible to 10 -hour workday, to be completed within 1 2 consecutive hours. One agreement: Ten hours per day as nearly as practicable, to be completed within 1 2 consecutive hours. No regular runs to be less than 8 hours. One agreement: All regular runs to be as nearly as possible 10 hours and not over 1 2 hours. Short runs operated as extra runs. Three agreements: Schedules for regulars as near to 10 hours as practicable, to be completed within 14 consecutive hours. One agreement: Hours to conform to as near 10 -hour workday as possible. No run to exist that can not be completed within 15 con secutive hours. Run of less than 8 hours to be placed as extra run, unless some regular man chooses it. One agreement: Runs to be completed within 1 1 consecutive hours as nearly as possible. One agreement: Workday to be 1 1 hours or as near thereto as possible. One agreement: Outside time to be within 1 2 consecutive hours when possible, including meal time. No regular run to be less than 8 hours, except by mutual consent. One agreement: Twelve hours shall constitute a day’s work. One agreement: A day’s work shall be made, when possible, within 1 2 consecutive hours, including time for meals. No regular run shall be less than 8 hours except by mutual consent. Two agreements: All runs to be divided into two equal shifts as nearly as possible. One agreement: To remain same as present. (Present hours not stated in agreement.) One agreement: To be fixed as required by laws of State. One agreement: Thirteen hours to constitute extra man’s day. Following are miscellaneous provisions relating to hours of labor which are not included above: A motorman or conductor going off duty after 1 2 midnight is not required to report before time of regular run next day (1 agreement) or before 9 a. m. next day (3 agreements). After a trainman has worked 16 hours he must have 8 hours’ rest before being marked up again for work (2 agreements). All runs are called according to the clock in the barn, according to 1 agreement, and motormen and conductors must report in person 10 minutes before leaving time. When regular men are allowed to change runs to get through earlier, they are not to be compelled to work later than the schedule time of the run traded for, or the time agreed upon (1 agreement). Schedules 326 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. to be arranged to allow 2 minutes lay over at one terminus, and at both if possible (1 agreement). One company agrees that its officials will meet “ with the properly accredited officers of the association, and will make the hours of service as near as practicable to suit the said officers of the associa tion, so far as compatible with satisfactory service to the public and economical operation of the company's cars. * * * The company shall have the right to fix the number of cars running at all hours, and the length of time they shall be on the street." The latter part of this section is found also in another agreement. * OTHER EM PLOYEES. One agreement: Eight-hour day for all power-house men; 1 0 -hour day for day car-barn men, linemen, linemen's helpers, drivers, track men and switchmen; 1 2 hours for night car-barn men. One agreement: Towermen, 8 hours per day. One agreement: Towermen, 8 hours per day, 5 stations; 10 hours per day, 1 station. One agreement: Towermen, 8 hours per day, 1 station; 10 hours per day, 2 stations. One agreement: Barn men, 9 hours per day; power-house repair men, 9 hours per day. One agreement: Barn men, 9 hours, completed in 10 consecutive hours; Sundays, 8 hours, completed in 9 hours. Company may reduce Sunday working force at its discretion. One agreement: Car-station employees, 9 hours per day, to be com pleted within 10 hours. One agreement: Shops, 9 hours per day, completed in 1 0 , 6 days in week. Car house, maximum, 10 hours; minimum, 9 hours; com pleted in 1 hour more. Track, 10 hours, to be completed within 1 2 hours. Power house, 8 hours and 1 2 hours “ as at present." In case of sickness power-house men telephoning 2 hours before reporting time are excused from duty, men on duty in such cases to remain on duty not to exceed 3 hours. Four agreements: Shop department, 9 hours per day; 8 J hours, Saturday. During June, July, and August, main repair shop 9 J hours per day; 5 hours, Saturday. Two agreements: Shop and shed men, 9J hours per day. One agreement: Road and track department, 56 hours per week. Shops, 51 hours per week. One agreement: Shopmen, 54 hours per week, ending at noon Sat urday, except watchmen. Barn men, 10 hours per day, completed in 1 1 consecutive hours; also switch tenders, curve greasers, and electric-shovel men. Two agreements: Ten hours per day for all except car-service men. CHAP. VII.---- AGREEMENTS: EMPLOYEES AND ASSOCIATION. 327 One agreement: Ten hours for shop, bam, line, and track men. One agreement: Ail employees mentioned in agreement, outside of train service, to have 10 hours for day’s work. One agreement: Shopmen to work 10 hours per day; inspectors, 1 2 hours per day. One agreement: Shopmen, 10 hours completed in 1 0 j hours; 5 hours Saturday. Linemen, 1 0 hours completed in 1 1 hours. Three agreements: Substation men, 10 hours per day after June 1 , 1913 (12 hours before). Four agreements: Trackmen, 10 hours per day. Four agreements: Car cleaners, 10 hours per day. Three agreements: Power-house men, 10 hours per day. Three agreements: Battery men, 10 hours per day. Four agreements: Lamp men, 10 hours per day. One agreement: Towermen, 10 hours per day; 8 hours on Sunday with 10 hours’ pay. One agreement: Watchmen, 10 hours per day, no heat on cars; 1 2 hours per day, heat on cars. One agreement: Car repairers, workday to be 1 1 hours or as near thereto as possible. One agreement: Power house and substation, 2 shifts 1 2 hours each. Bam men, 10 hours per day. Two agreements: Flagmen, 1 2 hours per day. One agreement: Bridgemen, 1 2 hours per day. Three agreements: Watchmen, 1 2 hours per day. Five agreements: Station porters, 1 2 hours per day. One agreement: Platform men, 1 2 hours per day; 1 1 hours on Sunday. One agreement: Towermen, 1 2 hours per day with 8 hours on Sun day, receiving 10 hours’ pay. Five agreements: Ticket agents, men, 1 2 hours per day; women, 10 hours per day. One agreement: Guards, to be completed within 14 consecutive hours. One agreement: Hours of substation operators to be adjusted by company and association. Twelve hours per day for crews operating emergency trucks. One agreement: Thirteen hours to constitute night barn man’s day. One agreement: For shopmen, pitmen, and car cleaners to remain as at present (not given). E X T R A M EN. Motormen and conductors on regular runs are to be called for extra work only when extra men are not available, according to the provisions of 31 agreements. Holidays, circus days, and special oc~ 328 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. casions are excepted by 3 of these and 2 provide that a regular who is able to secure a substitute when called for extra work shall be al lowed to do so. A provision that regulars are not to be required to work overtime unless necessary by reason of the failure of the relief crew to appear is found in 5 agreements. Two of these limit the extra work in such cases to 2 trips; 1 , to 1 trip; and 1 , to such time as may be necessary to furnish relief. Two agreements make it op tional with regular crews as to whether they shall work in excess of their regular scheduled hours; 1 provides that men required for a. m. and p. m. tripper runs shall be assigned to bench duty in preference to other men; and 1 , that men operating night or owl cars are not to be required to work extra runs or tripper runs when extras are available. Extra men are usually given work in the order of “ first in, first ou t” (14 agreements). An exception is made in 2 agreements which pro vide that an extra man is to remain at the top of the list until he receives 5 hours’ work, and in 1 containing a similar provision pro viding for 8 hours’ work before rotating to the bottom of the list. Working the extra list according to seniority of service is provided for in 3 agreements. One of these limits the amount of work to be given to 1 man in any 1 day to 10 hours when other extras are idle; 1 states that the extra list is not to be reversed on Sunday, and the other contains the following provision: The oldest extra man in point of continuous service of company shall head the list on the 1st of each, month, and thereafter each extra man shall hold his place in the following way: The first extra man completing a full day’s work shall be the first man to drop to the bottom of the list and work up. If an extra man refuses to accept a run in his turn on any day, he shall drop to the bottom of the list for that day only, retaining his place on the list for the next and following days. Extras are given preference for work each day in the order of re porting for work by 1 agreement, and 1 provides that no subextra is to be given work until regular and extra men are supplied. References to the hours extras are required to work are found in the following provisions: All extras but first 3 conductors and 3 motormen allowed off from 7 a. m. to 10 a. m. and from 1 2 noon to 3 p. m. (1 agreement); extras to report at 5 a. m. for roll call unless excused or marked up for work. Those not working to report again at 2.30 p. m. Extras held for first tripper runs, if regular men do not report, and receiving no regular work, to be given last 5 tripper runs (1 agreement); extras working after midnight (a) not required to report before 9 a. m. next morning (1 agreement), (b) to be excused when possible when requested of car-house night clerk (1 agreement;) extras working 14 hours per day or over, or who have reported 2 days in succession at first morning report and were required to work later than 1 1 o ’clock p. m., not to be deemed as missing if not reporting at first next regular CHAP. VII.---- AGREEMENTS: EMPLOYEES AND ASSOCIATION. 329 report (1 agreement); extras to derive work from late runs (1 agree ment); reporting time to be decided upon by company and associa tion (1 agreement). One agreement requires that the company shall keep “ sufficient extra men” ; 1 , an “ adequate and proper extra list” ; 1 , that there shall be at least 1 subextra for every 3 regular crews on each line; and 2 designate the number of extra men to be employed. Extra men laid off for lack of work have the privilege of reinstate ment to first vacancy that occurs on the line, under the terms of 1 agreement. Wages guaranteed to extra men who report for duty and answer roll calls as required, are as follows: $50 per month (1 agreement); $19 each half month, for first 3 months (1 agreement); $10.50 per week (2 agreements); $10 per week (1 agreement); $1.25 per day (1 agreement). SCHEDULES. Schedules of runs are to be arranged by the division superintendent and a committee o£ the association, under the terms of two agree ments. Two others provide that schedules shall be made by the company, but under the terms of one of these, are to be submitted to the association before going into effect. If the “ association can show where swing runs can be consolidated into a regular run without interference with the demands of the traffic, or the regular scheduled runs, the same will be put into effect.” The following section taken from one agreement gives the association a voice in the making of schedules: Whenever it can be shown that the schedule of any line can be improved in the way of shortening the hours and bettering the runs, giving the same service desired by the company and required by the traffic, the association shall have that right and such alteration shall be made in the schedule. CHOICE OF RUNS. Of 75 agreements which refer to the assignment of runs, 74 provide that seniority of service shall prevail in such assignments. The other provides that “ the company shall assign runs according to a pre arranged schedule of rotation for each month, alternating between night and day.” The following sections, taken from 3 different agreements, are fairly representative as showing the methods by which runs are assigned: 1. In the assignment of runs, men shall be given the privilege of choosing the same in accordance with their seniority rights, and based upon their continuous service and qualifications at the car house where they report. The oldest man in the ssrvice shall be given first choice oi! runs, and so on down through the entire list. 330 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. The officials at the various barns shall place at least four (4) days ahead of the “ Third month’ ’ a list showing the run number and the hours and minutes each run works; also route number for which runs are scheduled. Also a list of names shall be placed in the crews’ room starting with the oldest man in service, and so on, in rotation through the entire list. These shall be posted one day before choosing begins. The early straight man, or others whose seniority would entitle them to an early straight run will choose between the hours of 2 p. m. and 6 p. m., on the second day after the list has been posted. The late straight men, or others whose seniority would entitle them to a late straight run, shall choose between the hours of 11 a. m. and 3 p. m. on the third day. Any man failing to sign up within the specified time, the division superintendent shall be empowered to sign him upon the highest and best run that may be open. This choosing or picking of runs shall take place every three months, or at such other times as the operating conditions make it necessary for another selection of runs. 2. Seniority rights shall prevail in the adjustment of all runs on general choice days semiannually, except where men are incompetent to hold such runs. In such event the company will take up the case with the proper committee of employees and after a mutual satisfactory understanding has been reached, then the employee next in seniority shall choose. 3. The narpes and numbers of all runs will be posted and each man will bid for his choice of runs, but the oldest man in the service of the company who bids for the run will be assigned to it. All vacancies in regular runs will be assigned to the first regular extra men, except when more than one run is open at the same time. In such case, the first regular man entitled to a run will bid for the run he desires, and the preference will be given to the oldest man in the service of the company. At the end of each six months from the date of this agreement, or within a few days from such date, all runs on all lines will be declared vacant and new bids will be received for all runs in the same manner as described above. When the number of runs on any line are reduced, the last extra men assigned to runs will be placed first on the regular extra runs and the last regular extra men will be placed first on the extra list, and the men whose runs were taken off will replace the ones who were put back on the regular extra runs. They will remain on these runs until the next semiannual adjustment of runs, when they can again bid for any run they desire. The object of this method of assigning men to runs is to permit the oldest men in the service of the company to have the choice of working on whatever runs they most desire. The method of bidding for runs will be as follows: 1st: I prefer No. — & No. — runs. 2nd: I prefer No. — & No. — runs. 3rd: I prefer No. — & No. — runs. . Bidding for runs he prefers until all runs are exhausted. If a man bids for runs that an older man in the company’s service bids for he will not be given the runs, but will be considered for his next choice of runs, and so on until his length of service entitled him to a run. A man who does not bid for runs inside of three days from the time notice is posted that bids will be received may be assigned to any runs that bids have not been received for. The time in which schedule changes must be posted in advance in order to give employees an opportunity to examine them before choosing runs is 1 day in 1 agreement, 2 days in 8 agreements, 3 days in 6 , 4 days in 1, 5 days in 5, 6 days in 3, 8 days in 1, and 10 days in 2. The frequency of choosing or picking runs is as follows: CHAP. VII.---- AGREEMENTS: EMPLOYERS AND ASSOCIATION. 331 Yearly, 4 agreements; twice a year, 14 agreements; twice a year, if requested by association, 2 agreements; 3 times a year, 1 agree ment; 3 times a year, if requested by association, 1 agreement; 4 times a year, 13 agreements; when schedules change or runs are added or taken away, 16 agreements; when vacancies occur, 2 1 agree ments. Of the 2 1 last mentioned 6 provide that the choice of runs shall be limited to those employees who are listed on the seniority list below the employee who held the run made vacant. Several of the agreements contain a provision that a general choice of runs may be made at certain designated times or when necessary, and the use of emergency schedules without a general choice of runs is permitted by 4 agreements for not to exceed seven days. Five of the agreements permit a representative of the association to be present when runs are chosen. If an employee is absent, his run is chosen for him by the representative of the association (4 agree ments); or he is assigned to the earliest finishing run open by the superintendent (2 agreements). If an employee fails or refuses to choose a run, he is assigned to one by the representative of the asso ciation (3 agreements), by the superintendent (3 agreements), or placed at the foot of the extra list until runs are again chosen (4 agree ments). The right of motormen and conductors to choose their runs is limited by 16 agreements, which provide that they must be compe tent to hold the run chosen, such employees not being allowed to choose a run which they are unfit to operate by reason of age or other disability. In such cases the officials of the company, either alone or after conference with the officials of the association, place employees on runs which they are competent to operate. One agreement pro vides that the choice of runs shall be based upon seniority of con tinuous service, “ coupled with the satisfactory physical and mental qualifications determined according to proper medical examinations and fair and reasonable standards.” That employees shall choose both a day and a night run, alternating in work one week on day run and one week on night run, is a provision of one agreement. Another provides that motormen and conductors off duty shall be notified when runs are to be chosen. RUNS TEMPORARILY VACANT. Runs temporarily vacant by reason of regular employees being absent from duty usually are held by the first man on the extra list. This is the provision of 23 agreements, while 5 others provide that such runs are to be taken by extras in turn for periods of 5 days. If the vacancy is to continue for two weeks or longer, it is filled by a tem porary move-up or choice by men younger in seniority than the man on leave, according to one agreement. The same provision is found 332 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. in 6 other agreements with a time limit of 10 days in 1 and 30 days in 5. Two agreements provide that if the vacancy is a day run and is to continue for over 1 week the senior night man takes the vacant run, the night run being held by the senior extra. Vacancies of less than 1 week are filled by assignment by the superintendent. In an other agreement the same method is adopted if the vacancy is for 1 month or longer, while still another provides that a vacancy in an early run is to be filled by the senior late man, extra men deriving work from late runs. One agreement provides that .temporary vacan cies only shall be filled from the extra list, while another states that a car man, in case of sickness, shall be allowed to secure the services of the first available competent man employed by the company. A provision that the run of an employee who has been discharged shall be filled by choosing within 15 days is found in 1 agreement, limited by the clause, “ provided that if the association shall claim he was unjustly discharged his run shall remain open until such time as his case has been fully investigated in accordance with the provi sions of this agreement.” PROMOTIONS. Seniority of service, coupled with efficiency and competence, is observed in filling vacancies other than in train service under the pro visions of 16 agreements. Five of these refer to members of the asso ciation in all occupations, 4 to employees on track and line, 4 to shop and barn employees, and 3 to power-house employees. An interest ing feature in connection with promotion in power houses is found in one agreement, as follows: In case of a vacancy in the power house other than chief engineer that oiler shall be promoted who passes most satisfactorily an examination before the chief engineer of the company and two other competent engineers, one of ivhom is selected by the association, and he and the chief engineer of this company are to select the third. These three are to constitute the examining board. Three agreements provide that all promotions and reductions shall be based upon efficiency and ability; another, that lay offs are to com mence with the youngest employee unless an older employee is less capable; and, three, that increases in force are to be filled first by those who have been laid off. LEAVE OF ABSENCE. Several clauses taken from one agreement are given below to illus trate the principal features which refer to leave of absence, each clause being followed by a summary of similar clauses found in the other agreements examined. The committees of the association who desire leave of absence shall have such leave of absence at any time when the business of the association demands their absence. CHAP. VII.— AGREEMENTS : EMPLOYERS AND ASSOCIATION. 333 A clause similar to this is found in 18 agreements. Of these, 3 re quire a reasonable notice to the company, 7 are limited by the pro vision that the application must be made in a reasonable time and the number applying for leave not great enough to be detrimental to the service, 1 that such leave will be given upon reasonable notice when it can be conveniently granted, and 1 grants leave providing the extra list will permit. Fifteen agreements give members of the association preference over other employees in obtaining leave of ab sence, when such leave is desired to do work of the association, leave being granted at the option of the company and not as a matter of right under the agreements. The company agrees to permit any member of the association to be absent for not exceeding thirty (30) consecutive days in any year, providing that the extra list is sufficiently large to permit of such leave of absence, without interfering with his position on the seniority list until after the expiration of that time, and the member will have the right to ask for an extension of such leave of absence, either by letter or person. Such extension shall be requested at least five (5) days prior to the expira tion of his first leave of absence. The provision quoted above is found in practically the same form in 1 other agreement. Under the terms of 4 agreements leave of ab sence is limited to 30 days, illness (4 agreements) and absence from co u n ty (1 agreement) excepted. One of these provides that the employee’s service will be presumed to have terminated and the run will be filled at the expiration of 30 days. The same provision is found in another agreement with a limitation of 60 instead of 30 days. Other provisions granting leave to employees are as follows: Employees to have 2 weeks’ vacation each year, providing extra list is sufficient to grant request (1 agreement). Men granted 10 days’ leave each year, except during lake season and fair week, and then if possible (1 agreement). Men to have 10 days’ vacation each year, provided not more than 5 motormen and 5 conductors are on leave at the same time. More excused at one time at option of company (1 agreement). Motormen and conductors in continuous service 1 year to be al lowed 10 days off with full pay during each succeeding year (1 agree ment) ; all regulars to be given leave when extras are available (2 agree ments) . Motormen and conductors to have 1 day off each week, at conven ience of company (2 agreements). Motormen and conductors entitled to 3 days’ leave each month when extras are available (3 agreements). Each of the following clauses is found in 1 agreement only: Employees to be given reasonable leave when consistent with company service, regulars to have 2 days off each month, if desired. Regulars may lay off at barns in morning if extras are available, but subject to call for extra work unless excused by company. 334 STREET RAILWAY EMPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. Regulars to have 1 day’s rest in every 1 0 ; extras, 1 day in 15. Trainmen to have 1 day off in 15, upon request. Any member desiring any more than a five (5) day leave of absence for vacation purposes, shall sign his name on a book provided for that purpose, stating days he desires leaves of absence, and shall notify the official in charge ten (10) days prior to the time he desires his leave of absence to begin, and the official in charge shall notify the member at least three (3) days prior to the date that the member’s leave of absence is to commence. An open book shall be established at each car house for the purpose of allowing men to sign for day or days that they wish to be absent, and the first man registered for a particular day or days shall have first preference. Members registering in this book must sign in person and in ink, to be dated ten (10) days ahead, that is, a man to have the privilege of asking time off ten (10) days ahead of any time he desires to be absent, shall place the date opposite his-name on the book at the time his application for leave of absence is made. Where members are granted leave of absence, such leave of absence shall not be interfered with by being recalled back into service until such leave of absence has expired. Nothing in this section shall prohibit a member reporting for work at an earlier period than that for which he has asked leave of absence. But when return ing before the expiration of his leave of absence he shall work upon the extra list until the expiration of such leave of absence. Nine agreements other than the one quoted above provide that a book shall be kept for the purpose of registering requests for leave. The number of days that books are dated ahead— that is, the number of days in advance in which leave may be requested— is as follows: 30 days, 1 agreement; 14 days, 1; 10 days, 1; 7 days, 4; 5 days, 1 ; no time specified, 1 . Men registered first on any particular day have preference over all others, except over those desiring leave to per form duties imposed upon them by the association, as noted above. One makes an exception of Sundays, which are apportioned equitably instead of giving preference to the person signing up first; while an other provides that no one is allowed more than 1 Sunday off in 3 consecutive Sundays if other men desire to get off. One contains a provision that members on leave are not to be recalled for service before the expiration of their leave, and that men returning before the expiration of their leave are to go on the extra list during the period for which leave was granted. Any employee of the company appointed to any other position than motorman or conductor, may, at the discretion of the company, be allowed to take his former posi tion, upon retirement from such appointed position, and any member of the associa tion selected or appointed to any office in the association whereby his duties take him from his work with the company, shall be allowed, upon his retirement from such office, to take his former position with the company. Provisions similar to the above are found in 47 agreements. Twenty-five of these provide that members elected or appointed to office in the association, the duties of which require them to be ab sent from the service of the company, are to be given leave of absence and reinstated to their respective positions upon retirement from CHAP. VII.---- AGREEMENTS: EMPLOYERS AND ASSOCIATION. 335 office. These agreements contain no reference to employees placed temporarily in other positions by the company. One of the 25 limits the number to be granted leave for such purposes to 15. Seventeen agreements contain the above provision that members are to be reinstated to their former positions upon retiring from office, and also a provision as to the reinstatement of men placed in other positions by the company.^ These provisions are as follows: Members placed in another position in the service of the company temporarily are to be reinstated to their former positions when such position terminates (8 agreements). A member whose service is required in the operating department of the company to have leave not to exceed 30 days and reinstated to his former position at end of this period. Second leave not granted without the consent of the association (3 agreements). A motorman or conductor taking an official or other position, ex cept as substitute for a regular company official, loses his seniority rights after 30 days (4 agreements). A member accepting an official or other position with the company, except as a substitute, to retain seniority number but not to advance in seniority while holding such position (1 agreement). A motorman or conductor accepting official position with company, the duties of which require him to enforce the rules of the company, to relinquish his seniority rights after 3 months if he continues to hold such position (1 agreement). One agreement provides that motormen and conductors absent on leave to perform work for either the company or association are to hold their seniority rights until reinstated, but not to be advanced on the train list while off duty; while 4 do not refer to the rein statement of members on leave on account of holding office in the association, but contain a reference to absence for other reasons. One of these provides that any motorman or conductor who accepts a promotion such as acting inspector, dispatcher, or foreman shall, after 6 months, turn in his badge and relinquish all seniority rights as a trainman; 1 that a trainman transferring to another depart ment by his o