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V III—Oc CUPATIONS. IN D E X TO PLATES. TOTAL PERSONS OCCUPIED.............................Plate62 PROFESSIONAL AND PERSONAL SER VICES............................................................ Plate 65 R a t io to P e r s o n s o f T e n Y e a r s a n d O v e r. T o ta l, b y S ta te s. R a tio o f P e r s o n s E n g a g e d In, to P e r s o n s o f T e n Y e a r s a n d O v e r. T o ta l E n g a g e d In, b y S t a t e s ; b y C la sse s. TOTAL MALES OCCUPIED.................................. Plate62 R a t io to M a le s o f T e n Y e a r s a n d O v e r. T o ta l, b y S ta te s. TOTAL FEMALES OCCUPIED.............................Plate63 TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION..................... Plate 66 R a t io o f P e r s o n s E n g a g e d In, to P e r s o n s o f T e n Y e a r s a n d O v e r. T o ta l E n g a g e d In, b y S t a t e s ; b y C la sse s. R a t io to F e m a le s o f T e n Y e a r s a n d O v e r. T o ta l, b y S ta te s. INCREASE IN OCCUPATIONS.....................Plate 63 MANUFACTURES, MECHANICS AND MIN C o m p a r e d w ith In c r e a s e in P o p u la tio n . ING........................................ .....................Plate 67 R a tio o f P e r s o n s E n g a g e d In, to P e r s o n s o f T e n FIFTY PRINCIPAL CITIES...............................Plate 63 Y e a r s a n d O v e r. T o ta l E n g a g e d In, b y S t a t e s ; b y C la sse s. R a t io o f P e r s o n s O c c u p ie d to P o p u la tio n . AGRICULTURE...................... Plate 64 SELECTED OCCUPATIONS..................Plates 68-69 P erson s of T en R a t io o f P e r s o n s E n g a g e d In, to Y e a r s a n d O v e r. T o ta l E n g a g e d In, b y S t a t e s ; b y C la sse s. E x p la n a to r y .— The Plates treating R a t io to T o ta l P o p u la tio n , b y S ta te s . R a t io o f T o ta l O c c u p a tio n s to T o ta l P o p u la tio n . I n G e n e r a l. — The number of persons In 1880, the number was 14,744,942, which reported by the census as pursuing gainful was 29^ of the total population and 78^ of upon the statistics furnished by the United and all males over ten years of age. States Census, which relate only to “ gainful 17,392,099, or 34^ per cent, of the total pop and reputable” occupations. ulation. of occupations, 62-69 inclusive, are based In this term are reputable occupations in 1880 was In 1870, the number was 12,505,923, The number of those classed as working females was, in 1870, 1,836,288, being 4^ per included only those which are directly pro being 32^ per cent. If the number of bread cent, of the total population, and 13^ per cent, ductive of gain, whether in the shape of wages, winners had increased only in the same pro of the number of females over ten years of or other forms of direct compensation or profit. portion as the population increased, that is, age. The large numbers of women who are engaged about 30 per cent., the number would have in 1880 was 2,647,157, or 5^ per cent, of the in housework for their own families do not been, total population, and 14^ per cent, of all come under this definition; while, on the other with the actual number of bread-winners in females over ten years of age. hand, women servants engaged in housework 1880, it appears that, in proportion to popula show an increase in the proportional number for hire are included. tion, this class has increased not less than of working males in the ratios of 1000 to 1067 in the field at agricultural labor, whether for 6^ per cent. This may be due in a certain and of working females of 1000 to 1190, indi wages or not, are included; while the wives degree to the closer enumeration of 1880, but cating not only a decided proportional increase and daughters of farmers engaged, for exam the fact is unquestionable, that, owing mainly in each class, but a much greater increase ple, in dairying on their own account, are not to the extension of the factory system, the among females than among males. enumerated. increased division of labor, and the opening A ll women employed in 1880, 16,257,700. Comparing this Similarly, the number in the same class These figures The distinction thus made by the Census of wider fields of employment for women, the Office, while it may perhaps be considered to proportion of those engaged in gainful occu P r i n c i p a l C la s se s o f O c c u p a tio n s . — The various occupations included some extent an arbitrary one, is, unquestion pations materially increased during the decade. in the above enumeration have been grouped ably, from an industrial point of view, correct; In 1870, the number of working males over by the Census Office in four general classes, and, moreover, it is one which is capable of ten years of age was 10,669,635, or 27^ per namely: sharper limitation than is possible under any cent, of the total population and 74^ per cent, personal services. other definition. of the number of males over ten years of age. tation. .!• 1. Agriculture. 4. 2. Professional and 3. Trade Manufacturing, and transpor mechanical and SCRIBNER'S STATISTICAL ATLAS, lx v i mining industries. This classification is not proportion of working females is found in the This shows that males between the ages W hile class of personal and professional services. The of 16 and 59 were very generally employed. from one point of view, it is a natural one, from greater part of those enumerated in this class The unemployed remainder may be presumed others it is quite the reverse, and it has the are domestic servants, laundresses, nurses and to be made up of students, invalids, paupers practical disadvantage of failing to afford sharp boarding-house keepers. O f the large number and criminals, and those who, having acquired lines of demarkation between the classes. Thus, of females in manufactures, the a competency, have retired from active business, of the great class of laborers, a portion, greater greater proportion are milliners, seamstresses, though the last mentioned doubtless form but or smaller according to the time of the year, dressmakers, and cotton-mill operatives. a small proportion. the first class, while the rest fall in the second D istrib u tion b y A g e an d Sex.— A ll O ccu p ation s, b y States.—The class. A s a matter of fact, a large number of The following table shows the number, and diagram on Plate 69 showing by states the agricultural laborers, especially in the South, proportion by age and sex, of those engaged ratio of bread-winners to the aggregate popu were returned simply as laborers, and hence in gainful avocations, in 1870 and 1880: lation, exhibits a wide divergence among the by any means all that could be desired. employed are agricultural laborers, and are placed in are incorrectly placed in the second class. The numbers engaged in each of these C l a ss e s . P ercent N um ber. four classes in 1870 and in 1880 are presented below, with the percentage which each class made of the total: 1880. N um ber. P er C ent. P er C ent. N um ber. Percent N u m be r . age of o tal . T . A s a rule, the low ratios are found in 8 2 5 ,18 7 4-7 5 f e m a le .. 1 9 1 ,1 0 0 1 .5 2 2 9 3 ,16 9 1 .6 8 those states in which agriculture is the pre 16 to 5 9 y e a r s , m a l e . . . 9 ,4 8 6 ,7 3 4 7 5 .8 8 1 2 ,9 8 6 ,1 1 1 7 4 .6 6 dominant industry, and where, owing to the f e m a le .. 1 , 5 9 4 ,7 8 3 12-75 2 ,2 6 3 ,1 1 5 I 3-I3 settled conditions of society, the ratio of the A b o v e 60 y e a r s , m a l e . . 6 3 4 ,8 3 7 5 -° 7 9 3 3 ,6 4 4 5-37 adult male element to the total population is 5 0 ,4 0 5 O.4O 70 ,8 73 O .4 I “ “ “ fe m a le . A g r i c u l t u r e ............................... 5 . 9 2 2 ,4 7 1 47 7 , 6 7 0 ,4 9 3 44 P r o fe s s io n a l, e tc ., s e r v ic e s . 2 ,6 8 4 ,7 9 3 21 4 ,0 7 4 ,2 3 8 23 T r a d e a n d t r a n s p o r t a tio n . i,i 9 i ,2 3 8 IO 1 ,8 1 0 ,2 5 6 II The above table shows that in every class, M a n u fa c tu r e s , e t c .................. 2 ,7 0 7 ,4 2 1 22 3 ,8 3 7 ,1 1 2 22 with the exception of males between 16 and 59 IOO country being 34^, per cent. 4 -3 8 “ IOO to 56^ per cent., the average of the whole 5 4 8 ,0 6 4 10 to 15 y e a r s , m a l e . . . “ C la s s e s . a g e of o tal T “ 1870. different states, the ratios ranging from 27^ 1880. 1870. 10 0 .0 0 10 0 .0 0 not materially greater than the average for the country at large. In these states, also, the class engaged in gainful occupations comprises few besides the adult male element, females thus years of age, there has been an increase rela Increasing the numbers in 1870 proportion employed being comparatively few in number. tively to the total number of persons employed. ally to the increase in population during the In confirmation of this is the fact that in the Increasing the number of these classes in 1870 decade between 1870 and 1880, the following in proportion to the increase in population and conditions are developed. In agriculture, the proportion of bread-winners, the percentage of comparing them with the numbers in the cor number in proportion to population slightly females engaged in gainful occupations is but responding classes in 1880, the following results diminished, in spite of the proportional increase io£ per cent, of the total number of females, are obtained, showing for each 100 of each class of total occupations, being 996 in 1880 to 1000 while in the other states this percentage is 20^, in 1870 (after making the above increase), the in 1870. number in 1880: In the second, third and fourth classes, there was an increase. This increase in the case of the second class, that of personal and professional services, was in the ratio of 1000 “ fe m a le s ...................................................................................... 118 10 5 “ f e m a le s ................................................................................ 10 8 A b o v e 60 y e a r s , m a le s ........................................................................... to 1167. In the class of trade and transport 116 16 to 5 9 y e a r s , m a l e s ......................................................................................... “ “ “ 113 f e m a l e s ........................................................ 10 8 ation, there was an increase from 1000 to 1169, In other words, there were, for every ioo and in that of manufacturing, mechanical and males between the ages of io and 15 years, mining industries, from 1000 to 1090. This employed in 1870, 116 in 1880, the population movement of the population away from agri being supposed to be equal at the two dates; culture and toward those avocations which and there was a similar increase in the other presuppose a denser degree of settlement, is classes. in strict accordance with the course of devel female children between 10 and 15 years of opment of the country. age; the smallest, among males between the The following table shows the distribution by sex of the persons engaged in the four great classes of occupations, severally, in 1880: C la s s e s . N um ber. P er C ent. A g r i c u l t u r e ................................ 7 , 0 7 5 ,9 8 3 9 2-3 5 9 4 ,5 1 0 7-7 P e r s o n a l, e tc ., s e r v i c e s . . . . 2 ,7 1 2 ,9 4 3 6 6 .6 1 ,3 6 1 ,2 9 5 3 3 -4 T r a d e a n d t r a n s p o r t a tio n . 1,7 5 0 ,8 9 2 9 6 .7 5 9 ,3 6 4 3 -3 M a n u fa c t u r in g , e t c ............... 3 ,2 0 5 ,1 2 4 8 3-5 6 3 1,9 8 8 1 6 .5 N um ber. largest increase was among ages of 16 and 59 years, who form the great body of bread-winners. The following table shows the ratio between the number employed and the total population F em ales. M ales. The P er C ent. in each class: C la ss e s . stated elsewhere, those of the colored race work very generally in the fields. The largest proportions and in the composition of the classes of workers. W here manufacturing is a leading industry, as in most of the North Atlantic states, the proportion of bread-winners is swollen by the large numbers of women and children employed in factories and as house hold servants, milliners, dressmakers, and in other avocations accompanying dense settle ment. In the cotton states of the South the proportion is greatly increased by the general labor of the colored women and children in the fields. In the newer states and territories of the W est (with the exception of Utah and New Mexico) the proportion of workers is exceptionally large, the excess being due male sex, which here greatly outnumbers the female. 1870. 1880. ........................... 19-3 2 4 .4 f e m a le s ..................................... 6 .9 9 .0 16 to 5 9 y e a r s , m a le s .......................................... 9 1 .0 9 3 -4 f e m a l e s ..................................... 15-5 1 6 .9 males and females, it is seen that the highest A b o v e 60 y e a r s , m a l e s ..................................... 63-5 64-3 proportions of the former are found in the 5-3 5-2 10 to 15 y e a r s , m a le s ........... “ are found in the cotton states, where, as is bread-winners, differ in the cause of these high almost entirely to the preponderance of the Percentage E m ployed . Most of the females engaged in agriculture or nearly twice as great. Those states which have a high ratio of 10 to 15 y e a r s , m a le s ......................................................................................... “ twenty states which have less than the average “ “ “ “ f e m a le s .................................. D is t r ib u t io n o f M a le B r e a d W in n e rs. — Distinguishing the workers as Southern states, contrary, perhaps, to the OCCUPA TIONS. generally received opinion. in which cotton In all the states is the leading crop, from lxvii branches of manufactures connected with it, personal and professional services. In the agriculture and stock-raising. Western group, as a whole, manufacturing and mining industries are at the front, at the North Carolina around the Gulf to Texas and the proportion of working males to the whole T h e B a te o f Increase o f B read W in n e rs. — The diagram on Plate 63 illus professional services are Qnly second in import number of males above ten years of age, trating the rate of increase of bread-winners ance. exceeds 80 per cent. The highest proportion between 1870 and 1880, in comparison with the leading occupation. in the country, with the exception of Arizona, that of population, shows that in thirty-five is found in Alabama, where no less than 89 per of the states and cent, of all males over ten years of age, are increased more rapidly than population, while engaged in gainful avocations. in but twelve was the reverse the case. fields, not only of adults, but of all children has taken place, in every state, a gain in the whose labor is of any value. number of bread-winners relative to the popu In the northeastern portion of the country lation; also, in the South Atlantic group, with is found a second area, where for very similar the exception of Virginia, and in the Southern reasons the proportion of male workers is high. Central group, with the exception of Mississippi This comprises the manufacturing states of and Tennessee. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island three states are doubtless due to the fact that and Connecticut. The high proportion in this The relative losses in these fewer children labor in the fields than ten years area is produced by the employment of chil ago, owing to an improvement in material dren in manufacturing establishments. conditions. In the Northern Central group, a relative paratively little labor is carried on by males decrease occurred only in Ohio, Nebraska and Kansas. In Ohio the decrease is due to the cause given below the average of the country. above, while in the cases of Nebraska and Kansas, this decrease is pro D istrib u tio n o f F em ale B re a d -W in n e rs. — The proportion of females duced by the influx of families, in the place of the solitary ranchman, thus increasing the engaged in gainful occupations differs much population, while more widely in the different states than that proportion relatively diminishing the of bread-winners. To the last mentioned cause, also, is to be attributed the of males. As in the case of the latter, the highest proportion is found in the cotton states, where decreased proportion in Montana, Wyoming, Arizona, Nevada, Idaho and Washington. In women, especially of the colored race, work several of these territories the decrease has veiy generally in the fields. been In South Caro lina 35 per cent, of all females over ten years forms of the total number employed: P ercentage of T otal O ccupations . S T A T E S A N D T E R R IT O R IE S . N o r t h A t l a n t i c G ro u p . M a i n e .......................................................................... 36 N e w H a m p s h i r e .................................................. 3i 20 20 V e r m o n t .................................................................. 46 24 M a s s a c h u s e t t s ....................................................... 9 24 l R h o d e I s l a n d ....................................................... 9 21 13 57 C o n n e c t i c u t ............................................................ 18 21 *3 48. N e w Y o r k ................................................................ 8 6 '5 1 22 29 18 33 is 28 40 P e n n s y l v a n i a .......................................................... 21 31 17 12 D e l a w a r e .................................................................. 33 32 9 26 M a r y l a n d .................................................................. 28 26 2 31 60 15 D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a . .................................... 51 3° 5 6 23 V i r g i n i a ..................................................................... W e s t V i r g i n i a ....................................................... 61 18 6 N o r t h C a r o l i n a .................................................... 75 14 15 8 S o u t h C a r o l i n a .................................................... 75 l G e o r g i a ..................................................................... 72 18 3 4 4 F l o r i d a .................................................................... .. 64 20 7 9 A l a b a m a .................................................................. 77 l 6 3 4 M i s s i s s i p p i ............................................................... 82 12 L o u i s i a n a .................................................................. 57 27 3 8 3 8 T e x a s ....................................................... .. 69 19 A r k a n s a s .................................................................. 83 9 7 4 T e n n e s s e e ........... .. ................................................. 66 K e n t u c k y . ................................................. ......... 62 21 20 5 6 5 4 8 12 O h i o ............................................................................ 40 25 IO 25 9 17 I l l i n o i s ............................ ........................................... 52 44 22 23 13 20 36 relatively very great. Increasing the number of bread-winners in 1870 by the ratio I n d i a n a ..................................................................... M i c h i g a n .................................................................. 42 25 IO 23 47 23 9 21 M i n n e s o t a .................................... .. ........................ 53 57 23 IO 15 20 IO 5i 21 12 13 l6 64 17 8 II 19 IO 24 II 12 l6 1880, the as follows: In W yom ing each 10,000 in 1870 was reduced to 5,866 in 1880; in Idaho to 6,586, and in Nevada to 8,176. 5 6 W i s c o n s i n ................................................................ and Louisiana, 29 per cent., and in Alabama stand 6 13 N o rth e rn C e n t r a l G ro u p . K a n s a s ....................................................................... two will i S o u t h e r n C e n t r a l G ro u p . of increase in population between 1870 and trasted with those in the manufacturing states 41 20 of age are workers, in Georgia, Mississippi These proportions are surprising, when con 31 8 J e r s e y .............. .............................................. N ew I o w a ............................................................................ 28 per cent. 13 S o u t h A t l a n t i c G ro u p . In the Northern Central section, where com under age, the proportion of workers is slightly which the number in each class of occupations Manufacturing, Mechanical and Mining Pursuits. In the North Atlantic group of states there The following table shows the percentage Trade and Transportation. to the almost universal employment in the In all the other sections agriculture is Professional and Personal Services. This is owing territories bread-winners expense of agriculture, while personal and Agriculture. Arkansas, with the sole exception of Florida, M i s s o u r i .......................................................... .. N e b r a s k a .................................................................. D a k o t a ....................................................................... 59 49 W e s t e r n G roup. M o n t a n a ............................................................... 21 31 12 36 W y o m i n g .............................................................. 19 45 17 13 25 15 *9 47 N e w M e x i c o ...................................................... 35 47 8 IO 5 37 15 33 highest percentage Other W estern states and territories, to C o l o r a d o .............................................................. found in any state in this section, namely, in which emigration was very rapid during the A r i z o n a ,.................................................................. i U t a h ........................................................................ 36 28 IO 26 N e v a d a .................................................................. 13 32 14 4i I d a h o . .................................................................... 8 42 of New England. The Rhode Island, where manufactures employing decade, show the opposite result. women are relatively most numerous, is but 26, orado, with great accessions of population, while in Massachusetts it is 23, and in Con Thus Col gained heavily in bread-winners, the propor tional figures being as 10,000 is to 11,815. necticut 19 per cent. 25 25 W a s h i n g t o n ......................................................... 43 22 O r e g o n ................................................................... 40 25 9 26 C a l i f o r n i a ........................................................... 21 32 *5 32 II 24 In the Northern Central group of states, The explanation of this, as of the like cases where the principal gainful occupations are of Utah, Dakota and Oregon, is that immigra more fully shown in the maps and diagrams those relating to agriculture, the work is done tion consisted very largely of males. upon Plates 64-67. almost entirely by men, the proportion of notably the case in Colorado, where the large women ranging from 6 to 10 per cent. only. influx of male population was due to mining A g ricu ltu re . — The developments at Leadville and other points. relating Throughout the W estern group of states the This was This distribution of occupations is still to first of these, Plate 64, agricultural occupations, shows that, in proportion to the total number of per the proportion is low, a condition due jointly sons ten years of age and over, the number munity, and to the fact that avocations suitable T h e F o u r P r in c ip a l Classes, b y States. — There is a great preponderance in for the female sex are not extensively followed, the North Atlantic group (Maine excepted) of in the cotton states, nine of which stand the main industries being mining persons employed together at the head of the list. to the small proportion of women in the com and the in manufactures, and in employed in this class of occupation is highest N ext to SCRIBNER'S STATISTICAL ATLA S. lxviii Central group, mingled with the remaining M an u factu res, M e c h a n ic s a n d M in in g. — In the fourth class, that of manu in percentages of the total number of each states of the South Atlantic and Southern factures, mechanics and mining, Rhode Island nationality: Central groups. stands the number Near the middle of the list are the great of inhabitants above ten years of age, while grain states of the Mississippi Valley, while the following it, come Massachusetts, Connecticut, manufacturing states of the North Atlantic New Hampshire, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, group, with the mining states and territories, interspersed with the principal mining states show and territories, and the cotton states are last. In absolute numbers, New York, as in all the the smallest proportion of persons engaged in agriculture. It is probable that the number of this class other classes except agriculture, is in the lead, N A T IO N A L IT Y . Manufacturing, etc. to Trade and Transportation. proportion Personal and Professional Services. first in four principal classes of occupations, expressed Agriculture. them, follow the border states of the Northern U n i t e d S t a t e s .................. ....................................... 49 22 IO 19 I r e l a n d ........................................................................ 14 43 14 29 G e r m a n y ................................................. .................. 28 21 15 36 G r e a t B r it a i n ............................................................ 22 17 12 49 S c a n d i n a v i a .............................................................. 45 26 8 21 B r it is h 21 26 9 44 A m e r i c a ..................................................... is somewhat understated, owing to the fact while the other Northern states follow, the that in many sections agricultural laborers larger proportion of this class in the manu It appears that of the natives, very nearly have been returned by the enumerators simply facturing states being offset by the greater one-half are engaged in agricultural pursuits, as “ laborers,” in consequence of which they population in the Mississippi Valley. nearly one-fourth in personal and professional services, one-tenth in trade and transportation, have been thrown into the class of “ personal and professional services,” which has thus been O ccu p atio n s in C itie s —The unduly swollen. on Plate 63 shows that the ratio of the total comparison of the native and the foreign ele number engaged in gainful ments presents the following results: First, in diagram occupations to and nearly one-fifth in manufactures, etc. A P e rso n a l an d P rofession al Ser vices. — In proportion to the number of the total population, in fifty principal cities, no is far above the average of the whole country. agriculturists so high as inhabitants ten years of age and upward, the The lowest ratio here presented, that of A lle population, the only one approaching it being District of Columbia, which ranks lowest in gheny City, Pa., is 32.99 per cent., and the the Scandinavian. agricultural pursuits, leads all the states and highest, that of Lowell, Mass., is 50.08, the of natives engaged in manufactures is smaller territories, in the numbers engaged in pro average for these cities being but little, if any, than of any other nationality. The Irish appear fessional and personal services. below 40 per cent., while the average of the to be exceptionally averse to agricultural pur almost unbroken line, are the states and terri country at large is but 34.68 per cent. suits, while they appear, as tories of the W estern group, with the exception due not only to the larger percentage of largely in the class of personal and professional of Oregon, Washington and Utah, which have working males found, as a rule, in cities, but to services. large agricultural interests. About the middle the fact that it is in cities that women and extensively in the class of manufactures, and of the list are the North Atlantic states, inter children find most of the avocations which are to a considerable degree in farming. spersed with those of the Northern Central suited to them. natives of Great Britain, nearly one-half are Following in This is other nationality is the proportion of among the native Secondly, the proportion The Germans are laborers, most engaged most O f the engaged in manufactures; the Scandinavians group, while, as a rule, the Southern states are distributed not very differently from our numbers of those engaged in personal and R elatio n s o f N a tiv ity to O ccu p a t i o n s . — The following table exhibits the professional services, the most populous states nativity of those engaged in gainful occupa which name may be held as being practically of course stand first, and the states stand tions, both the total number of each nationality, synonymous with throughout, nearly in the order of their popu and the percentage which each bears to the principally employed in manufactures. lation. total number of bread-winners; show the smallest proportions. In absolute T ra d e an d T ran sp o rtatio n .—The third class, that of trade and transportation, has its greatest development, in proportion to the population over ten years of age, in the most sparsely settled states and territories of the W est and the North Atlantic states. Next in importance are the Northern Central states, N A T IO N A L IT Y . This means of public conveyance, bring up the rear. “ French Canadians,” are distribution of occupations among the foreign element is coincident with, and N u m be r . P ercentage of T o tal . I 3 >8 9 7 ,4 5 2 7 9 .9 1 element toward cities, indicated in the con cluding remarks on the foreign element, in the mutually explanatory of, the movement of this 9 7 8 ,8 5 4 5-6 3 1 ,0 3 3 ,1 9 0 5 -9 4 4 6 6 ,5 0 5 2 .6 8 chapter on Population (pages 50-51). in general, from the densely populated coun 2 0 5 ,5 9 5 1 .1 8 3 5 1 ,1 0 3 2.02 4 5 9 ,4 7 ° 2 .6 4 100.00 while the Southern states, which are largely self-supporting, and have comparatively slight native population; and the British Americans, The following table shows the proportions of the different nationalities engaged in the Coming, tries of the old world, immigrants naturally make the nearest approach possible to their former surroundings, and continue to follow that class of occupations to which they have been most accustomed.
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