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XL—L ive Stock IN D E X and TO Products PLATES. CATTLE ON FARMS....................................... Plate 111 TOTAL STOCK ON FARMS.........................Plate 114 D is tr ib u tio n b y S ta te s. T o ta l b y S ta te s . E x p o r ts . M ess B e e f— P r ic e s of. H e m lo c k L e a t h e r — P r ic e s of. C la ss e s C o m p a r e d b y S ta te s . R e tr o s p e c t. WOOL.................................................................Plate 115 P r o d u c t p e r S q u a r e M ile , b y C o u n tie s. “ “ “ “ “ S ta te s. “ “ C a p ita , b y S ta te s . T o ta l P r o d u c t b y S ta te s . P r ic e s , 1 8 2 8 to 1 8 8 0 . SWINE ON FARMS.........................................Plate 112 • D is tr ib u tio n b y S ta te s . T o ta l b y S ta te s. E x p o r ts . M ess P o r k — P r ic e s of. L a r d — P r ic e s of. H a m s — P r ic e s of. M ILK ................................................ Plate 116 P r o d u c t p e r S q u a r e M ile. T o ta l P r o d u c t b y S ta te s . BUTTER..............................................................Plate 116 HORSES ON FARMS...................................Plate 113 P r o d u c t p e r S q u a r e M ile. T o ta l P r o d u c t b y S ta te s . E x p o r t , 1 8 2 1 to 1 8 8 0 . ( P la t e 117 .) P r ic e s , 1 8 2 8 to 18 8 0 . ( P la t e 117 .) D is tr ib u tio n ; T o t a ls ; R e tr o s p e c t. MULES AND ASSES ON FARMS.................Plate 113 D is t r ib u t io n ; T o t a l s ; R e tr o s p e c t. CHEESE.............................................................. Plate 117 P r o d u c t p e r S q u a r e M ile. T o ta l P r o d u c t b y S ta te s. E x p o r t , 1 8 2 1 to 1 8 8 0 . P r ic e s , 1 8 2 8 to 1 8 8 0 . SHEEP ON FARM S.,................................. Plate 113 D is t r ib u t io n ; T o t a ls ; R e tr o s p e c t. In G eneral. — The plates of this group illus and swine— very few oxen being now employed, The first feature of note to catch the eye trate the number and distribution of live stock except on farms, and even of these the number of the reader of these tables is the slight “ on farms,” and its products, as returned by is rapidly diminishing. decrease in value of live stock between the Tenth Census. 1870 The limitation “ on farms ” The following table presents the principal excludes two large and important classes of statistics for the United States regarding live than real, being mainly due to the fact that the live stock; first, the cattle, sheep and swine stock on farms, and its products, at the dates of value in 1870 is expressed in paper, at an aver upon ranches, mainly in the extreme west, at the several censuses, from 1850 to 1880:— age depreciation of about 20 per cent. Another and beyond the frontier of settlement, where 1850. the stock ranges principally upon the public i8 60 . 1870. 1880. and 1880. This, however, is apparent rather feature of note is the decrease in some classes between i860 and 1870, and in other classes a lands, in a half wild state; and secondly, those Value of all Live 1 Stock.................. y in settled regions, mainly in cities and towns, Number o f Horses. $544,180,516 $1,089,329,915 $1,525,276,457 $1,500,464,609 4,336,719 6,249,174 7,145,370 10,357,488 559,331 1,700,744 1,151,148 1,125,415 1,812,808 2,254,911 1,319,271 great reduction from the average rate of increase. Thus, mules and asses, working oxen, beef Number of Mules ) and Asses........ 1 Number of Work- ) ing Oxen.......... f Number o f Milch ) Cows................... C Number o f Other ) Cattle................. ) 6,385,094 8,585,735 8,935,332 993,841 12,443,120 9,693,069 22,488,550 horses and milch cows did not increase by any classes is separated by well-defined lines from 21,723,220 14,779,373 22,471,275 13,566,005 Number o f S h eep .. 28,477,951 35,192,074 farm stock. 30,354,213 means as rapidly as in other decades. Number of Sw ine.. 33,512,867 25,134,569 47,681,700 Pounds o f W ool___ 52,516,959 60,264,913 100,102,387 155,681,751 Pounds o f Butter... 313,345,306 459,681,372 514,092,683 777,250,287 Pounds o f Cheese.. 105,535,893 103,663,927 53,492,153 27,272,489 owned and used for purposes of business or pleasure, by persons not engaged in agricultural pursuits. It would appear that neither of these Indeed, as to the former, the dis tinction is almost purely artificial, having been made to facilitate the work of the census office. A n effort to obtain these statistics, by means of a special investigation, has met with the maps and diagrams of this group, will be found in the text. No such effort was made, however, to obtain the statistics of the second of the above classes, and the animals thus owned can only be estimated in round numbers. This class consists almost entirely of milch cows, horses numbers during the decade, and the number of This effect was doubtless due to the war, which con sumed and wasted large numbers of live stock. The number of working oxen has suffered a rapid decrease since i860, owing to the substi P E R C E N T A G E O F IN C R E A S E . tution for them of horses and mules, in farm 1850 to i860. very good success, and the results, although not reached early enough for incorporation in cattle, and swine, suffered a great decrease in Value of all Live Stock........... Number of H orses................... Mules and A s s e s .. W orking Oxen . . . Milch Cows........... Other Cattle.......... “ Sheep..................... Sw ine...................... Pounds of W ool....................... “ Butter..................... C h eese................... i860 to 1870. 1870 to 1880. 100.2 44.1 105.9 32.6 40.0 *1.6 tion of cheese, upon farms, is due to the I 4-3 *2.2 44-9 transfer of this industry, in great part, to man 34-5 54-5 3-4 10.4 14-7 46.9 *1.8 * Decrease. * 4 i -5 4.1 *8.2 26.7 *25.0 66.1 11.8 *48.4 61.1 *24.7 39-2 labor. The immense decrease in the produc ufactories. The industry of butter-making is now undergoing a similar change, although 65.8 23.6 89.7 it has not yet been transferred from the farm 55-5 to the factory to any considerable extent. 51.2 *49.1 The above tables are supplemented by the following, presenting a complete statement of SCRIBNER'S STATISTICAL ATLAS. xc the numbers of the different classes of live stock in the country in 1880. The numbers H o r s e s . — The distribution of horses “ on farms” being closely allied with other agricul of cattle, sheep and swine on ranches are tural from the special investigation by the Census manner. office. greatest, there is found, in most cases, the Those of horses, mules and asses, milch interests, follows W here the agricultural product is largest number of horses upon farms. are not farmers, have been estimated. conformity with this we find, speaking broadly, On F arm s. Horses................. On R an ch es. O t h e r w is e O wned. In the Northern Central group of states leading otal U n it e d St a t e s . in in this class of live stock, both in absolute 10, 357.488 2 , 166,00 0 1 2 , 523,488 Mules and Asses. 1,812,808 350,000 2 , 162,80 8 Milch Cow s........ 12,443,120 6 , 000,000 18 , 4 4 3 ,1 2 0 area and to population; while in the North W orking Oxen .. 9 9 3 ,8 4 1 9 9 3 ,8 4 1 Atlantic States, and especially in New E ng Other Cattle . . . . 2 2 , 4 8 8 ,550 3 , 750,022 Sheep ............. 35,192,074 7,000,000 3.000. 000 45,192,074 Swine............. 47,681,700 2,090,970 7.000. 000 56,772,670 W ool, pounds 155,681,751 .............................................. 240,681,751 Butter, “ 777,250,287 .............................................. 806,672,071 Cheese, “ 27,272,489 ..............................................243, 157,850 number and in number as proportioned to 26 , 2 3 8 ,5 72 land, the number is small as compared with area, and still smaller in proportion to popu lation. This fact is sufficiently explained by the relatively greater importance in this section These tables show that there was 1 horse to every 4 inhabitants, or thereabouts, and 1 mule or ass to every 25 inhabitants. The number of working oxen was to the number of the population as 1 is to 50; milch cows, 1 to 3; beef cattle, 1 to 2; sheep, as 9 is to 10; while the number of swine was very nearly equal to that of the population. There were produced during the Census year nearly 5 pounds of wool to every man, woman and child in the country. A n explanation should of manufactures, as compared with agricultural pursuits. In the two southern sections, where agriculture is largely carried on by manual labor, and where mules are used as working stock, to the practical exclusion of horses except for riding, we find the number of the latter is comparatively small. In the Western States and Territories the numbers, though absolutely and in proportion to area of but small amount, are, relatively to population, much greater than the average of the country. be given of the addition to this item, as seen in the last column. The production of wool M ules an d Asses.— In regard to mules given in the first table was merely the spring and asses, other causes are found to influence clip of 1883. the distribution. T o that has been added the fall In the United States as a clip of sheep on farms in California and Texas, whole, the number of this class compares with estimated at 13,000,000 pounds; that the clip of ranch sheep, estimated at 34,000,000 pounds, and the pulled wool and fleece of slaughtered sheep, estimated at 38,000,000 pounds, giving of horses Am ong the as 1 to 5, approximately. different states, however, the widest possible divergence is found from this average ratio. In many of the Southern a total, as above stated, of 240,681,751 pounds. States, for example, South Carolina, Georgia, The “ on Alabama and Mississippi, the number of mules farms ” is increased, in the last column, by the and asses exceeds that of horses, and in every factory product, thus presenting the total pro state of this section the proportion is far in duction of the country. excess of the average of the country. production of butter and cheese C F l a s s if ic a t io n a r m s ” On the R an d W them in a general cows, sheep and swine, owned by persons who T Cattle. — of “ O a t t l e n . M il c h o r k in g Cows. Oxen. North Atlantic Group. M aine............................ New H am pshire----Verm ont....................... M assachusetts............. Rhode Island............... Connecticut................. New Y o rk ..................... New J e rse y ............... , Pennsylvania............... C an ch es O th er Cattle. 18,868 2 1 7 ,0 3 3 140,527 112,689 167,204 i4 ,5 7 i 1 5 0 ,4 3 5 96,045 10,601 28.418 21,460 116,319 39,633 1,437,855 ,, 2,022 15,062 8 5 4 ,1 5 6 I 5°,845 43>°49 29,*52 90,564 3,523 South Atlantic Group. D elaw are..................... M aryland...................... District of Colum bia.. Virginia ........................ West Virginia............... North C arolina........... South Carolina............ Georgia......................... F lo rid a.......................... 152,078 27,284 122,907 1,292 243,061 5,818 22,246 92,149 862,233 69,786 861,019 20,450 ” 7 ,3 8 7 12,643 50,188 1 5 6 ,9 5 6 271 388,414 288.845 232,133 3 7 5 ,*°5 2 4 ,5 0 7 139.881 199,321 544,812 500,080 4 54,709 50,026 16,141 8,226 767,043 3,97° 494,944 3,346 40,393 Northern Central Group. O h io .............................. Indiana......................... Illin o is........................ M ich igan ...................... Wisconsin...................... Minnesota..................... Io w a .............................. M issouri...... ............. K an sas.......................... N ebraska...................... D ako ta.......................... 315,073 865,913 42,174 7,234 854.187 661,405 418,333 161.187 1,084,917 864.846 1,545 ,1 63 0 466,660 622,005 347 , *6i *,755,343 1,410,507 1,098,011 944,826 11.418 40,572 *54,793 75,534 61,705 2 7 1 ,4 4 3 4 0 4 ,2 1 3 268,178 3 8 7 ,4 5 2 4b729 146,454 28,762 36,344 2 ,5 0 6 9,020 16,789 Southern Central Group. Alabam a....................... Mississippi................... Louisiana...................... T e x a s ............................ Arkansas....................... Tennessee..................... K en tu cky..................... Indian Territory ) and Public Land j 9 0 ,5 0 2 25,444 27,312 36,166 384,578 - 478,374 275,545 606,176 249,407 303,900 301.882 282,418 4,198,020 433,392 452,462 5 ° 5,746 * 5 4 6 ,1 9 8 Western Group. Montana....................... W yom ing................... Colorado....................... New M exico................. A rizona......................... U ta h .............................. N evada......................... Idaho ............................ W ashington................. O regon.......................... California..................... 936 718 2,080 16,432 984 3 ,9 6 8 11,308 3,730 28,770 1 2 ,9 5 5 9 ,1 5 6 32,768 765 1 3 ,3 1 9 737 12,838 27,622 3 ,8 2 1 4*6,035 5*6,765 760,642 3 *8,549 125,617 95 ,9*9 202,739 1 7 7 ,5 8 2 166,741 4 ,1 3 2 * Ranch stock only. 59,549 534,334 2,288 210,078 602,678 Farm stock was not enumerated. The class of live stock “ on farms,” denomi nated by the Census “ Other Cattle,” consists other hand, in the North Atlantic States, there mainly of that raised for beef. ranch stock, by states and territories, as estimated are very few of this class of live stock. been added the numbers of ranch cattle in the by the special investigation of the Census office: in this section, mules for draught purposes different states were almost unknown before the war; since the last column of the above table. that time, owing to the army education of the total number of such cattle in the country northern farmers, they have been gradually is about one-half that of the population, a coming into use, and supplanting oxen for glance at the table shows that the proportion farm work. in the several states and territories presents The following table shows the numbers of STATES AND TERRITORIES. A rizona............................. California.......................... Colorado........................... D ako ta.............................. F lo rida.............................. Idaho ................................ Indian T erritory............. K a n sas. . . ..................... Montana........................... N ebraska.......................... Nevada.............................. New Mexico ................. O regon.............................. T e x a s ................................ U ta h .................................. W ashington..................... W yom ing.......................... Public Land..................... Total on ranches........ Cattle. S heep. 9 °,7 7 4 390,000 *5 °, 737 1,575 ,°°° 444,653 345 ,°°° 65,968 55 ,°°° 49,000 90,000 9 *,025 106,290 487,748 82,076 255,892 354,697 44,602 181,235 *8 i ,773 810,093 37,239 63,630 243,140 Sw in e . 4,63° 264,869 3,229 2,3*6 28,549 In Indiana, Illinois and Iowa the and territories, in forming W hile wide variations. one hand, and horses on the other, is about Central States, 1 to 10; while in the more northern tier of Western States and Territories, the proportion states, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, is greatly in excess. the proportion is very much less. In nearly and territories that the supply of beef for the 499,252 all of the states and territories of the Western North Atlantic States, and for export to foreign 3,423 group, the number of this class of live stock countries, is derived. is very small, indeed trifling in amount; while while raising comparatively little beef, consume in proportion to the number of horses, it is 55,°°° 130,000 95,000 48,000 97,000 1,850,000 285,000 1,240,000 290,000 96,000 310,000 proportion between mules and asses on the correspondingly little, and the home supply is much below the average of the United States. equal to the demand. 7,449 773 ,9 3 * 86,274 4 ,9*2 377,178 85 10,302 22,973 1,246 352 58 ,45 0 3,750,022 Indeed, T o this have 7,000,000 2,090,970 In most of the Northern in Florida, Texas, and the It is from these states The Southern States, LIV E STOCK AN D PRODUCTS. In examining the statistics of working oxen, Manufactures, has very rapidly increased. In XCl New Mexico 16th, and Texas 25th. Speaking it is seen that they are most abundant in New 1870 the production from both sources was generally, the principal development of this England, in the South Atlantic and in the Gulf 162,927,382 pounds, while industry is in the northern tier of states, States, where their number ranges from one- increased to 243,157,850 pounds. in 1880 it had extending from Vermont through New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and The The so-called production of milk reported proportion is much less in New York, New by the Census, includes only that portion of Wisconsin. Jersey and Pennsylvania; while in the states the production which was sold for consumption Missouri are also of importance; while upon in or disposed of to butter and cheese factories. the Pacific coast, California has more than 26 these, the number is comparatively trifling. It represents, therefore, only a small part head to a square mile, and that part of Oregon It is greater in the states on the Canadian of the total product. The amount reported lying west of the Cascade range is nearly as border, where was 530,129,755 gallons, of which New York thickly occupied. produced more than two-fifths, or nearly 232 comparatively few, and, as a rule, these are not the greater proportion here is due to the millions of gallons. of high grade. requirements of the great lumber interests of at a considerable distance, by Ohio, Illinois course, be made in the case of Texas, in which these states. and Pennsylvania. state, and in New Mexico and California, sheep fifth to one-half the number of horses. the Mississippi Valley, lying west of it averages about one-tenth the number of the horses. It is probable that The average of the whole country shows one milch cow to about three inhabitants, and expected, the This state was followed, A s would production of naturally be the Southern W est Virginia, Kentucky and The Southern States contain Exception to this must, of have been raised in immense numbers ever since the days of Spanish dominion. The sheep, States was very limited. while the departures from this ratio in the The production of dairy products (milk, however, were of low grade, “ scrubs,” who had, individual states are considerable, they are by butter and cheese) follows closely, in its dis through generations of neglect, developed those no means as great as in the other classes of tribution over the country, the distribution qualities of hardiness and toughness which live stock. of milch cows. enabled them to pick up a living under adverse The reason for this comparatively It is decidedly greatest in circumstances, and to withstand, without injury, uniform distribution of milch cows is apparent. the It is owing to the universal necessity for their States, the product of the other sections being all the ordinary rigors of climate. products, and the perishable nature of those not greater, and in most localities much less, ities, so desirable in “ ranch sheep,” were gained products. than is required for home consumption. The at the expense of flesh and fleece, so that the the proportion, however, is very high. Thus, in states producing the greater part of the butter pure Mexican scrub is not of itself a source Vermont, there is i cow to \y2 inhabitants; in and cheese of the country, both on farms and of profitable culture. Iowa and Kansas, i to 2. In others, however, in factories, are New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, however, that by crossing these ewes with high New York, Pennsylvania and Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan and W is grade Merino rams, a breed is produced which Ohio, the great preponderance of other indus consin. combines in high degree the good qualities of tries has thrown this one completely into the of cheese, while its production of butter is both father and mother. shade, and obliterated all traces of its effects in comparatively small. great sheep ranges of the states and territories In some of the great dairy states for example, North Atlantic ■ and Northern Central California produces a large amount These qual It has been found, W ith such stock the raising the ratio of milch cows to population. of the extreme west are, in great measure, Generally speaking, it may be said that this stocked. The breeding of sheep has been ratio is least in the large manufacturing states, Sheep. — T o containing a great proportion of urban popu as lation, and in the Southern States. “ ranch sheep ” and 3,000,000 otherwise owned, particularly stands at 1 to 13 in Rhode Island, 1 to 12 in making the total 45,192,074. Ohio; and as the direct pecuniary value of Massachusetts, and 1 to 7 in New Jersey. the number of sheep on farms, which from 1850 improvements Am ong the Southern States, it is 1 to 6 in to i860 and from i860 to 1870 was very slight, fully recognized, sheep farmers everywhere, Virginia, North Carolina and Florida; 1 to 7 being less in the former decade than that of and especially in the northwest and extreme in South Carolina, and 1 to 5 in Georgia and population, and in the latter scarcely exceeding west, are paying more and more attention to Alabama. it, rose in the decade just past to 48 per cent., the subject. Thus, it The low proportion in those states the number of sheep returned “ on farms,” must be added 7,000,000 The increase in carried to a high the Eastern and in degree of excellence in Mississippi V alley States, Vermont, New York and in breeds is becoming more having a large urban population is unquestion that of population being 30 per cent. ably made up to them by the cows kept in the this decade there was not only a great increase cities and towns, not “ on farms.” in number in most of the Eastern States, but W o o l .— The the great interest of “ ranch sheep” in the much more rapid increase than the number of states and territories of the extreme west has sheep. grown from comparatively small proportions was 14.7 per cent. to its present magnitude. was 66.1 per cent., and between 1870 and 1880 D a iry P ro d u cts. — T o the amount of butter returned as having been made “ on During production of wool shows a Between 1850 and i860 the increase 147 per cent. Between i860 and 1870 it This greater increase of wool farms” in 1880 has been added the factory In absolute numbers Ohio leads all the product, 29,421,784 pounds, making the total states, followed closely by California, and at a production indicates a correspondingly greater product in that year 806,672,071 pounds, an distance by Texas, Michigan, yield of wool per sheep. average of very nearly 16 pounds for every Pennsylvania and New York. man, woman and child in the country. square New Mexico, In number per mile, which is the true measure of The average fleece in 1850 was but 2.3 pounds; 2.7 pounds; in i860 it was in 1870 it had risen to 3.5, and importance in this industry, Ohio still leads, in 1880, disregarding ranch sheep and their been gradually decreasing for many years, being far in advance of all the rest. product, to 4.4 pounds. while during the same period the factory follow Vermont, Pennsylvania, Michigan, New The distribution of wool production natur production, as shown in the chapter upon York, etc.; California standing 8th in the list, ally conforms in general features to that of The manufacture of cheese upon farms has Then SCRIBNERS STATISTICAL ATLAS. XC11 sheep. The principal production is in the W e ig h t F per l e e c e — in P Iowa the proportion between them is nearly o u n d s. 4 to 1; in Nebraska, 3 to 1; and in several North Atlantic and Northern Central sections, i8 60 . 1870. 1880. 3-3 3-7 4.1 4-9 4-5 5-4 S-o 4-4 3-8 3-9 3-2 3-9 products are of great value, and in recent years 2.9 3 -o 3-6 4-9 3-9 4-8 have greatly increased. 2.6 2.9 2.8 3-7 of the exportation of beef cattle on the hoof. 3-7 4.8 2.7 2.6 4-5 from a value of $439,987 in 3-2 3-4 S-° 2.4 ... 1.6 1.8 2.4 2.9 3-7 $13,344,195 in 1880. other states of this group the number of swine to which should be added California, western Oregon and southern Texas. speaking, it may be said Generally that those states which stand low in number of sheep, stand still lower in production of wool. The reason for this is, that in the states in question the raising of wool is not pursued as an avocation, but is merely an incident of farming, and conse quently little or no attention is given to breeding, or to other matters which determine the weight and quality of the fleece. Hence the average weight of a fleece is less than in other sections where the business is followed exclusively. T o illustrate the range of weight per fleece in the different states, the following table has been prepared. The most striking fact shown by it is the lightness of the fleece in the Southern States as compared with that of the northern part of the country. In the North Atlantic and Northern Central sections the fleece ranges from 3.7 to 6.5 pounds, and the average must be a fraction over 5 pounds. In the two southern sections the weight ranges from 2.2 to 4.6 pounds per fleece, with an average not above 3 pounds. There is a similar difference in 1870 and in i860. This is probably produced by a combination of causes. First, as has already been suggested, want of care in housing, feeding, breeding and shearing; and, second, the climate. Nature does not provide as warm a covering for ani mals living under a semi-torrid sun as if exposed to the chilling blasts of a northern winter. Between i860 and 1870 most of North Atlantic Group. is fully twice that of population. Maine................................... New H am pshire............... Verm ont.............................. M assachusetts................... Rhode Island..................... Connecticut........................ New Y ork............................ New Jersey......................... Pennsylvania..................... 4.1 3-3 E xports. — The 5-8 ♦ i -7 i -3 2.0 3 -° 4.2 5 -i 2.6 2.6 3 -i 3-7 4-4 3-8 S-6 5-9 5-4 5-2 3 -° 4-3 3-5 2-7 3 -i 6-5 5*2 3 -3' 6.4 4.6 5-2 blessings to us. 3-1 3 -o 1.6 2.6 2.2 i -4 i -4 ... The larger part of this W ith the increase in exports the value per head has increased very greatly. Northern Central Group. O h io .................................... Indiana................................ Illin o is ................................ M ich ig an ............................ Wisconsin............................ Minnesota......................... I o w a .................................... M issouri.............................. K a n s a s................................ N ebraska............................ D a k o ta ................................ up to misfortunes of the mother country proving 2-3 i -4 1870, increase, too, has taken place since 1877, the 4.0 2.0 2.6 2.9 i -9 2.0 This is true especially Within ten years this has increased 30 times, South Atlantic Group. D e la w a re............................ M aryland............................ V ir g in ia .............................. West V ir g in ia ................... North C a ro lin a ................. South Carolina................... G e o r g ia .............................. F lo rid a ................................ exports of live stock and its In 1871 the export value of beeves was only $19.65, and the price continued very nearly at these figures until 1876, when it rose rapidly, and in 1880 was over $73 per head. The exportation of fresh and preserved beef has also increased considerably. 5-7 That of the former has more than doubled since 1876, while in the same period the latter has increased 10 Southern Central Group. Alabam a.............................. M ississippi.......................... Louisiana............................ Texas .................................. Arkansas.............................. K en tu cky............................ Tennessee............................ 2.1 1.9 1.6 2.0 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.8 2.2 times. 2.5 now exported to so great an extent as formerly. 3-7 2.9 2.2 i -3 2.4 i -7 ... ... ... 0.6 ... 2.0 0.9 ... 2.0 2.6 .. .. 5-4 4-7 4.9 i -7 1.1 4-3 2-5 The exportation of mutton, both 4.6 2.9 2-5 1.8 0.9 greatly. Meanwhile the price of sheep for export rose 4-9 4-7 4-7 4.1 since 1877 that of meat has increased many fold. 4.2 2'5 3-3 3-7 3-4 The exportation of sheep on the hoof was 10 times as great in 1880 as in 1871, while i -9 4 -i 1.8 on the hoof and as fresh meat, has increased very Western Group. M ontana.............................. W yom in g............................ Colorado.............................. New M e x ic o ..................... Arizona................................ U ta h .................................... N evada................................ I d a h o .................................. W ashington........................ O rego n ................................ California. . . . ................. Salted or cured meat, however, is not 4.4 from $1.91 in 1871 to $4.27 in 1880. The export of live hogs shows a similar increase. 5-3 This increase, however, took place early in the decade, the exportation reaching a maximum in 1874, when, with an average price the Southern States show a decrease in weight of S w in e. — In fleece per sheep. This is probably explained Northern Central States, as a group, lead, both the country was 1,625,837. by the fact that during four years of war this in absolute number of swine and in number restrictive legislation on the part of European class of live stock, like the rest, received little per square mile. nations or no care, and consequently it deteriorated. the principal, almost the entire, supply for although it is still much greater than at the The marked improvement since 1870, especially export is derived. beginning in the border states, is thus more strongly number is large, but probably no greater than export price of hogs has oscillated from $5 to emphasized. In is required for home consumption, as pork $10, and above, the former being the average weight per fleece has steadily increased since forms a considerable part of the diet of the price in 1880. i860, with scarcely an exception. inhabitants of these states. have steadily increased during the decade, from the Northern States the In some the production of pork the It is from these states that In the Southern States the of $10.25, the number of hogs sent out of has of greatly the Since that year reduced decade. exportation, Meanwhile the The exports of ham and bacon 71,446,854 pounds in 1871 to 759,773,109 in states, notably those in the northern part of The number of swine in the country is, as the Mississippi Valley, this increase has been was shown above, slightly in excess of that 1880. very great. of the population. In nearly all of the South increased, but by no means in equal ratio, of Iowa, which has increased from 2.6 in i860 ern States the proportion between the number while the gradual depression in the price leaves to 6.5 pounds in 1880. of swine and of population is nearly the same as the value of the exports very nearly the same her average fleece still more— from 1.4 in i860 in the country at large. as ten years ago. to 6.4 pounds in 1880. In the states and States, and in the states and territories of the gone up from about 80 million in 1871 to 375 territories of the extreme west the fleeces are W estern group, the number of swine is very million pounds in 1880, with an increase in generally heavy; but in New Mexico the shift much less than that of population, while in the value from $10,563,020 to $27,920,367. less character of the native population is well states of the Northern Central group, almost The total value of the exports of meat, on the illustrated by the average weight of fleeces— without exception, the number of the former is hoof, fresh or preserved, w as: for 1870, $18,288,- 1.9 pounds only. very much greater than that of the latter. 115; 1875, $68,341,852; 1880, $117,872,556. The heaviest average fleece is that Nebraska has increased In the North Atlantic In The exports of fresh pork, too, have The exports of lard have
@FedFRASER