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For release 8:00 p.m.
Central Standard Time
November 21. 1963




Remarks of J. L. Robertson
Member of the Board of Governors
of the
Federal Reserve System
at
Dinner Meeting Held in Connection with
the Joint Meeting of the Directors of
the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago and
of its Detroit Branch
Chicago, Illinois
November 21, 1963

The Challenge of Change
Recently I was impelled to look back over the rec­
ord of the last dozen years - the years of my service on
the Board of Governors. I was impelled partly by curi­
osity and partly by a desire to test in some way whether
the past really is prologue. To begin with, I browsed
through my public statements. The sheer volume was shock­
ing, but what truly amazed me was the ever-present evidence
of change in the world about us. The only thing that re­
mained constant was a reference of some sort to my home
town - Broken Bow, Nebraska; it was the single unbroken
thread running through all of them.
When I first came on the Board, a dozen years ago,
we had an inflation on our hands at home and a hot war
abroad, Joe Louis was heavyweight champion of the world
and Jack Nicklaus was still in grade school. The Dow Jones
average ranged around 260, about one-third of today's level,
and the GNP was only $350 billion, a little more than half
of what it is now.
The relationship among the federal bank supervisory
agencies was cooperative and harmonious; at least their of­
ficials were still on speaking terms. It was unimaginable
then that eventually their inconsistent and conflicting de­
cisions would render imperative their consolidation into a
single agency - or that I would be the one to suggest it.
Nonbank financial institutions were still content to
serve the special purposes for which they were created. No
one then would have thought that they would soon be demand­
ing the broader lending and investing powers of banks free
of equivalent supervision, regulation, and taxation.
Since then, our every-day business jargon has been
enlarged by such terms as Federal funds, negotiable CD's,
currency swaps, Roosa bonds, the GNP gap, and structural
unemployment. We have had rising competition between banks
and nonbank financial institutions at home and a growing
sense of competitiveness in economic relations between us
and our allies in the Western world. The creeping infla­
tion problem that seemed so formidable in the early 1950's




- 2 -

has been replaced in the headlines by attention to high
levels of unemployment and persistent balance of payments
deficits.
These changes - and many others like them - have al­
tered the environment in which banks and other businesses
must operate, and they have also altered the environment
in which the Federal Reserve has to perform its monetary
and supervisory functions. They have thrust upon the Fed­
eral Reserve a repeated and unrelenting challenge - the
challenge of change. And the resulting necessity for choos­
ing when and how to respond - when to move and when to stand
fast - has brought forth many gray hairs for me and all of
my colleagues.
Change has been a demanding mistress in the 1950's
and early 1960's. She has called for the introduction of
new policy tools and for new ways of employing the tradi­
tional tools. In addition, she has demanded the considera­
tion of new policy goals.
The striking character of the challenge is manifest
if one recalls that these years were ushered in by the
Treasury/Federal Reserve Accord of 1951. Monetary policy
had lain dormant throughout much of the war and postwar
years; like so many individuals and institutions, the Fed­
eral Reserve had been drafted into service for the duration,
and it was not to receive an honorable discharge for six
years following the end of the war. But after a ten year
period of forced inactivity, monetary policy was at last
freed to meet the challenge of the times.
I regard the 1950’s as the proving years for Ameri­
can monetary policy, when for almost the first time the
necessary understanding of its operations and the required
implements were available to be marshalled full strength
in combatting the vicissitudes of business cycles. The
1951 Accord marked the beginning of a highly successful
decade for monetary policy, one in which its effectiveness
in pursuing the twin goals of price stability and high lev­
els of employment was fairly well established.




- 3 -

In that decade those goals of sustained economic
activity and the prevention of dangerous inflation and
deflation were the prime targets of our monetary policy.
In the early part of the decade, creeping inflation was
our paramount concern. It was finally brought to a halt,
thanks to some good fortune and an effective combination
of private and public policies - including, in particular,
the willingness to use monetary policy vigorously in spite
of widespread criticism.
The philosophy which governed the use of monetary
instruments during the '50's was to strive for the maxi­
mum generality of influence. Reserve needs of the econ­
omy were met with the minimum practical interference with
market decisions. This philosophy was epitomized in 1953
by what came to be known as the "bills preferably" policy.
In a nutshell, this policy meant that the Federal Reserve's
open market operations would ordinarily be confined to the
Treasury bill market, where its activities would have the
least direct effect on rates. Of course, as all knowledge­
able people were aware, it was always contemplated that the
rule could and would be altered in the event of need there­
for; for example, on occasions when the existence of dis­
orderly markets called for intervention in other maturity
areas of the market. But in ordinary circumstances, the
aim was a straightforward one to achieve minimal interfer­
ence with market allocations of funds.
In a speech of September 1953 I found myself assert­
ing that one of the great virtues of monetary policy as then
applied was that changes in the structure of interest rates
were determined by interplay of the demands of.a freely
functioning market and a supply of bank reserves and money
that was attuned to economic needs rather than the desire
to hold down or push up particular interest rates.
Any other course risks a progressively increasing
dependence of the market on official judgments as to appro­
priate levels of rates and allocations of funds, with a cor­
responding stultification of independent private judgments
that are the backbone of a we11-functioning competitive mar­
ket.




- 4 -

Considerations of lessening interference with the
market also surrounded the dismantling of the bulk of the
apparatus of selective credit controls during the 1950's.
Regulations W and X, which prescribed minimum down payments
and maximum maturities on consumer credit and real estate
credit, generated some of the most explosive topics that
appeared on the Federal Reserve's agenda in my early days
as a Governor. Perhaps they served their rough and prag­
matic purpose in moderating particular kinds of demands
during an inflationary wartime period when general controls
were unavailable, but I experienced profound relief when
the unshackling of monetary policy made it possible to per­
mit demands for credit to again be left to control by free
market forces, and administratively imposed selective con­
trols could go the way of ration books and gasoline stamps.
I feel much the same way about Regulation Q, setting
ceiling rates on time deposits. It was my hope that the
banking system would employ the recently increased inter­
est rate ceilings in a way which would dispel doubts about
the ability of banks to maintain good business sense while
competing vigorously for depositors' dollars. In fact, I
had hoped we would see sufficient signs of responsible bank
competition in this field to justify a conversion of Regu­
lation Q authority to a standby basis. But I regret to say
that the ability of market forces to discipline the range of
rates paid on such deposits, without adverse consequences to
the banking system and the economy generally, has not yet
been convincingly demonstrated.
As for our last remaining selective credit control margin requirements on stock market credit - I must say that
the strong fluctuations in credit usage in that area lead
me to the reluctant conclusion that it will be a long time
before that credit area can be regarded as sufficiently selfdisciplined to justify putting controls on a standby basis.
There is one other monetary tool whose reactivation
during the 1950*s gave me satisfaction. This is the dis­
count mechanism. For about twenty years preceding the Ac­
cord, the discount window was unused as a result of the pleth­
ora of reserves provided to the banking system during the




- 5 -

depression, the war, and the early postwar years. Its
resurgence was part and parcel of the operating philoso­
phy of the 1950's, providing expanded leeway for market
actions and market initiative to balance out financial
pressures. The development of clearer standards of the
appropriate purposes for which member banks could come
to borrow at the discount window was, I think, a signal
achievement. This re-emergence of the discount window
also helped to draw closer the Reserve Banks and the Board
of Governors and to strengthen their mutual understanding
of each other's problems and responsibilities. As a re­
sult, the Federal Reserve System has become a closer-knit
and more cohesive working body.
But the world has a way of not allowing us to rest
with the resolution of older problems. Scarcely had the
inflation of the early 1950*s been brought to a halt when
the economy began to display signs of sluggishness. Creep­
ing inflation was succeeded by creeping unemployment, as
evidenced by a higher unemployment rate at comparable points
of each successive cyclical upswing. Furthermore, we had
no sooner redirected monetary policy to focus on the prob­
lem of underutilized resources when still another and ap­
parently conflicting one was thrust upon us. Our deteri­
orating balance of payments began to demand attention, and
it was viewed as imposing an outside restraint on the free
workings of domestic monetary policy, in a manner somewhat
analogous to the restraint that was imposed by the fears of
a collapsing government securities market during the preAccord days a decade earlier.
The worsening balance of payments led to the broad­
ening of the Open Market Committee's policy directive in
1960 to include "taking into consideration current inter­
national developments". Because the needed basic remedial
policies - both public and private - were not forthcoming,
monetary policy and debt management policy began to func­
tion with one eye on the Treasury bill rate. For monetary
policy, this orientation resulted in the absence of an ag­
gressive policy of monetary ease that would adequately
stimulate economic activity, just as the pre-Accord peg­
ging of government security prices resulted in the lack of
an aggressively tight policy adequate to combat inflation.




- 6 -

The consequence nay have been to delay longer than neces­
sary both the achievement of a satisfactory domestic situ­
ation and the correction of our adverse balance of pay­
ments position.
Throughout the past two years I have been of the
opinion that the interests of the United States would be
served best by maintaining a broadly stimulative monetary
policy. This I believe would have been appropriate in the
light of both of the basic problems our economy has been
facing: incomplete utilization of domestic resources and
a persistent balance of payments deficit. Both problems
would be mitigated by an expansion of domestic economic
activity within bounds that did not result in upward pres­
sures on prices and costs. An increase in domestic demand
would certainly employ more men and machines, and probably
give rise to more rapid investment and more efficient capi­
tal as well. Such an environment would also offer higher
returns on capital, and eventually sustain a higher level
of interest rates, thereby attracting some investment of
capital and savings in this country that might otherwise
seek outlets abroad.
Of course a key element in this or any other ration­
al stabilization policy must be the maintenance of reason­
able levels of domestic prices and costs. Otherwise imports
would grow rapidly and our exports would lose their ability
to penetrate foreign markets. However, an increase in do­
mestic market demands, activating idle productive capacity
and stimulating more productive investment, could within
limits have bolstered the international competitiveness of
our cost-price structure.
I hasten to say that monetary policy alone is not
capable of achieving all these objectives. Other public
and private policies, particularly including a well-timed
stimulative fiscal policy, are also essential. But appro­
priate monetary policy can create a climate in which other
market forces in our competitive economy will find it eas­
ier to bring about more vigorous use of domestic resources
and better balanced flows of goods, services, and capital
funds internationally.




- 7 -

I would add, almost as a footnote, that there has
also been a need to avoid excessive monetary ease; that is,
credit ease so great as to spill over in an inflationary
bidding up of prices and costs of goods sold, or a wave of
speculative credit extension. Such eventualities, had they
occurred during these two years, would have hurt both our
domestic economy and our international balance of payments.
But, as we all know, inflationary forces have not been no­
ticeable during this period.
My purpose is not to rake over old coals. I recog­
nize that the developments of the moment may not always
provide the monetary authorities with the clean and clearcut problems, and the ideal complement in terms of other
public and private policies, that would permit the best
possible utilization of monetary tools. Furthermore, I
recognize that in any organization composed of not one but
several decision-makers meeting as a Board or a Committee,
judgments must often differ in a subject area as complex as
this. Indeed, I think it was part of the genius of the
framers of the Federal Reserve Act that they implicitly
recognized the inevitability of differences in judgment,
and built a pyramid of judgmental bodies, from Reserve Bank
Boards of Directors to the Federal Open Market Committee and
the Board of Governors, in which policies would be evolved
through mutual education and the derivation of consensus.
In this kind of policy-making apparatus, I think each one
of us must resign himself to occasionally being part of the
minority - while striving to convert the minority into a
majority. This is part of the educational process. My
sole purpose is to stress the importance of the hard-won
principle of minimal interference with the market, which
has contributed so much to the effectiveness of U. S. mone­
tary policy. If we are sincerely convinced of the wisdom of
that course, we are more likely to learn, from each occasion
on which we are driven to depart from it, how to cope with
exigent situations without gradually undermining the prin­
ciple itself.
In conclusion, let me say that I am proud to have
been associated with the Federal Reserve System for the
past dozen years. I know firsthand that it possesses in­
telligence and integrity, that it is big enough to encompass




- 8 -

and effectively utilize all points of view, and that it
is manned by conscientious men and women who strive to
perform their work in the public interest.
In spite of the fact that I have not agreed with
all the actions that have implemented Federal Reserve pol­
icy during these years, I have sanguine hopes for its fu­
ture; for more important than any particular change that
took place during this period is the fact that evolution
did occur. This fact demonstrates that the Federal Re­
serve System is a vital, adaptive institution that can
accept and respond to the challenge of change.
I am confident that over the years the System will
exercise its power over money and credit to avoid unsus­
tainable economic upswings and disastrous downswings, to
foster high levels of economic growth and employment without inflation. I know it will judiciously vary the
application of monetary policy from time to time in re­
sponse to change, and I trust that it will strive to avoid
changes for the sake of expediency or appearance or to ap­
pease those who would endeavor to utilize monetary policy
for purposes for which it is not suited. I hope monetary
policy will be employed in ways that harmonize well with
the unique nature of the American economic system and the
equally unique character of its financial institutions and
markets. Our economic system is bigger, freer, more com­
petitive and more dependent upon private initiative than
any other, and we need a monetary policy to match if it is
to realize its full potential for promoting the economic
well-being of the American people.