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St. Louis Fed's Bullard Discusses Normalization of U.S. Monetary
Policy
9/19/2015
NASHVILLE, Tenn. – Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis President James Bullard
discussed the case for monetary policy normalization at the annual meeting of the
Community Bankers Association of Illinois on Saturday.
Although the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) decided not to begin policy
normalization when it met this past Wednesday and Thursday, Bullard said he argued
against the decision at the FOMC meeting. He noted that a large majority of the FOMC
still expects that policy normalization will commence this year. “The case for policy

For media inquiries contact:
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James Bullard
St. Louis Fed President and CEO

normalization is quite strong, since Committee objectives have essentially been met,”
he said during his presentation titled, “A Long, Long Way to Go.”
However, he noted, “Even during normalization, the Fed’s highly accommodative policy
will be putting upward pressure on in ation, encouraging continued improvement in
labor markets, and providing the best contribution to global growth that we can
provide.”
Objectives for Unemployment and In ation
Bullard noted that the FOMC wants unemployment at its long-run level and in ation at
the target rate of 2 percent. “The Committee is about as close to meeting these
objectives as it has ever been in the past 50 years,” he said.
To measure the distance of the economy from the FOMC’s goals, Bullard used a simple
function that depends on the distance of in ation from the target rate of in ation and
on the distance of the unemployment rate from its long-run average. This version puts
equal weight on in ation and unemployment and is sometimes used to evaluate
various policy options, Bullard explained.
In his calculations, the target rate of in ation was set at 2 percent, the FOMC’s in ation
target. The in ation measure used was the year-over-year percentage change in the
core personal consumption expenditures price index. The long-run average rate of
unemployment was set at 4.9 percent, the median longer-run value of the FOMC’s latest
Summary of Economic Projections (SEP).
Monetary Policy Settings Are Far From Normal
While the objectives for unemployment and in ation have essentially been met based
on those calculations, Bullard noted that monetary policy settings remain far from
normal. He pointed out that the Fed’s balance sheet is currently about $4.5 trillion,

James Bullard is president and
chief executive o cer of the
Federal Reserve Bank of St.
Louis. In these roles, he
participates in the Federal Open
Market Committee (FOMC) and
directs the activities of the
Federal Reserve’s Eighth
District.
President's Website
Speeches & Presentations
Video Appearances
Media Interviews
Research Papers

compared to about $800 billion in 2006. In addition, the policy rate has been about
0.13 percent for close to seven years, compared with the median of the long-run
appropriate policy rate across FOMC participants in the latest SEP, which was 3.5
percent.
“With the balance sheet exceptionally large and the policy rate exceptionally low, there
is little chance monetary policy will be restrictive any time soon,” Bullard said. He noted
that the FOMC currently expects the policy rate to approach the long-run normal level
several years from now.
“To actually implement what would traditionally be viewed as a restrictive monetary
policy—one that would put downward pressure on in ation—the policy rate would have
to exceed the long-run normal level,” Bullard said, adding, “That is not happening for
many years.”
Prudent Monetary Policy
“Why do the Committee’s policy settings remain so far from normal when the objectives
have essentially been met?” Bullard asked. “The Committee has not, in my view,
provided a satisfactory answer to this question.”
He added, “A prudent monetary policy based on traditional central banking principles
would begin normalizing the Committee’s policy settings gradually, since the goals of
policy have essentially been met.”
Even once the FOMC begins to normalize, Bullard emphasized, this will still mean a very
accommodative policy stance. “Policy will remain exceptionally accommodative
through the medium term no matter how the Committee proceeds,” he said. “This
means there will continue to be upward pressure on in ation and downward pressure
on unemployment.”

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