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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, SECRETARY
WOMEN’S BUREAU
MARY ANDERSON, Director
BULLETIN OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU, NO. 63
STATE LAWS AFFECTING
WORKING WOMEN
▼
HOURS
MINIMUM WAGE
HOME WORK
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON
1927
[Public—No. 259—66th Congress]
[H. It. 13229]
AN ACT To establish in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as
the Women’s Bureau
Be it enacted by the Senate and House oj Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That there shall be estab
lished in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the
Women’s Bureau.
Sec. 2. That the said bureau shall be in charge of a director, a
woman, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice
and consent of the Senate, who shall receive an annual compensa
tion of $5,000. It shall be the duty of said bureau to formulate
standards and policies which shall promote the welfare of wage
earning women, improve their working conditions, increase their
efficiency, and advance their opportunities for profitable employ
ment. The said bureau shall have authority to investigate and
report to the said department upon all matters pertaining to the
welfare of women in industry. The director of said bureau may
from time to time publish the results of these investigations in such
a manner and to such extent as the Secretary of Labor may prescribe.
Sec. 3. That there shall be in said bureau an assistant director,
to be appointed by the Secretary of Labor, who shall receive an
annual compensation of $3,500 and shall perform such duties as
shall be prescribed by the director and approved by the Secretary
of Labor.
Sec. 4. That there is hereby authorized to be employed by said
bureau a chief clerk and such special agents, assistants, clerks, and
other employees at such rates of compensation and in such numbers
as Congress may from time to time provide by appropriations.
Sec. 5. That the Secretary of Labor is hereby directed to furnish
sufficient quarters, office furniture, and equipment, for the work of
this bureau.
Sec. 6. That this act shall take effect and be in force from and
after its passage.
Approved, June 5, 1920.
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAMES J. DAVIS, SECRETARY
WOMEN’S BUREAU
MARY ANDERSON, Director
BULLETIN OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU, NO. 63
STATE LAWS AFFECTING
WORKING WOMEN
HOURS
MINIMUM WAGE
HOME WORK
'S’arjsoS,
UNITED STATES
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON
1927
CONTENTS
Page
Letter of transmittal
Laws regulating the length of the working day or week---------------------------Eight-hour laws
Eight-and-a-half-hour laws
Nine-hour laws
Ten-hour laws
Ten-and-a-quarter, ten-and-a-half, eleven, and twelve hour laws------Weekly hour laws
Summary of laws limiting daily and weekly hours----------------------------Laws providing for a day of rest, one shorter workday, time for meals, and
rest periods
Day of rest, one shorter workday
Time for meals
Rest periods
Summary
Night-work laws
Summary of all the laws affecting women’s hours of labor-----------------------Laws regulating home work-----------------------------------------------------------Minimum-wage laws
Index to labor laws in each State----------------------------------------------------Chaet I. Eight-hour and eight-and-a-half-hour laws-----------------13
II. Nine-hour laws
III. Ten-hour laws
IV. Ten-and-a-quarter, ten-and-a-half, eleven, and twelve hour lawsV. Weekly hour laws
25
VI. Laws providing for a day of rest, one shorter workday, time for
meals, and rest periods----------------------------------------26
VII. Night-work laws____________________________________ —
VIII. Home-work laws in the United States-----------------------------------IX. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States---------- Follows p.
m
v
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1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
8
16
21
24
37
42
51
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
U. S. Department of Labor,
Women’s Bureau,
Washington, August 15, 1927.
Herewith is transmitted a report showing the present status
of State laws pertaining to hours of employment, minimum wages,
and home work which affect working women.
Bulletin 40, “State Laws Affecting Working Women,” which
covers State laws affecting women in industry in 1924, has been so
much in demand that the Women’s Bureau feels confident that a
new bulletin covering the same subject will be of great value not only
as a source of information but as a comparative study of the changes
made by the States in their legislation regulating hours of employ
ment, minimum wages, and home work.
This material has been prepared by Mrs. Mildred J. Gordon,
industrial research assistant of the Women’s Bureau.
Respectfully submitted.
Mary Anderson, Director.
Hon. James J. Davis,
Secretary of Labor.
Sir:
STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN
AUGUST 1, 1927
LAWS REGULATING THE LENGTH OF THE WORKING DAY
OR WEEK
There are only four States in the United States Alabama, Florida,
Iowa, West Virginia—that do not have some sort of a law regulating
the hours of work for women. Indiana has but one limitation of
hours—that prohibiting the employment of women at night hi one
occupation—manufacturing. Georgia, North Carolina, and South
Carolina have limited the hours of work in only one industry—textile
manufacturing. All the other States have either definitely forbidden
the employment of women for more than a certain number of hours
per day or week, or have penalized all employment beyond certain
specified hours by providing that it must be paid for at an increased
rate.
Eight-hour laws.
The shortest period to which hours of work are limited is 8 hours
per day in 10 States—Arizona, California, Colorado, Kansas, Mon
tana, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, 1 Utah, and Washington ■
the District of Columbia, and the Territory of Porto Rico. The
number of industries or occupations included in these laws varies
greatly.
.
California has the most inclusive legislation. An act of the legis
lature in that State limits the hours of work strictly to 8 per day and
48 per week in any manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile estab
lishment, laundry, hotel, public lodging house, apartment house,
hospital, place of amusement, or restaurant, or telephone or telegraph
establishment or office, or the operation of elevators in office buildings,
or any express or transportation company. In addition to the
industries and occupations covered by this act of the legislature the
hours of work in a number of other industries and occupations have
been limited by orders of the industrial welfare commission. Certain
of these orders limit to 8 per day and 48 per week the hours of those
employed in the dried-fruit-packing industry, in the nut-cracking
and sorting industry, as labelers in the fruit and vegetable canning
industry, as labelers or office workers in the fish-canning industry, or
as office workers in the fruit and vegetable packing industry; another
order limits the hours of workers employed in unclassified occupations
to 48 per week; another limits the employment of workers in general
* The New York law was passed March 30, 1927, to become effective January 1, 1928.
1
2
STATE LAWS AFFECTING WOBKING WOMEN
and professional offices to 6 days per week unless time and a quarter
is paid for the seventh day, and even in this case only 48 hours a
week may be worked; still another order requires that time and a
quarter be paid for all hours worked beyond 48 per week or for work
done on the seventh day of the week in the fruit and vegetable can
ning or packing industry and the fish-canning industry. Thus by a
combination of methods of legislation California has limited the
hours of work for practically all women workers, except agricultural
workers and domestic servants.
.
Although the States in the group under discussion limit daily hours
uniformly to 8, the number of hours that a woman may work per
week varies. Arizona, California, Kansas, Utah, the District of
Columbia, and the Territory of Porto Rico allow only 48 hours work
per week. Nevada allows 56 hours; New Mexico and New York
each have several weekly limits. New Mexico has either no weekly
limit or different limits in various occupations, ranging from 48 hours
to GO hours per week. New York, due to overtime allowances and
provisions for a shorter workday per week, permits weekly hours of
48, 49K, and 51.2 Colorado, Montana, and Washington have no
weekly limit.
Eight-and-a-half-hour laws.
Two States—North Dakota and Wyoming—by acts of the legisla
tures, provide for a working day of 8^ hours in specified industries
and occupations. The North Dakota law applies only to towns of
500 or more population and limits the weekly hours to 48. The
Wyoming law covers the whole State, but allows a working week of
56 hours.
Nine-hour laws.
Seventeen States Arkansas, Idaho, Kansas, Maine, Massachu
setts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, New
York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Wisconsin—limit to 9 hours the working day of women in specified industries or
occupations. Two of these States—Massachusetts and Oregon—
limit the weekly hours to 48. Kansas allows 49^ hours per week in
laundries and factories and 54 hours per week in mercantile estab
lishments. Ohio and Wisconsin allow 50 working hours per week,
New Mexico allows 56 hours, North Dakota 58 hours, Idaho sets no
weekly limit, and the remaining 9 States allow 54 hours per week.
North Dakota through its minimum-wage orders has established
hour limitations for the entire State that vary from the standard set
by the 8J4-hour act of the legislature, but has continued to increase
the number of women workers coming under some hour law.
Minnesota, though many of its women workers are limited to
9 hours a day, includes a greater number under a 10-hour law.
* S§e footnote on page
STATE LAWS AFFECTING WOBKING WOMEN
3
Ten-hour laws.
In this group are found the States of Connecticut, Delaware,
Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Minnesota,
Mississippi, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Virginia, and Wisconsin, 18
in all. The weekly hours show considerable variation. New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island and South Dakota have the shortest
limit, 54 hours per week. Connecticut, Delaware, Mississippi (in
manufacturing only), South Carolina, and Wisconsin allow 55 hours;
Minnesota permits 58 hours; Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mary
land, Mississippi (in all occupations except manufacturing), and New
Mexico, 60 hours; Illinois, Oregon, and Virginia, 70 hours. Three of
these States—:New Mexico, Oregon, and Wisconsin—limit the hours
of the majority of their women workers to less than 10 per day
and include only a few groups in their 10-hour laws. Georgia,
Mississippi, and South Carolina include both men and women in
their hour laws. Two of these laws, Georgia and South Carolina, are
very limited, covering only textile factories. Mississippi includes all
manufacturing in its 55-hour-week law, and has in addition a 60-hourweek law for women covering all occupations.
Ten-and-a-quarter, ten-and-a-half, eleven, and twelve hour laws.
In this miscellaneous group of laws are found the States of New
Hampshire, permitting a 103-4-hour day and a 54-hour week; Vermont,
a 103^-hour day and a 56-hour week; Tennessee, a 10J4_hour day
and a 57-hour week; and North Carolina, an 11-hour day and a
60-hour week for men and women employed in textile factories.
South Carolina appears on two charts (III and IV), as one of its laws
limits cotton manufacturing establishments to 10 hours per day and
another limits the employment of women in mercantile establish
ments to 12 hours per day.
Weekly hour laws.
In addition to laws limiting daily hours in specified industries or
occupations, five States—Connecticut, Maine, Minnesota, New
York, Oregon—have legislation supplementing the laws regulating
both daily and weekly hours, and limiting only the weekly hours for
certain industries or occupations. For these weekly limits, Con
necticut and Minnesota specify 58 hours; Maine and New York, 54
hours; Oregon, 56 hours in one occupation and 48 hours in another.
Summary of laws limiting daily and weekly hours.
In all, 43 States have laws that limit the number of hours that a
woman may work. In many States, however, the number of indus
tries or occupations coming under the law is so small as to affect only a
61927°—27-----2
STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN
small proportion of all working women in the State. A comparison
of the charts will show that generally the States which have laws
establishing the shortest working day and week are also the States
which bring the greatest number of industries or occupations under
the provisions of the law. (See Eight-hour and eight-and-a-halfhour chart.)
LAWS PROVIDING FOR A DAY OF REST, ONE SHORTER
WORKDAY, TIME FOR MEALS, AND REST PERIODS
Eighteen States, the District of Columbia, and the Territory of
Porto Rico have further regulated the hours of working women by
providing for breaks in their hours of employment. These laws
supplement the legislation on the length of the working day and
week.
J
Day of rest, one shorter workday.
Twelve of these States—Arizona, Arkansas, California, Delaware,
Kansas New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon
Pennsylvania, Washington—and the District of Columbia have
limited the number of days that a woman may work in succession,
in the majority of cases to six days out of seven.
Time for meals.
Thirteen States—Arkansas, California, Delaware, Kansas, Louisi
ana, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, North Dakota, Ohio
Pennsylvania, Washington, Wisconsin—and the Territory of Porto
Rico have provided that a period of time varying from 30 minutes
to 1 hour must be allowed for the noonday meal.
Rest periods.
Twelve States—Arkansas, Delaware, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine,
Maryland, Massachusetts, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania,
Washington, Wisconsin—the District of Columbia, and the Territory
of r orto Rico have ruled that a woman can work only a fixed number
of hours usually five or six, without either a meal period or a rest
period of some sort.
Summary.
A great many of the States which have laws limiting the total
number of hours that a woman may work per day or per week have
not provided for any breaks in her employment. Forty-three
States have limited hours of labor but only 18 States have provided
iat women must have either a day or rest or one shorter workday, or
time for meals or rest periods.
In the States that have industrial commissions the orders for rest
periods, a day of rest, and time for meals have generally been issued
STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN
O
for specific industries or occupations and have considered the special
conditions that apply to each case. For example, Oregon considers
the work in the telephone industry in the large city of Portland as
distinct from that in the State at large, and provides for 1 day of rest
in 7 in Portland, but only for 1 day of rest and 1 short day of 6 hours
in every 14 days for the State at large. In California, Oregon, and
Washington, the industrial welfare commission orders provide the
only form of regulation covering rest periods, time for meals, or 1
day’s rest in 7, although the daily and weekly hour legislation is
covered by acts of the legislature.
NIGHT-WORK LAWS
Sixteen States—California, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Kan
sas, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North
Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Washington,
Wisconsin—and the Territory of Porto Rico prohibit night work for
women in certain industries or occupations. The laws of three of
these States—Indiana, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania cover
only manufacturing, and in South Carolina the law coveis only
mercantile establishments. In both Ohio and W ashington only one
very small group is covered—ticket sellers in Ohio and elevator
operators in Washington. In the remaining 10 States and the Terri
tory of Porto Rico two or more industries or occupations are included.
Two States—Maryland and New Hampshire—limit the hours that a
woman may work at night to 8, although Maryland allows women to
work 10 hours and New Hampshire 10% hours during the day.
The most common period during which night work is prohibited is
from 10 p. m. to 6 a. m. A few of the States, however, set only an
evening limit after which work is not permitted. The longest period
of time during which night work is prohibited is from 6 p. m. to 6
a. m. in textile manufacturing in Massachusetts. Night-work
legislation is found not only in a much smaller number of States
than is legislation limiting the daily and weekly hours of work but m
many States which have both types of legislation the night-work
laws cover a much smaller group of industries or occupations.
SUMMARY OF ALL THE LAWS AFFECTING WOMEN’S
HOURS OF LABOR
No State has regulated each industry or occupation by the passage
of all types of hour-law legislation discussed in the preceding para
graphs. States that regulate daily hours often fail to limit the num
ber of weekly hours, or to provide for one day of rest in seven, lunch
periods, or rest periods, or to prohibit night work. A few States have
6
STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN
a!, types of laws for their industries which employ the greatest
numbers of women, notably Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsyl
vania,. where there are laws of these various kinds covering manu
facturing establishments. The States that have industrial com
missions seem to be establishing regulations that cover all these
points more rapidly than are the ones that depend on separate acts
ol their legislatures for each step.
LAWS REGULATING HOME WORK
About one-fourth of the States have laws either prohibiting or
“g h0me, WOrk' Since women
a very large proportion
, ^1 home workers, so that large numbers of them are affected by
such legislation, these laws are included in this report. Ten States—
NewYn f nva’ p'Taryl;lnd’. Massa°husetts, Michigan, Missouri,
New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee—have prohibited for all
except the immediate members of a family, certain forms of home
2; I"
manufacture of clothing, trimmings, and'tobacco
products. Moreover, certain requirements that must be met by any
one doing home work are established by law in California, Connecti
cut, New Jersey, and Wisconsin. Similar requirements for the
immediate members of the family doing home work are established
by law m all of the States, except Ohio, which allow only the immedi
ate members of a family to do home work. In general, these require
ments are for cleanliness, adequate lighting and ventilation, and
freedom from infectious and contagious disease. The majority of
these laws were passed a number of years ago. While all the other
types of laws considered in this report are constantly changing, the
only States that have changed their home-work laws or regulations
m the last five years are California, New Jersey, and Wisconsin.
MINIMUM-WAGE LAWS
Nine 3 States—California, Colorado, Massachusetts, North Dakota,
Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin—have
laws establishing a minimum wage for women workers. Two
. Utes South Dakota and Utah—have set a minimum wage by law
m specified industries or occupations. The remaining States—Caliiorma, Colorado, Massachusetts, North Dakota, Oregon, Washing
ton and Wisconsin have created boards or commissions with power
to study the various occupations or industries and establish minimumwage rates for each or all of them. This has been done for one or
more groups of workers in all the States except Colorado, where
rough lack of a sufficient appropriation the commission has never
functioned. The awards of the boards or commissions are mandatory
• In Minnesota the attorney general has ruled that the law is unconstitutionauTaptfied to adult
women.
STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN
7
in all the States except Massachusetts, where they can be enforced
only through the strong support of public opinion. The highest
wages set in any of these awards are $16 per week for all industries
in the State of California. Where the rates are set by law they have
not responded to the great rise in the cost of living since 1914. The
rate set by act of the legislature in Utah is $7.50 per week for experi
enced women.
Index
to labor laws in each state
Alabama:
No laws...*___________________
Arizona:
8-hour day________________________
48-hour week________________________
Day of rest.___ __________________________
Arkansas:
9-hour day____________________________
54-hour week_____________________
Day of rest, time for meals, rest periods_______________
California:
8-hour day_________________________
48-hour week____________________________
Day of rest, time for meals_________________________
Night work________________________
Minimum wage____________________
Home work___________________
Colorado:
8-hour day________________________
56-hour week*______________________
Minimum wage_____________________
Connecticut:
10-hour day______________________
55-hour week_____________________________
58-hour week____________________________
Night work_______________________________
Home work__________________
Delaware:
10-hour day______________________
55-hour week______________________
Day of rest, time for meals, rest periods____________
_
Night work_______________________________
District of Columbia:
8-hour day_______ '____________________
48-hour week_____________________
Day of rest, rest periods___________________________
Florida:
No laws_________________________
Georgia:
10-hour day_______________________________
60-hour week___________________________
Idaho:
9-hour day__________________________
63-hour week *__________________________
Illinois:
10-hour day_____________________________
70-hour week*___________________________
Home work________________________________
* No weekly limit in law. This figure represents the daily limit multiplied by 7.
8
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Follows p. 51
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____ 42,45
9
STATE LAWS AFFECTING WOBKING WOMEN
Indiana:
Night work------------------------------------ Home work------------------------------------Iowa:
No laws___________________________
Kansas:
8-hour day-------------------------------------9-hour day-------------------------------------48-hour week----------------------------------49J4-hour week-------------------------------54-hour week----------------------------------Day of rest, time for meals, rest periods
Night work------------------------------------Kentucky:
10-hour day-----------------------------------60-hour week---------------------------------Louisiana:
10-hour day-------- --------------------------60-hour week---------------------------------Time for meals, rest periods--------------Maine:
9-hour day----- -------------------------------54-hour week---------------------------------Rest periods----------------------------------Maryland:
10-hour day----------------------------------60-hour week---------------------------------Rest periods----------------------------------Night work..-------- ------------------- ---
Home work----------------------------------Massachusetts:
9-hour day------------------------------------48-hour week--------------------------------Time for meals, rest periods-------------Night work-----------------------------------Minimum wage-----------------------------Home work----------------------------------Michigan:
9-hour day-------- ---------------------------54-hour week--------------------------------Home work------------------------------ --•
Minnesota:
9-hour day-----------------------------------10-hour day---------------------------------54-hour week-------------------------------58-hour week-------------------------------Time for meals----------------------------Minimum wage----------------------------Missouri:
9-hour day----------------------------------54-hour week-------------------------------Home work------------------------ -—--
Page
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___ 42,45
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1
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____
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14
17
14
17
17
28
38
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21
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_____42,46
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17
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30
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38
Follows p. 51
_____ 42,46
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18
_____ 42,47
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22
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_____ 22,25
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Follows p. 51
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18
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______ 43,47
10
STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN
Mississippi:
10-hour day_______________ _
55-hour week____________
60-hour week_____________
Montana:
8-hour day____________
56-hour week *____________
Nebraska:
9-hour day______________
54-hour week___________
Night work_______________
Nevada:
8-hour day_____________
56-hour week____________
New Hampshire:
1034-hour day________________
54-hour week_____________
Night work_________________
New Jersey:
10-hour day____________
54-hour week____________
Day of rest_________________
Night work_________________
Home work____________
New Mexico:
8-hour day________________
9-hour day_____________
10-hour day________________
48-hour week________________
56-hour week*_________
60-hour week____________
New York:
8-hour day1____________
9-hour day___________
48-hour week1______________
49}^-hour week 1_____________
54-hour week_________
Day of rest, time for meals_____________
Night work________________
Home work____________
North Carolina:
11-hour day____:i________
60-hour week_____________
North Dakota:
8J^-hour day_______________
9-hour day___________
48-hour week____________
58-hour week___________
Day of rest, time for meals, rest periods.^. _
Night work__________________
Minimum wage____________
« See foctniteon^1;
™S fW6 rePreSentS the daily limit
Page
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22
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14
14
— -.........
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18
38
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14
14
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24
39
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22
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31
39
47
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14
18
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22
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---------- 14, 18
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22
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--------- 18, 25
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--------39
--------- 43, 48
------------------------------------------------------------Follows p
7.
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24
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19
16
19
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51
state
Laws
Ohio:
9-hour day__________________________
50-hour week_______________________
Day of rest, time for meals-----------------Night work-------------------------------------Home work_________________________
Oklahoma:
9-hour day_________________________
54-hour week----------------------------------Oregon:
9-hour day_________________________
10-hour day-----------------------------------48-hour week----------------------------------56-hour week----------------------------------70-hour week*---------------------------------Day of rest, rest periods-------------------Night work------------------------------------Minimum wage-------------------------------Pennsylvania:
10-hour day________________________
54-hour week_______________________
Day of rest, time for meals, rest periods.
Night work________________________
Home work________________________
Porto Rico:
8-hour day_________________________
48-hour week----------------------------------Time for meals, rest periods--------------Night work-_______________________
Rhode Island:
10-hour day-----------------------------------54-hour week______________________
South Carolina:
10-hour day-----------------------------------12-hour day_______________________
55-hour week--------- _----------------------60-hour week---------------------------------Night work-----------------------------------South Dakota:
10-hour day_______________________
54-hour week--------------------------------Minimum wage------------------------------Tennessee:
lOJ^-hour day-------------------------------57-hour week______________________
Home work----------------------------------Texas:
9-hour day-----------------------------------54-hour week--------------------------------Utah:
8-hour day-----------------------------------48-hour week--------------------------------Minimum wage-----------------------------No weekly limit in law. This figure represents the daily limit multiplied by 7.
61927°—27------3
11
affecting woe king women
Page
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40
43
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Follows p. 51
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Follows p. 51
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_______ 44, 50
______
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20
______
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______
15
. Follows p, 51
12
State laws affecting Wokking women
Vermont:
lOJ^-hour day__________________
56-hour week______________
Virginia:
10-hour day___________________
70-hour week*_______________
Washington:
8-hour day__________________
56-hour week*______________
Day of rest, time for meals, rest periods___________
Night work_____________________
Minimum wage_______________
West Virginia:
No laws___________________
Wisconsin:
9-hour day__________________
10-hour day________________________
50-hour week.*________________
54-hour week____________________
55-hour week____________________
Time for meals, rest periods________________
Night work__________ ______________
Home work___________________
Minimum wage____________________
Wyoming:
SJdj-hour day_______________________
56-hour week___________________
Page
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_
* No weekly limit in law. This figure represents the daily limit multiplied by 7.
24
24
23
23
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15
------------15
--------36
-----------41
Follows p. 51
---------
1
--------
20
23
------------
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20
20
-------------------------------Follows p.
23
36
51
51
---------------
16
16
41
Chart I.—EIGHT-HOUR
AND EIGHT-AND-A-HALF-HOUR LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS
PART A.—EIGHT-HOUR LAWS 1
State
California.
In “Henning’s General Laws of California,”
1920 (ed. by W. H. Hyatt), ch. 153, Act 2034,
pp. 1065-1067.
Overtime
Occupations or industries specified
48 hours..
Any manufacturing or mercantile establishment, confec
tionery store, bakery, laundry, place of amusement,
hotel, restaurant, telephone or telegraph office or ex
change, or other establishment. Exceptions: Domestic
work; nurses; telephone or telegraph office or exchange
employing 3 or less women; harvesting, curing, canning,
or drying of perishable fruits and vegetables during
period necessary to save products from spoiling.
48 hours..
Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment,
laundry, hotel, public lodging house, apartment house,
hospital, place of amusement, or restaurant, or telegraph
or telephone establishment or office, or the operation
of elevators in office buildings, or any express or transpor
tation company. Exceptions: Graduate nurses in hos
pitals, and fruit, fish, or vegetable canning or drying
establishments during period necessary to save products
from spoiling.
General and professional offices.
Industrial Welfare Commission Order, No. 9,
1920.
Industrial Welfare Commission Orders, Nos.
3a, 5a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 11a, 15a, 1923.
48 hours, 6 days Work may be done on the seventh day if time
and a quarter is paid.
(basic).
48 hours, 6 days.
Industrial Welfare Commission Orders, Nos.
3a, 6a, and 8a, 1923.
48 hours (basic),
6 days (basic).
In emergencies more than 8 hours per day may be
worked if time and a quarter is paid for all
hours up to 12 and double time for all hours in
excess of 12, and if time and a quarter is paid
for first 8 hours of the day of rest and double
this time and a quarter for all hours over 8.
Labeling in the fruit and vegetable canning industry;
labeling and office work in the fish canning industry;
mercantile industry; laundry and dry-cleaning industry;
dried fruit packing industry; office workers in the citrus
packing or green fruit and vegetable packing industries;
manufacturing industry; nut cracking and sorting in
dustry.
.
.
Fruit and vegetable canning industry; fish-canning indus
try; citrus packing and green fruit and vegetable packing
industries.
Unclassified occupations.
Industrial Welfare Commission Order, No. 48 hours..
10a,1923.
Colorado.
Industrial Commission may allow overtime in Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishments,
In “ Compiled Statutes of Colorado,” 1921, ch.
laundry, hotel, or restaurant.
cases of emergency, provided the minimum
75, secs. 4118-4119, pp. 1033-1034, and ch.
wage is increased.________________________
77, sec. 4207, p. 1055._____________
1 Wisconsin has an industrial commission order limiting the working hours of women on street railways to 8 per day, but no women are employed in such a capacity in Wisconsin.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
Arizona.
In “Session Laws of Arizona,” 1927, ch. 44,
pp. 106-107.
Weekly limit
CO
Chaet I.—EIGHT-HOUR
AND EIGHT-AND-A-HALF-HOUR LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS—Continued
PART A.—EIGHT-HOUR LAWS—Continued
State
Weekly limit
District of Columbia.
In “The District of Columbia Code,” 1924,
p. 613.
48 hours, 6 days.
Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment,
laundry, hotel, or restaurant, or telegraph or telephone
establishment or office, or any express or transportation
company.
8 hours (basic),
6 days (basic).
48 hours_______
Telephone operators.
Montana.
In “ Revised Codes of Montana, ” 1921, Vol. I,
Political Code, Part III, ch. 219, sec. 3076,
pp. 1145-1146.
Nevada.
In “ Revised Laws of Nevada,” 1919, pp. 2774
2775, and in “Session Laws of Nevada,”
1923, ch. 69, pp. 95-96.
New Mexico.
In “Session Laws of New Mexico,” 1921, ch.
180, secs. 1 and 4, pp. 386-388.
Ibid., sec. 7......... ..........
Occupations or industries specified
Public housekeeping occupation, i. e., the work of wait
resses in restaurants, hotel dining rooms, and boarding
houses; all attendants employed at ice cream parlors, soda
fountains, light lunch stands, steam table or counter work
in cafeterias and delicatessens where freshly cooked foods
are served, and confectionery stores where lunches are
served; the work of chambermaids in hotels, lodging and
boarding houses, and hospitals; the work of janitresses, of
car cleaners, and of kitchen workers in hotels, restaurants,
and hospitals; elevator operators, cigar stand and cashier
girls connected with such establishments.
Retail stores; 2 hours daily during the week
before Christmas.
56 hours.......... .
Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment,
telephone exchange room or office, or telegraph office,
laundry, hotel, or restaurant.
Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment,
laundry, hotel, public lodging house, apartment house,
place of amusement, or restaurant, express or transpor
tation company. Exceptions: Nurses or nurses in train
ing, harvesting, curing, canning, or drying of perishable
fruit or vegetable.
4 hours weekly if time and a half is paid and the
total hours of labor for a 7-day week do not
exceed 60.
Indefinite overtime allowed in emergencies
resulting from flood, fire, storm, epidemic of
sickness, or other like causes.
Any mechanical establishment or factory, or laundry, or
hotel, or restaurant, cafe, or eating house, or any place of
amusement. Exceptions: Females employed in offices
as stenographers, bookeepers, clerks, or in other clerical
work and not required to do manual labor; canneries or
other establishments engaged in preparing for use perish
able goods; females engaged in interstate commerce where
the working hours are regulated by any act of Congress
of the United States.
Telephone establishment or office thereof. Exceptions:
Shift working between 9 p. m. and 7 a. in.; establishments
where 5 or less operators are employed and where the
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O E K IN G W O M E N
Kansas.
Public Service Commission Order, No. 5.
Aug. 1, 1927.
Ibid., No. 4, Aug. 1, 1927...........................
Overtime
average number of calls per hour answered by one opera
tor does not exceed 230; females engaged in interstate
commerce where the working hours are regulated by any
act of Congress of the United States.
Factory, i. e., mill, workshop, or other manufacturing
9 hours daily, 49H hours weekly, may be worked
establishment; laundries.
in order to make 1 shorter workday per week.
463, pp. 1133-1135.
Additional overtime to the extent of 78 hours per
year may be worked, provided that not
more than 10 hours daily and 54 hours or 6
days weekly may he worked.
Establishments canning perishable products.
From June 15 to Oct. 15.
Id “Cahill’s Consolidated Laws of New
10 hours daily.
York,” 1923, ch. 32, sec. 173, p. 1197.
60 hours weekly.
6 days per week.
. .
From June 25 to Aug. 5, with the permission or
the industrial commission:
12 hours daily.
66 hours weekly.
6 days per week.
.
Exceptions: Work requiring continuous stand
In "Industrial Code of New York,” 1920,
ing; labeling or packing cans.
Mercantile establishments. Exceptions: Dec. 18-24, inclu
Industrial Commission Order, p. 187.
9 hours daily, 49J4 hours weekly, may be worked
sive; writers or reporters in newspaper offices may work t
In “Session Laws of New York, 1927, ch. 48 hours, 8 days
in order to make 1 shorter workday per week.
days per week.
453, pp. 1133-1135.
Additional overtime to the extent of 78 hours per
year may be worked provided that not more
than 54 hours or 6 days may be worked m any
1 week, and that daily hours must be lim
ited to 10 except on 1 day per week.
Telephone opera
1 hour daily it double time is paid and the maxi Any lucrative occupation. Exceptions: domestics over 16
^°r InSession Laws of Porto Rico,” 2d sess., 48 hours..
tors, telegraphers, artists, nurses, or
mum weekly hours are not exceeded.
years of age.
1919, No. 73, pp. 496-506.
Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment,
Utain "Session Laws of Utah,” 1919, ch. 70, p. 242. 48 hours..
laundrv, hotel, restaurant, or telegraph or telephone
establishment, hospital, or office, or any express or trans
portation company. Exceptions: Packing or canning of
perishable fruits or vegetables, manufacturers of con
tainers of same during packing season, emergencies when
life or property is in imminent danger.
NC*n^'Session Laws of New York,” 1927, ch.
«-
i industrial Welfare Committee has ruled that with certain exceptions women
ol Rest Chart.
Mechanical or mercantile establishment, laundry, hotel
or restaurant. Exceptions: Harvesting, packing, curing,
canning, or drying perishable fruits or vegetables, can
ning fish and shellfish.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
''raSIn',1“Pierce’s Code of the State of 'Washing
ton,” 1921, Vol. I, sec. 3456, p. 1057.
48 hours, 8 days
in manufacturing and public housekeeping occupations can only work 6 days per week. See Day
Or
Chart I.
EIGHT-HOUR AND EIGHT-AND-A-HALF-HOUR LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS—Continued
PART B —EIGHT-AND A-HALF-HOUR LAWS
State
Weekly limit
Wyoming.
In “Session Laws of Wyoming,” 1923, ch. 62.
pp. &2-S3.
’
48 hours, 6 days. 10 hours daily, 7 days per week, permitted in
emergencies provided weekly hour limit is not
exceeded. Emergency is defined as sickness of
more than one female employee, the protec
tion of human life, banquets, conventions,
celebrations, session of the State Legislature,
reporter in any of the courts of the State.
56 hours..
Indefinite overtime allowed when an emergency
exists, or unusual pressing business, or neces
sity demands it, if time and a half is paid for
every hour of overtime in any one day.
Chart II.—NINE-HOUR
State
Arkansas.
In “ Digest of the Statutes of Arkansas,” 1921
(e_d. by T. D. Crawford and Hamilton
Moses), ch. 117, secs. 7102-7114, pp. 1856
1859, and in “Session Laws of Arkansas.”
3921, No. 140, pp. 214-216.
Industrial Welfare Commission Orders
“Regulating employment of females in
hotels and restaurants,” 1919.
Occupations or industries specified
Weekly limit
Any manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establish
ment, hotel or restaurant, or telephone or telegraph estab
lishment or office, or in any express or transportation
company. Exceptions: Villages and towns of less than
oOO population; rural telephone exchanges; small tele
phone exchanges and telegraph offices where special rules
are established by the Workmen’s Compensation Bureau.
Any manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establish
ment, laundry, hotel, public lodging house, apartment
house, place of amusement, or restaurant, or telephone
or telegraph establishment or office, or in any express
or transportation company. Exceptions• Telephone or
telegraph office or exchange in which 3 or less females
are employed; the harvesting, curing, canning, or drying
of any variety of perishable fruit or vegetable: nurses in
training in hospitals.
LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS
Overtime
*
Occupations or industries specified
54 hours, 6 days. Any industry, where it can be shown beyond Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment,
question of doubt that observance of the law
laundry, or any express or transportation company. Ex
would work irreparable injury, may work over
ceptions: Cotton factories, gathering of fruits or farm
time 90 days a year, with the permission of the
products.
industrial welfare commission if time and a
naif is paid for all hours over 9 per day.
6 days....... ..........
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
North Dakota.
In “Session Laws of North Dakota.,’ 1927,
ch. 142, pp. 186-187.
Overtime
Idaho.
. .
„
_
In “Compiled Statutes of Idaho, 1919, Vol.
I, Political Code, sec. 2330, p. 653.
Ibid., No. 3, Aug. 1, 1927
Maine.
In “Kevised Statutes of Maine," 6th ed.,
1916, pp. 1650-1652.
Massachusetts.
In “General Laws of Massachusetts,” 1921,
Vol. II, ch. 149, secs. 56-58, pp. 1564-1565,
and in “Session Laws of Massachusetts,”
1921, ch. 280, pp. 319-321.
49^2 hours-------- 2Yi hours of overtime weekly is allowed if daily
hours are not exceeded.
49M hours, 6 4Yi hours of overtime weekly is allowed in cases
of emergency. Canneries, creameries, condays.
densaries, and poultry houses are allowed this
overtime without penalty for 6 weeks during
their peak season or for 2 periods not to exceed
3 weeks each. Cream testers may work 6}4
days per week between May 1 and September
1, if weekly hours do not exceed 54. Poultry
dressing and packing businesses during the
season from October 15 to December 24 arc
allowed to work 11 hours per day and 58 hours
per week for 4 of these 6 weeks and 11 hours per
day and 60 hours per week for the remaining
2 weeks, provided 1 of these latter weeks falls
between November 1 and Thanksgiving and
the other between Thanksgiving and Christ-
Laundry occupations, i. e., laundries, dyeing, dry cleaning,
and pressing establishments.
Manufacturing occupation, i. e., all processes in the pro
duction of commodities. Florists shops and candy mak
ing departments of confectionery stores and bakeries are
also included. Exceptions: Millinery workrooms, dress
making establishments, hemstitching and button shops,
and alteration, drapery, and upholstery departments o£
a mercantile establishment may obtain permission from
the women’s division of the public service commission to
operate under the mercantile order.
Mercantile establishments: includes all establishments
54 hours, 6 days. 10-hour working day allowed once a week, pro
operated for the purpose of trade in the purchase or sale of
vided maximum weekly hours do not exceed 54.
any goods or merchandise, and includes the sales force, the
wrapping employees, the auditing and checking force,
the shippers, in the mail order department, the receiving,
marking and stock-room employees, sheet music sales
women and demonstrators, and all employees in such
establishments in any way directly connected with the
sale, purchase, and disposition of goods, wares, and mer
chandise.
54 hours.
In order to get 1 short day per week, overtime is
permitted if the maximum weekly hours are
not exceeded.
Workshop, factory, manufacturing, or mechanical estab
lishment, or laundry. Exceptions: Manufacturing es
tablishment or business, the materials and products of
which are perishable.
48 hours.
In seasonal employments, 52 hours per week if
average for year is 48 hours per week. In
emergencies overtime is allowed in publicservice occupations. Hotel employees not em
ployed in a manufacturing, mercantile,, or
mechanical establishment connected with a
hotel are permitted to work 1 hour overtime
daily if the maximum weekly hours are not
exceeded.
Factory or workshop or any manufacturing, mercantile,
mechanical establishment, telegraph office, or telephone
exchange, or any express or transportation company, or
any laundry, hotel, manicuring or hair-dressing estab
lishment, motion-picture theater, or an elevator operator
or a switchboard operator in a private exchange.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
Public Service Commission Order, No. 1,
Aug. 1, 1927.
Ibid., No. 2, Aug. 1, 1927.................................
Mechanical or mercantile establishment, laundry, hotel, or
restaurant, or telegraph or telephone establishment or
office, or any express or transportation company. Ex
ceptions: Harvesting, packing, curing, canning, or drying
perishable fruits or vegetables.
Chart II.—NINE-HOUR
LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS—Continued
00
State
Michigan.
In “Session Laws of Michigan.” 1927. Act
No. 21, pp. 25-26.
Weekly limit
1 hour of overtime daily if the weekly hours are
not exceeded.
Factory, mill, warehouse, workshops, quarry, clothing,
dressmaking or millinery establishment, or any place
where the manufacture of any kinds of goods is carried
on, or where any goods are prepared for manufacturing,
or any laundry, store, shop, or any other mercantile
establishment, or any office or restaurant, theater, con
cert hall, music hall, hotel, or operating an elevator, or
on street or electric railways. Exceptions: Preserving
and shipping perishable goods in fruit and vegetable
canning or fruit packing establishments.
Mechanical or manufacturing establishment, telephone,
or telegraph establishment in cities of the first or second
class. Exceptions: Canning if employment does not last
more than 75 days in any 1 year.
Missouri.
In “Revised Statutes of Missouri,” 1919, Vol.
II, ch. 54, Art. 4, sec. 6771, p. 2132.
54 hours..............
Nebraska.
In “Compiled Statutes of Nebraska,” 1922.
Civil Administrative Code, Title IV, Art.
II, secs. 7659-7661, pp. 2360-2361.
Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment
or factory, workshop, laundry, or bakery, or restaurant,
or any place of amusement, or stenographic or clerical
work of any character in the above industries, or any
express or transportation or public utility business or
common carrier or public institution. Exceptions: Es
tablishments canning and packing perishable farm prod
ucts in places under 10,000 population for 90 days an
nually; telephone companies; towns, or cities having a
population of 3,000 or less.
54 hours_______
Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment,
laundry, hotel, or restaurant, office, any public-service
corporation in metropolitan cities and cities of the first
class.
New Mexico.
In “Session Laws of New Mexico,” 1921, ch
180, secs. 2, 3, 5, and 6, pp. 386-388.
New York.
“Cahill’s Consolidated Laws of New York,”
1923, ch. 32, sec. 182, p. 1198.
2 hours on Saturday in mercantile establishments Mercantile establishments; and person, firm or corpora
provided the maximum weekly hours are not
tion engaged in any express or transportation or public
exceeded; 4 hours weekly in emergencies if
utility business or any common carrier. Exceptions:
time and a half is paid and the total hours of
Drug stores; females engaged in interstate commerce
labor for a 7-day week do not exceed 60.
where the working hours are regulated by an act of Con
gress of the United States.
54 hours, 6 days.
Work in or in connection with restaurants in cities of the
first and second class. Exceptions: Singers and per
formers of any kind, attendants in ladies’ cloak rooms
and parlors, employees in or in connection with the
dining rooms and kitchens of hotels or in connection with
employees’ lunch-rooms or restaurants.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
Minnesota.
In “General Statutes of Minnesota,” 1913,
sec. 3S51, p. 879, and in “Session Laws of
Minnesota, 1927, ch. 349, p. 479.
Occupations or industries specified
In order to get 1 shorter workday per week, over
time is permitted, if the maximum weekly
hours are not exceeded.
54 hours.
Overtime
Ibid., sec. 183, p. 1198......................................... 54 hours, 6 days.
Ibid., sec. 184, p. 1198........................... -........... 54 hours, 6 days
61927
North Dakota.
Minimum Wage Department Order No. 1,
1922.
58 hours..
Ohio.
.
In "Page’s General Code of Ohio,
I, sec. 1008, p. 12.
1926, Vol.
Oklahoma.
In “ Compiled Statutes of Oklahoma,
secs. 7222-7225, pp. 2579-2580.
1921,
Oregon.
Industrial Welfare Commission Orders, Nos.
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, and 45,1919.
Public housekeeping occupation. (Public housekeeping
occupation includes the work of waitresses in restau
rants, hotel dining rooms, boarding houses, and all at
tendants employed at ice cream and light lunch stands
and steam table or counter work in cafeterias and del
icatessens where freshljr cooked foods are served, and the
work of chambermaids in hotels and lodging houses and
boarding houses and hospitals and the work of janitresses
and car cleaners and of kitchen workers in hotels and
restaurants and hospitals and elevator operators.)
Factory, workshops, telephone or telegraph office, mil
50 hours, 6 days. Mercantile establishments; 1 hour on Saturday...
linery or dressmaking establishment, restaurant, the
distribution or transmission of messages, in or on any
interurban or street railway car, or as ticket sellers or
elevator operators, or in any mercantile establishment
located in any city. Exceptions: Canneries and estab
lishments preparing for use perishable goods daring the
canning season.
Telephone operators in time of disaster and Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment,
54 hours..
laundry, bakery, hotel, or restuarant, office building or
epidemic if consent of employee is secured and
warehouse, telegraph or telephone establishment or office,
double time paid. Hotel and restaurant em
or printing establishment, or book bindery, or any
ployees in emergencies may work 1 hour
theater, show house, or place of amusement, or any
overtime per day if consent of employee is
other establishment employing any female. Exceptions:
secured and double time paid.
Registered pharmacists, nurses, agricultural or domestic
labor, establishments outside of towns or cities of 5,000
population and employing less than 5 females.
48 hours, 6 days.
Manufacturing occupation, i. e., all processes in the pro
duction of commodities. Includes the work performed
in dressmaking shops, and wholesale millinery houses, in
the workrooms of retail millinery shops, and in the
drapery and furniture covering workrooms, the garment
alteration, art needle work, fur garment making and
millinery workrooms in mercantile stores, and the candy
making department of retail candy stores, and of res
taurants. Exceptions: Fruit and vegetable drying, can
ning, preserving and packing establishments.
Mercantile occupation, i. e., the work of those employed
in establishments operated for the purpose of trade in
the purchase or sale of any goods or merchandise, and
includes the sales force, the wrapping employees, the
auditing or check inspection force, the shippers in the
mail-order department, the receiving, marking and stock
room employees, and sheet-music saleswomen and
demonstrators.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
O
Custody or management of or operation of any elevator
for freight or passengers in any building or place.
Conductor or guard on any street, surface, electric, sub
way, or elevated railroad.
CO
Chart II.—NINE-HOUR
LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS—Continued
to
o
State
Weekly limit
Oregon—Continued
Industrial Welfare Commission Orders. Nos.
37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, and 45, 1919.
48 hours, 6 days.
48 hours..
Texas.
111 “P^^cd Civil Statutes of Texas,” 1925,
Vol. II, secs. 5168-5172, pp. 1450-1451.
54 hours.
Laundries in cases of extraordinary emergency,
provided consent of employee is secured, may
work 2 hours overtime per day, provided
weekly maximum is not exceeded and double
time is paid for all hours above 9 daily. W oolen
and cotton mills 1 hour daily, 6 hours weekly,
if double time is paid for all hours above 9
daily.
Wisconsin.
In “Wisconsin Statutes,” 1925, Vol. I, secs
103.01-103.04, pp. 1134-1135.
'
50 hours.
In “Industrial Commission Order regulating
pea-canning factories,” 1927.
54 hours.
In “Industrial Commission Order on factories
canning cherries, beans, com, or tomatoes.”
1927.
54 hours.
10 hours daily may be worked during emergency
periods, if time and a half is paid and such
periods do not exceed 4 weeks in any one year
and the weekly hours worked do not exceed 55
11 hours daily, 60 hours weekly, may be worked
in emergencies by women over 17 years of age
on not more than 8 days during the season, if
33 cents an hour is paid for all hours in excess
of 9 per day.
10 hours daily, 60 hours weekly, may be worked
m emergencies by women over 17 years of age,
on not more than 8 days during the season, if
33 cents an hour is paid for all hours in excess
of 9 per day.
Occupations or industries specified
Laundry occupation, i. e., all the processes connected with
the receiving, marking, washing, cleaning, and ironing,
and distribution of washable and cleanable materials.
The work performed in laundry departments in hotels
and factories.
Personal service occupation, i. e., manicuring, hairdressing
bartering and other work of like nature, and the work of
ushers in theaters.
Telephone or telegraph occupations in the city of Portland.
Pu^housekeeping occupation, i.e., hotel, restaurant,
boarding house, car cleaners, janitresses, elevator op
erators.
^
Telephone and telegraph occupations outside of the city of
Portland. Exceptions: Rural telephone establishments
which do not require the uninterrupted attention of an
operator may be granted special licenses by the Indus
trial Welfare Commission.
Factory, mine, mill, workshop, mechanical or mercantile
establishment, laundry, hotel, restaurant, or rooming
house, theater or moving-picture show, barber shop, tele
graph, telephone, or other office, express or transporta
tion company, State institution, or any other establish
ment, institution, or enterprise where females are em
ployed. Exceptions: Stenographers, pharmacists, tele
phone and telegraph companies, mercantile establish
ments in rural districts and in cities of less than 3,000
population.
’
Place of employment, i. e., manufacturing, mechanical, or
mercantile establishment, laundry, restaurant, confec
tionery store, or telegraph or telephone office or exchange
or any express or transportation establishment
Pea-cannmg factories.
Canning cherries, beans, com, or tomatoes.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
Industrial Welfare Commission Order, No 43,
Overtime
Chart
III.—TEN-HOUR LAWS
PART A—FOR WOMEN WORKERS
State
Overtime
Occupations or industries specified
Manufacturing or mechanical establishment.
55 hours, 6 days. 2 hours on 1 day weekly, provided weekly maxi
mum is not exceeded.
Mercantile, mechanical, or manufacturing establishment,
laundry, baking or printing establishment, telephone and
telegraph office or exchange, restaurant, hotel, place of
amusement, dressmaking establishment, or office. Ex
ceptions: Canning or preserving or preparation for canning
or preserving of perishable fruits and vegetables.
Illinois.
In “ Revised Statutes of Illinois," 1925 (ed. by
James C. Cahill), ch. 48, secs. 26-30, p. 1153.
Mechanical or mercantile establishment, or factory, or
laundry, or hotel or restaurant, or telegraph or telephone
establishment or office thereof, or any place of amuse
ment, or any express or transportation or public utility
business, or common carrier, or public institution.
Kentucky.
In “The Kentucky Statutes," 1922, 6th ed.
(ed. by John D Carroll), Vol II, ch. 135b,
sec. 4866b-2, p. 2315.
Louisiana.
In “Constitution and Statues of Louisiana,"
1920 (ed. by Solomon Wolf), Vol. II, pp.
1082 and 1084.
Laundry, bakery, factory, workshop, store, or mercantile,
manufacturing, or mechanical establishment, or hotel, res-*
taurant, telephone exchange, or telegraph office.
Maryland.
In “Annotated Code of the Public General
Laws of Maryland,” 1924 (ed. by George P.
Bagby), Vol. II, Art. 100 secs. 54-57, pp.
3104-3105.
Mill, factory, mine, packing house, manufacturing estab
lishment, workshop, laundry, millinery or dressmaking
stores, or mercantile establishments or hotel or restau
rants or in any theater or concert hall or in or about any
place of amusement where intoxicating liquors are made
or sold, in any bowling alley, bootblacking establish
ment, freight or passenger elevator, or in the transmission
or distribution of messages, whether telegraph or tele
phone or any other messages, or merchandise or in any
other occupation whatsoever. Exceptions: Stores or
mercantile establishments on Saturday nights in which
more than 5 persons are employed.
2 hours on Saturdays and the 6 days before
Christmas in retail mercantile establishments
outside of the city of Baltimore, if two rest
periods of 1 hour each are granted on each day
overtime is worked and 9 hours constitute the
maximum day during the remainder of the
year.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
Connecticut.
In “General Statutes of Connecticut," Revi
sion of 1918, sec 5301, p. 1486.
Delaware.
In “ Session Laws of Delaware," 1917, ch. 230,
pp. 741-742.
Weekly limit
Manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile, printing, baking,
or laundering establishment. Exceptions: Canning, pre
serving, or preparing for canning or preserving of perish
able fruits and vegetables.
*0
Chart
III.—TEN-HOUR LAWS—Continued
to
to
PART A—FOR WOMEN WORKERS—Continued
State
Overtime
58 hours.............. In order to get 1 shorter day per week overtime
is permitted if the weekly maximum hours
are not exceeded. Mercantile establishments
may work 11 hours on Saturdays, provided
the weekly maximum hours are not exceeded.
58 hours............ In order to get one short workday per week
overtime is permitted if the weekly maximum
hours are not exceeded.
In “ Labor Laws of Minnesota,” 1919, Laws
1909, ch. 490, p. 100 (issued by the Depart
ment of Labor and Industries, St. Paul,
Minn.), and in “Session Laws of Minne
sota,” 1927, ch. 349, p. 479.
Mississippi.
In “Annotated Mississippi Code,” 1917 (ed. 60 hours.............. Permitted in cases of emergency or public neces
by William R. Hemingway), Vol. II, sec.
sity.
4527, p. 2166.
New Jersey.
In “First Supplement to the Compiled Stat 54 hours, 6 days.
utes of New Jersey,” 1911-1915, sec. 83, p.
866, and in “Session Laws of New Jersey,”
1921, ch. 194, p. 510.
New Mexico.
In “Session Laws of New Mexico,” 1921, ch.
180, sec. 7, pp. 386-388.
Oregon.
In “Oregon Laws,” 1920, Vol. II, sec. 6689,
p. 2676.
Pennsylvania.
In “Digest of Pennsylvania Statute Laws,”
1920, secs. 13540-13542, p. 1331.
In “Regulations affecting the employment of
women,” 1925, Rule W-10, May 19, 1925.
60 hours.............. Indefinite overtime allowed in emergencies re
sulting from flood, fire, storm, epidemic of
sickness, or other like causes.
Overtime is allowed if time and a half is paid for
all hours over 10 per day.
54 hours, 6 days. 2 hours on not more than 3 days of the week, if
a legal holiday occurs during the week and
the maximum weekly hours are not exceeded.
Occupations or industries specified
Mercantile establishments, restaurant, lunch room, or eat
ing house, or kitchen operated in connection therewith
in cities of the first and second class.
Manufacturing or mechanical establishment outside cities
of the first or second class. Exceptions: Canning if
employment does not last more than 75 days in any one
year.
Laundry, millinery, dressmaking, store or office, mercantile
establishment, theater, telegraph or telephone office, pr
any other occupation. Exception: Domestic servants.
Manufacturing or mercantile establishment, bakery,
laundry or restaurant. Exceptions: Canneries engaged
in packing a perishable product, such as fruits or vege
tables; hotels or other continuous business where working
hours do not exceed 8 per day.
Any telephone establishment or office thereof; shift working
between 9 p. m. and 7 a. m. Exceptions: Establishments
where 5 or less operators are employed and where the
average number of calls per hour answered by one opera
tor does not exceed 230; females engaged in interstate com
merce where the working hours are regulated by an act
of Congress of the United States.
Canneries or driers or packing plants.
Any establishment, “The term ‘establishment’ when
used in this act shall mean any place within this Com
monwealth where work is done for compensation of
any sort to whomever payable.” Exceptions: Nurses in
hospitals, work in private homes, farming, canning of
fruit and vegetable products.
Private home which through contract with telephone
company becomes an exchange. Exceptions: Night
work need not be limited as to hours if a general average
of at least 6 hours rest during the night is possible.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
Minnesota.
In “General Statutes of Minnesota,” 1913,
sec. 3851, p. 879.
Weekly limit
Rhode Island.
tt _ . .
In “ General Laws of Rhode Island, Revision
of 1923, ch. 91, secs. 22 and 23, p. 405.
South Dakota.
In “Session Laws of South Dakota, 1923,
ch. 308, p. 328.
Factory, manufacturing, mechanical, business, or mercantile establishment.
12 hours daily may be worked on the 5 days
preceding Christmas.
Wisconsin.
In Wisconsin Statutes,
pp. 1134-1135.
iy/o, sec.
Hotel.
iuo.uz,
1 Virginia enforces section 4570 of the code of 1918, which prohibits work on Sunday.
PART B.—FOR ALL EMPLOYEES
Georgia.
. , . .
In “The Georgia Code,”(ed. by T. J. Michie),
1928, sec. 3137, p. 807.
Permitted to make up time lost, not to exceed
10 days annually, caused by accidents or other
unavoidable circumstances. Permitted to
work regularly more than 10 hours per day
provided weekly hours are not exceeded.
Cotton or woolen manufacturing establishments. Ex
ceptions: Engineers, firemen, watchmen, mechanics,
teamsters, yard employees, clerical forces, cleaners,
repairmen.
Mississippi.
. „ . „
, ,
In “Annotated Mississippi Code,” 1917 (ed.
by Wm. R. Hemingway), Vol. II, sec. 4523,
pp. 2164-2165, and in “ Session Laws of Mis
sissippi,” 1924, ch. 314, pp. 541-543.
30 minutes daily for the first 5 days of the week,
the additional time so worked to be deducted
from the last day of the week. 11M hours per
mitted for night work on the first 5 nights of
the week and 3% hours on Saturday night
provided weekly hours do not exceed 60.
Mill, cannery, workshop, factory, or manufacturing estab
lishment. Exceptions: Fruit or vegetable canneries;
cases of emergency or where the public necessity requires.
South Carolina.
In “Code of Laws of South Carolina,
sec. 24, p. 133.
60 hours of overtime may be worked annually
to make up lost time caused by accident or
unavoidable cause, but such time must be
made up within 3 months after it was incurred.
Cotton and woolen manufacturing establishments engaged
in the manufacture of yarns, cloth, hosiery, and other
products of merchandise. Exceptions: Mechanics, en
gineers, firemen, watchmen, teamsters, yard employees,
and clerical force.
1922,
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
Virginia.
In “Session Laws of Virginia,” 1926, ch. 538,
pp. 895-96.
Any employer, or other person having control of any
woman. Exceptions: Farm laborers, domestic servants,
telegraph and telephone operators, persons engaged in
the care of livestock.
Any factory, workshop, laundry, restaurant, mercantile or
manufacturing establishment. Exceptions: Bookkeepers,
stenographers, cashiers or office assistants', factories
packing fruits or vegetables; mercantile establishments
in towns of less than 2,000 or in country districts.
Chart
iv.—ten-and-a-quarter-hour,
ten-and-a-half-hour,
eleven-hour,
and twelve-hour laws
ts>
PART A.—TEN-AND-A-QUARTER-HOUR-LAW FOR WOMEN WORKERS
Weekly limit
New Hampshire.
In “Public Laws of New Hampshire,” 1926,
ch. 176, secs. 14-21, pp. 680-681.
54 hours..............
Overtime
Occupations or industries specified
Manual or mechanical labor in any employment. Excep
tions: Household labor and nurses, domestic, hotel, and
boarding house labor, operators in telephone and tele
graph offices, and farm labor, manufacture of munitions
or supplies for the United States or State during war
time. Mercantile establishments on the 7 days preced
ing Christmas, provided annual weekly average does
not exceed 54 hours.
PART B.—TEN-AND-A-HALF-HOUR LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS
Tennessee.
In “Thompson’s Shannon’s Tennessee
Code,” 1918, secs. 4342a-51-4342a-52, pp.
1863-1864.
57 hours.
Vermont.
In “General Laws of Vermont,” 1917, sec.
5837, p. 1001, and in “Session Laws of Ver
mont,” 1919, No. 160, p. 172.
Workshop, factory (i. e., manufacturing, mills, mechani
cal, electrical, mercantile, art, and laundering establish
ments, printing, telegraph and telephone offices, depart
ment stores, or any kind of establishment wherein labor
is employed or machinery is used). Exceptions: Domes
tic service and agricultural pursuits.
56 hours.
Mine or quarry, manufacturing or mechanical establish
ment. Exceptions: In any manufacturing establishment
or business, the materials or products of which are per
ishable, the commissioner of industries, with the approval
of the governor, may suspend the law for a period not to
exceed two months in any one year.
PART C.—ELEVEN-HOUR LAW POR ALL EMPLOY]EES
North Carolina.
In “Consolidated Statutes of North Caro
lina,” 1919, sec. 6554, p. 595.
60 hours.......... ..
All factories and manufacturing establishments. Excep
tions: Engineers, firemen, superintendents, overseers,
section and yard hands, office men, watchmen, repairers
of breakdowns.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
State
PART D.
-TWELVE-HOUR LAW FOR WOMEN WORKERS
Mercantile establishments.
South Carolina.
„ 1ftoo
In "Code of Laws of South Carolina,’ 1922,
Vol. II, Criminal Code, ch. 7, sec. 35, p. 137.
State
Weekly limit
C°n{^''Session Laws of Connecticut,” 1925, ch.
58 hours, 6 days.
208, pp. 3997-3998.
Ibid., ch. 158, pp. 3933-3934 and ch. 153, p. 3930. 58 hours..
^Ia InRevised Statutes of Maine,” 6th ed.,
54 hours..
1916, pp. 1650-1652.
Minnes<rta.^or Lawg Qt Minnesota,” 1919, Laws of 58 hours..
1909, ch. 499, p. 100 (issued by the Depart
ment of Labor and Industries, St. Paul,
Minn.).
I^cw York
In “Cahill’s Consolidated Laws of New 54 hours, 6 days.
York,” 1923, ch. 32, sec. 185, p. 1198.
°refndiistrial Welfare Commission Order, No.
48 hours, 6 days
44, 1919.
Industrial Welfare Commission Order, No.
48, 1920.
56 hours..
Overtime
Occupations or industries specified
Public restaurant, caf§, dining room, barber shop, hair
dressing or manicuring establishment, or photo gallery.
Exceptions: Hotels.
.
... _
,
„
Anv bowling alley, shoe-shin mg establishment, or billiard or
pool room. Any mercantile establishment. Exceptions.
Mercantile establishments from Dec. 17 to 25 if employer
grants at least 7 holidays with pay annually.
Telephone exchange employing more than 3 operators,
mercantile establishment, store, restaurant, telegraph
office, or any express or transportation company, hxcepceptions: Millinery shops or stores on the 8 days prior to
Easter Sunday and on Dec. 17 to 24, inclusive; public
service in cases of emergency or in cases of extraordinary
public requirement.
Mercantile establishments outside cities of the first or
second class.
Messenger for a telegraph or messenger company in the
distribution, transmission, or delivery of goods or mesOffice occupation, i. e., stenographers, bookkeepers, typists,
billing clerks, filing clerks, cashiers, checkers, invoice™,
comptometer operators, auditors, attendants in physi
cians’ offices and dentists’ offices, and all kinds of clerical
work.
Student nurses.
STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN
Chart V.__ WEEKLY HOUR LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS
Chart VI—LAWS
PROVIDING r0E A ?£Iio°&EK
Day of rest or one shorter workday
Arizona.
In “ Session Laws of Ari
zona,” 1927, ch. 44, pp.
106-107
Every employer shall provide for
1 full day of rest a week for every
female.
Arkansas.
In “Digest of the Stat
utes of Arkansas, ” 1919
(ed. by T. D. Crawford
and Hamilton Moses),
eh. 117, secs. 7102-7107,
pp. 1856-1857.
Industrial Welfare Com
mission Order, “Regu
lating employment of
females in hotels and
restaurants,” 1919.
California.
Industrial Welfare Com
mission Order, No. 4,
1919.
Industrial Welfare Com
mission Order, No. 13,
1920.
No female shall be employed more
than 6 days in any one week.
Time for meals
No person, firm, or corporation
shall employ or suffer or permit
any woman ... to work more
than 6 days in any one week.
rest
Time allowed for noon luncheon
shall not be less than three-quar
ters of an hour. (Females.)
No female shall be employed or
permitted to work more than 6
hours continuously without an
interval of at least three-quarters
of an hour. Exceptions: 6J4
hours’ continuous labor if such
employment ends not later than
half-past 1 in the afternoon and
the worker is dismissed for the
remainder of the day.
Manufacturing, mechanical, or mer
cantile establishment, laundry or any
express or transportation company.
Exceptions: Cotton factories, gather
ing of fruits or farm products.
Hotels and restaurants.
Females are entitled to 1 hour for
meals, either at noontime or at
evening, but at noon they may
not be permitted to return to
work in less than one-half hour.
Females are entitled to threequarters of an hour for the noon
time meal, but they may not be
permitted to return to work in
less than one-half hour. They
are allowed 1 hour for the even
ing meal.
to
Occupations or industries specified
Any manufacturing or mercantile es
tablishment, confectionery, store,
bakery, laundry, place of amuse
ment, hotel, restaurant, telephone or
telegraph office or exchange, or
other establishment. Exceptions:
Telephone or telegraph office or ex
change employing 3 or less women;
nurses; adult women employed 6
hours or less per day.
No female shall be employed more
than 6 days in any one week.
No person, firm, or corporation
shall employ or suffer or permit
any woman ... to work more
than 6 days in any one week.
Rest periods
MEA“, AHD
Laundry and dry cleaning and manu
facturing industries.
Mercantile establishments.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
State
™
Industrial Welfare Com
mission Orders, Nos.
3a, 5a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 11a,
15a, 1923.
Every woman and minor shall be
entitled to 1 day’s rest in 7.
Exceptions: Emergencies, m
which case work may go on if
time and a quarter is paid for the
first 8 hours and double time for
all hours above 8.
Every employer employing wo
Industrial Welfare Com
men . . . shall provide for 1 full
mission Orders, Nos.
day of rest a week. Exceptions:
10a, 12a, 1923.
Women working 6 hours per day
may work 7 days per week.
Delaware.
No female shall be employed more
In “ Session Laws of Del
than 6 days in any one calendar
aware,” 1917,’ ch. 230,
wreek.
pp. 741-742.
Industrial Welfare Com
mission Orders, No. 9,
1920, and Nos. 3a, 6a,
8a, 1923.
District of Columbia.
In “The District of Co
lumbia Code,” 1924,
p. 613.
No female shall be employed more
than 6 days in any one week.
Unclassified occupations; hotels and
restaurants.
Not less than 30 minutes shall be
allowed to every female . . . for
the midday .or evening meal.
No female shall be employed or
permitted to work more than 6
hours continuously without an
interval of at least three-quarters
of an hour. Exceptions: 6X
A
hours of continuous labor if such
employment ends not later than
half-past 1 in the afternoon and
the worker is dismissed for the
remainder of the day.
Mercantile, mechanical, or manufac
turing establishment; laundry, bak
ing, or printing establishment; tele
phone and telegraph office or ex
change; restaurant, hotel, place of
amusement, dressmaking establish
ment, or office. Exceptions: Cannine or nreserving or preparation for
No female shall be employed or Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercan
tile establishments, laundry, hotel,
permitted to work more than 6
or restaurant, or telegraph or tele
hours continuously without an
phone establishment or office, or any
interval of at least three-quarters
express or transportation company.
of an hour. Exceptions: (1) 6X
A
hours continuous labor if such
employment ends not later than
half-past 1 in the afternoon and
the worker is dismissed for the
remainder of the day. (2) Es
tablishments or occupation in
which less than 3 females are
employed.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
Labeling in the fruit and vegetable
canning industry; mercantile indus
try; labeling and office work m the
fish canning industry; laundry ana
dry cleaning industry; dried fruit
packing industry and office workers
in the citrus packing and green fruit
and vegetable packing industry,
manufacturing industry; nut crack
ing and sorting industry.
General and professional offices; fruit
and vegetable canning industry; fish
canning industry; citrus packing and
green fruit and vegetable packing
industry.
No employer shall employ or suffer
or permit any woman to work
. . . more than 6 days in any one
week.
.fcO
—I
C“"
PE0VIMNG "“PASS
State
6 days shall constitute a basic week
for all women and minors.
Ibid., No. 1, Aug. 1, 1927.
Ibid., No. 2, Aug. 1, 1927. Employment for women and
minors shall be limited to 6 days
in a week, with l day of rest in
every 7 days
I^.. No. 3, Aug 1.192L ^---orininor^ll be™during each week.
Ibid., No. 4, Aug. 1, 1927.
Time for meals
Rest periods
Occupations or industries specified
The day’s work shall be divided [ Telephone operators.
into two shifts, one of which
shall not exceed 5 hours’ dura
tion. (Females.)
No female person shall be per Laundry occupation, i. e., laundries
mitted to work more than 6
d^ei£?Vdry cleaning, and pressing
consecutive hours without relief
establishments.
for meals.
Relief for lunch shall be 1 hourprovided that the Women's'
Division of the Public Service
Commission on application of
both employer and employee
may reduce this period to onehalf hour. (Female workers.)
the meal relief shall not be less Not more than 5 hours shall be
than 45 minutes. (Females.)
worked in any one period with
Exceptions: The Public Service
out relief for meals (Females )
Commission may grant a shorter
lunch period in any particular
industry or where the industry
operates on an 8-hour basis the
lunch period shall not be less
than 30 minutes.
ReliN formeals,! hour. (Woman
:— ,
x
■ v Divi
or minor.) The Women’s urnai
sion of the Public Service Com
mission, upon application show
ing that both employer and em
ployee prefer a shorter period,
may grant a lunch period of not
less than 45 minutes.
Relief for meals shall not be less
than 20 minutes. (Woman or
minor.)
No woman or minor shall be em
ployed for more than 5 hours
without relief for meals.
No woman or minor shall be per
mitted to work for more than 5
hours without relief for meals.
gg
Manufacturing occupation, i. e, all
processes in the production of com
modities Florists’ shops and candymakmg departments of confectionery
stores and bakeries also are included.
Exception: Millinery workrooms'
dressmaking establishments, hem
stitching and button shops, and alter
ation, drapery, and upholstery de
partments of a mercantile establish
ment may obtain permission from
the Court of Industrial Relations to
operate under the mercantile order
Mercantile establishments; includes
all establishments operated for the
purpose of trade in the purchase or
sale of any goods or merchandise,
and includes the sales force, the wrap
ping employees, the auditing and
checking force, the shippers in the
mail-order department, the receiving
marking, and stock-room employees!
sheet music sales-women and dem
onstrators, and all employees in such
establishments in any way directly
co^nj^ed
the sale, purchase
and disposition of goods, wares, and
merchandise.
Public housekeeping occupation, i. e.,
the work of waitresses in restaurants,
hotel dining rooms, and boarding
STA TE LAW S
Public Service Commis
sion Order, No. 5,
Aug. 1, 1927.
Day of rest or one shorter workday
TIME E0R MEALS, AND EEST
>
s
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fcd
Q
i-3
w
3
O
3
o
Pd
g
M
3
o
3
o
s
H
5!
Louisiana.
In “Constitution and
Statutes of Louisiana,”
1920 (ed. by Solomon
Wolf), Vol. II, p. 1090.
In ‘ ‘ Constitution and
Statutes of Louisiana,”
1920 (ed. by Solomon
Wolf), Vol. II, pp. 1082
and 1084.
Maine.
In “Revised Statutes of
Maine,” 6th ed., 1916,
pp. 1650-1662.
All females shall be allowed 1 hour
each day for dinner. Excep
tions: In case two-thirds of em
ployees so desire, 30 minutes
only may be allowed
Each day, between the hours of All persons, firms, or corporations doing
business at retail.
10 a. m. and 3 p. m., not less than
30 minutes for lunch or recrea
tion shall be allowed female
labor or female clerks.
Mill, factory, mine, packing house,
manufacturing establishment, work
shop, laundry, millinery or dress
making stores, or mercantile estab
lishments, or hotel or restaurants, or
in any theater or concert hall or in
or about any place of amusement
where intoxicating liquors are made
or sold or in any bowling alley, boot
blacking establishment, freight or
passenger elevator, or in the trans
mission or distribution of messages,
whether telegraph or telephone or
any other messages, or merchandise,
or in any other occupation whatso
ever. Exceptions: Stores or mercan
tile establishments in which not more
than 5 persons are employed on Sat
urday nights.
No female shall be employed or
permitted to work more than
6 hours continuously without an
interval of at least 1 hour. Ex
ceptions: 6X hours’ continuous
A
labor if such employment ends
not later than half past 1 in the
afternoon and the worker is dis
missed for the remainder of the
day.
Workshop, factory, manufacturing, or
mechanical establishment, or laun
dry, telephone exchange employing
more than 3 operators, or mercantile
establishments, store, restaurant, tele
graph office, or any express or trans
portation company.
Exceptions:
Public services in cases of emergency,
or in cases of extraordinary public
requirement, manufacturing estab
lishment, or business the materials
and products of which are perishable.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O B K IN G W O M E N
houses; all attendants employed at
ice cream parlors, soda fountains,
light lunch stands, steam table or
counter work in cafeterias and deli
catessens where freshly cooked foods
are served, and confectionery stores
where lunches are served; the work
of chambermaids in hotels, lodging
and boarding houses, and hospitals;
the work of janitresses, of car cleaners,
and of k’tchen workers in hotels, res
taurants and hospitals; elevator op
erators, cigar stand and cashier girls
connected with such establishments.
to
cO
0“” V,'“LAWS PR0VIDING “"pAJSS %HEE«EKliil4SY'TIME F0R
REST
CO
o
State
Day of rest or one shorter workday
Time for meals
Minnesota.
In “General Statutes of
Minnesota,” 1913, sec.
3851, p. 879.
Manufacturing, mechanical, mercan
tile, printing, baking, or laundering
establishments. Exceptions: Estab
lishments employing less than 5
persons; canning, preserving or pre
paring for canning or preserving of
perishable fruits and vegetables.
Mercantile establishments outside of
the city of Baltimore where work is
permitted for 12 hours on Saturdavs
Christmas Eve, and the 5 days pre
ceding Christmas Eve
See “Time for meals”__
Factory or workshop in which 5 or
more women or persons under 18
years of age are emploved. Excep
tions: Ironworks, glass works, paper
mills, letter-press establishments,
print works, bleaching works, or dye
ing works, or continuous processes
exempted by the department of labor
and industries with the approval
of the governor.
I
| No woman shall be employed
more than 6 hours at one time
without an interval of at least
45 minutes for a meal. Excep
tions: 614 hours at any one time
if such employment ends not
later than 1 o’clock in the after
noon and the worker is dis
missed for the remainder of the
day; 7J4 hours at any one time
if worker is allowed sufficient
opportunity to eat a lunch, and
if such employment ends not
later than 2 o’clock in the after
noon and the worker is dis
missed for the remainder of the
day.
At least 00 minutes shall be allowed
for the noonday meal. Excep
tions: Commissioner of labor may
issue permits allowing a shorter
time.
At least 20 minutes for lunch shall
be allowed when employees are
required or permitted to work
more than 1 hour overtime after
6p.m. (females).
Mercantile establishment, restaurant
lunch room, or eating house, or
kitchen operated in connection there
, hmchanical or manufacturing
establishment; telephone or telegraph
establishment in cities of the first and
second class.
GO
i>
-S
l>
to
A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
Massachusetts.
In “General Laws of
Massachusetts,” 1921,
Vol. II, eh. 149, secs.
100-101, p. 1576.
Occupations or industries specified
No female shall be employed or
permitted to work more than 6
hours continuously without an
interval of at least a half hour.
Exceptions: 6\4 hours’ continu
ous labor if she shall not be per
mitted to work during the re
mainder of the day. All females
shall have at least two rest inter
vals of not less than 1 hour each.
Maryland.
In “Annotated Code of
the Public General
Laws of Maryland,”
1924 (ed. by George P.
Bagby), Vol. II, Art.
ICO, secs. 54-57, pp.3104
3105.
Rest periods
New Jersey.
In “ First Supplement to
the Compiled Statutes
of New Jersey,” 1911
1915, sec. 83, p. 866.
No female shall be employed,
allowed, or permitted to work
more than 6 days in any one
week.
New York.
In “ Session Laws of New
York,” 1927, ch. 453,
(a) sec. 172, pp. 1133
1134, (b) sec. 181, pp.
1134-1135: and “ Cahills
Consolidated Laws of
New York,” 1923, ch.
32, (c) sec. 182, p. 1198,
(d) sec. 183, p. 1198, (e)
•sec. 185, p. 1198.
No female shall be employed more
than 6 days in any week.
In “ Cahill’s Consoli No female shall be employed more
than 6 days in any week.
dated Laws of New
York,” 1923, ch. 32,
sec. 184, p. 1198.
North Dakota.
In “Session Laws of No female shall be employed more
than 6 days... in any one week.
North Dakota,” 1927,
ch. 142, pp. 186-187.
Not less than 1 hour shall be al
lowed for meals. Exceptions:
The commissioner of labor may
grant permission for a shorter
meal period. (Females.)
Factory, workshop, store, or mill.
Manufacturing or mercantile estab
lishment; bakery, laundry, restau
rant. Exceptions: Canneries en
gaged in packing a perishable pro
duct, such as fruits or vegetables;
hotels or other continuous business
where working hours do not exceed
8 per day.
(a) Factory, i. e., mill, workshop, man
ufacturing establishment, laundries,
(b) Mercantile establishment. Ex
ceptions: Writers or reporters in
newspaper offices, (c) Work in or
in connection with restaurants in
cities of the first and second class.
Exceptions: Singers and performers
of any kind, attendants in ladies
cloak rooms and parlors; employees
in or in connection with the dining
rooms and kitchens of hotels or in
connection with employees’ lunch
rooms or restaurants, (d) Custody
or management of or operation of
any elevator for freight or passengers
in any building or place. Exceptions:
Hotels, (e) Messenger for a tele
graph or messenger company in the
distribution, transmission or delivery
of goods or messages.
Conductor or guard on any street,
surface, electric, subway or elevated
railroad.
Manufacturing, mechanical, or mer
cantile establishment, laundry, hotel,
or restaurant, or telephone or tele
graph establishment or office, or any
express or transportation company.
Exceptions: Rural telephone ex
changes and in villages and towns of
less than 500 population.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O K K IN G W O M E N
At least 60 minutes shall be allowed
for the noonday meal. Excep
tions: Commissioner of labor may
issue permits allowing a shorter
time.
.
, ,
,
At least 20 minutes for lunch
shall be allowed when employees
are required or permitted to
work more than 1 hour overtime
after 6p.m. (females).
In “Labor Laws of Min
nesota,” 1919. Laws,
1909, ch. 499, p. 101
(issued by the depart
ment of labor and in
dustries, St. Paul,
Minn.).
CO
Chart
VI.- -LAWS PROVIDING «.BADAT 0/0*
State
Minimum Wage Depart
ment Order, No. 2,1922.
Minimum Wage Depart
ment Order, No. 4,
1922.
Minimum Wage Depart
ment Order, No. 5,
1922.
Time for meals
Rest periods
30 minutes shall be allowed for
meals if they are furnished on
the premises; 60 minutes for
lunch if employees must leave
premises. (Females.)
No woman shall be employed for
more than 4 hours of continuous
labor without a rest period.
g
Occupations or industries specified
Public housekeeping occupation, i. e.,
the work of waitresses in restaurants,
hotel dining rooms, boarding houses,
and all attendants employed at ice
cream and light lunch stands, and
steam table or counter work in cafe
terias and delicatessens where freshly
cooked foods are served and the work
of chambermaids in hotels and lodg
ing houses and boarding houses and
hospitals, and the work of janitresses
and car cleaners and of kitchen work
ers in hotels and restaurants and hos
pital and elevator operators.
A 30-minute period for the noon No woman shall be employed for Manufacturing occupation, i. e., all proc
meal shall be the minimum al
more than 5H hours of continu
esses in the production of commodi
lowed. (Females.)
ous labor without a rest period.
ties. Includes the work performed
in dressmaking shops and wholesale
millinery houses, in the work-rooms of
retail millinery shops, and in the dra
pery and furniture covering work
shops, the garment alteration, art,
needlework, fur garment making, and
millinery workrooms in mercantile
stores, and the candy making depart
ments of retail candy stores and of
restaurants, and in bakery and bis
cuit manufacturing establishments,
in candy manufacturing and in book
binding and job press feeding estab
lishments.
A 30-minute period for the noon No woman shall be employed for Laundry occupation, I. e., aH the proc
meal shall be the minimum al
more than 5 hours of continuous
esses connected with the receiving,
lowed. (Females.)
labor without a rest period.
marking, washing, cleaning, ironing,
and distribution of washable or cleanable materials The work performed
in laundry departments in hotels,
hospitals and factories.
Adequate time and provision at
Telephone establishments.
seasonable hours must be given
to the employees for meals.
(Females.)
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
North Dakota—Continued.
Minimum Wage Depart
ment Order, No. 1,1922.
Day of rest or one shorter workday
SHORTERWORKDAY. TIME FOR MEALS, AND REST
Females shall be entitled to not
less than 30 minutes for meal
time in establishments where
lunch rooms are provided, and
to not less than 1 hour for meal
time in establishments where no
lunch rooms are provided.
In “ Pagers General Code
of Ohio,” 1926, Vol. I,
sec. 1008, p. 12.
No female shall be employed, per
mitted, or suffered to work more
than 6 days in any one week.
Oregon.
Industrial Welfare Com
mission Order, No. 36,
1918.
Industrial Welfare Com
mission Orders, Nos.
37,38,39, and 41,1919.
No person shall employ any
woman . . . for more than 6 days
in one calendar week.
Factory, workshop, telephone or tele
graph office, millinery or dressmak
ing establishment, restaurant; the
distribution or transmission of mes
sages, in or on any interurban or
street railway car, or as ticket sellers
or elevator operators, or in any mer
cantile establishment located in any
city. Exceptions: Canneries and es
tablishments preparing for use per
ishable goods during the canning
season.
No woman shall be employed on All occupations.
two successive days without an
interval of 9 hours’ rest between
such days.
No person shall employ any Mercantile occupations, i. e., the work
of those employed in establishments
woman ... for more than 6 hours
operated for the purpose of trade in
of continuous labor without a
the purchase or sale of any goods or
rest period of at least 45 minutes.
merchandise, and includes the sales
force, the wrapping employees, the
auditing or check inspection force, the
shippers in the mail-order depart
ment, the receiving, marking and
stock-room employees, and sheet
music saleswomen and demonstrators.
Manufacturing occupation, i. e., all
processes in the production of com
modities. Includes the work per
formed in dressmaking shops, and
wholesale millinery houses, in the
workrooms of retail millinery shops,
and in the drapery and furniture cov
ering workrooms, the garment altera
tion, art needle work, fur-garment
making and millinery workrooms in
mercantile stores, and the candy
making department of retail candy
stores, and of restaurants. Excep
tions: Fruit and vegetable drying,
calming, preserving, and packing es
tablishments
S T A T E L A W S A E E E C t I N G W O R K IN G W O M E N
Idem___
Factory, workshop, business office*,
telephone or telegraph office, restau
rant, bakery, millinery or dressmak
ing establishment, mercantile, or
other establishment.
CO
CO*
Chart VI.—LAWS
PROVIDING FOR A DAY OF REST, ONE SHORTER WORKDAY, TIME FOR MEALS, AND REST
PERIODS FOR WOMEN WORKERS—Continued
?
State
Day of rest or one shorter workday
Time for meals
CO
.
Rest periods
Occupations or industries specified
Laundry occupation, i. e., all the proc
esses connected with the receiving,
marking, washing, cleaning and iron
ing and distribution of washable and
cleanable materials. The work per
formed in laundry departments in
hotels and factories.
Personal-service occupation, i. e., mani
curing, hairdressing, barbering, and
other work of like nature and the
work of ushers in theaters.
Office occupation, i. e., stenographers,
bookkeepers, typists, billing clerks,
filing clerks, cashiers, checkers, invoicers, comptometer operators, audi
tors, attendants in physicians’ and
dentists’ offices, and all kinds of cleri
cal work.
Telephone or telegraph occupations,
public housekeeping occupation, i. e.,
hotel, restaurant, boarding house, car
cleaners, janitresses, elevator opera
tors.
Telegraph occupation.
Oregon—Continued.
No person shall employ any
woman ... for more than 6 days
in one calendar week.
No person shall employ any
woman ... for more than 6 hours
of continuous labor without a
rest period of at least 45 minutes.
Industrial Welfare Com
mission Orders, Nos. 40
and 44,1919.
No person shall employ any
woman ... for more than 6 days
in one calendar week.
No person shall employ any
woman ... for more than 6 hours
of continuous labor between 7
a. m. and 8.30 p. m., without a
rest period of at least 45 minutes.
Industrial Welfare Com
mission Orders, Nos.
42, 43, and 45, 1919.
Industrial Welfare Com
mission Orders, Nos.
42 and 43, 1919.
No person shall employ any
woman ... for 7 consecutive
days without allowing 1 day
during which the hours of ernloyment shall not exceed 6
ours.
Industrial Welfare Com No person shall employ any
mission Order, No. 42,
woman ... for more than 6
1919.
days in one calendar week.
Commission may except ex
changes employing less than 10
operators.
Industrial Welfare Com No person shall employ any
mission Order, No. 43,
woman for 14 consecutive days
1919.
without 1 full day of rest.
No person shall employ any
woman ... for 14 consecutive
days without 1 day of not more
than 6 hours’ work. Commis
sion may except exchanges em
ploying less than 10 operators.
No person shall employ any
woman ... for more than 6 hours
of continuous labor between 7
a. m. and 8.30 p. m., without a
rest period ef at least 45 minutes.
Telephone occupation in the city of
Portland.
Telephone occupation outside the city
of Portland.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
Industrial Welfare Com
mission Orders, Nos.
37, 38, 39, and 41, 1919.
Pennsylvania.
In “Digest of the Penn
sylvania Statute Law,”
1920, secs. 1354 0-13542,
13545, 13546, p. 1331.
No female shall be employed or
permitted to work for more
than 6 days in any one week.
Any establishment. “The term ‘es
tablishment' when used in this act
shall mean any place within the
Commonwealth where work is done
for compensation of any sort to
whomever payable.”
Exceptions:
Nurses in hospitals, work in private
homes, farming, canning of fruit and
vegetable products.
Hotels, boarding houses, charitable,
educational, and religious institu
tions.
Short terms summer hotels operating
4 months per year.
Hotels and institutions employing not
more than 10 women.
Hotels employing more than 10 women.
Time allowed for meals shall be No woman shall work in each
period for more than 4 hours.
not less than 1 hour. (Females.)
Any lucrative occupation.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
The 1 day of holiday in 7 may be
subdivided into 2 days of 12
hours each at the discretion of
the industrial board. (Fe
males.)
[Industrial Board], Rule Women employees may be granted
1 whole day of rest or (provided
W-3, December, 1926.
daily hours do not exceed 8) 2
half days in each calendar week.
Ibid., Rule W-l, Decem Women employees may be granted
1 day of rest per week by any
ber, 1926.
one of the following methods:
(1) 1 complete day; (2) 24 hours
consecutive rest beginning at
any hour of the day; (3) Sunday
off one week, a week day off the
next week; (4) alternate Sundays
off with one-half week day.
Equals 2 full days per fortnight;
(5) 2 half holidays of at least 5
hours each (only in case daily
hours do not exceed 8).
Women employees shall be given
1 complete <Jay off in each cal
endar week, or 24 hours of con
secutive rest beginning at any
hour of the day.
Porto Rico.
In “Session Laws of
Porto Rico,” 2d sess.,
1919, No. 73, pp. 496-497
Not less than 45 minutes shall be No female shall be employed or
permitted to work more than
allowed to every female em
6 hours continuously without
ployed or permitted to work
an interval of at least 45 min
. . . for the midday meal. Ex
utes. If females work less than
ceptions: If females work less
8 hours per day, the interval
than 8 hours per day the mid
between work periods may be
day meal time may be reduced
reduced to not less than 30
to not less than 30 minutes.
minutes.
8
Chart VI.-
-laws pboviding FOB aojy %rME#ggSt-WCSA/' TIME F0R MEAES’ A™
State
Industrial Welfare Com
mittee Order, No. 25,
1921.
Industrial Welfare Com
mittee Order, No. 27,
1921.
Industrial Welfare Com
mittee Order, No. 28,
1921.
Industrial Welfare Com
mittee Order, No. 29,
1922.
Wisconsin.
In “Wisconsin Statutes,"
1925, Vol. I, secs. 103.01
103.02, pp. 1134-1135.
Time for meals
Minimum wage is set for a 6-day
week. (Females.)
Minimum wage is set for a 6-day
week. (Females.)
Not less than 1 hour shall be al
lowed for a luncheon period.
(Females.)
Minimum wage is set for a 6-day
week. (Females.)
Not less than 1 hour shall be al
lowed for a noonday luncheon
(Females.)
No female shall be employed for
more than 6 days in any one
week.
Occupations or industries specified
No female shall be employed more
than 5 hours without a rest
period of at least one-half hour.
No female shall be employed more
than 6 days in any one week.
Exceptions: Emergencies, when
women may be employed 10
days before a day of rest is given
them, provided they receive at
least 4 days rest in any 28-day
period.
Rest periods
Public housekeeping industry, i. e.,
linen-room girls, chambermaids,
cleaners, kitchen girls, dishwashers,
pantry girls, pantry servers, wait
resses, counter girls, bus girls, elevator
operators, janitresses, laundry workers
(except when a commercial laundry
is operated), and any other occupa
tion which would properly be classi
fied under Public Housekeeping.
The establishment shall include:
Hotels, rooming houses, boarding
houses, restaurants, cafes, cafeterias,
lunch rooms, tea rooms, apartment
houses, hospitals (not nurses), phil
anthropic institutions, and any other
which may be properly classified
under this industry.
Laundry, dry-cleaning or dye works
occupation, trade or industry.
No female shall be employed on a
shift of more than 6 hours with
out a rest period of 15 minutes.
Telephone or telegraph lines or any
other public occupation. Exceptions:
Occupations regulated by orders
numbered 23, 25, 28 and 29.
Mercantile establishment.
Manufacturing occupations, trades, and
industries.
No female shall be allowed less
than 1 hour during each day or
night for dinner or other meals.
Exceptions: The commission
may modify this provision.
Place of employment (i. e., manufac
turing, mechanical, or mercantile
establishment; laundry, restaurant,
confectionery store, or telegraph or
telephone office or exchange, or any
express or transportation establish
ment) .
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
Washington.
Industrial Welfare Com
mittee Order, No. 23,
1921.
Day of rest or one shorter workday
§
Industrial Commission
Order No. 5,1918.
In cities of the first class, manufac
tories which have convenient, ade
quately equipped lunch rooms.
In restaurants where employees eat on
premises.
ers may be 45 minutes.
Industrial Commission
orders regulating pea
canneries, and regulat
ing factories which can
beans, cherries, corn, or
tomatoes.
Chabt VII.—NIGHT-WORK
State
California.
. .
_ ,
Industrial Welfare Commission Orders,
Nos. 7a and 8a, 1923.
Industrial Welfare Commission Orders,
Nos. 11a and 15a, 1923.
Prohibition of
night work
The stretch of work between meal Pea canning factories; factories can
ning beans, cherries, corn, or toma
periods may never exceed 6 hours.
toes.
(Women.) There must be a rest
period of at least 9 consecutive
hours during each 24 hours.
LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS
Limitation of night work
continuous processes
to work
llp.m.to6a.m— Inat night is granted by where a permit commis
the industrial
sion, time and one-half must be paid.
Connecticut.
.
In “ Session Laws of Connecticut,” 1925, ch.
208, pp. 3997-3998, and in same, 1927, ch.
144, pp. 4230-4231.
Ibid., ch. 158, pp. 3933 3934----- ------——----Delaware.
__ .
,,
sec. 3135, p. 1457, and in “ Session Laws of
Delaware,” 1917, ch. 230, pp. 741-742.
If any part of a female’s work is performed be
tween 11 p. m. and 7 a. m. not more than 8 hours
of work in any 24 are permitted.
Indiana.
In “Burns’s Annotated Indiana Statutes,
1926, Vol. Ill, sec. 9411, p. 21.
Occupations or industries specified
Laundry and dry cleaning industry. Dried fruit packing
industry.
, .
.
.,
Manufacturing industry. Nut cracking and sorting in
dustry. Exceptions: In continuous processes under a
permit from the industrial commission.
Public restaurant, caff, dining room, barber shop, hair
dressing or manicuring establishment, photograph gal
lery, any manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile es
tablishment. Exceptions: Hotels. In the event of war
or other serious emergency, governor may suspend
limitations where he deems it necessary.
Any bowling alley, shoe-shining establishment, or billiard
or pool room.
Mechanical or manufacturing establishment, laundry,
baking or printing establishment, office or dressmaking
establishment. Exceptions: Canning or preserving, or
preparation for canning or preserving of perishable fruits
and vegetables.
Mercantile establishments, telephone and telegraph office
or exchange, restaurant, hotel, place of amusement.
Manufacturing.
STATE LAWS AFFECTING WORKING WOMEN
provided the stretch of labor be
tween meals does not exceed 5
hours.
Meal periods of not less than 30
minutes must be given to all
women at the usual time for
meals, i. e., at or about 12 noon,
6 p. m., and 12 midnight.
Chart VII—NIGHT-WORK
State
Prohibition of
night work
Ibid., No. 1, Aug. 1, 1927.
9 p. m. to 6 a.
Ibid., No. 2, Aug. 1, 1927.
Maximum hours shall not exceed 12 for total
work time plus rest time and sleep time for
all operators regularly employed after 10.30
p. m.
9 p. m. to 6 a.
Ibid., No. 3, Aug. 1, 1927.
Limitation of night work
After 9 p. m
Maryland.
In “Annotated Code of the Public General
Laws of Maryland," 1924 (ed. by George
P. Bagby),Vol. II, art. 100, secs. 54-57,
pp. 3104-3105.
Massachusetts.
In “ General Laws of Massachusetts," 1921,
Vol. II, ch. 149, sec. 59, p. 1565.
Nebraska.
In “ Compiled Statutes of Nebraska," 1922,
Civil Administrative Code, Title IV,
Art. II, secs. 7659-7661, pp. 2360-2361.
Occupations or industries specified
Telephone operators.
Laundry occupation, i. e., laundries, dyeing, dry cleaning
and pressing establishments.
Manufacturing occupation, i. e., all processes in the pro
duction of commodities. Florists’ shops and eandvmakmg departments of confectionery stores and bakeries
also are included. Exceptions: Millinery workrooms
dressmaking establishments, hemstitching and button
shops, and alteration, drapery, and upholstery depart
ments of a mercantile establishment may obtain permis
sion from the women's division of the public service
commission to operate under the mercantile order.
Mercantile establishments; includes all establishments
operated for the purpose of trade in the purchase or sale
of any goods or merchandise, and includes the sales force,
the wrapping employees, the auditing and checking
force, the shippers in the mail order department, the
receiving, marking, and stock room employees, sheet
music saleswomen and demonstrators, and all employees
m such establishments in any way directly connected
with the sale, purchase, and disposition of goods, wares
a°d merchandise. Exceptions: The women’s division of
the public service commission may permit mercantile
establishments to remain open one day per week until 10
p. m. in agricultural communities, for any specified num
ber of weeks between June 1 and September 15.
a°y part of a female’s work is performed
before 6 a. m. or after 10 p. m., not more than
8 hours’ work in any one day is permitted.
CO
OO'
Manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile, printing, baking,
or laundering establishment. Exceptions: Canning, pre
serving, or preparing for canning or preserving of perish
able fruits and vegetables.
10 p. m. to 6 a.:
Man ufacturing.
6 p. m. to 6 a. n
Manufacture of textile goods.
10 p. m. to 6 a. i
Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishments,
laundry, hotel, or restaurant, office in metropolitan
cities and cities of the first class. Exceptions: Public
service corporation.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O B K lN G W O M E N
Kansas.
Public Service Commission Order, No. 5.
Aug. 1, 1927.
LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS—Continued
New Hampshire.
In “Public Laws of New Hampshire/' 1925,
eh. 176, secs. 14-21, pp. 680-681.
New Jersey.1
In “Session Laws of New Jersey,” 1923, ch.
144, pp. 312-313.
New York.
In “Session Laws of New York,” 1927, ch.
453, pp. 1133-1135.
Idem____
In “Cahill’s Consolidated Laws of New
York,” 1923, ch. 32, sec. 182, p. 1198.
Ibid., sec. 183, p. 1198.
If any female works at any time between the
hours of 8 p. m. and 6 a. m. on more than 2
nights per week, not more than 8 hours of work
are permitted in any 24 hours or more than 48
hours of work in any week.
10 p. m. to 6 a. m.
10 p. m. to 6 a. m.
10 p. m. to 7 a. m.
10 p. m. to 6 a. m.
10 p. m. to 7 a. m.
Ibid., sec. 184, p. 1198.
10 p. m. to 6 a. m.
Ibid., sec. 185, p. 1198.
10 p. m. to 7 a. in.
North Dakota.
Minimum Wage Department Order, No. 1,
1922.
1 a. m. to 5 a. m_.
11 p. m. to 7 a. m.
i This law contains no enforcement provision and therefore is without effect.
Manual or mechanical labor in any employment. Excep
tions: Household labor and nurses, domestic, hotel, and
boarding house labor, operators in telephone and tele
graph offices, and farm labor, manufacture of munitions
and supplies for the United States or the State during war
time, mercantile establishments on the 7 days preceding
Christmas, provided annual weekly average does not
exceed 54 hours.
Any manufacturing, mercantile establishment, any bakery,
laundry, or restaurant. Exceptions: Canneries engaged
in packing a perishable product, such as fruits or vege
tables.
Factory, i. e., mill, workshop, or other manufacturing estab
lishment, laundries.
Mercantile establishment. Exceptions: Dec. 18-24; writers
or reporters in newspaper offices.
Work in or in connection with restaurants in cities of the
first and second class. Exceptions: Singers and perform
ers of any kind, attendants in ladies’ cloak rooms and
parlors, employees in or in connection with the dining
rooms and kitchens of hotels or in connection with
employees’ lunch rooms or restaurants.
.
Custody, management of, or operation of elevator for freight
or passengers in any building or place. Exceptions: If the
industry occupying the building starts work at 6 a.m.fthe
elevator operator may begin work at that hour. Women
over 21 years in hotels.
Conductor or guard on any street surface, electric, subway,
or elevated railroad.
Messenger for a telegraph or messenger company m the
distribution, transmission, or delivery of goods or mes
sages.
Public housekeeping occupation, i. e., the work of waitresses
in restaurants, hotel dining rooms, boarding houses, and
all attendants employed at ice-cream and light-lunch
stands and steam table or counter work in cafeterias and
delicatessens where freshly cooked foods are served, and
the work of chambermaids in hotels and lodging houses
and boarding houses and hospitals, and the work of
janitresses and car cleaners and of kitchen workers in
hotels and restaurants and hospitals.
Elevator operators.
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.
Chart VII.—NIGHT-WORK
LAWS FOR WOMEN WORKERS—Continued
O
State
Prohibition of
night work
After 9 p. m_..
Ohio.
In, ‘‘-Page’s General Code of Ohio,” 1920,
Vol. I, sec. 1008-1, p. 413.
10 p, m. to 6 a. m
Oregon.
Industrial Welfare Commission Order, No.
37, 1919.
After 6 p. m..
Industrial Welfare Commission Order, No.
38, 1919,
After 8.30 p. m.
Industrial Welfare Commission Orders
Nos. 39 and 41,1919.
After 8.30 p. m..
Occupations or industries specified
Mercantile establishment, i. e., the work of those employed
in establishments operated for the purpose of trade in the
purchase or sale of any goods or merchandise, and in
cludes the sales force, the wrapping force, the auditing or
checking force, the shippers in the mail-order department,
the receiving, marking, and stock room employees, and
sheet-music saleswomen and demonstrators and cigarstand girls.
Ticket sellers.
Mercantile occupation in Portland, i. e., the work of those
employed in establishments operated for the purpose of
trade in the purchase or sale of any goods or merchandise,
and includes the sales force, the wrapping employees the
auditing or check inspection force, the shoppers in the
mail-order department, the receiving, marking, and stock
room employees, and music saleswomen and demonstra
tors. Exceptions: Cigar stands in hotels; confectionery
stores.
Mercantile occupation outside of Portland, i. e., the work of
those employed in establishments operated for the pur
pose of trade in the purchase or sale of any goods or mer
chandise and includes the salas force, the wrapping
employees, the auditing or check inspection force, the
shoppers in the mail-order department, the receiving
marking, and stock room emplovees, and sheet-music
saleswomen and demonstrators. Exceptions: Cigar stands
m hotels; confectionery stores.
Manufacturing occupation, i. e., all processes in the pro
duction of commodities. Includes the work performed
in dressmaking shops and wholesale millinery houses, in
the workrooms of retail millinery shops, and in the
drapery and furniture covering workrooms, the garment
alteration, art needle work, fur garment making, and
millinery workrooms in mercantile stores, and the candymakmg department of retail candy stores, and of restau
rants. Exceptions: Fruit and vegetable drying, canning,
preserving, and packing establishments.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O K K IN G W O M E N
North Dakota—Continued.
Minimum Wage Department Order. No. 3.
1922.
Limitation of night work
Laundry occupation, i. e., all the processes connected with
the receiving, marking, washing, cleaning, and ironing
and distributing of washable and cleanable materials, the
work performed in laundry departments in hotels and
factories.
Elevator operators.
Industrial Welfare Commission Order, No. 11 p. m. to 7 a. m.
45. 1919.
10 p. m. to 6 a. m.
Porto Rico.
In “Session Laws of Porto Rico,” 2d sess.,
1919, No. 73.
10 p. m. to 6 a. m.
South Carolina.
In “ Code of Laws of South Carolina,” 1922,
Vol. II, Criminal Code, ch. 7, sec. 35, p.
137.
Washington.
Industrial Welfare Committee Order, No.
23, 1921.
After 10 p. m.
Mercantile establishments.
After 12 midnight..
Elevator operators.
Wisconsin.1
Industrial Commission Order, No. 1, 1917— 6 p. m to 6 a. m_.
Industrial Commission Orders, Nos. 2 and
3, 1917.
In “Wisconsin Statutes,” 1925, secs. 103.01- ----------------------103.02, pp. 1134-1135.
Ibid., sec. 103.02, pp. 1134-1135.
Manufacturing establishment. Exceptions: Managers, su
perintendents, or persons doing clerical or stenographic
work.
Any lucrative occupation. Exceptions: Telephone opera
tors or telegraphers, artists, nurses or domestics, over 16
years of age.
If anv work performed between 6.30 p. m. and 6
a. m. it shall be limited to 8 hours per night, 48
hours per week.
If any woman works at any time between the
hours of 8 p. m. and 6 a. m. on more than one
night per week, not more than 8 hours of work
in any one night or more than 48 hours of work
in any one week are permitted.
If any woman works at any time between the
hours of 9 p. m. and 6 a. m., not more than 9
hours of work in any one night or more than 54
hours in any one week are permitted.
Manufactories and laundries. Exceptions: Pea canneries.
Mechanical or mercantile establishments, restaurant, con
fectionery store, telegraph or telephone, express or trans
portation. Exceptions: Work may be done on one night
per week without bringing establishment under this
Place of employment, i. e., manufacturing, morchamcal, or
mercantile establishment, laundry, restaurant, confec
tionery store or telegraph or telephone office or exchange,
or any express or transportation establishment.
Hotels.
■ Wisconsin has an industrial commission order prohibiting night work for women on street railways, but no women are employed in such a capacity in Wisconsin.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN 'G W O R K IN G W O M E N
Pennsylvania.
In “Digest of Pennsylvania Statute Law,
1920, secs. 13540, 13541, and 13543, p. 1331.
Chart
VIII.—HOME WORK LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES
to
PART A—LAWS PROHIBITING HOME WORK
Mandatory clause
Places covered by law
Occupations or industries covered by
law
No room or rooms . . . shall be
used . . •
Room or rooms, apartment or
apartments in any tenement
or dwelling house used for
eating or sleeping purposes.
Manufacture, in whole or in part, of
coats, vests, trousers, knee pants,
overalls, cloaks, shirts, ladies’ waists,
purses, feathers, artificial flowers,
cigars . . . made, altered, repaired,
cleaned, sorted, or finished, in whole
or in part, for sale or for wages.
Immediate members of family living
therein.
No room or rooms . . . shall be
used . . .
Room or rooms, apartment or
apartments in any tenement
or dwelling house.
Manufacture of coats, vests, trousers,
knee pants, overalls, cloaks, furs, fur
trimmings, fur garments, shirts,
purses, feathers, artificial flowers, or
cigars for sale.
Immediate members of family living
therein.
No room or apartment. . . shall
be used ...
Room or apartment in any tene
ment or dwelling house, or
part of any tenement or dwell
ing house.
Manufacture, in whole or in part, al
tering, repairing, or finishing of any
articles whatsoever.
Massachusetts.
In “General Laws of
Massachusetts,” 1921,
Vol. II, ch. 149, secs.
143-147, pp. 1584-1585.
Immediate members of family living
therein, i. e., husband, wife, their
children, or the children of either.
Tailor or seamstress employed by fam
ily on articles for family. Articles for
exclusive use of person occupying
house.
Workshop on main or ground floor not
used for cooking or sleeping purposes
and having a separate entrance from
the rest of the building.
A room or apartment. . . shall
not be used for the purpose of
making. . .
A room or apartment in a tene
ment or dwelling house.
Making, altering, repairing, or finish
ing therein coats, vests, trousers, or
wearing apparel of any description.
Michigan.
In “ Compiled Laws of
Michigan,” 1915, Vol.
II, ch. 100, sec. 5343,
pp. 2032-2033.
Members of family dwelling therein.
Room or apartment in a tenement or
dwelling house, not used for living or
sleeping purposes, having a separate
entrance and not connected with any
room used for such purposes.
None of the work mentioned in
this section shall be done in
any room or apartment.
Any room or apartment used for Manufacture of coats, vests, trousers,
living or sleeping purposes orknee pants, overalls, skirts, dresses,
which is connected with room
cloaks, hats, caps, suspenders, jer
or rooms used for such pur
seys, blouses, waists, waistbands,
poses, and which has not a
underwear, neckwear, furs, fur trim
separate and distinct outside
mings, fur garments, shirts, hosiery,
entrance.
purses, feathers, artificial flowers,
cigars, cigarettes, ... or making of
these articles in whole or in part.
Seamstress manufacturing articles for
family use.
State
Indiana.
In “Burns’s Annotated
Indiana Statutes,” 1926,
Vol. Ill, secs. 9422-9423,
pp. 26-27.
Maryland.
In “ The Annotated Code
of the Public General
Laws of Maryland,”
1924 (ed. by Geo. P.
Bagby), Vol. I, art.
27, secs. 301-305, pp.
1066-1070.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O K K IN G
Illinois.
In “Revised Statutes of
Illinois,” 1925 (ed. by
James G. Cahill), eh.
48, secs. 108-115, pp.
1166-1167.
Exceptions
3
o
K
!4
Any room or apartment of a tene Any article manufactured, altered,
repaired or finished.
ment house.
Immediate members of family living
therein.
Dressmakers who deal solely in the
custom trade direct to the consumer
and whose shops are on the ground
or second floor, and who have a per
mit issued by the commissioners of
labor certifying that the premises are
well lighted, well ventilated, and
sanitary, and that there is 1,000 cubic
feet of air space for each person em
ployed therein.
Bakeries for which certificate ©f exemp
tion is issued.
Food, dolls, or dolls’ clothing, article
of children’s or infants’ wearing ap
parel manufactured, altered, re
paired, finished, in whole or in part.
Articles manufactured, altered, re
paired, finished.
No dwelling . . . shall be used
Dwelling or room or building or
apartment thereof in or con
nected with a tenement, dwell
ing, or other building.
Carrying on any process of making
wearing apparel or goods for wear,
use, or adornment, manufacturing
cigars, cigarettes, or tobacco goods in
any form.
Immediate members of family living
therein.
Room or apartment having no window
or door or other opening into a
living or sleeping room of a tenement
or dwelling, and having a separate
entrance, and not in use for living or
sleeping purposes, and sufficiently
lighted, heated, and ventilated.
No room or‘apartment in any
tenement or dwelling house
. . . shall be used ... for the
manufacture ...
Room or apartment in any tene
ment or dwelling house.
Manufacture of coats, vests, trousers,
knee pants, overalls, skirts, dresses,
cloaks, hats, caps, suspenders, jer
seys, blouses, waists, waistbands,
underwear, neckwear, furs, fur trim
mings, fur garments, shirts, hosiery,
purses, feathers, artificial flowers,
cigars, or cigarettes, or making in
whole or in part of these articles.
Immediate, members of family living
therein..
No articles shall be manufac
tured . . .
Pennsylvania.
In “Stewart’s Purdon’s
Digest of the Statute
Law of Pennsylvania,
1700-1903,” secs. 52-56,
pp. 1606-1607, and in
“Supplement to Purdon’s Digest of the
Statute Law of Penn
sylvania, 1905-1915,”
pars. 70-72, sec. 6123.
Members of family dwelling therein
and three additional persons.
Tenement house, in any portion
of an apartment, any part of
which is used for living pur
poses.
In a part of a cellar or basement
•of a tenement house more than
one-half of its height below
the level of the curb.
No article of food . . . shall be
manufactured . . .
Ohio.
In “Page’s General Code
of Ohio,” 1926, Vol. I,
secs. 1020-1021, p. 415.
Manufacture of wearing apparel,
purses, feathers, artificial flowers, or
other goods for male or female wear.
Room or apartment in any tene
ment or dwelling house.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
Missouri.
In “ Revised Statutes of No room or apartment. . . shall
be used. . . .
Missouri,” 1919,Vol. II,
ch. 54, secs. 6834-8836,
pp. 2148-2149.
New York.
In “ Cahill’s Consoli No article shall be manufac
tured ...
dated Laws of New
York,” 1923, ch. 32,
secs. 350-366, pp. 1213—
1214.
CO
t
Chart
VIII.—HOME WORK LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued
rf*.
PART A.—LAWS PROHIBITING HOME WORK—Continued
State
Mandatory clause
Places covered by law
Occupations or industries covered by
law
Exceptions
PART B.—LAWS REGULATING HOME WORK
State
Places covered by law
California.
In “Industrial Wel
fare Commission
Order,” No. 11a,
and No. 15a, 1923.
Any place outside the place
of business of the person
giving out home work.
Occupations or industries
covered by law
Persons whose
work is con
trolled by law
Requirements which must be met be
fore home work is permitted
Manufacturing industry___ Women or minors. Persons hiring work done must ob
tain permit from Industrial Welfare
Commission. Employer must keep
record of all names and addresses of
all home workers, of amount paid
each worker, amount of work per
formed and piece rates paid.
Employer is not permitted to give
out home work to anyone employed
regularly at his place of business.
Exceptions
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
Pennsylvania—Continued.
In “Stewart’s Purdon’s No person, firm, or corporation Any room or apartment in any Manufacture of coats, vests, trousers,
Room or apartment exempted by per
Digest of the Statute
shall hire or employ any per
rear building or building in
knee pants, overalls, skirts, dresses,
mit of factory inspector or his
Law of Pennsylvania,
son ...
the rear of a tenement or
cloaks, hats, caps, suspenders, jer
deputy.
1700-1903,” secs. 52-56,
dwelling house.
seys, blouses, waists, waistbands,
pp. 1606-1607, and in
underwear, neckwear, furs, fur trim
“Supplement to Pur
mings, fur garments, shirts, hosiery,
don’s Digest of the
purses, feathers, artificial flowers,
Statute Law of Penn
cigars, or cigarettes, or making in
sylvania, 1905-1915,”
whole or in part of these articles.
pars. 70-72, sec. 6123.
No person, firm, or corporation Kitchen, living room, or bed Manufacture or partial manufacture Resident members of family, i. e.,
engaged in the manufacture or
room in any tenement house
of clothing or other wearing apparel,
parents and their children or the
sale of clothing . . . shall bar
or dwelling house.
cigars, cigarettes.
children of either.
gain or contract with any per
son ... for the manufacture
Tennessee.
In “Thompson’s Shan No room or rooms . . . shall be Room or rooms, apartment or Manufacture for sale, in whole or in
Immediate members of family living
non’s Tennessee Code,”
used for the manufacture for
apartments in any tenement
part, of coats, vests, trousers, knee
therein.
1918, secs. 4342-a-59 to
sale ...
or dwelling house used for eatpants, overalls, cloaks, shirts, ladies’
4342-a-65, pp. 1865-1866.
mg or sleeping purposes.
waists, purses, feathers, artificial
flowers, cigars, all wearing apparel.
Connecticut.
In “General Statutes All buildings, apartments,
rooms, and places in any
of Connecticut, ” Re
tenement or dwelling
vision of 1918, secs.
house used for residential
2355-2358, p. 729.
purposes.
Indiana.
In “Burns’s Anno
tated Indiana Stat
utes,” 1926, vol. Ill,
secs. 9422-9423, pp.
26-27.
Persons engaged in such work to
notify factory inspector within 30
days after the time of commencing
work. Work has to be done in clean
sanitary rooms properly lighted and
ventilated.
Room or rooms, apartment Manufacture, in whole or in Immediate mem
bers of family
or apartments in any tene
part, of coats, vests, trou
living therein.
sers, knee pants, overalls,
ment or dwelling house
cloaks, shirts, ladies’
used for eating or sleeping
waists, purses, feathers,
purposes.
artificial flowers, cigars, or
House, room, or place.
any wearing apparel of
any kind whatsoever.
Any process of making, al
tering or finishing, clean
ing, sorting, in whole or in
part, for sale or for wages.
Persons so occupied or having control
of such workshop to notify board of
health within 14 days after the time
of commencing work.
Hours of work for females and list of
children employed, with their ages,
to be posted.
Premises to be kept in a cleanly state,
free from any matter of infectious
or contagious nature.
All articles made are subject to inspec
tion and examination.
Employer to keep list of all work
shops in his employ.
Making, in whole or in part, Immediate mem
bers of family
any vests, coats, trousers,
living therein.
knee pants, fur, fur trim
mings, shirts, purses,
feathers, artificial flowers,
or cigars for sale.
Person, firm, or corporation hiring
work done to obtain written permit
from chief inspector who investi
gates premises where work is to be
done before granting permit.
Premises to be adequately ventilated.
Permit states maximum number of
persons who may be employed, pro
viding for not less than 250 cubic feet
of air space per person between the
hours of 6 a. m. and 6 p. m., and for
not less than 400 cubic feet of air
space per person between the hours
of 6 p. m. and 6 a. m. Chief inspec
tor may modify latter provision
allowing 250 cubic feet of air space
er person if electricity is used for
ghting.
Permit may be revoked at any time if
health of community or of those em
ployed therein require it.
Permit to be posted.
No room or rooms, apart
ment, or apartments in
any tenement or dwelling
house, or building in the
rear of a tenement or
dwelling house
S
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O L F IN G W O M E N
Illinois.
In “Revised Statutes
of Illinois, ” 1925,
(ed. by James C. Ca
hill), ch. 48, secs.
108-115, pp. 1166
1167.
Others than the
immediate
members of the
family.
Manufacture of artificial
flowers, purses, cigars, cig
arettes, or any articles of
wearing apparel intended
for sale.
ȣ*Ctr
Chart VIII.—HOME WORK LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued
a>
PART B—LAWS REGULATING HOME WORK—Continued
State
Massachusetts.
In “General Laws of
M assachusetts,”
1921, Vol. II, ch. 149,
secs. 143-147, pp.
1584-1585.
Occupations or industries
covered by law
A room or apartment in any
tenement or dwelling
house, part of any tene
ment or dwelling house.
Manufacturing in whole or
in part, altering, repairing,
or finishing therein any
articles whatsoever.
Immediate mem License to be obtained by persons Articles for the exclusive use
bers of family
desiring to do home work from chief
of person occupying hou^e.
living therein
of bureau of statistics, who consults Employment of tailor or
(husband, wife,
records of local health authorities and
seamtress by person or
their children, or
if premises are reported satisfactory
family to do work for such
the children of
has premises reinspected to verify
person or family.
either).
report.
W orkshop on main or ground
License states maximum number of
floor of any tenement or
persons who may be employed pro
dwelling house not used for
viding for not less than 500 cubic feet
cooking or sleeping pur
of air space per person.
poses and having separate
Premises to be inspected every 6
entrance and which is en
months.
tirely separate from the rest
Premises to be free from infectious,
of the building.
contagious, or communicable disease,
and from all insanitary conditions.
Permit may be revoked at any time
if health of community or' those
employed therein require it.
Employer giving out work to keep reg
ister of persons employed on home
work and to be sure that such
home workers are licensed.
A room or apartment in a
tenement or dwelling
house.
Making, altering, repairing,
or finishing coats, vests,
trousers, or wearing ap
parel of any description.
Family dwelling
therein.
Requirements which must be met be
fore home work is permitted
Exceptions
License to be obtained by persons Room or apartment in a tene
desiring to do home work from thement or dwelling house not
department of labor and industry.
used for living or sleeping
Premises subject to inspection by
purposes having a separate
inspectors of the department of labor
entrance and not connected
and industry.
with any room used for
Premises to be in cleanly condition,
such purposes.
free from vermin, and all infectious Tailor or seamstress making
and contagious matter.
articles for family wear.
Employer giving out work to keep
register of persons employed on home
work and to forward such register
monthly to the department of labor
and industry and to be sure that
such home workers are licensed.
License to be posted.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
Maryland.
In “ The Annotated
Code of the Public
General Laws of
Maryland,” 1924 (ed.
by G eorge P. Bagby),
Vol. I, art. 27, secs.
301 -305, pp. 1066
1070.
Persons whose
work is con
trolled by law
Places covered by law
Michigan.
In “ Compiled Laws of
Michigan/’
1915,
Vol. II, ch. 100, sec.
5343, pp. 2032-2033.
New Jersey.
In “Session Laws of
New Jersey,” 1917,
ch. 176, pp. 519-522.
Room or apartment in any
tenement or dwelling
house.
Manufacture of wearing ap
parel, purses, feathers,
artificial flowers, or other
goods for male or female
wear.
Room or rooms, apartment
or apartments in any tene
ment or dwelling house.
Building situated in the rear
of any apartment or dwell
ing house.
Manufacturing, altering,
repairing, or finishing for
wages or for sale any arti
cles whatsoever.
Written permit to be obtained by persons desiring to do home work from
factory inspector, who investigates
before granting permits.
Permit states maximum number of
persons who may be employed, pro
viding for not less than 250 cubic feet
of air space per person.
Permit may be revoked at any time if
health of "community or of those em
ployed therein requires it.
Factory inspector to prescribe amount
of light, heat, and ventilation.
Premises to be clean, sanitary, fit for
occupancy, and free from contagious
and infectious diseases.
Employer giving out work to keep reg
ister of persons employed on home
work and to be sure that such home
workers are licensed.
Permit to be posted.
Manufacture of coats, vests,
trousers, knee pants, over
alls,skirts, dresses, cloaks,
hats, caps, suspenders,
jerseys, blouses, waists,
waist bands, underwear,
neckwear, furs, fur trim
ming, fur garments, shirts,
hoisery, purses, feathers,
artificial flowers, cigars,
cigarettes, or making 9f
these articles in whole or in
part.
Members of fam
ily dwelling
therein and
three additional
persons.
Seamstress manufacturing
articles for family use.
Premises to be in clean and healthy
condition.
Employer giving out work to keep
register of persons employed on home
work.
Written permit to be obtained by per Tailor, seamstress, women's
exchanges not organized for
sons desiring to do home work or by
profit.
employer desiring to give out home
work from commissioner of labor,
who investigates premises for which
permit is requested before granting
permit.
Permit to last not longer than 6 months.
Permit states maximum number of
persons who may be employed
therein, providing for not less than
250 cubic feet of air space per person
between the hours of 6 a. m. and 6
p. m., and for not less than 400 cubic
feet of air space per person between
the hours of 6 p. m. and 6 a. m., but
the commissioner of labor may mod
ify the latter provision.
Permit may be revoked at any time if
health of the community or of those
employed therein requires it.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O K K IN G W O M E N
Missouri.
In “Revised Statutes
of Missouri,” 1919,
Vol. II, ch. 54, secs.
6834-6836, pp. 2148
2149.
Room or apartment in any
tenement or dwelling
house, building, or parts of
buildings.
Chart
VIII.—HOME WORK LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued
PART B.—LAWS REGULATING HOME WORK—Continued
State
Occupations or industries
covered by law
Persons whose
work is con
trolled by law
Room or rooms, apartment Manufacturing, altering,
or apartments in any tene
repairing, or finishing for
ment or dwelling house.
wages or for sale any arti
Building situated in the rear
of any apartment or dwell
ing house.
New York.
In “Cahill's Consoli Tenement house or any part
dated Laws of New
thereof.
York,” 1923, ch. 32, Any room or apartment of
secs. 350-366, pp. 1213a tenement house.
Premises to be properly lighted, in
clean and healthful condition, free
from vermin, and every matter of
infectious and contagious nature.
Employer to be sure that all home
workers in his employ have a per
mit.
Permit to be posted.
cles whatsoever.
Manufacturing,
altering,
repairing, or finishing of
any articles whatsoever.
Immediate mem
bers of family
living therein.
Pennsylvania.
In “Stewart's Pur- Room or apartment in any Manufacture of coats, vests,
don’s Digest of the
tenement or dwelling house.
trousers, knee pants, over
Statute Law of Penn
alls, skirts, dresses, cloaks,
sylvania, 1700-1903,”
hats, caps, suspenders, jer
secs. 52-65, pp. 1606seys,
blouses,
waists,
Immediate mem
bers of family
living therein. *
Requirements which must be met be
fore home work is permitted
Exceptions
Tailor, seamstress, women’s
exchanges not organized for
profit.
License to be obtained by owner of Articles for sole use of occu
tenement where persons desire to do
pant or his family.
home work from commissioner of Collars, cuffs, shirts, or shirt
labor, who acts upon favorable re
waists made of cotton or
port by local board of health and
linen and laundered before
verification of this report by his own
selling.
office.
Dressmakers who deal solely
Premises to be inspected every 6
in the custom trade direct
months, to be well lighted and ven
to the consumer and whose
tilated and allow 500 cubic'feet of air
shops are on the ground or
space per worker, to be in clean,
second floor, and who have
healthful, and sanitary condition,
a permit issued by the com
to be free from infectious, conta
missioner of labor certify
gious, or communicable diseases,
ing that the premises are
and from vermin.
well lighted, well venti
Permit may be revoked at any time if
lated, and sanitary, and
health of community or of those em
that there is 1,000 cubic feet
ployed therein may require it or if
of air space for each person
children under 14 years of age are
employed therein.
employed- therein.
Rooms on main or ground
Employer giving out work to obtain
floor having separate en
permit from commissioner of labor
trance unconnected with
and to keep a register of persons em
living rooms not used for
ployed on home work and to be sure
cooking or sleeping pur
that such home workers are licensed.
poses.
Permit to be obtained by person desir
ing to give out home work from fac
tory inspector, who investigates
premises where work is to be done
before granting it.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
New Jersey—Continued.
In “Session Laws of
New Jersey,” 1917,
ch. 176, pp. 519-522.
Places covered by law
1608, and in “Sup
plement to Purdon’s
Digest of the Statute
Law of Pennsylva
nia,” 1905-1915, par.
70-72, sec. 6123, and
par. 350, sec. 6816.
Any room or apartment in Manufacture of coats, vests,
trousers, knee pants, over
any rear building or build
alls, skirts, dresses, cloaks,
ing in the rear of a tene
hats, caps, suspenders, jer
ment or dwelling house.
seys, blouses, waists, waist
bands, underwear, neck
wear, furs, fur trimmings,
fur garments, shirts, ho
siery, purses, feathers,
artificial flowers, cigar
ettes or cigars or making
in whole or in part of these
articles.
Kitchen, living room, or bed Manufacture of clothing,
wearing apparel, cigars,
room in any tenement or
cigarettes, or the partial
dwelling house.
manufacture of these arti
cles.
Room or rooms in any house, Manufacturing purposes.
rooming house, or tene
ment.
Permit to state maximum number of
persons who may be employed
therein, providing for not less than
250 cubic feet of air space per person.
Permit may be revoked at any time if
health of community or if those em
ployed therein require it.
Premises to be clean, sanitary, fit for
occupancy.
Employer giving out work to keep
register of persons employed on home
work and to be sure that such home
workers have permits.
Permit to be posted.
Permit to be obtained by persons desir
ing to give out home work from fac
tory inspector who investigates
premises where work is to be done
before granting it.
Permit to state maximum number of
persons who may be employed
therein, providing for not less than
250 cubic feet of air space per person.
Permit may be revoked at any time if
health of community or of those em
ployed therein require it.
Premises to be clean, sanitary, fit for
occupancy, adequately ventilated,
and provided with fire escapes.
Employer giving out work to keep
register of persons employed on
home work and to be sure that such
home workers have permits.
Permit to be posted.
Resident members Certificates to be obtained by person
desiring to do home work from
of family, i. e.,
board of health.
parents and their
children or the Premises to be free from infectious or
contagious diseases.
chidren of
Permit may be revoked at any time if
either.
health of community or of those em
ployed therein require it.
Permit to be obtained by persons de
siring to do home work from board of
health.
Permit to last 1 year.
Processes of work not to be hazardous
to health or to create dust, foul odors,
or undue noise.
Premises to allow 400 cubic feet of air
space per person.
Seamstress, manufacturing
articles for use of family
living therein.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
waist bands, underwear,
neckwear, furs, fur trim
mings, fur garments,
shirts, hosiery, purses,
feathers, artificial flowers,
cigars, or cigarettes, or
making in whole or in part
of these articles.
CO
Chart
VIII.—HOME WORK LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued
Cu
O
PART B.-LAWS REGULATING HOME WORK-Continued
State
Occupations or industries
covered by law
Any dwelling, tenement
house, apartment house, or
lodging house in which a
room or rooms are devoted
or used for industrial home
work.
Manufacturing, finishing,
repairing, altering or han
dling ... of any arti
cle or articles the material
for which has been fur
nished by the employer.
Persons whose
work is con
trolled by law
Exceptions
Any person or per Permit to be obtained by persons de Seamstress manufacturing
sons in a home
siring to do home work from the State
articles for use of family
who manufac
m local department of health, which
living therein.
ture, finish, re
investigates premises where work is
pair, alter, or
to be done before granting it.
handle in any Permit to last 1 year.
manner, mate Premises to be clean, sanitary, and free
rial furnished by
from any infectious, contagious, or
the employer.
communicable disease.
Permit may be revoked at any time
and work must be withdrawn if any
infectious, contagious, or communi
cable disease is found.
Employer giving out work to keep
register of persons employed on home
work and to be sure that such home
workers have permits.
Employer giving out work must con
form to the regulations of the child
labor law and the women’s hour law.
Tennessee:
In “ Thompson’s Shan Room or rooms, apartment Manufacture for sale, in Immediate mem
non’s Tennessee
or apartments, in any tene
whole or in part, of coats,
bers of family
Code," 1918, secs.
ment or dwelling house
vests, trousers, knee pants,
living therein.
4342a-59 to 4342a-65,
used for eating or sleeping
overalls, cloaks, shirts,
pp. 1865-66.
ladies’ waists, purses,
purposes.
feathers, artificial flowers,
cigars, all wearing apparel.
Workshop, i. e., place where
goods or products are man
ufactured, repaired,
cleaned, sorted, in whole
or in part, for sale or for
wages.
Requirements which must be met be
fore home work is permitted
Persons engaged in such work to notify
board of health within 14 days of the
time of commencing work.
Premises to be kept in a cleanly state,
free from all matters of infectious or
contagious nature, and free from
vermin.
Articles manufactured to be inspected.
Employer giving out work to keep
register of persons employed on
home work.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
Pennsylvania—Contd.
In “ Rulings of the In
dustrial Board per
taining to women in
industry," Rule
W-23,1922, pp. 13-15.
Places covered by law
Wisconsin:
In “Wisconsin Stat
utes,” 1925, Vol. I,
secs. 1418b and 1729r,
pp. 1114 and 1378.
S T A T E L A W S A F F E C T IN G W O R K IN G W O M E N
home work must be
Tenement or dwelling house, Articles manufactured, al Persons employed Permit to give outthe industrial com
or living therein.
obtained from
tered, repaired, or finished.
shed, or other building,
missioner by any person desiring to
situated in the rear of a
give out home work.
tenement or dwelling
Permit conditional on their observing
house.
minimum wage and child labor laws.
Permit may be revoked at any time for
failure to observe these laws.
License for premises where work is to
be done must be obtained by owner
or lessee of factory or contractor for
any owner or lessee who employs any
persons at home work from the com
missioner of public health or local
health officer. Health office in
vestigates premises before issuing
license.
Workers to be free from any infectious
or communicable diseases.
Premises to be inspected every year.
Permit may be revoked at any time if
health of community requires it.
Employer giving out work to keep
register of persons employed on home
work.
Chart
IX.—MINIMUM-WAGE LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES
ADMINISTRATION OF MINIMUM-WAGE LAWS
States
California.
In 1 'Henning’s General
Laws of California,”
1919 (ed. by W. H.
Hyatt), ch. 161, act
2107, pp. 1100-1105.
Body empowered to administer law
Method of selecting occupation or in
dustry to bo considered by this body
Method of arriving at wage awards
Industrial welfare commission. (Com Investigation at discretion of com Commissioner calls a wage board com
posed of an equal number of repre
mission to determine necessity of
mission is composed of 5 persons, 1
sentatives of employers and em
establishing a minimum wage in the
of whom shall be a woman appointed
ployees in the trade in question
occupation. Ivestigation con
by the governor for term of 4 years.
with a member of the commission as
ducted by examining papers, books,
The members are to receive $10 per
chairman. The board investigates
witnesses, and by holding public
diem when employed at their
the trade and reports to the commis
hearings at which employers, em
duties.)
ployees, and other interested persons
sion; fixes the minimum wage neces
sary. After a public hearing the
may testify.
commissioner fixes the minimum
wage for the trade.
Means provided for securing
enforcement of award
Principles by which amount
of award is determined
Occupations or industries
covered by law
Classes of employees cov
ered by law
Exceptions
Date of award
Occupations or industries
Refusal to comply with law
a misdemeanor. Em
ployee may recover back
wages and costs.
Amount necessary to supply
the cost of proper living
and to maintain the health
and welfare of such
workers.
The various occupations,
trades, and industries in
which women and minors
are employed.
Women; minors (persons of
either sex) under 18 years
of age.
Women physically defec
tive by age or otherwise
may be granted a special
license by commission.
License must be renewed
every 6 months.
July 31,1920
General and professional offices.
Apprentices: Special wages
set by commission during
specified period of appren
ticeship.
Apr,
8,1923
Mercantile industry..
May 8,1923
May 9,1923
Wages adequate to supply
the necessary cost of living
and to maintain health.
Wages sufficient for living
wages for women and mi
nors of ordinary ability.
Any occupation. (Occupa
tion construed to include
“any and every vocation,
trade, pursuit, and indus
try.”)
Women; minors (persons of
either sex under 18 years
of age).
Unclassified occupations.....................
Sept. 14,1923
Sept. 14,1923
Refusal to comply with law
a misdemeanor.
Fruit and vegetable packing industry.
Sept. 14,1923
Commission investigates an occupa
tion by examining books and rec
ords and by holding public hear
ings at which employers, employees,
or other interested persons may
testify. Commission then sets
minimum wage for such occupa
tions; or commission establishes a
wage board composed of not more
than 3 representatives of employers
in the occupation in question, an
equal number of representatives of
female employees, an equal num
ber of representatives of the public,
and a member of the commission.
The representatives of the em
ployers and the employees to be
elected by their respective groups;
at least 1 member of every group to
be a woman. The wage board in
vestigates the occupation and re
ports to the commission a minimum
wage, which the commission may
accept or reject.
Fruit and vegetable canning_______
Aug. 8,1923
Investigation at discretion of commis
sion, or at the request of not less
than 25 persons engaged in occupa
tion, to determine necessity of estab
lishing a minimum wage in the oc
cupation; investigation conducted
by examining books, papers, and
witnesses, and by public hearings at
which employers, employees, or
other interested persons may testify.
Laundry and dry cleaning
Aug. 8,1923
Industrial commission.1 (Commission
is composed of 3 members appointed
by the governor, with the consent of
the senate, for terms of 6 years, at a
salary of $4,000 per annum Not
more than 1 member may represent
employees’ interests nor may more
than 1 represent employers.)
Fish-canning industry
July 23,1923
Colorado.1
In “Compiled Statutes of
Colorado,” 1921, ch. 77,
secs. 4197-4217, pp. 1052
1056.
Manufacturing industry
Hotels and restaurants...................
Nut cracking and sorting industry.
Classes of employees
Experienced women or
minors.
Amount of wages
$16 per
$69.33)4
month.
Inexperienced women:
18 years and over $12 per week; $52
per month.
Under 18 years.
$10 per week;
$43.33)4 per
month.
Experienced woman or $16 per week;
$69.3334
per
minor.
Inexperienced:
month.
Women______________ $12 per week.
Minors............. ............. $10 per week.
Experienced woman or $16 per week.
minor.
Inexperienced women or $9 per week.
minors.
Women or minors:
Experienced................. . $0.3334 per hour.
Inexperienced_________ $0.28 per hour.
Women or minors:
Experienced.................... $16 per week.
Inexperienced
$14 per week.
Experienced woman or $0.3334 per hour.
minor.
Inexperienced woman or $0.25 per hour.
minor.
Experienced woman or $0.3334 per hour.
minor.
Inexperienced woman or $0.25 per hour.
minor.
Experienced:
Woman or minor
$16 per week.
Minors where no women $12 per week.
are employed.
Inexperienced:
Women........... ................ $12 per week.
Minors
$10.56 per week.
Women or minors
$16 per week.
Experienced woman or $0.3334 Per hour.
minor.
Inexperienced woman or $0.25 per hour.
minor.
Women physically defective
or crippled by age or
otherwise or less efficient
than woman workers of
ordinary ability may be
granted special license,
stating wage; number so
licensed must not exceed
one-tenth of the total num
ber employed in any
establishment.
1 Legislature has never made an appropriation sufficient to put this law into effect
61927°—27.
>
week;
per
(Follow p. 51.) No. 1
Chart IX.—MINIMUM-WAGE
LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued
ADMINISTRATION OF MINIMUM-WAGE LAWS—Continued
States
Massachusetts.
In “General Laws of
Massachusetts,” 1921,
Vol.II, ch. 151, pp. 1595
1599.
Body empowered to administer law
Method of selecting occupation or in
dustry to be considered by this body
Board of conciliation and arbitration. Investigation at discretion of board to
determine necessity of establishing
(Board is composed of the 3 asso
a minimum wage in an occupation.
ciate commsisoners of the depart
ment of labor and industries. These
commissioners must include 1 rep
resentative of labor and one repre
sentative of employers of labor, ap
pointed by the governor for terms of
3 years.)
Means provided for securing
enforcement of award
Principles by which amount
of award is determined
Occupations or industries
covered by law
Classes of employees cov
ered by law
Organization by the board of a wage Publish names of all em
board composed of an equal number
ployers refusing to com
of representatives of employers of
ply with awards of the
the occupation in question and of
board.
persons to represent the female em
ployees in said occupation, and of
one or more disinterested persons to
represent the public, but the repre
sentatives of the public shall not ex
ceed one-half the number of the repre
sentatives of either of the other par
ties. After study of the needs of the
employees and the financial condi
tion of the occupation, the wage
board recommends a minimum wage
which the board may accept or re
ject.
Wages suitable for a female
of ordinary ability based
on needs of the employee
and the financial condition
of the industry. Wages
adequate to supply the
necessary cost of living
and to maintain the work
er in health.
Any occupation
Females, minors
Method of arriving at wage awards
Exceptions
Date of award
Any woman physically de
fective may obtain a li
cense fixing a lower wage.
Mar. 1,1920
Feb.
1,1920
July
1,1920
Feb.
1,1921
May 15,1922
May 15,1922
*
June 1,1922
June
1,1922
June 1,1922
July
1,1922
Mar. 1,1923
Jan.
2,1924
Apr.
1,1925
May 1,1925
July
1,1925
Jan.
1,1926
Mar. 1,1926
Jan.
1,1927
Mar. 1,1927
61927°—27. (Follow p. 51.) No. 2
Occupations or industries
Classes of employees
Men’s clothing and raincoats
Experienced females_____
Inexperienced females___
Experienced females........
Inexperienced females:
17 years and over____
Under 17 years of age.
Knit goods----------------------------------- Experienced females_____
Inexperienced................... .
Office and building cleaners----- ------ - Females.......................... .
Corset factories.------------ ---------------
Experienced females_____
Inexperienced females:
18 years and over____
Under 18 years of age..
Experienced employees__
Women’s clothing occupation
Inexperienced employees:
18 years and over____
Under 18 years of age.
Experienced employees..
Men’s furnishings factories
Inexperienced employees:
1G years and over____
Under 16 years of age.
Muslin underwear, etc., occupation... Experienced employees....
Inexperienced employees:
16 years and over.........
Under 16 years of age..
Retail stores_________ _________— Experienced employees....
Inexperienced employees:
Under 18 years. ___
All others__________
Laundries............ ........ .......................... Experienced employees__
Inexperienced employees..
Brush industry------ ----------------------- Females:
Experienced................
Inexperienced........ . _.
Manufacture of druggists’ prepara Females:
Experienced________
tions, etc.
Inexperienced ....... . _.
Canning and preserving and minor Experienced employees:
lines of confectionery.
18 years and over____
16 and under 18 years.
Under 16 years______
Inexperienced employees:
18 years and over____
16 and under 18 years.
Under 16 years______
Bread and bakery products____
Experienced employees....
Inexperienced employees:
16 years and over____
Under 16 years______
Experienced employees__
Millinery occupation. ..................
Inexperienced employees..
Stationery goods and envelopes..
Experienced employees....
Inexperienced employees:
16 years and over........
Under 16 years______
Experienced___________
Candy occupation____________
Inexperienced__________
Jewelry and related lines______
Experienced
Inexperienced__________
Toys, games, and sporting goods
Experienced___________
Inexperienced:
16 years and over----All others....................
Paper-box occupation
Amount of wages
$15 per week.
$7 per week.
$13 per week.
$10 per week.
$8 per week.
$13.75 per week.
$8.50 per week.
$15.40 per week.
$0.37 per hour.
$13.50 per week.
$10 per week.
$8.50 per week.
$14 per week.
$11 per week.
$9 per week.
$13.75 per week.
$9 per week.
$8 per week.
$13.75 per week.
$8 per week.
$7.50 per week.
$14 per week.
$10 per week.
$12 per week.
$13.50 per week.
$11 per week.
$13.92 per week.
$9.60 per week.
$13.20 per week.
$9.60 per week.
$13.00 per week.
$11 per week.
$9 per week.
$12 per week.
$10 per week.
$8 per week.
$13 per week.
$11 per week.
$9 per week.
$13 per week.
$6 per week.
$13.75 per week.
$11 per week.
$9 per week.
$13 per week.
$9 per week.
$14.40 per week.
$12 per week.
$13.50 per week.
$12 per week.
$10.50 per week.
Chart
IX.—MINIMUM-WAGE LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued
ADMINISTRATION OF MINIMUM-WAGE LAWS—Continued
States
Minnesota.1
In “General Statutes of
Minnesota,” 1913, secs.
3904-3923, pp. 889-891,
and in “ Session Laws of
Minnesota, ” 1921, ch.
81, pp. 85-86, and in
“Session Laws of Min
nesota,” 1923, ch. 153,
pp. 173-174.
Body empowered to administer law
Industrial commission. (Commission
is composed of 3 salaried members
appointed by the governor by and
with the advice and consent of the
senate for 6-year terms).
Method of selecting occupation or in
dustry to be considered by this body
Method of arriving at wage awards
Investigation at discretion of commis After the preliminary investigation
the commission may determine a
sion or on request of 100 persons en
minimum wage for the occupation in
gaged in the occupation to determine
question. Or the commission estab
the necessity of establishing a mini
lishes an advisory board of not less
mum wage in the occupation. In
than 3 or more than 10 representa
vestigation conducted by examining
tives of employers in the occupation
papers, books, witnesses, and by
in question, an equal number of em
holding public hearings at which
ployees, and one or more representa
employers, employees, or other in
tives of the public, but no more rep
terested persons may testify.
resentatives of the public than in
either one of the other groups. At
least one-fifth of the membership of
this board must be women and the
public group must contain at least
1 woman. This board, after exami
nation of books and witnesses,
recommends a miminum wage,
which the commission may accept
or reject.
Means provided for securing
enforcement of award
Principles by which amount
of award is determined
Occupations or industries
covered by law
Classes of employees cov
ered by law
Exceptions
Refusal to comply with law
a misdemeanor.
Em
ployee may recover back
wages and costs.
Amount adequate to supply
living wages for women
and minors of ordinary
ability.
Any occupation (occupation
to include any business,
industry, trade, or branch
of a trade).
Women, minors (females
under 18 years of age,
males under 21 years of
age).
Women physically defective
may obtain a license fixing
a lower wage. Number of
licenses may not exceed
one-tenth of the number
employed in the establish
ment.
Date of award
Jan.
1,1921
Occupations or industries
Any occupation.
Classes of employees
Amount of wages
Experienced:
Women or minors in
cities of 5,000 or more
population.
Women or minors in
towns of less than
5,000 population.
$12 per week: $0.25
per hour for all
hours in excess o
48 per week.
$10.25 per week;
$0,215 per hour
for all hours in
excess of 48 per
week.
$9.12 per week;
$0.19 per hour for
all hours in ex
cess of 48 per
week.
$7.68 per week;
$0.16 per hour for
all hours in ex
cess of 48 per
Inexperienced:
Females 18 years or over
in cities of 5,000 or
more population.
Females 18 years or over
in cities of less than
5,000 population.
Females under 18 years
in cities of 5,000 or
more population.
Females under 18 years
in cities of less than
5,000 population.
North Dakota.
In “Session Laws of
North Dakota,” 1919,
ch. 174, pp. 317-322.
Workmen’s compensation bureau.
(Bureau is composed of the commis
sioner of agriculture and labor and
two other workmen’s compensation
commissioners appointed by the
governor for terms of 5 years at a
salary of $2,500 per annum.)
Investigation at discretion of bureau
to determine necessity of establish
ing a minimum wage in the occupa
tion. Investigation conducted by
examining papers, books, and wit
nesses, and by holding public hear
ings at which any interested persons
may testify.
Organization by the bureau of a con
ference composed of not more than 3
representatives of the employers and
an equal number of representatives
of the employees in the occupation
in question, an equal number of
representatives of the public, and
one or more commissioners. After
investigation the conference recom
mends a minimum wage, which the
bureau may accept or reject.
Wages adequate to supply
the necessary cost of liv
ing and maintain women
workers in health. Rea
sonable wages for minor
workers.
Any occupation (occupation
to include a business, in
dustry, trade, or branch
thereof. Exceptions: A g.ricultural or domestic
service).
Women; minors (under 18
years of age).
Any female physically de
fective by age or otherwise
may obtain a license fixing
a lower wage.
Apr. 4,1922
Public housekeeping, i. e., the work of
waitresses in restaurants, hotel
dining rooms, boarding houses, at
tendants employed at ice cream and
light luenh stands and steam table
or counter work in cafeterias and
delicatessens where freshly cooked
foods are served; and the work of
chambermaids in hotels and lodging
houses and boarding houses and
hospitals, and the work of janitresses
and car cleaners and of kitchen
workers in hotels and restaurants
and hospitals and elevator operators.
Waitress or counter girl
Chambermaids and kitchen help____
Apr. 4,1922
ExperiencedInexperienced.
Experienced. .
Inexperienced.
Manufacturing occupation, i. e., all
processes in the production of com
modities, i. e., includes the work
performed in dressmaking shops and
wholesale millinery houses, in the
workrooms of retail millinery shops,
and in the drapery and furniture
covering workshops, the garment
alteration, art needle work, furgarment making and millinery work
rooms in mercantile stores, and the
candy-making departments of retail
candy stores and of restaurants, and
in bakery and biscuit manufactur
ing establishments, in candy manu
facturing and in bookbinding and
job-press feeding establishments.
Biscuit and candy making--------------- Women:
Experienced—
Inexperienced
Bookbinding and job-press feeding_
_
Women:
Experienced. _
Inexperienced
1 The Attorney General has ruled that the law is unconstitutional as applied to adult women.
61927°—27.
$7.68 per week;
$0.16 per hour for
all hours in ex
cess of 48 per
week.
$6.48 per week;
$0.1334 per hour
for all hours in
excess of 48 per
week.
$14.90 per week.
$11.90 per week.
$14.20 per week.
$11.20 per week.
$14 per week; $60.G7
per month.
$9 per week; $39
per month.
$14 per week; $60.67
per month.
$9 per week; $39
per month.
(Follow p. 51.) No. 3
Chart IX.—MINIMUM-WAGE
LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued
ADMINISTRATION OF MINIMUM-WAGE LAWS—Continued
States
Body empowered to administer law
North Dakota—Continued.
In “Session Laws of
North Dakota,” 1919,
ch. 174, pp. 317-322.
Method of selecting occupation or in
dustry to be considered by this body
Workmen’s compensation bureau. Investigation at discretion of bureau
(Bureau is composed of the commis
to determine necessity of establish
sioner of agriculture and labor and
ing a minimum wage in the occupa
two other workmen’s compensation
tion. Investigation conducted by
commissioners appointed by the
examining papers, books, and wit
governor for terms of 5 years at a
nesses, and by holding public hear
salary of $2,500 per annum.)
ings at which any interested persons
may testify.
Method of arriving at wage awards
Means provided for securing
enforcement of award
Principles by which amount
of award is determined
Occupations or industries
covered by law
Classes of employees cov
ered by law
Exceptions
Organization by the bureau of a con
ference composed of not more than 3
representatives of the employers and
an equal number of representatives
of the employees in the occupation
in question, an equal number of
representatives of the public, and
one or more commissioners. After
investigation the conference recom
mends a minimum wage, which the
bureau may accept or reject.
Refusal to comply with law
a misdemeanor.
Em
ployee may recover back
wages and costs.
Wages adequate to supply
the necessary cost of liv
ing and maintain women
workers in health. Rea
sonable wages for minor
workers.
Any occupation (occupation
to include a business, in
dustry, trade, or branch
thereof. Exceptions: Ag
ricultural or domestic
service).
Women minors (under 18
years of age).
Any female physically de
fective by age or otherwise
may obtain a license fixing
a lower wage.
Date of award
Occupations or industries
Classes of employees
Apr.
4,1922
All other manufacturing..
Apr.
4,1922
Mercantile occupation, i. e., the work Women:
of those employed in establishments
Experiencedoperated for the purpose of trade in
the purchase or sale of any goods or
Inexperiencedmerchandise, and includes the sales
force, the wrapping force, the audit
ing or checking force, the shippers
in the mail-order department, the
receiving, marking, and stock-room
employees, and sheet-music sales
women and demonstrators, and
cigar-stand girls.
Laundry occupation, i. e., all the pro Women:
cesses connected with the receiving,
Experiencedmarking, washing, cleaning, iron
ing, and distribution of washable or
cleanable materials. The work per
formed in laundry departments in
hotels, hospitals, and factories.
Inexperienced..
Apr. 4,1922
Apr.
4,1922
Telephone occupation..
Women:
Experienced. _.
Inexperienced .
Women in towns of 1,800
and over population:
Experienced...................
Inexperienced .
Oregon.
In “Oregon Laws,” 1920,
Vol. II, secs. 6668-6087,
pp. 2671-2676.
61927°—27.
Industrial welfare commission. (Com Investigation at discretion of commis Organization by the commission of a
mission is composed of 3 members
sion to determine necessity of estab
conference composed of not more than
appointed by the governor for terms
lishing a minimum wage in the occu
3 representatives of the employers in
of 3 years, 1 to represent the employ
pation. Investigation conducted by
the occupation in question, an equal
ing class and 1 the employed.)
examining papers, books, and witnumber of representatives of the em
nessess, and by holding public hear
ployees, an equal number of repre
ings at which interested persons may
sentatives of the public, and 1 or
testify.
more commissioners. After investi
gation the conference recommends a
minimum wage, which the commis
sion may accept or reject.
(Follow p. 51.)
No. 4
Refusal to comply with law
a misdemeanor.
Em
ployee may recover back
wages and costs.
Wages adequate to supply Any occupation. (Occupa
the necessary cost of liv
tion to include any and
ing and to maintain health.
every vocation, pursuit,
trade, and industry.)
Women, minors (under 18
years of age).
Any woman physically de
fective or crippled by age
or otherwise may obtain a
license fixing a lower wage.
Oct. 14,1919
Mercantile occupation, i. e., the work
of those employed in establishments
operated for the purpose of trade in
the purchase or sale of any goods or
merchandise, and includes the sales
force, the wrapping employees, the
auditing or check-inspection force,
the shippers in the mail-order de
partment, the receiving, marking,
and stock-room employees, and
sheet music saleswomen and demon
strators.
Manufacturing occupation, i. e., all
processes in the production of com
modities: Includes the work per
formed in dressmaking shops and
wholesale millinery houses, in the
workrooms of retail millinery shops,
and in the drapery and furniture cov
ering workrooms, the garment alter
ation, art needle work, fur garment
making and millinery workrooms in
mercantile stores, and the candy
making department of retail-candy
stores and of restaurants.
Personal service occupation, i.e., man
icuring, hairdressing, barbering, and
other work of like nature and the
work of ushers in theaters.
Laundry occupation, i. e., all the proc
esses connected with the receiving,
marking, washing, cleaning, and
ironing, and distribution of washable
and cleanable materials. The work
performed in laundry departments
in hotels and factories.
Telephone and telegraph occupations.
Amount of wages
$14 per week.
To be determined
by conference be
tween the board
and the em
ployer and em
ployee con
cerned.
$14.50 per week;
$62.83 per month.
$9.00 per week;
$41.60 per month.
$14 per week, or
$13.50 per week
(if laundry privilcges are al
lowed); $60.67
per month.
$11 per week; $47.67
per month.
$14 per week; $60.67
per month.
$10 per week; $43.43
per month.
In towns of under 1,800 pop
ulation:
Experienced $12 per week; $52
per month.
Inexperienced .
$9 per week; $39
per month.
Women:
Experienced...
$13.20 per week.
Inexperienced$9 per week.
Women:
Experienced___
Inexperienced-..
$13.20 per week.
$9 per week.
Women:
Experienced ..
Inexperienced.
$13.20 per week.
$9 per week.
Women:
ExperiencedInexperienced .
$13.20 per week.
$9 per week.
Women:
ExperiencedInexperienced.
$13.20 per week.
$9 per week.
Chart IX.—MINIMUM-WAGE
LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued
ADMINISTRATION OF MINIMUM-WAGE LAWS—Continued
States
Oregon—Continued.
In “Oregon Laws,” 1920,
Vol. II, secs. 666S-6687,
pp. 2671-2676.
Body empowered to administer law
Method of selecting occupation or in
dustry to be considered by this body
Method of arriving at wage awards
Means provided for securing
enforcement of award
Principles by which amount
of award is determined
Occupations or industries
covered by law
Classes of employees cov
ered by law
Exceptions
Date of award
Industrial welfare commission. (Com
mission is composed of 3 members
appointed by the governor for terms
of 3 years, 1 to represent the employ
ing class and 1 the employed.)
Investigation at discretion of commis
sion to determine necessity of estab
lishing a minimum wage in the occu
pation. Investigation conducted by
examining papers, books, and wit
nesses, and by holding public hear
ings at which interested persons
may testify.
Organization by the commission of a
conference composed of not more than
3 representatives of the employers in
the occupation in question, an equal
number of representatives of the em
ployees, an equal number of repre
sentatives of the public, and 1 or
more commissioners. After investi
gation the conference recommends a
minimum wage, which the commis
sion may accept or reject.
Refusal to comply with law
a misdemeanor.
Em
ployee may recover back
wages and costs.
Wages adequate to supply
the necessary cost of liv
ing and to maintain
health.
Any occupation. (Occupa
tion to include any and
every vocation, pursuit,
trade, and industry.)
Women, minors (under 18
years of age).
Any woman physically de
fective or crippled by age
or otherwise may obtain a
license fixing a lower wage.
Oct. 14,1919
South Dakota.
In “ Session Laws of South
Dakota,” 1923, ch. 309,
p. 329.
Industrial commissioner.
Utah.
In “Compiled Laws of
Utah,” 1917, secs. 3671—
3674. pp. 782-783.
Commissioner of immigration, labor,
and statistics.
Washington.
In “Pierce’s Annotated
Code, State of Wash
ington,” 1921, Vol. I,
secs. 3526-3546, pp. 1099
1102.
Industrial welfare committee. (Com Investigation at discretion of the com
mittee is composed of the director
mittee to determine the necessity
of labor and industries, appointed
of establishing a minimum wage in
by the governor with the consent
the occupation. Investigation con
of the senate and holding office at
ducted by examining papers, books,
his pleasure), and the supervisor of
and witnesses, and by holding pub
industrial insurance and the super
lic hearings at which employer, em
visor of industrial relations (ap
ployees, and other interested per
pointed by the director of labor and
sons may testify.
industries), and the supervisor of
women in industry (appointed by
the supervisor of industrial relations
with the approval of the director
of labor and industries).
Minimum wage fixed by law..
Refusal to comply with law
a misdemeanor. Em
ployee may recover back
wages and costs.
Amount equals a living
wage.
Organization by the committee of a
conference composed of an equal
number of representatives of the
employers and of the employees in
the occupation in question and 1 or
more representatives of the public
but no more representatives of the
public than in either one of the
other groups, and a member of the
committee. The conference recom
mends a minimum wage, which
the committee may accept or
reject.
Refusal to comply with the
1 aw a misdemeanor. Em
ployee may recover back
wages and costs.
Wages adequate for their
maintenance. Wages ade
quate to supply the neces
sary cost of living and to
maintain the workers in
health.
Any woman or girl over the
age of 14.
Any regular employer of
female labor.
Violation of law a misde
meanor, to be prosecuted
by all the city, State, and
county prosecuting offi
cers.
Any factory,workshop, me
chanical or mercantile
establishment, laundry,
hotel, restaurant, or pack
ing house.
Women, minors (under 18
years of age).
Classes of employees
Public housekeeping occupation, i. e., Women:
the work of waitresses in restaurants,
Experienced___
hotel dining rooms, boarding houses,
Inexperienced...
and all attendants employed at ice
cream and light-lunch stands, and
steam table or counter work in cafe
terias and delicatessens where freshly
cooked foods are served; and the
work of chambermaids in hotels and
lodging houses and boarding houses,
and the work of janitresses, and car
cleaners, and of kitchen workers in
hotels and restaurants, and elevator
operators between the hours of 7 a.m.
and 11 p. m. A retail candy depart
ment conducted in connection with
an ice cream, soft-drink, or lightlunch counter, or with a restaurant.
Office occupation, i. e., the work of
those employed as stenographers, Women:
bookkeepers, typists, filing clerks,
Experienced...
billing clerks, cashiers, checkers, in
Inexperienced.
voices, comptometer operators, au
ditors, attendants in physicians’ and
dentists’ offices, and all kinds of
clerical work.
Packing, drying, preserving, canning Women:
perishable fruits or vegetables.
Experienced___
Inexperienced.-.
Experienced women
Women.
The various occupations,
trades, and industries.
Apprentices. Industrial
commissioner must be
notified of each appren
tice and must give per
mission for their employ
ment.
Occupations or industries
Women (adult):
Experienced..
Inexperienced
Women (minor)..
Any woman physically de
fective or crippled, by
age or otherwise, may ob
tain a license fixing a
lower wage.
Oct.
4,1921
Dec. 14,1921
Dec. 14,1921
Public housekeeping, i. e., linen room
girls, chambermaids, cleaners,
kitchen girls, dishwashers, pantry
girls, pantry servers, waitresses,
counter girls, bus girls, elevator op
erators, janitresses, laundry work
ers (except where a commercial
laundry is operated), and any other
occupation which would properly
be classfied under public house
keeping. The establishments shall
include hotels, rooming houses,
boarding houses, restaurants, cafes,
cafeterias, lunch rooms, tea rooms,
apartment houses, hospitals (not
nurses), philanthropic institutions,
and any other which may be prop
erly classified under this industry.
Laundry, dry-cleaning or dye works
occupations, trade or industry.
Telephone or telegraph lines or in any
ublic occupation other than public
ousekeeping, laundry, dry-clean
ing and dye works, mercantile and
manufacturing.
Mercantile establishments............. ......
Manufacturing occupations, trades
and industries.
Amount of wages
$13.20 per week.
$9 per week.
$60 per month.
$9 per week.
$0.27)4 Per hour.
$0. 22 per hour.
$12 per week.
$1.25 per day.
$0.90 per day.
$0.75 per day.
Females over 18 years of age. $14.50 per week;
$2.50 per day;
$0.35 per hour.
Minors..
$12 per week.
Females over 18 years of age
$13.20 per week.
Females over 18 years of age. $13.20 per week.
E
Dec. 31,1921
Jan. 22,1922
Females over 18 years of age. $13.20 per week.
Women:
Experienced............__
$13.20 per week.
Inexperienced______
$9 per week.
61927°—27. (Follow p. 51.) No. 5
Chart IX.—MINIMUM-WAGE
LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES—Continued
ADMINISTRATION OF MINIMUM-WAGE LAWS—Continued
States
W ashington—C ontinued.
In “Pierce’s Annotated
Code, State of Wash
ington,’' 1921, Vol. I,
secs. 3526-3546, pp. 1099
1102.
Wisconsin:
In “Wisconsin Statutes,"
1923, Vol. I, secs. 104.01
101.12, pp. 1118-1119.
Body empowered to administer law
Method of selecting occupation or in
dustry to be considered by this body
Industrial welfare committee. (Com Investigation at discretion of the com
mittee is composed of the director
mittee to determine the necessity
of labor and industries, appointed
of establishing a minimum wage in
by the governor with the consent
the occupation. Investigation con
of the senate and holding office at
ducted by examining papers, books,
his pleasure), and the supervisor of
and witnesses, and by holding pub
industrial insurance and the super
lic hearings at which employer, em
visor of industrial relations (ap
ployees, and other interested per
pointed by the director of labor and
sons may testify.
industries), and the supervisor of
women in industry (appointed by
the supervisor of industrial relations
with the approval of the director
of labor and industries).
Industrial commission. (Commission
is composed of members appointed
by the governor, with the advice and
consent of the senate, for terms of 6
years at a salary of $5,000 per year.)
Investigation at discretion of the com
mission, or on the filing of a verified
complaint of any person, to deter
mine the necessity of establishing a
minimum wage in the occupation.
Method of arriving at wage awards
Organization by the committee of a
conference composed of an equal
number of representatives of the
employers and of the employees in
the occupation in question and 1 or
more representatives of the public
but no more representatives of the
public than in either one of the
other groups, and a member of the
committee. The conference recom
mends a minimum wage, which
the committee may accept or reject.
Principles by which amount
of award is determined
Occupations or industries
covered by law
Classes of employees cov
ered by law
Exceptions
Date of award
Refusal to comply with the Wages adequate for their
law a misdemeanor. Em
maintenance. Wages ade
ployee may recover back
quate to supply the neces
wages and costs.
sary cost of living and to
maintain the workers in
health.
The various occupations,
trades, and industries.
Women, minors (under 18
years of age).
Any woman physically de
fective or crippled, by
age or otherwise, may ob
tain a license fixing a
lower wage.
Oct. 27,1922
Minors......................
Any minor unable to earn
“a living wage” may ob
tain a license fixing a lower
wage.
Aug. 1,1921
Means provided for securing
enforcement of award
Organization by the commission of an Each day an employer em
advisory wage board selected to rep
ploys a person at less than
resent fairly the employers, the em
the legal minimum wage
shall be a separate offense.
ployees, and the public. The living
wage determined by the commis
sion and this advisory board shall be
the legal minimum wage.
“Living wage," i. e., com Every person in receipt of, or
pensation sufficient to enentitled to, any compensa
ablethe employee to main
tion for labor performed for
tain herself under condi
any employer.
tions consistent with her
welfare.
1926.
In “Session Laws of Wis
consin,” 1925, ch. 176.
Industrial Commission. (Commission
is composed of members appointed
by the governor, with the advice
and consent of the senate, for terms
of 6 years at a salary of $5,000 per
year.)
Investigation at discretion of com
mission to determine the wages
which are oppressive and unjust.
Commission may issue order correct
ing wage situations revealed by its
investigations.
Payment of wages in viola
tion of any order of the
commission shall be
deemed a violation of the
1 aw unless i t can be proved
that the order was un
reasonable. Every day an
order is not complied with
is a separate offense.
:<No wage paid or agreed to
be paid by any employer
to any adult female em
ployee shall be oppres
sive." “Oppressive" is
defined as “any wage
lower than a reasonable
and adequate compensa
tion for services rendered.”
61957°—27. (Follow p. 51.) No. 6
O
Every person in receipt of
or entitled to any com
pensation for labor per
formed for any employer.
Adult females..
Any adult woman unable
to earn the wage deter
mined by the commission
may obtain a license fix
ing a lower wage. Any
employer may obtain a
license to pay adult fe
males less than the estab
lished wage, if employer
shall satisfactorily estab
lish that he is unable to
pay such wage.
Occupations or industries
Classes of employees
Mercantile, manufacturing, printing, Minors..
laundering, or dye works establish
ments, sign painting, machine or
repair shop, or parcel delivery serv
ice, or any other industry other than
public housekeeping occupation, ste
nographer, bookkeeper, typist, bill
ing clerks, filing clerks, cashier,
checker, invoiccr, comptometer op
erator, or any clerical office work,
including assistants and helpers in
doctors’ and dentists' offices; any
occupation, trade, or industry not
mentioned above.
Any occupation, trade, or industry.
Exceptions: Seasonal industries.
Seasonal industries..
Seasonal industries..
Minors:
Over 17 years.
ExperiencedIn cities of 5,000 or
more.
In cities under 5,000.
Inexperienced___ ____
All others—
Experienced
Inexperienced___ ^___
Minors:
In cities of 5,000 or more.
In cities under 5,000___
Adult females:
In cities of 5,000 or more.
In cities under 5,000___
Amount of wages
$9 per week.
$0.25 per hour.
$0.22 per hour.
$0.16 per hour.
$0.20 per hour
$0.16 per hour
$0.25 per hour.
$0.22 per hour.
$0.25 per hour.
$0.22 per hour.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE WOMEN’S BUREAU
[Any of these bulletins still available will be sent free of charge upon request]
No, 1. Proposed Employment of Women During the War in the Industries of Niagara Falls, N. Y. 16
pp. 1918.
No. I. Labor Laws for Women in Industries in Indiana. 29 pp. 1918.
No. 8. Standards for the Employment of Women in Industry. 7 pp. 1919.
No. 4. Wages of Candy Makers ih Philadelphia in 1919. 40 pp. 1919.
•No. 6. The Eight-Hour Day in Federal and State Legislation. 19 pp. 1919.
No. 6. The Employment of Women in Hazardous Industries in the United States. 8 pp. 1919.
No. 7. Night Work Laws in the United States. 4 pp. 1919.
•No. 8. Women in the Government Service. 37 pp. 1920.
•No. 9. Home Work in Bridgeport. Conn. 35 pp. 1920.
•No. 10. Hours and Conditions of Work for Women in Industry in Virginia. 32 pp. 1920.
No. 11. Women Street Car Conductors and Ticket Agents. 90 pp. 1920.
No. 12. The New Position of Women in American Industry. 168 pp. 1920.
No. 13. Industrial Opportunities and Training for Women and Girls. 4S pp. 1920.
•No. 14. A Physiological Basis for the Shorter Working Day for Women. 20 pp. 1921.
No. 16. Some Effects of Legislation Limiting Hours of Work for Women. 26 pp. 1'J21.
No. 16. See Bulletin 03.
No. 17. Women's Wages in Kansas. 104 pp. 1921.
No. 18. Health Problems of Women in Industry. 11 pp. 1921.
No. 19. Iowa Women in Industry. 73 pp. 1922.
•No. 20. Negro Women in Industry. 66 pp. 1922.
No. 21. Women in Rhode Island Industries. 73 pp. 1922.
•No. 22. Women In Georgia Industries. 89 pp. 1922.
No. 23. The Family Status of Breadwinning Women. 43 pp. 1922.
No. 24. Women in Maryland Industries. 96 pp. 1922.
No. 26. Women in the Candy Industry in Chicago and St. Louis. 72 pp. 1923,
No. 26. Worrion In Arkansas Industries. 80 pp. 1923.
No. 27. The Occupational Progress of Women. 37 pp. 1922.
No. 28. Women’s Contribution In the Field of Invention. 51pp. 1923.
No. 29. Women in Kentucky Industries. 114 pp. 1923.
No. 30. The Share of Wage-Earning Women in Family Support. 170 pp. 1923.
No. 31. What Industry Means to Women Workers. 10 pp. 1923.
No. 32. Women In South Carolina Industries. 128 pp. 1923.
No. 33. Proceeding of the Women’s Industrial Conference. 190 pp. 1923.
No. 34. Women in Alabama Industries. 86 pp. 1924.
No. 36. Women In Missouri Industries. 127 pp. 1924.
No. 36. Radio Talks on Women In Industry. 34 pp. 1924.
No. 37. Women in New Jersey Industries. 99 pp. 1924.
No. 38. Married Women in Industry. 8 pp. 1924.
No. 39. Domestic Workers and Their Employment Relations. 87 pp. 1924.
No. 40. See Bulletin 63.
No. 41. Family Status of Breadwinning Women in Four Selected Cities. 145 pp. 1925.
No 42 Listof Referenceson Minimum Wagefor Women in the United Statosand Canada. 42pp. 1925.
No. 43. Standard and Scheduled Hours of Work for Women in Industry. 68 pp. 1925.
No. 44. Women in Ohio Industries. 137 pp. 1925.
No 45 Home Environment and Employment Opportunities of Women in Coal-Mine Workers’ Families.
61 pp. 1925.
No. 46 Facts About Working Women—A Graphic Presentation Based on Census Statistics. 64 pp.
1925.
No. 47. Women in the Fruit-Growing and Canning Industries in the .State of Washington. 223 pp. 1926.
No. 48. Women in Oklahoma Industries. 118 pp. 1926.
No. 49. Womon Workers and Family Support. 10 pp. 1925.
No. 50. Effects of Applied Research Upon the Employment Opportunities of American Women. 54 pp.
1926.
No. 61. Women in Illinois Industries. 108 pp. 1926.
No. 62. Lost Time and Labor Turnover in Cotton Mills. 203 pp. 1926.
No. 53. The Status of Women in the Government Service in 1926. 103 pp. 1926.
No. 54. Changing Jobs. 12 pp. 1926.
No. 56. Women in Mississippi Industries. 89 pp. 1926.
No. 66. Women in Tennessee Industries. 120 pp. 1927.
No. 57. Women Workers and Industrial Poisons. 5 pp. 1926.
No. 58. Women in Delaware Industries. 166 pp. 1927.
No. 59. 8hort Talks about Working Womon. 24 pp. 1927.
No. 60. Industrial Accidents to Women in New Jersey, Ohio, and Wisconsin. 316 pp. 1927.
No. 61. The Development of Minimum-Wage Laws in the United States, 1912 to 1927. (In press.)
No. 02. Women’s Employment in Vegetable Canneries in Delaware. 47 pp. 1927.
No. 63. State Laws Affecting Working Women. 51 pp. 1927. Revision of bulletins 16 and 40.
Annual Reports of the Director, 1919*, 1920*, 1921, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927.
•Supply exhausted.
@FedFRASER