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LI3.3-250 State Hour Laws For Women WOMEN’S BUREAU BULLETIN 250 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR James P. Mitchell, Secretary 2So WOMEN’S BUREAU S. Miller, Director Frieda State Hour Laws For Women i^NTo^ ■ m™ JjresdJ, WOMEN’S BUREAU BULLETIN 250 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR James P. Mitchell, Secretary WOMEN’S BUREAU Fbieda S. Miller, Director WASHINGTON 11953 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. Price 40 cents Letter of Transmittal United States Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, Washington, October 15, 1953. I have the honor to transmit a report showing the provisions of State hour laws for women as of October 1, 1953. The laws covered deal with daily and weekly hours of work, day of rest, requirements as to meal and rest periods, and the employment of women at night. This report is the most recent in a series of bulletins on State labor laws for women published by the Women’s Bureau over a period of three decades. When the first such report (Women’s Bureau Bulletin 16: 1921) was issued, efforts to establish an 8-hour maximum work day for women had gained legislative support in only 9 States. The most common legal hour standard for women was 10 hours a day, in effect in 19 States. Only 12 States and the District of Columbia had day-of-rest laws; only 14 States and Puerto Eico required a meal period of specified minimum length. Thirteen States and Puerto Rico prohibited the employment of women at night. The present report shows the significant gains in legal hours stand ards for women which have been made in the intervening years. The data contained in this report are in constant demand by labor law administrators in the various States and by employers and workers. The lapse of more than 8 years since the last printed report on this subject (Women’s Bureau Bulletin 202, Part I: 1944) makes the publication of the present edition especially urgent. The report was prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Women’s Labor Law and Civil and Political Status. The material contained in it was sent to the State administrators for consideration and approval, and 1 wish to express my appreciation of their generous cooperation and assistance. Respectfully submitted. Sir: Frieda S. Miller, Director. Hon. James P. Mitchell, Secretary oj Labor. iii STATE HOUR LAWS FOR WOMEN SUMMARY , In 45 States, the District of Columbia, Alaska, and Puerto Rico, laws are in effect regulating the hours of employment of women. The following types of standards are established by these laws: (1) Maxi mum daily and weekly hours; (2) day of rest; (3) meal and rest peri ods; and (4) nightwork. Not every State has all types of hour stand ards. However, only Hawaii1 and three States—Alabama, Florida, and Iowa—have not set legal standards governing at least one aspect of women’s hours of employment. Maximum Daily and Weekly Hours ¥ Forty-three States, the District of Columbia, and Alaska have laws limiting women’s daily and/or weekly hours of employment in one or more industries. Five States—Alabama, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, and West Virginia— do not have such laws. The laws of Hawaii and Puerto Rico set no maximum, but require payment of premium rates for time worked beyond specified daily and/or weekly hours. One-half of the States (24) and the District of Columbia have laws regulating the employment of women which establish a maximum of 8 hours a day and/or 48 hours a week or less for one or more indus tries.2 All but one of these—Kansas—cover manufacturing estab lishments. The 8-48 hours law in Kansas applies to public-house keeping occupations and telephone exchanges; in manufacturing es tablishments, the maximum is 9 hours a day and 49% hours a week. In Connecticut the maximum workweek is 48 hours for several indus tries including manufacturing, but daily hours may not exceed 8 in mercantile establishments or 9 in other types of employment, includ ing manufacturing. Ohio’s law sets 8-48 hours as the maximum for industries other than manufacturing, 9—45 for manufacturing.3 1 Although Hawaii’s “wage and hour law” does not place a limit on hours of employment, it requires pay ment of time and a half worker’s regular rate for hours over 48 in private employment. 3 If a State has set different legal maximum-hour standards for different industries, the law establishing the highest standard, i. e., the lowest maximum hours, is shown. 3 An emergency measure suspends the 45-hour maximum and permits 48 hours a week in manufacturing until Sept. 1, 1955. The same measure prohibits employment of women as taxi drivers between 10 p. m. and 6 a. m. Under the suspended section, taxi driving was a prohibited occupation for women. l Arizona__ _____ Arkansas. _ California_ _ _ • Colorado__ ______ Connecticut__________ District of Columbia_ _ Illinois _____ _____ Kansas. _____ .... Louisiana.. . Massachusetts___ . _, Montana___ __ __ Nevada________ __ . New Hampshire .. . . » 8-48 8-(‘) 8-48 8—(0 8-48 8-48 8-48 8-48 8-48 9-48 8-(2) 8-48 10-48 New Mexico__ ___ _____ New York___ _ ._____ North Carolina____ ._____ North Dakota_________ _____ Ohio__ ______ ._____ Oregon__ Pennsylvania _ _ Rhode Island Utah___________ __________ Virginia_____________ Washington___________ . _ _ Wyoming_____________ _____ 8-48 8-48 9-48 8^-48 8-48 8-44 10-48 9-48 8-48 9-48 8— 8-48 1 Day-of-rest law provides, in effect, for a 48-hour week. 2 By statute, 48 hours constitutes a week's work for men and women employees in certain specified industries. Nine States have set a maximum 9-hour day for women and all but one of these (Idaho) have a weekly maximum of 50 or 54 hours. Maine’s law sets 50 hours for production workers in manufacturing and mechanical establishments and 54 hours for women workers in a number of other establishments and industries. Idaho.. . Maine____.. Michigan Missouri_ _ Nebraska. _ . _ . ._________ ._________ ._________ ._________ _________ 99-50 9-54 9-54 9-54 Oklahoma . ... _________ Texas____ . _________ Vermont __________ _________ Wisconsin_______ _ _________ 9-54 9-54 9-50 9-50 Nine States have set a maximum day of 10 hours and a week of from 50 to 60 hours. In Georgia and South Carolina the law is limited to one type of manufacturing only—cotton and woolen goods. Delaware--------------------------------Georgia*---------------------------------Kentucky-------------------------------Maryland-------------------------------Mississippi* 10-60 10-55 New Jersey 10-54 10-60 South Carolina* 10-55 10-60 South Dakota 10-54 10-60 Tennessee 10-50 *Men and women. Minnesota has fixed no daily limit in its statute, having only a 54-hour weekly limitation for manufacturing and several other in dustries. Alaska has set 60 hours as the maximum week for household or domestic employees. Day of Best4 Nearly half the States (22) and the District of Columbia establish a 6-day week for women in some or all industries. In 2 of these States—Colorado and Utah—the law does not apply to manufac turing establishments. 4 A number of States still have on their statute books the so-called “blue laws” which prohibit labor on Sunday other than work of necessity or charity. Since such laws do not regulate the employment of one person by another, they are not considered labor laws within the scope of this bulletin. 2 Arizona Arkansas California* Colorado Connecticut* Delaware District of Columbia Illinois* Kansas Louisiana Massachusetts* Nevada New Hampshire* New Jersey New York* North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina Utah Wisconsin* •Men and women. In addition, Puerto Rico has a law which provides for a day of rest but permits work during such day on payment of double the employee’s regular rate. Also, Rhode Island has a law, enforced by the department of labor, which prohibits employment on Sundays and holidays except to perform work absolutely necessary. Kentucky law requires payment of time and one-half for work on the seventh consecutive day. Meal and Rest Periods Meal periods varying from 20 minutes to 1 hour must be allowed to women hi some or all industries in over half of the States (27), the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. The States are as follows: Arkansas California Colorado Delaware District of Columbia Illinois Indiana* Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Nebraska* Nevada New Jersey* New Mexico New York* North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Utah Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Puerto Rico •Men and women. Rest periods are provided for in one or more industries by 8 States. Most of these set a 10-minute rest period within the half-day’s work. Arizona California Colorado Nevada Oregon Utah Washington Wyoming Nightwork Twenty States and Puerto Rico place some limitation on the hours adult women may be employed at night. An additional 3 States and the District of Columbia limit the nightwork of persons 18 to 21 years of age only. In 13 States and Puerto Rico, nightwork for adult women is pro hibited in certain industries or occupations. In North Dakota and 3 r Washington the prohibition applies only to elevator operators; in Ohio,6 only to taxicab drivers. Connecticut Delaware Indiana 1 Kansas Massachusetts Nebraska New Jersey New York North Dakota Ohio South Carolina Washington Wisconsin Puerto Rico 1 Suspended until 1961. In 7 additional States—California, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Utah-—as well as in several of the States already listed, the employment of adult women at night, while not prohibited, is regulated either by provision for a lower maximum hour limit for nightwork than for daywork or by the establishment of specific working-conditions standards. In the District of Columbia and in 3 States that do not prohibit or regulate nightwork for adult women—Arizona, Rhode Island, and Virginia—nightwork is prohibited only for persons under 21 in messenger service (in Virginia for girls under 21). ‘ See footnote 3. 4 <> LAWS GOVERNINGJMAXIMUMfHOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHT WORK Variations Hour provisions Coverage State Daily Weekly Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General War- or defense* related ALABAMA: 1. Maximum Hours. No law. 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. No law. 4. Nightwork. No law. ALASKA: 1.^Maximum Hours. Compiled Laws Annotated (1949), vol. 2, sec. 43-2-34. 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. No law. 4. Nightwork. No law. ARIZONA: 1. Maximum Hours. (1039), vol. 4, sec. 56-320. cn ployment. 60 (Females.) \ Any labor. (Females.) Ex emptions: Domestic work; nurses; telephone or tele graph office or exchange or railroad-yard office employ ing 3 ortfewer women. 18 48 For women engaged in harvesting, curing, canning, or drying of perishable fruits or vegetables during period necessary to save product from spoiling, hours’ provisions not ap plicable. If daily hours do not exceed 6, adult women may be employed 7 days a week. (For variations in laundry establishments, see foot note 2.) 6 See footnotes at end of table. i LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHT WORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly ARIZONA—Continued 2. Day of Rest. (See Maximum Hours.) 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. State Industrial Commission Minimum Wage Order, Manda tory Order, No. 2-A, Laundry and Dry Clean ing Industry (1948). 4. Nightwork. Code Annotated (1939), vol. 4, sec. 56-311. Laundry and Dry-cleaning In dustry includes: (1) Clean ing, dyeing, pressing, proc essing, or any other work incidental thereto, of cloth ing (including hats), house hold furnishings, rugs, tex tiles , fur, leather, or fabric of any kind; (2) the collection, sale, resale, or distribution at retail or wholesale of these services; (3) the producing of such services on their own behalf, by establishments, businesses, institutions, clubs, or hospitals which services may be incidental to their present business; (4) self-service laundries, auto matic laundries, help-yourself laundries, U-Do laun dries, and any type of rental laundries. (Women and minors.) Exemptions: Work er under 21 whose chief occu pation is that of a student actually attending public or private school. Messenger for telegraph or mes senger company in incorpo rated city. (Persons under 21.) Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated One 10-minute rest pe riod during each half day worked, or two 10-minute periods dur ing any full work ing shift at employee’s regular rate of pay. General War- or defenserelated ✓ 10 p. m. to 5 a. m. t ARKANSAS: 1. Maximum Hours. Statutes Anno Manufacturing, mechanical or tated (1947), vol. mercantile establishment, 7, secs. 81-601 to laundry, express or trans portation company, hotel, 81-603, 81-614, 81-617,81-619, as restaurant, eating place, amended session bank, building and loan as laws 1953, Act sociation, insurance com pany, finance or credit busi 217. ness, or work in any capacity other than occupations ex pressly exempted by law. (Females.) Exemptions: Domestic, agricultural, or horticultural employment; cotton factory; gathering of fruits or farm products; switchboard operators in public telephone exchanges having less than 750 stations to the extent they are ex empt under FLSA; and rail road employees whose hours are regulated by Federal law. 2. Day of Rest. (See Maximum Hours.) 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. Statutes Anno tated (1947), vol. 7, sec. 81-609. For coverage, see Maximum Hours. (Females.) Appli cable only where 3 or more females employed. See footnotes at end of table. Time and a half must be paid for hours over 8 a day and for work on 7th con secutive day. For work on 7th day or for employment of perma nent nature in excess of 9 hours on other days, per mit must be obtained from commissioner of la bor. Permit for employment on 7th day is limited by the statute to 90 days. Women executives or mana gers who exercise real su pervision and managerial authority andwhose weekly salaries are $35 or more may be exempted from day-and-hour provi sions of the statute by labor commissioner follow ing a hearing of all parties interested. Banks and trust companies, complying with wage-andhour provisions of FLSA, shall be held in compli ance with wage-and-hour provisions of female labor laws of the State. Not less than % hour for lunch. Interval of H hour re quired if employment covers a period of 6 consecutive hours. Work period of 6M consecu tive hours permitted if employment ends not later than 1:30 p. m. and work er is dismissed for the day. Labor commissioner may grant exemption on such terms and conditions as he in his discretion may prescribe. 00 LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Variations Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly Days per week ARKANSAS—Con. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods—Con. Ibid., sec. 81-410... Factory, manufacturing estab lishment, workshop, or other place of employment. (Women.) Exemption: Es tablishments employing fewer than 6 men and women. Meal periods; rest periods Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General War- or defenserelated If lunchroom not pro vided on premises, 1 hour must be allowed for meals during which time women must be free to leave building if they so de sire. 4. Nightwork. No law. CALIFORNIA: 1. Maximum Hours. Labor Code (Deer- Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment or ing, 1943), secs. industry; laundry, cleaning, 1350 to 1352, as dyeing, or cleaning and dye amended 1951 supplement, as ing establishment; hotel, public lodginghouse, apart amended session ment house, hospital, Iawsl953,ch.l254. beauty shop,barbershop, General Laws (Deering, 1943), place of amusement, restau rant, cafeteria, telegraph or vol. 2, 1951, sup telephone establishment or plement, Act office; express or transporta 4052, as amended tion company; operation of session laws 1953, elevators in office buildings. ch. 300. (Females.3) Exemptions: Executives, administrators; and professional women, i. e., (a) those engaged in work predominantly intel lectual, managerial, or cre ative, requiring exercise of discretion and independent judgment for which remu neration is not less than $350 per month, or (b) those licensed or certified by the i8 48 (See Day of Rest law.) During period necessary to Until termination of the existing save product from spoil emergency or the ing, hours’ provisions not 91st day after fi applicable to (1) women nal adjournment engaged in harvesting, cur of the 1955 regu ing, canning, or drying of lar session of the perishable fruit, fish, or legislature, upon vegetables; (2) employees application of actually engaged in the employer to the processing of biologicals State enforcing in laboratories under li cense of U. S. Depart agency, governor may issue a de ments of Treasury or Ag fense production riculture. permit authoriz ing employment of females at or for such hours and at such type of work and un der such condi tions as may be helpful in in creasing produc tion and further ing the current I State and practicing law, medicine, dentistry, archi tecture, engineering, or ac counting, and graduate nurses, clinical laboratory technologists, and techni cians in hospitals during an emergency. Industrial Welfare Motion-Picture Industry, i. e., any industry, business, or Commission establishment operated for Minimum Wage the purpose of motion-pic Order, No.l7-R, ture production, including Motion Picture but not limited to motion Industry (1949). pictures for entertainment, commercial, religious, or educational purposes. (Women and minors.) Ex emptions: Women who act, sing, dance, or otherwise perform; or who are em ployed in administrative, executive, or professional capacities (as defined in order). Extras who act, sing, dance, or Ibid., No. 16-A, otherwise perform at a wage Motion pictures of not more than $15 a day or (1931). $65 a week. (Women and minors.) See footnotes at end o'f table. NO In emergencies, women 18 and over may be employed in excess of 8 hours a day or 6 days a week, provided overtime rate of VA times regular rate is paid. Wom en employed at a guaran teed weekly rate must be paid for hours worked in excess of 40 a week. 8 8 (See Day ol Rest Law.) In emergencies, employment may be up to 16 hours a day, including meal periods, and on the seventh day if the over time rates specified in the order are paid. defense program without un reasonably in creasing the risk of impairing the health or safety of said employees. On proper cause, the governor may at any time re voke, modify, or suspend existing permit. In case of extreme de fense production emergency, gov ernor may issue temporary per mit pending processing of reg ular permit ap plication. Do. Do. © LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly CALIFORNIA—Con. 1. Maximum Hours— Continued Ibid,, No. 1-52, Manufacturing Industry, i. e., Manufacturing any industry, business, or and Mercantile establishment operated for industries (1952); the purpose of preparing, No. 2-52, Per producing, making, altering, sonal Service In repairing, finishing, process dustry (1952); ing, inspecting, handling, No. 4-52, Pro assembling, wrapping, bot fessional, Tech tling, or packaging goods, nical, Clerical, articles, or commodities in and Similar Oc whole or in part. (Women cupations (1952) ;3 and minors.) Exemptions: No. 5-52, Public Canning, preserving, and Housekeeping freezing industry; industries Industry (1952) ;* handling farm products after No. 6-52, Laun harvest; women employed dry, Dry Clean in administrative, executive, ing, and Dyeing or professional capacities Industry (1952); (as defined). No. 9-52, Trans Mercantile Industry, i e., any portation (1952);« industry, business, or estab No. 10-52, Amuse lishment operated for the ment and Rec purpose of purchasing, sell reation Indus ing, or distributing goods tries (1952). or commodities at wholesale or retail. (Women and min ors.) Exemptions: Women employed in administrative, executive, or professional capacities (as defined). Personal Service Industry, i. e., any industry, business, or establishment operated for the purpose of rendering, directly or indirectly, any service, operation, or process used or useful in the care, cleansing, or beautification 8 Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated 6 General For employment not pro hibited by secs. 1350-1354 of Labor Code (maximum hour statute), women 18 years and over may be employed in excess of 8 hours and on the 7th day if overtime is paid at not less than 1^ times em ployee’s regular rate, pro vided that such overtime need not be paid for work on 7th day occurring in a week when total employ ment does not exceed 30 hours and daily total does not exceed 6 hours. v War- or defonserelated Do. f of the body, skin, nails, or hair, or in the enhancement of personal appearance or health. (Women and min ors.) Exemptions: Women employed in administrative, executive, or professional capacities (as defined). Professional, Technical, Clerical and Similar Occupations; i. e. professional, semiprofession al, managerial, supervisorial, laboratory, research, techni cal, clerical, and office-work occupations. (Women and minors.) Exemptions: Work which is predominantly in tellectual, managerial, or creative, requiring exercise of discretion and independ ent judgment, and for which the remuneration is not less than $350 per month; em ployees licensed or certified by the State to practice the professions specified; ex change operator of a tele phone company having less than 150 stations operating under the jurisdiction of the State’s public utilities com mission and employee’s du ties as operator are incidental to other duties. Public Housekeeping Indus try; i. e., any industry, business, or establishment which provides meals, hous ing, or maintenance services whether operated as a pri mary business or when inci dental to other operations in an establishment not covered by another mini mum-wage order. (Women and minors.) Exemptions: Graduate nurses in hospi tals; student nurses in a school accredited by ex aminers in the State; women employed in administrative, executive, or professional capacities (as defined). See footnotes at end of table. t LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated CALIFORNIA—Con. 1. Maximum Hours— Continued Ibid.—Continued Laundry, Dry Cleaning, and Dyeing Industry; i. e., any industry, business, or estab lishment operated for the purpose of washing, ironing, cleaning, refreshing, restor ing, pressing, dyeing, fumi gating, mothproofing, water proofing, or other processes incidental thereto, on arti cles or fabrics of any kind. Includes self-service laun dries and the collection, dis tribution, sale, or resale at retail or wholesale of the foregoing services. (Women and minors.) Exemptions: Women employed in admin istrative, executive, or pro fessional capacities (as de fined) . Transportation Industries; i. e., any industry, business, or establishment operated for the purpose of conveying persons or property from 1 place to another whether by rail, highway, air, or water, and all operations and serv ices in connection therewith. Includes storing or ware housing of goods or property, and the repairing, parking, rental, maintenance, or cleaning of vehicles. (Women and minors.) Ex emptions: Women employed in administrative, execu- v General War- or defenserelated •f 259312 — 54fed Ibid., No. 3-52, Canning,^Freez ing and Preserv ing Industry; No. 8-52, Industries Handling Farm Products 'After Harvestli(1952). CO tive, or professional capaci ties (as defined). Amusement and Recreation Industries; i. e., any indus try, business, or establish ment operated for the pur pose of furnishing entertain ment, or recreation to the public. (Women and minors.) Exemptions: Women employed in admin istrative, executive, or pro fessional capacities (as de fined). Canning, Freezing, and Pre serving Industry, i. e., any industry, business, or estab lishment operated for the purpose of canning soups; and of cooking, canning, curing, freezing, pickling, salting, bottling, preserving, or otherwise processing any fruits, vegetables, or sea food when the purpose of such processing is the pres ervation of the product and includes all operations inci dental thereto. (Women and minors.) Exemptions: Women employed in admin istrative, executive, or pro fessional capacities (as de fined). Industries Handling Farm Products After Harvest, i. e., any industry, business, or establishment operated for the purpose of grading, sorting, cleaning, drying, packing, dehydrating, cracking, shelling, candling, separating, slaughtering, plucking, pasteurizing, ripening, molding, or other wise preparing any agricul tural, horiticultural, egg, poultry, rabbit, or dairy products for distribution. (Women and minors.) Ex emptions: Women employed in administrative, executive, or professional capacities (as defined). g ............................................................................... For employment not pro hibited by secs. 1350-1354 of Labor Code (maxi mum-hour statute), in periods when it is neces sary to prevent deteriora tion or spoilage of the product handled, women 18 years and over may be employed as much as 72 hours in any 7 consecutive days if employer grants a 24-hour rest period there after, provided that em ployee is compensated for overtime at not less than lYi times her regular rate of pay for hours over 8 in cluding 12 on any 1 day, and for the first 8 hours on the 7th day; and not less than double such regular rate for hours in excess of 12 per day and in excess of 8 on the 7th day. Do. LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hoar provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly CALIFORNIA—Con. 2. Day of Rest. Labor Code (Deering, 1943), secs. 510, 550-556, as amended 1951 supplement. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. Industrial Welfare Commission Minimum Wage Order, No. 17R. Ibid., Nos. 1-52 to 6-52 and N os. 8-52 to 10-52. 4. Nightwork. Industrial Welfare Commission Minimum Wage Order, No. 17R. Any occupation of labor. (Men and women.) Exemp tions: Work performed in care of animals, crops, or lands; protection of life or property; common carrier engaged in or connected with movement of trains; employees working under collective-bargaining agree ments. For coverage, see Maximum. Hours, Motion Picture In dustry. For coverage, see Maximum Hours, Manufacturing and Mercantile; Personal Service; Canning, Freezing, and Preserving; Professional, Technical, Clerical, and Similar; Public Housekeep ing; Laundry, Dry Clean ing and Dyeing; Handling Farm Products After Har vest; Transportation; Amusement and Recreation. For coverage, see Maximum Hours, Motion Picture In dustry. Days per week 6 Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General ................................................ .............................. In cases of emergency and in employment which does not exceed 6 hours a day or 30 hours a week, work on the 7th day permitted. If nature of work requires that employee work 7 or more consecutive days, days of rest may be accu mulated and equivalent time o£E allowed during calendar month. Minimum meal period of Yl hour and maxi mum of 1 hour after 6 hours’ work. 10-minute paid rest pe riod for each 4 hours of worktime, insofar as practicable, in middle of work period. At least ^-hour meal period after 5 hours’ work. 8 At least 10-minute paid period per 4 hours or major fraction thereof, and insofar as practi cable, in middle of work period.* War- or defenserelated See entry in Maxi mum Hours. Under certain circumstances exemptions from meal and rest periods may be ob tained by making appli cation to commission; ex emptions revocable after reasonable written notice. If 6 hours completes day’s work waiver permitted. On application of employer commission may issue written exemption after investigation and finding that specified conditions are met. (■> <9> Do. Do. Do. 4 wt Ibid., Nos. 1-52 to 6-52 and Nos. 8 52 to 10-52. COLORADO: 1. Maximum Hours. Statutes Annotat ed (1935), vol. 3, ch. 97, sec. 112, 1951 supple ment. No woman may be required to report for work or may be dis missed from work between 10 p. m. and 6 a. m. unless suit able transporta tion is avail able.10 For coverage, see Maximum Hours, Manufacturing and Mercantile; Personal Serv ice; Canning, Freezing, and Preserving; Professional, Technical, Clerical, and Similar; Public Housekeep ing; Laundry, Dry Cleaning and Dyeing; Handling Farm Products After Harvest; Transportation; Amusement and Recreation. Manufacturing,! mechanical, or mercantile establish ment,2 laundry, hotel, or restaurant. (Females.) 3 8 Laundry Industry, i. e., any trade, business, indus try, club, institution, or branch thereof engaged in (1) washing, ironing, or proc essing incidental thereto, for compensation, of cloth ing, napery, blankets, bed clothing, or fabric of any kind whatsoever; (2) the col lecting, sale, resale, or dis tribution at retail or whole sale of laundry services; (3) the producing of laundry service for their own use by business establishments, hospitals, clubs, or profit making institutions; (4) self-service laundries. (Wo men and minors.) See footnotes at end of table. 8 Industrial Com mission Mini mum Wage Order, N o. 6, Laundry Indus try (1951). Qi 6 In case of emergencies or con ditions demanding im mediate action or in case of processing of seasonal agricultural products, over 8 hours’ work in a calen dar day permitted on pay ment of time and one-half employee’s regular hourly rate, provided that a per mit is first obtained from the industrial commis sion. For hours over 8 a day (al lowed only on permit in emergencies) or over 44 a week, time and one-half employee’s regular rate must be paid. Work on more than 6 days a week permitted in emer gencies. O* LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly COLORADO—Con. 1. Maximum Hours— Continued Ibid., No. 7, Retail Trade Occupa tions (1951). Ibid., No. 8, Pub lic Housekeep ing Occupations (1951). Retail Trade Occupations, i. e., the performance of any and every type of work con cerned with or incidental to the selling or offering for sale any commodity, article, goods, wares, or merchan dise, to the consumer, not for the purpose of resale in any form. (Women and minors.) Public Housekeeping includes hotels, restaurants, motels, roominghouses, cottage camps, clubs, hospitals, con valescent homes, sanitar iums, private schools, col leges, and any establish ment that prepares and offers for sale food or refresh ments for consumption, either on or off its premises; any business which offers lodg ing accommodations for hire to the public, to employees, or to members, whether such service is the principal business of the employer or merely incidental to another business. Exemptions: Reg istered nurses; student nurses; female interns; dieti tians; laboratory techni cians, and student employ ees in sororities, fraternities, college clubs, or dormitories. (Women and minors.) * 8 8 Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General For hours over 8 a day (al lowed only on permit in emergencies) or over 48 a week, time and one-half employee’s regular rate must be paid. War- or defenserelated Ibid., No. 9, Beau Beauty Service, i. e., all serv ices or operations used or ty Service Oc useful in the care, cleansing, cupations or beautification of the skin, (1951). nails, or hair, or in the en hancement of personal ap pearance, and also services or operations incidental thereto, including the serv ice of maids, cashiers, re ception or appointment clerks. (Women and mi nors.) 2. Day of Rest. (See Orders 6 and 9 in Maximum Hours.) J.5M e a 1 and Rest Periods. Industrial Com For coverage see Maximum Hours, Laundry Industry. mission Mini mum Wage Or der No. 6. Ibid., No. 7. For coverage see Maximum Hours, Retail Trade Occu pations. Ibid., No. 8. For coverage see Maximum Hours, Public Housekeep ing Occupations. Ibid., No. 9.......... For coverage see Maximum Hours, Beauty Service Occupations. 4. Night-work. No law. For hours over 8 a day (al lowed only on permit in emergencies) or over 44 a week, time and one-half employee's regular rate must be paid. Not less than 30 and not more than 9u minutes for meal pei iod on em ployee's time. At least 10 minutes’ rest on employer’s time for each 4 hours of em ployment or major fraction thereof. Hours worked shall be consecutive, except that an interval of not less than 30 and not more than 90 minutes must be allowed for each meal period on employee’s time. See laundry order for rest-period provision. Meal period (length not stated) on employee’s time. See laundry order for rest-period provision. Not less than 30 minutes on employee’s time. See laundry order for rest-period provision. LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly CONNECTICUT: 1. Maximum Hours. General Statutes (1949), vol. 3, sec. 7344, as amended ses sion laws 1953, Act 279. Mercantile establishments.1 (Females.) Exemptions: Permanent salaried em ployees in executive, mana gerial, or supervisory posi tions excepted from the pro visions of the minimum wage law who receive a regular salary of not less than the minimum fixed for such employment in any wage order or administra tive regulations issued under the minimum wage law. Ibid., sec. 7343, as amended 1951 supplement, sec. 1286b. Manufacturing2 or mechani cal establishment. (Fe males.) Ibid., sec. 7349_ _ Public restaurant, cafe, diningroom, barbershop, hairdressing, or manicuring establishment, or photo graph gallery. (Females.) Exemption: Hotels. Days per week 48 (See Day of Rest law.) 48 Meal periods; rest periods v ariauons Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General War- or defenserelated To provide 1 shorter work ing day in a week, 10 hours’ employment per mitted on 1 day in that week. If employer grants at least 7 holidays with pay annually, overtime per mitted during Dec. 18-25. In cases of emergency and of seasonal or peak demand, commissioner of labor may allow 10 hours a day, 52 hours a week, for not more than 4 weeks in any 12 months. In cases of emergency and of In the event of seasonal or peak demand, war or other na commissioner of labor tional emergency, may allow 10 hours a day, commissioner 55 hours a week, for not after investigamore than 8 weeks in any gation may, with 12 months. approval of the governor, extend the number of weeks per year in which 10 hours a day, 55 hours a week, may be worked to meet scheduled produc tion of war or critical material. To provide 1 shorter work ing day in a week, 10 hours’ employment permitted on 1 day in that week. 4 Ibid., sec. 7348---2. Day of Rest. (See Maximum Hours.) General Statutes (1949), vol. 3, sec. 8608. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. No law. 4. Nightwork. General Statutes (1949), vol. 3, secs. 7350, 7351, as amended 1951 supplement, sec. 1287b. Administrative Regulations, Department of Labor (1948). Bowling alley, shoeshining establishment, billiard or poolroom. (Women.) Any commercial occupation or the work of any industrial process. (All employees.) Exemptions: Farm or per sonal service; druggists; watchmen, superintendents or managers; janitors; per sons engaged solely in trans portation; sale or delivery of milk, food, or newspapers; commercial occupations or industrial processes required to be continuous; necessary work of inspection, repair, or care of any manufacturing or other plant or of any mer chandise or stock. In cases of emergency, work permitted on 7th day. Public restaurant, cafe, din ing room, barber shop, hair dressing, or manicuring es tablishment, or photograph gallery; manufacturing,2 me chanical, or mercantile establishment. (Females.) Exemptions: Hotel, physi cians, surgeons, nurses, pharmacists, attorneys, teachers, social service work ers, display workers en gaged chiefly in arranging and displaying merchandise in accordance with their own designs and receiving at least $150 a month, wom en over 21 employed solely as musicians or other enter tainers provided such enter tainers are not employed more than 40 hours a week. 1 a. m. to 6 a. m___ Employer may be granted permit to employ females between 1 a. m. and 6 a. m. when in compli ance with regulations of labor commissioner pro tecting the health and welfare of such females and prescribing adequate transportation for them. Specific administrative reg ulations promulgated by the labor commissioner include: No female shall be employed or permitted to work as sole occupant of any establishment be tween 1 a. m. and 6 a. m.; all establishments em ploying women between 1 a. m. and 6 a. m. shall be open to inspection of the commissioner or his agent at all times. See footnotes at end of table. VO g LAWSJGOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHT WORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly Days per week Meal periods; rest periods CONNECTICUT—Con. 4. Nightwork—Con. General Statutes Bowling alley, shoeshining es (1949), vol. 3, tablishment, billiard or pool sec. 7348. room. (Women.) DELAWARE: 1. Maximum Hours. Revised Code (1935), ch. 90, sec. 3592. 2. Day of Rest. (See Maximum Hours.) 3. Meal and Rest Peri ods. Revised Code (1935), ch. 90, sec. 3594. 4. Nightwork. Revised Code (1935), ch. 90, sec. 3592, as amended session laws 1943, ch. 160. Mercantile, mechanical,1 or manufacturing establish ment; laundry, baking, or printing establishment; tele phone and telegraph office or exchange; restaurant, ho tel, place of amusement, dressmaking establishment, or office. (Females.2) Ex emptions: Canning or pre serving perishable fruits and vegetables. For coverage see Maximum Hours. Mechanical or manufacturing establishment; laundry, bak ing, or printing establish ment; office or dressmaking establishment. (Females.2) Exemptions: Canning or pre serving of perishable fruits and vegetables; establish- Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General After 10 p. m. 10 55 12 hours may be worked on 1 day a week, provided weekly maximum is not exceeded. At least H hour for meals. An interval of at least % hour must be al lowed if work period is 6 consecutive hours. Work period of 6M hours permitted if employment ends not later than 1:30 p. m. and worker is dis missed for the day. 11 p. m. to 6 a. m. War- or defenserelated Idem. Revised Code (1935), ch. 90, sec._3607. DISTRICT OF CO LUMBIA: 1. Maximum Hours. Code; (1951), vol. 2, sec. 36-301. 2. Day of Rest. (See Maximum Hours.) 3. Meal and Rest Peri ods. Code. (1951), vol. 2, sec. 36-303. ments where continuous op erations are necessary. Mercantile establishments, tele phone and telegraph office or exchange, restaurant, hotel, place of amusement. (Fe males.2) Messenger for telephone, tele graph, or messenger com panies in the distribution, collection, transmission, or delivery of goods or messages in towns or cities having a population of over 20,000 persons. (Persons under 21.) \ Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishments; laundry, hotel, restaurant, telegraph, or telephone es tablishment or office; or ex press or transportation com pany. (Females.) Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment; laundry, hotel, restaurant, telegraph, or telephone es tablishment or office, or ex press or transportation com pany. (Females.) Exemption: Establishments in which 2 or fewer females are employed. 4. Nightwork."*^' (Females Code (1951), vol. Messengers. tween 18 and 21.) 2, sec. 36-206. See footnotes at end of table. If any part of day’s work is per formed between 11 p. m. and 7 a. m., employment may not exceed 8 hours in any 24. 10 p. m. to 6 a. m.. be 48 6 If employment ends not later than 1:30 p. m. and employee is dismissed for the day, continuous work period of not more than 6H hours permitted. No female shall be em ployed or permitted to work more than 6 hours continuously without an interval of at least % hour. 7 p.m. to 6 a. m. LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly Days per week Meal periods; rest periodsj Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General FLORIDA: 1. Maximum Hours. No. law. 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. No law. 4. Nightwork. No law. GEORGIA: 1. Maximum Hours. Code Annotated (1937), vol. 16, sec. 54-201. Cotton or woolen manufacturing establishment. (All employees.) Exemptions: Engineers, firemen, watch men, mechanics, teamsters, yard employees, clerical force, cleaners, repairmen. 10 Mechanical or mercantile establishment, laundry, hotel, or restaurant, telegraph or 9 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. No law. 4. Nightwork. No law. HAWAII: 1. Maximum Hours. No law.i 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. No law. 4. Nightwork. No law. IDAHO: 1. Maximum Hours. Code Annotated (1947), vol. 8, sec. 44-1107. 60 More than 10 hours a day permitted if weekly hours are not exceeded. Time lost because of acci dent or other unavoid able circumstance may be made up, not to exceed 10 days. War- or defenserelated 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. No law. 4. Nightwork. No law. ILLINOIS: 1. Maximam Hours. Statutes Anno tated (SmithHurd, 1950), ch. 48, secs. 5, 5a, 8.1, as amended session laws 1953, H. B. 813. telephone establishment, of fice, express or transporta tion company.i (Females.*) Exemptions: Harvesting, packing, curing, canning, or drying perishable fruits or vegetables. Mechanical or mercantile establishment; factory, laundry, hotel, restaurant, barbershop, beauty parlor, telegraph or telephone estab lishment or office thereof; place of amusement; express or transportation or public utility business; common carrier; public or private in stitution or office thereof.1 (Females.2) Exemptions: Graduate nurses; opera tors for a telephone com pany in an agency in a pri vate residence or place of business other than an ex clusive telephone establish ment. See footnotes at end of table. t£ CO 8 48 (See . Day of Rest law.) In mercantile establishments Unti termination of the national during 4 weeks in calendar year, 9 hours a day, 54 emergency pro hours a week, permitted claimed Dec. 16, 1950, the director by statute. of labor on appli In other than mercantile es cation showing tablishments, 9 hours may be worked on 1 day a week wartime neces sity may grant if weekly hours do not ex ceed 48. emergency per mits authorizing In canneries between June employment of 1 and October 15,10 hours females in wara day, 60 hours a week, work up to 10 permitted. hours a day, 54 a In public emergencies, em week, for as ployments necessary to much as 10 weeks furnish essential public services such as communi inAyear. cation, sewage disposal, water supply, light, gas, and transportation are exempt from provisions of hour law for a period not to exceed 48 hours. Telegraph or telephone oper ators may be employed not more than 10 hours be tween 7:30 p. m. and 8 a. m. if sleeping facilities are provided and operator is allowed at least 4 hours sleep. to if* LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly ILLINOIS—Continued 2. Day of Rest. Statutes Anno tated (SmithHurd, 1950), ch. 48, secs. 8b, 8c, 8h, as amended session laws 1953, H. B. 812. Meal periods; rest periods Factory (including cannery, bottling plant, laundry, and cleaning plant), mercantile establishment, transporta tion or public service com pany, hotel, apartment hotel, restaurant, hospital, laundry, telephone or tele graph establishment, bank ing institution, brokerage business, theater, freight or passenger elevator, or any employer engaged as a con tractor to furnish labor upon contract to any person, municipality, or county in stitution, or any office thereof. (All employees.) Exemptions: Janitors, watch men, superintendents, or foremen; employees engaged for not more than 3 hours on Sunday setting sponges in bakeries, caring for live ani mals, maintaining fires or electrical current, or neces sary repairs to boilers, ma chinery, equipment, or power.3 3. Meal and Rest Peri ods. Department of La Beauty Culture Occupations, bor Minimum including desk appointment Wage Order, girls. (Women and minors.) Mandatory Or der No. 2, Beauty Culture Occupations (1941). 4. Nightwork. No law. Days per week Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General War- or defenserelated Until termination of the national emergency pro claimed Dec. 16, 1950, the director of labor on appli cation showing wartime neces sity may grant emergency per mits authorizing employment of persons in warwork on 7 days a week for 2 con secutive weeks, but not more than 8 weeks in year. Not less than % hour for lunch after not more than 5 hours of em ployment. INDIANA; 1. Maximum Hours. No law. 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. Statutes Anno tated (Burns, 1952), vol. 8, pt. 1 sec. 40-1007. 4. Nightwork. Statutes Anno tated (Burns, 1952), vol. 8, pt. 1, sec. 40-903; and vol. 11, pt. 2, Appendix, Temporary Measure 8, p. 1522. Manufacturing or mercantile establishment, mine, quarry, laundry, renovating works, bakery, or printing office. (All employees.) Not less than 1 hour for noonday meal. In special cases and for good cause shown, chief labor inspector may permit shorter time. Manufacturing establish ment.* (Women and female young persons.8) 10 p. m. to 6 a. m_. In establishments operating 2 shifts of not more than 8 hours each and not more than 5 days a week, em ployment of females per mitted # until 12 o’clock midnight. Laundry occupations, i. e., work in laundry, dyeing, dry-cleaning, and pressing establishment. (Women; minors.) Overtime of 2J^ hours a week allowed but daily hours may not be ex ceeded. IOWA: 1. Maximum Hours. No law. 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. No law. 4. Nightwork. No law. KANSAS: 1. Maximum Hours.* Labor Depart ment Indus trial Welfare Order No. 1, Laundry (1939). See footnotes at end of table. Act of 1943, as amended and ex tended, suspends until Mar. 15, 1961, laws re specting number of hours per day or per week, the number of days per week and the hours within which any fe males, 18 years old or over, may be employed in industry. LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly K A NS AS—C ontinued L Maximum Hours— Continued | Ibid., No. 2, Man ufacturing (1939). Manufacturing occupations, i. e., all processes in the pro duction of commodities in cluding work in florists’ shops, and candymaking departments of confec tionery stores and bakeries. (Women; minors.) 9 49H Days per week 6 Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General Overtime of 4Vi hours a week allowed in cases of emergency. In seasonal industries han dling perishable food prod ucts, such as canneries, creameries, condenseries, ahd poultry houses, the full amount of overtime is allowed for 6 weeks during their peak season or for 2 periods a year not to exceed 3 weeks each. Cream testers may work 63-3 days a week between May 1 and September 1, if weekly hours do not ex ceed 54. In a poultry dressing and packing business, during the season from October 15 to December 24, 11 hours a day and 58 hours a week are permitted for 4 of the 6 weeks’ peak season and 11 hours a day and 60 hours a week for the re maining 2 weeks, pro vided 1 of these latter weeks falls between No vember 1 and Thanksgiv ing Day and the other between Thanksgiving Day and Christmas. Millinery workrooms, dress making establishments, hemstitching and button shops, and alteration, drap- 1 War- or defenserelated V Ibid., No. 3, Mer cantile (1939). Ibid., No. 4, Pub lic housekeeping (1939). <1 Mercantile occupations, i. e., work in establishments op erated for the purpose of trade in the purchase or sale of goods or merchandise, in cluding the sales force, wrap ping employees, auditing and checking force, shippers in the mail-order depart ment, receiving, marking, and stockroom employees, sheet-music saleswomen and demonstrators, and all em ployees in such establish ments in any way directly connected with the sale, pur chase, and disposition of goods, wares, and merchan dise. (Women: minors.) Exemption: Regularly regis tered pharmacists. Public housekeeping occupa tions, i. e., the work of waitresses in restaurants, hotel dining rooms, and boardinghouses; attendants in ice-cream parlors, soda fountains, light-lunch stands; steam table or counterwork in cafeterias and delicatessens where freshly cooked foods are served; confectionery stores where lunches are served; chambermaids in hotels, lodging and boarding houses, and hospitals; janitresses; car cleaners; kitchen workers in hotels, restau rants, and hospitals; women elevator operators and cigarstand and cashier girls con nected with such establish ments. (Women; minors.) 9 8 54 ery, and upholstery de partments of mercantile establishments may ob tain permission from the women's division of the labor department to oper ate under the mercantile order. 10-hour working day allowed once a week, but maximum weekly hours may not be exceeded. 00 LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly Days per week • Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General K A NS AS—C ontinued 1. Maximum Hours Continued Ibid., No. 5, Tele phone Exchange or Office (1939). 2. Day of Rest. (See Maximum Hours.) 3. Meal and Rest Periods. Labor Department Industrial Wel fare Order, No. 1. Ibid., No. 2. Ibid., No. 3.. Telephone exchange or office: Operators. (Women; minors.) Telephone exchange or office: Employees other than oper ators. (Women; minors.) Exemptions: Small ex changes requiring not more than 2 operators on duty at 1 time; exchanges in resi dences operated by mem bers of household. For coverage see Maximum Hours, Laundry. For coverage see Maximum Hours, Manufacturing. For coverage see Maximum Hours, Mercantile. 8 (bas ic) 8 48 6 (bas ic) Longer hours permitted in emergencies if and when restrictions would result in interruption or impair ment of service to the public. Relief for lunch 1 hour. Not more than 6 con secutive hours may be worked without relief for meals. On application of both em ployer and employees, women's division of de partment of labor may re duce the 1-hour lunch period to H hour. Shorter lunch period may be granted by department of labor. If particular in dustry Is operated on an 8-hour basis, lunch period may be H hour. Women’s division of the de partment of labor, on application of both em ployer and employees, may reduce the 1-hour meal period to % hour. A be not less than % hour. Not more than 5 consecutive hours may be worked with out relief for meals. hour. No woman or minor may be em ployed for more than 5 consecutive hours without relief for meals. < <«■*« War- or defensem related ^ ^ 258312— 64 Ibid., No. 4. For coverage see Maximum Hours, Public Housekeep ing. Ibid., No. 5, Tele phone Exchange or Office (1939). Telephone exchange or offices: Operators. (Women; minors.) 4. Nightwork. Labor Department Industrial Wel fare Order, No. 1. Ibid., No. 2........ Ibid., No. 3 Ibid., No. 4. Ibid., No. 5, Tele phone Exchange or Office (1939). KENTUCKY: 1. Maximum Hours. Revised Statutes (1948), sec. 337, 380. For coverage see Maximum Hours, Laundry. For coverage see Maximum Hours, Manufacturing. For coverage see Maximum Hours, Mercantile. For coverage see Maximum Hours, Public Housekeep ing. (Women under 21.) Telephone exchange or office: Operators. (Women; mi nors.) Laundry, bakery, factory, workshop, store, mercantile, manufacturing, or mechani cal establishment, hotel, restaurant, telephone ex change, or telegraph office. (Females.) Ibid., sec. 337.370. Any occupation. (Females under 21.) Exemptions: Do mestic service; nursing. See footnotes at end of table. tO VO Relief for each meal to be not less than H hour. Not more than 5 consecutive hours may be worked with out relief for meals. Day operators shall per form in 2 shifts or “tours”—one of which shall not exceed 5 hours. 12 midnight to 5 a. m. The women’s division of de partment of labor may permit mercantile estab lishments in agricultural communities to remain open until 10 p. m. on 1 day a week during a speci fied number of weeks be tween June 1 and Sept. 15. Total hours-worktime plus rest and sleep timeshall not exceed 12 for all opera tors regularly employed after 11 p. m. 10 60 10 60 1 1 w LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHT WORK—Continued o Variations Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly KENTUCKY—Con. 2. Day of Rest.1 3. Meal and Rest Peri ods. Department of In All occupations. (Women and minors.) Exemptions: Labor dustrial Rela on a farm; domestic service tions Minimum in home of the employer; Wage Order, firms subject to regulation Mandatory by the State public service Order, All In commission; employment dustries and Oc under any special State cupations (1947). wage order. (The 2 cur rently in effect are shown in the entries which follow.) Ibid., Mandatory Laundry, Dry Cleaning, and Dyeing Industry, i. e., all Order, Laun places where persons are dry, Dry Clean engaged in washing, clean ing, and Dyeing ing, or dyeing clothing, Industry (1942). washable and cleanable ma terials, directly or indirectly connected with such place of business; all work in the process of receiving, mark ing, washing, cleaning, dye ing, ironing, and distribu tion of washable and cleanable materials. (Women and minors.) Ibid., Directory Hotels, i. e., establishments having more than 10 guest Order, Hotel and rooms, which offer lodging Restaurant In accommodations for hire to dustry (1951). the general public and have transient guests. (Women and minors.) Restaurants, i. e., establish ments preparing and offer ing for sale food for consump tion. (Women and minors.) 4. Nightwork. No law. Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General for more than 6 hours without a rest period of at least X hour. A Employment prohibited for more than 5 hours without a rest period of at least X hour. A for more than 6 hours without a rest period of at least X hour. A If rest periods of 5 or 10 minutes each, provided and paid for by employer, amount to X hour for each A shift, this is deemed to be compliance with the restperiod requirement. War- or defenserelated LOUISIANA: 1. Maximum Hours. Revised Statutes (West, 1950), vol. 16, secs. 23: 291, 23: 331-332, 23:337. Ibid., secs. 23:'291, 23: 311/23: 313. 2. Day of Rest. (See Maximum Hours.) 3.|Meal and Rest Pe riods. Revised Statutes (West, 1950), vol. 16, sec. 23: 333. In communities of 6,000 population or more, manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment; laundry, hotel, theater, restaurant, telegraph or telephone es tablishment; transportation company; or operator of a freight or passenger elevator. (Females.1) Exemptions: Fe males employed in agricul ture, or domestic service, or in an executive capacity; processing, packing, and canning of fish, seafood, fruits, and vegetables; fish ing industry; processing of sugarcane or sorghum into sugar, molasses, or syrup; office and clerical work except when such work is performed for laundries, ho tels, or restaurants; file, route, or information clerks; multiplex, teleprinter, tele phone, telegraph, or switch board operators.3 Mine, packinghouse, bowling alley, bootblack establish ment; distribution of mer chandise; place of amuse ment where intoxicating liq uors are made or sold; or any other occupation not cover ed by the 8-48-hour law. (Females.1) Exemptions: Fe males employed in agricul ture, or domestic service, or in an executive capacity. Females employed in any place or occupation enumerated in coverage of 8-48 maximum-hour law in which 3 or more females are em ployed. See footnotes at end of table. During emergencies, in packing plants, canning plants, and factories handling fruits, seafoods, vegetables, and perish able foods, not more than 10 hours daily and 60 hours weekly. At least H-hour interval after 6 consecutive hours of work. ----------- 6H consecutive hours may be worked if employ ment ends immediately thereafter and worker is dismissed for the day. M LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued to Variations Hour provisions Coverage State Daily Weekly LOUISIANA—Con. 3. Meal and Rest Periods—Con. Ibid., sec. 23: 312. 4. Nightwork. law. . Meal periods; rest periods Nightwork pro hibited or regu• lated General War- or defenserelated At least H-hour meal period such period not to be included as part of working hours. Female employed in any place or occupation enumerated in coverage of 9-54 maxi mum-hour law. No MAINE: 1. Maximum Hours. Revised Statutes (1944), vol 1, ch. 25, secs. 22, 24, 28, as amended session laws: 1945, ch. 278; 1949, ch. 283, ch. 290, and ch. 349; 1951, ch. 159 and ch. 266; 1953, ch. 42. Days per week Workshop, factory, manufacturing, or mechanical estab lishment. (Females.i) [See entry below for production workers.) Exemptions: Manufacturing establish ment or business, the mate rials and products of which are perishable and require immediate labor thereon; any females working in an executive, administrative, professional, or supervisory capacity or to those employed as personal office assistants to such persons and who receive an annual salary of more than $1,560, and to those employed in offices of common carriers subject to the Federal Rail way Labor Act. 9 54 For sole purpose of making 1 short workday, 1 day’s employment of 10 hours permitted in weekly maxi mum of 54. Relaxation also permitted on written employer-em ployee agreement, ap proved by commissioner, for not more than 15 days, singularly or consecu tively, in calendar years; approval must be based on proof of necessity, ex traordinary requirements, or emergencies. In cases of emergency in volving danger to prop erty, life, public safety, or public health, and in cases of extraordinary public re quirement, public service employers are exempted. During war or any national emer gency declared by the President, employment in manufacturing plants permitted up to 10 hours in any 1 day. Em ployment in ex cess of 10 hours permitted in any 1 day but not to exceed 56 hours a week on em ployer-employee agreement re ported to the commissioner within 48 hours thereafter; com missioner ap proval may be granted only in case of necessity, extraordinary business require ment, danger to property or life, « Ibid., secs. 22, 23, 24, as amended session laws: 1945, ch. 278; 1949, ch. 290; 1951, ch. 159. Ibid., secs. 22, 24, as amended ses sion laws: 1945, ch. 278; 1949, ch. 290; 1953, ch. 42. Production workers in any workshop, factory, manu facturing, or mechanical es tablishment. (Females.1) Exemptions: (As listed in coverage for 9-54 hour maximums.) Mercantile establishment; beauty parlor, hotel, res taurant, dairy, bakery, laundry, dry-cleaning estab lishment; telegraph office, any telephone exchange em ploying more than 3 oper ators, or any express or transportation company. (Females.) Exemptions: Fe males working in an execu tive, administrative, pro fessional, or supervisory capacity, or to those em ployed as personal office assistants to such persons and who receive an annual salary of more than $1,560, and to those employed in offices of common carriers subject to the Federal Rail way Labor Act. 2. Day of Rest. No law. See footnotes at end of table. 09 09 See second and third para graphs in Maximum Hours. Between Dec. 17-24, inclu sive, and in millinery shops or stores during the 8 days prior to Easter Sunday, provisions not applicable. In cases of emergency in volving danger to prop erty, life, public safety, or public health, and in cases of extraordinary public requirement, pub lic service employers are exempted. or emergency in volving the pub lic peace, health, or safety. Do. CO LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL A EST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Weekly MAINE—Continued 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. Revised Statutes (1944), vol. 1, ch. 25, sec. 25, as amended ses sion laws: 1949, ch. 290; 1953, ch. 42. 4 Nightwork. Nolaw. Workshop, factory, manufac turing, mechanical, or mer cantile establishment, beauty parlor, hotel, res taurant, dairy, bakery, laundry, dry-cleaning estab lishment, telegraph office, telephone exchange, express or transportation company in which 3 or more females are employed. (Females.) Exemptions: Manufacturing establishment or business, the materials and products of which are perishable and require immediate labor thereon; any females work ing in an executive, admin istrative, professional, or supervisory capacity or to those employed as personal office assistants to such per sons and who receive an annual salary of more than $1,560, and to those em ployed in offices of com mon carriers subject to the Federal Railway Labor Act. Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Not more than 6 con secutive hours may be worked without an interval of at least 1 hour. Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General If employment ends not later than 1:30 p. m. and worker is dismissed for the day, work period of 6Vi hours permitted. If work shift is more than 6J4 hours in workshops, factories, manufacturing or mechanical establish ments, an unbroken J4hour rest period must be granted for each 6H con secutive hours of work on any shift. In cases of emergency in volving danger to prop erty, life, public safety, or public health, and in cases of extraordinary pub lic requirement, public service employers are ex empted. Provision not applicable to telephone exchange opera tors who may sleep during the major part of the night. War- or defenserelated * MARYLAND: 1. Maximum Hours. Annotated Code (Flack, 1951), vol. 3, art. 100, sec. 52. * 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. Annotated Code (Flack 1951), art. 100, sec. 52. 4. Nightwork. Annotated Code (Flack, 1951), art. 100, sec. 52. Manufacturing, * mechanical, mercantile, printing, bak ing, or laundering estab lishment. (Females. 3) Ex emptions: Establishments employing! ewer than 3 fe males; canning, preserving, or preparing for canning or preserving of perishable fruits and vegetables.* Manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile, printing, bak ing, or laundering establish ment. (Females.) Exemp tions: Canning, preserving, or preparing for canning or preserving of perishable fruits or vegetables.3 See footnotes at end of table. In retail mercantile estab lishments outside of Balti more City, up to 12 hours may be worked on Satur days, Christmas Eve, and the 5 working days before Christmas Eve, if 2 rest periods of not less than 1 hour each are granted on each day overtime is worked and if the work ing day during remain der of the year does not exceed 9 hours. Manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile, printing, bak ing, or laundering estab lishment. (Females. 2) Exemptions: Canning, pre serving, or preparing for canning or preserving of perishable^ fruits or vege tables. * At least ^-hour] nterval after no more than 6 consecutive hours’ work. 6J4 hours permitted if em ployee is not permitted to work in said employment during remainder of the day. See entry in this colum under Maximum Hours. If any part of work is performed be tween 10 p. m. and 6 a. m. not more than 8 hours in any 1 day permitted. 09 o\ LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHT WORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly MASSACHUSETTS: 1. Maximum Hours. Annotated Laws (1949), vol. 4a, ch. 149, secs. 1, 56, 58; and ses sion laws_1953, ch. 236. Factory or workshop, or any manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment (including premises used for a restaurant or for publicly providing and serving meals, and premises used in connection with cleansing, dyeing, laundering, or press ing fabrics or wearing ap parel), hospital (other than professional personnel), tele graph office or telephone ex change (including switch board operator in a private exchange), express or trans portation company, pri vate club, office, letter shop, financial institution, laun dry, hotel, manicuring or hairdressing establishment, motion-picture or other place of amusement, garage, or as an elevator operator. (Women and minors.) Ex emptions: Persons declared by commissioner to be em ployed in a supervisory capacity or persons serving exclusively as personal ^sec retaries. 48 Days per week (See Day of Rest law.) Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General War- or defenserelated Commissioner of labor and industries is authorized to suspend3 application or operation of any provision of any statute regulating, limiting, or prohibiting the employment of women or of minors over 16, or both, or any rule or regu lation made thereunder, when he feels that an emergency or conditions of hardship exist in any particular industry or es tablishment. Commis sioner shall appoint in dustry advisory commit tees, equally representing employers and employees, to advise and consult with him on matters relating to such suspensions. In manufacturing establish ments and hotels where employment is deter mined by department of labor and industries to be seasonal, 52 hours a week allowed if average for year does not exceed 48 a week, except that in fish process ing 52 hours a week per mitted only during months of June through October. In extraordinary emergen cies overtime allowed in public service or other busi nesses requiring shifts. See first paragraph in General varia tions. Ibid., secs. 1, 60, Factory, workshop, manufac 67; and session turing or mechanical estab laws 1953, ch. 236. lishment, or any mercantile establishment (including premises used for a restaurant or for publicly providing and serving meals, and premises used in connection with cleansing, dyeing, launder ing, or pressing fabrics or wearing apparel), barber shop, bootblack stand or establishment, pool or bil liard room, stable elsewhere than on a farm, garage, brick or lumber yard, telephone exchange, telegraph or mes senger office, place of amuse ment, or in the construction or repair of buildings, or in any contract or wage-earning industry carried on in tene ment or other houses, or in any radio broadcasting sta tion except as talent. (Girls between 16 and 21; boys between 16 and 18.) See footnotes at end of table. 09 Department of labor must be notified. Overtime permitted to make up time lost on a previous day of the same week due to stoppage of machinery on which worker is depend ent, provided stoppage is not less than 30 consecu tive minutes. Depart ment must be notified within 48 hours. Ofice workers may be per mitted by commissioner to exceed 9 but not 48 hours. Hospital employees in emer gencies may work over time if commissioner au thorizes such overtime. See first paragraph in Maxi mum Hours. Cu 09 LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly MASSACHUSETTS— Continued 2. Day of Rest. Annotated Laws (1949), vol. 4a, ch. 149, secs. 1, 47 to 50a, 58; and sessionlawsl953, ch. 236. Workshop, or manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment (including premises used for a restau rant or for publicly providing and serving meals, and premises used in connection with cleansing, dyeing, laun dering, or pressing fabrics or wearing apparel); watchmen (including guards in banks); employees maintaining fires; and elevator operators in the establishments covered by this law. (All employees.) Exemptions; Manufacture or distribution of gas, electric ity, milk, or water; hotels, drugstores, livery stables or garages; the transportation of food, or the sale, or de livery of food by establish ments other than restaurants; janitors; employees whose duties include no work on Sunday other than (1) set ting sponges in bakeries, (2) caring for live animals, (3) caring for machinery; the preparation, printing, pub lication, sale, or delivery of newspapers; farm or per sonal service. Days per week 6 Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General War- or defenserelated See first paragraph in Maxi See first para graph in Maxi mum Hours. Work on seventh day is per mum Hours. mitted if called for by an emergency that could not reasonably have been antic ipated. 3. Meal and Rest Peri ods. Annotated Laws (1949), vol. 4a, ch. 149, secs. 1, 58, 100, 101; and session laws 1953, ch 236. Factory, workshop, mechani cal or mercantile establish ment (including premises used for a restaurant or for publicly providing and serv ing meals, and premises used in connection with cleansing, dyeing, laundering, or press ing fabrics or wearing ap parel); elevator operators in such establishments. (Women; minors under 18.) Exemptions: Ironworks, glassworks, papermills, let terpress establishments, printworks, bleaching works, dyeing works. 4. Nightwork, Annotated Laws Manufacturing or mechanical establishments, including (1949), vol. 4a, elevator operators in such ch. 149, secs. 58, establishments. (Women 69; and session 21 and over, girls between 18 laws 1953, ch. 236. and 21.) Where employment pe riod is more than 6 hours at 1 time, an in terval of at least % hour must be allowed for a meal in establish ments operated on a 1-shift basis; an inter val of at least 14 hour must be allowed in establishments oper ated on a multipleshift basis. See first paragraph in Maxi mum Hours. Work period may be 6J4 hours if employment ends not later than lp. m. and worker is dismissed for the day. Period of 714 hours may be worked if sufficient oppor tunity is given for worker to eat lunch on duty and such employment ends not later than 2 p. m. and worker is then dismissed for the day. Commissioner of labor and industries may exempt a factory or a workshop from statute’s meal-period pro visions if he determines that continuous nature of plant’s processes or special circumstances affecting a plant warrant such dis pensation. He must be satisfied that employee's health will not suffer. Do. 11 p. m. to 6 a. m_. See first paragraph in Maxi mum Hours. Do. LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Weekly MASSACHUSETTS— Continued 4* Nightwork—Con. Ibid., secs. 1, 60, 66; and session laws 1953, cb. 236. Ibid.,rsec.£68; and session laws 1953, ch.[236. Factory, workshop, manu facturing or mechanical establishment, or any mer cantile establishment (in cluding premises used for a restaurant or for publicly providing and serving meals, and premises used in connection with cleansing, dyeing, laundering, or press ing fabrics or wearing apparel), barbershop, boot black stand or establish ment, pool or billiard room, stable elsewhere than on a farm, garage, brick or lum ber yard, telephone ex change, telegraph or messenger office, place of amusement, or in the con struction or repair of build ings, or in any contract or wage-earning industry car ried on in tenement or other houses, or in any radio broadcasting station except as talent. (Girls between 16 and 21; boys between 16 and 18.) Messenger for telegraph, tele phone, or messenger com pany. (Minors.4) Exemp tion: Delivery of messages directly connected with conducting or publishing of a newspaper to a newspaper office or directly between newspaper offices. Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General 10 p. m. to 6 a. m__ See first paragraph in Maxi mum Hours. Operators in regular service telephone exchanges or telegraph offices may work until 11 p. m. 10 p.m. to 5 a. m___ See first paragraph in Maxi mum Hours. War- or defenserelated See first para graph in Maxi mum Hours. Do. MICHIGAN: 1. Maximum Hours. Statutes Annotat ed (1950 Re vised Volume), vol. 12, sec. 17.19. Department of Labor—Regula tions affecting employment of adult females and minors. (Season of 1948.) * 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. No law.5 4. Nightwork. No law. Factory, mill, warehouse, 9 workshop, quarry; clothing, (av dressmaking, or millinery er establishment; any place age) where the manufacture of goods is carried on, or where goods are prepared for manufacturing; laundry, store, shop,1 or other mer cantile establishment, office,* restaurant, theater, concert hall, music hall, hotel, hospital, street or electric railway; elevator operator. (Females.) Ex emptions: Fruit and vege table canning or fruit-pack ing establishments engaged in preserving and shipping perishable goods; student and graduate nurses in hospitals or nurses in fra ternal or charitable homes. (Exempted employments must be approved by labor department as not being injurious to worker's health.) Canning industry. (Females a 12 18 and over.) See footnotes at end of table. 54 10 hours a day permitted if weekly hours are not ex ceeded. 70 In emergencies, 14 hours a day permitted if weekly maximum not exceeded. LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly MINNESOTA: 1. Maximum Hours. Statutes Annotated (1945), vol. 13, sec. 181.18. 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. No law. 4. Nightwork. No law. MISSISSIPPI: 1. Maximum Hours. Code Annotated (1942), vol. 5, sec. 6993.1 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. No law. Public housekeeping, manufacturing, mechanical, mer cantile, or laundry occupa tion, or telephone operator.1 (Females.2) Exemptions: Employees engaged in the seasonal occupation of pre serving perishable fruits, grains, or vegetables if such employment does not con tinue for more than 75 days in year; telephone operators in towns under 1,500 popu lation; night employees who are at their place of employ ment for not more than 12 hours and have opportunity for at least 4 hours of sleep. Laundry, millinery, dressmaking store, office, mer cantile establishment, the ater, telegraph or telephone office, or any other occupa tion. (Females.2) Ex emptionDomestic service. Days per week 54 * 10 60 Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General In cases of emergency which may affect the safety, health, morals, or wel fare of the public, over time permitted. On application of employer, industrial commission may for cause shown exempt employer or class of employers from pro visions of the act. In emergency periods not ex ceeding 4 weeks' aggregate in calendar year, indus trial commission may al low overtime and pre scribe rules therefor. Overtime permitted in cases of emergency or of public necessity. War- or defenserelated 4. Night work, No law. MISSOURI: 1. Maximum Hours. Statutes Anno tated (Vernon, 1949), vol. 15, sec. 290.040. 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Peri ods. No law. 4. Nightwork. No law. MONTANA: 1. Maximum Hours.1 2 Revised Codes Annotated (1947), vol. 3, sec. 41-1118. Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, factory, workshop, laundry, bakery, restaurant, place of amusement, stenographic or clerical work of any kind in the above industries, ex press, transportation, or public-utility business, com mon carrier, or public insti tution. (Females.1) Ex emption: Telephone com pany. In establishments canning or packing perishable farm products and located in places of less than 10,000 population, overtime per mitted for 90 days of year. Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishments, telephone exchange room, or office, or telegraph office, laundry, hotel, or restaurant. (Females.) 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Peri|r ods. No law. 4. Nightwork. No law. NEBRASKA: 1. Maximum Hours. Revised Statutes (1943), vol. 3, sec. 48-203, as amended session laws 1953, L. B. No. 511. Employment (a) in any man ufacturing, mechanical or mercantile establishment, laundry, hotel, restaurant, or office,1 in metropolitan, primary, and cities of first class or (b) for any employer of 25 or more people within the State. (Females.2) Ex emption: Public service cor porations. See footnotes at end of table. In emergency periods, plants processing seasonal agri cultural products may em ploy women 11 hours a day, not to exceed 20 days at any one time. Permit must be obtained from labor commissioner. £ LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly NEBRASKA—Con. 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Peri ods. Revised Statutes (1943), vol. 3, sec. 48-212. 4. Night work. Revised Statutes (1943), vol. 3, sec. 48-203, as amended ses sion laws 1953, L. B. No. 511. NEVADA: 1. Maximum Hours. Compiled Laws, 1943-49 supplem e n t, secs. 2825.41, 2825.42, 2825.42a, 2825.46, 2829, 2829.02 as amended ses sion laws 1953, A. B. No. 160. Days per week Assembling plant, workshop, or mechanical establish ment. (All employees.) _ Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General War- or defenserelated Not less than 30 consecutive minutes between 12:00 noon and 1:00 p. m. or during any other suitable hour for lunch. EmployeesTmust be free to leave work premises during such time. For coverage seej [Maximum Hours. Private employment. (Females.i) Exemption: ^Do mestic service.4 Meal periods; rest periods Variations a. m. and 6 a. m. permitted in manufacturing, mechan ical, or mercantile establish ment, laundry, hotel or restaurant, if employer obtains permit from labor commissioner. ■8 48 6 In event of illness of employ er or other employees or an unforeseen temporary increase in employer’s business, if no additional persons are available, any female may be employed not more than 12 hours a day, 56 hours in any 1 week of 7 days, provided that time and a half em ployee’s regular rate is (») paid for each additional hour over 8 a day or 48 a week. 2 5 9 3 1 2 -5 4 - 2. Day of Rest. (See Maximum Hours.) 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. Compiled Laws, • 1943-49 supple ment, sec. 2825.47. At least H-hour meal period after the 3d hour and before the end of 6 hours' work. No period of less than 30 minutes is deemed to interrupt work per iod.* Two 10-minute rest periods, 1 in 1st 4-hour work period, 1 in last 4 hours of work.® Private employment. (Fe males.) Exemption: Females engaged in communication industry and domestic ser vice.4 4. N i g h t w o r k. No law. NEW HAMPSHIRE: 1. Maximum Hours. Revised Laws (1942), vol. 1, ch. 212, secs. 1, and 4-7; session laws 1943, ch. 31. CS1 Manual or mechanical labor in any manufacturing estab lishment. (Females.) (See Day of Rest law.) During 8 weeks in any 6month period, 10M hours a day and 54 hours a week permitted if labor commisioner, after a hearing, grants a special license, copy of which must be posted in workroom. When country is at war with any other nation, hours’ law does not apply to la bor performed entirely in the manufacture of munitions or supplies for the United States or the State. LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly NEW HAMPSHIRE— Continued 1. Maximum Hours— Continued Ibid., secs. 1, and 4-6; session laws 1943, ch. 31. Manual or mechanical labor in any employment other than manufacturing. (Fe males.) Exemptions: House hold labor and nursing; do mestic, hotel, and cabin labor, including dining and restaurant service operated in connection therewith and incidental thereto; boarding house labor; operators in telegraph and telephone of fices; farm labor; canning of perishable fruits and vege tables. 2. Day of Rest. Revised Laws (1942), vol. 1, ch. 212, secs. 36 39, as amended session laws 1951, ch. 225. i Any occupation. (All employees.) Exemptions: Es tablishments used for man ufacture or distribution of gas, electricity, milk, or water; transportation, sale or delivery of food; janitors, watchmen, firemen em ployed at stationary plants, or caretakers; employees whose duties on Sunday in clude only setting sponges in bakeries, caring for live animals, or caring for ma chinery and plant equip ment; preparation, printing, publication, sale, or delivery of newspapers or periodicals 10J4 54 Days per week (See Day of Rest law.) 6 Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General Regular employees in mer cantile establishments, for the 7-day period immedi ately preceding Christmas Day, may be employed overtime, but weekly av erage for year may not ex ceed 54 hours. Workers in laundries may be employed, for 3 months of the year, up to 60 hours a week if, following a hear ing, special license is grant ed by labor commission er. Daily hours may not be exceeded. Copy of li cense must be posted in rooms where females are employed. War- or defenserelated with definite on-sale news stand dates; farm or personal service; labor due to an emergency that could not reasonably have been an ticipated; work connected with retail stores in resort areas, cabins and inns, and in theaters, motion-picture houses, hotels and restau rants; employees engaged in canning of perishable goods and in telegraph and tele phone offices. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. No law. 4. Nightwork. Revised Laws (1942), vol. 1, ch. 212, secs. 3, 4, 7, as amended session laws 1943, ch. 31. NEW JERSEY: 1. Maximum Hours. Statutes Annoted (1937), secs. 34: 2-24. Manual or mechanical labor in any employment. (Fe males.) Exemptions: House hold labor; nursing; do mestic, hotel, and cabin la bor, including dining and restaurant service operated in connection therewith and incidental thereto; boarding house labor; operators in telegraph and telephone of fices; farm labor; canning of perishable fruits and vege tables. Manufacturing or mercantile establishments, bakery, laundry, or restaurant. (Fe males.1) Exemptions: Can neries engaged in packing perishable products such as fruit or vegetables. 2. Day of Rest. (See Maximum Hours.) See footnotes at end of table. When females are employed or permitted to work for any time between 8 p. m. and 6 a. m. on more than 2 nights a week, it is considered nightwork, and such work may not exceed 8 hours in any 24 nor 48 hours in any week. Regular employees in mercantile establishments, for the 7-day period imme diately preceding Christ mas Day, are exempted from the statute, but weekly average for year may not exceed 54 hours. If daily working hours do not exceed 8 in hotels or other establishments of a continuing business na ture, hour provisions do not apply. See entry in Maximum Hours, 09 LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly NEW JERSEY—Con. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. Statutes Anno tated (1937), see. 34: 6-63, 1951 supple ment. 4. Nightwork. Statutes Anno tated (1937), sec. 34: 2-28, 1951 supplement. NEW MEXICO: fc 1. Maximum Hours. Statutes Annota ted (1941), vol. 4, secs. 57-401, 57 404, 57-405, 57 407. Days per week Factory, workshop, mill, mine, or place where goods are manufactured. (All em ployees.) Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated At least l hour for mid A day meal after 6 con secutive hours of em ployment on any workday except Satur day. Meal period must be fixed with regard to health and physical welfare of employees. Manufacturing establishment, bakery, or laundry. (Fe males.*) Exemptions: Can nery engaged in packing perishable products, such as fruits or vegetables; glass manufacturing establish ment. Industrial or mercantile establishment, hotel, restaurant, cafe or eating house, laundry, office (as stenographer, book keeper, clerk, or in other clerical work), place of amusement, public utility business.* (Females.*) Ex emptions: Interstate com merce where working hours are regulated by act of the Congress of the United Meal periods; rest periods Variations 48 7 War- or defenserelated If any such place is operated at night or in 8-hour shifts, the meal period shall be fixed with regard to mu tual interests of employer and employee. 12 midnight to 7 a. m. 18 General For variation during a seri ous national emergency see “War- or defense-re lated'’ column. In emergencies, 2 hours oi overtime a week may be worked if time and a half is paid for such hours.* In time of war or other serious na tional emergency governor may suspend restric tions of the night work law for women. Gover nor’s suspension order must be limited to a par ticular manufac turing plant and to a particular period of time.* States; hospitals or sani tariums, registered or prac tical nurses, midwives, domestic servants.* Ibid., secs. 57-401, Telephone or telegraph office where hours of work are be 57-404,57-406. [ tween 7 a. m. and 10 p. m. (Females.4) Exemptions: Es tablishments employing 5 or fewer females; interstate commerce where working hours are regulated by act of the Congress of the United States. Telephone or telegraph office Idem. where hours of work are be tween 10 p. m. and 7 a. m. (Females.4) Exemptions: Establishments employing 5 or fewer females; interstate commerce where working hours are regulated by act of the Congress of the United States. 2. Day of Rest. No 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. Statutes Anno Industrial or mercantile estab lishment, hotel, restaurant, tated (1^41), vol. cafe or eating house, laun 4, secs. 57-401, dry, office (as stenographer, 57-404. bookkeeper, clerk, or in other clerical work), place of amusement, telegraph or telephone office. (All fe males.) Exemptions: Inter state commerce where work ing hours are regulated by act of the Congress of the United States; hospitals or sanitariums, registered or practical nurses, midwives, domestic servants. 4.'Nightwork. (See Maximum Hours—T e 1 e phone and Tele graph Offices, 2d entry.) See footnotes at end of table. Overtime allowed in emer gencies resulting from fire, flood, storm, epidemic of sickness, or other like cause. .do. 7 Not less than ^hour for mealtime. LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly NEW YORK: 1. Maximum Hours. Consolidated laws Annotated (Mc Kinney, 1948), Labor Law, secs. 2,172,173,173-a, 1952 supplement; and State De fense Emergency Act (1951), secs. 3,70, 71,73 to 75, as amended ses sion laws 1953, ch. 61. Factory, i. e., mill, workshop, or other manufacturing es tablishment. (Manufactur ing to include making, alter ing, repairing, finishing, bottling, canning, cleaning, or laundering any article or thing in whole or in part, except: (1) Drydock plants repairing ships; (2) power houses, generating plants, or other structures owned or operated by a public-service corporation or a municipal corporation other than con struction or repair shops, subject to the jurisdiction of the public service commis sion; and (3) structures, op erated as refrigerated ware houses for the handling, packing, refrigeration, and storage of fruits and vege tables and which are subject to the jurisdiction of or licensed by the department of agriculture and markets.) (Females over 16.) Exemp tions.* (For seasonal cannery vari ations, see next 2 entries.) 8 48 Days per week 6 Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or reguated General War- or defenserelated In order to make a shorter workday, workdays, or a holiday, 10 hours may be worked on any 1 day of the week. If the shorter workday is not more than 4H hours, the other 4 days may be up to 9 hours each, total weekly hours not to exceed 48. By act effective until July 1, 1954, industrial com missioner may grant, upon ap plication of em ployer in defense work, a dispen sation (not to exceed 6 months) from require ments preventing or interfering with maximum pos sible production in defense work and may permit employment: (1) on a 7-day basis; (2) on a multipleshift basis; (3) under waiver of such other pro visions of law as may regulate or restrict operation or hours of em ployment, etc Continuance of a d i spensati o n granted upon re consideration of facts and circum stances of a par ticular case. If defense need is immediate, com missioner may grant a 1-montn Establishments canning or preserving perishable prod ucts between June 15 and Oct. 15.2 (Females over 18.) cn Sauerkraut canneries between Sept. 1 and Dec. I.3 (Fe males over 18.) See footnotes at end of table. 10 60 6 60 6 ____do Industrial commissioner may grant permits allowing these employees to work 12 hours a day, 66 hours 6 days a week between June 25 and Aug. 5, if he finds that needs of the in dustry require such over time and that the health of the women so employed will not be seriously in jured. provisional dis pensation, revokable on notice, if issuance unwar ranted; others are revokable after hearing upon due notice. In granting a dis pensation, com missioner must consider health and welfare of workers, as well as the need of ob taining maxi mum possible production in de fense work. Appeal of any de termination made by the commissioner with respect to a dispensation may be made to the New York State board of standards and appeals, board being authorized to affirm, reverse, or modify any such determina tion. Do. Do S LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly NEW YORK—Con. 1. Maximum Hours— Continued Ibid., sec. 181, Mercantile establishment; beauty parlor. (Females over 16.) Exemptions: Beauty parlors in cities and villages under 15,000 popu lation.! IbicL, sec. 182, Hotel or restaurant (including employees over 18 having the care, custody, or opera tion of a freight or passenger elevator in these industries). (Females over 16.) Exemp tions: Those employed solely as singers and per formers; resort or seasonal hotel and restaurant em ployees in rural communi ties and in cities and villages of less than 15,000 popula tion, excluding that portion of the population of a 3d- Days per week 8 48 6 8 48 6 Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General War- or defenserelated In order to make a shorter workday or workdays, 10 hours may be worked on any 1 day of the week. If the shorter workday is not more than 4^s hours, the other 4 days may be up to 9 hours each, total weekly hours not to ex ceed 48. From Dec. 18 to Dec. 24, inclusive, and for 2 addi tional periods a year for inventory, overtime per mitted; 3 no period may be of more than 1 week’s duration; under 8-48 schedule, the additional hours may not exceed 6, and under alternative schedule, 5. See first entry in MaximumHours workday, workdays, or a holiday, 10 hours may be worked on any 1 day of the week. If the shorter work day is not more than 4^ hours, the other 4 days may be up to 9 hours each, total weekly hours not to exceed 48. Ibid.,'see/183. Ibid., sec. 184. Ibid., sec.[185. See footnotes at ca w class city residing outside of its corporation tax district where such city embraces the entire area of a former township.4 Care, custody, or operation of a freight or passenger eleva tor. (Females over 18.5) Exemptions: Elevator em ployees in hotels or restau rants. (See preceding entry.) Conductor or guard on any street surface, electric, sub way, or elevated railroad. (Females over 21.®). Messenger for a telegraph or messenger company in the distribution, transmission, or delivery of goods or mes sages. (Females over 21.®). end of table. Do. Do. Do. cn LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly NEW YORK—Con. 2. Day of Rest. Consolidated Laws Anno tated (McKin ney, 1948), Labor Law, secs. 161, 181,1952 supple ment. Factory, mercantile estab lishment, hotel, restaurant, freight or passenger elevator in any building or place; projectionist or operator of motion-picture machine; engineer and fireman in place where motion pictures are shown; place in which legitimate theater produc tions, such as dramatic and musical productions, are shown or exhibited, includ ing performers, engineers, and firemen; building watchmen, janitors, super intendents, supervisors, managers, engineers and fire men. (All employees.) Ex emptions: Foreman in charge; employees in dairies, creameries, milk condenseries, milk-powder facto ries, milk-sugar factories, milk-shipping stations, but ter and cheese factories, ice cream-manufacturing plants and milk-bottling plants, having 7 or less employees; employees (if board of standards and appeals ap proves) engaged in an indus trial or manufacturing proc ess necessarily continuous, in which no employee is per mitted to work more than 8 hours in any calendar day; certain specified employees working not more than 3 Days per week '6 Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General War- or defenserelated If practical difficulties or unnecessary hardship would ensue, board of standards and appeals may make a variation from law’s provisions if the spirit of the act be ob served and substantial justice done. See entry in Maxi mum Hours. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. Conslidated Laws Annotated (Mc Kinney, 1948), Labor Law, sec. 162. Idem..-................ Idem hours on Sunday; resort or seasonal hotel and restau rant employees in rural com munities and in cities and villages of less than 15,000 population, excluding that portion of the population of a 3d-class city residing outside its corporation tax district where such city embraces the entire area of a former township; * em ployees in drydock plants engaged in making repairs to ships. Factory (for definition see entry und6r Maximum Hours). (All employees.) Mercantile or other establish ment or occupation covered by the labor law. (All employees.) Factory, mercantile, or other establishment or occupation covered by the labor law. (All employees.) Idem.......... .......... Conductor or guard, as speci fied in sec. 184. (See entry in Maximum Hours.) Ibid., sec. 203-a — Passenger elevator operated and maintained for use of public. (All employees.) Exemption: Factory build ing or any other building having only 1 passenger elevator. See footnotes at end of table. At least 60 minutes shall be allowed for the noonday meal or mid way during a shift of more than 6 hours starting between 1 p. m. and 6 a. m. At least 45 minutes shall be allowed for the noonday meal or mid way during a shift of more than 6 hours starting between 1 p. m. and 6 a. m. If shift starts before noon and continues af ter 7 p.m.,an additional meal period of at least 20 minutes shall be allowed between 5 p. m. and 7 p. m. At least 60 minutes shall be allowed for noonday meal. Unless seats are pro vided for their use, operators must be allowed a 15-minute recess period every 3 hours in addition to a 45-minute lunch period. Commissioner may grant written permit for a shorter meal period, such permit to be conspicu ously posted at main entrance of establishment. Do. ___ do.................................. Do. do. Do. do. Do. ca Q\ LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly NEW YORK—Con. 4. Nightwork. Consolidated Laws Anno tated (McKin ney, 1948), La bor Law, sec. 172, as amended session laws 1953, ch. 708. Idem..................... Consolidated Laws Anno tated (McKin ney, 1948), La bor Law, sec. 181,1952 supple ment. Idem..... ................ Meal periods; rest periods Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated Factory. (Females over 21.) Exemptions: Proofreaders, linotypists, monotypists, and bindery workers in newspaper publishing or commercial printing estab lishments or in book bind eries or pamphlet binderies.’ 10 p. m. to 6 a. m.; 12 p. m. to 6 a. m. in plants with multiple shifts. Factory.’ (Females 16 to 21.)... Mercantile establishment, beauty parlor. (Females 16 to 21.) 9p. m. to 6a. m__ 10 p. m. to 7 a. m. Mercantile establishment, beauty parlor. (Females over 21.) Ibid., sec. 182,1952 Restaurant. (Females 21 and supplement. over.) Exemptions: Hatcheck girls, cigarette girls, or flower girls, attendants in ladies’ cloakrooms and parlors; females employed in or in connection with the diningrooms and kitchens of hotels; females employed solely as singers and per formers; resort or seasonal hotel and restaurant em ployees in rural communi ties, and in cities and vil lages of less than 15,000 pop ulation, excluding that por- Days per week Variations General War- or defenserelated Employment of females over 21 between 12 midnight and 6 a. m. allowed in multiple-shift plants on permits from industrial commissioner, if he finds that satisfactory condi tions exist including ade quate transportation and safeguards for protect ing the health and welfare of such females. See entry in Maxi mum Hours. 12 p. m. to 7 a. m. 12 midnight to 6 a. m. Do. Do. Do. If satisfactory conditions ex ist (including adequate transportation and safe guards for protecting the health and welfare of fe males), employment of females over 21 in dining rooms and kitchens of restaurants between the prohibited hours may be permitted upon applica tion to industrial com missioner. Do. Idem__ Ibid., sec. 183.. Ibid., sec. 184^ Ibid., sec. 185. tit n of the population of a 3d-class city residing out side of its corporation tax district where such city em braces the entire area of a former township.* Hotel or restaurant (including employees over 18 having the care, custody, or operation of a freight or passenger ele vator in these industries). (Females 16 to 21.) Exemp tions: Those employed solely as singers and performers; resort or seasonal hotel and restaurant employees in rural communities and in cities and villages of less than 15,000 population, ex cluding that portion of the population of a 3d-class city residing outside of its corpo radon tax district where such city embraces the entire area of a former township.* Care, custody, or operation of freight or passenger elevator. (Females over 18.) Exemp tion: Elevator operators in hotels and restaurants are covered by the statutory provisions applicable to those industries. (See pre ceding entries.) Conductor or guard on any street surface, electric, sub way, or elevated railroad. (Females over 21.*) Messenger for a telegraph or messenger company in the distribution, transmission, or delivery of goods or mes sages. (Females over 21.*) See footnotes at end of table. CA -I 10 p m. to 6 a. m. Do. 10 p- m. to 7 a. m._ If elevator is used in connec tion with a business or in dustry in which women may be employed before 7 a. m., women may begin work at 6 a. m. Do. 10 p. m. to 6 a. m. Do. 10 p. m. to 7 a. m. Do. cn 00 LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly NORTH CAROLINA: 1. Maximum Hours. General Statutes (Recompiled 1950), vol. 2c, sec. 95-17; * and vol. 3b (Recom piled 1952), secs. 147-33.1 to 147 33 7, as amended session laws 1953, H. B. No. 174. Any occupation (Females.1) Exemptions: Employers of 8 persons or fewer in each place of business; laundries and dry-cleaning establish ments; seasonal industries in the process of condition ing and preserving perish able or semiperishable com modities; agricultural occu pations; ice plants; cotton gins and cottonseed-oil mills; domestic service in private homes and boarding houses; work of persons over 18 in bona fide office, foremanship, clerical, or supervisory capacity; executive posi tions; learned professions; commercial travelers; mo tion-picture theaters; sea sonal hotels and clubhouses; commercial fishing or to bacco-redrying plants; to bacco warehouses; chari table institutions; hospitals; railroads, common carriers, and public utilities subject to jurisdiction of Interstate Commerce Commission or North Carolina utilities commission, and utilities operated by municipalities or transportation agencies regulated by the Federal Government; State or mu nicipal employees; hotels.4 «9 48 Days per week 6 Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General War- or defenserelated In mercantile establish ments 10 hours a day may be worked from Dec. 18 to 24, inclusive, and dur ing 2 1-week inventory periods annually. Longer hours may be worked by florists and employees of florists 1 week prior to and includ ing: (1) Christmas Day, (2) Easter, (3) Mother's Day. In accordance with the authority conferred by the Emergency War Powers Act, the governor, with approval of the council of State, has authority, at any time when general assembly is not in session, to suspend» or modify, in whole or in part, any law, rule, or regu lation with ref erence to labor and industry, if he finds, after investigation or hearing, that the operation, en forcement, or application of such laws, etc., materially hin ders, impedes, delays, or inter fere with the proper conduct of the war. Com missioner of la bor must certify suspension or modification as necessary, pro vided that any change resulting Seasonal industries in the proc ess of conditioning and pre serving perishable and semi perishable commodi ties. (Females.) Retail or wholesale mercan tile establishment or other business employing females as clerks, salesladies, or wait resses, and other employees of public eating places.5 (Females.1) Exemptions: Bookkeepers, cashiers, office assistants; establishments employing fewer than 3 per sons at any one time. Ibid., sec. 95-26---- Laundry, dry-cleaning estab lishment, pressing club; workshop, factory, manu facturing establishment, or mill.8 (Women over 16.) Exemptions: Seasonal indus tries in the process of condi tioning and preserving per ishable or semi-perishable commodities; agricultural work. 2. Day of Rest. (See Maximum Hours.) 2. Meal and Rest Pe riods. . General Statutes Retail or wholesale mercan tile establishment or other (Recompiled business employing females 1950), vol. 2c, as clerks, salesladies, or sec. 95-27. waitresses, and other em ployees of public eating places. (Females.1) Exemp tions: Bookkeepers, cashiers, office assistants; establish ments employing fewer than 3 persons at any 1 time. 4. Night work. No law. I General Statutes (Recompiled 1950), vol. 2c, secs. 95-17 and 95-27. 01 VO See footnotes at end of table. 10 55 11 in an increase in hours of employ ment over exist ing statutory provisions shall carry provision for adequate ad ditional compen sation. Do. 65 Longer hours may be worked by florists and em ployees of florists 1 week prior to and including: (1) Christmas Day, (2) Easter, (3) Mother’s Day. hour must be allowed after 6 consecutive hours. Do. Period of 6J4 hours may be worked if terms of employment do not call for a day longer than this. Do. g LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly NORTH DAKOTA: 1. Maximum Hours. Revised Code, (1943), vol. 4, sec. 34-0606. Days per week Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment; hotel or restaurant, tele phone, or telegraph estab lishment or office, or express or transportation company.* (Females.2) Exemptions: Villages or towns of less than 500 population; rural tele phone exchanges; small tele phone exchanges and tele graph offices if commissioner after a hearing determines that work is too light to justify application of the act. 48 48 Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General 6 Public Housekeeping, 1. e., the work of waitresses in restaurants, hotel dining rooms, boardinghouses, bars and taverns, and all attend ants employed at ice-cream, light-lunch, and refreshment stands; steam table or coun terwork in cafeterias and delicatessens where freshly cooked foods are served; the work of chambermaids in hotels, lodging houses, and boardinghouses; the work of janitresses, car cleaners, and kitchen workers in hotels and restaurants; elevator operators. (Women.2)* Idem....................... Public housekeeping establishments (see coverage above) in towns of less than 500 population. (Women.2)*. Meal periods; rest periods Variations 6 Department of Agriculture and Labor, Mini mum Wage Or der No. 1, Pub lic Housekeep ing Occupation (1951). 9 58 10 hours a day, 7 days a week, permitted in emer gencies, provided weekly hour limit is not exceeded. Emergency deemed to ex ist: (1) in the case of sick ness of more than 1 female employee;* (2) employ ment required in connec tion with a banquet, con vention, or celebration or because the legislative as sembly is in session; (3) employment as reporter in any of the courts of the State.* Temporary suspension or modification may be per mitted by department of agriculture and labor in cases of emergency. m 1 War- or defenserelated Ibid., No. 3, Mer cantile Occu pation (1951). 250312 — B4r Ol 2. Day of Rest. (See Maximum Hours.) 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. Department of Agriculture and Labor, Mini mum-Wage Or der, No. 2, Man ufacturing Occu pations (1949). Manufacturing Occupations, i. e., all processes in the pro duction of commodities, in cluding work in dressmaking shops, wholesale millinery houses, workrooms of retail millinery shops, and in the drapery and furniture-cover ing workshops; the garment alteration, art, needlework, fur-garment-making and mil linery workrooms in mer cantile stores; creameries; produce houses; the candy making departments of re tail candy stores and of res taurants; bakery and biscuit manufacturing establish ments; candy manufactur ing; bookbinding and jobpress-feed ing establishments. (Women.*). See footnotes at end of table. ON Temporary suspension or modification may be per mitted by department of agriculture and labor in cases of emergency. Mercantile Occupations in towns of less than 500 pop ulation, i. e., work in estab lishments operated for the purpose of trade in the pur chase or sale of any goods or merchandise, including the sales force, wrapping force, auditing or checking force, shippers in the mail-order de partment, the receiving, marking, and stockroom employees, and all other women. (Women.2) Exemp tion: Women who perform office duties solely. At least ¥i hour must be allowed for the noon meal. No woman shall be em ployed for more than 5^ hours of continuous labor without a rest period. ___do_ _ O' LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly NORTH Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General DAKOTA— Continued 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods.— Cont. Ibid., No. 1______ For coverage see Maximum Hours, Public Housekeep ing. Ibid., No. 4, Laun Laundry Occupations, i. e., all dry, Cleaning, processes connected wih the and Dyeing Oc receiving, marking, wash ing, cleaning, ironing, and cupation (1953). distribution of washable or cleanable materials; work in laundry departments in ho tels, hospitals, and factories. (Women.2). Ibid., No. 5, Tele Telephone exchanges. (Wom phone Occupa en. *) tion (1953). 4. Nightwork. Department of Agriculture and Labor, Mini mum-Wage Or der, No. 1, Pub lic Houskeeping (1951). Elevator operators. (Women.*) At least H-hour period, free from interrup tion, for each meal furnished employee on premises; 1 hour, if employee must leave premises for meals. Time for meals eaten on premises during work ing shift considered working time. No woman shall be em ployed for more than 4 hours of continuous labor without a rest period. At least H hour must be allowed for the noon meal. No woman shall be em ployed for more than 5 hours of continuous labor without a rest period. Temporary suspension or modification may he per mitted by department of agriculture and labor, in cases of emergency. do. Adequate time and pro vision at seasonable hours must be given to employees for meals. .do. 11 p. m. to 7 a. m. do. War- or defenserelated OHIO:1 1. Maximum Hours. General Code An notated (Page, 1946 Replace ment), vol. 1, secs. 1008-2, 1008-2a, 1951 supplement, as amended session laws 1953, H. B. 274; and vol. 11, 1951 supplement, Appendix P-5, as amended ses sion laws 1953, S. B. 160. Idem.. 0\ Any employment. (Females.) Exemptions: Manufacturing establishments and financial institutions, (see next en tries), agricultural field oc cupations, domestic service in private homes, females over 21 in mercantile estab lishments and communica tions companies in cities under 5,000 population; fe males over 21 earning at least $35 a week in executive, pro fessional, supervisory, or ad ministrative positions re quiring a certain amount of discretion; women in the professions of medicine, reg istered nursing, pharmacy, law, teaching, and social work; professional employ ees in hospitals, such as grad uate and student nurses, anesthetists, technicians, graduate and student dieti tians, and interns. 88 48 6 Manufacturing establishments. (Females.3)2 Ex emptions: Females over 21 earning at least $35 a week in executive, professional, su pervisory, or administrative positions requiring a certain amount of discretion. 89 1 45 6 See footnotes at end of table. In mercantile establish Under emergency ments 10 hours' employ law effective ment permitted on any 1 Sept. 16, 1951 to day of calendar week and Sept. 1, 1955:1 on day before May 30, Females employ July 4, Thanksgiving, ed by a public Christmas, and New utility company Year's Day. Also during and any carrier 3 weeks in the year (1 week subject to Part I in the 1st 6 months and of the Interstate 2 in the 2d six months), 10 Commerce Act hours on any 1 day and 50 are exempt. Of hours a week permitted. fice workers may (Females over 18.) be employed 10 In laundry and dry-cleaning hours on any 1 establishments, 9 hours a day of the calen day may be worked on dar week.2 (Fe any 2 days of the week if males over 18.) 48-hour maximum is not exceeded; a 50-hour maxi mum permitted in weeks preceding or including Labor Day, Good Friday, and the 5 other holidays mentioned above. In cases not otherwise cover ed in this act, 9 hours in any 1 day permitted, pro vided 48-hour, 6-day week not exceeded. During emergency periods caused by public disaster, hour provisions not applimunications company, cable to employees of comDuring harvest season, Under emergency hours’ provisions not ap law effective plicable to canneries or es Sept. 16, 1951 to tablishments preparing Sept. 1, 1955 i; 48 perishable foods. hours maximum per week permit ted. Office work ers may be em ployed 10 hours on any 1 day of the calendar week.2 (Females over 18.) LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Variations Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General War- or defenserelated OHIO i—Continued 1. Maximum Hours— Continued General Code An notated (Page, 1946 Replace ment), vol. 1, sec. 1008-2a, as amended session laws 1953, H. B. 274. Financial institutions, includ ing Federal Reserve banks and home loan banks. (Fe males.) 9 48 10 hours a day may be work ed on any 1 day of the week provided work is divided into 2 or more periods which fall within 12 consecutive hours. (Fe males over 18.) During periods of extraordi nary conditions caused by preparation of reports for any department of the State or the Federal gov ernment, the daily maxi mum of 9 hours shall not apply to those actually engaged in report prepara tion. 6 2.r Day of Rest. (See Maximum Hours.) 3. Meal and Rest Peri ods. General Code Anno tated (Page, 1946 Replacement), vol! 1, secs. 1008-2, 1008-2a, as a mended session laws 1953, H. B. 274; and vol. 11, 1951 supplement, Appendix P-5, as amended ses sion laws 1953, S. B. 160. Any employment, including manufacturing and financial institutions. For exempttions see first entry under Maximum Hours, (Fe males.) At least H-hour meal period after 5 consec utive hours of work. (Period of less than H hour not deemed in terruption to continu ous work.) Under emergency law effective Sept. 16, 1951, to Sept. 1, 1955: * Females over 21 employed by a public trans portation com pany to oper ate street cars, trackless trol leys, or motor coaches are per mitted to work and operate such vehicles for same hours and periods as permitted by law for male employees. General Code An notated (Page, 1946 Replace ment) , vol. 1, sec. 1008. 4. Nightwork. General Code An notated (Page, 1937), vol. 10, 1951 supple ment, secs. 12993 and 12996; and vol. 11, 1951 supplement, Appendix P-5, as amended ses sion laws 1953, S. B. 160. General Code An notated (Page, 1937), vol. 11, 1951 supple ment, Appendix P-5, as amended session laws 1953, S. B. 160. Factory, workshop, business office, telephone or telegraph office, restaurant, bakery, millinery or dressmaking es tablishment, mercantile or other establishment. (Fe males.) Mill; factory; workshop; oil well or pumping station; cannery or bottling or pre serving establishment; mer cantile or mechanical estab lishment; tenement house; garment making or dress making or millinery estab lishment or working room; store; office; office building; laboratory; restaurant; hotel, boardinghouse, or apartment house; bakery; barbershop; bootblack stand or establishment; public stable; garage; laundry; place of amusement; club; as a driver or chauffeur; in any coalyard or brick, lum ber, or building-material yard; construction or repair of buildings; transportation of merchandise. (Females under 21.) Taxi drivers.............................- See footnotes at end of table. Not less than M hour for mealtime in establish ments providing lunch rooms; if suitable lunchroom is not pro vided, not less than 1hour meal period dur ing which time em ployees may leave es tablishment. In canneries or establish ments engaged in prepar ing perishable foods, hours of labor are not restricted during canning season. 10 p.m. to 6 a. m... In canneries^or establish ments engaged in pre paring perishable foods, hours of labor are not restrictedj_during canning season. Inftime of national | emergency, night work^restrictions in effect only forIf girls under 18 (9 p. m.-7 a.*m.). Females permitted to work as taxi drivers except during! hours of 9 p. m. to 6 a.[m.< 0\ LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHT WORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly OKLAHOMA: 1. Maximum Hours. Statutes Annotated (1937), title 40, secs. 81-82. 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Periods. No law. 4. Nightwork. No law. OREGON: 1.(Maximum Hours. Compiled Laws Annotated (1940), vol. 7, sec. 102-323.1 Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, laundry, bakery, hotel, res taurant, office building, warehouse, telegraph or telephone establishment or office, printing establish ment, bookbindery, theater, showhouse, place of amuse ment, or any other estab lishment.! (Females.2) Ex emption: Registered phar macists, nurses, agricultural or domestic service; estab lishments employing fewer than 5 females in places of less than 5,000 population. 9 Meal periods; rest periods 54 Any manufacturing, mechani- ! 10 cal, or mercantile establish ment, laundry, hotel, res taurant, telegraph or tele phone establishment or office, or express or trans portation company. (Fe males.) Exemptions: Har vesting, packing, curing, canning, and drying of perishable fruits, vegetables, or fish.2 Days per week 1 60 Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General Telephone operators in time of great disaster or calam ity or epidemic may be employed longer hours if consent of employees is secured and double time paid. Hotel and restaurant em ployees in emergencies may work 1 hour over time a day if consent of employee is^ secured and double timefpaid. • War- or defenserelated Wage and Hour Commission Minimum Wage Order No. 1, Beauty Opera tors and Mani curists (1941). Ibid., No. 3, Cherry Stem ming and Pit ting (1941). Ibid., No. 13, Per sonal Service (1941). Beauty and manicuring occu 310 pations, i. e., all processes in beauty parlors and barber shops pertaining to shampoo ing, waving, or straightening the hair; scalp or facial treat ments; eyebrow shaping; eyelash and eyebrow dyeing; manicuring; hand and arm massage; hair cutting and trimming; hair tinting and bleaching; removal of super fluous hair, warts, or moles by use of electric needle; demonstrating use of cos metics, supplies, and equip ment. (Women and mi nors.) 8 Stemming and pitting brine cherries. (Women and minors.) Personal service occupations, 8 i. e., work as masseuses; doc tor, dental, and laboratory assistants; maids in mortu aries; cashiers, ushers, and checkroom attendants in the aters and other places of amusement; assistants in radiobroadcasting stations and wired-music operators and service stations. (Wom en and minors.) Ibid., No. 17, Stu Student nurses in places such ....... as hospitals and sanitariums. dent Nurses (Women and minors.) (1941). 8 Ibid., No. 18, Tele Telephone or telegraph establishment. (Women and phone and Tele minors.) graph (1941). See footnotes at end of table. 0\ 44 6 ........do...................................... 44 44 In emergencies, commission may grant special over time permit. Time-anda-half worker’s regular rate must be paid for all time in excess of regular hours. 6 ........do------------- --------------- 48 44 In emergencies, commission may grant special over time permit. Time-anda-half worker’s regular rate must be paid for all time in excess of regular hours. Rural telephone establish ment not demanding un interrupted service of op erator may be granted a special license for different hours by the commission. LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OP REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly OREGON—Continued 1. Maximum Hours— Continued Ibid., No. 4, Fruit Fruit and vegetable packing and Vegetable industry. (Women and Packinghouse minors.) (1942). * Ibid., No. 11, Nut Processing, bleaching, grading, Processing and and packing nuts (Women Cracking (1942). and minors.) Ibid., No. 8, Manufacturing (1948). Cracking and shelling nuts. (Women and minors.) Manufacturing industry, i. e., any industry, business, or establishment operated for the purpose of preparing, producing, making, alter ing, repairing, finishing, processing, inspecting, hand ling, assembling, wrapping, bottling, or packaging goods, articles, or commodities, in whole or in part. (Women and minors.) Exemptions: Any such activity covered by another minimum-wage order of the State; women employed in administrative, executive, or professional capacities, defined as: (1) Work predominantly intel lectual, managerial, or crea tive, which requires exercise of discretion and independ ent judgment and for which the remuneration is not less than $200 a month; or (2) em ployees licensed or certified by the State who are engaged in the practice of any of the recognized professions. Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated War- or defenserelated General w 10 60 8 44 8 • 44 mitted provided time-anda-half worker's regular rate is paid. 6 In emergencies, commission may grant special over time permit; issued only on condition the mini mum overtime rate speci fied in the order is paid. 1 Public housekeeping occupa tion includes work of wait resses, cooks, counter and salad workers, food checkers, bus and vegetable workers, dish and glass washers, kitchen help, maids, cham bermaids, housekeepers, barmaids, linen-room girls, cleaners, janitrcsses and jan itors, charwomen and house men, checkroom attendants, matrons, elevator operators, and all others employed in hotels, restaurants, board inghouses offering meals for sale to the public, roominghouses offering rooms for rent, apartment houses, auto camps, cafeterias, lightlunch stands, retail candy, ice-cream and soft-drink parlors, delicatessens, beer parlors, and clubs (private and public), as well as ma trons and car cleaners in transportation industries and other work of like nature. Ibid., No. 7, Laun Laundry, cleaning, and dye ing occupation includes all dry, Cleaning, and Dyeing places where 2 or more per sons are employed in the (1950). process of receiving, mark ing, washing, cleaning, dye ing, ironing, and distrib uting clothing and ma terials. (Women and minors.) Exemptions: Em ployees in administrative or executive capacities re quiring exercise of discre tion and independent judg ment, for which remunera tion is not less than $250 a month. See footnotes at end of table. Ibid., No. 14, Pub lic Housekeep ing (1948). ON VO 8 8 44 In emergencies, commission may grant special over time permit; issued only on condition the appli cable minimum overtime rate specified in the order is paid. 44 In emergencies, commission may grant special over time permit; issued only on condition overtime is paid for at time-and-half worker’s base pay. <1 © LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly OREGON—Continued 1. Maximum Hours— Continued Ibid., No. 5, Hospitals, Sani tariums, Con valescent and Old People’s Homes (1951). Ibid., No. 10, Minors (1951). Ibid., No. 2, Can ning, Dehydrat ing, and Barrel ing Operations (1952). • Ibid., No. 9, Mercantile (1952). Hospitals, sanitariums, con valescent or old people’s homes: Cooks, kitchen help ers, waitresses, janitors, charwomen, and all other women and minors em ployed therein. (Women and minors.) Exemptions: Trained nurses, student nurses, or other professional or executive help. Industries for which the State wage and hour commission has not established by indi vidual or special order a dif ferent wage. (Minors under 18.) Exemptions: Minors employed at domestic work and at chores in or about private residences; news paper carriers and news paper vendors. Canning, dehydrating, and barreling operations, i. e., work in the canning or processing of fresh fruit, vegetables, fish, shellfish, or Crustacea, or in the barreling or preserving of fresh fruit and berries. (Women and minors.) Exemption: Farmer who processes only the product of his own farm. Mercantile establishment, i. e., any business or establish ment operated for the pur pose of purchasing, selling, or distributing goods or Days per week 8 44 6 8 44 Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General 6 (•> 8 the community, these hours regulations not ap plicable. («) 44 6 In emergencies, commission may grant special over time permit; issued only on condition the appli cable minimum overtime War- or defenserelated Ibid., No. 6, Prep aration of Poul try, Rabbits, Fish, or Eggs, for Distribution (1953). Ibid., No. 12, Of fice (1953). commodities at wholesale or retail. (Women and minors.) Any industry, business, or establishment operated for the purpose of grading, sort ing, cleaning, packing, candling, separating, slaughtering, plucking, or otherwise preparing poul try, rabbits, fish, or eggs for distribution. (Women and minors.) Exemptions: Can ning of fresh fruits, vege tables, fish, shellfish, or Crustacea; barreling or pre serving of fresh fruit and berries; operations incident to marketing of farm prod ucts in their raw, live or natural state; women em ployed in administrative, executive, or professional capacities, such work being defined as predominantly intellectual, managerial, or creative, requiring exercise of discretion and independ ent judgment, for which remuneration is not less than $250 per month. Office occupations, i. e., work as stenographers, book keepers, typists, billing clerks, filing clerks, cash iers, checkers, invoicers, comptometer operators, au ditors, library attendants, and all types of clerical work not covered by other orders. (Women and minors.) See footnotes at end of table. | rate specified in the order is paid. In emergencies, commission may grant special over time permit for hours over 8 and 44; time and a half worker’s regular rate must be paid for hours over 40. In emergencies, commission may grant special over time permit. Time-anda-half worker’s regular rate must be paid for all time in excess of regular hours. If employees desire a greater number of consecutive days off, they may work not to exceed 10 days with out a day off if such ar rangement is agreeable to the employer and the em ployees in the department. <1 LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly OREGON—Continued 2. Day of Rest. (See Maximum Hours.),9 3. Meal and Rest Peri ods. Wage andUHour C ommission Minimum Wage Orders: Nos. 1, 12,13,18. i Ibid., No. 8 For coverage see Maximum Hours, Beauty Operators and Manicurists; Office; Per sonal Service; Telephone and Telegraph. For coverage see Maximum Hours, Manufacturing. Ibid., Nos. 14’and For coverage see^Maximum Hours, PublicBHousekeeping; Hospitals, Sanitariums, Convalescent and ».01d People’s Homes. Ibid./No/7........... For coverage see Maximum Hours, Laundry, Cleaning, and Dyeing. Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Prohibits employment for more than 5 con secutive hours without a rest period of at least 45 minutes. Prohibits employment for more than 5 con secutive hours without a meal period of at least 30 minutes.8 Paid rest period of at least 5 minutes in every 4 hours’ working time or major fraction thereof, insofar as practicable in middle of such work period. Prohibits employment for more than 5 con secutive hours without a meal period of at least 30 minutes.8 Paid rest period of at least 10 minutes in every 4 hours’ work ing time or major fraction thereof, inso far as practicable in middle of such work period. Prohibits employment for more than 5 con secutive hours with out a meal period of at least 45 minutes. Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General War- or defenserelated Ibid., No. 10 For coverage see Maximum Hours, Minors. Ibid., No. 2.......... For coverage see Maximum Hours, Canning, Dehy drating, and Barreling Op erations. Ibid., No. 9........... For coverage see Maximum Hours, Mercantile. Ibid., No. 6 For coverage see Maximum Hours, Preparation of Poul try, Rabbits, Fish, or Eggs for Distribution. See footnote at end of table. Paid 10-minute relief period after no more than 2Yi consecutive hours’ work. No minor may be em ployed for more than 5 consecutive hours without a meal period of at least 30 minutes. 10-minute rest period as nearly as possible in the middle of every 4-hour work period. Not less than 30 consec utive minutes for meal period, with relief from all duties, after 5 hours’ work; no meal period required if day’s work completed within 6 hours. Paid 10-minute relief period after 3 consecu tive hours’ work. Not less than a 45-min ute meal period after 5 consecutive hours after reporting for work.8 Paid 10-minute rest, pe riod in 4 hours’ work ing time or major frac tion thereof.9 Prohibits employment for more than 4 con secutive hours with out a meal period of not less than 30 min utes; no meal period required if day’s work completed within 5 hours. Paid 10-minute rest pe riod on basis of 4 hours’ working time, or major fraction hereof, and insofar as practicable in mid dle of work period. <1 LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHT WORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly OREGON—Continued 4. Nightwork. Wage and Hour Commission Minimum Wage Order, No. 10, Minors (1951). Ibid., No.G PENNSYLVANIA: 1. Maximum Hours. Statutes Anno tated (Purdon, 1941), Title 43, ch. 4, sec. 103, 1952 supple ment. Department of La bor and Industry Regulations Governing the Hours Provi sions of the Women’s Law (1948): G-l, G-2, G-4, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10; S-l, S-2, S-5. Minors employed in any place of public recreation, includ ing but not limited to bowl ing alleys, theaters, amuse ment parks, nightclubs, and dancehalls. Minors in telegraph or mes senger company or other such business engaged in the distribution, transmission, or delivery of goods or mes- Meal periods; rest periods Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General After 10:30 p. m_ 10 p. m. to 5 a. m_ For coverage see Maximum Hours, Preparation of Poul try, Rabbits, Fish, or Eggs for Distribution. Any establishment, i. e., any U0 place where work is done for compensation of any sort to whomever payable. (Fe males.) Exemptions: Agri cultural field occupations; domestic service in private homes; nurses in hospitals; executives over 21 years of age earning at least $35 a week. By regulation, ex emption applies to secre taries to executives, pro vided they earn at least $35 weekly (G-5); outside rep resentatives (G-10). Days per week Variations 10 p. m. to 6 a. m.io 48 . If strict application of law imposes unnecessary hard ship, department of labor and industry, with ap proval of industrial board, may make general and special rules prescribing variations. For employees 18 years and over (G-l), regulations of industrial board permit the following variations: GENERAL In emergencies, defined as a situation resulting from fire, flood, storm, epi demic, act of God, public disaster, or Government order which requires labor longer than 10 hours a day or 48 hours a week to pre serve life, property, health, or the public service, em- War- or defenserelated ployees whose duties areairectly connected with such emergencies may be permitted to work more than the daily and weekly maximums prescribed. If emergency exists for more than 24 hours, permission for overtime must be ob tained from the secretary of labor, who shall deter mine the duration of the emergency. (G-2.) Office employees having a regular schedule of 40 hours a week or less, on an an nual salary basis and not laid off in slack periods, may be employed 10 hours in any day, 54 hours in any week, if employment in quarterly period of 13 con secutive weeks does not exceed 520 hours. (G-7.) If Ms hour or more is lost be cause of breakdown of ma chinery on which employee is engaged and dependent for employment, maxi mum hours may be ex tended 2 hours a day to make up time lost. Week may not exceed 48 hours. Written report must be sent to department of la bor. (G-8.) SPECIFIC INDUSTRIES Canning, processing or packing perishable fruit or vegetables during canning season. Employment be yond hours specified per mitted provided: (1) Mihour lunch period allowed for each 5 hours of work; (2) no more than 6 con secutive hours without a lunch period; and (3) ap proval of labor depart ment is obtained before es tablishment puts into ef fect any schedule of hours at variance with the strict provisions of the statute. (S-l.) See footnote at end of table. LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions Coverage Meal periods; rest periods Daily Weekly PENNSYLVANIA— Continued 2. Day of Rest. (See Maximum Hours.) Statutes Anno Motion-picture theaters. (All tated (Purdon, employees.) 1941), Title 43, ch. 9, sec. 483. 3. Meal and Rest Pe For coverage see Maximum riods. Hours. Statutes Anno tated (Purdon, 1941), Title 43, ch. 4, see. 107,1952 supplement. Department of Labor and In dustry Regula tions Governing the Hours Pro visions of the Women's Law (1948): G-6, G-ll; S-l, S-3. Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General War- or defense related Six consecutive hours of work permitted if em ployee is then dismissed for day, provided a 15minute rest period is allowed. (G-ll.) In retail trade a 6-hour work period is permitted if a meal period of at least 1 hour is granted. (S-3.) In industries where manu facturing processes in volve continuous oper ation or where processes once begun must be com pleted to avoid spoilage, or where an employee’s duties require her to be away from the factory, office, or depot, the regu larly scheduled meal or rest period may be elimi nated, provided that ap proval of labor department has been obtained and employees are permitted to eat and rest at such intervals as not to en danger their health. (G- If strict application of specific provi sions of the stat ute impedes or interferes with the war effort, department of labor and indus try, with appro val of industrial board, is author ized to suspend this provision. 6 At least 34-hour meal or rest period must be granted after 5 con secutive hours of work. (Interval of less than M hour not to be deemed interruption of work period.) Employees shall not be required to remain in workroom during meal or rest period. 6.)2 During the canning season, i plants canning, processing, ! 259312 — 8405 or packing perishable fruit or vegetable products may employ persons for a period of 6 consecutive hours without a lunch period.!! (S-l.) Department of La Elevator operators. (Females.) bor and Indus try Regulations Affecting Em ployment of Women (1948): W-4. 4. Nightwork. No law .3 PUERTO RICO: 1. Maximum Hours. No maximum.^ 2. Day of Rest. Session laws: 1946, Act 289; 1960, Act 130. -4 •4 Any commercial or industrial establishment, enterprise, or lucrative business not sub ject to sec. 553 of the Penal Code,2 i. e., sugar and al cohol factories, shops for the repair of the machinery of sugar factories; factories for the packing, canning, and refrigeration of fruits and vegetables; coffee-cleaning mills; cement; crystal con tainers; paper and ceramic product factories; textile in dustry, and any other indus try which must be continu ously operating; public mar kets; printeries; garages; bakeries; establishments where refreshments and coffee are sold—restaurants; cafes; hotels; inns; confec tionery and pastry stores; stands selling only candy, matches, tobacco, news papers; flashlights and ac cessories; bulbs for domestic use; plug fuses and fuses; casinos; billiard rooms; ice depots; meat stands; milk depots; slaughterhouses; dairies; livery stables; piers See footnotes at end of table. Unless seats are pro vided &for their use, women must be al lowed H-hour rest period in every tour of duty exceeding 3 hours. (W-4.) Employees employed or per mitted to work on day of rest shall be paid double the salary rate for regular working hours. <1 LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued CO Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly PUERTO RICO—Con. 2. Day of Rest—Con. Session laws: 1946, Act 289; 1950, Act 130—Con. 8. Meal and Rest Pe riods. Session laws: 1919, Act 73, as amended 1930, Act 28; 1947, 5th spec, sess., Act 6; 1949, Act 364. Idem.,,. Days per week Meal periods; rest periods or docks; undertaking estab lishments; public and quasi public utilities; and emer gency work necessary to pre vent danger and considerable financial loss; theaters, race tracks, and other places de voted exclusively to amuse ment or charity; pharma cies; commercial establish ments operating within air ports. (All employees.) Ex emptions: Occasional or piece work, and professionals, ex ecutives and administrators. Any lucrative occupation, i. e., work in any factory, mill, centrale, machine shop or establishment or place of any kind where a factory or mechanical enterprise exists; storehouse, store, establish ment or place of any kind where mercantile transac tions are carried on; farms, plantations, rural properties or places of any kind where agricultural, horticultural, or pasturing pursuits are fol lowed; mining and fishing undertakings. (Females.) Exemption: Textile indus try. Textile industry. (Females.). At least 1 hour shall be allowed for meals. Work period may not exceed 4 consecutive hours. At least Yi hour between the 2 periods in 8-hour shifts, provided fac tory establishes a cafe teria on its premises Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General War- or defenserelated 4. Night work. Session laws: 1919, Act 73; 1930, Act 28; 1947, 5th spec, sess., Act 6; 1949, Act. 364. Session laws: 1931, Act 80, as amended 1935, Act 24; 1947. Act 418; and 1949, Act 188. where workers may,fif desired, take their meals at reasonable prices. Any lucrative occupation. (For definition see Meal and Rest Periods.) (Females.) Exemptions: Women over 18 employed as telephone oper ators, telegraphers, artists, nurses, and houseworkers. lOfp.'m. to 6 a. m._ In the textile industry and in the packing, canning, or refrigeration of fruits or vegetables, if woman is not pregnant and does not work more than a total of 8 hours in the 24-hour pe riod preceding 6 a. m. and provided work shift is rotated so that no woman shall work consecutively in night shift more than 3 weeks, employment be tween 10 p. m. and 6 a. m. permitted. In cases of emergency or ne cessity, for the purpose of permitting employers or owners to complete urgent or necessary works which must be finished within a determined time in shops, factories, or any other commercial or industrial establishments, a permit may be granted by secre tary of labor to employ women between the hours of 10 p. m. and 6 a. m., provided the conditions noted above in connection with textile and packing, canning, and refrigeration of fruits and vegetables are complied with. Compen sation to be paid for in ac cordance with Act 379 of 1948. (See footnote 1.) CO LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued o Hour provisions Coverage State Daily Weekly RHODE ISLAND: 1. Maximum Hours. Session laws 1943, ch. 1312, secs. 4 and 6 , as amended 1945, ch. 1625 and ch. 1659. 2. Day of Rest. General Laws (1938), ch. 298as amended session laws 1945, ch. 1658. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. Session laws 1943, ch. 1312, sec. 4, as amended 1945, ch. 1659. 4. Nightwork. Session laws 1943, ch. 1312, sec. 7. Factory, or manufacturing, mechanical, business, or mercantile establishment. (Women and minors 16 and over.) Exemption: Women working by shifts during different periods or parts of the day, in the employ of a public utility. 9 Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated If a 5-day week is worked, daily hours may be 9H* 48 Store, mill, factory, or any commercial occupation or in the work of industrial proc ess. j Factory, workshop, mechan ical, or mercantile establish ment. (Women and minors.) Exemptions: Women work ing by shifts during different periods or parts of the day in the employ of a public utility; telephone exchange where operator during the night is not required to op erate at the switchboard continuously but may sleep during a considerable part of the night. Messenger for telegraph, tele phone, or messenger com pany in the distribution. General Employment on Sunday permitted where work is absolutely necessary. Work period of 6H hours al lowed if employment ends not later than 1 p. m. and worker is dismissed for the day. If employment ends not later than 2 p. m. and worker is dismissed for the day, period may be 7% hours, provided worker is allowed sufficient oppor tunity for eating on the job. Employees beginning work at an hour later than other employees may be allowed a different mealtime. In no case may an employee tend the machines of other employees in addition to her own during the regular lunch hour. At least H hour must be allowed for a meal after 6 consecutive hours of employment. In factories employing 5 or more women and children, employees must be allowed their mealtimes at the same hour. 10 p. m. to 6 a. m. War- or defenserelated transmission, or delivery of goods or messages. (Persons under 21.) SOUTH CAROLINA: 1. Maximum Hours.1 Code (1952), vol. 4, secs. 4-61, 40 62. Ibid.,rsec. 40-81. 2. Day of Rest. Code (1952) ,*>01. 6, secs. 64-5, 646,^ as ^ amended session laws 1953, Acts 254 and 418. Cotton and woolen mills en- io gaged in manufacture of merchandise. (All opera tives and employees.) Ex eruptions: Mechanics, en gineers, firemen, watchmen, teamsters, yard employees, and clerical force. Mercantile establishments. 12 (Females.) Manufacturing establishment, i. e., any plant or place of business engaged in manu facturing; mercantile estab lishment, i. e., any place where goods or wares are offered or exposed for sale, not including, however, a cafeteria or restaurant. (Women and children.) Ex emptions: Manufacturing es tablishments involving man ufacturing processes requir ing continued and uninter rupted operation for normal production.3 See footnotes at end or' table. 55 (See Day of Rest Law.) 60 Time lost by accident or other unavoidable cause, up to 60 hours in calendar year, may be made up within 3 months of the time loss was incurred. (See Day of Rest law.) During times of national emer gency, employ ment of women on Sunday per mitted when and if employment is by industries en gaged in produc ing or processing goods for na tional defense and under Gov ernment con tract, provided industries have submitted proof sufficient to es tablish their na tional-defense status to the de partment of labor and received a permit from the commissioner au thorizing em ployment on Sunday. No em ployee who is conscientiously opposed to Sun day work may be required to work on Sunday. 03 to LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly SOUTH CAROLINA— Continued. Day of Rest—Con. Ibid., sec. 54-4, as amended ses sion laws 1953, Acts 253 and 418. Textile manufacturing, finish ing, dyeing, printing, or proc essing. (Regular employ ees, i. e., those who usually work 20 hours or more a week.) Exemptions: Watch men, firemen, and other maintenance and custodial employees.3 Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro* hibited or regu lated War- or defenserelated Employment on Sunday permitted only if “of ab solute necessity or emer gency.” Overtime at 1H times regular rate required for any such employment. *6 General During times of national emer gency, commis sioner may issue permits to oper ate on Sunday when proof is furnished that in dustries are en gaged in produc ing or processing goods for na tional-defense purposes and un der Government contract, pro vided no em ployee conscien tiously opposed to Sunday work shall be required to work on Sun day. 3. Meal andRest Peri ods. No law. 4. Nightwork. Code (1952) vol 4, sec. 40-81. SOUTH DAKOTA: 1. Maximum Hours. Code, (1939), vol. 1, sec. 17.0601. Mercantile establishments, (Females.) Any occupation. (Females.) Exemptions: Farm laborers, domestic servants, telegraph or telephone operators, per sons engaged in the care of livestock. After 10 p. m. 10 54 On the 5 days preceding Christmas, employment may be 12 hours a day. 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Peri ods. No law. 4. Nightwork. No law. TENNESSEE: 1. Maximum Hours. Annotated Code Workshops or factories, i. e., (Williams, 1941 manufacturing, mills, me chanical, electrical, mercan Replacement), tile, art, and laundering es vol. 4, secs. 5322 tablishments, printing, de to 5324,1952 sup plement. partment stores, or any kind of establishment wherein labor is employed or ma chinery used. (Females.^) Exemptions: Domestic serv ice, agricultural pursuits, fruit and vegetable canning factories, telegraph and tele phone offices (see second entry). Ibid., sec. 5323, as amended session laws 1953, ch. 242. 2. Day of Rest. No Telegraph and/or telephone of fices. (Females.!) 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. No law. 4. Nightwork. No law. See footnote at end of table. In seasonal employment, 54 hours may be worked in any 8 weeks of the calen dar year. In cases of emergency affect ing ^the operation of com mon carriers, public utili ty companies, and other industries which affect the health and well-being of State citizens, provisions of the hour law may be suspended for the duration of such emergency. See proceeding paragraph above. During any na tional emergen cy, commissioner of labor with con sent of the gov ernor may ex tend the hours a womanmay work in indus tries engaged in manufacturing supplies, equip ment, or mate rial for the Unit ed States Gov ernment. On written request of representative of the Army or Navy of the United States, the commission er and governor may suspend the hour law in man ufacturing plants. 03 LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly TEXAS; 1. Maximum Hours. Statutes (Vernon, 1948), vol. 15, sec. 5172a as amended session laws 1953, H. B. 249. Factory, mine, mill, work shop, mechanical or mercan tile establishment; laundry, cleaning, and pressing es tablishment; hotel, restau rant, roominghouse, theater, moving-picture show, bar bershop, beauty shop, road side drink- or food-vending establishment; telegraph, telephone, or other office; express or transportation company; State institution, or any other establishment, institution, or enterprise where females are employ ed.* (Females.*) Exemp tions: Stenographers;8 phar macists;5 mercantile estab lishments and telephone and telegraph companies in rural districts and in towns of less than 3,000 population; super intendents, matrons, nurses, and attendants employed by, in, or about such or phans’ homes as are charita ble institutions not run for profit and not operated by the State; and employees engaged in the first process ing of, or in canning or packing, perishable or sea sonal fresh fruits or vege tables; bank employees. 9 54 Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General War- or defenserelated In laundries and cleaning and pressing establish ments, 11 hours’ work permitted on any day if weekly maximum is not exceeded and overtime at double employee’s regular rate is paid for hours over 9 a day. In woolen, worsted, and cot ton mills and factories making articles out of cot ton goods, 10 hours’ work permitted daily and 60 hours weekly, if overtime at double employee’s reg ular rate is paid. In cases of extraordinary emergencies, such as great calamities, or when neces sary for the protection of human life or property, longer hours may be work ed, but for such hours dou ble time must be paid. tilnme of war and/ or when the Pres ident proclaims a national emer gency to exist, industries com ing within the jurisdiction of three Federal acts * and, in time of war, any industry desig nated by the commissioner of labor statistics * may employ fe males not exceed ing 10 hours a day provided these hours (1) are not injurious to the women's health or morals; (2) do not add to the hazards of their occupa tions; and (3) are in the public in terest. Any such overtime must be authorized by an order of the labor commission er based on com missioner's own private investi gation, or pursu ant to an appli cation filed by employers or by J4 of the female employees ofsuch employers. Ex emption: In time of war or pro claimed national Emergency, office employees of em ployers coming under the three Federal acts are expressly exemp ted from the hour limitations of the State act. Ibid— Bank employees. (Females) - _ c 12 Any industry, trade, or occu pation. (Females.2) Exemp tions: Domestic service and executive positions; picking, cleaning, processing, or pack ing of fowls. 18 Retail Trade, i. e., any indus try or business operated for the purpose of selling, offer ing for sale, or distributing of goods, wares, and merchan dise at retail to selected in dividuals or to the general public and rendering serv ices incidental to such opera tions. (Women and minors.) <8 54 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. No law. 4. Nightwork. No law. UTAH: 1. Maximum Hours. Code Annotated (1953), vol. 4, sec. 34-4-3. Industrial Com mission Mini mum Wage Or der, No. 1, Re tail Trade Occu pations (1952). 00 See footnotes at end of table If life or property is in im minent danger, overtime permitted. In emergencies or peak pe riods in the business of an employer, industrial com mission may permit longer hours.3 During the packing season, hour provisions are not applicable to packing or canning of perishable fruits or vegetables nor to man ufacturing of containers for such industry. 48 6 05 LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly UTAH—Continued 1. Maximum Hours— Continued Ibid., N o. 3, Pub lic Housekeeping Industry (1952). Ibid., iso. 2, Res taurant Occupa tions! (1953). Ibid., No. 4, Laun dry and Clean ing, Dyeing, and Pressing Indus tries (1953). Public Housekeeping Indus 8 try, i. e., hotels, boarding houses, roomingnouses, mo tels, apartment houses, re sort hotels, hospitals, insti tutions, building space to rent for business, manufac turing, commercial enter prises, and other public service. Includes linenroom girls, maids, cleaners, elevator operators, and any other female or minor em ployee connected with the establishment unless or until their specific occupation is governed by another mini mum-wage order. (Women and minors.) Exemptions: Registered nurses, licensed practical nurses, and resi dent managers. Restaurant, i. e., any place selling food or beverages in on solid or liquid form to be split consumed on the premises. shift (Women and minors.) Ex emptions: Retail ice-cream or retail soft-drink (nonal coholic) establishments where as much as 90 percent of the business is from ice cream or soft-drink sales. Laundry, i. e., any place («) where washing, ironing, cleaning, pressing, process ing incidental thereto, of any kind of washable fabric is conducted. (Women and minors.) Days per week 48 (•) 6 (•) Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General In an emergency, for females over 21, work on 7th con secutive day permitted, provided employer obtains permission from industrial commission. War- or defenserelated 2. Day of Rest. (See Retail Trade, Public Housekeep ing, Restaurant, and Laundry and Cleaning, Dyeing, and Pressing Occupation Or ders under Maxi mum Hours.) 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. Industrial Com mission Welfare Regulations, ef fective 1937, as amended 1948: Standards for Women and Mi nors tin Indus try. Industrial Com mission Mini m u m Wage Order, No. 1. Cleaning, Dyeing, and Press ing Industiies include those places or divisions of estab lishments where the cleaning or dyeing or pressing of particular fabrics and all processes incident thereto are conducted as a process aside from usualllaundry practices. (Women and minors.) Any occupation, trade, or in dustry. For coverage see Maximum Hours, Retail Trade Occu pations. See footnotes at end of table. At least yi hour for meals for adult women; employment prohibited for more than 5 hours without rest and food. At least 10-minute rest period in each 4 hours or fraction thereof, pe riod to be made avail able to employee after no more than con secutive hours of work. Not less than 30 con secutive minutes for meal period not later than 5 hours after starting work.’’ Paid 10-minute rest pe riod after 2% consecu tive hours for em ployees whose work requires standing. At least 10-minute rest period for each 4 hours or fraction thereof. LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK— Continued Hoar provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly UTAH—Continued 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods—Con. Ibid., No. 3 For coverage see Maximum Hours, Public Housekeep ing Industry. Ibid., No. 2. For coverage see Maximum Hours, Restaurant Occupa tions. Ibid., No. 4. For coverage see Day of Rest, Laundry and Cleaning, Dyeing, and Pressing In dustries. 4. Nightwork. Industrial Com mission Mini mum Wage Order N o. 1. For coverage see Maximum Hours, Retail Trade Occu pations. Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated H-hour meal period in every 8-hour day.8 At least 10-minute rest period in every 4 hours or fraction thereof, to be pro vided after work of no more than 2H consec utive hours. H-hour meal period in every 8 consecutive hours without food and rest. At least 10-minute rest period, not deductible from employee’s working time. Employment prohibited for more than 5 con secutive hours with out a meal or rest pe riod of at least 30 min utes. At least 10-minute rest period in every 4 hours or fraction thereof, to be provided after work of no more than 2H consecutive hours. Between 10 p. m. and 6 a. m. no woman required to report for work or be dis missed unless the following are made avail able: (1) suita ble transporta tion at no extra cost, (2) suitable facilities for se- General War- or defenserelated Ibid., No. 2. VERMONT: 1. Maximum Hours. Statutes (Revi sion of 1947), secs. 8053, 8174, 8175. 09 VO For coverage see Maximum Hours, Restaurant Occu pations. Labor in mine or quarry, manufacturing or mechancal establishment. (Women; minors 16 to 18.) Exemp tions: Telephone exchange where hours of actual labor of operator do not exceed 9 hours daily, 50 hours weekly, or where operator during the night is not re quired to operate switch board continuously but is able to sleep the major part of the night.1 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Peri ods. No law.) 4. Nightwork.Nolaw. See footnotes at end of table curing or mak ing hot food and drink. N o female required to work a split shift after mid night. No female under 21 required to work after 10 p. m. In cases of emergency or While the United where seasonal or peak de States is at war, the commissioner mand places unusual and of industrial re temporary burden on a lations with ap manufacturing or mechan proval of gover ical establishment, 10 nor may suspend hours a day, 60 hours a operation of the week, may be worked if laws relating to commissioner of indus hours of employ trial relations is notified ment of women and grants permission in and children. advance for such over time, the period of which may not exceed 10 con secutive weeks in any 1 year. In a manufacturing estab lishment or business, the materials and products of which are perishable and require immediate labor to prevent decay or dam age, any provision of the statute regulating employ ment of women and minors may be suspended by commissioner of indus trial relations with ap proval of the governor for a period not to exceed 2 months in year. In cases of extraordinary emergency or extraordi nary public requirement, employer engaged in pub lic service may be ex empted. VO o LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly VIRGINIA: 1. Maximum Hours. Code (1950), vol. 6, secs. 40-34, 40-35, 40-39M to 40-41. Factory, workshop,* laundry, restaurant, mercantile, or manufacturing establish ment. (Females.) Exemp tions: Bookkeepers, stenog raphers, office assistants or cashiers, buyers, managers, or assistant managers, office executives; mercantile estab lishments in towns of less than 2,000 inhabitants or in country districts. 9 48 Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General War- or defenserelated During fruit and vegetable seasons, hour provisions do not apply to factories engaged exclusively in can ning, processing, or pack ing of fruits or vegetables. 10 hours a day may be worked for a period of 90 days annually in the: (1) handling or redrying of leaf tobacco during the tobacco market seasons, (2) shelling and/or clean ing of peanuts, (3) shuck ing and packing of oysters. In florist shops and green houses women may be ployed 10 hours a day on the 3 days preceding and on Valentine's Day, Christmas Day, Easter Sunday, and Mother's Day. During period of war between the United States and a foreign nation, commis sioner of labor may grant tem porary permits to employers en gaged on warwork, allowing the particular plant, establish ment, or depart ment or division of the establish ment to employ females, 18 years of age and over, up to 10 hours a day, 56 hours a week. Permit may be granted only when it is rea sonably clear that longer hours are necessary to obtain maximum production on warwork, and that the workers' health,efficiency, and general well being will be safeguarded. 2. Day of Rest# No law. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. No law. 4. Nightwork. Code (1950), sec. 40-108. WASHINGTON: 1. Maximum Hours. Revised Code (1951), vol. 4, sec. 49.28.070. Ibid., 49.28.080. Warwork is work in producing arti cles or materials or performing services on or for contracts for the Army or Navy or any other agency of the United States authorized to let contracts for work neces sary for the suc cessful waging of war and which necessitates im mediate produc tion. Messenger for telegraph or messenger company or serv ice. (Girls 18 and under 21.) Mechanical or mercantile establishment, laundry, hotel, or restaurant. (Fe males. i) Exemptions: Har vesting, packing, curing, canning, or drying of perish able fruits or vegetables; canning fish or shellfish. sec. Household or domestic [em ployees. (Males males.) See footnotes at end of table. 10 p. m. to 5 a. m. and fe In cases of emergency, em ployment may be for “a longer period.” Defense produc tion permits re laxing certain State practices or standards in or der to increase defense and war production may be issued by a tripartite com mission.2 Per mit to cover a designated place of employment valid only dur ing the existence of the specific emergency for which issued. LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly WASHINGTON—Con. 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. Industrial Wel fare Committee Minimum Wage Order, No. 43, Officej&Workers (1949). Office Workers includes, but is not limited to, all types of clerical work, general office workers, typists, stenogra phers, secretaries, any and all office machine operators, bookkeepers (hand and machine), accountants, accounting clerks, statisti cians, tellers, cashiers, col lectors, telegraph and tele type operators, PBX and office telephone operators, office messengers, ticket agents, appraisers, librar ians and their assistants, physicians’ and dentists’ assistants and attendants, research, x-ray medical or dental laboratory techni cians and their assistants, office checkers, invoieers, and similar occupations. (Women and minors.) Ex emptions: Employees of common carrier railroads, sleeping-car companies, and freight or express companies subject to regulations of Federal law; nurses and nurses’ aides not engaged in officework; telephone opera tors employed directly by a telephone company who are not engaged in officework; occupations in an industry covered by another mini mum-wage order. Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General Not less than j^-hour meal period in each and every 8-hour shift. At least a 10-minute rest period in every' 4 hours worked. I 4 War- or defenserelated 259312 — 54 VO W Ibid., No. 44, Mer- I Mercantile Industry, i. e., any . cantile Industry, industry, business, or estab Wholesale and lishment operated for the Retail (1949). purpose of purchasing, sell ing, or distributing goods or commodities at wholesale or retail. (Women and minors.) Exemptions: Employees of common carrier railroads, sleeping car companies, and € freight or express companies subject to regulations of Fed eral law; nurses and nurses’ aides and also telephone op erators employed directly by a telephone company, who are not engaged in pur chasing, selling, or distrib uting goods or commodities at wholesale or retail; “occu pations in an industry cov ered by another minimumwage order. Ibid., No. 45 These amusement and recrea- _. Theatrical tion orders include any in Amusement and dustry, business, or estab lishment operated for the Recreation In dustry, and No. purpose of furnishing enter 45-A, General tainment or recreation to Amusement and the public.4 Recreation In Theatrical Amusement and dustry (1949). Recreation Industry in cludes both moving-picture and legitimate theaters and food and drink dispensaries operated in connection therewith. General Amusement and Recreation Industry in cludes, but is not limited to, dancehalls, theaters, bowl ing alleys, billiard parlors, skating rinks, riding acade mies, shooting galleries, racetracks, amusement parks, athletic fields, pub lic swimming pools, private and public gymnasiums, golf courses, tennis courts, carnivals, wired-music stu dios, and concessions in any I See footnotes at end of table. Not less than H-hour meal period on em ployee’s time in every regularly scheduled full-time shift. Not less than a 10-min ute paid rest period in every continuous 4 hours of employment. Not less than H-hour on employee’s time in every regularly sched uled full-time shift.5 Employee not re quired to work more than 5 consecutive hours without a meal period. Paid rest period of at least 10 minutes in every 4-hour work pe riod, and insofar as practicable, in middle of such work period. If afternoon shift is 4 hours, and forenoon less than 4, a 15-minute period must be allowed in afternoon. vO LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General WASHINGTON—Con. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods—Con. Ibid., No. 45 Theatrical Amusement and Recreation In dustry-Con. and all amusement estab lishments, but excluding the Theatrical Amusement and Recreation Industry. (Women and minors.) Ex ceptions: Occupations spe cifically covered by another wage order; cashiers (cov ered by the Office Workers’ Order); employees of common carrier railroads, sleepingcar companies, and freight or express companies subject to regulations of Federal law; telephone operators em ployed directly by a tele phone company. Ibid., No. 46, Pub Public Housekeeping Indus try includes but is not lim lic Housekeeping ited to: Restaurants; lunch (1950). counters; cafeteries; cater ing, banquet, or box-lunch service; curb service; board inghouses; all other estab lishments where food in either solid or liquid form is prepared for and served to the public to be consumed on the premises; hotels and mo tels; apartment houses; roominghouses; camps; clubs (public and private); hos pitals, sanitariums, rest homes, or maternity homes; building or housecleaning or maintenance services. (Women and minors.) Ex emptions: Occupations spe- « Not less than Ys hour on employee’s time in every regularly sched uled full-time shift. Employee not required to work more than 5 consecutive hours without a meal pe riod. Paid rest period of at least 10 minutes com puted on basis of 4 hours’ working time, or majority fraction thereof —insofar as practicable in the middle of each work period and not in rush periods. The 5-hour limitation not applicable to nurses’ aides employed on the 11 p. m. to 7 a. m. shift. War- or defenserelated Ibid., No. 47, Beauty Culture (1950). Ibid ., No. 48, Laundry, Dry Cleaning, and Dye Works In dustry (1950). vO Lfi cifically covered by another wage order; cashiers (covered by the Office Workers’ Order); employees of common carrier railroads, sleeping-car com panies, and freight or express companies subject to regula tions of Federal law; tele phone operators employed directly by a telephone com pany, nurses, student nurses, female interns, dietitians, laboratorians. Beauty Culture includes hair dressing; hair coloring and bleaching; manicuring; hair manufacturing; massage; marcel or permanent wav ing; cosmetology; haircut ting; body massage and weight reducing; selling and demonstrating or applying beauty preparations, cos metics, and supplies either to the demonstrator or to other persons; instructing students in any of the foregoing occu pations, and all services or operations incidental to such occupations, including the services of instructors in beauty schools. (Women over 18 licensed by the State to practice beauty culture.) Laundry, Dry Cleaning, and Dye Works Industry in cludes but is not confined to: (1) The marking, sorting, washing, cleaning, collect ing, ironing, assembling, packaging, pressing, receiv ing, shipping, or renovating in any capacity directly con cerned with sale or distribu tion at retail or wholesale of any laundry or dry-clean ing service; (2) the work per formed by clerical workers and telephone operators (not employed directly by a tele phone company) in connec- Employee entitled to a minimum lunch pe riod of X hour in every A regular full-time shift. Such period to be on employee’s time. (No rest-period provision.) Not less than A hour on employee’s time in every regularly sched uled full-time shift. Employee not re quired to work more than 5 consecutive hours without a meal period. Paid rest period of at least 10 minutes in every 4-hour work pe riod. Employee entitled, upon re quest, to a lunch pe riod of not in excess of 1 hour. VO ON LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly WASHINGTON—Con. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods—Con. Ibid., No. 48— Continued Ibid., No. 5 0, Manufacturing and General Working Con ditions (1950). tion with the production and furnishing of these ser vices; (3) the production of laundry, dry-cleaning, or dyeing services on its own behalf by any establish ment, which services may be incidental to its princi pal business; (4) the clean ing, pressing, finishing, re freshing, dyeing, or process ing of any article of wearing apparel, including hats, household furnishings, rugs, textiles, fur, leather (in cluding shoes), or any fab rics whatsoever, when such activity is not performed in the original process of manu facture. (Women and mi nors.) Exemptions; Same as those shown for the Amuse ment and Recreation Or ders on p. 94 and the follow ing additional exemptions: Minors engaged in voca tional education, work ex perience or apprentice train ing program, when such pro gram is properly supervised by school personnel or in accordance with written agreements or approved training schedules. Manufacturing Industry, i. e., any industry, business, or establishment, wholesale or retail, operated for the pur pose of making, remodeling, repairing, or fashioning by Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Not less than l hour on A employee’s time in every regularly sched uled full-time shift. Employee not required to work Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General Shorter lunch period may be authorized by supervisor of women and minors in industry if application is made and good cause shown. War- or defenserelated VO -a preparing and combining materials by nature or ma chinery, or producing goods, wares, and merchandise by some industrial process, in cluding but not being con fined to work performed in dressmaking, millinery, drapery, and furniture-cov ering houses, garment, art needlework, fur-making op erations, shoe manufactur ing and repairing, cream eries, candy, floral, bakeries, biscuit-making, and book binding establishments. (Women and minors.) Ex emptions: Processing by canning, freezing, or other wise of fruits and vegetables, fish or other agricultural or marine products: any indus try or occupation specifi cally covered by another minimum-wage order; em ployees covered by Office Workers Order; nurses, stu dent nurses, female interns, dietitians, and laboratorians; newspaper vendors or carriers; telephone or tele graph operators employed directly by a telephone or telegraph company; em ployees of common carrier railroads, sleeping-car com panies and freight or express companies subject to regu lation by Federal law; mi nors engaged in vocational education, work experience or apprentice training pro gram under conditions spec ified in the order; employ ees covered by a certificate of the Wage and Hour Divi sion of the Department of Labor, permitting employ ment of learners, appren tices, messengers, or handi capped persons at wage rates lower than the minimum fixed by this order. See footnote at end of table. more than 5 consecu tive hours without a meal period. 10-minute relief period in every continuous half shift and as near ly as practicable in middle of such shift.6 VC 09 LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly' WASHINGTON—Con. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods—Con. Ibid., No. 49, Minors (1950). Ibid., No. 51, Food Processing Industry (1951). Ibid., No. 52, Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Pack ing Industry (1951). Minors employed in any in dustry or establishment who are not expressly covered by a special indus trial welfare order. Exemp tions: Agricultural labor; domestic work or chores per formed in or about private residences; specific occupa tions listed in the order such as newspaper venders and newspaper carriers. Food Processing Industry, i. e., any industry, business, or establishment operated for the purpose of processing by canning, freezing, cook ing, or otherwise of food for human or other consump tion, including the process ing of fruit, vegetables, fish, shellfish, dogfood, or any other products for the pur pose of preserving them for food purposes, for human or other consumption. (Women and minors.) Exemptions: (Same as the 4 last exemp tions shown for the Manu facturing Order.) Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Packing Industry, i. e., any industry, business, estab lishment, person, firm, as sociation, or corporation engaged in handling, pack ing, packaging, grading, storing, or delivering to I Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General No minor may be em ployed more than 5 hours without a meal period of at least l A hour on employee’s time. Paid rest period of 10 minutes in every 4hour work period. At least A hour on em ployee’s time for lunch after no more than 5 consecutive hours of work. Paid rest period of not less than 15 minutes in each 4- or 5-hour work shift and as nearly as practicable in middle of shift.7 Shorter lunch period may be authorized by super visor of women and minors in industry if application is made and good cause shown. Not less than A-hour meal period on em ployee’s time after no more than 5 consecu tive hours of work. Paid rest period of not less than 15 minutes Shorter lunch period may be authorized by super visor of women and minors in industry if application is made and good cause shown. War- or defenserelated Ibid., No. 53, Telephone and Telegraph In dustry (1951). 4. Nightwork. Industrial Welfare Committee Minimum storage or to market or to a carrier for transporation to market, any agricultural or horticultural commodity in its raw or natural state as an incident to the preparation of such products for market. (Women.) Exemptions: (Same as the 4 last exemp tions shown for the Manu facturing Order.)8 Telephone and Telegraph In dustry includes any busi ness or establishment operated primarily for the purpose of transmitting messages for the public by telephone or telegraph for hire. (Women and minors.) in each 4- or 5-hour I work shift, and as nearly as practicable in middle of shift.7 Not less than H*hour meal period on em ployee’s time in each 8-hour shift after no more than 5 horns worked.5. Paid rest period of at least 10 minutes in every con tinuous 4 hours’ work ing time.5 9 Elevator operators. (Females 18 or over.) After 12 midnight. Wage Order No. 46, Public Housekeeping (1950). WEST VIRGINIA: 1. Maximum Hours. No law. 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. Department of La bor, regulations for the protec tion and preser vation of life, health, and safety of women in industry (1943). 4. Nightwork. No law. Any industry. (Women.). See footnotes at end of table. Meal period may be waived by employees, with em ployer’s consent, on Satur day, Sunday, holiday, and night tours of duty. Night tour defined as one in which the major por tion is between 6 p. m. and 7 a. m. At least 14 hour must be allowed as a lunch period, i 100 LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Variations Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly WISCONSIN: 1. Maximum Hours. Statutes (1951), secs. 103.01, 103.02. Industrial Com mission, Gen eral Orders Nos. 3a and 6, issued thereunder. Days per week Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General 10 hours a day, 55 hours a week, may be worked dur ing emergency periods, not to exceed 4 weeks in year, if time and a half regular rate is paid for ex cess time. General Order No. 3a requires that the industrial commission be notified of such overtime within 24 hours. Industrial commission is au thorized to issue general or special orders fixing such period or periods of time (day, night, or week) during which work may be done, as shall be neces sary to protect the life, health, safety, or welfare of women workers. Until such orders have been issued by the commission, the hours specified in the statute prevail. Place of employment, i. e., any manufactory, mechan ical, or mercantile estab lishment, beauty parlor, laundry, restaurant, confec tionery store, telegraph or telephone office or exchange, or express or transportation establishment. (Females.1) Exemptions: (By General Order No. 6.) Registered pharmacists and registered assistant pharmacists. 9 50 Statutes (1951), Hotel.2 (Females.*) sec. 103.02. Industrial Com Conductors, motormen, or mission, General flagmen on streetcar lines. Order No. 4. (Females.) Exemption: 1stclass cities and their sub urbs. Ibid., Special Or- Canning or first processing of perishable fresh fruits and d er (Season vegetables. (Women and 1953). minors.) 10 55 (2) 50 During season of actual can ning of product, women and minors may be em ployed 54 hours a week, but not over 9 hours a day. (See Day of Rest law.) Meal periods; rest periods --------------- -------- 8 9 War- or defenserelated Ibid., Special Or ders Nos. 2, 4 to 11. 2. Day of Rest. Statutes (1951), sec. 351.50. Telephone operators in ex changes having: 2.000 telephones or over.. _ 1.000 to 1,999 telephones 500 to 999 telephones Under 500 telephones (Females.) Factory or mercantile estab lishment. (All employees.) Exemptions: Janitors, watch men; manufacture of butter, cheese, or other dairy prod ucts; distribution of milk or cream; canneries, bak eries, flour and feed mills; hotels and restaurants; em ployees whose duties require no work on Sunday other than caring for live animals or maintaining fires; any labor called for by an emer gency that could not reason ably have been anticipated. See footnotes at end of table In emergencies occasioned by breakdowns, climatic conditions, or unusual peak loads, canneries which have complied with safety and sanitary laws and in dustrial commission orders may employ women and minors 16 years of age and over on 12 days in the sea son for over 9 but not over 11 hours a day or 60 hours a week. Time and a half must be paid for hours over 9 a day, 54 a week. Special orders may be issued by commission to deter mine the hours of employ ment of women in ex changes in private resi dences where work is done exclusively by members of the family. Industrial commission may by general or special order make reasonable exceptions or modifications to the law if it determines that the carrying out of the stat ute’s provisions causes practical difficulties or un necessary hardships, and that “life, health, safety, and welfare of employees shall not be sacrificed or endangered thereby.” Work on 7th day permitted in case of breakdown of machinery or equipment, or other emergency requir ing immediate services of experienced and compe tent labor to prevent se rious injury to person, damage to property, or sus pension of essential opera tions. 102 LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHTWORK—Continued Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly WISCONSIN—Con. 2. Day of Rest—Con. Industrial Com Paper and pulp mills. (All mission, General employees.) Exemptions: Order (Dec. 24, Superintendents and depart 1928, as amended ment heads whose work is May 27, 1937). supervisory and not manual, millwrights, electricians, pipefitters, and other em ployees whose duties include not more than 5 hours of es sential work on Sunday, making necessary repairs to boilers, piping, wiring, or machinery. 3. Meal and Rest Peri ods. Statutes (1951), Place of employment, i. e., secs. 103.01, any manufactory, mechani 103.02. cal, or mercantile establish ment, beauty parlor, laun dry, restaurant, confectionery store, telegraph or telephone office or exchange, or ex press or transportation es tablishment. (Females.) Exemptions: (By General Order No. 6.) Registered pharmacists and registered assistant pharmacists. Industrial Com mission, Gen eral Orders N os. 5 and 6. Ibid., Special Order No. 12. All women employees. Ex emptions: Registered phar macists and registered assist ant pharmacists. Telephone exchanges. (Fe males.) Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Variations Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General *6 Not less than 1 hour dur ing each day or night for dinner or other meals. At least hour must be allowed for dinner or other meal periods. At least hour free from work for each meal. Industrial commission is au thorized to issue general or special orders fixing such period or periods of time (day, night, or week) dur ing which work may be done, as shall be necessary to protect the life, health, safety, or welfare of women workers. Until such or ders have been issued by the commission, the hours specified in the statute pre vail. War- or defenserelated ♦ Ibid., Special Order (Season .1953). 4. Night work. Statutes (1951), secs. 103.01, 103.02. Ibid., sec. 103.02. Canning or first processing of perishable fresh fruits and vegetables. (Women and minors.) Place of employment, i. e., any manufactory, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, beauty parlor, laundry, res taurant, confectionery store, telegraph or telephone office or exchange, or express or transportation establishment. (Females.) Exemptions: (By General Order N o. 6.) Reg istered pharmacists and registered assistant pharma cists. Employment be tween 8 p. m. and 6 a. m. more than 1 night a week may not exceed 8 hours a night, 48 hours a week. Hotels,2 Employment be tween 9 p. m. and 6 a. m. may not exceed 9 hours a night, 54 hours a week. 8 p. m. to 6 a. m._ (Females)................. Ibid., sec. 103.69... Messengers for telegraph or messenger company in the distribution, transmission, or delivery of messages or goods, in cities of 1st, 2d, and 3d class. (Minors under 21.) See footnotes at end of table. 103 At least Jhour at usual time for meals, viz, at or about 12 noon, 6 p. m., and 12 mid night. Stretch of work between meal periods may not exceed 6 hours. Industrial commission is authorized to issue general or special orders fixing such period or periods of time (day, night, or week) during which work may be done, as shall be neces sary to protect the life, health, safety, or welfare of women workers. Until such orders have been issued by the commission, the hours specified in the statute prevail. <*>-—..................................... Industrial commission is authorized to issue general or special orders fixing such period or periods of time (day, night, or week) during which work may be done, as shall be neces sary to protect the life, health, safety, or welfare of women workers. Until such orders have been issued by the commission, the hours specified in the statute prevail. 104 LAWS GOVERNING MAXIMUM HOURS OF WORK, DAY OF REST, MEAL AND REST PERIODS, NIGHT WORK—Continued Variations Hour provisions State Coverage Daily Weekly WISCONSIN—Con. 4. Nightwork—Con. Industrial Com mission, Gener al Orders Nos. 2 (a) and 3, and Special Orders Nos. 1, and 3 to 11. Ibid., General Or der No. 1. Mechanical or mercantile es tablishment, beauty parlor, confectionery store, tele graph or telephone office or exchange having 2,000 tele phones and over, or express or transportation company (other than streetcars). (Females.) Exemptions: Registered pharmacists and registered assistant pharma cists. Manufactories 5 and laundries. (Females.) Exemptions: Officework; charwomen. Days per week Meal periods; rest periods Nightwork pro hibited or regu lated General In telephone exchanges hav ing less than 2,000 tele phones, the night shift is from 10 p. m. to 6 a. m. and is counted as follows in computing the number of hours worked (for maxi mum daily and weekly hours, see Maximum Hours). Telephone exchanges having: 250 or fewer telephones: Night shift counted as 1 hour. 251 to 499 telephones: N ight shift counted as 2 hours. 500 to 749 telephones: Night shift counted as 3 hours. 750 to 999 telephones: Night shift counted as 4 hours. 1,000 to 1,249 telephones: Night shift counted as 5 hours. 1,250 to 1,499 telephones: N ight shift counted as 6 hours. 1,500 to 1,999 telephones: N ight shift counted as 7 hours. 6p. m. to 6 a. m_ _ In condenseries, employ ment may continue until 7 p. m. on Saturday if no Sunday work is re quired and the number of hours specified in the statutes is not exceeded. Employment 6:30 p. m. to 6 a. m. more than 1 night a week may not exceed 8 hours a night, 48 hours a week. War- or defenserelated Ibid., General Or ders 2 (b), and 3. Restaurants. Ibid., General Or der No. 4. Employment be tween 8 p. m. and 6 a. m. on more than 1 night a week may not exceed 8 hours a night, 48 hours a week. 5 p. m. to 8 a. m. in cities of 1st class and their suburbs, 5 p. m. to 6 a. m. in other places. Conductors, motormen, or flagmen on street car lines. (Females.) WYOMING: 1. Maximum Hours. Compiled Stat utes (1945), vol. 3, secs. 54-703, 54-707,1951 sup plement. 2. Day of Rest. No law. 3. Meal and Rest Pe riods. Compiled Stat utes (1945), vol. 3, sec. 54-703, 1951 supple ment. 4. Nightwork. No law. (Females.) Manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establish ment, laundry, hotel, pub lic lodging house, apartment house, place of amusement, or restaurant. 3 (Fe males. 4) Females covered by maximum hour law who are required to be on their feet continu ously. 18 In an emergency females 18 years of age and over may be employed overtime if time and a half is paid for hours over 8 a day. An executive order or proc lamation of the Presi dent of the United States declaring an emergency is to be construed as an emergency within the purview of this act.2 48 (2). 2 rest periods of notlless than 15 minutes each, 1 before and 1 after the lunch hour.6 FOOTNOTES ARIZONA: 1 Work to be performed in a period not to exceed 13 consecutive hours. s Daily overtime permitted when necessary: (1) To make 1 shorter workday in week; (2) to make up time lost on previous day of same week due to stoppage of machinery on which worker is dependent; (3) to make repairs to prevent interruption of ordinary running of machinery. [Code Annotated (1939), vol. 4, sec. 56-117.] 105 106 ARKANSAS: 1 The statute provides that no female may be employed for more than 8 hours a day in the occupations described but provides also that 9 hours may be worked if overtime compen sation is paid at one and one-half times the employee’s regular rate. For overtime of a permanent nature beyond 9 hours a day, a permit must be obtained from the commissioner of labor, in addition to the payment of overtime rates. CALIFORNIA: 1 When a woman is employed by 2 or more employers subject to sec. 1350, total employment may not exceed 8 hours in 1 day of 24 hours and 48 hours in 1 week. 2 Applicable to females 18 and over. 3 Clerical homework and employees of banks are subject to Order No. 4-52 provisions. (Op. Atty. Gen., Jan. 28, 1946, and Nov. 6, 1944.) 4 For women employed as resident housemothers or in an occupation with similar duties involving direct responsibility for children under 14 years who weekly receive 24-hour day care, the maximum is 54 hours. ® Women leasing taxicabs are subject to Transportation Order if cab owners are interested in manner of performance of work or operation of cabs and exercise considerable right of control. (Op. Atty. Gen., No. 45/246, Oct. 23,1945.) • “On duty” meal period permitted only when nature of work prevents employee from being relieved of all duty, such period to be counted as time worked. 7 Rest period need not be authorized for employees whose total daily worktime is less than 3H hours. 8 Food and hot drinks must be provided for employees required to work after 11:30 p. m. * For women dismissed too late at night to use public transportation, employer must provide transportation. ‘o If a meal period occurs during these hours, facilities must be available for securing hot food or drink, or for heating food and drink, and a suitable sheltered eating place must be provided. COLORADO: 1 As of May 11, 1953, no minimum wage order had been issued for manufacturing establishments. . 2 Women employed in beauty shops come within the term “mercantile establishment.” (Op. Atty. Gen., Apr. 13,1939.) 3 Applicable to all females employed in industries named. For minors under 16, except children between 14 and 16 (between 12 and 16 during summer vacation) on special permit, in any gainful occupation 8 hours a day, 48 hours a week. CONNECTICUT: 1 The provisions of the law regulating hours of women employees apply to employment of women prescription pharmacists. (Op. Atty. Gen., Mar. 18, 1937.) 2 Public laundries regarded as manufacturing establishments. [ General Statutes (1949), sec. 3759.1 DELAWARE: 1 By interpretation includes beauty shops. (Op. Atty. Gen., May 14,1940.) 2 Females 16 and over. HAWAII: 1 Hawaii has a “wage and hour law” applicable to employees in private employment. It places no limit on hours of employment, but requires payment of time and a half worker’s regular rate for hours over 48. IDAHO: 1 Law does not cover employment of women by railroads in interstate commerce, including work as telegraphers or printer operators. (Op. Atty. Gen., March and August 1941.) 2 Females 16 and over. ♦ ILLINOIS: 1 The attorney general of Illinois has interpreted the scope of the 8-hour law in various opinions which may be summarized as follows: Included under coverage: Females employed in any office of any of enumerated industries--............................................................................................ Females employed at the county poor farm. ..................... ....................... ...... ......................... . Females employed as accountants in mercantile establishments—................................................... .......................................... ............ Females employed in dyeing and cleaning establishments.......... ..................................................... ........................ .............................. Females employed in charitable institutions.......... ..................................................... ................ ................. Females employed in commercial hatcheries______ ______ ______________________________ Exempt from coverage: Newspaper publishers are not subject to the act_____ ________ _________ _____________________________ ____ Females employed in insurance companies_______ ____ _____________ _________________ _____ Females employed in real estate agencies................................................ ................................................................ Females employed in finance companies_____ ____________ _________________________________ Females employed in fraternity houses...................................................... ................................... ....... Females employed in radio stations______________ ______________________ ______ _ _ Females employed in “Currency exchanges”.................................... ......................................:........ ..................... ......... Females employed in banks.............. ......................................................................................................... Date of opinion 8-26-37 8-26-37 1-5-40 1-5-40 11-18-42 4-29-43 8-26-37 1-5-40 1-5-40 1-5-40 1-5-40 1-5-40 6-19-47 8-30-49 2 Females 16 and over. 3 Opinions of the attorney general re the scope of the 6-day-week law indicate that the following employees are not included in the coverage: Employees of undertaking establishments, radio stations, fraternity houses, charitable institutions................ .............. .................. .......... Workers employed by cemetery associations................................................................................................................................ INDIANA: 1 Not applicable to switchboard operators. (Op. Atty. Gen., Jan. 7,1941.) 2 Sec. 40-1015 defines “young person” to mean a person of 14 years and under 18; “woman” means a female of 18 and over. 1-8-40 12-7-46 KANSAS: 1 Orders have been promulgated by the Kansas Labor Department pursuant to the authority vested in it by the State legislature to “establish such standards of wages, hours, and conditions of labor for women * * * and minors * * * as shall be held hereunder to be reasonable and not detrimental to health and welfare.” The labor department of Kansas reports that under this same authority permits are issued granting permission to employ women in war production in excess of the hours established by industrial welfare order No. 2. 107 KENTUCKY: 1 Kentucky statutes do not fix a 6-day workweek. The law has a provision, however, which requires that time and a half be paid to employees for work on the 7th day. Exemp tions: Employees working a 40-hour week or less; small telephone exchanges; clerical or technical assistants of professionals; employees subject to Federal Kailway Labor Act; seamen; operators of boats; common carriers; persons icing railroad cars. [Revised Statutes (1948), sec. 337.050.] 108 LOUISIANA: i Females 18 and over. s By interpretation, beauty operators (as employees of mechanical establishments) and employees of radio stations (as employees of telegraph establishments) are included in coverage. (Op. Atty. Gen., 1942-44, p. 695, and 1944-46, p. 32.) Exempted, by interpretation, are registered nurses in manufacturing establishments, employees of boardinghouses, and employees in florist shops in all size communities who are engaged entirely in the growing of flowers or in the performance of clerical work. (Op. Atty. Gen. 1944-46, p. 323, p. 324, and p. 1099.) MAINE: i Applicable to females 16 and over. MARYLAND: 1 An act of 1888 (amended in 1943) limits to 10 hours the workday of employees in the service or under the control of corporations or manufacturing companies engaged in manu facturing cotton or woolen yarns, fabrics, or domestics of any kind. Certain exemptions applicable to males over 21 years of age are in the act. [Annotated Code (Flack, 1951), art. 100, secs. 1-3.] 2 Females 18 and over. 3 By interpretation, statute does not apply to officework in the establishments covered. (Op. Atty. Gen., Oct. 23,1941.) • MASSACHUSETTS: 1 If the work performed in 1 day is not continuous, but is divided into 2 or more periods, the work shall be so arranged that all such periods shall fall within a period of 10 consec utive hours except: (1) for transportation or telephone companies, hotels, private clubs and places of amusement where the employment is determined by the department to be seasonal, and hotels where meals are served during 3 separate periods totalling not more than 7 hours in 1 day and the employment is connected with serving of said meals; (2) in mercantile establishments such periods may fall within 11H consecutive hours during a total of not more than 7 days in any calendar year of which 6 shall be 6 weekdays within a period of 4 weeks immediately preceding Christmas and the 7th, the Saturday immediately preceding Easter; and (3) in any place of employment where the principle source of income of certain employees is in tips or gratuities, upon written petition of not less than 60 percent of such employees, the commissioner may allow such periods to fall within a period of 12 consecutive hours. Hospital employees may be employed outside the period of 10 consecutive hours on authority of commissioner if he finds an emergency exists requiring such action. 2 The current expiration date on the commissioner’s authority is July 1,1954, but this regulation has for a number of years been extended annually by the legislature. 3 If work on any day is not continuous, all periods must fall within 10 consecutive hours. 4 Minors under 21. Messenger work entirely prohibited for girls under 18, by ruling. MICHIGAN: 1 By interpretation, includes beauty shops. (Op. Atty. Gen., Apr. 7, 1931.) 2 By interpretation, includes telephone office. (Op. Atty. Gen., Mar. 10,1914.) 3 Though 12 hours are permitted, department requests canners to limit hours to 10 a day whenever possible. 4 Latest information available indicates that regulation for season of 1948 still in effect during 1951. 5 The granting of definite rest periods of 15 minutes’ duration, morning and afternoon or on swing shifts, etc., is a recommendation of the State labor department. MINNESOTA: 1 Applicable in sanatoriums to chambermaids, janitresses, kitchen workers, elevator operators, and telephone operators, but not to nurses or other employees. (Op. Atty. Gen., June 11,1941.) 2 Applicable to females 16 and over. 259312 — 54 -------8 MISSISSIPPI: 1 Secs. 6986 and 6992 limit employment of persons over 16 for more than 10 hours a day in any mill, cannery (except fruit or vegetable), workshop, factory, or manufacturing estab lishment, except that on first 5 days of week an additional Yi hour a day may be worked, such additional time to be deducted from the last day of the week; and except that persons employed at night only may work 11^6 hours on first 5 nights of week and hours on Saturday night, but 60 hours shall constitute a full week's work for such employees. 2 Females 16 and over. MISSOURI: 1 Females 16 and over. MONTANA: 1 Montana State constitution (art. XVIII, sec. 4, as amended by referendum effective Dec. 2,1936) provides that “a period of 8 hours shall constitute a day’s work in all indus tries, occupations, undertakings, and employments, except farming and stock raising: Provided, however, That the legislative assembly may by law reduce * * * but shall have no authority to increase the number of hours constituting a day’s work beyond that herein provided.” 2 Various statutory provisions also require that 8 hours shall constitute a day’s work for persons (men and women) employed in specified industries and occupations, including retail stores; public amusements; restaurants; telephone operators; mines, mills, and smelters; railway employees; sugar refineries; and others. Some provide also that 48 hours shall con stitute a week’s work. NEBRASKA: 1 Office does not include a bank. (Op. Atty. Gen., Jan. 22,1943.) 2 Females 16 and over. NEVADA: 1 Applicable to females 18 and over. 2 8 hours must be worked in a 13-hour period. 3 Sec 2825.42a which provided for relaxation of hour provisions during World War II for female workers employed by a common carrier for hire or by the communications industry is not applicable to the Korean conflict, by attorney general’s opinion: Letter from State labor commissioner to Women’s Bureau dated May 12,1953. * Not applicable to State, county, or city employees. 8 Meal and rest periods must be included in the 8 hours of work per day to which women are limited. (Op. Atty. Gen., May 1, 1947.) NEW JERSEY: 1 Females 18 and over. 2 The application form for such a permit requires plant to submit data showing that it has facilities for hot meals, first aid, medical service, and that transportation facilities foi women on a night shift would be adequate and available. Certain requirements governing the employment of women at night must be guaranteed by employer: (1) If part or all of employment is between 12 midnight and 7 a. m., working hours not to exceed 10 a night; (2) not more than 6 consecutive working periods in 7 days; (3) at least J^-hour meal period after 6 hours of work. 109 NEW MEXICO: 1 The working day shall not be divided into more than 3 shifts. | Statutes Annotated (1941), vol. 4, sec. 57-402.] 2 Woman employee exceeding 8 hours in a day but not exceeding 48 hours in the week is not entitled to overtime pay. However, she should not be permitted to exceed 8 hours in a day except as provided by the emergency clause. (Op. Atty. Gen., July 21,1952.) 110 3 Express and transportation companies included in term “public utility business." 4 Females 16 and over. 5 The scope of the exemptions has been interpreted by the attorney general in the following opinions: Date of opinion Exempts all female employees of hospitals and sanitariums, including clerks, cleaning women, etc., from the provisions of 57-401 et seq.................. ___........ .......................3-17-53 Exempts female dental assistants whose duties are not entirely clerical and stenographic from piovisions of 57-401 et seq................................ .................... ........ ................... 4-24-53 57-401 et seq. not applicable to State employees; their hours of labor may be fixed by the governor, subject to the approval of the State board of finance, according to 70-2...... ..................... .................................................................................................................. ...... ................................... ............ ....................................................,..........3-16-53 NEW YORK: 1 Not applicable to officeworkers although duties are partly performed in a factory or mercantile establishment or elsewhere. (Op. Atty. Gen., No. 126,1928.) Members of a subpartnership considered employees and subject to provisions. (Op. Atty. Gen., 1933, 48 St. Dept. 410.) 2 Except during period specified, general provisions governing factories apply. 3 In lieu of Dec. 18-24 period, employer may select any 7 consecutive days during period from Dec. 4 through following Dec. 23, by filing a written notice of days selected with industrial commissioner. 4 “Resort" applicable to establishments which operate for not more than 4 calendar months and 15 days each year. “Seasonal" applicable to establishments in which the number of employees is increased by at least 100 percent from the slack to the busiest season. 5 Under 18 years, employment prohibited. 0 Under 21 years, employment prohibited. 7 Text of law reads that employers shall allow employees “at least 24 consecutive hours of rest in any calendar week." NORTH CAROLINA: 1 Females 18 and over. 2 Where the day is divided into 2 or more work periods for the same employee, such periods shall be within 12 consecutive hours, except that in the case of employees of motionpicture theaters, restaurants, dining rooms, and public eating places, such periods shall be within 14 consecutive hours. 3 The current expiration date is March 1,1955. 4 In laundries and dry-cleaning establishments, employment is limited to 55 hours a week for all employees. Except for employment in mercantile establishments and as outside salesmen on a commission basis (occupations specifically exempted by the statute), the hours of men may not exceed 10 a day, 56 a week. Time and a half must be paid for more than 55 hours a week. In seasonal rush of business, however, a manufacturing plant may apply to labor commissioner for permit to employ males overtime for a period not to exceed 60 days, during which period time and a half must be paid for hours over 56 a week. 5 For hours law applicable to establishments employing 9 or more persons in many of these industries, see first entry in coverage column. NORTH DAKOTA: 1 Executives covered by maximum hour requirements when acting as employees. (Op. Atty. Gen., Sept. 4, 1942.) 2 Applicable to those 18 years and over. 3 In such case, doctor’s certificate must be furnished showing it will not be dangerous to human life to continue employment in the establishment involved. 4 Work in manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile, laundry, express or transportation companies not within emergency exemptions. (Op. Atty. Gen, Jan. 10.1944.) 3 Hospitals are not subject to regulations as public housekeeping establishments with respect to hours of employment required of female kitchen workers, according to decision of the State supreme court. [Pagel v. Trinity Hospital Assn. (1942), 72 N. D. 262, 6 N. W. 2d 392.1 6 The only limitation in order as to days worked is that women may not be employed for more than 28 days in any 1 month.* * OHIO: Ill Note: Ohio laws were recodified, H. B. 1, Laws 1953, effective Oct. 1, 1953. Cited sections ol the General Code Annotated, 1008, 1008-1,1008-2,1008-2a 12993, and 12996 are now Sections 4107.42, 4107.43, 4107.46, 4107.47, 4109.10, and 4109.22 respectively of the Revised Code. 1 Emergency law enacted 1951. Senate bill 232, effective Sept. 16,1951 [General Code Annotated (Page, 1937), vol. 11,1951 supplement, Appendix P-5], suspended and replaced until Sept. 1, 1953, secs. 1008-1,1008-2, and 12996 (relating to minors) of the General Code. S. B. 232 is identical in most respects with the suspended provisions of the General Code. The major difference is the extension of maximum weekly hours for manufacturing from 45 to 48. Ail differences are shown in the “War-or defense-related” column In 1953 S B 160 extended S. B. 232 until Sept. 1, 1955. ‘ < • ■ »If day’s work is not continuous, overall work period may not be more than 10 consecutive hours, except that in hotels and nonprofit hospitals, and in mercantile establishments on those days when 10 hours’ work is permitted, overall spread may be 12 hours and in communications companies spread may be 13 hours. Also, under 1951 (and 1953) act regulating employment in a national emergency, overall spread of 12 hours permitted for officeworkers over 18 in manufacturing establishments on days of week in which 10 hours is permitted, and for employees in financial institutions and restaurants. 3 Applicable to females over 21; those under 21 permitted to work only 8 hours a day. * Under suspended sec. 1008-1, taxi driving was a prohibited occupation for females. OKLAHOMA: 1 Not applicable to females employed in banks. Ex parte Carson (1926), 33 Okla. Cr. 198, 243 P. 200. s Females 16 and over. OREGON: 1 The 10-and 60-hour maximums covering employment of females in certain establishments are provided by sec. 102-323 of the Oregon Code. However, for most of the industries covered, minimum wage orders which also establish hours’ standards have been issued by the State wage and hour commission, under authority granted the commission in secs. 102-303 and 102-304 of the code. Such minimum wage orders and the shorter maximums which prevail under these orders are listed in chronological order following statute citation in this chart. 2 Although not covered under maximum-hour provisions, employees in canneries, driers, and packing plants must be paid time and a half their regular rate of pay for hours over 10 a day. 3 Hours must be worked within a period of 11 consecutive hours, excluding time off for lunch. * No maximum-hour provisions, but women working more than 12 hours per day must be paid time and a half for all hours ovor 12. 3 Order provides that "Every woman and minor shall have 1H day’s rest in 7.” 8 Only maximum set is 12 hours daily for minors under 18. However, women employees working over 10 hours a day must be paid time and a half for first 2 hours of overtime, and double time for hours in excess of 12 a day. For women working on 7th consecutive day in any regularly scheduled workweek, time and a fourth must be paid for first 8 hours’ time and a half for over 8 and up to 12 hours, and double time for hours over 12. 7 Employees must be paid time and a half regular wage for hours over 40. 8 An “On duty” meal period is permitted only when nature of work prevents an employee from being relieved of all duty, and any such period must be counted as time worked. "If agreeable to employee and to employer, forenoon rest period need not be given if forenoon work period is less than 2 hours and 45 minutes, but if period not given, a 20-minute rest period is required in afternoon. 10 No woman may be required to report for work or be dismissed from work between 10 p. m. and 6 a. m. unless suitable transportation is available. PENNSYLVANIA: 7 The hours of work in any working day shall be performed within a spread which is not greater than 2 hours more than the hours of work permitted by law or regulation. (G-4 ) In hotels and restaurants the spread of hours may not exceed 13 in any 1 day, except that for front-oflice employees working split shifts the daily spread shall be determined by aver aging over a 2-day period. (S-2.) In telephone industry, 10 hours may be worked within 13 consecutive hours in 1 day. (S-5.) • 112 Whenever any female is employed or permitted to work in, or in connection with, more than 1 establishment in any 1 week or in any 1 day, the aggregate number of hours dur ing which she shall be employed shall not exceed 48 in any 1 week or 10 in any 1 day. [Sec. 103 of Statutes, Annotated (Purdon, 1941), title 43, ch. 4,1952 supplement.] 2 In small telephone offices with 1 employee on duty from 10 p. m. to 7 a. m., Buie S-5 (2) authorizes “a total of 2 hours inactivity” in lieu of 1-hour meal period. > sec. 104, Statutes Annotated (Purdon, 1941), 1952 supplement, which previously prohibited work between 10 p. m. and 6 a. m. in manufacturing establishments for females 21 and over was amended in 1947 to permit females to be employed in manufacturing establishments during any hour, night or day, so long as the provisions of this act are com plied with and there is compliance with the regulations established by the industrial board. Applications for employment on a 2- or 3-shift basis shall be made to the department of labor and industry. Sec. 105, Statutes Annotated (Purdon, 1941), 1952 supplement, which previously prohibited employment between 9 p. m. and 6 a. m. in any establishment as defined with certain exemptions, for females under 21, was amended in 1947 making it applicable only to females under 18. PUERTO RICO: i Puerto Rico’s 1919 law regulating the work of women and children (Session laws: 1919, Act. 73, as amended 1930, Act 28 and 1947, 5th special session, Act 6), was amended in 1949 (Session laws 1949, Act 364), eliminating the previous maximum-hour limitations for women of 8 hours a day and 48 hours a week. The law as now amended provides that women not subject to the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as amended, shall be paid twice the salary agreed for regular hours for work in excess of 8 hours up to 12 hours a day, or in excess of 48 hours up to 72 hours a week, and triple time for hours in excess of 12 hours a day or 72 hours a week; women covered by the FLSA shall be paid time and one-half salary agreed upon for work after 8 hours up to 12 hour a day, or In excess of 40 hours up to 60 hours a week, and triple time after 12 hours a day or 60 hours a week. Act 379, Session laws 1948, has similar provisions for all employees ‘‘in every commercial, industrial, and agricultural establishment; in every shop, factory, centrale, mill, and manufactory; in every ranch, property, larm, estate, and plantation; in every public-service enterprise, in every gainful business, including printerles, publishing houses, newspaper enterprises, clinics, hospitals, pharmacies teaching institutions, boardinghouses, hotels, eating houses, restaurants, stores, groceries, warehouses, depots, markets, garages, bakeries, theaters, racetracks, casinos, and other similar businesses; In every business office or establishment, law office, consulting room, and professional office, and In every place devoted to the rendering of services of any kind through payment * * * shall also be applied to all chauffeurs and drivers of public and private motor vehicles except those who work on a commission basis * * * but shall not be applied to persons employed in domestic service: Provided, however, That they shall be entitled to 1 day of rest for every 6 days of work.” Government employees are also exempted “excepting such agencies and instrumentalities as are devoted to agricultural, industrial, commercial, or public service enterprises. j Section 553 of the Penal Code (Session laws 1950, Act 250) is a Sunday closing law applicable to all commercial and industrial establishments except those specifically exempted. A second Sunday law applies to barbershops—except those in rural districts. (Session laws 1946, Act 289 as amended 1948, Act 172.) RHODE ISLAND: i A 1945 amendment (ch. 1658) to ch. 298 of the General Laws prohibits any person from engaging in gainful activities or requiring or permitting an employee to work on Sundays or specified holidays in any store, mill, or factory, or any commercial occupation, or in the work of industrial process, except to perform such work as is absolutely necessary and can lawfully he performed on Sunday, and except various types of athletic contests. Provides for enforcement by department of labor and on conviction payment of fine of $200 to $500 for each offense. SOUTH CAROLINA: 1 Secs, 40-51, 40-52, 40-53, 40-55, Code (1952), vol. 4, applicable to cotton, rayon, silk, or woolen textile mills for all employees working inside or outside, except office and super visory staff, engineers, firemen, watchmen, shipping and outside crews, repair shop crews, carpenters, mechanics, and electricians establishes an 8-hour day, 40-hour, 5-day week, but provides that employment over 8 hours a day and 40 hours a week is permitted when the provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act have been complied with. 3 Secs. 64-5, 64-6, make it unlawful for any person “to employ, require or permit the employment of women or children to work or labor in any mercantile, or manufacturing establishment, on the Sabbath Day * * *. The commissioner of labor, and factory inspectors, are hereby charged with the enforcement of this section, as well as all other laws now in force relating to labor.” Conviction for violation is punishable by a fine of $25 to $100, or Imprisonment, not to exceed 30 days, for each offense. Sec. 64-A is also enforced by the comSJ By Act 418, of session laws 1953, all textile manufacturing establishments and their employees in any city having an exact population of 5,140, according to latest official census, are exempt from Day-of-Rest law in order to permit manufacturing to begin at 10 p. m. on Sunday. • ■» * TENNESSEE: 1 Females 18 and over. TEXAS: 1 The Fair Labor Standards Act, the Walsh-Healey Act (Public Contracts), and the Bacon-Davis Act. 2 Op. Atty. Gen., June 24, 1943. 2 Hospital employees and employees of interstate railroads engaged in officework are included in coverage. (Op. Atty. Gen. July 31,1943, and Oct. 2, 1942.) 4 Applicable to females 15 years and over. 8 Stenographers and pharmacists are exempted regardless of the population of the town or city in which they might be employed. (Op. Atty. Gen., July 23, 1943.) 6 “Any female employee who works more than 40 hours per week shall be entitled to receive from the employer double pay rate for all hours in excess of 9 hours per day, provided the employee actually works more than 40 hours per week." UTAH: 1 The 8 hours must be worked in net more than 2 working periods and within 12 consecutive hours. 2 Females 18 years and over. 3 Administrative regulations of the commission in respect to emergency-work permits require that time and a half be paid for hours over 8 a day. Application must be made for emergency permit as soon as the emergency arises; for peak-period permit, at least 7 days before permit is to be used. In no case may hours of work exceed 12 a day, such overtime not to be worked on more than 3 days in any calendar week. 4 The 8 hours must be worked within 12 consecutive hours. 8 The iVi hours on split shift must be worked in not more than 2 working periods and within 12 consecutive hours. 6 Women may not be required to work more than 8-48-6 except on special permit from industrial commission. 11f employee cannot be relieved of all duties and is not permitted to leave premises, such meal period may not be deducted from hours worked. 8 Order provides for payment of minimum wage rate for meal period. VERMONT: * By interpretation, officeworkers in manufacturing establishment are exempted. (Op. Atty. Gen., July 25,1940.) VIRGINIA: * By interpretation, includes beauty shops. (Op. Atty. Gen., July 14, 1938.) 113 WASHINGTON: 1 Provisions applicable to females 18 years of age and over. 2 A 1951 act directed the governor to appoint a commission of 3 members from names submitted to him by organizations or associations representing labor, industry, and govern ment. Commission to continue in existence during period of national emergency as proclaimed by the President. 3 Employed time includes minutes or hours when employee has to remain subject to call of employer and is not free to follow his or her inclinations. 4 For this industry Washington issued 2 orders: 1 for theatrical amusement and recreation and 1 for general amusement and recreation. Except for variances in the definitions of coverage, the provisions of both orders are identical. 8 An “on duty” meal period is permitted only when nature of work prevents an employee from being relieved of all duty, and any such period must be counted as time worked. 6 Relief can be given either by general relief or relief personnel at the option of employer. 7 Rest periods are provided for and can be arranged by individual relief or general periods. Order specifies that interval shall cover time from stopping work and returning thereto. n 114 8 In this order the application is to women. 8 Paid waiting time during which no work is done is considered as satisfying the rest-period requirement. WEST VIRGINIA: 1 A 10-minute rest period during each 4-hour shift is recommended by State labor department. WISCONSIN: 1 Females 18 and over. 3 Industrial commission does not have power to change the maximum daily and weekly hours prescribed by statute for women employed in hotels. 3 The statute reads: “At least 24 consecutive hours of rest in every 7 consecutive days.” 4 The General Order reads “24 consecutive hours of rest in each calendar week shall be deemed compliance with [the statute].” fi Special orders issued by the industrial commission for factories engaged in canning or first processing of fresh fruits and vegetables permit night employment of women 18 and over during season of actual canning of product. Q WYOMING: 1 8 hours’ work must be performed within a period of 12 hours. 2 A May 5,1947, Attorney General opinion states that war conditions do not in themselves warrant emergency employment of women for overtime hours; in emergencies overtime employment is optional with employers. 3 By interpretation, also includes dry-cleaning establishments, clerical workers in interstate commerce also covered by FLSA, manual labor in railroad shops, and eating places in private clubs. (Op. Atty. Gen., May 19, 1939, Dec. 11,1947, Sept. 15,1948, and June 27,1950.) Not covered are beauty operators, canvassers, and employees of railroad telegraph and telephone offices. (Op. Atty. Gen., Mar. 6,1951, Aug. 11,1941, and Sept. 15, 1948.) 4 Applicable to females 16 years and over. * Required rest periods included in hours worked. (Op. Atty. Gen., Aug. 9,1951.)
