Full text of May 1997 : Text File, USDL 97-215
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Technical information: USDL 97-215
Employment (202) 606-6559
Unemployment 606-6392 For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Media contact: 606-5902 Tuesday, July 1, 1997
STATE AND METROPOLITAN AREA EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT:
MAY 1997
State unemployment rates generally showed little movement in May, as 41
states recorded shifts of 0.3 percentage point or less from April, the
Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today.
The national jobless rate was essentially unchanged at 4.8 percent in May.
Nonfarm payroll employment rose in 44 states over the month.
State Unemployment (Seasonally Adjusted)
The range of unemployment rates among the states narrowed in May, as no
state registered a rate of 7.0 percent or more. At 6.9 percent, Alaska
reported the highest jobless rate, followed by the District of Columbia
(6.8 percent) and California, Louisiana, New Mexico, and New York (all 6.3
percent). Nebraska had the lowest unemployment rate in the nation (2.3
percent), followed by South Dakota (2.6 percent) and New Hampshire (2.8
percent). Ten other states recorded rates below 4.0 percent. A total of
27 states had rates below the U.S. average, while 20 states and the
District of Columbia reported higher rates. (See table 1 and chart 1.)
In May, 27 states and the District of Columbia had unemployment rate
decreases from April, 14 states recorded increases, and 9 states reported
no change. West Virginia had the largest over-the-month decline, -1.5
percentage points, to 6.0 percent, its lowest unemployment rate in 18
years. The rate in Alaska dropped by a full percentage point, and Oregon's
rate decreased by 0.6 percentage point. Five states--Illinois, Iowa,
Michigan, Mississippi, and Missouri--recorded their lowest unemployment
rates since the series began in 1978. Louisiana and Rhode Island
registered the largest jobless rate increases from April, 0.7 and 0.5
percentage point, respectively.
Compared with May 1996, unemployment rates were lower in 47 states and
the District of Columbia, higher in 2 states, and unchanged in 1 state.
The largest decreases over the year occurred in the District of Columbia
(-1.9 percentage points) and Washington state (-1.8 points). Eight other
states had declines of at least 1.0 percentage point, and 23 additional
states reported declines of 0.5 point or more. Rhode Island and North
Dakota were the only states that had over-the-year rate increases, 0.6
and 0.2 percentage point, respectively.
- 2 -
Nonfarm Payroll Employment (Seasonally Adjusted)
Nonfarm payroll employment rose in 44 states in May. South Dakota
reported the largest percentage increase (1.2 percent), followed by North
Dakota (1.0 percent) and New Hampshire (0.9 percent). South Dakota's
employment increase was due in large part to improved weather conditions
following heavy rains and flooding in April. California added the most
jobs over the month (41,400), followed by Texas (27,800) and Florida
(26,300). Employment gains continued to be strong in the trade and
services industries throughout the nation. The District of Columbia
and Nebraska reported the largest percentage declines (both -0.4 percent)
in employment, followed by Hawaii (-0.2 percent). (See table 3.)
Over the year, nonfarm employment increased in 48 states. California
led the nation in over-the-year job growth (370,200), followed by Florida
(229,800) and Texas (218,000). The highest growth rates were in Nevada
(6.6 percent), Arizona (4.8 percent), and Utah (3.9 percent). Over-the-
year declines in employment occurred in the District of Columbia (-0.9
percent), Hawaii (-0.4 percent), and West Virginia (-0.2 percent). (See
chart 2.)
NOTE: Monthly payroll employment data are provided on a seasonally
adjusted basis for all states and the District of Columbia, permitting both
current and over-the-year comparisons of the data. The state data are
intended for individual state analyses only. Because the state data are
not designed for national aggregation, a summation could present a
misleading picture of national trends. (See Technical Note.)
Metropolitan Area Unemployment (Not Seasonally Adjusted)
Of the 272 areas for which May data are available, 134 had unemployment
rates below 4.0 percent, and 26 recorded rates of 7.0 percent or more. The
lowest jobless rates were in Madison, Wis. (1.5 percent), Fargo-Moorhead,
N.D.-Minn., and Sioux Falls, S.D. (both 1.6 percent), and Lincoln, Neb.
(1.7 percent). The highest jobless rates were in McAllen-Edinburg-Mission,
Tex. (15.9 percent), Modesto, Calif. (13.9 percent), and Fresno, Calif.
(12.4 percent). Over the year, Dubuque, Iowa, and Laredo, Tex.,
experienced the largest decreases in their unemployment rates (both -2.5
percentage points), closely followed by Peoria-Pekin, Ill. (-2.3 points).
Thirty-six other areas recorded declines ranging from 1.0 to 1.9 percentage
points. Steubenville-Weirton, Ohio-W.Va., reported the largest May-
to-May rate increase, 5.3 percentage points. The next largest rate
increase, 3.2 percentage points, occurred in flood-ravaged Grand Forks,
N.D.-Minn. Only three other areas had rate increases of a full percentage
point or more. (See table 5.)
________________________
The State and Metropolitan Area Employment and Unemployment release
for June 1997 is scheduled to be issued on Wednesday, July 30, 1997.
Technical Note
This release presents labor force and unemployment data for states and
selected metropolitan areas from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS)
program (tables 1, 2, and 5). Also presented are nonfarm payroll employment
estimates by state and major industry from the Current Employment Statistics
(CES) program (tables 3 and 4). The LAUS and CES are both Federal-State
cooperative programs.
Labor force and unemployment--from the LAUS program
Definitions. The labor force and unemployment data are based on the same
concepts and definitions as those used for the official national estimates
obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a sample survey of households
that is conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the Bureau of the
Census. The labor force includes both the employed and the unemployed.
Employed persons are those who did any work at all for pay or profit in the
survey reference week (the week including the 12th of the month) or worked 15
hours or more without pay in a family business or farm, plus those not working
who have a job from which they were temporarily absent, whether or not paid, for
such reasons as labor-management dispute, illness, or vacation. Unemployed
persons are those who did not work at all (in the reference week), have actively
looked for a job (sometime in the 4-week period ending with the survey reference
week), and are currently available for work; persons on layoff expecting recall
need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed.
Method of estimation. Effective January 1996, estimates for all states, the
District of Columbia, the Los Angeles-Long Beach metropolitan area, and New York
City are produced using estimating equations based on regression techniques.
For all other sub-state areas, estimates are prepared through indirect
estimation procedures. Both methods utilize data from several sources,
including the CPS, the CES, and state unemployment insurance (UI) data. A
detailed description of the estimation procedures is available from BLS upon
request.
Annual revisions. Labor force and unemployment data shown for the prior year
reflect adjustments made at the end of each year, usually with January
estimates. The adjusted estimates reflect updated population data from the
Bureau of the Census and any revisions in the other data sources. In addition,
data for all states, the District of Columbia, and the 2 large sub-state areas
noted are adjusted annually to equal the CPS annual averages, usually effective
with January estimates. The state data will not necessarily sum to national
totals obtained from the CPS, since the monthly state estimates are not based
directly on the CPS.
Seasonal adjustment. Seasonal adjustment of state (and Los Angeles-Long
Beach and New York City) labor force levels are computed by aggregating
independently seasonally adjusted employment and unemployment levels.
Unemployment rates are then computed from these independently adjusted levels.
Revisions of historical data for the most recent 5 years are usually made at the
beginning of each calendar year, usually coincident with January estimates.
- 2 -
Employment--from the CES program
Definitions. Employment data refer to persons on establishment payrolls who
receive pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 12th of the month,
except for Federal Government employment, which represents the number of persons
who occupied positions on the last day of the month. Persons are counted at
their place of work rather than at their place of residence; those appearing on
more than one payroll are counted on each payroll. Industries are classified on
the basis of their principal product or activity in accordance with the 1987
Standard Industrial Classification Manual.
Method of estimation. The employment data are estimated using a "link
relative" technique in which a ratio (link relative) of current-month employment
to that of the previous month is computed from a sample of establishments
reporting for both months. The estimates of employment for the current month
are obtained by multiplying the estimates for the previous month by these
ratios.
Annual revisions. Employment estimates are adjusted annually to a complete
count of jobs, called benchmarks, derived principally from tax reports which are
submitted by employers who are covered under state unemployment insurance (UI)
laws. The benchmark information is used to adjust the monthly estimates between
the new benchmark and the preceding one and also to establish the level of
employment for the new benchmark month. Thus, the benchmarking process
establishes the level of employment, and the sample is used to measure the month-
to-month changes in the level for the subsequent months.
Seasonal adjustment. Seasonally adjusted payroll employment totals for
states are computed by aggregating independently adjusted series for major
industry divisions. Revisions of historical data for the most recent 5 years
are made once a year, coincident with annual benchmark adjustments.
Caution on aggregating state data. State estimation procedures are designed
to produce accurate data for each individual state. BLS independently develops
a national employment series; state estimates are not forced to sum to national
totals nor vice versa. Because each state series is subject to larger sampling
and nonsampling errors than the national series, summing them cumulates
individual state level errors and can cause significant distortions at an
aggregate level. Due to these statistical limitations, BLS does not compile a
"sum-of-states" employment series, and cautions users that such a series is
subject to a relatively large and volatile error structure.
Reliability of the estimates
The estimates presented in this release are based on sample survey and
administrative data and thus are subject to sampling and other types of errors.
Sampling error is a measure of sampling variability--that is, variation that
occurs by chance because a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed.
Survey data are also subject to nonsampling errors, such as those which can be
introduced into the data collection and processing operations. Estimates not
directly derived from sample surveys are subject to additional errors resulting
from the special estimation processes used. The sums of individual items may
not always equal the totals shown in the same tables because of rounding. With
respect to the LAUS program, unemployment rates are computed, in most instances,
from unrounded data rather than from data that may be displayed in the tables;
differences, however, are generally insignificant.
Labor force and unemployment estimates. Measures of sampling error, in the
form of the standard errors for state annual average estimates derived from the
CPS, are available in the annual BLS bulletin, Geographic Profile of Employment
and Unemployment. Error measures cannot be computed for sub-state areas because
of the special estimation processes used. Measures of nonsampling error for CPS
data are not available, but additional information on the subject is provided in
the BLS monthly periodical, Employment and Earnings.
- 3 -
Employment estimates. Measures of sampling error are not available for state
CES data, but the relatively large size of the samples maintained by the state
agencies and the annual adjustment of employment estimates to more recent
benchmark levels assure a high degree of accuracy. Information on recent
benchmark revisions for states is available upon request.
Additional information
More complete information on the technical procedures used to develop these
estimates and additional data appear in Employment and Earnings, which is
available by subscription for $35.00 a year from the Superintendent of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 (telephone
202-512-2168).
Estimates of labor force, employment, and unemployment for all states,
metropolitan areas, labor market areas, counties, cities with a population of
25,000 or more, and other areas used in the administration of various Federal
economic assistance programs are provided in the report, Unemployment in States
and Local Areas, which is available monthly in microfiche form by subscription
from the U.S. Government Printing Office for $23.00 a year. The order number
for a subscription is 029-001-81003-2.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-7828; TDD phone: 202-606-5897;
TDD message referral phone: 1-800-326-2577.
Table 1. Civilian labor force and unemployment by state and selected areas, seasonally adjusted
Unemployed
Civilian labor force
State and Area Number Percent of labor force
May Mar. Apr. May May Mar. Apr. May May Mar. Apr. May
1996 1997 1997 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997p
Alabama................ 2,089.7 2,105.8 2,098.9 2,100.5 112.4 95.6 92.8 97.6 5.4 4.5 4.4 4.6
Alaska................. 313.8 323.4 323.8 322.1 23.6 25.3 25.7 22.1 7.5 7.8 7.9 6.9
Arizona................ 2,242.2 2,273.8 2,272.6 2,282.0 124.7 110.3 108.0 108.3 5.6 4.8 4.8 4.7
Arkansas............... 1,231.7 1,250.2 1,241.3 1,238.5 65.0 68.1 57.6 56.4 5.3 5.4 4.6 4.6
California............. 15,558.3 15,839.2 15,874.2 15,836.6 1,130.4 1,046.7 1,038.3 993.6 7.3 6.6 6.5 6.3
Los Angeles-Long
Beach............. 4,407.1 4,469.0 4,492.1 4,463.1 369.0 328.7 332.3 303.2 8.4 7.4 7.4 6.8
Colorado............... 2,106.4 2,144.4 2,149.8 2,139.3 90.5 69.1 71.4 74.0 4.3 3.2 3.3 3.5
Connecticut............ 1,717.9 1,732.6 1,741.5 1,741.6 96.6 85.7 89.8 90.3 5.6 4.9 5.2 5.2
Delaware............... 381.5 393.6 390.7 389.3 19.1 18.4 16.3 15.8 5.0 4.7 4.2 4.1
District of Columbia... 271.7 269.2 266.7 266.6 23.7 21.1 19.3 18.0 8.7 7.8 7.2 6.8
Florida................ 6,921.2 7,098.3 7,099.6 7,136.9 355.4 356.5 357.1 351.3 5.1 5.0 5.0 4.9
Georgia................ 3,742.0 3,842.1 3,846.9 3,853.7 171.4 178.9 166.7 172.4 4.6 4.7 4.3 4.5
Hawaii................. 589.2 593.1 593.6 590.1 37.3 34.3 35.3 34.6 6.3 5.8 5.9 5.9
Idaho.................. 616.2 632.0 634.6 636.4 32.2 33.6 32.1 31.0 5.2 5.3 5.1 4.9
Illinois............... 6,096.5 6,149.6 6,139.5 6,115.6 321.6 307.7 295.4 266.1 5.3 5.0 4.8 4.4
Indiana................ 3,079.8 3,083.6 3,098.2 3,105.9 130.1 98.4 100.3 99.0 4.2 3.2 3.2 3.2
Iowa................... 1,602.7 1,627.0 1,619.2 1,615.1 59.5 52.8 53.6 48.7 3.7 3.2 3.3 3.0
Kansas................. 1,339.1 1,382.0 1,384.0 1,382.9 60.4 53.2 55.1 55.1 4.5 3.8 4.0 4.0
Kentucky............... 1,862.9 1,916.0 1,924.0 1,919.7 103.5 102.5 99.6 98.7 5.6 5.4 5.2 5.1
Louisiana.............. 1,990.1 2,030.6 2,022.0 2,019.1 135.4 118.2 112.4 126.2 6.8 5.8 5.6 6.3
Maine.................. 666.7 672.6 669.1 668.3 34.9 29.3 31.8 32.0 5.2 4.4 4.7 4.8
Maryland............... 2,781.0 2,764.3 2,772.3 2,775.5 135.5 124.7 132.1 129.3 4.9 4.5 4.8 4.7
Massachusetts.......... 3,188.5 3,217.0 3,234.1 3,235.7 142.2 127.3 132.7 136.4 4.5 4.0 4.1 4.2
Michigan............... 4,800.4 4,880.3 4,874.0 4,872.9 234.3 208.4 212.6 197.1 4.9 4.3 4.4 4.0
Minnesota.............. 2,606.5 2,652.3 2,656.2 2,658.1 103.8 80.9 89.9 87.1 4.0 3.1 3.4 3.3
Mississippi............ 1,263.8 1,279.8 1,273.1 1,271.9 79.3 74.6 64.0 62.9 6.3 5.8 5.0 4.9
Missouri............... 2,894.9 2,857.0 2,863.5 2,860.8 130.3 119.2 127.1 115.0 4.5 4.2 4.4 4.0
Montana................ 447.1 456.0 456.7 458.5 24.3 22.5 24.3 22.4 5.4 4.9 5.3 4.9
Nebraska............... 910.7 919.8 917.3 918.9 26.8 21.7 18.1 21.3 2.9 2.4 2.0 2.3
Nevada................. 838.4 884.4 887.6 889.1 45.3 39.5 39.9 38.7 5.4 4.5 4.5 4.4
New Hampshire.......... 626.3 640.9 643.9 649.1 26.8 13.4 17.1 18.0 4.3 2.1 2.7 2.8
New Jersey............. 4,113.3 4,132.6 4,139.1 4,135.7 250.3 227.0 215.0 220.8 6.1 5.5 5.2 5.3
New Mexico............. 797.5 814.2 817.4 820.7 62.5 53.3 52.4 51.9 7.8 6.5 6.4 6.3
New York............... 8,637.1 8,705.9 8,715.9 8,750.7 543.5 548.8 550.8 554.8 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3
New York City........ 3,283.0 3,331.2 3,325.2 3,328.9 284.9 323.3 322.4 318.1 8.7 9.7 9.7 9.6
North Carolina......... 3,783.6 3,818.0 3,817.3 3,820.4 163.9 133.5 121.9 132.2 4.3 3.5 3.2 3.5
North Dakota........... 342.6 347.1 347.6 350.9 10.2 9.6 10.0 11.4 3.0 2.8 2.9 3.2
Ohio................... 5,636.6 5,753.7 5,755.2 5,742.1 275.8 271.5 274.6 260.2 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.5
Oklahoma............... 1,574.2 1,601.1 1,598.1 1,601.9 63.8 56.8 54.8 55.7 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.5
Oregon................. 1,726.4 1,713.6 1,730.3 1,708.1 101.4 99.5 97.3 85.6 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.0
Pennsylvania........... 5,899.4 5,980.6 5,978.0 6,004.8 319.0 302.2 313.4 310.0 5.4 5.1 5.2 5.2
Rhode Island........... 495.3 498.2 500.7 501.3 25.2 24.3 25.8 28.4 5.1 4.9 5.2 5.7
South Carolina......... 1,848.2 1,893.7 1,886.2 1,891.7 110.3 99.6 87.4 91.1 6.0 5.3 4.6 4.8
South Dakota........... 388.9 390.7 389.7 391.1 12.1 11.2 10.6 10.3 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.6
Tennessee.............. 2,741.6 2,755.8 2,761.7 2,753.5 139.2 142.2 139.6 135.1 5.1 5.2 5.1 4.9
Texas.................. 9,731.7 9,935.6 9,907.1 9,931.6 553.7 581.6 545.4 537.1 5.7 5.9 5.5 5.4
Utah................... 994.0 1,041.1 1,046.7 1,045.4 34.8 29.6 31.8 31.4 3.5 2.8 3.0 3.0
Vermont................ 324.3 328.5 328.0 328.4 14.3 12.9 12.7 12.6 4.4 3.9 3.9 3.8
Virginia............... 3,388.0 3,521.0 3,525.3 3,524.3 147.5 147.6 153.8 149.9 4.4 4.2 4.4 4.3
Washington............. 2,885.9 2,931.2 2,946.5 2,946.1 193.9 142.8 150.6 143.1 6.7 4.9 5.1 4.9
West Virginia.......... 812.6 804.8 809.5 795.3 59.3 56.3 60.4 47.7 7.3 7.0 7.5 6.0
Wisconsin.............. 2,910.4 2,918.2 2,919.5 2,916.4 103.4 101.4 100.2 98.9 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.4
Wyoming................ 257.5 256.2 257.6 257.0 13.0 11.5 12.7 12.3 5.0 4.5 4.9 4.8
Puerto Rico............ 1,282.8 1,293.7 1,304.4 1,306.3 185.0 169.9 179.6 176.4 14.4 13.1 13.8 13.5
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. Data for Puerto Rico are derived from a monthly household survey similar to the
Current Population Survey. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark and population information
becomes available.
Table 2. Civilian labor force and unemployment by state, not seasonally adjusted
Unemployed
Civilian labor force
State Number Percent of labor force
April May April May April May
1996 1997 1996 1997p 1996 1997 1996 1997p 1996 1997 1996 1997p
Alabama................ 2,083.9 2,095.6 2,083.1 2,094.2 111.2 87.8 100.9 86.2 5.3 4.2 4.8 4.1
Alaska................. 308.3 317.9 313.7 321.8 25.3 26.4 23.9 22.5 8.2 8.3 7.6 7.0
Arizona................ 2,219.1 2,254.4 2,244.4 2,285.1 107.4 94.2 119.0 102.7 4.8 4.2 5.3 4.5
Arkansas............... 1,226.8 1,238.7 1,237.5 1,244.5 62.7 56.2 63.8 55.4 5.1 4.5 5.2 4.5
California............. 15,416.5 15,750.1 15,483.5 15,760.8 1,128.1 1,012.2 1,078.1 940.7 7.3 6.4 7.0 6.0
Colorado............... 2,066.4 2,115.5 2,092.2 2,125.5 81.1 64.2 89.8 73.5 3.9 3.0 4.3 3.5
Connecticut............ 1,701.8 1,724.0 1,711.5 1,735.0 92.8 83.9 93.6 87.1 5.5 4.9 5.5 5.0
Delaware............... 378.0 387.1 378.7 386.4 17.7 15.3 16.9 13.6 4.7 3.9 4.5 3.5
District of Columbia... 268.9 263.4 268.5 263.4 22.4 18.0 23.6 17.9 8.3 6.8 8.8 6.8
Florida................ 6,855.4 7,049.3 6,932.4 7,148.2 328.0 327.1 339.8 335.5 4.8 4.6 4.9 4.7
Georgia................ 3,711.2 3,829.1 3,727.7 3,839.6 158.5 152.6 157.4 158.3 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.1
Hawaii................. 589.4 594.5 588.1 588.9 38.0 35.7 37.2 34.6 6.4 6.0 6.3 5.9
Idaho.................. 608.0 628.5 616.6 636.9 34.0 34.0 31.0 29.9 5.6 5.4 5.0 4.7
Illinois............... 6,058.3 6,110.9 6,086.4 6,104.1 321.3 296.0 315.0 260.5 5.3 4.8 5.2 4.3
Indiana................ 3,076.2 3,091.8 3,100.1 3,126.2 136.2 104.4 128.4 97.4 4.4 3.4 4.1 3.1
Iowa................... 1,589.9 1,611.3 1,597.6 1,611.5 59.6 53.9 52.9 43.3 3.8 3.3 3.3 2.7
Kansas................. 1,330.5 1,376.1 1,334.3 1,378.4 58.7 53.8 57.2 52.0 4.4 3.9 4.3 3.8
Kentucky............... 1,844.1 1,906.7 1,868.6 1,925.5 101.2 96.5 100.5 95.9 5.5 5.1 5.4 5.0
Louisiana.............. 1,972.7 2,009.4 1,980.2 2,008.8 123.0 101.9 123.9 114.7 6.2 5.1 6.3 5.7
Maine.................. 658.1 661.7 666.2 667.8 38.4 35.2 33.9 30.9 5.8 5.3 5.1 4.6
Maryland............... 2,738.9 2,739.3 2,770.1 2,764.4 126.8 120.9 130.4 124.1 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.5
Massachusetts.......... 3,149.9 3,198.1 3,167.4 3,212.8 141.3 127.8 128.8 122.8 4.5 4.0 4.1 3.8
Michigan............... 4,723.4 4,811.2 4,809.7 4,881.8 229.5 205.8 219.7 182.6 4.9 4.3 4.6 3.7
Minnesota.............. 2,593.8 2,646.9 2,603.3 2,654.7 107.5 92.3 88.1 71.3 4.1 3.5 3.4 2.7
Mississippi............ 1,255.2 1,264.4 1,267.0 1,275.2 75.3 59.3 83.0 66.6 6.0 4.7 6.6 5.2
Missouri............... 2,891.0 2,866.5 2,903.9 2,870.2 125.0 121.8 123.2 108.1 4.3 4.2 4.2 3.8
Montana................ 446.3 457.3 447.0 458.5 24.0 23.6 22.3 20.4 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.4
Nebraska............... 907.8 914.2 912.5 920.6 25.2 16.6 25.3 19.8 2.8 1.8 2.8 2.1
Nevada................. 827.7 881.0 833.4 884.0 42.6 37.9 42.6 36.1 5.1 4.3 5.1 4.1
New Hampshire.......... 622.2 639.9 622.8 645.7 27.1 18.0 25.5 16.7 4.4 2.8 4.1 2.6
New Jersey............. 4,073.8 4,104.8 4,108.2 4,130.4 249.0 204.6 243.3 213.4 6.1 5.0 5.9 5.2
New Mexico............. 796.4 816.3 794.9 818.1 61.5 51.4 61.5 50.9 7.7 6.3 7.7 6.2
New York............... 8,545.4 8,646.3 8,574.1 8,688.3 534.9 539.5 523.3 535.1 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.2
North Carolina......... 3,732.0 3,782.3 3,781.8 3,817.2 158.2 112.7 160.9 129.0 4.2 3.0 4.3 3.4
North Dakota........... 339.8 345.7 343.9 352.0 10.7 10.1 8.6 9.5 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.7
Ohio................... 5,561.6 5,693.5 5,638.5 5,746.5 257.2 262.2 258.4 242.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.2
Oklahoma............... 1,569.3 1,599.0 1,574.3 1,602.4 62.8 52.6 65.8 57.7 4.0 3.3 4.2 3.6
Oregon................. 1,711.7 1,723.0 1,726.3 1,708.6 101.6 99.0 95.0 79.3 5.9 5.7 5.5 4.6
Pennsylvania........... 5,838.7 5,924.1 5,879.5 5,984.8 321.7 310.3 327.4 318.4 5.5 5.2 5.6 5.3
Rhode Island........... 482.7 490.4 490.0 496.1 23.7 23.7 22.3 25.5 4.9 4.8 4.6 5.1
South Carolina......... 1,849.4 1,886.1 1,852.9 1,896.3 105.3 82.6 103.1 83.7 5.7 4.4 5.6 4.4
South Dakota........... 387.9 388.8 392.0 394.2 12.3 10.3 10.9 9.1 3.2 2.6 2.8 2.3
Tennessee.............. 2,696.1 2,721.2 2,714.6 2,726.0 130.5 129.9 127.7 123.5 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.5
Texas.................. 9,647.1 9,832.0 9,668.6 9,871.2 523.9 507.8 521.1 504.9 5.4 5.2 5.4 5.1
Utah................... 976.0 1,030.4 984.9 1,036.4 32.5 29.7 32.8 29.5 3.3 2.9 3.3 2.8
Vermont................ 322.3 326.0 322.8 327.0 15.7 13.6 13.5 11.9 4.9 4.2 4.2 3.6
Virginia............... 3,392.7 3,515.7 3,397.9 3,532.8 136.4 137.5 146.1 148.2 4.0 3.9 4.3 4.2
Washington............. 2,845.5 2,920.4 2,879.2 2,939.9 185.1 147.2 184.1 133.6 6.5 5.0 6.4 4.5
West Virginia.......... 795.7 803.5 819.3 802.1 61.4 60.6 58.2 46.5 7.7 7.5 7.1 5.8
Wisconsin.............. 2,884.4 2,902.4 2,909.3 2,915.5 113.1 108.4 99.7 95.2 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.3
Wyoming................ 256.7 256.2 255.6 255.1 14.3 13.3 11.9 11.1 5.6 5.2 4.6 4.4
Puerto Rico............ 1,261.0 1,294.3 1,274.3 1,295.7 171.3 175.9 184.1 175.5 13.6 13.6 14.4 13.5
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. Data for Puerto Rico are derived from a monthly household survey similar to the
Current Population Survey. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark and population information
becomes available.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table 3. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by state and selected industry division, seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total(1) Construction Manufacturing
State
May March April May May March April May May March April May
1996 1997 1997 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997p
Alabama............ 1,824.4 1,847.3 1,844.0 1,849.0 93.3 99.9 98.9 100.0 382.7 383.1 380.9 380.6
Alaska............. 264.0 263.2 264.4 265.1 12.6 11.8 12.2 12.4 16.7 16.6 16.8 16.6
Arizona............ 1,880.5 1,956.9 1,960.4 1,970.3 125.6 127.8 129.3 131.8 199.2 203.2 203.4 204.0
Arkansas........... 1,084.4 1,094.6 1,095.7 1,098.9 47.2 49.1 49.4 49.5 253.1 251.9 252.7 253.0
California......... 12741.5 13052.6 13070.3 13111.7 503.5 549.5 548.5 552.3 1,850.9 1,882.7 1,888.0 1,892.8
Colorado........... 1,898.0 1,938.6 1,933.5 1,935.0 111.5 115.9 116.4 115.8 196.0 197.6 197.6 197.0
Connecticut........ 1,581.0 1,598.6 1,602.6 1,607.2 52.3 53.1 53.7 54.7 275.7 273.6 274.4 273.9
Delaware........... 379.0 385.0 386.1 387.3 20.0 22.1 22.1 22.1 60.8 58.1 58.2 58.4
District of
Columbia........ 619.2 619.6 615.8 613.5 8.4 9.0 8.6 8.7 13.0 13.2 13.2 13.5
Florida............ 6,155.0 6,330.6 6,358.5 6,384.8 324.5 328.9 329.7 331.1 488.9 492.4 491.8 492.7
Georgia............ 3,523.3 3,567.7 3,573.9 3,586.7 167.1 164.0 165.5 164.4 582.0 588.8 587.6 588.7
Hawaii(2).......... 530.0 528.8 529.0 527.7 23.9 21.8 21.5 21.3 16.7 16.4 16.5 16.4
Idaho.............. 491.2 500.5 501.3 501.9 31.0 31.5 32.2 32.0 72.8 73.1 73.8 73.7
Illinois........... 5,666.5 5,721.7 5,733.2 5,744.4 219.6 220.0 225.8 222.5 967.6 979.2 978.8 978.8
Indiana............ 2,818.2 2,833.8 2,839.1 2,852.3 134.1 133.9 137.6 137.6 676.5 673.6 672.4 673.3
Iowa............... 1,380.7 1,395.5 1,400.7 1,402.6 58.1 60.9 63.0 62.5 248.1 247.0 248.9 249.1
Kansas............. 1,228.9 1,258.8 1,257.8 1,263.8 57.3 60.2 60.0 60.3 195.4 200.9 201.8 202.1
Kentucky........... 1,667.1 1,701.6 1,704.3 1,709.6 76.3 79.0 78.6 79.1 311.3 315.6 314.4 312.9
Louisiana.......... 1,807.3 1,833.1 1,837.9 1,835.9 113.3 111.6 114.2 113.0 188.8 187.6 189.2 187.7
Maine.............. 538.9 546.5 546.3 546.3 22.6 23.7 23.4 23.6 88.5 87.9 87.7 88.0
Maryland........... 2,204.3 2,243.5 2,238.5 2,240.7 131.3 140.7 139.0 140.4 174.2 174.1 173.7 173.2
Massachusetts...... 3,028.2 3,083.3 3,090.7 3,102.4 94.5 98.2 98.4 99.7 444.7 445.5 445.5 446.5
Michigan........... 4,345.2 4,401.4 4,398.6 4,406.2 168.9 180.5 183.4 185.8 966.9 962.8 956.6 958.0
Minnesota.......... 2,427.0 2,474.1 2,468.4 2,478.2 88.8 92.3 91.3 92.7 427.8 433.9 435.6 437.3
Mississippi........ 1,089.8 1,097.2 1,099.1 1,101.8 48.8 48.0 48.7 49.1 247.6 243.0 242.4 243.9
Missouri........... 2,566.0 2,599.6 2,597.9 2,609.3 114.3 118.5 116.0 118.0 417.2 411.8 408.7 410.6
Montana............ 359.6 362.3 363.1 364.6 16.7 17.3 17.2 18.3 23.8 23.9 24.0 24.1
Nebraska........... 831.0 852.5 848.7 845.7 36.5 39.0 38.0 38.1 113.3 114.9 114.6 114.7
Nevada............. 835.1 882.8 886.8 890.4 71.7 81.4 83.2 82.9 38.5 39.7 39.7 39.8
New Hampshire...... 561.6 568.0 568.0 573.1 20.5 21.2 21.0 22.1 104.6 106.5 106.4 106.9
New Jersey......... 3,637.2 3,691.0 3,692.0 3,695.1 125.2 126.3 125.7 126.4 486.0 484.4 485.5 482.9
New Mexico......... 694.8 701.1 701.6 703.2 43.4 42.0 41.3 41.7 45.9 46.1 46.2 46.4
New York........... 7,921.0 7,977.3 7,984.4 7,995.1 251.0 257.9 259.4 260.8 924.2 915.2 915.4 916.1
North Carolina..... 3,547.7 3,628.4 3,629.9 3,639.1 187.9 200.5 199.7 199.1 847.8 842.6 840.6 841.1
North Dakota....... 308.3 314.0 312.6 315.8 14.7 15.8 14.8 15.6 21.7 22.2 22.5 22.9
Ohio............... 5,293.9 5,339.0 5,335.3 5,347.6 212.8 217.7 219.9 221.0 1,094.9 1,090.4 1,085.6 1,084.6
Oklahoma........... 1,353.9 1,384.2 1,378.9 1,385.9 50.8 52.2 51.5 51.4 173.9 177.0 173.7 174.3
Oregon............. 1,467.4 1,510.8 1,519.6 1,522.4 76.6 79.5 81.7 83.3 233.9 242.0 243.5 245.3
Pennsylvania....... 5,304.5 5,393.0 5,407.7 5,423.3 202.8 213.0 214.4 214.1 931.6 932.8 934.1 933.8
Rhode Island....... 442.3 444.1 444.9 445.3 13.9 14.8 15.1 14.8 83.1 80.3 80.7 81.5
South Carolina..... 1,675.4 1,691.0 1,696.7 1,702.0 94.1 96.6 96.1 97.1 367.2 361.5 360.3 360.0
South Dakota....... 348.7 349.9 349.5 353.8 14.8 14.3 14.1 14.8 47.7 49.0 49.1 49.7
Tennessee.......... 2,529.9 2,554.9 2,552.0 2,551.2 115.6 114.5 114.5 118.0 522.3 516.9 518.1 514.8
Texas.............. 8,225.3 8,391.5 8,415.5 8,443.3 434.8 449.2 451.1 455.9 1,053.3 1,063.5 1,067.2 1,069.2
Utah............... 949.6 980.3 982.8 987.0 60.0 61.5 61.4 63.2 129.1 130.4 130.9 131.2
Vermont............ 275.4 277.2 278.0 278.4 12.6 12.2 12.3 12.2 46.1 46.2 46.0 46.4
Virginia........... 3,117.2 3,199.3 3,194.9 3,201.1 174.5 184.5 183.0 182.6 399.3 398.4 397.8 397.5
Washington......... 2,401.0 2,467.4 2,473.8 2,485.5 126.1 131.1 132.4 132.6 339.7 360.8 361.4 364.4
West Virginia...... 708.7 708.2 708.5 707.0 33.8 36.8 36.2 34.8 82.4 81.7 81.8 82.4
Wisconsin.......... 2,596.5 2,635.0 2,637.3 2,647.5 103.4 109.0 110.0 111.1 602.8 600.1 602.6 603.6
Wyoming............ 221.2 222.1 221.0 221.7 13.9 14.2 13.9 14.2 10.9 10.7 10.8 11.1
Transportation and public Trade Finance, insurance, and real
utilities estate
May March April May May March April May May March April May
1996 1997 1997 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997p
Alabama............ 90.6 90.5 90.5 90.2 418.3 424.0 422.6 424.1 81.4 83.5 83.3 83.7
Alaska............. 23.4 22.9 23.3 23.8 54.7 54.2 54.2 55.1 11.8 11.7 11.6 11.7
Arizona............ 90.6 95.1 95.4 95.5 464.8 483.6 482.0 484.3 113.9 121.3 121.6 121.7
Arkansas........... 65.0 65.8 65.9 66.1 247.8 249.2 249.2 250.1 43.1 43.8 43.7 44.0
California......... 641.1 654.4 655.8 660.6 2,972.5 3,007.9 3,015.5 3,022.3 731.6 732.2 732.3 732.9
Colorado........... 120.5 117.1 117.2 115.8 466.0 471.6 472.5 473.7 117.9 120.7 121.0 120.4
Connecticut........ 73.4 74.0 74.7 75.4 345.7 349.7 347.9 349.4 130.8 129.0 129.4 129.9
Delaware........... 15.7 15.7 15.8 15.8 84.3 86.0 86.1 85.9 43.4 45.2 46.2 46.5
District of
Columbia........ 19.4 19.0 18.7 18.6 48.4 50.2 49.6 48.6 28.2 28.2 27.7 27.7
Florida............ 312.7 323.5 323.3 322.6 1,599.7 1,644.6 1,652.1 1,657.3 392.8 402.5 405.1 406.1
Georgia............ 222.2 225.2 225.4 226.0 891.4 905.8 908.0 910.4 180.0 184.1 185.4 186.9
Hawaii(2).......... 40.8 41.4 41.2 41.0 135.4 135.4 135.1 134.7 37.0 35.9 35.9 35.7
Idaho.............. 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.5 124.2 128.7 128.4 128.3 25.2 25.4 25.5 25.6
Illinois........... 330.4 339.1 340.5 341.6 1,302.4 1,304.0 1,301.9 1,304.6 384.8 389.2 390.0 390.0
Indiana............ 140.0 139.8 140.4 139.8 678.7 681.3 685.0 687.8 134.2 138.0 138.5 138.0
Iowa............... 62.8 65.1 65.3 65.3 341.0 339.9 340.4 341.0 77.8 78.2 78.5 78.7
Kansas............. 69.9 71.9 72.5 72.5 302.9 309.2 308.2 309.2 58.4 59.8 59.9 60.0
Kentucky........... 93.3 96.0 96.4 96.4 400.7 408.5 410.8 413.1 67.1 68.7 68.8 69.0
Louisiana.......... 108.6 109.1 109.6 109.8 421.4 432.4 432.6 432.2 82.6 83.5 83.5 83.5
Maine.............. 22.5 22.6 22.6 22.7 136.9 137.7 137.6 138.3 26.6 27.2 27.1 27.2
Maryland........... 106.4 108.6 107.1 106.7 527.6 535.5 533.9 533.9 127.8 127.7 127.3 127.5
Massachusetts...... 128.4 132.2 131.5 132.0 694.8 702.6 700.9 703.5 206.9 213.9 214.0 215.0
Michigan........... 168.8 169.9 168.4 168.8 1,021.1 1,042.4 1,038.9 1,040.7 200.2 202.5 203.8 203.4
Minnesota.......... 119.3 122.3 122.4 122.7 592.6 604.2 599.1 598.9 142.6 144.7 145.0 144.5
Mississippi........ 52.7 52.5 52.2 52.5 233.3 233.7 233.1 233.5 40.8 41.3 41.4 41.4
Missouri........... 159.5 162.2 162.4 162.1 612.7 615.5 615.5 615.7 148.9 155.2 155.0 155.6
Montana............ 20.8 20.7 20.3 20.5 98.4 97.5 98.1 98.5 15.9 16.5 16.6 16.7
Nebraska........... 50.1 52.1 52.4 52.6 206.8 210.1 208.1 207.9 52.8 54.2 54.6 54.8
Nevada............. 42.1 43.8 44.0 44.2 167.5 178.3 179.6 180.6 37.6 38.9 39.0 39.2
New Hampshire...... 19.6 19.6 19.5 19.4 145.7 147.8 147.5 149.6 28.2 28.5 28.4 28.4
New Jersey......... 252.8 257.5 257.4 257.7 854.8 868.0 869.9 869.5 230.8 234.4 234.3 234.7
New Mexico......... 31.6 30.8 30.9 31.0 164.4 166.0 166.6 167.4 31.7 32.1 32.1 32.2
New York........... 401.7 407.9 408.0 406.5 1,619.8 1,631.3 1,632.0 1,634.0 720.6 726.1 725.3 725.3
North Carolina..... 167.9 172.8 173.3 173.0 810.7 823.0 823.0 824.6 151.7 159.9 159.5 160.1
North Dakota....... 18.3 18.4 18.6 18.5 80.2 80.8 80.4 80.9 14.3 14.6 14.9 15.1
Ohio............... 231.9 235.3 234.6 234.5 1,296.2 1,317.8 1,316.5 1,316.7 276.8 280.0 280.1 280.4
Oklahoma........... 77.9 77.4 77.8 78.3 317.4 326.7 325.1 325.3 67.1 68.7 68.8 69.4
Oregon............. 72.4 73.8 74.3 73.7 364.3 373.5 374.3 376.3 90.2 93.8 94.0 94.2
Pennsylvania....... 271.8 271.9 272.2 272.5 1,203.2 1,227.0 1,230.0 1,237.7 307.2 311.5 312.3 312.9
Rhode Island....... 14.9 15.0 15.0 14.9 98.1 99.6 99.4 99.8 24.8 25.5 25.8 25.8
South Carolina..... 73.7 74.0 75.1 74.9 397.4 403.6 405.6 407.6 72.2 73.5 73.6 74.1
South Dakota....... 16.3 16.2 15.9 16.1 87.5 87.6 87.1 88.5 19.6 20.6 20.7 20.8
Tennessee.......... 143.8 143.1 143.1 142.5 593.1 606.8 605.2 604.2 116.9 119.8 119.6 119.7
Texas.............. 488.8 493.3 493.6 496.5 1,987.3 2,023.8 2,030.8 2,035.6 442.7 448.7 449.8 451.2
Utah............... 53.7 55.4 56.1 56.2 228.9 237.0 237.7 239.2 50.5 51.5 51.6 51.6
Vermont............ 12.2 12.4 12.4 12.5 64.6 65.6 66.3 66.3 12.1 12.4 12.4 12.5
Virginia........... 160.6 165.7 165.5 165.7 708.4 726.5 725.1 726.2 161.6 164.8 164.6 165.4
Washington......... 122.7 125.7 125.6 126.1 588.3 598.9 600.0 602.8 123.6 126.0 126.0 126.4
West Virginia...... 39.3 38.6 38.6 38.6 159.5 162.5 163.0 163.6 27.2 27.5 27.6 27.6
Wisconsin.......... 121.1 121.0 121.4 122.5 596.2 602.9 601.5 602.0 138.1 140.5 140.9 141.2
Wyoming............ 13.8 13.8 13.6 13.8 51.9 52.1 52.2 51.8 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9
Services Government
May March April May May March April May
1996 1997 1997 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997p
Alabama............ 404.2 413.0 414.2 416.3 343.3 343.4 343.7 344.1
Alaska............. 62.4 63.6 63.8 64.4 72.6 73.2 73.3 71.8
Arizona............ 556.4 584.3 586.1 590.1 315.8 326.9 327.9 328.1
Arkansas........... 245.8 250.9 250.6 252.1 178.9 180.4 180.7 180.7
California......... 3,899.3 4,048.9 4,052.9 4,071.7 2,112.6 2,147.5 2,147.9 2,149.7
Colorado........... 563.1 592.5 585.8 588.0 309.1 309.9 309.7 311.0
Connecticut........ 479.8 493.1 493.2 496.1 222.6 225.3 228.5 227.0
Delaware........... 102.2 104.9 104.2 105.2 52.5 52.9 53.4 53.3
District of
Columbia........ 259.7 267.8 266.5 265.0 242.0 232.1 231.4 231.3
Florida............ 2,103.4 2,191.3 2,206.9 2,222.8 926.1 940.4 942.6 945.2
Georgia............ 903.3 924.6 927.3 933.7 569.5 567.4 566.9 568.9
Hawaii(2).......... 165.7 168.6 168.8 168.5 110.5 109.3 110.0 110.1
Idaho.............. 114.9 117.4 116.9 117.7 96.9 98.0 97.9 98.0
Illinois........... 1,639.8 1,669.3 1,676.0 1,685.2 809.4 808.6 807.8 809.3
Indiana............ 650.8 671.4 669.5 676.2 397.7 389.3 389.2 393.0
Iowa............... 357.9 371.7 371.9 372.8 232.8 230.6 230.6 231.1
Kansas............. 299.5 308.8 310.8 312.2 237.5 240.1 236.8 239.7
Kentucky........... 406.0 419.6 419.9 422.1 289.3 291.7 292.8 294.7
Louisiana.......... 482.5 494.5 493.3 493.2 361.3 364.0 364.6 365.1
Maine.............. 149.6 153.9 154.7 154.2 92.1 93.4 93.1 92.2
Maryland........... 713.7 733.5 734.3 736.6 422.1 422.2 422.0 421.2
Massachusetts...... 1,059.4 1,088.4 1,096.8 1,102.4 398.3 401.2 402.4 402.0
Michigan........... 1,166.7 1,194.3 1,196.8 1,197.6 645.1 641.6 643.4 644.6
Minnesota.......... 670.8 687.2 687.5 691.8 377.3 381.5 379.6 382.4
Mississippi........ 244.8 252.9 254.2 253.2 216.4 220.9 222.2 223.1
Missouri........... 710.5 723.2 725.9 730.7 398.1 408.4 409.6 411.9
Montana............ 102.3 103.3 103.7 103.5 76.4 77.6 78.0 77.5
Nebraska........... 219.3 228.5 227.4 226.3 150.9 152.6 152.5 150.3
Nevada............. 363.9 380.8 381.0 383.0 99.2 104.8 105.2 105.6
New Hampshire...... 163.4 164.0 163.1 165.0 79.1 79.9 81.6 81.2
New Jersey......... 1,119.5 1,151.8 1,150.7 1,155.4 566.2 566.5 566.4 566.4
New Mexico......... 192.1 196.7 195.9 195.9 170.0 172.2 173.4 173.3
New York........... 2,608.7 2,661.2 2,667.6 2,673.9 1,390.3 1,372.8 1,371.8 1,373.5
North Carolina..... 816.3 848.3 849.2 855.8 561.6 577.4 580.7 581.4
North Dakota....... 84.4 86.8 87.1 87.7 70.5 71.2 70.1 70.7
Ohio............... 1,414.4 1,431.0 1,434.1 1,442.2 753.0 753.0 750.8 754.4
Oklahoma........... 362.2 379.4 379.1 382.3 272.3 271.6 271.6 273.2
Oregon............. 382.1 397.0 400.5 399.1 246.1 249.3 249.5 248.7
Pennsylvania....... 1,646.8 1,693.9 1,700.5 1,707.0 721.8 723.2 724.3 725.5
Rhode Island....... 146.0 146.4 146.4 145.6 61.3 62.3 62.3 62.7
South Carolina..... 374.3 378.5 382.3 384.4 294.7 301.5 301.9 302.1
South Dakota....... 89.7 89.8 90.1 91.1 70.7 70.0 70.2 70.4
Tennessee.......... 653.9 665.8 665.0 662.9 379.7 383.5 382.0 384.6
Texas.............. 2,208.0 2,280.7 2,286.1 2,295.7 1,454.3 1,471.4 1,475.3 1,477.5
Utah............... 253.1 267.7 268.5 269.2 166.4 168.8 168.7 168.5
Vermont............ 82.0 82.6 82.5 83.1 45.3 45.1 45.5 44.8
Virginia........... 906.1 947.2 947.2 951.8 595.9 601.4 600.9 600.9
Washington......... 647.2 666.6 670.0 674.2 450.0 454.8 454.8 455.5
West Virginia...... 190.9 195.7 195.7 195.4 149.7 140.7 140.9 139.9
Wisconsin.......... 651.6 674.1 673.7 678.2 380.8 384.9 384.7 386.3
Wyoming............ 48.1 48.4 48.0 48.2 58.6 59.1 58.8 59.0
1 Includes mining, not shown separately.
2 Mining is combined with construction.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data are counts of jobs by place of work. Data have been adjusted to
reflect March 1996 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Estimates subsequent to the current benchmark month are provisional and will be
revised when new information becomes available.
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
ESTABLISHMENT DATA
Table 4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by state and selected industry division, not seasonally adjusted
(In thousands)
Total(1) Construction Manufacturing
State April May April May April May
1996 1997 1996 1997p 1996 1997 1996 1997p 1996 1997 1996 1997p
Alabama............ 1,822.7 1,846.6 1,829.6 1,851.9 91.7 98.9 93.7 100.0 382.6 380.6 382.5 380.3
Alaska............. 256.6 257.4 267.4 267.6 10.6 10.3 12.8 12.5 15.8 15.8 16.8 16.0
Arizona............ 1,879.0 1,974.2 1,891.4 1,978.4 122.3 128.3 125.3 130.8 197.9 202.7 198.9 203.9
Arkansas........... 1,081.9 1,096.2 1,091.0 1,102.5 46.2 48.6 47.3 49.6 253.3 252.0 252.7 252.1
California......... 12642.8 13045.7 12765.5 13126.2 483.2 537.5 499.6 549.5 1,831.5 1,876.9 1,847.2 1,884.0
Colorado........... 1,879.9 1,930.1 1,890.3 1,925.5 106.0 112.7 111.2 115.4 194.0 196.4 194.9 196.2
Connecticut........ 1,571.8 1,599.1 1,587.5 1,612.6 49.7 51.7 53.2 55.2 274.6 274.0 275.4 273.6
Delaware........... 375.3 384.3 381.3 389.1 19.7 22.0 20.5 22.5 61.2 57.9 60.6 58.3
District of
Columbia........ 620.4 615.2 620.0 613.3 8.3 8.6 8.5 8.7 12.9 13.1 12.9 13.5
Florida............ 6,166.0 6,402.2 6,189.2 6,408.5 320.4 327.6 323.8 329.6 487.2 491.4 489.4 492.2
Georgia............ 3,495.4 3,568.5 3,529.3 3,590.1 165.8 163.5 168.5 164.2 579.7 585.9 581.6 587.6
Hawaii(2).......... 529.3 530.7 532.7 530.9 23.5 21.3 23.6 21.0 16.5 16.4 16.6 16.3
Idaho.............. 485.4 498.1 491.9 502.3 28.7 31.2 31.1 32.1 70.9 72.1 71.7 72.8
Illinois........... 5,640.6 5,717.8 5,694.5 5,761.8 213.8 214.3 223.4 223.7 965.8 976.8 968.4 978.2
Indiana............ 2,808.3 2,835.7 2,841.9 2,865.4 129.2 133.1 136.3 137.7 672.9 670.4 677.3 674.4
Iowa............... 1,383.6 1,403.9 1,396.9 1,417.5 57.2 60.2 60.7 64.1 247.8 247.9 247.7 248.4
Kansas............. 1,230.0 1,264.5 1,239.5 1,271.5 56.4 59.2 58.1 60.6 194.8 202.0 195.4 202.3
Kentucky........... 1,660.5 1,700.7 1,681.0 1,713.4 73.7 76.5 77.7 79.1 309.8 313.4 310.8 312.8
Louisiana.......... 1,800.5 1,835.7 1,816.5 1,838.3 110.4 113.2 113.7 113.2 186.4 187.3 188.8 187.3
Maine.............. 529.2 536.0 540.9 548.3 20.1 21.1 23.2 24.2 87.4 86.1 87.7 87.2
Maryland........... 2,194.9 2,236.3 2,220.4 2,253.5 128.2 137.0 132.3 141.3 173.6 172.8 174.2 173.2
Massachusetts...... 3,004.1 3,081.8 3,039.2 3,111.0 88.1 93.9 95.4 100.5 443.3 444.8 444.6 446.7
Michigan........... 4,304.1 4,379.6 4,372.3 4,439.0 153.6 172.0 171.4 189.4 962.5 953.5 966.9 958.8
Minnesota.......... 2,405.1 2,458.9 2,446.4 2,496.2 78.6 82.5 90.6 94.4 424.5 431.3 426.1 434.0
Mississippi........ 1,087.8 1,099.8 1,095.3 1,104.3 48.8 48.4 49.8 49.9 247.7 241.8 247.5 243.5
Missouri........... 2,570.0 2,610.4 2,587.2 2,628.5 112.7 115.1 115.6 118.9 417.2 408.4 417.6 410.6
Montana............ 355.8 358.5 362.7 366.0 15.7 15.8 17.1 18.2 23.0 23.1 23.3 23.5
Nebraska........... 830.3 848.1 838.6 852.1 35.6 37.2 37.7 38.8 112.6 114.0 112.7 114.2
Nevada............. 829.3 885.9 837.7 892.2 70.6 82.0 72.1 82.9 38.3 39.6 38.6 39.8
New Hampshire...... 553.7 563.5 562.5 573.1 19.3 20.1 20.9 22.1 104.9 106.4 104.8 106.9
New Jersey......... 3,600.6 3,673.8 3,648.1 3,703.9 120.3 122.6 127.1 127.9 484.1 482.8 485.8 483.1
New Mexico......... 690.4 702.3 696.6 708.0 42.3 41.1 43.6 42.2 45.3 45.7 45.5 46.1
New York........... 7,859.2 7,958.8 7,954.4 8,033.4 237.8 248.6 253.9 264.3 916.6 911.7 923.9 916.6
North Carolina..... 3,517.6 3,627.0 3,556.7 3,649.7 184.1 198.1 189.3 200.1 843.9 837.1 844.5 838.5
North Dakota....... 305.6 311.3 312.3 318.8 12.9 12.9 15.6 16.6 21.3 22.4 21.7 22.7
Ohio............... 5,260.6 5,322.6 5,329.4 5,382.6 203.7 211.1 215.9 222.4 1,091.7 1,082.0 1,094.4 1,084.4
Oklahoma........... 1,345.7 1,380.0 1,361.2 1,391.6 49.4 50.8 50.9 51.2 172.6 173.5 173.3 174.1
Oregon............. 1,451.7 1,509.9 1,467.4 1,522.4 73.7 78.6 75.3 81.8 229.0 238.4 229.8 241.2
Pennsylvania....... 5,297.2 5,407.3 5,336.3 5,450.1 193.4 206.7 205.4 214.9 925.6 930.4 929.4 932.2
Rhode Island....... 437.2 441.8 445.5 447.4 13.1 13.9 14.3 14.9 83.2 80.6 83.3 81.1
South Carolina..... 1,672.2 1,700.6 1,690.5 1,714.0 91.8 95.9 94.2 97.1 365.3 359.4 367.2 359.7
South Dakota....... 345.3 347.3 352.6 356.6 13.7 13.1 15.4 15.2 47.1 48.7 47.5 49.7
Tennessee.......... 2,517.7 2,549.6 2,538.0 2,560.9 111.3 113.9 116.8 119.4 522.8 517.9 523.5 516.1
Texas.............. 8,190.4 8,414.3 8,245.8 8,454.3 427.2 447.0 435.8 454.5 1,046.5 1,063.7 1,052.1 1,066.6
Utah............... 942.3 981.4 948.8 986.7 57.1 60.5 59.8 63.4 127.9 130.3 128.4 130.7
Vermont............ 271.8 275.2 273.2 276.0 10.8 10.8 12.6 12.1 45.7 45.8 46.1 46.3
Virginia........... 3,107.6 3,194.3 3,129.8 3,212.2 171.3 180.3 175.9 183.7 398.6 395.8 398.3 396.5
Washington......... 2,381.8 2,465.5 2,410.7 2,492.4 121.6 128.0 125.4 131.7 336.0 359.7 339.3 363.8
West Virginia...... 690.5 705.9 714.8 713.5 31.9 35.0 35.0 36.4 81.9 81.5 82.4 82.3
Wisconsin.......... 2,564.7 2,621.0 2,605.3 2,657.4 95.5 103.4 106.0 113.3 595.2 597.1 598.3 599.9
Wyoming............ 214.9 215.4 223.4 223.4 12.8 12.9 14.6 14.8 10.5 10.5 10.7 10.7
Puerto Rico........ 947.6 962.4 955.7 964.4 53.0 57.3 54.5 57.0 153.7 152.5 154.8 149.1
Transportation and public Trade Finance, insurance, and real
utilities estate
April May April May April May
1996 1997 1996 1997p 1996 1997 1996 1997p 1996 1997 1996 1997p
Alabama............ 90.2 90.1 90.5 90.0 415.2 420.4 417.6 422.4 80.7 83.1 81.3 83.6
Alaska............. 21.8 22.2 23.9 24.2 51.7 52.1 55.3 55.5 11.5 11.4 11.8 11.7
Arizona............ 89.8 95.1 90.7 95.4 463.7 483.1 464.7 483.2 113.2 121.4 113.5 121.6
Arkansas........... 64.2 65.2 64.7 65.5 245.0 248.3 249.4 250.8 42.7 43.6 43.1 44.0
California......... 631.9 649.9 637.4 656.6 2,922.8 2,983.8 2,958.6 3,004.0 730.6 732.0 731.4 733.7
Colorado........... 120.4 116.5 120.3 115.2 456.7 467.9 459.6 467.8 117.1 121.0 117.4 119.8
Connecticut........ 72.8 74.5 73.9 75.7 339.7 343.9 345.4 349.8 129.9 128.9 130.4 129.6
Delaware........... 15.7 15.9 15.9 15.9 81.9 83.9 84.7 85.9 42.7 46.1 43.2 46.4
District of
Columbia........ 19.1 18.6 19.3 18.7 48.9 49.6 49.1 49.2 28.0 27.7 28.2 27.7
Florida............ 310.8 323.3 313.0 323.2 1,601.8 1,661.6 1,605.0 1,660.9 390.0 405.1 393.2 406.1
Georgia............ 219.9 224.9 221.7 226.0 877.9 903.2 890.1 908.1 178.0 184.7 179.3 186.3
Hawaii(2).......... 40.4 41.1 40.8 40.9 134.0 134.1 134.0 133.7 36.8 35.9 36.9 35.8
Idaho.............. 22.6 23.1 22.9 23.4 122.3 126.7 124.2 127.9 25.1 25.4 25.3 25.6
Illinois........... 328.4 338.8 330.5 340.9 1,281.7 1,287.4 1,300.3 1,300.4 383.7 388.4 385.0 389.6
Indiana............ 139.3 139.6 140.2 140.1 671.2 677.8 682.2 689.5 133.3 137.7 134.9 138.4
Iowa............... 62.3 65.0 62.8 65.4 339.4 338.9 343.6 343.4 77.3 78.2 77.8 78.6
Kansas............. 69.9 72.4 70.2 72.6 300.0 307.0 303.2 309.5 58.1 59.8 58.4 59.9
Kentucky........... 92.7 95.6 93.4 96.2 395.8 406.1 402.3 411.5 66.5 68.5 67.2 68.9
Louisiana.......... 107.3 109.1 108.5 109.5 417.8 430.0 422.1 431.2 82.1 83.5 82.6 83.6
Maine.............. 22.0 22.1 22.4 22.6 130.4 131.5 136.1 137.5 26.4 27.0 26.7 27.3
Maryland........... 105.7 106.7 106.8 106.7 519.8 527.7 530.1 534.5 127.5 127.1 127.7 127.4
Massachusetts...... 127.6 131.2 129.0 132.7 677.1 690.6 692.9 702.1 205.1 213.4 206.3 214.6
Michigan........... 166.9 167.5 169.0 169.5 1,000.2 1,022.7 1,023.8 1,043.9 198.7 202.0 200.2 203.1
Minnesota.......... 118.7 122.0 120.0 123.1 583.5 594.8 594.0 600.6 141.8 144.3 142.5 144.4
Mississippi........ 52.4 51.4 52.6 52.0 231.3 232.1 233.7 233.3 40.6 41.3 40.8 41.3
Missouri........... 159.1 162.2 160.2 162.3 607.2 612.4 616.2 618.5 148.2 154.2 149.2 155.3
Montana............ 20.7 20.0 20.9 20.5 96.1 95.8 99.0 98.3 15.8 16.4 16.0 16.7
Nebraska........... 49.9 52.6 50.2 52.7 204.3 206.9 207.0 208.0 52.2 54.4 52.8 54.6
Nevada............. 41.8 43.9 42.0 44.1 164.7 178.2 167.5 180.1 37.6 39.0 37.6 39.2
New Hampshire...... 19.4 19.4 19.7 19.6 140.6 144.4 145.1 148.9 28.2 28.3 28.3 28.4
New Jersey......... 250.7 257.1 253.8 258.7 834.4 852.0 852.4 864.4 228.9 233.3 230.3 234.4
New Mexico......... 31.5 31.0 31.8 31.2 161.6 165.3 164.1 167.8 31.5 32.0 31.7 32.2
New York........... 398.5 404.8 404.6 409.0 1,581.4 1,606.7 1,616.5 1,632.5 714.2 720.7 718.6 723.7
North Carolina..... 166.2 172.4 167.4 172.7 798.3 814.9 811.7 824.6 150.7 159.3 152.0 160.1
North Dakota....... 18.3 18.4 18.2 18.4 79.5 80.1 81.3 81.5 14.1 14.9 14.3 15.1
Ohio............... 229.6 233.1 231.9 234.6 1,279.7 1,303.7 1,299.3 1,320.8 274.4 279.4 276.6 280.6
Oklahoma........... 77.2 77.4 77.8 78.1 313.0 322.8 318.2 325.6 66.6 68.6 67.2 69.4
Oregon............. 72.1 73.7 72.1 73.5 357.0 369.0 361.6 373.1 89.4 93.6 90.1 94.1
Pennsylvania....... 272.3 271.9 273.6 273.9 1,186.1 1,218.2 1,206.7 1,238.4 306.1 310.4 307.3 312.6
Rhode Island....... 14.7 14.9 15.0 15.0 94.5 97.0 97.8 99.3 24.8 25.8 24.9 25.8
South Carolina..... 72.7 74.2 73.5 74.8 395.2 405.0 401.6 411.1 71.4 73.5 72.5 74.2
South Dakota....... 16.3 15.9 16.4 16.1 86.3 86.2 88.0 88.8 19.5 20.7 19.6 20.8
Tennessee.......... 140.5 141.8 143.2 142.1 585.3 597.9 592.2 602.4 115.4 119.3 116.8 119.8
Texas.............. 484.9 492.1 487.6 494.5 1,963.8 2,019.5 1,982.6 2,033.0 440.2 448.9 442.5 451.2
Utah............... 53.2 55.5 53.5 55.7 224.5 234.4 227.5 237.3 50.0 51.6 50.4 51.7
Vermont............ 12.0 12.3 12.3 12.5 62.9 64.8 63.7 65.6 12.0 12.3 12.1 12.4
Virginia........... 159.0 164.3 160.0 165.0 699.3 718.8 708.3 727.1 160.5 163.9 161.7 165.4
Washington......... 120.9 124.4 122.2 125.5 577.4 591.3 586.0 600.2 122.7 125.4 123.7 126.0
West Virginia...... 39.1 38.4 39.3 38.8 157.7 161.4 160.2 164.4 26.9 27.5 27.3 27.8
Wisconsin.......... 120.2 121.5 122.4 123.4 581.7 591.3 595.7 603.0 137.5 140.5 137.9 141.3
Wyoming............ 13.7 13.5 13.8 13.7 49.9 50.1 51.7 51.8 7.8 7.8 7.9 7.9
Puerto Rico........ 24.4 24.4 24.4 23.7 187.8 192.5 190.8 194.0 44.0 44.7 44.5 45.2
Services Government
April May April May
1996 1997 1996 1997p 1996 1997 1996 1997p
Alabama............ 404.1 415.1 404.9 416.0 347.6 348.5 348.5 349.6
Alaska............. 60.7 62.0 63.4 65.0 74.7 74.6 73.8 73.5
Arizona............ 554.8 591.4 560.0 590.7 323.1 337.5 324.1 338.0
Arkansas........... 244.7 250.6 247.8 252.4 182.4 184.5 182.6 184.7
California......... 3,871.3 4,057.0 3,909.0 4,079.8 2,141.8 2,179.4 2,152.4 2,189.2
Colorado........... 558.4 586.4 556.8 579.8 313.7 316.2 316.3 318.2
Connecticut........ 475.9 492.7 481.9 497.6 228.5 232.6 226.5 230.3
Delaware........... 100.5 104.0 102.7 105.6 53.5 54.4 53.6 54.4
District of
Columbia........ 261.1 267.0 260.5 265.0 242.0 230.5 241.4 230.4
Florida............ 2,107.7 2,226.8 2,117.7 2,229.5 941.2 959.4 940.2 960.0
Georgia............ 892.3 925.4 904.7 935.6 574.0 573.1 575.6 574.6
Hawaii(2).......... 164.6 168.4 165.5 168.4 113.5 113.5 115.3 114.8
Idaho.............. 113.9 116.7 114.4 117.1 99.0 99.7 99.2 100.2
Illinois........... 1,627.5 1,674.3 1,646.8 1,688.6 827.0 825.6 827.5 827.9
Indiana............ 649.4 670.2 660.3 678.2 406.8 400.5 404.4 400.5
Iowa............... 359.5 375.2 361.9 377.0 237.9 236.4 240.1 238.4
Kansas............. 300.6 311.1 301.7 312.8 242.2 245.3 244.6 246.0
Kentucky........... 403.2 420.3 409.9 424.2 295.8 297.8 296.7 298.4
Louisiana.......... 481.1 493.8 486.2 495.2 367.9 367.9 365.8 366.9
Maine.............. 146.9 151.8 149.9 154.5 95.9 96.3 94.8 94.9
Maryland........... 711.8 735.0 720.0 740.3 427.2 428.8 428.1 428.9
Massachusetts...... 1,057.0 1,098.0 1,064.0 1,103.7 404.7 408.7 405.7 409.4
Michigan........... 1,153.5 1,194.4 1,175.4 1,207.2 661.5 660.1 657.8 659.4
Minnesota.......... 664.5 686.8 674.7 696.6 386.0 389.5 390.5 395.0
Mississippi........ 243.3 254.7 246.1 253.2 218.6 225.2 219.5 226.0
Missouri........... 709.7 729.5 715.6 734.4 411.1 423.9 408.0 423.8
Montana............ 100.6 102.4 102.2 103.4 78.8 79.8 78.9 79.9
Nebraska........... 220.9 227.9 220.4 227.6 153.6 154.0 156.5 155.1
Nevada............. 361.1 380.7 363.7 383.0 101.0 107.6 101.6 108.1
New Hampshire...... 158.5 160.7 162.4 164.0 82.3 83.7 80.8 82.7
New Jersey......... 1,106.2 1,148.4 1,125.8 1,161.2 574.1 575.5 570.9 572.1
New Mexico......... 190.4 195.7 191.9 196.5 172.5 176.5 172.6 176.8
New York........... 2,599.1 2,670.6 2,620.5 2,685.5 1,407.2 1,391.0 1,411.6 1,396.8
North Carolina..... 799.0 847.5 816.6 857.5 571.6 593.8 571.4 592.2
North Dakota....... 83.7 87.3 84.8 87.9 71.9 71.3 72.2 72.2
Ohio............... 1,404.3 1,434.5 1,425.3 1,452.0 763.5 765.1 772.1 774.0
Oklahoma........... 359.5 379.2 363.8 382.7 276.0 276.5 278.0 278.9
Oregon............. 377.7 400.1 382.3 399.9 251.0 254.7 254.4 256.9
Pennsylvania....... 1,653.3 1,709.0 1,656.9 1,718.9 741.1 741.0 737.4 739.3
Rhode Island....... 145.1 146.4 147.3 147.3 61.6 63.0 62.7 63.8
South Carolina..... 374.2 383.8 380.0 388.6 299.8 307.0 299.7 306.7
South Dakota....... 88.2 89.0 90.3 91.3 72.0 71.4 73.0 72.2
Tennessee.......... 650.9 665.0 657.0 667.5 386.8 389.2 383.9 389.0
Texas.............. 2,198.3 2,288.4 2,215.8 2,300.3 1,474.8 1,494.2 1,474.4 1,493.5
Utah............... 250.8 268.0 249.8 266.0 171.1 173.3 171.6 174.1
Vermont............ 80.1 80.7 78.3 79.4 47.7 47.9 47.5 47.0
Virginia........... 902.0 948.1 911.9 956.6 606.0 612.3 602.9 606.9
Washington......... 644.1 670.7 650.5 676.2 455.8 462.5 460.2 465.5
West Virginia...... 189.4 195.5 192.4 197.5 138.2 142.0 152.5 141.7
Wisconsin.......... 643.9 670.3 653.0 678.9 388.5 394.3 389.3 394.8
Wyoming............ 45.1 45.3 47.9 48.0 59.9 60.2 61.1 61.2
Puerto Rico........ 178.8 183.3 179.4 182.7 304.8 306.6 306.2 311.7
1 Includes mining, not shown separately.
2 Mining is combined with construction.
p = preliminary.
NOTE: Data are counts of jobs by place of work. Data have been adjusted to
reflect March 1996 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors.
Estimates subsequent to the current benchmark month are provisional and will be
revised when new information becomes available.
Table 5. Unemployment rates by state and selected metropolitan areas, not seasonally adjusted
April May
State and area
1996 1997 1996 1997p
United States................................... 5.4 4.8 5.4 4.7
Alabama..................................................... 5.3 4.2 4.8 4.1
Birmingham................................................ 3.3 2.8 3.0 2.8
Huntsville................................................ 3.5 2.5 3.2 2.5
Mobile.................................................... 5.5 4.2 5.0 4.1
Montgomery................................................ 4.0 3.5 3.8 3.4
Tuscaloosa................................................ 3.5 2.8 3.6 2.8
Alaska...................................................... 8.2 8.3 7.6 7.0
Anchorage................................................. 5.7 5.9 5.4 5.1
Arizona..................................................... 4.8 4.2 5.3 4.5
Phoenix-Mesa.............................................. 3.3 2.7 3.6 2.8
Tucson.................................................... 3.3 2.9 3.5 3.1
Arkansas.................................................... 5.1 4.5 5.2 4.5
Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers............................ 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.6
Fort Smith(1)............................................. 5.1 4.3 5.2 4.3
Little Rock-North Little Rock............................. 3.6 3.4 3.6 3.4
Pine Bluff................................................ 7.0 6.6 7.6 6.8
California.................................................. 7.3 6.4 7.0 6.0
Bakersfield............................................... 13.0 11.6 10.9 10.0
Fresno.................................................... 13.9 14.2 12.0 12.4
Los Angeles-Long Beach.................................... 8.2 7.2 8.3 6.7
Modesto................................................... 15.9 14.6 14.8 13.9
Oakland................................................... 5.1 4.3 4.9 4.3
Orange County............................................. 4.1 3.2 4.1 3.2
Riverside-San Bernardino.................................. 7.4 6.5 7.2 6.4
Sacramento................................................ 6.1 5.3 5.9 5.3
Salinas................................................... 11.4 11.4 8.3 7.9
San Diego................................................. 5.4 4.4 5.2 4.2
San Francisco............................................. 4.1 3.2 4.0 3.2
San Jose.................................................. 3.6 3.1 3.5 3.0
Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Lompoc.......................... 5.4 4.9 4.7 4.1
Santa Rosa................................................ 4.8 3.9 4.4 3.6
Stockton-Lodi............................................. 11.9 11.2 10.5 10.1
Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa.................................... 7.6 6.2 7.0 6.0
Ventura................................................... 6.0 5.5 6.0 5.5
Colorado.................................................... 3.9 3.0 4.3 3.5
Boulder-Longmont.......................................... 3.4 2.6 3.8 2.9
Colorado Springs.......................................... 4.3 3.3 4.6 3.8
Denver.................................................... 3.6 2.7 3.9 2.9
Connecticut................................................. 5.5 4.9 5.5 5.0
Bridgeport................................................ 6.2 5.7 6.5 5.8
Danbury................................................... 3.8 3.1 3.7 3.2
Hartford.................................................. 5.8 5.0 5.9 5.3
New Haven-Meriden......................................... 5.6 5.4 5.6 5.3
New London-Norwich........................................ 5.3 4.9 5.2 5.5
Stamford-Norwalk.......................................... 3.5 2.9 3.6 3.1
Waterbury................................................. 6.6 5.8 6.1 5.7
Delaware.................................................... 4.7 3.9 4.5 3.5
Dover..................................................... 5.4 4.3 5.0 3.9
Wilmington-Newark(1)...................................... 4.7 4.2 4.7 3.9
District of Columbia........................................ 8.3 6.8 8.8 6.8
Washington(1)............................................. 3.6 3.3 3.9 3.4
Florida..................................................... 4.8 4.6 4.9 4.7
Daytona Beach............................................. 4.0 3.7 4.0 3.7
Fort Lauderdale........................................... 5.1 4.9 5.2 5.0
Fort Myers-Cape Coral..................................... 3.6 3.5 3.9 3.2
Gainesville............................................... 2.7 2.9 2.8 3.0
Jacksonville.............................................. 3.3 3.6 3.5 3.7
Lakeland-Winter Haven..................................... 5.1 5.4 5.6 5.7
Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay............................. 5.6 4.9 5.5 4.6
Miami..................................................... 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.4
Orlando................................................... 3.7 3.4 3.7 3.3
Pensacola................................................. 4.0 4.1 3.9 4.1
Sarasota-Bradenton........................................ 3.2 2.8 3.1 2.5
Tallahassee............................................... 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.3
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater........................... 3.9 3.5 3.9 3.5
West Palm Beach-Boca Raton................................ 6.0 5.8 6.2 6.0
Georgia..................................................... 4.3 4.0 4.2 4.1
Albany.................................................... 5.7 5.5 5.7 5.9
Athens.................................................... 3.1 2.4 2.9 2.5
Atlanta................................................... 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.4
Augusta-Aiken(1).......................................... 6.2 5.3 6.2 5.5
Columbus(1)............................................... 4.9 4.1 4.6 4.4
Macon..................................................... 4.5 4.2 4.9 4.3
Savannah.................................................. 4.9 4.3 4.4 4.4
Hawaii...................................................... 6.4 6.0 6.3 5.9
Honolulu.................................................. 5.3 4.9 5.3 4.7
Idaho....................................................... 5.6 5.4 5.0 4.7
Boise City................................................ 4.0 3.6 3.7 3.1
Illinois.................................................... 5.3 4.8 5.2 4.3
Bloomington-Normal........................................ 3.3 2.6 3.3 2.3
Champaign-Urbana.......................................... 3.0 2.9 3.1 2.6
Chicago................................................... 5.1 4.7 4.9 4.2
Davenport-Moline-Rock Island(1)........................... 4.4 3.9 4.2 3.2
Decatur................................................... 7.6 7.3 7.5 6.6
Kankakee.................................................. 5.8 6.0 5.6 5.1
Peoria-Pekin.............................................. 6.5 4.7 6.3 4.0
Rockford.................................................. 4.5 4.4 4.3 3.9
Springfield............................................... 4.4 4.2 4.3 3.8
Indiana..................................................... 4.4 3.4 4.1 3.1
Bloomington............................................... 2.9 2.1 3.2 2.2
Elkhart-Goshen............................................ 4.0 2.9 3.5 2.7
Evansville-Henderson(1)................................... 4.9 4.3 4.9 3.8
Fort Wayne................................................ 3.9 2.8 3.7 2.6
Gary...................................................... 5.7 4.3 5.3 3.8
Indianapolis.............................................. 3.5 2.6 3.3 2.5
Kokomo.................................................... 3.9 3.0 3.8 2.9
Lafayette................................................. 3.1 2.3 3.0 2.1
Muncie.................................................... 5.0 3.8 4.5 3.3
South Bend................................................ 4.1 3.2 3.8 2.9
Terre Haute............................................... 7.7 5.6 7.0 5.4
Iowa........................................................ 3.8 3.3 3.3 2.7
Cedar Rapids.............................................. 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.2
Des Moines................................................ 2.5 2.7 2.3 2.3
Dubuque................................................... 6.4 4.3 5.8 3.3
Iowa City................................................. 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.1
Sioux City(1)............................................. 3.5 3.7 3.3 3.0
Waterloo-Cedar Falls...................................... 4.5 4.0 4.0 3.3
Kansas...................................................... 4.4 3.9 4.3 3.8
Lawrence.................................................. 4.5 4.3 4.7 4.2
Topeka.................................................... 4.3 4.8 4.4 4.7
Wichita................................................... 4.4 3.6 4.2 3.6
Kentucky.................................................... 5.5 5.1 5.4 5.0
Lexington................................................. 2.8 2.5 2.7 2.4
Louisville(1)............................................. 4.3 3.8 4.3 4.3
Owensboro................................................. 6.0 5.6 5.8 5.4
Louisiana................................................... 6.2 5.1 6.3 5.7
Alexandria................................................ 6.1 4.9 6.3 5.4
Baton Rouge............................................... 5.3 4.2 5.3 4.8
Houma..................................................... 4.8 3.2 4.6 3.3
Lafayette................................................. 5.6 4.3 5.7 4.7
Lake Charles.............................................. 5.6 5.3 5.9 5.9
Monroe.................................................... 5.5 5.2 5.7 5.9
New Orleans............................................... 6.0 4.4 6.1 4.9
Shreveport-Bossier City................................... 6.3 5.6 6.4 8.3
Maine....................................................... 5.8 5.3 5.1 4.6
Lewiston-Auburn........................................... 6.3 5.4 6.1 4.7
Portland.................................................. 3.1 2.5 2.9 2.3
Maryland.................................................... 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.5
Baltimore................................................. 5.2 4.9 5.3 5.1
Massachusetts............................................... 4.5 4.0 4.1 3.8
Barnstable-Yarmouth....................................... 5.7 5.5 4.2 4.3
Boston(1)................................................. 3.8 3.3 3.5 3.3
Massachusetts--Continued
Brockton.................................................. 5.2 4.7 4.9 4.7
Fitchburg-Leominster...................................... 5.4 4.9 5.0 4.6
Lawrence(1)............................................... 5.4 4.6 5.4 4.7
Lowell(1)................................................. 4.2 3.8 3.8 3.7
New Bedford............................................... 9.2 7.6 7.7 6.8
Pittsfield................................................ 5.8 5.9 5.3 4.9
Springfield............................................... 4.5 4.1 4.0 3.9
Worcester(1).............................................. 4.3 3.7 3.9 3.6
Michigan.................................................... 4.9 4.3 4.6 3.7
Ann Arbor................................................. 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.1
Benton Harbor............................................. 5.6 5.0 5.7 4.9
Detroit................................................... 4.2 3.8 4.3 3.4
Flint..................................................... 5.9 5.3 5.7 5.1
Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland............................. 3.9 3.1 3.9 3.0
Jackson................................................... 5.1 4.5 5.2 4.1
Kalamazoo-Battle Creek.................................... 4.4 3.7 4.2 3.6
Lansing-East Lansing...................................... 3.3 2.9 3.1 2.6
Saginaw-Bay City-Midland.................................. 5.5 4.5 4.7 4.1
Minnesota................................................... 4.1 3.5 3.4 2.7
Duluth-Superior(1)........................................ 6.3 5.6 5.5 4.6
Minneapolis-St.Paul(1).................................... 3.0 2.5 2.6 2.1
Rochester................................................. 3.3 2.3 2.7 1.9
St. Cloud................................................. 5.3 4.6 3.8 3.2
Mississippi................................................. 6.0 4.7 6.6 5.2
Jackson................................................... 3.6 2.9 3.8 3.2
Missouri.................................................... 4.3 4.2 4.2 3.8
Kansas City(1)............................................ 4.0 4.1 4.0 3.4
St. Louis LMA(1).......................................... 4.4 3.9 4.3 3.7
Springfield............................................... 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.1
Montana..................................................... 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.4
Nebraska.................................................... 2.8 1.8 2.8 2.1
Lincoln................................................... 2.5 1.4 2.6 1.7
Omaha(1).................................................. 2.8 2.1 2.8 2.4
Nevada...................................................... 5.1 4.3 5.1 4.1
Las Vegas(1).............................................. 5.0 4.1 5.2 4.1
Reno...................................................... 5.0 4.1 4.7 3.7
New Hampshire............................................... 4.4 2.8 4.1 2.6
Manchester................................................ 3.7 2.4 3.7 2.4
Nashua.................................................... 4.4 2.3 4.0 2.2
Portsmouth-Rochester(1)................................... 3.7 2.6 3.3 2.1
New Jersey.................................................. 6.1 5.0 5.9 5.2
Atlantic-Cape May......................................... 9.8 8.4 8.2 7.8
Bergen-Passaic............................................ 6.2 5.1 6.2 5.3
Jersey City............................................... 9.2 7.6 9.3 8.1
Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon.............................. 4.5 3.4 4.4 3.7
Monmouth-Ocean............................................ 5.6 4.7 5.2 4.6
Newark.................................................... 6.1 5.0 6.0 5.2
Trenton................................................... 5.2 4.3 5.2 4.4
Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton.............................. 10.4 8.7 9.3 8.6
New Mexico.................................................. 7.7 6.3 7.7 6.2
Albuquerque............................................... 4.6 4.0 4.9 4.1
Las Cruces................................................ 10.9 9.4 10.2 8.5
Santa Fe.................................................. 4.8 3.8 5.2 3.8
New York.................................................... 6.3 6.2 6.1 6.2
Albany-Schenectady-Troy................................... 4.5 3.8 4.7 3.8
Binghamton................................................ 4.7 4.0 4.5 3.8
Buffalo-Niagara Falls..................................... 5.4 4.8 4.9 4.8
Dutchess County........................................... 4.0 3.7 4.3 3.9
Elmira.................................................... 4.4 3.7 4.4 4.0
Glens Falls............................................... 7.0 6.6 6.1 5.5
Nassau-Suffolk............................................ 4.3 3.2 4.2 3.5
New York.................................................. 7.9 8.6 7.8 8.4
New York City............................................. 8.7 9.7 8.5 9.4
Newburgh(1)............................................... 4.4 4.0 4.3 4.2
Rochester................................................. 4.0 3.6 4.1 3.8
New York--Continued
Syracuse.................................................. 4.9 4.3 5.0 4.3
Utica-Rome................................................ 5.6 5.2 5.1 4.9
North Carolina.............................................. 4.2 3.0 4.3 3.4
Asheville................................................. 3.6 2.4 3.3 2.7
Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill(1)........................... 3.5 2.6 3.6 3.0
Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point....................... 3.5 2.3 3.2 2.7
Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill................................ 2.1 1.6 2.3 1.9
North Dakota................................................ 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.7
Bismarck.................................................. 2.9 3.0 2.2 2.2
Fargo-Moorhead(1)......................................... 2.8 2.3 2.1 1.6
Grand Forks(1)............................................ 3.6 3.1 3.2 6.4
Ohio........................................................ 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.2
Akron..................................................... 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.0
Canton-Massillon.......................................... 5.4 5.1 5.5 4.9
Cincinnati(1)............................................. 4.0 3.7 4.1 3.4
Cleveland-Lorain-Elyria................................... 4.8 5.0 4.8 4.3
Columbus.................................................. 2.9 2.8 3.0 2.7
Dayton-Springfield........................................ 4.0 3.9 4.1 3.8
Hamilton-Middletown....................................... 3.9 3.4 4.0 3.5
Lima...................................................... 5.8 5.0 5.5 4.6
Mansfield................................................. 6.0 5.6 5.9 5.0
Steubenville-Weirton...................................... 6.1 13.2 6.0 11.3
Toledo.................................................... 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.1
Youngstown-Warren......................................... 6.0 5.8 5.7 5.5
Oklahoma.................................................... 4.0 3.3 4.2 3.6
Enid...................................................... 3.6 2.5 3.7 2.9
Lawton.................................................... 4.8 4.1 5.0 4.3
Oklahoma City............................................. 3.0 2.6 3.2 2.9
Tulsa..................................................... 3.4 2.8 3.6 3.1
Oregon...................................................... 5.9 5.7 5.5 4.6
Eugene-Springfield........................................ 5.9 5.6 5.3 4.5
Medford-Ashland........................................... 8.3 8.0 7.7 6.1
Portland-Vancouver(1)..................................... 4.4 4.2 4.4 3.6
Salem..................................................... 5.9 5.9 5.5 4.8
Pennsylvania................................................ 5.5 5.2 5.6 5.3
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton................................ 5.6 5.1 5.8 5.2
Altoona................................................... 6.0 5.8 6.2 6.2
Erie...................................................... 6.3 6.2 6.4 6.3
Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle............................... 3.6 3.2 3.5 3.3
Johnstown................................................. 8.5 8.1 7.9 7.7
Lancaster................................................. 3.2 2.7 3.5 2.8
Philadelphia(1)........................................... 5.2 4.8 5.4 5.0
Pittsburgh................................................ 5.2 5.0 5.2 5.1
Reading................................................... 4.6 4.2 4.6 4.6
Scranton-Wilkes-Barre-Hazelton............................ 7.6 7.3 7.2 7.3
Sharon.................................................... 4.6 6.6 4.8 6.4
State College............................................. 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.8
Williamsport.............................................. 7.0 6.3 6.6 6.3
York...................................................... 4.5 4.3 5.1 4.5
Rhode Island................................................ 4.9 4.8 4.6 5.1
Providence-Fall River-Warwick(1).......................... 5.6 5.3 5.1 5.4
South Carolina.............................................. 5.7 4.4 5.6 4.4
Charleston-North Charleston............................... 5.2 4.2 5.3 4.2
Columbia.................................................. 3.5 2.6 3.7 2.7
Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson........................... 4.3 3.1 4.0 3.2
South Dakota................................................ 3.2 2.6 2.8 2.3
Rapid City................................................ 3.6 2.8 3.0 2.5
Sioux Falls............................................... 2.1 1.7 1.9 1.6
Tennessee................................................... 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.5
Chattanooga(1)............................................ 4.4 4.5 4.2 4.7
Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol(1)......................... 4.8 4.4 4.5 4.5
Knoxville................................................. 4.1 4.3 3.8 3.7
Memphis(1)................................................ 4.1 4.0 4.2 4.0
Nashville................................................. 3.0 3.2 3.0 3.0
Texas....................................................... 5.4 5.2 5.4 5.1
Abilene................................................... 4.9 4.0 5.0 4.2
Texas--Contiuned
Amarillo.................................................. 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.8
Austin-San Marcos......................................... 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.9
Beaumont-Port Arthur...................................... 8.8 8.1 9.0 7.8
Brazoria.................................................. 6.3 7.1 6.5 7.2
Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito.......................... 11.9 12.1 12.4 11.9
Bryan-College Station..................................... 2.4 2.0 2.5 2.0
Corpus Christi............................................ 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.5
Dallas.................................................... 4.0 3.6 3.9 3.6
El Paso................................................... 11.4 10.8 11.1 10.8
Fort Worth-Arlington...................................... 3.9 3.5 3.9 3.5
Galveston-Texas City...................................... 7.4 8.1 7.7 7.8
Houston................................................... 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.0
Killeen-Temple............................................ 4.6 4.8 4.5 4.8
Laredo.................................................... 12.6 10.5 12.3 9.8
Longview-Marshall......................................... 7.5 7.0 7.4 7.0
Lubbock................................................... 3.8 3.6 3.8 3.7
McAllen-Edinburg-Mission.................................. 17.7 16.4 16.5 15.9
Odessa-Midland............................................ 5.7 5.2 5.7 5.2
San Angelo................................................ 3.6 3.2 3.4 3.4
San Antonio............................................... 4.0 3.7 4.1 3.8
Sherman-Denison........................................... 4.6 4.7 4.3 4.6
Texarkana(1).............................................. 7.1 7.0 7.0 7.3
Tyler..................................................... 6.3 5.3 6.5 5.3
Victoria.................................................. 4.8 5.2 4.8 5.1
Waco...................................................... 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4
Wichita Falls............................................. 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.0
Utah........................................................ 3.3 2.9 3.3 2.8
Provo-Orem................................................ 2.8 2.4 2.8 2.4
Salt Lake City-Odgen...................................... 3.0 2.7 3.1 2.7
Vermont..................................................... 4.9 4.2 4.2 3.6
Burlington................................................ 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4
Virginia.................................................... 4.0 3.9 4.3 4.2
Charlottesville........................................... 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.4
Danville.................................................. 7.0 6.5 7.9 7.5
Lynchburg................................................. 3.1 3.6 3.5 3.8
Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News(1).................... 4.3 4.7 4.8 5.3
Richmond-Petersburg....................................... 3.3 3.4 3.8 3.7
Roanoke................................................... 2.7 3.6 2.6 3.6
Washington.................................................. 6.5 5.0 6.4 4.5
Seattle-Bellevue-Everett.................................. 5.1 3.5 5.0 3.3
Spokane................................................... 5.6 4.8 5.3 4.1
Tacoma.................................................... 6.3 4.7 6.3 4.4
West Virginia............................................... 7.7 7.5 7.1 5.8
Charleston................................................ 5.6 5.4 5.3 4.3
Huntington-Ashland(1)..................................... 7.3 6.7 6.9 6.2
Parkersburg-Marietta(1)................................... 6.3 5.9 6.4 5.0
Wheeling(1)............................................... 6.0 7.7 5.8 6.0
Wisconsin................................................... 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.3
Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah................................... 3.2 3.1 2.8 2.7
Eau Claire................................................ 4.4 4.1 3.5 3.1
Green Bay................................................. 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0
Janesville-Beloit......................................... 3.7 3.8 3.5 4.1
Kenosha................................................... 3.6 3.2 3.4 3.2
La Crosse(1).............................................. 3.3 3.0 2.7 2.4
Madison................................................... 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5
Milwaukee-Waukesha........................................ 3.6 3.3 3.6 3.5
Racine.................................................... 4.6 3.9 4.0 3.7
Sheboygan................................................. 3.0 2.3 2.8 2.3
Wausau.................................................... 4.3 3.9 3.5 3.1
Wyoming..................................................... 5.6 5.2 4.6 4.4
Casper.................................................... 6.9 5.7 6.1 5.2
Puerto Rico................................................. 13.6 13.6 14.4 13.5
Caguas.................................................... 12.2 12.1 13.4 11.9
Mayaguez.................................................. 15.4 16.0 16.1 18.0
Ponce..................................................... 18.9 18.5 19.7 18.0
San Juan-Bayamon.......................................... 10.6 10.6 11.5 10.4
1 Includes interstate portion of area located in adjacent state.
p = preliminary, except for the national figures.
NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. Data for Puerto Rico are derived from a monthly household survey
similar to the Current Population Survey. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark
and population information becomes available.