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Internet address: http://stat.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: Employment USDL 98-36 Unemployment (202) 606-6559 Media contact: 606-6392 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST 606-5902 Wednesday, February 4, 1998 STATE AND METROPOLITAN AREA EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT: DECEMBER 1997 State unemployment rates were little changed in December, as 44 states and the District of Columbia recorded changes of 0.3 percentage point or less from November, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. At 4.7 percent, the national jobless rate was essentially unchanged over the month. Nonfarm payroll employment increased in 40 states in December. State Unemployment (Seasonally Adjusted) Nebraska reported the lowest unemployment rate in December, 1.6 percent, which also was the lowest rate for any state in the 20-year history of the series. North Dakota's rate followed at 2.0 percent, and six other states had jobless rates ranging from 2.7 to 2.9 percent. The District of Columbia had the highest rate, 8.1 percent, followed by Alaska, 7.0 percent. Twenty-nine states recorded unemployment rates below the U.S. average, while 19 states and the District of Columbia had higher rates. (See table 1 and chart 1.) Jobless rates decreased over the month in 22 states, increased in 18 states and the District of Columbia, and were unchanged in 10 states. The only unemployment rate shift of at least one-half percentage point occurred in Mississippi, where the rate fell by 0.7 point. Forty-five states and the District of Columbia registered lower unemployment rates than a year ago. The largest declines were in South Carolina (-2.4 percentage points), New Mexico (-2.0 points), and Delaware and Washington (-1.9 points each). Thirteen other states had rates that were at least a full percentage point lower than last December. Only three states had over-the-year increases in their rates, with Montana's (0.6 point) being the largest. Nonfarm Payroll Employment (Seasonally Adjusted) Nonfarm payroll employment rose in 40 states in December. Oregon reported the largest percentage increase (0.8 percent), followed by Georgia and Montana (both 0.6 percent). California added the most jobs over the month (40,600), followed by Texas (24,200), Georgia (22,200), and Florida (21,200). Employment gains were widespread in manufacturing, finance, insurance, and real estate, and services, with increases in two-thirds or more of the states. Idaho (-0.6 percent) and Hawaii (-0.4 percent) had the largest percentage declines in employment. (See table 3.) Over the year, nonfarm employment increased in every state, except Hawaii and in the District of Columbia. (See chart 2.) Nevada (4.8 percent), Arizona (4.6 percent), and Utah (4.1 percent) had the largest percentage gains in employment. California (364,900), Texas (227,700), and Florida (226,500)--had the largest absolute increases over the year. Over- the-year declines in employment occurred in the District of Columbia (-2.0 percent) and Hawaii (-0.6 percent). The District's decrease in employment (-12,200 jobs) over the year was largely due to a 10,800 reduction in the government sector. NOTE: Monthly payroll employment data are provided on a seasonally adjusted basis for all states and the District of Columbia, permitting both current and over-the-year comparisons of the data. intended for individual state analyses only. The state data are Because the state data are not designed for national aggregation, a summation could present a misleading picture of national trends. (See Technical Note.) Metropolitan Area Unemployment (Not Seasonally Adjusted) Of the 272 areas for which December data are available, 159 had unemployment rates below 4.0 percent, and 18 recorded rates of 7.0 percent or higher. The lowest rates were in Lincoln, Neb. (1.1 percent), Charlottesville, Va., and Madison, Wis. (1.4 percent each), and FargoMoorhead, N.D.-Minn. (1.5 percent). Eight other areas had rates below 2.0 percent, and 70 additional areas had rates below 3.0 percent. McAllen- Edinburg-Mission, Tex., reported the highest jobless rate in December (17.7 percent), followed by Salinas, Cal. (14.6 percent), and Fresno, Cal. (13.9 percent). All seven of the areas with rates of 10 percent or more were located in California or Texas. The largest rate declines over the year occurred in Charleston-North Charleston, S.C., and Medford-Ashland, Ore. (both -2.3 percentage points), Wilmington-Newark, De-Md. (-2.2 points), and Las Cruces, N.M., and Laredo, Tex. (both -2.1 points). Fifty-one additional areas posted rate decreases of 1.0 point or more. Salinas, Cal. (0.9 percentage point), had the largest rate increase from last December, followed closely by Fresno, Cal., Albany, Ga., and Glens Falls, N.Y. (0.8 point each). (See table 5.) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | NOTE: Effective with the release of data for January 1998, labor | | force estimates for all states will be revised to incorporate | | updated population controls, revised seasonal adjustment factors, | | reestimation of models, and benchmarking to CPS annual averages. | | All nonfarm payroll employment estimates for states and areas will | | be adjusted to 1997 benchmark levels, and seasonally adjusted data | | for states will be revised. | | In order to expedite the release of data for states by about | | 1-1/2 weeks beginning in 1998, the information currently contained | | in this news release will be provided in two separate releases-- | | "State and Regional Employment and Unemployment" and "Metropolitan | | Area Employment and Unemployment." | The first "State and Regional | Employment and Unemployment" news release will be issued on March 5, | | containing data for January. | March 20. Data for February will be released on The new releases will include text, tables 1 through 4 | | | (including regional aggregations), and maps similar to those in the | | current release. | The initial "Metropolitan Area Employment and | Unemployment" release, also containing January data, will be | | published on March 18. | This release will contain a short text, | a version of table 5 from the current release, and a new table | | presenting nonfarm payroll employment for selected metropolitan | | areas. | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Technical Note This release selected presents data for states metropolitan areas from the Local Area Unemployment Statistics program (tables estimates (CES) labor force and unemployment by 1, program state 2, and 5). and (LAUS) Also presented are nonfarm payroll employment and major industry from the Current Employment Statistics (tables 3 and 4). The LAUS and CES are both Federal-State cooperative programs. Labor force and unemployment--from the LAUS program Definitions. concepts and The labor force and unemployment data are based definitions as those used for the official on the national same estimates obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a sample survey of households that is conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the Bureau of Census. The Employed persons survey hours labor force includes both the employed and are those who did any work at all for pay or the unemployed. profit reference week (the week including the 12th of the month) or the in worked or more without pay in a family business or farm, plus those not the 15 working who have a job from which they were temporarily absent, whether or not paid, for such reasons as labor-management dispute, illness, or vacation. Unemployed persons are those who did not work at all (in the reference week), have actively looked for a job (sometime in the 4-week period ending with the survey reference week), and are currently available for work; persons on layoff expecting recall need not be looking for work to be counted as unemployed. Method of estimation. Effective January 1996, estimates for all states, the District of Columbia, the Los Angeles-Long Beach metropolitan area, and New York City are produced For all other estimation using estimating equations based on regression sub-state including procedures. the Both estimates methods are utilize prepared data from through indirect several sources, the CES, and state unemployment insurance (UI) data. description of the estimation procedures is available from BLS detailed CPS, areas, techniques. A upon request. Annual revisions. reflect adjustments estimates. Bureau The Labor force and unemployment data shown for the prior year made at the end of each year, usually adjusted estimates reflect updated population with data data of the Census and any revisions in the other data sources. noted for all states, January from the In addition, the District of Columbia, and the 2 large sub-state areas with are adjusted annually to equal the CPS annual averages, usually effective totals January estimates. The state data will not necessarily sum obtained from the CPS, since the monthly state estimates are to directly on the CPS. national not based Seasonal Beach adjustment. and New independently York Unemployment Seasonal adjustment of state City) seasonally labor force levels adjusted are (and employment Los computed and Angeles-Long by aggregating unemployment levels. rates are then computed from these independently adjusted levels. Revisions of historical data for the most recent 5 years are usually made at the beginning of each calendar year, usually coincident with January estimates. - 2 - Employment--from the CES program Definitions. Employment data refer to persons on establishment payrolls who receive pay for any part of the pay period which includes the 12th of the month, except for Federal Government employment, which represents the number of persons who occupied positions on the last day of the month. Persons are their place of work rather than at their place of residence; more than one payroll are counted on each payroll. the basis counted at those appearing on Industries are classified on of their principal product or activity in accordance with the 1987 a "link Standard Industrial Classification Manual. Method of estimation. The employment data are estimated using relative" technique in which a ratio (link relative) of current-month employment to that of reporting are the for previous month is computed from a sample obtained both months. by of establishments The estimates of employment for the current multiplying the estimates for the previous month month by these ratios. Annual revisions. Employment estimates are adjusted annually to a complete count of jobs, called benchmarks, derived principally from tax reports which are submitted laws. the by employers who are covered under state unemployment insurance (UI) The benchmark information is used to adjust the monthly estimates between new benchmark employment for the and the preceding one and also to establish new benchmark month. Thus, the the level benchmarking of process establishes the level of employment, and the sample is used to measure the monthto-month changes in the level for the subsequent months. Seasonal states are industry adjustment. computed divisions. Seasonally adjusted payroll employment by aggregating independently adjusted totals series Revisions of historical data for the most recent for 5 for major years are made once a year, coincident with annual benchmark adjustments. Caution to a on aggregating state data. State estimation procedures are designed produce accurate data for each individual state. BLS independently develops national employment series; state estimates are not forced to sum to national totals nor vice versa. Because each state series is subject to larger sampling and nonsampling individual state aggregate level. errors level than the errors national series, summing and can cause significant them cumulates distortions at an "sum-of-states" Due to these statistical limitations, BLS does not compile employment series, and cautions users that such a series a is subject to a relatively large and volatile error structure. Reliability of the estimates The estimates presented in this release are based on sample survey administrative data and thus are subject to sampling and other types of Sampling error is a measure of sampling variability--that is, and errors. variation that occurs by chance because a sample rather than the entire population is surveyed. Survey data are also subject to nonsampling errors, such as those which can introduced directly from not the into the data collection and processing operations. Estimates be not derived from sample surveys are subject to additional errors resulting special estimation processes used. The sums of individual items always equal the totals shown in the same tables because of rounding. may With respect to the LAUS program, unemployment rates are computed, in most instances, from unrounded data rather than from data that may be displayed in the tables; differences, however, are generally insignificant. Labor force and unemployment estimates. Measures of sampling error, in the form of the standard errors for state annual average estimates derived from the CPS, are available in the annual BLS bulletin, and Unemployment. Geographic Profile of Employment Error measures cannot be computed for sub-state areas because of the special estimation processes used. Measures of nonsampling error for CPS data are not available, but additional information on the subject is provided in the BLS monthly periodical, Employment and Earnings. - 3 - Employment estimates. CES Measures of sampling error are not available for state data, but the relatively large size of the samples maintained by the agencies benchmark and the levels annual assure adjustment of employment estimates a high degree of accuracy. to more state Information on recent recent benchmark revisions for states is available upon request. Additional information More complete information on the technical procedures used to develop estimates and additional available by subscription data appear in Employment for $35.00 a year from and Earnings, the these which is Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 (telephone 202-512-2168). Estimates of labor force, employment, and unemployment for all states, metropolitan 25,000 or areas, labor market areas, counties, cities with a population more, and other areas used in the administration of various Federal economic assistance programs are provided in the report, Unemployment in and Local from the of States Areas, which is available monthly in microfiche form by subscription U.S. Government Printing Office for $23.00 a year. The order number for a subscription is 029-001-81003-2. Information individuals in this release upon request. TDD message referral phone: will be made available to sensory Voice phone: 202-606-7828; TDD phone: impaired 202-606-5897; 1-800-326-2577. Table 1. Civilian labor force and unemployment by state and selected areas, seasonally adjusted Unemployed Civilian labor force State and Area Number Percent of labor force Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1996 1997 1997 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997p Alabama................ 2,096.7 2,125.5 2,127.9 2,130.5 94.1 101.5 99.0 96.6 4.5 4.8 4.7 4.5 Alaska................. 320.9 325.0 324.9 326.2 25.5 24.1 24.2 22.7 7.9 7.4 7.4 7.0 Arizona................ 2,262.5 2,295.6 2,306.5 2,305.3 122.9 89.1 100.2 95.9 5.4 3.9 4.3 4.2 Arkansas............... 1,239.7 1,240.7 1,241.7 1,245.6 66.5 62.3 58.5 62.8 5.4 5.0 4.7 5.0 California............. 15,665.0 15,942.9 15,943.8 16,061.4 1,066.6 1,012.4 942.9 970.0 6.8 6.4 5.9 6.0 Beach............. 4,424.6 4,489.2 4,492.0 4,584.1 343.1 294.0 287.3 300.1 7.8 6.5 6.4 6.5 Colorado............... 2,100.4 2,196.6 2,209.3 2,203.8 84.5 66.3 70.6 64.9 4.0 3.0 3.2 2.9 Connecticut............ 1,722.0 1,739.0 1,730.0 1,722.6 99.0 82.0 80.8 75.8 5.7 4.7 4.7 4.4 Delaware............... 384.4 389.1 388.1 390.2 20.2 13.9 11.7 13.3 5.3 3.6 3.0 3.4 District of Columbia... 270.0 259.7 259.5 260.2 22.7 22.1 20.4 21.2 8.4 8.5 7.9 8.1 Florida................ 6,997.1 7,191.5 7,214.3 7,217.6 340.9 332.9 338.2 335.9 4.9 4.6 4.7 4.7 Georgia................ 3,803.6 3,903.8 3,924.4 3,935.3 178.2 147.5 154.9 159.1 4.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 Hawaii................. 596.0 596.9 591.1 590.7 38.9 35.1 33.6 34.7 6.5 5.9 5.7 5.9 Idaho.................. 631.1 642.4 639.6 641.5 35.0 32.5 30.7 33.3 5.6 5.1 4.8 5.2 Illinois............... 6,126.8 6,134.0 6,150.1 6,149.1 320.1 273.6 295.3 294.2 5.2 4.5 4.8 4.8 Indiana................ 3,048.1 3,121.6 3,120.3 3,120.4 109.8 121.8 108.0 107.2 3.6 3.9 3.5 3.4 Los Angeles-Long Iowa................... 1,610.0 1,592.0 1,580.3 1,597.9 61.6 41.6 42.6 45.0 3.8 2.6 2.7 2.8 Kansas................. 1,347.2 1,396.8 1,391.7 1,391.4 61.8 52.4 50.9 51.8 4.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 Kentucky............... 1,880.1 1,932.1 1,936.6 1,936.1 109.6 96.8 90.1 89.8 5.8 5.0 4.7 4.6 Louisiana.............. 2,023.7 2,014.6 2,019.0 2,031.2 132.9 118.6 122.5 116.6 6.6 5.9 6.1 5.7 Maine.................. 674.7 667.5 661.9 662.3 31.6 33.1 31.7 34.0 4.7 5.0 4.8 5.1 Maryland............... 2,806.5 2,765.0 2,771.8 2,775.7 127.2 128.9 129.6 132.2 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.8 Massachusetts.......... 3,200.6 3,250.0 3,262.1 3,260.0 125.4 121.4 127.9 125.1 3.9 3.7 3.9 3.8 Michigan............... 4,845.3 4,891.1 4,909.3 4,920.6 232.4 191.8 197.3 194.7 4.8 3.9 4.0 4.0 Minnesota.............. 2,613.8 2,677.3 2,681.1 2,679.8 102.6 86.5 77.7 75.2 3.9 3.2 2.9 2.8 Mississippi............ 1,262.7 1,285.9 1,289.1 1,280.7 73.4 78.2 73.1 63.8 5.8 6.1 5.7 5.0 Missouri............... 2,925.5 2,878.4 2,870.6 2,865.3 141.4 118.5 112.6 114.6 4.8 4.1 3.9 4.0 Montana................ 449.3 464.4 463.8 465.6 21.6 23.3 24.3 25.0 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.4 Nebraska............... 916.5 926.2 926.5 929.3 26.0 21.2 17.6 15.3 2.8 2.3 1.9 1.6 Nevada................. 864.8 904.5 904.0 902.2 47.3 37.8 36.6 35.2 5.5 4.2 4.0 3.9 New Hampshire.......... 620.1 654.5 654.8 652.8 24.2 18.5 20.1 17.9 3.9 2.8 3.1 2.7 New Jersey............. 4,152.1 4,151.9 4,151.7 4,147.4 251.6 215.2 205.4 205.1 6.1 5.2 4.9 4.9 New Mexico............. 802.3 831.9 832.8 836.2 65.5 49.1 50.9 51.9 8.2 5.9 6.1 6.2 New York............... 8,686.6 8,810.5 8,803.4 8,799.3 539.5 562.6 550.0 533.5 6.2 6.4 6.2 6.1 New York City........ 3,333.3 3,355.2 3,346.3 3,346.1 305.3 304.2 292.8 280.2 9.2 9.1 8.7 8.4 North Carolina......... 3,860.4 3,802.5 3,824.2 3,811.4 163.0 129.3 134.8 138.4 4.2 3.4 3.5 3.6 North Dakota........... 346.9 346.1 346.7 348.2 11.0 6.7 6.7 6.9 3.2 1.9 1.9 2.0 Ohio................... 5,672.2 5,763.9 5,776.7 5,780.6 283.2 258.0 259.5 257.3 5.0 4.5 4.5 4.5 Oklahoma............... 1,590.1 1,599.6 1,613.9 1,608.2 61.3 60.2 59.2 55.3 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.4 Oregon................. 1,743.1 1,774.3 1,774.5 1,788.1 109.8 91.0 94.4 94.3 6.3 5.1 5.3 5.3 Pennsylvania........... 5,934.7 5,958.2 5,983.7 6,010.6 287.2 287.1 288.5 286.5 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 Rhode Island........... 500.7 508.4 506.2 507.0 24.9 25.7 24.5 24.0 5.0 5.1 4.8 4.7 South Carolina......... 1,846.0 1,889.3 1,886.9 1,891.6 112.3 67.1 65.8 69.3 6.1 3.6 3.5 3.7 South Dakota........... 392.3 392.2 393.0 394.6 13.0 10.4 10.8 11.0 3.3 2.6 2.8 2.8 Tennessee.............. 2,769.8 2,758.3 2,760.4 2,768.1 140.8 139.1 140.5 139.6 5.1 5.0 5.1 5.0 Texas.................. 9,806.5 9,995.2 9,977.8 9,966.6 519.6 537.4 503.3 480.0 5.3 5.4 5.0 4.8 Utah................... 1,013.0 1,063.2 1,063.2 1,063.3 33.9 32.1 30.5 29.5 3.4 3.0 2.9 2.8 Vermont................ 325.8 332.4 333.4 333.5 14.9 12.4 11.9 12.6 4.6 3.7 3.6 3.8 Virginia............... 3,370.6 3,532.3 3,536.9 3,533.3 143.2 126.8 127.9 117.5 4.2 3.6 3.6 3.3 Washington............. 2,908.3 2,989.3 2,994.4 3,030.3 183.1 131.4 124.7 132.6 6.3 4.4 4.2 4.4 West Virginia.......... 814.1 801.8 802.5 798.7 60.6 52.3 52.8 50.7 7.4 6.5 6.6 6.4 Wisconsin.............. 2,944.3 2,940.8 2,959.3 2,967.4 101.7 99.5 102.0 101.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 Wyoming................ 258.1 257.4 256.9 257.8 13.1 10.9 10.8 11.6 5.1 4.2 4.2 4.5 Puerto Rico............ 1,294.6 1,303.1 1,312.8 1,285.7 147.9 177.7 186.8 187.7 11.4 13.6 14.2 14.6 p = preliminary. NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. Data for Puerto Rico are derived from a monthly household survey similar to the Current Population Survey. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark and population information becomes available. Table 2. Civilian labor force and unemployment by state, not seasonally adjusted Unemployed Civilian labor force State Number November December November 1997p 1996 Percent of labor force December 1996 1997 1996 1997 1996 Alabama................ 2,112.4 2,143.1 2,100.0 2,134.4 93.0 94.2 80.1 Alaska................. 317.8 322.9 316.8 321.8 25.0 24.3 Arizona................ 2,268.1 2,311.4 2,258.3 2,302.1 117.4 Arkansas............... 1,235.8 1,238.3 1,228.2 1,233.5 61.7 November 1997p December 1996 1997 1996 1997p 81.6 4.4 4.4 3.8 3.8 26.5 23.8 7.9 7.5 8.4 7.4 91.9 112.7 86.1 5.2 4.0 5.0 3.7 52.9 65.7 62.2 5.0 4.3 5.3 5.0 California............. 15,710.9 15,951.1 15,578.7 15,951.0 1,067.5 920.8 979.0 880.1 6.8 5.8 6.3 5.5 Colorado............... 2,111.2 2,214.7 2,098.6 2,196.4 80.2 66.2 76.5 58.7 3.8 3.0 3.6 2.7 Connecticut............ 1,718.9 1,724.9 1,708.4 1,707.4 91.2 74.1 94.6 72.1 5.3 4.3 5.5 4.2 Delaware............... 386.4 389.7 384.1 389.5 19.4 10.7 18.3 11.5 5.0 2.8 4.8 3.0 District of Columbia... 268.5 258.3 267.9 258.2 21.4 19.9 21.1 19.9 8.0 7.7 7.9 7.7 Florida................ 6,996.5 7,216.8 6,982.2 7,193.9 342.2 333.8 313.8 305.3 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.2 Georgia................ 3,819.3 3,942.6 3,817.6 3,943.2 168.4 146.7 166.9 148.2 4.4 3.7 4.4 3.8 Hawaii................. 598.4 593.5 595.0 590.5 39.1 33.3 33.9 30.5 6.5 5.6 5.7 5.2 Idaho.................. 628.1 639.7 628.0 638.4 31.0 28.8 36.5 34.9 4.9 4.5 5.8 5.5 Illinois............... 6,114.4 6,153.0 6,118.2 6,144.3 284.3 263.1 305.5 283.6 4.6 4.3 5.0 4.6 Indiana................ 3,062.0 3,121.4 3,032.2 3,097.2 103.4 100.3 105.7 104.3 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.4 Iowa................... 1,613.6 1,588.8 1,602.5 1,589.8 58.4 41.0 61.3 45.8 3.6 2.6 3.8 2.9 Kansas................. 1,355.9 1,396.9 1,343.5 1,388.2 61.5 50.7 56.4 47.3 4.5 3.6 4.2 3.4 Kentucky............... 1,885.4 1,944.3 1,877.7 1,933.3 103.2 87.7 101.5 84.3 5.5 4.5 5.4 4.4 Louisiana.............. 2,015.8 2,017.7 1,995.1 2,002.7 119.7 113.1 122.4 106.9 5.9 5.6 6.1 5.3 Maine.................. 667.3 656.5 665.3 654.1 32.3 32.0 29.7 32.2 4.8 4.9 4.5 4.9 Maryland............... 2,810.2 2,774.9 2,785.1 2,755.8 128.1 127.6 117.9 122.7 4.6 4.6 4.2 4.5 Massachusetts.......... 3,205.2 3,263.3 3,195.9 3,251.5 112.6 113.6 112.0 110.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 Michigan............... 4,852.0 4,914.5 4,828.1 4,901.4 206.2 174.1 206.4 170.8 4.2 3.5 4.3 3.5 Minnesota.............. 2,620.3 2,687.0 2,591.6 2,654.4 91.7 67.9 95.1 69.0 3.5 2.5 3.7 2.6 Mississippi............ 1,260.9 1,285.9 1,261.4 1,279.0 64.5 63.6 60.9 52.3 5.1 4.9 4.8 4.1 Missouri............... 2,915.4 2,869.8 2,923.5 2,871.5 129.1 102.1 136.8 111.9 4.4 3.6 4.7 3.9 Montana................ 447.3 460.0 443.1 459.4 21.2 23.6 23.2 26.4 4.7 5.1 5.2 5.7 Nebraska............... 919.5 927.4 907.7 921.0 24.8 15.6 24.2 14.4 2.7 1.7 2.7 1.6 Nevada................. 862.6 904.8 863.0 899.9 43.4 34.7 45.2 34.0 5.0 3.8 5.2 3.8 New Hampshire.......... 622.7 654.8 618.6 650.2 24.3 19.8 23.0 17.5 3.9 3.0 3.7 2.7 New Jersey............. 4,155.9 4,157.5 4,151.6 4,150.8 240.5 194.8 238.1 195.1 5.8 4.7 5.7 4.7 New Mexico............. 806.0 835.5 798.4 832.1 63.1 47.9 61.1 48.4 7.8 5.7 7.7 5.8 New York............... 8,663.1 8,784.7 8,660.0 8,766.8 510.4 521.0 508.6 499.7 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.7 North Carolina......... 3,856.6 3,835.3 3,840.9 3,801.6 156.9 131.1 146.5 125.0 4.1 3.4 3.8 3.3 North Dakota........... 341.9 342.5 340.4 341.3 10.3 6.5 11.7 7.3 3.0 1.9 3.4 2.1 Ohio................... 5,692.4 5,799.0 5,666.1 5,765.1 275.9 248.7 273.3 247.3 4.8 4.3 4.8 4.3 Oklahoma............... 1,591.9 1,617.0 1,579.5 1,598.1 58.5 56.0 59.6 54.5 3.7 3.5 3.8 3.4 Oregon................. 1,732.7 1,771.4 1,721.4 1,770.3 102.8 90.2 106.3 91.3 5.9 5.1 6.2 5.2 Pennsylvania........... 5,955.6 6,009.4 5,929.9 6,000.8 277.0 275.1 257.9 253.7 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.2 Rhode Island........... 504.6 510.9 501.5 508.5 22.6 22.4 23.2 22.6 4.5 4.4 4.6 4.4 South Carolina......... 1,836.7 1,876.3 1,816.5 1,863.9 106.6 59.9 100.0 59.1 5.8 3.2 5.5 3.2 South Dakota........... 390.5 391.8 384.2 386.7 11.9 10.1 12.7 10.7 3.0 2.6 3.3 2.8 Tennessee.............. 2,805.1 2,796.4 2,755.1 2,756.1 137.8 134.7 118.0 116.3 4.9 4.8 4.3 4.2 Texas.................. 9,846.4 10,013.1 9,816.5 9,978.5 524.2 491.2 483.5 444.5 5.3 4.9 4.9 4.5 Utah................... 1,019.3 1,069.7 1,014.4 1,063.9 34.8 30.8 29.7 26.0 3.4 2.9 2.9 2.4 Vermont................ 326.1 333.3 325.4 332.6 15.0 12.1 13.8 12.0 4.6 3.6 4.2 3.6 Virginia............... 3,353.5 3,518.9 3,335.8 3,497.9 137.1 120.1 135.0 109.6 4.1 3.4 4.0 3.1 Washington............. 2,898.0 2,984.2 2,900.9 3,021.1 188.3 133.0 186.7 138.8 6.5 4.5 6.4 4.6 West Virginia.......... 812.5 802.1 814.7 801.6 57.4 50.1 60.9 52.0 7.1 6.2 7.5 6.5 Wisconsin.............. 2,930.1 2,951.9 2,921.4 2,948.6 86.3 88.8 88.5 88.5 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 Wyoming................ 257.0 256.1 255.8 255.5 12.3 10.3 13.2 11.6 4.8 4.0 5.1 4.6 Puerto Rico............ 1,317.4 1,325.4 1,299.2 1,292.6 154.1 176.8 131.8 169.0 11.7 13.3 10.1 13.1 p = preliminary. NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. Data for Puerto Rico are derived from a monthly household survey similar to the Current Population Survey. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark and population information becomes available. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table 3. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by state and selected industry division, seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Total(1) State Construction Manufacturing Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1996 1997 1997 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997p Alabama............ 1,836.5 1,852.7 1,854.4 1,857.2 96.5 98.1 97.9 97.9 381.5 376.1 375.7 377.0 Alaska............. 266.2 12.8 12.3 12.4 12.7 16.0 15.5 15.7 15.1 Arizona............ 1,937.1 2,008.6 2,020.3 2,025.8 129.2 134.5 134.0 134.2 200.7 209.3 211.3 212.8 Arkansas........... 1,092.7 1,099.3 1,103.1 1,105.8 48.3 49.7 49.6 49.8 252.3 250.8 251.2 252.1 California......... 12944.5 13236.2 13268.8 13309.4 527.4 571.8 571.9 579.6 1,871.5 1,903.1 1,909.6 1,911.6 Colorado........... 1,921.5 1,953.4 1,958.9 1,968.2 114.7 117.6 114.1 117.7 197.0 200.4 201.3 202.7 Connecticut........ 1,596.5 1,622.3 1,628.3 1,632.8 51.7 56.8 57.1 56.3 275.2 274.5 274.9 275.4 Delaware........... 263.0 265.8 266.8 382.1 394.2 394.6 396.1 21.9 23.3 23.0 23.1 56.8 60.0 59.9 60.1 620.7 610.8 609.0 608.5 8.5 8.2 8.3 8.4 13.3 13.7 13.7 13.9 Florida............ 6,283.3 6,460.5 6,488.6 6,509.8 324.9 336.9 338.4 339.9 493.0 493.7 493.6 494.1 Georgia............ 3,571.0 3,666.5 3,681.3 3,703.5 165.8 169.5 169.8 170.8 587.9 586.6 588.7 589.4 District of Columbia........ Hawaii(2).......... 528.2 528.2 527.2 525.2 22.7 21.3 21.3 20.9 16.5 16.1 16.1 16.1 Idaho.............. 498.0 504.1 505.8 502.9 30.4 33.4 33.0 32.4 73.0 75.3 75.9 76.2 Illinois........... 5,714.4 5,769.7 5,781.7 5,788.9 223.2 224.9 226.7 228.1 976.5 977.2 977.6 976.4 Indiana............ 2,825.7 2,857.0 2,856.0 2,862.4 132.9 134.1 133.4 134.7 671.6 674.0 674.6 675.6 Iowa............... 1,392.1 1,411.6 1,412.6 1,416.0 61.3 61.8 62.4 64.3 248.1 250.6 251.1 251.4 Kansas............. 1,247.4 1,273.3 1,276.1 1,275.6 58.2 61.8 61.9 61.1 199.3 206.5 207.4 207.9 Kentucky........... 1,688.6 1,710.5 1,716.1 1,724.2 77.8 78.5 78.7 79.3 310.8 311.8 312.4 313.5 Louisiana.......... 1,829.6 1,847.8 1,849.7 1,849.6 113.6 114.5 113.1 112.8 188.4 187.7 188.2 188.8 556.5 23.6 24.2 24.7 24.7 87.4 87.7 88.1 88.6 Maryland........... 2,223.1 2,254.8 2,263.2 2,266.4 133.3 138.6 139.1 140.0 173.3 171.1 174.6 174.9 Massachusetts...... 3,075.9 3,140.4 3,149.6 3,158.6 97.0 99.4 100.8 102.2 443.4 448.3 450.5 450.9 Michigan........... 4,376.2 4,421.3 4,429.2 4,449.1 172.9 188.9 190.2 189.3 962.0 954.6 963.5 958.2 Minnesota.......... 2,453.7 2,494.3 2,503.3 2,510.9 89.7 93.1 94.0 94.0 429.7 436.8 439.1 440.7 Mississippi........ 1,096.5 1,107.2 1,108.4 1,106.5 49.6 50.8 50.1 50.0 241.6 240.1 241.3 240.8 Missouri........... 2,592.8 2,612.6 2,622.1 2,626.0 120.5 120.3 121.2 118.6 410.6 411.7 412.4 411.0 Maine.............. 540.8 553.0 555.9 Montana............ 360.6 365.6 366.6 368.7 17.5 18.2 18.7 19.5 23.7 23.9 24.0 23.9 Nebraska........... 843.4 856.9 861.3 864.1 37.1 37.7 38.1 38.9 114.8 115.1 115.4 115.4 Nevada............. 869.9 904.7 910.5 911.8 80.0 84.5 85.4 86.3 39.5 40.3 40.7 40.8 New Hampshire...... 566.6 573.6 573.6 576.0 21.6 21.5 21.1 21.4 105.0 106.8 106.7 107.2 New Jersey......... 3,668.7 3,724.6 3,733.4 3,746.8 124.0 128.3 128.1 128.8 483.3 480.3 481.9 483.0 712.8 41.5 42.2 41.8 42.0 45.8 46.6 46.7 46.8 New York........... 7,963.4 8,062.3 8,072.8 8,086.0 261.4 269.1 270.3 270.6 916.3 918.6 920.2 922.8 North Carolina..... 3,615.8 3,653.9 3,669.3 3,674.1 194.6 201.8 203.2 203.3 844.4 841.3 842.0 842.0 15.5 16.2 16.5 16.7 22.1 22.9 23.2 23.2 New Mexico......... North Dakota....... 700.6 312.5 709.5 319.1 711.1 320.3 321.4 Ohio............... 5,329.7 5,358.5 5,371.1 5,382.5 217.2 221.3 220.7 Oklahoma........... 1,376.6 1,404.2 1,408.8 1,410.2 51.5 52.3 52.6 52.9 176.7 179.9 180.1 180.7 Oregon............. 1,501.6 1,536.4 1,537.8 1,550.2 81.5 84.5 84.7 87.0 238.6 246.9 247.1 247.6 Pennsylvania....... 5,361.4 5,460.0 5,470.9 5,467.6 205.8 218.4 220.6 221.0 930.4 935.6 933.7 934.5 452.1 13.3 14.5 14.9 15.0 81.5 80.4 79.9 80.7 South Carolina..... 1,684.1 1,715.9 1,723.6 1,731.5 95.2 99.7 100.0 101.3 359.3 357.7 358.0 358.2 South Dakota....... 356.4 14.8 15.0 15.1 15.7 48.5 49.1 49.0 49.5 Tennessee.......... 2,556.2 2,565.5 2,571.0 2,576.3 114.7 120.2 120.9 122.8 520.5 513.3 515.7 515.1 Texas.............. 8,353.0 8,523.9 8,556.5 8,580.7 445.1 460.2 463.2 465.2 1,061.6 1,074.4 1,078.1 1,081.3 Rhode Island....... 445.6 351.4 449.6 354.1 450.2 354.9 222.6 1,088.2 1,078.1 1,081.1 1,084.3 Utah............... 973.6 1,004.3 1,011.3 1,013.9 61.9 66.5 67.1 66.9 130.9 132.4 133.0 133.5 Vermont............ 275.9 279.6 12.8 12.3 12.5 12.5 46.0 47.1 47.0 47.1 Virginia........... 3,175.8 3,238.7 3,251.2 3,263.0 178.2 185.3 186.5 187.6 399.1 394.7 395.6 397.6 Washington......... 2,448.3 2,526.8 2,530.7 2,536.7 130.1 135.2 136.9 136.3 356.5 374.7 375.2 376.7 711.7 35.2 35.1 35.0 35.3 81.2 83.2 83.2 83.6 Wisconsin.......... 2,629.0 2,670.3 2,678.1 2,684.0 108.9 111.1 111.2 111.1 599.5 605.8 608.4 610.4 14.6 15.2 14.9 14.2 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.6 West Virginia...... Wyoming............ 701.5 221.7 280.3 709.8 224.1 279.6 712.4 222.1 222.0 Transportation and public Trade Finance, insurance, and real utilities estate Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1996 1997 1997 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997p Alabama............ 90.0 90.7 90.3 90.0 421.4 424.7 426.7 426.2 82.7 84.7 84.9 85.1 Alaska............. 22.6 23.7 23.8 23.6 54.3 54.9 54.9 54.9 11.7 11.8 11.9 11.9 Arizona............ 94.9 98.0 99.5 99.2 473.4 489.9 494.0 497.2 117.6 125.8 126.1 126.9 Arkansas........... 64.8 65.1 65.6 66.1 249.5 251.0 252.4 252.7 43.6 44.0 44.1 44.2 California......... 645.4 663.2 664.5 663.9 2,999.9 3,029.1 3,044.8 3,049.7 733.8 738.4 740.4 740.7 Colorado........... 117.8 116.4 116.9 118.6 470.5 477.7 480.1 479.7 118.8 122.1 122.8 122.7 Connecticut........ 73.0 75.1 75.1 75.1 349.9 355.5 357.7 360.1 130.4 130.5 131.3 131.8 Delaware........... 15.7 16.3 16.2 16.3 85.5 86.2 86.2 86.6 44.6 48.0 47.7 47.7 19.3 18.3 18.2 18.2 50.3 49.2 49.3 49.3 28.0 27.6 27.6 27.6 District of Columbia........ Florida............ 322.1 325.1 325.9 329.7 1,635.1 1,677.7 1,683.8 1,689.5 401.0 413.0 414.2 417.4 Georgia............ 223.3 234.4 234.8 235.9 915.1 930.4 933.8 942.5 182.6 190.8 190.7 191.7 Hawaii(2).......... 41.1 40.8 40.7 40.4 135.0 134.3 133.7 133.4 36.6 35.5 35.5 35.4 Idaho.............. 23.5 23.8 24.4 24.3 126.9 125.2 125.9 126.7 25.4 25.4 25.6 25.5 Illinois........... 334.9 340.9 341.5 341.9 1,312.0 1,311.4 1,312.9 1,319.0 387.9 393.8 395.5 396.4 Indiana............ 139.7 141.0 141.1 142.1 683.5 688.7 687.6 687.6 136.4 138.4 138.4 138.6 Iowa............... 64.2 66.4 66.7 67.0 340.7 343.6 342.9 342.1 77.8 79.6 79.9 79.8 Kansas............. 70.4 73.0 73.0 72.8 306.9 312.3 312.1 311.4 59.0 61.0 60.9 60.8 Kentucky........... 95.9 97.4 97.2 97.5 405.2 408.3 412.4 415.3 68.6 69.5 69.9 70.2 Louisiana.......... 108.5 110.8 110.8 110.6 428.7 436.8 438.6 439.4 83.4 84.2 84.5 84.9 Maine.............. 22.5 22.5 22.5 22.6 134.1 141.0 142.1 141.1 27.1 27.6 27.7 28.0 Maryland........... 105.8 106.3 106.1 106.1 533.7 539.1 540.2 539.9 128.6 129.0 128.8 129.0 Massachusetts...... 131.8 132.8 132.1 131.7 706.3 716.6 719.7 724.0 213.1 219.7 220.6 220.8 Michigan........... 168.7 170.7 171.5 171.9 1,037.1 1,051.8 1,045.3 1,049.6 203.2 203.4 203.9 204.9 Minnesota.......... 120.4 123.9 124.1 124.4 600.0 605.0 607.5 610.1 143.5 146.4 146.9 147.6 Mississippi........ 52.5 52.3 52.9 52.8 233.4 232.1 232.3 231.9 41.2 40.8 41.0 40.9 Missouri........... 162.1 158.7 158.5 158.9 618.9 616.4 619.8 620.8 151.9 157.5 158.0 159.1 Montana............ 20.3 20.5 20.8 20.7 97.3 98.2 98.4 98.8 16.2 16.8 16.6 16.8 Nebraska........... 50.4 53.2 53.4 53.3 209.6 210.4 211.5 210.8 53.6 55.8 55.9 56.4 Nevada............. 43.2 45.0 45.0 45.0 176.4 184.0 185.2 185.1 38.4 40.2 40.4 40.7 New Hampshire...... 19.8 19.3 19.2 19.4 147.9 151.6 151.5 152.5 28.3 28.5 28.2 28.0 New Jersey......... 256.4 258.9 259.6 260.3 860.9 875.1 875.0 880.2 234.5 237.3 237.6 237.9 New Mexico......... 30.6 31.6 31.5 31.6 166.6 167.9 168.8 169.5 31.9 31.8 31.9 32.2 New York........... 401.9 409.2 408.1 407.5 1,635.4 1,645.0 1,649.7 1,652.9 723.5 725.2 726.0 726.1 North Carolina..... 170.0 174.2 174.2 174.9 820.3 809.3 814.6 814.0 158.4 162.6 162.5 162.9 North Dakota....... 18.3 18.4 18.3 18.4 80.8 81.8 82.1 82.8 14.8 15.6 15.6 15.6 Ohio............... 232.3 234.8 234.8 234.6 1,315.7 1,322.6 1,327.0 1,329.3 279.8 282.9 283.0 283.6 Oklahoma........... 77.7 79.9 80.2 80.7 323.9 328.0 329.9 329.7 68.4 70.0 70.4 70.4 Oregon............. 72.5 73.5 73.4 73.0 371.7 379.3 380.4 383.5 92.6 94.9 95.3 95.5 Pennsylvania....... 271.3 271.9 271.0 270.8 1,221.4 1,244.0 1,245.9 1,242.4 312.4 313.8 315.3 315.7 Rhode Island....... 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.2 99.8 100.9 101.1 101.3 25.6 26.2 26.1 26.3 South Carolina..... 74.0 75.5 76.1 76.5 402.1 411.6 415.5 418.4 73.1 74.8 75.0 75.5 South Dakota....... 16.6 16.0 15.9 15.9 87.9 87.8 88.3 87.8 20.2 21.6 21.7 21.8 Tennessee.......... 143.3 141.2 141.2 141.4 605.9 606.7 607.0 608.8 118.9 119.8 119.2 119.4 Texas.............. 492.8 503.0 504.8 506.6 2,014.7 2,051.6 2,057.0 2,060.3 448.3 456.9 458.2 458.4 Utah............... 55.0 57.0 57.1 57.6 234.6 240.1 241.6 242.8 51.4 52.3 52.8 53.0 Vermont............ 12.3 12.1 12.1 12.1 64.3 65.8 65.9 65.8 12.2 12.3 12.2 12.2 Virginia........... 164.3 169.3 169.6 169.9 726.1 738.0 743.1 745.7 163.8 166.9 167.5 168.4 Washington......... 124.2 126.6 126.2 126.1 596.6 611.8 613.7 614.2 124.6 126.8 127.1 127.7 West Virginia...... 39.1 38.2 38.5 38.6 161.3 164.0 164.3 164.2 27.5 27.5 27.7 27.8 Wisconsin.......... 121.4 122.1 122.5 121.5 600.7 605.9 606.8 607.6 139.6 143.4 143.7 144.3 Wyoming............ 13.6 13.8 14.0 13.9 52.3 53.1 52.5 52.6 8.0 8.1 8.0 8.1 Services Government Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. Dec. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1996 1997 1997 1997p 1996 1997 1997 1997p Alabama............ 411.8 421.1 421.3 422.0 342.1 347.3 347.6 348.9 Alaska............. 62.8 64.4 64.7 64.7 73.0 73.1 73.4 73.3 Arizona............ 580.2 603.7 606.8 608.0 326.5 332.3 333.4 332.3 Arkansas........... 250.7 252.8 254.5 254.9 180.1 182.5 182.3 182.6 California......... 4,004.2 4,136.1 4,139.3 4,162.0 2,133.1 2,165.1 2,168.8 2,172.4 Colorado........... 579.1 591.9 597.1 599.5 310.5 313.9 313.4 314.0 Connecticut........ 488.5 502.8 505.4 507.1 227.0 226.3 226.0 226.2 Delaware........... 104.4 106.9 107.8 108.4 53.1 53.4 53.7 53.8 263.7 265.7 264.7 264.3 237.5 228.0 227.1 226.7 Florida............ 2,164.0 2,258.3 2,270.0 2,280.7 936.2 948.7 955.6 951.4 Georgia............ 918.5 973.4 979.5 987.6 570.0 573.6 576.2 577.7 Hawaii(2).......... 167.0 168.3 169.1 168.4 109.3 111.9 110.8 110.6 Idaho.............. 116.0 120.4 120.2 116.9 99.6 97.7 98.0 97.9 Illinois........... 1,659.8 1,702.0 1,707.1 1,709.6 808.0 807.8 808.6 805.6 Indiana............ 661.4 682.2 685.1 685.4 393.7 392.1 389.3 391.9 Iowa............... 367.6 376.9 378.4 379.8 230.2 230.6 229.0 229.4 Kansas............. 305.7 312.1 312.1 312.9 240.2 238.9 241.0 240.9 Kentucky........... 416.8 428.3 429.0 431.5 290.9 295.0 294.9 295.2 Louisiana.......... 495.4 497.7 497.7 497.1 361.3 362.8 363.5 362.6 Maine.............. 152.4 156.8 157.6 158.0 93.6 93.1 93.1 93.4 Maryland........... 727.9 746.4 751.2 754.2 419.4 423.2 422.1 421.1 Massachusetts...... 1,079.9 1,117.0 1,119.1 1,121.4 403.1 405.3 405.5 406.3 District of Columbia........ Michigan........... 1,180.9 1,207.3 1,213.4 1,223.8 643.6 637.5 634.3 644.1 Minnesota.......... 679.4 697.9 700.7 702.5 383.0 383.3 383.2 383.8 Mississippi........ 253.0 257.7 256.9 255.5 220.3 228.6 229.1 229.4 Missouri........... 719.0 726.1 731.2 735.9 405.0 417.1 416.2 417.0 Montana............ 102.9 105.4 105.6 106.3 77.2 77.2 77.3 77.5 Nebraska........... 224.2 231.9 232.9 233.8 152.5 151.7 153.0 154.4 Nevada............. 373.5 388.4 390.4 389.2 103.9 107.4 108.5 110.0 New Hampshire...... 164.1 165.3 165.8 166.8 79.4 80.1 80.6 80.3 New Jersey......... 1,140.8 1,173.4 1,180.6 1,184.3 566.9 569.3 568.6 570.3 New Mexico......... 173.6 175.2 175.8 175.6 195.2 198.8 199.1 199.6 New York........... 2,645.8 2,711.1 2,718.0 2,724.7 1,374.4 1,379.2 1,375.7 1,376.9 North Carolina..... 852.0 881.0 886.5 888.9 572.3 579.7 582.3 584.2 North Dakota....... 86.1 88.2 88.9 88.9 70.8 71.7 71.5 71.6 Ohio............... 1,429.5 1,451.6 1,455.9 1,457.7 753.2 753.6 755.0 756.8 Oklahoma........... 374.1 387.4 389.2 389.5 273.1 275.4 275.2 274.8 Oregon............. 395.0 405.3 404.7 409.6 247.8 250.1 250.3 252.0 Pennsylvania....... 1,677.4 1,719.4 1,729.7 1,730.6 723.1 736.9 734.8 732.6 Rhode Island....... 148.0 148.9 149.7 149.9 62.1 63.3 63.0 63.5 South Carolina..... 378.1 390.1 391.9 394.8 300.5 304.7 305.3 305.0 South Dakota....... 91.0 91.7 92.2 93.1 70.1 70.4 70.3 70.3 Tennessee.......... 664.8 671.5 674.1 675.4 383.5 388.1 388.6 388.7 Texas.............. 2,266.8 2,338.9 2,352.8 2,363.1 1,466.0 1,475.3 1,478.5 1,481.8 Utah............... 263.1 275.7 277.8 278.3 168.8 172.1 173.7 173.6 Vermont............ 82.0 84.1 84.1 83.7 45.7 45.9 45.2 45.6 Virginia........... 932.6 967.6 969.9 976.9 601.1 606.1 608.3 606.2 Washington......... 659.1 690.1 691.8 693.7 453.8 458.2 456.3 458.6 West Virginia...... 193.9 197.8 199.1 198.3 138.4 139.8 140.9 139.9 Wisconsin.......... 672.0 691.7 694.3 697.5 384.3 387.8 388.7 389.0 Wyoming............ 48.0 49.0 48.1 48.5 58.8 58.2 57.7 58.0 1 Includes mining, not shown separately. 2 Mining is combined with construction. p = preliminary. NOTE: Data are counts of jobs by place of work. Data have been adjusted to reflect March 1996 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors. Estimates subsequent to the current benchmark month are provisional and will be revised when new information becomes available. ESTABLISHMENT DATA ESTABLISHMENT DATA Table 4. Employees on nonfarm payrolls by state and selected industry division, not seasonally adjusted (In thousands) Total(1) State November 1996 1997 Construction December 1996 1997p November 1996 1997 Manufacturing December 1996 1997p November December 1996 1997 1996 1997p Alabama............ 1,851.1 1,871.3 1,850.7 1,871.5 97.9 99.5 97.0 98.4 383.7 378.2 382.7 378.3 Alaska............. 255.4 12.3 12.2 11.1 11.0 11.6 11.1 9.8 8.8 Arizona............ 1,961.4 2,045.1 1,966.9 2,057.0 130.4 135.4 129.9 135.0 201.0 211.2 200.3 212.4 Arkansas........... 1,098.1 1,110.9 1,098.5 1,111.7 48.4 49.9 48.1 49.6 252.5 251.5 252.5 252.4 California......... 13031.8 13372.6 13055.8 13420.6 539.1 582.6 524.7 577.0 1,868.6 1,907.6 1,865.5 1,905.9 Colorado........... 1,931.1 1,971.0 1,946.8 1,994.0 116.2 115.8 113.1 116.2 197.5 202.5 197.7 203.4 Connecticut........ 1,615.4 1,648.7 1,617.1 1,653.0 53.6 58.7 51.5 56.0 276.7 276.6 276.9 277.0 Delaware........... 22.1 23.6 22.1 23.3 56.6 59.9 56.6 59.9 District of 256.0 382.8 259.8 397.0 252.3 384.6 398.6 Columbia........ 621.7 611.6 624.9 612.7 8.6 8.4 8.5 8.4 13.2 13.8 13.3 13.9 Florida............ 6,299.7 6,519.6 6,359.2 6,586.3 327.2 341.6 326.9 341.9 494.0 495.7 495.7 496.8 Georgia............ 3,587.4 3,709.8 3,602.1 3,735.2 167.1 172.2 165.9 171.0 589.4 589.9 590.0 591.5 Hawaii(2).......... 530.6 531.2 536.0 533.0 21.0 21.6 22.9 21.1 16.4 16.1 16.4 16.0 Idaho.............. 502.9 511.0 499.5 504.2 31.4 33.9 29.8 31.8 73.3 76.3 73.0 76.2 Illinois........... 5,753.6 5,831.3 5,758.8 5,832.0 231.0 235.6 221.6 226.5 978.2 980.0 978.1 977.8 Indiana............ 2,864.5 2,893.7 2,853.7 2,890.8 134.2 136.4 131.0 132.7 672.4 675.5 672.9 677.1 Iowa............... 1,403.1 1,428.8 1,402.8 1,426.7 61.6 65.3 57.9 60.8 248.4 251.6 248.4 251.7 Kansas............. 1,261.4 1,286.2 1,256.5 1,284.8 58.3 62.6 56.9 59.7 198.5 207.0 199.1 207.6 Kentucky........... 1,699.6 1,734.7 1,705.7 1,741.4 81.1 81.5 78.7 80.2 313.3 313.0 312.3 314.9 Louisiana.......... 1,840.6 1,863.0 1,841.3 1,862.5 114.6 114.0 114.2 113.4 190.3 190.3 189.3 189.7 561.2 25.2 26.2 23.6 24.7 89.0 89.5 88.2 89.5 Maryland........... 2,240.1 2,282.9 2,246.3 2,289.7 136.3 142.6 134.8 141.6 173.9 175.1 173.8 175.5 Massachusetts...... 3,108.0 3,186.4 3,108.4 3,190.8 100.4 105.4 96.6 101.8 444.8 452.5 445.5 453.1 Michigan........... 4,422.1 4,479.1 4,428.0 4,501.6 176.7 195.7 169.0 185.4 966.8 965.4 971.0 967.2 Minnesota.......... 2,473.4 2,528.6 2,469.5 2,526.8 92.4 97.5 84.6 88.7 428.6 439.2 428.4 439.4 Mississippi........ 1,103.4 1,115.0 1,104.7 1,114.7 49.1 49.8 48.9 49.2 243.4 242.8 243.0 242.2 Missouri........... 2,605.1 2,642.5 2,608.6 2,642.6 119.1 121.9 118.5 116.6 412.5 412.7 412.7 413.1 19.0 19.9 16.3 18.3 24.2 24.3 24.0 24.2 Maine.............. Montana............ 549.0 365.7 563.6 369.5 545.5 360.6 368.5 Nebraska........... 852.2 870.4 848.3 869.2 38.0 39.1 36.1 37.9 115.0 115.7 115.3 115.9 Nevada............. 876.8 918.0 874.3 916.3 81.5 86.6 80.2 86.5 39.4 40.6 39.4 40.7 New Hampshire...... 569.9 578.1 573.0 582.5 22.3 22.0 21.6 21.4 105.2 107.1 105.6 107.8 New Jersey......... 3,698.4 3,766.0 3,698.5 3,776.5 130.1 134.1 125.4 130.2 487.2 485.8 484.3 483.9 716.7 41.9 42.4 41.3 41.8 46.1 47.0 45.7 46.7 New York........... 8,043.8 8,158.0 8,054.1 8,176.8 268.6 278.8 258.4 267.7 922.2 926.3 915.9 922.3 North Carolina..... 3,639.2 3,707.7 3,647.1 3,712.8 195.5 204.6 194.9 203.5 848.1 845.0 847.3 844.8 322.6 15.4 16.7 13.9 15.0 22.0 23.3 21.9 23.0 Ohio............... 5,373.1 5,427.0 5,386.3 5,439.9 223.2 229.2 215.9 Oklahoma........... 1,380.7 1,416.9 1,387.4 1,421.1 51.0 52.8 51.4 52.8 176.2 180.3 177.3 181.3 Oregon............. 1,520.1 1,557.2 1,509.4 1,557.7 82.6 86.0 79.6 85.1 236.9 246.2 235.2 244.1 Pennsylvania....... 5,413.6 5,533.9 5,419.7 5,527.0 212.1 228.0 203.6 218.7 933.2 936.9 932.4 936.6 457.1 14.0 15.5 13.5 15.2 83.2 81.6 82.4 81.6 South Carolina..... 1,699.5 1,731.7 1,693.3 1,740.1 95.3 100.6 95.4 101.5 360.9 359.3 361.1 359.8 South Dakota....... 356.2 14.8 15.3 13.8 14.7 48.5 49.2 48.4 49.4 Tennessee.......... 2,573.1 2,593.1 2,577.6 2,598.3 116.3 122.3 113.9 122.0 521.2 516.1 521.2 515.9 Texas.............. 8,386.0 8,607.5 8,408.8 8,638.2 447.1 466.0 445.6 465.7 1,062.1 1,079.6 1,063.3 1,083.1 New Mexico......... North Dakota....... Rhode Island....... 701.5 315.1 451.4 352.4 714.5 323.5 456.1 356.1 704.2 313.8 450.4 351.0 221.4 1,089.4 1,085.1 1,094.0 1,090.0 Utah............... 979.9 1,021.4 985.1 1,025.7 62.3 67.7 60.3 65.2 131.3 134.0 131.7 134.4 Vermont............ 278.8 281.2 13.6 13.3 12.8 12.5 46.3 47.3 46.3 47.4 282.3 285.1 Virginia........... 3,194.4 3,280.4 3,202.6 3,290.0 179.9 189.5 178.9 188.4 399.8 397.6 400.1 398.6 Washington......... 2,468.7 2,559.6 2,462.2 2,550.5 131.2 138.4 127.0 133.0 354.8 377.1 354.4 374.7 717.6 36.9 36.9 34.6 34.7 81.8 83.6 81.4 83.8 Wisconsin.......... 2,652.2 2,702.3 2,643.8 2,699.2 113.6 115.9 106.8 109.0 599.1 606.6 596.4 607.3 West Virginia...... 710.4 720.6 707.5 Wyoming............ 221.0 221.2 219.7 220.1 14.8 15.2 13.9 13.5 11.0 10.9 10.9 10.8 Puerto Rico........ 975.3 955.2 986.6 962.0 55.5 56.4 56.6 55.3 155.3 148.2 154.3 147.4 Transportation and public Trade Finance, insurance, and real utilities November 1996 1997 estate December 1996 1997p November 1996 1997 December 1996 1997p November 1996 1997 December 1996 1997p Alabama............ 90.5 90.7 90.3 90.4 427.1 433.2 432.1 436.8 82.4 84.7 82.7 85.1 Alaska............. 21.7 22.9 21.5 22.5 54.2 54.9 54.3 54.9 11.6 11.8 11.6 11.8 Arizona............ 94.4 99.5 95.5 99.8 482.7 503.7 488.1 512.8 117.4 126.5 118.2 127.7 Arkansas........... 65.4 66.3 65.9 67.2 251.5 254.8 252.5 255.7 43.5 44.0 43.6 44.2 California......... 650.7 669.2 650.1 668.5 3,044.0 3,091.4 3,083.7 3,134.3 733.0 739.4 735.1 742.0 Colorado........... 119.6 117.3 119.3 120.0 475.7 485.8 484.1 493.8 117.9 122.2 119.6 123.5 Connecticut........ 74.3 75.9 73.9 76.0 355.3 364.1 360.2 370.4 130.4 131.2 130.5 131.9 Delaware........... 15.8 16.3 15.8 16.4 86.1 87.0 87.2 88.2 44.2 47.7 44.5 47.7 Columbia........ 18.9 18.1 19.3 18.3 50.8 50.0 51.6 50.5 28.0 27.6 28.0 27.6 Florida............ 319.3 326.9 326.7 334.3 1,646.5 1,699.5 1,679.5 1,734.9 399.3 414.2 401.6 417.8 Georgia............ 223.3 235.5 224.1 236.7 921.9 948.1 938.1 965.7 182.8 191.1 183.5 192.7 Hawaii(2).......... 41.3 40.9 41.4 40.7 136.3 134.8 137.8 136.2 36.6 35.5 36.6 35.4 Idaho.............. 23.7 24.5 23.6 24.4 128.4 128.0 129.2 128.9 25.4 25.6 25.5 25.6 Illinois........... 336.9 345.3 338.2 345.3 1,328.1 1,332.6 1,346.1 1,353.5 386.3 393.9 387.2 395.6 Indiana............ 140.0 141.9 140.0 142.4 696.7 700.8 701.2 705.4 135.9 138.0 135.8 138.0 Iowa............... 64.6 67.1 64.6 67.4 344.5 346.8 346.9 348.3 77.2 79.4 77.8 79.8 Kansas............. 70.4 73.1 70.8 73.2 310.2 315.9 311.7 316.3 58.8 60.8 58.9 60.7 District of Kentucky........... 94.6 98.5 96.9 98.6 408.9 419.8 415.4 425.5 68.4 70.0 68.7 70.3 Louisiana.......... 109.0 111.1 109.1 111.3 432.9 444.1 437.0 448.4 83.5 84.5 83.4 84.9 Maine.............. 22.6 22.7 22.7 22.8 137.3 143.9 136.0 142.9 26.7 27.5 27.0 27.9 Maryland........... 107.3 107.0 107.0 107.2 539.8 547.6 547.8 554.3 128.4 128.5 128.7 129.1 Massachusetts...... 133.4 134.0 134.0 133.9 717.8 731.6 724.0 741.4 211.7 219.7 212.9 220.6 Michigan........... 168.3 172.0 169.3 172.5 1,048.3 1,060.4 1,065.7 1,078.5 201.2 202.7 202.5 204.2 Minnesota.......... 121.6 125.5 121.8 125.8 604.9 614.9 611.7 622.0 142.8 146.6 143.5 147.5 Mississippi........ 53.3 53.6 52.7 53.0 236.1 234.6 237.5 236.0 40.9 40.8 41.1 40.8 Missouri........... 162.8 159.3 162.6 159.5 627.4 629.9 630.8 632.9 151.3 158.0 152.1 159.3 Montana............ 21.0 21.1 20.7 21.1 98.0 99.0 98.0 99.5 16.1 16.6 16.2 16.8 Nebraska........... 50.8 53.5 50.9 53.8 212.7 214.9 214.0 215.3 53.3 55.9 53.6 56.5 Nevada............. 43.4 45.4 43.3 45.1 177.5 187.6 180.2 188.9 38.2 40.4 38.4 40.7 New Hampshire...... 19.8 19.3 20.0 19.6 148.4 153.0 150.2 154.8 27.9 28.0 28.2 27.9 New Jersey......... 258.4 262.1 258.8 262.8 876.2 890.3 886.5 905.7 232.8 236.3 233.5 237.0 New Mexico......... 31.2 32.0 31.3 32.3 167.3 170.1 168.6 171.6 31.8 31.9 31.9 32.2 New York........... 407.0 412.4 407.6 413.2 1,668.0 1,680.5 1,688.2 1,705.6 722.4 725.3 725.5 728.1 North Carolina..... 171.1 175.4 171.7 176.6 830.9 827.5 841.8 835.4 157.2 162.0 157.9 162.4 North Dakota....... 18.7 18.6 18.6 18.7 81.8 83.2 82.0 84.0 14.7 15.5 14.8 15.6 Ohio............... 234.8 237.0 234.7 237.1 1,331.0 1,345.0 1,348.8 1,362.5 279.1 282.7 279.9 283.8 Oklahoma........... 77.7 80.2 77.8 80.8 326.1 332.9 328.9 334.7 68.0 70.2 68.5 70.5 Oregon............. 74.3 74.1 73.3 73.8 375.7 387.3 380.3 392.0 92.4 95.3 92.9 95.8 Pennsylvania....... 276.3 275.3 275.0 274.6 1,239.9 1,268.0 1,255.7 1,277.1 310.2 313.7 311.3 314.8 Rhode Island....... 15.2 15.4 15.3 15.4 101.2 102.7 101.9 103.5 25.3 26.0 25.5 26.2 South Carolina..... 74.0 76.2 74.4 76.9 402.1 416.8 405.3 421.6 72.6 74.6 72.8 75.2 South Dakota....... 16.7 16.1 16.7 16.0 87.9 88.4 88.3 88.2 20.0 21.6 20.1 21.7 Tennessee.......... 143.9 142.0 144.1 142.1 614.5 619.1 621.6 624.8 118.6 119.3 119.0 119.5 Texas.............. 492.3 506.8 497.2 511.2 2,032.4 2,081.0 2,056.1 2,103.2 447.6 458.2 449.1 459.3 Utah............... 55.3 57.5 55.7 58.3 239.6 247.7 243.0 251.2 51.2 52.7 51.8 53.4 Vermont............ 12.2 12.1 12.3 12.1 65.0 66.3 65.6 67.1 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 Virginia........... 166.0 170.8 166.0 171.5 738.2 756.8 746.0 765.6 163.1 167.1 163.8 168.5 Washington......... 124.7 127.1 125.4 127.4 606.7 624.0 610.1 627.7 124.6 127.3 125.0 128.1 West Virginia...... 39.2 38.5 39.1 38.6 164.9 167.2 164.9 167.8 27.3 27.6 27.4 27.7 Wisconsin.......... 122.6 123.6 123.2 123.3 611.3 619.3 614.3 621.3 139.0 143.4 139.7 144.4 Wyoming............ 13.9 14.0 13.7 14.0 51.3 52.0 51.9 52.3 7.9 7.9 7.9 8.0 Puerto Rico........ 23.8 22.8 24.8 22.8 196.9 197.6 206.5 203.2 44.5 44.8 44.3 45.3 Services November Government December 1996 1997 1996 Alabama............ 412.5 422.9 411.9 Alaska............. 60.8 62.9 Arizona............ 579.5 Arkansas........... 249.3 1997p November December 1996 1997 1996 1997p 422.1 346.4 352.1 343.5 350.3 61.1 63.0 74.1 74.2 73.5 73.8 608.6 583.6 611.6 341.4 345.0 336.7 342.5 254.2 248.4 252.6 184.0 186.7 184.1 186.6 California......... 4,005.8 4,155.9 4,013.8 4,170.3 2,161.3 2,196.9 2,153.6 2,193.0 Colorado........... 572.5 592.9 583.9 604.3 318.4 321.1 315.9 319.4 Connecticut........ 490.6 508.4 490.7 509.1 233.7 233.0 232.6 231.8 Delaware........... 104.1 107.9 104.3 108.3 53.8 54.5 54.0 54.7 District of Columbia........ 265.5 267.9 267.1 267.7 236.6 225.7 237.0 226.2 Florida............ 2,150.2 2,265.5 2,167.1 2,283.0 956.3 969.1 954.7 970.5 Georgia............ 918.0 981.5 916.9 985.6 577.1 583.7 575.8 584.1 Hawaii(2).......... 167.6 169.7 168.0 169.4 111.4 112.6 112.9 114.2 Idaho.............. 115.4 119.4 114.7 115.5 102.0 100.4 100.7 99.0 Illinois........... 1,655.7 1,707.1 1,655.5 1,704.5 824.9 824.8 820.0 816.9 Indiana............ 664.9 688.5 661.5 685.4 413.8 406.0 404.8 403.3 Iowa............... 367.4 380.4 368.6 380.8 237.2 236.0 236.5 235.8 Kansas............. 306.0 313.0 305.6 312.9 251.5 246.0 245.7 246.5 Kentucky........... 414.3 429.4 415.0 429.8 296.1 300.6 296.0 300.3 Louisiana.......... 494.9 498.2 494.8 496.6 364.8 367.5 363.2 364.8 Maine.............. 149.8 155.7 150.4 156.0 98.3 98.0 97.5 97.3 Maryland........... 724.8 750.4 725.2 751.2 428.5 430.5 427.9 429.6 Massachusetts...... 1,087.5 1,128.1 1,083.6 1,124.9 411.1 413.8 410.5 413.8 Michigan........... 1,178.2 1,213.4 1,178.0 1,221.4 674.8 662.2 665.0 665.4 Minnesota.......... 677.6 700.0 679.3 702.5 397.3 397.0 392.5 393.4 Mississippi........ 252.8 256.6 253.1 255.8 222.5 232.0 223.5 232.5 Missouri........... 713.2 730.5 713.7 730.7 414.0 425.4 413.4 425.8 Montana............ 101.1 104.1 101.7 105.0 80.6 79.2 78.2 78.4 Nebraska........... 224.8 234.1 223.5 233.1 156.4 156.1 153.7 155.6 Nevada............. 372.1 391.1 371.9 387.6 109.7 111.4 105.9 112.1 New Hampshire...... 162.7 164.3 163.3 166.0 83.0 83.9 83.6 84.6 New Jersey......... 1,135.5 1,178.2 1,133.9 1,177.2 576.2 577.1 574.2 577.7 New Mexico......... 175.4 178.1 175.7 177.9 192.4 197.3 194.2 198.6 New York........... 2,657.1 2,736.0 2,663.2 2,742.0 1,393.5 1,393.6 1,390.7 1,393.4 North Carolina..... 846.4 890.9 844.5 888.9 586.2 598.3 585.2 597.3 North Dakota....... 85.9 88.7 85.9 88.7 72.4 73.2 72.7 73.5 Ohio............... 1,428.8 1,458.2 1,427.4 1,455.8 772.8 776.1 771.8 775.7 Oklahoma........... 373.1 389.9 373.6 389.1 277.4 279.4 278.8 280.5 Oregon............. 396.0 407.1 393.6 408.0 260.3 259.3 252.7 257.0 Pennsylvania....... 1,683.4 1,740.1 1,682.2 1,735.8 738.6 751.7 739.9 749.4 Rhode Island....... 149.0 150.6 148.1 150.0 63.3 64.1 63.5 65.0 South Carolina..... 375.8 391.1 374.8 391.2 317.0 311.3 307.7 312.1 South Dakota....... 90.1 91.1 89.9 92.1 72.1 72.0 71.5 71.8 Tennessee.......... 663.2 674.6 663.0 673.7 390.9 395.4 390.3 395.7 Texas.............. 2,260.4 2,350.4 2,255.2 2,351.3 1,485.5 1,500.6 1,483.4 1,499.1 Utah............... 261.7 277.8 265.1 280.5 170.4 175.6 169.4 174.3 Vermont............ 80.6 82.5 83.2 85.0 48.3 48.0 48.2 48.2 Virginia........... 924.6 968.0 927.5 972.0 612.2 619.9 609.7 614.7 Washington......... 657.6 691.8 658.7 693.0 465.6 470.4 458.2 463.2 West Virginia...... 194.3 199.7 194.3 198.7 140.8 143.2 141.0 142.4 Wisconsin.......... 666.5 691.5 668.5 694.0 397.4 399.2 392.7 397.6 Wyoming............ 45.2 45.2 45.4 45.9 60.9 59.5 60.1 59.3 Puerto Rico........ 184.6 179.9 185.7 180.0 313.7 304.5 313.4 307.0 1 Includes mining, not shown separately. 2 Mining is combined with construction. p = preliminary. NOTE: Data are counts of jobs by place of work. Data have been adjusted to reflect March 1996 benchmark levels and updated seasonal adjustment factors. Estimates subsequent to the current benchmark month are provisional and will be revised when new information becomes available. Table 5. Unemployment rates by state and selected metropolitan areas, not seasonally adjusted November December State and area 1996 1997 1996 1997p United States................................... 5.0 4.3 5.0 4.4 Alabama..................................................... 4.4 4.4 3.8 3.8 Birmingham................................................ 2.8 3.0 2.4 2.5 Huntsville................................................ 2.7 2.6 2.3 2.3 Mobile.................................................... 4.2 4.0 3.6 3.4 Montgomery................................................ 3.8 3.6 3.2 3.0 Tuscaloosa................................................ 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.4 Alaska...................................................... 7.9 7.5 8.4 7.4 Anchorage................................................. 5.5 5.7 5.3 5.0 Arizona..................................................... 5.2 4.0 5.0 3.7 Phoenix-Mesa.............................................. 3.5 2.6 3.4 2.5 Tucson.................................................... 3.6 2.9 3.5 2.9 Arkansas.................................................... 5.0 4.3 5.3 5.0 Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers............................ 2.6 2.5 2.8 3.1 Fort Smith(1)............................................. 4.7 4.9 5.2 5.1 Little Rock-North Little Rock............................. 3.7 3.3 3.8 3.7 Pine Bluff................................................ 7.6 6.1 7.7 7.0 California.................................................. 6.8 5.8 6.3 5.5 Bakersfield............................................... 13.2 11.9 12.2 11.7 Fresno.................................................... 14.0 14.0 13.1 13.9 Los Angeles-Long Beach.................................... 7.7 6.1 7.0 5.8 Modesto................................................... 13.6 12.2 13.1 11.9 Oakland................................................... 4.4 3.7 3.9 3.3 Orange County............................................. 3.6 2.8 3.1 2.5 Riverside-San Bernardino.................................. 7.2 6.1 6.3 5.3 Sacramento................................................ 5.4 4.7 5.0 4.4 Salinas................................................... 10.7 10.0 13.7 14.6 San Diego................................................. 4.7 3.6 4.1 3.1 San Francisco............................................. 3.3 2.9 2.9 2.6 San Jose.................................................. 3.3 2.5 3.0 2.3 Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Lompoc.......................... 5.9 5.1 5.5 5.0 Santa Rosa................................................ 3.7 3.3 3.6 3.1 Stockton-Lodi............................................. 11.2 10.8 11.1 10.7 Vallejo-Fairfield-Napa.................................... 6.9 5.6 6.5 5.1 Ventura................................................... 7.5 6.7 6.4 5.7 Colorado.................................................... 3.8 3.0 3.6 2.7 Boulder-Longmont.......................................... 3.4 2.5 3.2 2.1 Colorado Springs.......................................... 4.1 3.3 3.9 2.8 Denver.................................................... 3.3 2.6 3.2 2.3 Connecticut................................................. 5.3 4.3 5.5 4.2 Bridgeport................................................ 6.1 5.1 6.6 5.0 Danbury................................................... 3.6 2.7 3.6 2.6 Hartford.................................................. 5.6 4.4 5.8 4.5 New Haven-Meriden......................................... 5.4 4.3 5.5 4.2 New London-Norwich........................................ 5.8 5.0 6.0 4.8 Stamford-Norwalk.......................................... 3.5 2.9 3.5 2.7 Waterbury................................................. 5.9 4.6 6.2 4.7 Delaware.................................................... 5.0 2.8 4.8 3.0 Dover..................................................... 4.7 2.9 4.4 3.2 Wilmington-Newark(1)...................................... 5.9 3.2 5.5 3.3 District of Columbia........................................ 8.0 7.7 7.9 7.7 Washington(1)............................................. 3.6 3.3 3.4 3.1 Florida..................................................... 4.9 4.6 4.5 4.2 Daytona Beach............................................. 4.1 3.8 3.9 3.6 Fort Lauderdale........................................... 5.0 4.9 4.6 4.5 Fort Myers-Cape Coral..................................... 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.1 Gainesville............................................... 2.7 2.6 2.6 2.4 Jacksonville.............................................. 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.2 Lakeland-Winter Haven..................................... 6.1 5.6 5.3 5.0 Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay............................. 5.1 4.5 4.6 4.2 Miami..................................................... 7.3 7.0 6.8 6.4 Orlando................................................... 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.0 Pensacola................................................. 3.7 3.8 3.7 3.6 Sarasota-Bradenton........................................ 3.0 2.6 2.7 2.4 Tallahassee............................................... 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.8 Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater........................... 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.3 West Palm Beach-Boca Raton................................ 6.3 5.9 5.6 5.2 Georgia..................................................... 4.4 3.7 4.4 3.8 Albany.................................................... 5.5 5.8 5.3 6.1 Athens.................................................... 2.9 2.5 2.8 2.9 Atlanta................................................... 3.7 3.0 3.7 3.0 Augusta-Aiken(1).......................................... 6.3 5.0 5.9 5.1 Columbus(1)............................................... 4.6 4.7 4.6 4.5 Macon..................................................... 4.3 4.0 4.3 4.1 Savannah.................................................. 4.6 3.8 4.6 3.9 Hawaii...................................................... 6.5 5.6 5.7 5.2 Honolulu.................................................. 5.5 4.8 4.7 4.3 Idaho....................................................... 4.9 4.5 5.8 5.5 Boise City................................................ 3.5 3.3 4.0 3.8 Illinois.................................................... 4.6 4.3 5.0 4.6 Bloomington-Normal........................................ 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.8 Champaign-Urbana.......................................... 2.9 2.5 2.9 2.6 Chicago................................................... 4.5 4.1 4.8 4.3 Davenport-Moline-Rock Island(1)........................... 3.9 2.9 4.3 3.3 Decatur................................................... 7.9 6.1 7.8 6.2 Kankakee.................................................. 5.1 4.8 5.8 5.4 Peoria-Pekin.............................................. 4.9 3.9 5.2 4.2 Rockford.................................................. 3.9 3.6 4.5 4.2 Springfield............................................... 4.1 3.9 4.2 4.3 Indiana..................................................... 3.4 3.2 3.5 3.4 Bloomington............................................... 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.3 Elkhart-Goshen............................................ 3.9 3.3 4.1 3.4 Evansville-Henderson(1)................................... 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.6 Fort Wayne................................................ 2.7 2.5 2.8 2.6 Gary...................................................... 4.0 3.8 4.1 3.9 Indianapolis.............................................. 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.8 Kokomo.................................................... 3.0 2.8 3.1 3.3 Lafayette................................................. 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.5 Muncie.................................................... 3.6 3.3 3.9 3.7 South Bend................................................ 3.3 3.1 3.3 3.1 Terre Haute............................................... 5.1 5.2 5.6 5.5 Iowa........................................................ 3.6 2.6 3.8 2.9 Cedar Rapids.............................................. 2.8 1.9 2.9 2.1 Des Moines................................................ 3.0 2.0 3.1 2.2 Dubuque................................................... 4.6 2.8 4.9 3.4 Iowa City................................................. 2.9 2.1 2.7 2.0 Sioux City(1)............................................. 3.6 2.7 3.5 2.7 Waterloo-Cedar Falls...................................... 4.2 3.2 4.4 3.5 Kansas...................................................... 4.5 3.6 4.2 3.4 Lawrence.................................................. 4.8 3.9 4.3 3.7 Topeka.................................................... 6.0 4.9 5.5 4.8 Wichita................................................... 4.1 3.2 3.7 2.7 Kentucky.................................................... 5.5 4.5 5.4 4.4 Lexington................................................. 2.7 2.1 2.5 2.2 Louisville(1)............................................. 4.1 3.8 4.2 3.1 Owensboro................................................. 5.6 4.1 5.1 4.0 Louisiana................................................... 5.9 5.6 6.1 5.3 Alexandria................................................ 6.2 5.8 6.4 5.5 Baton Rouge............................................... 5.0 4.6 5.0 4.3 Houma..................................................... 3.7 2.9 3.7 2.8 Lafayette................................................. 5.1 5.6 5.0 5.2 Lake Charles.............................................. 6.2 6.0 6.6 5.6 Monroe.................................................... 6.0 5.9 6.1 5.5 New Orleans............................................... 5.6 5.1 5.6 4.6 Shreveport-Bossier City................................... 6.4 6.1 6.7 5.8 Maine....................................................... 4.8 4.9 4.5 4.9 Lewiston-Auburn........................................... 4.8 4.9 4.4 4.5 Portland.................................................. 2.5 2.6 2.1 2.4 Maryland.................................................... 4.6 4.6 4.2 4.5 Baltimore................................................. 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.7 Massachusetts............................................... 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.4 Barnstable-Yarmouth....................................... 5.2 5.2 5.7 5.8 Boston(1)................................................. 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 Brockton.................................................. 4.0 3.9 4.0 3.7 Fitchburg-Leominster...................................... 4.4 4.4 4.2 4.0 Lawrence(1)............................................... 5.2 4.7 5.0 4.3 Lowell(1)................................................. 3.6 3.4 3.4 3.3 Massachusetts--Continued New Bedford............................................... 6.6 6.3 7.1 6.6 Pittsfield................................................ 4.6 4.3 4.8 4.6 Springfield............................................... 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.9 Worcester(1).............................................. 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.0 Michigan.................................................... 4.2 3.5 4.3 3.5 Ann Arbor................................................. 2.6 2.0 2.6 2.0 Benton Harbor............................................. 5.5 4.4 5.2 4.0 Detroit................................................... 3.9 3.2 3.8 3.1 Flint..................................................... 5.4 4.6 5.1 4.3 Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland............................. 3.5 2.9 3.4 2.7 Jackson................................................... 4.3 4.0 4.3 3.9 Kalamazoo-Battle Creek.................................... 3.9 3.4 3.8 3.3 Lansing-East Lansing...................................... 3.0 2.6 3.0 2.7 Saginaw-Bay City-Midland.................................. 4.0 3.7 4.3 3.8 Minnesota................................................... 3.5 2.5 3.7 2.6 Duluth-Superior(1)........................................ 4.9 4.2 4.8 3.8 Minneapolis-St.Paul(1).................................... 2.7 2.0 2.6 1.9 Rochester................................................. 2.5 1.5 2.4 1.6 St. Cloud................................................. 4.5 2.8 4.7 3.2 Mississippi................................................. 5.1 4.9 4.8 4.1 Jackson................................................... 2.9 3.1 2.5 2.4 Missouri.................................................... 4.4 3.6 4.7 3.9 Kansas City(1)............................................ 4.0 3.3 3.9 3.3 St. Louis LMA(1).......................................... 4.3 3.6 4.3 3.9 Springfield............................................... 3.4 2.9 3.8 3.0 Montana..................................................... 4.7 5.1 5.2 5.7 Nebraska.................................................... 2.7 1.7 2.7 1.6 Lincoln................................................... 2.4 1.3 2.2 1.1 Omaha(1).................................................. 2.9 1.9 2.8 1.7 Nevada...................................................... 5.0 3.8 5.2 3.8 Las Vegas(1).............................................. 5.0 3.8 5.3 3.7 Reno...................................................... 4.4 3.2 4.8 3.3 New Hampshire............................................... 3.9 3.0 3.7 2.7 Manchester................................................ 3.4 2.5 3.2 2.3 Nashua.................................................... 3.8 2.7 3.3 2.5 Portsmouth-Rochester(1)................................... 3.4 2.5 3.2 2.2 New Jersey.................................................. 5.8 4.7 5.7 4.7 Atlantic-Cape May......................................... 10.0 8.8 10.3 9.5 Bergen-Passaic............................................ 5.8 4.5 5.8 4.5 Jersey City............................................... 8.5 7.0 8.6 7.2 Middlesex-Somerset-Hunterdon.............................. 4.1 3.3 4.0 3.2 Monmouth-Ocean............................................ 5.3 4.5 5.3 4.6 Newark.................................................... 5.6 4.6 5.5 4.5 Trenton................................................... 5.2 4.1 5.1 4.1 Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton.............................. 9.7 8.1 10.1 8.9 New Mexico.................................................. 7.8 5.7 7.7 5.8 Albuquerque............................................... 5.3 4.0 5.0 4.0 Las Cruces................................................ 9.2 7.3 9.6 7.5 Santa Fe.................................................. 5.1 3.5 4.8 3.5 New York.................................................... 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.7 Albany-Schenectady-Troy................................... 3.8 4.0 3.8 4.0 Binghamton................................................ 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.1 Buffalo-Niagara Falls..................................... 4.6 5.2 4.5 5.2 Dutchess County........................................... 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.4 Elmira.................................................... 3.6 4.4 3.6 4.1 Glens Falls............................................... 6.2 7.0 6.5 7.3 Nassau-Suffolk............................................ 3.4 3.6 3.3 3.4 New York.................................................. 8.0 7.7 7.9 7.2 New York City............................................. 8.9 8.5 8.8 8.0 Newburgh(1)............................................... 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.6 Rochester................................................. 3.4 3.9 3.5 4.0 Syracuse.................................................. 4.3 4.5 4.3 4.5 Utica-Rome................................................ 4.7 5.2 4.7 5.2 North Carolina.............................................. 4.1 3.4 3.8 3.3 Asheville................................................. 2.9 2.4 2.9 2.4 Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill(1)........................... 3.6 2.6 3.3 2.4 Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point....................... 3.0 2.7 2.8 2.5 Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill................................ 2.2 1.8 2.0 1.6 North Dakota................................................ 3.0 1.9 3.4 2.1 Bismarck.................................................. 3.1 1.9 3.6 2.2 Fargo-Moorhead(1)......................................... 2.0 1.2 2.4 1.5 Grand Forks(1)............................................ 2.7 2.1 3.1 2.2 Ohio........................................................ 4.8 4.3 4.8 4.3 Akron..................................................... 4.8 3.9 4.8 4.1 Canton-Massillon.......................................... 5.2 4.2 5.1 4.3 Cincinnati(1)............................................. 3.9 3.4 3.7 3.3 Cleveland-Lorain-Elyria................................... 5.4 4.6 5.4 4.4 New York--Continued Columbus.................................................. 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.6 Dayton-Springfield........................................ 4.3 3.8 4.2 3.7 Hamilton-Middletown....................................... 3.6 3.5 3.6 3.4 Lima...................................................... 5.5 4.3 5.8 4.7 Mansfield................................................. 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.6 Steubenville-Weirton...................................... 6.7 7.9 7.0 7.5 Toledo.................................................... 5.8 4.5 4.5 4.4 Youngstown-Warren......................................... 6.0 5.5 6.0 5.7 Oklahoma.................................................... 3.7 3.5 3.8 3.4 Enid...................................................... 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 Lawton.................................................... 4.5 4.1 4.8 3.9 Oklahoma City............................................. 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.8 Tulsa..................................................... 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.8 Oregon...................................................... 5.9 5.1 6.2 5.2 Eugene-Springfield........................................ 5.8 5.0 6.0 5.1 Medford-Ashland........................................... 7.9 6.0 8.1 5.8 Portland-Vancouver(1)..................................... 4.5 3.8 4.4 3.7 Salem..................................................... 5.5 5.1 6.2 5.4 Pennsylvania................................................ 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.2 Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton................................ 4.5 4.3 4.2 3.9 Altoona................................................... 5.0 5.0 4.8 4.9 Erie...................................................... 5.4 5.0 4.8 4.8 Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle............................... 2.7 2.9 2.5 2.7 Johnstown................................................. 7.4 6.9 7.0 6.8 Lancaster................................................. 2.6 2.8 2.4 2.6 Philadelphia(1)........................................... 4.9 4.4 4.4 3.9 Pittsburgh................................................ 4.3 4.3 4.1 4.1 Reading................................................... 3.6 3.7 3.3 3.3 Scranton-Wilkes-Barre-Hazelton............................ 6.2 6.4 6.1 6.2 Sharon.................................................... 4.5 3.6 4.1 3.6 State College............................................. 2.5 2.4 2.7 3.0 Williamsport.............................................. 5.8 6.0 5.7 6.2 York...................................................... 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.1 Rhode Island................................................ 4.5 4.4 4.6 4.4 Providence-Fall River-Warwick(1).......................... 4.7 4.5 4.8 4.6 South Carolina.............................................. 5.8 3.2 5.5 3.2 Charleston-North Charleston............................... 5.2 2.6 4.8 2.5 Columbia.................................................. 3.6 1.9 3.4 1.8 Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson........................... 4.3 2.0 3.9 2.0 South Dakota................................................ 3.0 2.6 3.3 2.8 Rapid City................................................ 3.4 2.7 3.4 2.6 Sioux Falls............................................... 1.9 1.6 2.1 1.7 Tennessee................................................... 4.9 4.8 4.3 4.2 Chattanooga(1)............................................ 4.2 4.7 3.8 4.1 Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol(1)......................... 4.2 4.6 3.9 4.3 Knoxville................................................. 3.8 3.9 3.6 3.4 Memphis(1)................................................ 4.1 4.4 3.6 3.7 Nashville................................................. 3.2 3.2 2.8 2.7 Texas....................................................... 5.3 4.9 4.9 4.5 Abilene................................................... 4.1 3.5 3.6 3.0 Amarillo.................................................. 4.0 3.2 3.7 2.9 Austin-San Marcos......................................... 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.6 Beaumont-Port Arthur...................................... 8.4 7.6 7.8 7.0 Brazoria.................................................. 6.6 6.4 6.6 5.8 Brownsville-Harlingen-San Benito.......................... 11.8 12.3 11.0 11.3 Bryan-College Station..................................... 2.2 1.8 2.1 1.6 Corpus Christi............................................ 8.4 6.4 7.6 6.0 Dallas.................................................... 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.0 El Paso................................................... 11.5 10.1 10.4 8.9 Fort Worth-Arlington...................................... 3.6 3.3 3.2 2.9 Texas--Contiuned Galveston-Texas City...................................... 8.3 7.1 8.0 6.4 Houston................................................... 5.0 4.4 4.7 3.9 Killeen-Temple............................................ 4.7 4.8 4.3 4.2 Laredo.................................................... 11.4 9.2 10.6 8.5 Longview-Marshall......................................... 7.3 7.1 6.6 6.4 Lubbock................................................... 3.3 3.4 3.0 3.0 McAllen-Edinburg-Mission.................................. 18.8 17.8 17.7 17.7 Odessa-Midland............................................ 5.0 4.3 4.6 3.8 San Angelo................................................ 3.1 3.1 2.9 2.7 San Antonio............................................... 4.0 3.8 3.5 3.3 Sherman-Denison........................................... 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.5 Texarkana(1).............................................. 7.3 7.3 7.0 6.6 Tyler..................................................... 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.3 Victoria.................................................. 4.8 4.1 4.4 3.7 Waco...................................................... 4.0 4.2 3.7 3.8 Wichita Falls............................................. 4.1 4.2 3.8 4.0 Utah........................................................ 3.4 2.9 2.9 2.4 Provo-Orem................................................ 2.8 2.3 2.4 1.9 Salt Lake City-Odgen...................................... 3.2 2.8 2.7 2.3 Vermont..................................................... 4.6 3.6 4.2 3.6 Burlington................................................ 3.1 2.4 2.9 2.4 Virginia.................................................... 4.1 3.4 4.0 3.1 Charlottesville........................................... 2.4 1.7 2.5 1.4 Danville.................................................. 6.8 5.0 6.0 5.1 Lynchburg................................................. 3.5 2.9 3.5 2.8 Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News(1).................... 4.7 4.1 4.6 3.7 Richmond-Petersburg....................................... 3.6 3.1 3.6 2.7 Roanoke................................................... 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.3 Washington.................................................. 6.5 4.5 6.4 4.6 Seattle-Bellevue-Everett.................................. 4.7 2.9 4.4 2.8 Spokane................................................... 5.6 4.0 5.9 4.5 Tacoma.................................................... 6.0 4.3 5.6 4.1 West Virginia............................................... 7.1 6.2 7.5 6.5 Charleston................................................ 4.8 4.5 5.0 4.5 Huntington-Ashland(1)..................................... 6.5 6.4 6.9 6.1 Parkersburg-Marietta(1)................................... 5.6 5.9 6.0 5.6 Wheeling(1)............................................... 4.8 5.2 5.3 5.5 Wisconsin................................................... 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.0 Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah................................... 2.3 2.6 2.3 2.5 Eau Claire................................................ 3.0 2.9 3.6 3.4 Green Bay................................................. 2.6 2.7 2.5 2.5 Janesville-Beloit......................................... 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.1 Kenosha................................................... 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.6 La Crosse(1).............................................. 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.6 Madison................................................... 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Milwaukee-Waukesha........................................ 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.6 Racine.................................................... 3.5 3.3 3.4 3.2 Sheboygan................................................. 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.0 Wausau.................................................... 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.1 Wyoming..................................................... 4.8 4.0 5.1 4.6 Casper.................................................... 5.8 4.6 6.1 5.1 Puerto Rico................................................. 11.7 13.3 10.1 13.1 Caguas.................................................... 10.4 11.5 8.9 11.1 Mayaguez.................................................. 13.3 16.5 11.5 16.1 Ponce..................................................... 17.0 17.6 14.4 17.2 San Juan-Bayamon.......................................... 9.3 10.8 8.0 10.7 1 Includes interstate portion of area located in adjacent state. p = preliminary, except for the national figures. Not available. NOTE: Data refer to place of residence. Data for Puerto Rico are derived from a monthly household survey similar to the Current Population Survey. All estimates are provisional and will be revised when new benchmark and population information becomes available.