Full text of Safety Codes for the Prevention of Dust Explosions: American Standard, Approved by the American Standards Association : Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, No. 617

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UNITED STATES D EPARTM EN T OF LABO R
Frances Perkins, Secretary
B U R E A U OF L A B O R ST A T IS T IC S
Isador Lubin, Commissioner

Safety Codes for the
Prevention o f D ust Explosions
Supplement to Bulletin N o. 562
National Fire Protection Association and
United States Department of Agriculture
Sponsors

B ulletin

N o- 617

AM ER IC AN S T A N D A R D
Approved by the

AM ERICAN STA N D A R D S ASSOCIATION

+

U N IT E D S T A T E S
G O V E R N M E N T P R IN T IN G OFFICE
W A S H IN G T O N : 1936

For sale by the Superintendent o f Documents, Washington, D . C.




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Price 10 cents




CONTENTS
Page

Introduction__________________________________________________________
Increased hazards------------------------------------------------------------------------Committee on dust explosion hazards_______________________________
Safety codes already formulated-----------------------------------------------------New and revised codes____________________________________________
Woodworking plants______________________________________________
Starch factories___________________________________________________
Flour and feed mills_______________________________________________
Terminal grain elevators _r_________________________________________
Pulverized-fuel systems-----------------------------------------------------------------Safety code for the prevention of dust explosions in woodworking plants:
Definitions_______________________________________________________
Section 1—Introduction________________________________________
Section 2—Structural features______________________________________
Section 3—Ventilation_____________________________________________
Section 4—Wood-waste collecting equipment_____________________
Section 5—Wood-waste disposal___________________________________
Section 6—Housekeeping__________________________________________
Section 7—Miscellaneous__________________________________________
Section 8—Fire protection_________________________________________
Safety code for the prevention of dust explosions in starch factories_____
Safety code for the prevention of dust explosions in flour and feed mills:
Definitions_______________________________________________________
Section 1—Introductory---------------------------------------------------------------Section 2—Structural features_____________________________________
Section 3—Equipment----------------------------------------------------------------Section 4—Grain driers___________________________________________
Section 5—Removal and control of dust____________________________
Section 6—Removal of static dust_______________________________
Section 7—Electrical equipment-------------------------------------------------Section 8—Miscellaneous________________________________________
Section 9—Fire protection_________________________________________
Safety code for the prevention of dust explosions in terminal grain ele­
vators___________________________________________________________
Safety code for the installation of pulverized-fuel systems________________
Arrangement of systems___________________________________________




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U NITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Bulletin o f the

Bureau o f Labor Statistics
Number 617

W ASH IN GTO N

January 1936

Safety Codes fo r the Prevention o f D u st
Explosions
Supplement to Bulletin No. 562

Introduction
Since the publication of Bulletin No. 562 under the above title in
December 1931, additional codes have been developed by the Dust
Explosion Hazards Committee of the National Fire Protection Asso­
ciation to cover other industries in which the dust explosion hazard
was recognized, and some of the original codes have been revised to
keep pace with developments in industry.
The scope of the activities of this committee, which was formed
with the cooperation of the United States Department of Agriculture,
covers the prevention of dust explosions in connection with processes
and industries producing combustible or explosive dusts, including
measures for the prevention of ignition, restriction of potential damage
by proper construction and arrangement of buildings, restriction of the
production and escape of dust through the control of dust-producing
processes and equipment, extinguishing methods, and related features.
Fire prevention and extinguishing are included, since dust explosions
may result from fire.
Increased Hazards
Large losses of life, property, and foodstuffs have occurred recently
in lines of industry in which dust explosions had not previously taken
place. Greatly increased industrial operations and the utilization of
byproducts and waste materials resulting in the production and
accumulation of large quantities of explosive dusts have greatly
increased the hazard. The introduction of new manufacturing
processes and new types of mechanical equipment with additional
sources of ignition has increased the need for a thorough knowledge of
dust explosion prevention.




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SAFETY CODES FOE PREVENTION OF DUST EXPLOSIONS
Committee on Dust Explosion Hazards

(Personnel as of May 1935, when last committee action was taken)
D a v id J. P r ic e , Chairman, United States Bureau of Chemistry and Soils,
Department of Agriculture
H y l t o n R . B r o w n , Secretary, United States Bureau of Chemistry and Soils,
Department of Agriculture
L. F. A d a m s : National Electrical J. H. M o r r o w : American Society of
Manufacturers Association.
Mechanical Engineers.
C. J. A l g e r : Corn Industries Research J. A. M u l l : Terminal Grain Elevator
Foundation.
Merchants Association.
E u g e n e A r m s : American Feed Manu­ H. E. N e w e l l : National Board of
facturers Association, Millers Na­ Fire Underwriters.
tional Federation, Association of A. H. N u c k o l l s : Underwriters’ Labo­
Mill and Elevator Mutual Insurance ratories.
R o b e r t P a l m : Consulting engineer,
Companies.
E. G. B a il e y : The American Boiler sugar industry.
Manufacturers Association and affili­ G e o r g e S. R ic e : United States Bureau
of Mines.
ated industries.
H. W. B r o w n : United States Depart­ E d w in B. R ic k e t t s : Edison Electric
ment of Labor.
Institute.
W. J. B u r k : Association of Govern­ J o h n R o a c h : International Association
of Industrial Accident Boards and
mental Officials in Industry of the
Commissions.
United States and Canada.
G. F. B u t t : Grain elevator construc­ F. W. S e h l : National Bureau of Casu­
alty and Surety Underwriters.
tion.
H. W. D o n n a n : National Board of L e s t e r C. S m it h : Dust collection
Fire Underwriters.
equipment manufacture.
W. J. F a ir b a ir n : Western Factory P e t e r S t e in k e l l n e r : International
Insurance Association.
Association of Fire Chiefs, InternaJ a m e s H a y h o e : Society of Grain Ele­
national Association of Fire Fighters.
vator Superintendents of North J. F. T e m p l in : Western Actuarial
Bureau.
America.
G. R. H u r d : Railway Fire Protection N. J. T h o m p s o n : Associated Factory
Association.
Mutual Fire Insurance Companies.
W. D e a n K e e f e r : National Safety
Council.
Safety Codes Already Formulated

The codes previously prepared by the committee and published in
Bulletin 562 were designed to assist owners and operators in adopting
proper control measures for the prevention of dust explosions in indus­
trial plants and the reduction of losses resulting therefrom. They
included the following codes which were approved by the American
Standards Association as “American Standard”:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Safety code for the prevention of dust explosions in starch factories.
Safety code for the prevention of dust explosions in flour and feed mills.
Safety code for the prevention of dust explosions in terminal grain elevators.
Safety code for pulverizing systems for sugar and cocoa.
Safety code for the prevention of dust ignitions in spice-grinding plants.




SAFETY CODES FOE PEEVENTION OF DUST EXPLOSIONS

3

6. Safety code for the prevention of dust explosions in wood-flour manufac­
turing establishments.
7. Safety code for the installation of pulverized-fuel systems.
8. Safety code for the prevention of dust explosions in coal pneumatic cleaning
plants. (This code was prepared under the general supervision of George S. Rice,
Chief Mining Engineer, U. S. Bureau of Mines.)
9. Safety code for the use of inert gas for fire and explosion prevention.

New and Revised Codes
Included in this supplemental bulletin are the following new and
revised codes designed along the same lines and for the same purpose
as the previous regulations. These new codes have also been
approved by the American Standards Association as “American
Standard.”

1. Safety code for the prevention of dust explosions in woodworking plants.
2. Revision of safety code for the prevention of dust explosions in starch factories.
3. Safety code for the prevention of dust explosions in flour and feed mills (com­
plete revision of original code).
4. Revision of safety code for the prevention of dust explosions in terminal
grain elevators.
5. Revision of safety code for the installation of pulverized-fuel systems.

Woodworking Plants
The Safety Code for the Prevention of Dust Explosions in Wood­
working Plants has two principal objects: (1) To prevent dust explo­
sions and minimize the resulting damage should an explosion occur;
and (2) to provide regulations for minimizing fire hazards.
This safety code is intended primarily to apply to new construction
and to rebuilt or remodeled plants. It is recommended that wherever
possible existing installations be modified to conform to these
regulations.
The safety code for woodworking plants is intended to cover the
hazards involved in the production of finely divided wood particles
in the course of woodworking operations, the removal of these
particles from the point of operation, and their subsequent disposal.
This should serve as a supplement to the present American Standard,
Safety Code for Woodworking Plants (Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Bulletin No. 519), which covers primarily “point of operation”
hazards. In cases where the wood waste is used for making wood
flour, the Safety Code for the Prevention of Dust Explosions in Woodflour Manufacturing Establishments (Bureau of Labor Statistics
Bulletin No. 562) should apply, together with the Safety Code for
Woodworking Plants.
Starch Factories
The revisions in the Safety Code for the Prevention of Dust Explo­
sions in Starch Factories deals with the speed of spiral conveyors and
applies to paragraph 91 in the American Standard as approved by



4

SAFETY CODES FOB PBEYENTXON OF DUST EXPLOSIONS

the American Standards Association on September 24, 1931, and
published in Bulletin No. 562 of the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
United States Department of Labor.
The paragraph has been revised to eliminate ball or roller bearings
from the requirement that the speed of revolution of spiral conveyors
should not exceed 100 revolutions per minute.
Flour and Feed Mills
The Safety Code for the Prevention of Dust Explosions in Flour and
Feed Mills is a complete revision of the safety code approved by the
American Standards Association on January 12, 1928, and published
in Bulletin No. 562 of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States
Department of Labor.
These regulations have but two principal objects, (1) to prevent
dust explosions and minimize the resulting damage should an ex­
plosion occur, and (2) to minimize fire hazards. These regulations
are applicable to flour and feed mills erected subsequent to the date
of approval of these regulations, and are offered as an advisory guide
for owners and operators who may wish to avail themselves of the
information to improve existing mills.
Terminal Grain Elevators
The revision in the Safety Code for the Prevention of Dust Explo­
sions in Terminal Grain Elevators applies to paragraph 906, relating to
insect control. This safety code was approved as American Standard
by the American Standards Association on September 24, 1931, and
published in Bulletin No. 562 of the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
United States Department of Labor.
The paragraph has been revised to provide that processes and
materials used for the extermination of weevils, Mediterranean moth,
etc., shall be in accordance with the requirements of the regulations
prepared by the National Fire Protection Association Committee on
Fumigation Hazards.
This committee is now engaged in the preparation of regulations
covering recommended practice for fumigation in grain-handling
operations.
Pulverized-Fuel Systems
The revisions in the Safety Code for the Installation of Pulverizedfuel Systems apply to section 20 (b) on vents and sections 41 and 42 on
arrangement of unit systems, approved as American Standard by the
American Standards Association on September 5, 1930, and published
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, United States Department of
Labor, in Bulletin No. 562. The revision provides for a change in
the wording, “each pipe to the furnace” to read “each vent from mill or



SAFETY CODES FOR PREVENTION OF DUST EXPLOSIONS

5

bin to the furnace”, and also specifies that the “fan and discharge
pipe shall be so proportioned that the velocity (of air and pulverized
fuel) in the discharge pipe from the fan is not less than 70 feet per
second.”
The revision in the requirement in section 41 for arrangement of
unit systems provides that “No pulverizer shall be connected to
supply more than one furnace at a time (unless each pipe leaving the
mill is provided with an approved dust-tight valve installed in a
vertical riser, in such a way that dust accumulations back of the valve
will fall into the mill).”
The revision in the requirement for unit systems in section 42 pro­
vides that piping from mill to burners shall be so arranged that when a
mill is in use all burners which that mill can supply shall be in opera­
tion (unless each pipe leaving the mill is provided with an approved
dust-tight valve installed in a vertical riser, in such a way that dust
accumulations back of the valve will fall into the mill).

41689°

36 ---------------- 2







Safety Code for the Prevention of Dust Explosions in
Woodworking Plants

(American Standard, approved Feb. 4,1935, by American Standards Association)
Definitions
In this safety code the following words are used as defined below:
“Shall” is intended to indicate requirements.
“Should” is intended to indicate recommendations, or that which is
advised but not required.
“Approved” refers to approval by the authority having jurisdiction
in the enforcement of regulations.
Section 1.—Introduction
11. Object.—These regulations have two principal objects: First, to
prevent dust explosions and minimize the resulting damage, should an
explosion occur; and second, to provide regulations for minimizing
fire hazards.
12. Application.—These regulations are intended to apply to new
construction and to rebuilt or remodeled plants. It is recommended
that wherever possible existing installations be modified to conform
to these regulations.
13. Scope.—These regulations are intended to cover the hazards
involved in the production of finely divided wood particles in the
course of woodworking operations, the removal of these particles
from the point of operation, and their subsequent disposal. They
should serve as a supplement to the present American Standard
Safety Code for Woodworking Plants (United States Department
of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bui. No. 519), which covers
primarily “point of operation” hazards. In cases where the wood
waste is used for making wood flour, the Safety Code for the Preven­
tion of Dust Explosions in Wood-Flour Manufacturing Establish­
ments (see p. 39 of Bui. No. 562) shall apply, together with these
regulations.
Section 2.—Structural Features
21. Construction.—In view of the flammable nature of the contents
of woodworking plants, it is desirable that the buildings be of full
fire-resistive construction (all steel work protected by approved fire­
proofing) or of heavy timber construction.
Adequate precautions should be taken to prevent the spread of fire
from one section of the plant to another. This includes the erection
7




8

SAFETY CODES FOK PBEVENTION OF DUST EXPLOSIONS

of adequate fire walls, the elimination of all unnecessary openings
between sections or floors, and the proper protection of all necessary
horizontal or vertical openings to prevent spread of fire. (See Regu­
lations of the National Fire Protection Association for the Protection
of Openings in Walls and Partitions.1)
22. Surface and ledges.—All inside surfaces shall be as smooth as
practicable, and horizontal surfaces, ledges, or pockets where dust
might collect, particularly in inaccessible locations, shall be reduced
to a minimum. Such ledges as must necessarily exist shall be inclined
as steeply as possible.
23. Locations.—As great a space as is practicable should be pro­
vided between the various buildings of the plant to prevent spread of
fire.
24. Communications.—Where it is necessary for separate buildings
of the plant to adjoin they shall be separated by an approved fire wall
with all door openings protected by approved self-closing fire doors.
25. Storage vaults for wood waste.—Vaults used for the collection
and storage of sawdust, shavings, or hog wood should, wherever pos­
sible, be isolated from the mill proper.
When the plant arrangement prevents the isolation of such vaults
they shall be so designed and constructed as to provide a complete
fire and explosion cut-off between them and adjacent plant areas and
the vault structure protected by adequate means of pressure release
to prevent its destruction in the event of an explosion.
In all cases either one side or the top of the vault, so located as not
to endanger the balance of the plant, shall be of such light construc­
tion that it will fail in the event of an excessive explosion pressure and
prevent the failure of the balance of the vault structure. This side
or top shall be provided with vent areas closed only by light, freely
opening panels, doors or covers in the ratio of 1 square foot of vent
area to each 80 cubic feet of vault contents. The vault shall be so
proportioned that the distance from the vent area to the most remote
point shall in no case exceed 1% times the least dimension of the vault.
The desired safety provisions may be made by so locating the vault
that at least one wall shall be flush with an outside wall of the building.
This wall shall be the light construction wall and provided with vents
as specified above. The remaining walls of the vault shall be of strong
fire- and explosion-resistant construction.
Where plant conditions make it more suitable the vault may be
built with all four walls of strong fire- and explosion-resistant con­
struction and the vault top of light construction and provided with
vents as specified above.
In cases where a cyclone or other type of collector is located directly
above the vault it shall be supported independently or in such a way
1Obtainable fromthe National Fire Protection Association, 60Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass.



SAFETY CODES FOR PREVENTION OF DUST EXPLOSIONS

9

that it will not be affected by failure of the vault walls or vault roof
structure.
26. Shafts.—All stairways and elevators shall be enclosed in tight
noncombustible shafts, with all doors noncombustible and self­
closing, or closed from within by elevator operator.
Section 3.—Ventilation
31. Walls.—In sections of the plant where dust accumulates or is
present in suspension in the air, a portion of the exterior walls in the
ratio of not less than 1 square foot of wall surface for each 80 cubic feet
of volume in a given room shall be of light, noncombustible material,
preferably %-inch thin glass, or of automatic venting devices in the
form of hinged windows or panels so balanced as to open under a
predetermined pressure.
32. Windows.—All rooms and buildings shall be provided with the
largest practicable area of windows, or a combination of windows and
louvers. Windows shall be easily accessible for operation, shall be
arranged to provide maximum ventilation when open, and shall be
preferably of the hinged or tilting type.
Section 4.—Wood-Waste Collecting Equipment
41. Exhaust fans and mains.—An exhaust system shall be provided
comprising one or more main exhaust fans with main and branch
exhaust ducts connecting to individual exhaust hoods or ports at the
various locations where they are needed.
Each exhaust fan shall be protected from foreign material or large
particles by the installation of a pneumatic separator in the exhaust
main just ahead of the fan intake.
N o t e .—For detailed information as to the proper installation of fans and
mains see Regulations of the National Fire Protection Association for the Instal­
lation of Blower and Exhaust Systems.1

42. Suction at Machines.—All cutting shaping, planing, sanding,
or other machines which produce finely divided wood particles or
shavings shall be equipped with adequate exhaust hoods or ports to
remove the finely divided product as it is produced.
Each exhaust port shall be so located that it will be in the direct line
in which the wood particles are normally thrown by the operation.
Sufficient suction shall be maintained at each port so that the
velocity of the air past the point of operation will carry the finely
divided product into the exhaust port.
Each exhaust duct leading to a port should be provided with a shut­
off blast gate.
1Obtainable fromthe National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass.




10

SAFETY CODES FOR PREVENTION OF DUST EXPLOSIONS

Each exhaust connection shall be so located as not to interfere with
the safe and satisfactory operation of the machine.

N o t e .—In many cases the exhaust connections can be so designed as to supple­
ment or replace the point of operation guards, serving a double purpose.

For detailed information regarding the installation of suction con­
nections see Regulations of the National Fire Protection Association
for the Installation of Blower and Exhaust Systems.1
43. Floor sweeps.—In addition to the exhaust intakes at the
individual machines, connections to the exhaust system should be
provided at the floor level in convenient locations to provide for
removal of such fine material as may fall to the floor around the
machines and be swept up.
44. Separators.—Each exhaust fan shall discharge to a separator (or
collector) of sufficient size and capacity to separate the wood particles
from the air before the air is vented to the outside.
Collectors shall discharge to storage vaults, preferably through a
screw conveyor, with a choke section in the conveyor.
45. Scrap wood.—Wood scrap, blocks, ends, etc., may be collected
in vaults, portable trucks, or, where the quantity justifies, by belt
conveyors and transferred to a central storage. If the wood is
disposed of as collected without further breaking up, no special pre­
cautions are required.
Section 5.—Wood-Waste Disposal
51. Hogs for scrap wood.—If the scrap wood is to be crushed by
“hogs” and used as fuel, there is considerable danger of fire or explo­
sion, and the necessary precautions must be taken.
The hog or hogs shall be isolated from the rest of the mill either by
location or by providing strong fire- and explosion-resistant walls
between the hog room and other operating areas.
The hog room shall be provided with adequate venting area so
located that in the event of an explosion the explosive pressure will
be relieved in a direction which will not endanger the personnel or
property in the remainder of the mill.
The product of the hog or hogs shall be transferred to a separate
storage vault used only for this material. If possible, this material
should be transferred through a closed choke feed conveyor to elimi­
nate the danger of the spread of flame which is inherent in an air
transfer system.
If an air transfer system through fans is used for the hog wood,
each hog shall discharge through a separate fan to a separate col­
lector. Each collector shall discharge to the hog wood storage vault.
52. Storage vaults.—If the finely divided wood particles in the
vaults, either the hog wood vault or the vaults used for the wood dust
1Obtainable fromthe National Fire Protection Association, 60Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass.



SAFETY CODES FOE PREVENTION OF DUST EXPLOSIONS

11

from the mill, are to be disposed of by removal from the premises,
provision should be made for loading without releasing excessive
quantities of dust to the air.
If the finely divided wood particles are to be used as fuel, further
precautions are necessary.
The vault, or vaults, should discharge through a conveyor to maga­
zines at each furnace where the wood fuel is to be used. The dis­
charge system shall be so designed that either by means of a choke
feeder or choke conveyor a positive cut-off is provided to prevent a
flash-back from the magazine to the vault.
The operation of vaults should be so controlled that their outlets
will be at all times covered with the fuel to a depth of at least a foot
as an added means of preventing a flash-back.
53. Magazine feeders,—The discharge from feed magazines to fur­
naces shall be so designed that either by means of a choke feeder or
choke conveyor a positive cut-off is provided between the furnace
and the magazines. The installation of a steam spray in the dis­
charge line from the magazine to the furnace blowing steam in the
direction of the fuel flow is recommended, as it provides an added
safety factor in preventing a flash-back.
The operation of the magazines should be so controlled that their
outlets will at all times be covered with the fuel to a depth of at least
a foot.
Each magazine shall be equipped with a vent duct leading as
directly as possible to the outside air and provided with a swinging
cap or damper so designed as to be normally closed but to open freely
in the event of development of excessive pressure in the magazine.
The area of this vent at the magazine and throughout its length shall
be at least 1 square foot for every 80 cubic feet of magazine volume.
Section 6.—Housekeeping
61. Provision shall be made for systematic, thorough cleaning of the
entire mill at sufficiently frequent intervals to prevent the accumula­
tion of any considerable amounts of finely divided wood dust which
might be dislodged by a minor explosion and lead to a major explosion.
62. Adequate provision should be made for separately collecting
and disposing of any metal scrap such as nails or band iron or any
wood containing metal so that it will not enter the wood dust collecting
system or be fed to the hog with scrap wood.
Section 7.—Miscellaneous
71. Electric wiring and equipment.—All electric wiring and equip­
ment shall conform to the National Electrical Code.1 In sections of
the plant where dust accumulates or is present in suspension in the
1Obtainable fromthe National Fire Protection Association, 60Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass.



12

SAFETY CODES FOR PREVENTION OF DUST EXPLOSIONS

air all equipment and installations shall be in accordance with the
requirements of article 32 of the National Electrical Code.
72. Lighting for vaults and magazines.—Portable spotlights of
suitable design and approved construction to be directed in to the
vaults or magazines through convenient openings should be used as
temporary or occasional lights for examination of the vaults or maga­
zines. Neither open lights nor electric extension cord lights should
be used in the vaults or magazines.
Section 8.—Fire Protection
81. First-aid appliances.—First-aid fire protection in the form of
hand extinguishers, casks and pails, hand hose connections, or other
suitable units shall be provided in the quantities and locations directed
by the inspection department having jurisdiction.
Note.—See Regulations of the National Fire Protection Association for FirstAid Fire Appliances.1

82. Automatic sprinklers.—In view of the large amount of com­
bustible material in this type of plant, full automatic sprinkler pro­
tection for the entire property is recommended, including the interior
of collectors and vaults in the wood waste handling system.
Note.—See Regulations of the National Fire Protection Association for the
Installation of Sprinkler Equipments.1

In cases where automatic sprinkler protection is not provided for
the entire plant it is particularly desirable that automatic sprinklers
or manually controlled spray systems be installed in collectors or
vaults for fighting fire in these units.
83. Fire in vaults or collectors.—In case of fire, a full hose stream
never should be turned into a vault or collector used for finely divided
wood particles, as an explosion may occur in the dust cloud created
by the high velocity of the hose stream.
1Obtainablefromthe National Fire Protection Association, 60Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass.




Safety Code for the Prevention of Dust Explosions in Starch
Factories
(American Standard, approved, including following revision, Feb. 4, 1935, by American Standards
Association)

The entire text of this safety code appears in the Bureau of Labor
Statistics Bulletin No. 562, page 5.
In accordance with adoption by the National Fire Protection
Association (Proceedings, 1934, p. 280), section 9, Mechanical Pre­
cautions, paragraph 91, has been revised to read as follows:
Unless ball or roller bearings are employed the speed of revolution
of spiral conveyors shall not exceed 100 revolutions per minute, and
graphite buttons or other suitable material shall be inserted in the
bearing surfaces of all sleeve bearings. When feasible the upper half
of the sleeve bearing may be removed to permit the stock to move
freely over the bearing surfaces.
13

41689°— 86------3







R e s u l t s o f a D u s t E x p l o s i o n in a W o o d w o r k i n g P l a n t .




F o u r M en w e r e K i l l e d a n d 14 W e r e In j u r e d .
to $35,000.

A mou nted

Pr o p e r t y Da m a g e

D u s t Ex p l o s i o n




in a

Flour Mill,

in

W hich O ne W o r k m a n w a s K il led , F ive O t h e r s W ere In j u r e d ,
W a s A p p r o x i m a t e l y $60,000.

and

P r o p e r t y Da m a g e




D u s t E x p l o s i o n in a F e e d M i l l .

O n e K i l l e d , F ive In j u r e d , a n d P r o p e r t y D a m a g e $150,000.

Workhouse




of

G rain E l e v a t o r o f L a r g e F lo ur M ill C o m p l e t e l y W r e c k e d b y a D u s t Ex p l o s i o n .
F o u r W ere In j u r e d , and p r o p e r t y L o s s W a s Mor e T han $190,000.

O ne Man W a s K ille d ,

Safety Code for the Prevention of Dust Explosions in Flour
and Feed Mills
(American Standard, approved Feb. 4, 1935, by American Standards Association. Revision of American
Standard approved Jan. 12, 1928)

Definitions
In this safety code the following words are used as defined below:
“Shall” is intended to indicate requirements.
“Should” is intended to indicate recommendations, or that which is
advised but not required.
“Approved” refers to approval by the authority having jurisdiction
in the enforcement of regulations.
Section 1.—Introductory
101. Object.—These regulations have two principal objects: First,
to prevent dust explosions and minimize the resulting damage, should
an explosion occur; and second, to provide regulations for minimizing
fire hazards.
102. These regulations are applicable to flour and feed mills erected
subsequent to the date of these regulations, and are offered as an
advisory guide for owners and operators who may wish to avail them­
selves of the information herein contained to improve existing mills.
108. Good Housekeeping and clean premises are the first essentials in
the elimination oj explosion hazard. Consequently, these regulations
are not intended to lessen in any way the responsibility oj the owner or
operator in this respect

.—It should also be emphasized that every
potential fire cause may produce a dust explosion. All devices and
processes should be safeguarded in accordance with the regulations
applying.
Section 2.—Structural Features
201. Construction oj mill buildings.—Modern mills of large capacity
are, with few exceptions, of fire-resistive construction, with walls,
floors, and roofs of brick and concrete. However, these rules apply
equally well to mill-constructed buildings, brick, open-joisted, or evenframe mill buildings. The processes of milling require heavy con­
struction, and dependence for venting explosion must be placed on
large window area. Glass should be no thicker than necessary, and
wired glass should be used only where necessary as protection against




15

16

SA FET Y CODES FO R P R E V E N T IO N OF D U ST E X PL O SIO N S

exposure. Windows should be arranged to provide maximum ventila­
tion when open and should preferably be of hinged or tilting type.
202. Construction of grain storage.—Modern grain storages are,
with few exceptions, constructed of concrete, but these regulations
are devised to apply equally well to steel or frame construction.
Cupolas, galleries, and those sections of grain storages not requiring
strength should be of as light construction as is practicable. The
lighter the construction, the less damage will result from explosion,
but the type employed will be influenced by considerations of re­
sistance to wind pressures, permanence, ease of obtaining smooth
interior finish, condensation of atmospheric moisture, etc. With
heavy wall construction, dependence for explosion venting must be
placed on large window area. Glass should be no thicker than
necessary, and wired glass should be used only where necessary as
protection against exposure. Windows should be arranged to provide
maximum ventilation when open, and should preferably be of the
hinged or tilting type.
203. Surfaces and ledges.—All interior surfaces, including the inside
of bins and garners, should be as smooth as practicable. Horizontal
surfaces inaccessible to cleaning and all pockets and ledges should be
minimized. Such as must necessarily exist shall be inclined as steeply
as possible.
204. Locations.—As great a space as is practicable should be pro­
vided between the grain storage sections and the mill.
205. Communications.—At the points where belt conveyor galleries
or tunnels are connected to main buildings, tight incombustible par­
titions should be provided. When communicating with structures
wholly or partly of combustible construction, partitions should be of
fire-resistance equal to adjoining incombustible walls. Belt openings
in the partitions should be as small as possible and equipped with a
vertical automatic fire door with roller at bottom, closing down on
belt, leaving smallest possible opening when closed. Screw conveyors
should be protected at fire walls with effective choking devices. Door
openings should be protected by self-closing fire doors. All fire doors
shall be of approved class A type if partition is of masonry; if parti­
tion is of metal, approved class B or class C doors may be used. All
other openings toward or into the combustible structure should be
protected by approved fire doors, shutters, or fire windows. The
requirement for self-closing doors on communications is to prevent
circulation of dust-laden air.
N ote.—For the installation of fire doors and shutters see Regulations of the
National Fire Protection Association for the Protection of Openings in Walls and
Partitions.1
i Obtainable from the National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass.




SA FET Y CODES FO R P R E V E N T IO N OF D U ST E X PL O SIO N S

17

206. Grain bins and tanks.—All bins and tanks should be provided
with dust-tight covers or decks.

N ote .—If bins are covered, bin floor should be water-tight to prevent water
damage to grain in event of explosion or fire, and manholes should be curbed at
least 2 inches, with overlapping covers. Curbs may be sloped if desired. Bin
floor should be scuppered. For standards applying to scuppers see Regulations
of the National Fire Protection Association for Mill Construction.1 Manholes
should be large enough to admit workmen wearing respiratory apparatus; at least
24-inch diameter is suggested.

207. Basements, tunnels, and galleries.—Exterior walls of basements
and tunnels should have as much natural light and ventilation as
possible. When natural ventilation is insufficient to prevent dust
clouds, positive aspiration should be provided. Tunnels and galleries
should be of such width and height as to afford easy access for sweep­
ing on both sides and under each belt.
208. Shafts.—All stairways and passenger elevators shall be en­
closed in tight incombustible shafts, with all doors incombustible and
self-closing, or closed from within by elevator operator.
209. Roofs.—Roofs of grain storage unit, cupolas, and galleries
should be provided with monitors or other ventilators which will,
in conjunction with windows, provide frequent change of air.
210. Venting of bins and tanks in grain storage unit.— (a) Each bin
or tank, including interspaces, should be separately vented to outside.
Each vent should be equivalent in area to a round opening 12 inches
in diameter, or larger. All vents, wherever possible, should be ver­
tical stacks and should be equipped with a weather hood of a type that
will not permit wind to blow into vent. Where there is a story above
the bins, such vent may necessarily be located in the side of bin im­
mediately below its top, in which case the terminal of vent shall be of
special design which will not permit wind to blow into vent. No
portion of vent shall be other than vertical if such arrangement is
possible, on account of liability of choking with accumulation of dust.
(b)
If a vertical stack cannot be installed on a bin or tank on ac­
count of interference with operation of house, or structural conditions,
stack may be inclined not more than 45 degrees from vertical, and,
where necessary, two or more such stacks may be connected to a
common header stack and thence to the outside. Such stacks (in­
cluding header) may be inclined not more than 45 degrees from
vertical. There shall be no intercommunication of bins except
through stacks which may necessarily join in a common header stack
as above.
Section 3.—Equipment
301. Elevator legs.— (a) Elevator legs, heads, and boots should be
constructed of metal. Elevator leg belts shall be enclosed in separate
casings for both up and down legs. Heads shall be hoppered to either
1 Obtainable from the National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass.




18

SA FET Y CODES FOR P R E V E N T IO N OF D U ST E X PL O SIO N S

the down or up leg, but not to both. Leg casings and connecting
spouts shall be dust-tight. All doors or other openings in same shall
be equipped with dust-tight covers. Wood or wood rim pulleys shall
not be used. Boots should be above floor, rather than in pits, but,
if latter, should be afforded ample room for cleaning and oiling, be
accessible by permanent iron ladder, and well lighted without the use
of extension cords.
(b) Elevator boots should be so constructed as to minimize the pos­
sibility of chokes.
(ic) Hand holes should be provided at head and boot for convenience
in inspection of belts and pulleys.
(id) Where grain is delivered to boot by conveyor belt, the latter
should be equipped with an automatic mechanical or electrical device
that will stop the belt or notify operator when the leg chokes or slows
down.
302. Back stops.—Elevator legs handling grain should be equipped
with special automatic back stops.
303. Legs, run idle.—All legs, conveyors, machines, car-pullers, etc.,
should be so arranged as to avoid, insofar as possible, the necessity for
running idle.
304. Cleaners.—All cleaning, or other grain processing machinery
should be of incombustible construction. When wooden machines are
used, such machines should be metal clad; i. e., metal sheathing is
tightly secured to all wooden surfaces that may feasibly be so covered.
All clippers, smutters, and scourers shall be equipped with a screen
to exclude all matter of larger size than the grain treated by the
machine.
305. Space under machines.—All cleaners and similar machines
should be set at least 8 inches above floor, to provide access for sweep­
ing.
306. Electromagnetic or pneumatic separators.— (a) Approved electro­
magnetic or pneumatic separators shall be installed ahead of all
grinding or pulverizing machines, such as roller mills, attrition mills,
and hammer mills (except those mills which further reduce ground
stock in the same system for which adequate protection has already
been provided). Such separators shall be in effective service at all
times when the mill is in operation.
(6) The electromagnetic separator coil shall be energized from a
source of direct current supplied by a circuit from direct current light­
ing or power supply, by an approved direct current generator, or by
an approved rectifier.
(c) The magnetic field of the electromagnetic separator shall be
thoroughly effective through the entire width of the spout or feed
apron in which it is installed if the separator is of the spout type, or,
if of the drum or pulley type, shall be effective through the entire



SAFETY CODES FOR PREVENTION OF DUST EXPLOSIONS

19

width of the enclosure or belt. The design shall be such as to prevent
the passage of grain, or other materials being ground, through the
separator without coming under the influence of the magnetic field.
Due consideration shall be given to providing sufficient gap between
pole pieces to insure effectiveness of the field to a reasonable height
above the magnetic plate or drum.
(d) Separators which are not of the self-cleaning type shall be so
constructed or equipped that, should the current in the magnet coil
be interrupted or seriously decreased, the accumulated magnetic
materials will be prevented from entering the mill by means of a
safety gate or trap designed to open and close automatically. In the
spout-type separator a baffle or other effective means shall be provided
ahead of the magnetic plate to prevent foreign material from bounding
over the magnetic plate and to insure that the grain stream passing
over the magnetic plate shall be of a depth and speed not too great
to permit of effective separation.
(e) There shall be installed in the circuit to each electromagnetic
separator a pilot light located at a point where it will be readily seen
by the mill operator to indicate when the separator is receiving
current.
(/) In installing the electromagnetic separator it is desirable that
it be placed as near the mill it is intended to protect as practicable.
Spout-type separators should not be placed at an angle greater than
35 degrees to the horizontal, and in no case shall the angle exceed 45
degrees.
(g) Pneumatic separators shall be so designed that all foreign
materials will be removed from the grain being ground. Proper pro­
visions shall be made for the removal of such accumulated foreign
materials from the separator.
(h) It is recommended that a scalping shoe or other rough cleaning
machine be installed ahead of the magnetic or pneumatic separator
in order that sticks, large stones, and other bulky foreign material be
prevented from entering the spouts leading to the grinding machinery.
(i) It is also required that scourers, when used, be protected by
effective pneumatic or electromagnetic separators.
307. Friction clutches.—If friction clutches are used, they shall be
constructed entirely of incombustible material.
308. Screw conveyors.—Screw conveyors should be fully enclosed
in tight, substantial metal housings, with free-lifting covers at discharge
and over each shaft coupling.
309. Bearings.—Roller or ball bearings are recommended for all
head shafts, boot pulleys, fans, cleaning, processing or grinding machin­
ery, trippers, and belt conveyors. Ordinary sleeve or flat bearings in
old equipment should be equipped with approved journal alarms.




20

SA FET Y CODES FO R P R E V E N T IO N OF D U ST E X PL O S IO N S

Ail bearings should be provided with dust caps or other tight closure
of all lubrication inlets.
310. Space under conveyors.—There should be at least 6 inches clear
space under all rollers supporting conveyor belts, to provide access
for sweeping.
311. Spouts and throw oj grain in the open.—Spouts shall be sta­
tionary wherever feasible. Portable and movable spouts will be per­
mitted in working floor, bin, or distributing floor. There should be
no throw of grain in the open for considerable distances not confined
in spouts (not applying to discharge of grain inside of bins). Grain
chutes also permit large amounts of dust to escape and should not be
used if their use may be dispensed with.

N
.—Dropping grain from bin bottoms or conveying in open chutes releases
dust clouds dense enough to explode if a source of ignition is present and scatters
large amounts of dust which must be swept up, producing a highly undesirable
condition in an elevator in which all other danger spots may be well safeguarded.
Specially designed aerators located on the exterior of elevator or separated from
same by a space are now used to some extent and are recommended as removing
a dust-creating process from the working story to the open air.
ote

312. Spouting oj grain into bins or tanks.—Spouts introducing grain
into bins or tanks should be arranged, where possible, to prevent grain
stream striking side of bin, on account of the possibility of tramp iron
striking a spark on contact with side.
313. Flour and jeed bins.—Manufactured stock bins should be con­
structed of materials not less fire-resistive than the building. If of
wooden construction, those bins receiving stocks of feed directly from
attrition or hammer mills should be lined with metal. All manufac­
tured stock bins should be provided with signs placed on inspection
doors, warning against the use of open lights or unprotected light
bulbs.
314. Attrition and hammer mills.— (a) In addition to the pneu­
matic or electromagnetic separators required under section 306,
attrition and hammer mills shall be equipped with all-metal ground
stock handling systems. When the pneumatic system of ground
stock handling is used, all spouting, air trunking, fans, and collectors
shall be of metal. The collector shall be vented to the outside of the
building. When the elevator system of stock handling is used, all
spouting, elevator legs, and other connections shall be of all-metal
construction. The elevator should be vented to the outside of the
building or provided with positive air aspiration.
(b) When the stock collector or elevator handling the ground stock
discharges into a bin of combustible construction, such bin shall be
dust-tight except for vent to outside and shall be lined wdth metal.
(See sec. 313.)




SAFETY CODES FOR PREVENTION OF DUST EXPLOSIONS

21

(c) All spouts, trunking, elevator legs, and bins shall be tightly
joined to prevent so far as possible escape of dust into the rooms where
they are located.
(d) Attrition and hammer mills should be overhauled regularly to
prevent mechanical rupture of plates or hammers through excessive
wear.
315. Manufactured stock driers.— (a) Stock driers should be of
metal construction, including all spouting connected therewith.
Steam heated driers may be located in any suitable part of the plant.
Rotary steam driers should not be stopped until after the steam has
been shut off and the steam pipes have had appreciable time to cool.
(6) Direct fire-heated driers, whether fired by coal, coke, gas, or
fuel oil, should be permitted only when in a separate fire-resistive
room, containing no other machine or process which tends to or may
produce dust. Conveyors and spouts to and from drier should be of
metal, and all openings from room should be protected with fire doors.
Section 4.—Grain Driers
401. Location.—Driers should be placed in a separate fire-resistive
division, separated from elevator or tanks by as much space as
practicable.
402. Louvers.—Louvers, or other permanent openings where air
enters or is exhausted from buildings, shall be protected by sub­
stantial corrosion resistive wire screens, not exceeding one-third
inch mesh, to exclude sparks, birds, paper, etc.
403. Garners and hoppers.—Garner, hopper, or bin over drier and
same under cooling section shall be dust-tight and provided with
adequate positive air aspiration or effective vents to outside.

N o t e .—No special ventilation is required for hopper open to cooler which is
under suction.

404. Removal of refuse from grain.—All grain should pass over a
coarse screen immediately ahead of drier to remove cobs, paper,
sticks, etc.
405. Floors.—Where floors or runways around drier and cooler are
necessary, same should be of gratings. Where air separation is
necessary (as between drier and cooler), a dust hopper under the
grating floor connected to dust-collecting system should be provided.

N ote .—Solid floors may be used if all air is drawn from drier and cooler
through continuous ducts to fan and blown to dust-settling chamber with hopper
bottom connected with dust-collecting system.

406. Floor sweeps.—A floor sweep (“sweep-up” pipe) is recom­
mended and should be located on each solid floor in building con­
taining drier.




22

SAFETY CODES FOE PEEVE NTION OF DUST EXPLOSIONS

407. Fans.—Fans shall conform to Regulations of the National
Fire Protection Association for Blower and Exhaust Systems.1 The
requirement for nonferrous parts (section 411 of Blower Regulations)
shall apply unless blowing only air taken from outside building
through continuous tight duct.
408. Steam coils.— (a) Steam coils shall be so designed, installed,
and arranged that dust will not lodge on coils, headers, or elsewhere
in casing containing same. Coil room should be separated by dusttight partitions and floors from drying section and all other parts of
drier house.
(b) Room containing coils shall have grating floor, and, if system
requires separation from room below, same should consist of dust
hoppers under the grating floor, such hoppers to be connected at
bottom to dust-collecting system. This rule shall not apply if room
containing coils is segregated as recommended in section 409 (a), or
if all air is drawn from drier and cooler through continuous ducts to
fan and blown to dust-settling chamber with hopper bottom con­
nected with dust-collecting system, but floor of coil room shall be so
arranged that hand sweeping is not rendered difficult by obstructions.
409. Fire-heated driers.— (a) The drier furnace shall be located in a
fire-resistive room or division separated from the drier columns and
fans and the plant proper by masonry walls with no communication
except the ducts leading from furnace to the drier fans carrying
products of combustion.
(b) Fire-heated driers shall be provided with reliable automatic
means for regulating the temperature in the drying columns, which
shall consist of two independent control systems consisting of:
(1) An automatic control system designed to hold the temper­
ature within predetermined limits at the discretion of the oper­
ator, and
(2) An emergency control system which will operate when the
temperature in the drying column reaches a dangerous point
(usually set at 230° Fahrenheit and sealed) by permitting the
entrance of cold air into the drying columns.
Where such temperature controls are operated by air pressure,
suitable means shall be provided to stop the drier fans automatically
in case of air failure caused by leaking or broken air lines or other
reasons.

In addition to the automatic temperature controls required in the
preceding paragraphs, suitable visual thermometers shall be provided.
One of these shall preferably be of the extension dial type with the
dial located at a point near the firing end of the furnace so as to be
in plain sight of the operator.
1 Obtainable from the National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass.




SAFETY CODES FOR PREVENTION OF DUST EXPLOSIONS

23

The temperature control systems for fire-heated driers shall be kept
in proper operating condition at all times when the drier is in use.
(c) When coal or coke is used as fuel for fire-heated driers, due
consideration shall be given to the proper storage of these fuels and
the disposal of their ashes. When gas is used as the fuel, it is important
that the piping system be properly installed with tight joints to pre­
vent leakage. In addition to the gas control valves located at the
drier furnace, there shall be provided an additional valve outside of
the buildings in an accessible place to permit shutting off the gas
supply to the furnace in case of emergency. Oil may be used for fuel
only when special permission is given by the inspection department
having jurisdiction, whereupon special instructions for the installation
will be given.
Section 5.—Removal and Control of Dust
501. Heads and boots.—All heads and boots shall be dust-tight and
provided with adequate positive air aspiration or effective vents to
outside.
502. Belt loaders.—All places where grain is discharged onto belts
should be provided with adequate positive air aspiration, except
where equipped with specially designed choke feed or other arrange­
ment which is effective in preventing the liberation of dust.
503. Belt discharges and trippers.—All places where belts discharge
grain should be provided with adequate positive air aspiration both
above and below grain stream. Trippers may be equipped with a selfcontained fan unit mounted on tripper carriage and driven by the
belt, or by other effective means. It is recommended that air aspira­
tion or other effective means be applied to ends of these belts where
no grain is discharged, to prevent tailings of chaff and dust accumulat­
ing on floor at end of belt.
504. Machines.—All cleaning and similar machines which produce
an appreciable amount of dust shall be provided with adequate
positive air aspiration.
505. Dust-collecting system.—The entire dust-collecting system
shall conform to Regulations of the National Fire Protection Associa­
tion for Blower and Exhaust Systems.1 All machines which pro­
duce an appreciable amount of dust should be made dust-tight.
Cleaners, scourers, purifiers, roll housing, and similar machines shall
be provided with positive air aspiration.
Section 6.—Removal of Static Dust
601. Sweeping.—Dust on floors and other surfaces, including all
galleries and tunnels, shall be removed daily by sweeper. As many
sweepers shall be employed as are necessary to keep the building
i Obtainable from the National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch St., Boston, Mas3.




24

SAFETY CODES FOR PREVENTION OF DUST EXPLOSIONS

clean. Push brooms of hair or soft fiber are recommended, as they
will throw less dust into suspension than ordinary brooms and are
better adapted to sweeping under belts and other machinery. Spills
and chokes shall be cleaned up daily. (See section 806, Shovels.)
General cleaning should not be done with compressed air (for use in
cleaning motors, see note under section 701).
Section 7.—Electrical Equipment
701. Wiring and equipment.—All electric wiring and equipment
shall conform to the National Electrical Code.1 All parts of flour
and feed mills, grain elevators, tanks, and driers shall be considered
class II locations under article 32 of the National Electrical Code,1
except offices and similar locations so occupied and segregated as to
be reasonably free from dust, and so approved by the authorities
having jurisdiction.
N o t e .—Unenclosed motors, such as are used in many old mills and elevators,
gather dust in the windings, which is blown out by compressed air. While
objectionable because it throws dust into suspension, periodic cleaning is neces­
sary, and no better method being known, it is recommended that such motors
be blown frequently under supervision of plant electrician. Motors shall not
be blown while running.

702. Extension cords.—It is important that the provisions of the
National Electrical Code,1 article 32, be observed. This requires
dust-tight globes, with substantial guards fitted with type S or type
P. A. cord and approved receptacles and attachment plugs.
703. Lighting.—Lighting shall be incandescent electric, conforming
to provisions of article 32, class II, of the National Electrical Code.1
Watchman shall use electric lantern or flashlight, or a separate fight
circuit on each floor for use of watchman shall be provided. Electric
lantern or flashlight shall be used in mills and elevators where electric
current is not available.
Section 8.—Miscellaneous
801. Heating.—Steam is recommended for heating, and steam
generator should be located outside of mill or elevator proper, prefer­
ably in a fireproof building or enclosure. Radiators and pipes shall
be kept free of all combustible material. Approved electric heaters
will be permitted in offices and similar locations so occupied and
segregated as to be free from dust.
802. Protection against sparks.—All openings less than 50 feet above
ground in exterior walls on track or dock side should be protected
against sparks by substantial wire screens of one-third to one-quarter
inch mesh.
803. Locomotives excluded.—Steam locomotives should not be per­
mitted to enter mill or elevator or track shed, on account of the spark
hazard and possibility of five coals dropping into track hoppers.
1 Obtainable from the National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass.




SAFETY CODES FOB PREVENTION OF DUST EXPLOSIONS

25

804. Railway cars.—Railway cars should not be allowed to remain
inside mill, elevator, or car shed nights, Sundays, holidays, or when
elevator is shut down and not in operation.
805. Insect control.—Processes and materials for the extermination
of weevils, Mediterranean moth, etc., shall be without fire hazard or
with hazard reduced to an acceptable degree, and shall be in accord­
ance with the requirements of the regulations 1 prepared by the
Committee on Fumigation Hazards of the National Fire Protection
Association.
806. Shovels.—In shoveling of grain, dust, and other refuse on con­
crete or steel bin bottoms, floors, etc., the danger of igniting suspended
dust by sparks should be reduced by equipping the cutting edge of
shovels with a strip of nonferrous metal.
807. Smoking.—Smoking shall be prohibited, and conspicuous
signs to that effect posted throughout the buildings.
808. Waste cans.—Approved containers shall be provided, all oily
waste and other rubbish deposited therein and emptied daily.
809. Lockers.—Workmen’s clothing shall be kept in metal lockers,
preferably in a separate building.
810. Oils.—Main storage of lubricating oil and grease shall be out­
side. Storage of lubricating oil and grease in the building shall be
limited to a maximum of 5 barrels and shall be in an oil room of
incombustible construction.
811. Lightning protection.—All combustible mills and elevators
should be equipped with approved lightning protection, or, if roof and
walls are metal clad, same may be accepted as constituting lightning
protection if provided with approved metallic contacts at eaves, and
walls grounded in approved manner.
812. Static electricity.—Static electricity shall be removed from such
machines or equipment as accumulate a charge, by permanent ground
wires and from belts by grounded metal combs or other equally
efficient means. Grounds shall be attached to equipment and to the
earth in accordance with the National Electrical Code,1 article 9.
813. Spontaneous ignition.—Spontaneous ignition occurs in flour
and feed mills in accumulations of dust, oily waste, many kinds of
feeds, hay, and even in some grains. The obvious remedy for the
first two is the prevention of accumulation of quantities of dust and
the proper storage and removal of oily waste.
Various kinds of feeds, such as molasses feeds, gluten, brewer’s
grains and even bran, will ignite spontaneously. The usual cause
is excessive moisture, and the remedy is a safe moisture content at
time of manufacture and protection against accumulation of moisture
during storage.
Storing such feeds in bulk should be avoided if possible. Other­
wise temperature reading should be provided for, either by means
i Obtainable from the National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass.



26

SAFETY CODES FOR PREVENTION OF DUST EXPLOSIONS

of temperature recording systems or by iron rods driven to bottom
of bins and extracted regularly for inspection.
Sacked feeds should be so piled as to provide free circulation of
air. Incoming stocks should be carefully examined for moisture
content and for stocks which have become wet during the process
of transportation.
Baled hay is particularly subject to spontaneous ignition under
certain climatic conditions. Very dry hay brought into a territory
of high moisture content of air induces rapid absorption of oxygen
and ignition. Also wet hay heats rapidly and starts the process of
ignition. The remedy is to pile bales loosely so that each bale has
a free air surface for the radiation of heat and for free circulation of
air.
Hot feeds or hay should be removed from the premises at once and
so stored that ignition of feed will not endanger other property.
Section 9.—Fire Protection
901. First Aid Appliances.—Casks and pails and other suitable
first aid protection shall be provided to protect all buildings. Non­
conducting liquid or gas fire extinguishers shall be maintained near
all motors and other electrical apparatus (other than fighting equip­
ment). See Regulations of the National Fire Protection Association
for First Aid Fire Appliances.1
902. Watchman.—All mills and elevators should be patrolled by
watchman reporting to or by approved time-recording apparatus.
See section 703 for recommendations as to fights for use of watchman.
For further information on this subject see the National Fire Pro­
tection Association pamphlet entitled “The Watchman.” 1
903. Standpipe and Hose.—Standpipe systems should be installed
to protect all parts of mills and elevators. See Regulations of the
National Fire Protection Association for Standpipe and Hose Systems.1
904. Use oj hose streams.—Fire department or standpipe hose
stream should be used with great care around a mill or elevator.
Their careless and unnecessary use may cause dust explosions by
throwing dust into suspension.
905. Fire in bin or tanks.—If fire occurs in a bin, no attempt to
clear the bin should be made until it is definitely known that the
fire has been extinguished, as there is possibility of a dust explosion
in dropping grain on to a belt if a trace of fire remains in the grain.
906. Automatic sprinklers.—An approved system of automatic
sprinklers is recommended for any combustible mill or elevator, and,
where feasible, for the protection of such parts of incombustible
mills or elevators as contain combustibles, other than grain and belts,
in quantity sufficient to produce a serious fire.
1 Obtainable from the National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass.




Safety Code for the Prevention of Dust Explosions in
Terminal Grain Elevators
(American Standard, approved, including following revision, Feb. 4, 1935, by American Standards
Association)

The entire text of this safety code appears in the United States
Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 562, page 15.
In accordance with adoption by the National Fire Protection
Association (Proceedings, 1933, p. 344), section 9, Miscellaneous,
paragraph 906, has been revised to read as follows:
906. Insect control.—Processes and materials for the extermination
of weevils, Mediterranean moth, etc., shall be without fire hazard
or with hazard reduced to an acceptable degree, and shall be in
accordance with the requirements of the regulations1 prepared by
the National Fire Protection Association Committee on Fumigation
Hazards.
i Obtainable from the National Fire Protection Association, 60 Batterymarch St., Boston, Mass.




27




Safety Code for the Installation of Pulverized-Fuel Systems
(American Standard, approved, including following revisions, Feb. 4, 1935, by American Standards
Association)

The entire text of this safety code appears in the United States
Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No. 562, page 45.
In accordance with adoption by the National Fire Protection
Association (Proceedings, 1933, pp. 344-5) the following paragraphs
have been revised to read:
Section 20 (6) revised to read:

Where operating bin and mill vents are discharged into the furnace,
each vent from mill or bin to the furnace shall be provided with a
fan; fan and discharge pipe shall be so proportioned that the velocity
of air and pulverized fuel in the discharge pipe from the fan is not
less than 70 feet per second. Each fan shall be provided with tight
inlet and outlet dampers, arranged to open only when the flow is
toward the furnace, to close automatically on interruption of flow
and be positively held closed when the fan is not in operation. The
pipe from the fan to furnace shall be laid out at such an angle as to
provide no place for dust to accumulate, and from the outlet damper
to the furnace shall be at least equal to the requirements for section
26, specification no. 2.
Arrangement of Systems
Section 41 revised to read:
No pulverizer shall be connected to supply more than one furnace at
a time unless each pipe leaving the mill is provided with an approved
dust-tight valve installed in a vertical riser, in such a way that dust
accumulations back of the valve will fall into the mill. This shall
not be construed as preventing the installation of spare pulverizers
which may be connected to any of several furnaces if the regular
pulverizer is disconnected, i. e., a section of the discharge pipe between
the pulverizer and the furnace removed.
Section 42 revised to read:
Piping from mill to burners shall be so arranged that when a mill is
in use, all burners which that mill can supply shall be in operation,
unless each pipe leaving the mill is provided with an approved dusttight valve installed in a vertical riser, in such a way that dust
accumulations back of the valve will fall into the mill.
29







List of Bulletins o f the Bureau o f Labor Statistics
The following is a list of all bulletins of the Bureau of Labor Statistics published since
July 1912, except th at in the case of bulletins giving the results of periodic surveys of the
Bureau only the latest bulletin on any one subject is here listed.
A com plete list of the reports and bulletins issued prior to July 1912, as well as the bulle­
tins published since th at date, will be furnished on application. Publications indicated by
an asterisk, which are not available for free distribution, can in som e cases be obtained by
purchase from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington
D. C.; all can be consulted at libraries which are Government repositories.
Collective agreements.
♦ No. 191.
♦ No. 198.
No. 341.
♦ No. 402.
♦ No. 468.

Collective bargaining in the anthracite coal industry. [1916.]
Collective agreements in the men’s clothing industry. [1916.]
Trade agreement in the silk-ribbon industry of New York City. [1923.]
Collective bargaining by actors. [1926.]
Trade agreements, 1927.

Conciliation and arbitration (including strikes and lockouts).

♦ No. 124. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York. [1913.]
*No. 133. Report of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade on its inquiry into industrial
agreements. [1913.]
*No. 139. Michigan copper district strike. [1914.]
♦ No. 144. Industrial court of the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City. [1914.]
♦ No. 145. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress and waist industry of New York City.
[1914.]
No. 233. Operation of the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act of Canada. [1918.]
♦ No. 255. Joint industrial councils in Great Britain. [1919.]
♦ No. 283. History of the Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment Board, 1917 to 1919.
No. 287. National War Labor Board: History of its formation and activities, etc. [1921.
*No. 303. Use of Federal power in settlement of railway labor disputes. [1922.]
*No. 481. Joint industrial control in the book and job printing industry. [1928.]

Cooperation.

*No. 313.
♦ No. 314.
♦ No. 437.
♦ No. 531.
♦ No. 598.
No. 606.
No. 608.
No. 612.

Consumers’ cooperative societies in the United States in 1920.
Cooperative credit societies (credit unions) in America and in foreign countries. [1922.]
Cooperative movement in the United States in 1925 (other than agricultural).
Consumers’, credit, and productive cooperative societies, 1929.
Organization and management of consumers’ cooperative associations and clubs (with model
bylaws). [1934.]
Organization and management of cooperative gasoline and oil associations (with model
bylaws). [1934.]
Organization and management of cooperative housing associations (with model bylaws).
[1934.]
Consumers’, credit, and productive cooperation in 1933.

Employment and unemployment.

♦ No. 109. Statistics of unemployment and the work of employment offices [in the United States]. [1913.]
♦ No. 172. Unemployment in New York City, N . Y. [1915.]
*No. 183. Regularity of employment in the women’s ready-to-wear garment industries. [1915.]
♦ No. 195. Unemployment in the United States. [1916.]
♦ No. 196. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, held at Minneapolis, Minn., January 19
and 20, 1916.
♦ No. 202. Proceedings of the conference of Employment Managers’ Association of Boston, Mass.,
held M ay 10,1916.
*No. 206. The British system of labor exchanges. [1916.]
*No. 227. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Philadelphia, Pa., April 2 and 3,1917.
*No. 235. Employment system of the Lake Carriers’ Association. [1918.]
♦ No. 241. Public employment offices in the United States. [1918.]
♦ No. 247. Proceedings of Employment Managers’ Conference, Rochester, N . Y., M ay 0-11,1918.
♦ No. 310. Industrial unemployment. A statistical study of its extent and causes. [1922.]
♦ No. 409. Unemployment in Columbus, Ohio, 1921 to 1925.
No. 542. Report of the Advisory Committee on Employment Statistics. [1931.]
♦ No. 544. Unemployment-benefit plans in the United States and unemployment insurance in foreign
countries. [1931.]
No. 553. Fluctuation in employment in Ohio, 1914 to 1929.
♦ No. 555. Social and economic character of unemployment in Philadelphia, April 1930.
No. 610. Revised indexes of factory employment and pay rolls, 1919 to 1933.
No. 611. Unemployment insurance and reserves in the United States: A selected list of recent refer­
ences. [1935.]
No. 613. Average annual wage and salary payments in Ohio, 1916 to 1932.

Housing.

♦ No. 158.
No. 263.
No. 295.
No. 545.
No. 608.

Government aid to home owning and housing of working people in foreign countries. [1914.]
Housing by employers in the United States. [1920.]
Building operations in representative cities, 1920.
Building permits in the principal cities of the United States [1921] to 1930.
Organization and management of cooperative housing associations (with model bylaws).
[1934.]




(I)

Industrial accidents and hygiene (including occupational diseases and poisons).

*No. 104. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain-enameled sanitary ware factories.
[1912.]
No. 120. Hygiene of the painters’ trade. [1913.]
*No. 127. Dangers to workers from dusts and fumes, and methods of protection. [1913.]
*No. 141. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead. [1914.]
*No. 157. Industrial accident statistics. [1915.]
*No. 165. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries. [1914.]
*No. 179. Industrial poisons used in the rubber industry. [1915.]
*No. 188. Report of British departmental committee on the danger in the use of lead in the painting of
buildings. [1916.]
*No. 201. Report of the committee on statistics and compensation insurance costs of the Inter­
national Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions. [1916.]
*No. 209. Hygiene of the printing trades. [1917.]
*No. 219. Industrial poisons used or produced in the manufacture of explosives. [1917.]
*No. 221. Hours, fatigue, and health in British munition factories. [1917.]
*No. 230. Industrial efficiency and fatigue in British munition factories. [1917.]
*No. 231. Mortality from respiratory diseases in dusty trades (inorganic dusts). [1918.]
*No. 234. The safety movement in the iron and steel industry, 1907 to 1917.
*No. 236. Effects of the air hammer on the hands of stonecutters. [1918.]
*No. 249. Industrial health and efficiency. Final report of British Health of Munition Workers’
Committee. [1919.]
*No. 251. Preventable death in the cotton-manufacturing industry. [1919.]
*No. 256. Accidents and accident prevention in machine building. [1919.]
N o. 267. Anthrax as an occupational disease. [1920.]
No. 276. Standardization of industrial accident statistics. [1920.]
*No. 280. Industrial poisoning in making coal-tar dyes and dye intermediates. [1921.]
*No. 291. Carbon monoxide poisoning. [1921.]
*No. 293. The problem of dust phthisis in the granite stone industry. [1922.]
No. 298. Causes and prevention of accidents in the iron and steel industry, 1910-1919.
No. 392. Survey of hygienic conditions in the printing trades. [1925.]
No. 405. Phosphorus necrosis in the manufacture of fireworks and in the preparation of phosphorus.
[1926.]
No. 427. Health survey of the printing trades, 1922 to 1925.
No. 428. Proceedings of the Industrial Accident Prevention Conference, held at Washington, D . C.,
July 14-16, 1926.
No. 460. A new test for industrial lead poisoning. [1928.]
No. 466. Settlement for accidents to American seamen. [1928.]
No. 488. Deaths from lead poisoning, 1925-1927.
No. 490. Statistics of industrial accidents in the United States to the end of 1927.
No. 507. Causes of death, by occupation. [1930.]
*No. 582. Occupation hazards and diagnostic signs: A guide to impairments to be looked for in haz­
ardous occupations. (Revision of Bui. No. 306.) [1933.]
No. 602. Discussions of industrial accidents and diseases at the 1933 meeting of the International Asso­
ciation of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Chicago, 111.

Industrial relations and labor conditions.

*No. 237. Industrial unrest in Great Britain. [1917.]
*No. 340. Chinese migrations, with special reference to labor conditions. [1923.]
*No. 349. Industrial relations in the West Coast lumber industry. [1923.]
*No. 361. Labor relations in the Fairmont (W. Va.) bituminous-coal field. [1924.]
No. 380. Postwar labor conditions in Germany. [1925.]
No. 383. Works council movement in Germany. [1925.]
No. 384. Labor conditions in the shoe industry in Massachusetts, 1920-1924.
No. 399. Labor relations in the lace and lace-curtain industries in the United States. [1925.]
No. 483. Conditions in the shoe industry in Haverhill, Mass., 1928.
No. 534. Labor conditions in the Territory of Hawaii, 1929-1930.

Labor laws of the United States (including decisions of courts relating to labor).

*No. 211. Labor laws and their administration in the Pacific States. [1917.]
*No. 229. Wage-payment legislation in the United States. [1917.]
*No. 285. Minimum-wage laws of the United States: Construction and operation. [1921.]
*No. 321. Labor laws that have been declared unconstitutional. [1922.]
No. 322. Kansas Court of Industrial Relations. [1923.]
No. 343. Laws providing for bureaus of labor statistics, etc. [1923.]
No. 370. Labor laws of the United States, with decisions of courts relating thereto. [1925.]
No. 408. Laws relating to payment of wages. [1926.]
*No. 581. Laws relating to employment agencies in the United States, as of January 1, 1933.
No. 583. Proceedings of the National Conference for Labor Legislation, held at Washington, D . C.,
February 14 and 15, 1934.
No. 590. Labor legislation, 1931 and 1932.
*No. 592. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1931 and 1932.
No. 596. Laws relating to prison labor in the United States, as of July 1,1933.
*No. 603. Comparative digest of labor legislation for the States of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South
Carolina, Tennessee. [1933.]
No. 609. Discussions of labor laws and their administration at the 1933 convention of the Association
of Government Officials in Industry of the United States and Canada, Chicago, 111.

Labor laws of foreign countries.

*No. 142. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries. [1914.]
No. 494. Labor legislation of Uruguay. [1929.]
No. 510. Labor legislation of Argentina. [1930.]
No. 529. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the Latin American countries. [1930.]
No. 549. Labor legislation of Venezuela. [1931.]
No. 554. Labor legislation of Paraguay. [1931.]
No. 559. Labor legislation of Ecuador. [1931.]
No. 569. Labor legislation of Mexico. [1932.]




(II)

Labor organizations.
♦ No. 342.
♦ No. 461.
*No. 465.
*No. 506.

International Seamen’s Union of America: A study of its history and problems. [1923.]
Labor organizations in Chile. [1928.]
Beneficial activities of American trade unions. [1928.]
Handbook of American trade unions: 1929 edition.

*No. 167.
*No. 176.
*No. 285.
♦ No. 467.

Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries. [1915.]
Effect of minimum-wage determinations in Oregon. [1915.]
Minimum-wage laws of the United States: Construction and operation. [1921.]
Minimum-wage legislation in various countries. [1928.]

♦ No. 386.
♦ No. 465.
No. 477.
♦ No. 489.
No. 505.
No. 561.

Cost of American almshouses. [1925.]
Beneficial activities of American trade unions. [1928.]
Public-service retirement systems, United States, Canada, and Europe. [1929.]
Care of aged persons in the United States. [1929.]
Directory of homes for the aged in the United States. [1929.]
Public old-age pensions and insurance in the United States and in foreign countries. [1932.]

Minimum wage.

Old-age care, pensions, and insurance.

Prison labor.

No. 372. Convict labor in 1923.
No. 595. Prison labor in the United States, 1932.
No. 596. Laws relating to prison labor in the United States, as of July 1,1933.

Proceedings of annual conventions of the International Association of Government Labor Officials.
♦ No. 266.
No. 307.
♦ No. 323.
♦ No. 352.
♦ No. 389.
♦ No. 411.
♦ No. 429.
♦ No. 455.
♦ No. 480.
No. 508.
♦ No. 530.
♦ No. 563.
♦ No. 609.

Seventh, Seattle, Wash., July 12-15,1920.
Eighth, New Orleans, La., May 2-6, 1921.
N inth, Harrisburg, Pa., M ay 22-26, 1922.
Tenth, Richmond, Va., M ay 1-4,1923.
Eleventh, Chicago, 111., M ay 19-23, 1924.
Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 13-15, 1925.
Thirteenth, Columbus, Ohio, June 7-10,1926.
Fourteenth, Paterson, N . J., M ay 31 to June 3,1927.
Fifteenth, N ew Orleans, La., M ay 21-24,1928.
Sixteenth, Toronto, Canada, June 4-7,1929.
Seventeenth, Louisville, K y., M ay 20-23,1930.
Eighteenth, Boston, Mass., M ay 18-22,1931.
Nineteenth, Chicago, 111., September 14-15,1933.

Proceedings of annual meetings of the International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and
Commissions.
No. 210. Third, Columbus, Ohio, April 25-28, 1916.
♦ No. 248. Fourth, Boston, Mass., August 21-25, 1917.
No. 264. Fifth, Madison, Wis., September 24-27, 1918.
♦ No. 273. Sixth, Toronto, Canada, September 23-26,1919.
No. 281. Seventh, San Francisco, Calif., September 20-24,1920.
No. 304. Eighth, Chicago, 111., September 19-23,1921.
No. 333. N inth, Baltimore, M d., October 9-13,1922.
♦ No. 359. Tenth, St. Paul, M inn., September 24-26,1923.
No. 385. Eleventh, Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 26-28,1924.
♦ No. 395. Index to proceedings, 1914-1924.
No. 406. Twelfth, Salt Lake City, Utah, August 17-20, 1925.
No. 432. Thirteenth, Hartford, Conn., September 14-17, 1926.
♦ No. 456. Fourteenth, Atlanta, Ga., September 27-29,1927.
No. 485. Fifteenth, Paterson, N . J., September 11-14, 1928.
No. 511. Sixteenth, Buffalo, N . Y ., October 8-11,1929.
No. 536. Seventeenth, Wilmington, Del., September 22-26, 1930.
No. 564. Eighteenth, Richmond, Va., October 5-8,1931.
No. 577. Nineteenth, Columbus, Ohio, September 26-29,1932.
♦ No. 602. Twentieth, Chicago, 111., September 11-14, 1933.

Proceedings of annual meetings of the International Association of Public Employment Services:
♦ No. 192.
♦ No. 220.
No. 311.
♦ No. 337.
No. 355.
♦ No. 400.
No. 414.
No. 478.
♦ No. 501.
No. 538.

First, Chicago, December 19 and 20,1913; second, Indianapolis, September 24 and 25, 1914;
third, Detroit, July 1 and 2, 1915.
Fourth, Buffalo, N . Y ., July 20 and 21,1916.
Ninth, Buffalo, N . Y ., September 7-9, 1921.
Tenth, Washington, D . CT, September 11-13,1922.
Eleventh, Toronto, Canada, September 4-7, 1923.
Twelfth, Chicago, 111., M ay 19-23, 1924.
Thirteenth, Rochester, N . Y ., September 15-17,1925.
Fifteenth, Detroit, Mich., October 25-28,1927.
Sixteenth, Cleveland, Ohio, September 18-21, 1928.
Seventeenth, Philadelphia, Pa., September 24-27, 1929; eighteenth, Toronto, Canada, Sep­
tember 9-12,1930.

Productivity of labor and technological unemployment.

No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.]
No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923.
No. 407. Labor cost of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry.
[1926.]
♦ No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925.
No. 441. Productivity of labor in the glass industry. [1927.]
No. 474. Productivity of labor in merchant blast furnaces. [1928;]
No. 475. Productivity of labor in newspaper printing. [1929.] *
No. 550. Cargo handling and longshore labor conditions. [1932.]
No. 574. Technological changes and employment in the United States Postal Service. [1932.]
N o. 585. Labor productivity in the automobile-tire industry. [1933.]
No. 593. Technological changes and employment in the electric-lamp industry. [1933.]




(H I)

Retail prices and cost of living.
♦
♦
♦
♦

No. 121.
No. 130.
No. 164.
No. 170.
No. 357.
No. 369.
No. 495.

Safety codes.

Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. [1913.]
Wheat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer. [1913.]
Butter prices, from producer to consumer. [1914.1
Foreign food prices as affected by the war. [1915.]
Cost of living in the United States. [1924.]
The use of cost-of-living figures in wage adjustments. [1925.]
Retail prices, 1890 to 1928.

♦ No. 336. Safety code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries.
♦ No. 350. Rules governing the approval of headlighting devices for motor vehicles.
♦ No. 351. Safety code for the construction, care, and use of ladders.
♦ No. 375. Safety code for laundry machinery and operations.
♦ No. 382. Code of lighting school buildings.
N o. 410. Safety code for paper and pulp mills.
♦ No. 430. Safety code for power presses and foot and hand presses.
No. 447. Safety code for rubber mills and calenders.
No. 451. Safety code for forging and hot-metal stamping.
No. 463. Safety code for mechanical power-transmission apparatus—first revision.
No. 509. Textile safety code.
No. 512. Code for identification of gas-mask canisters.
No. 519. Safety code for woodworking plants, as revised 1930.
No. 527. Safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels, as revised 1930.
No. 556. Code of lighting: Factories, mills, and other workplaces. (Revision of 1930.)
No. 562. Safety codes for the prevention of dust explosions.

Vocational and workers’ education.
♦
♦
♦
♦

No. 159.
No. 162.
No. 199.
No. 271.
No. 459.

Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory-school experiment. [1915.]
Vocational education survey of Richmond, Va. [1915.]
Vocational education survey of Minneapolis, Minn. [1917.]
Adult working-class education in Great Britain and the United States. [1920.]
Apprenticeship in building construction. [1928.]

Wages and hours of labor.

♦ No. 146. Wages and regularity of employment and standardization of piece rates in the dress and
waist industry of New York City. [1914.]
♦ No. 147. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry. [1914.]
♦ No. 161. Wages and hours of labor in the clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913.
♦ No. 163. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1907 to 1913.
♦ No. 190. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1914.
♦ No. 204. Street-railway employment in the United States. [1917.]
♦ No. 225. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1915.
♦ No. 265. Industrial survey in selected industries in the United States, 1919.
♦ No. 297. Wages and hours of labor in the petroleum industry, 1920.
No. 356. Productivity costs in the common-brick industry. [1924.]
♦ No. 358. Wages and hours of labor in the automobile-tire industry, 1923.
No. 360. Time and labor costs in manufacturing 100 pairs of shoes, 1923.
No. 365. Wages and hours of labor in the paper and pulp industry, 1923.
No. 407. Labor cost of production and wages and hours of labor in the paper box-board industry.
[1926.]
♦ No. 412. Wages, hours, and productivity in the pottery industry, 1925.
♦ No. 416. Hours and earnings in anthracite and bituminous-coal mining, 1922 and 1924.
No. 484. Wages and hours of labor of common Street laborers, 1928.
♦ No. 502. Wages and hours of labor in the motor-vehicle industry, 1928.
No. 514. Pennsylvania Railroad wage data. From Report of Joint Fact Finding Committee in wage
negotiations in 1927.
No. 523. Wages and hours in the manufacture of airplanes and aircraft engines, 1929.
No. 525. Wages and hours of labor in the Portland cement industry, 1929.
No. 532. Wages and hours of labor in the cigarette-manufacturing industry, 1930.
No. 534. Labor conditions in the Territory of Hawaii, 1929-30.
No. 539. Wages and hours of labor in cotton-goods manufacturing, 1910 to 1930.
No. 547. Wages and hours of labor in the cane-sugar refining industry, 1930.
No. 567. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry, 1931.
No. 568. Wages and hours of labor in the manufacture of silk and rayon goods, 1931.
No. 570. Wages and hours of labor in foundries and machine shops, 1931.
No. 571. Wages and hours of labor in the furniture industry, 1910 to 1931.
No. 573. Wages and hours of labor in metalliferous mining, 1924 to 1931.
No. 575. Wages and hours of labor in air transportation, 1931.
No. 576. Wages and hours of labor in the slaughtering and meat-packing industry, 1931.
No. 578. Wages and hours of labor in gasoline filling stations and motor-vehicle repair garages, 1931.
No. 579. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe industry, 1910 to 1932.
No. 580. Wages and hours of labor in the baking industry—bread and cake departments, 1931.
No. 584. Wages and hours of labor in woolen and worsted goods manufacturing, 1932.
No. 586. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber industry, 1932.
No. 587. Wages and hours of labor in the rayon and other synthetic yam manufacturing, 1932.
No. 588. Wages and hours of labor in the dyeing and finishing of textiles, 1932.
No. 589. Wages and hours of labor in the leather industry. 1932.
No. 591. Wages and hours of labor in the hosiery and underwear industry, 1932.
No. 594. Wages and hours of labor in the m en’s clothing industry, 1932.
No. 600. Union scales of wages and hours of labor, M ay 15, 1933.
No. 601. Wages and hours of labor in bituminous-coal mining, 1933.
No. 604. History of wages in the United States from colonial times to 1928. Revision of Bulletin
No. 499, with supplement, 1929-33.
No. 613. Average annual wage and salary payments in Ohio, 1916 to 1932.




(IV)

Welfare work.

♦ No. 123. Employers’ welfare work. [1913.]
♦ No. 222. Welfare work in British munition factories. [1917.]
♦ No. 250. Welfare work for employees in industrial establishments in the United States. [1919.]
N o. 458. Health and recreation activities in industrial establishments, 1926.
No. 565. Park recreation areas in the United States, 1930.

Wholesale prices.

♦ No. 284. Index numbers of wholesale prices in the United States and foreign countries. [1921.]
♦ No. 453. Revised index numbers of wholesale prices, 1923 to July 1927.
No. 572. Wholesale prices, 1931.

Women and children in industry.
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦
♦

No. 116. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected industries
in the District of Columbia. [1913.]
No. 117. Prohibition of night work of young persons. [1913.]
No. 118. Ten-hour maximum working day for women and young persons. [1913.]
No. 119. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin. [1913.]
No. 122. Employment of women in power laundries in Milwaukee. [1913.]
No. 160. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments
and garment factories. [1914.]
No. 175. Summary of the report on condition of woman and child wage earners in the United States
[1915.]
No. 176. Effect of minimum-wage determinations in Oregon. [1915.]
No. 180. The boot and shoe industry in Massachusetts as a vocation for women. [1915.]
No. 182. Unemployment among women in department and other retail stores of Boston, Mass
[1916.]
No. 193. Dressmaking as a trade for women in Massachusetts. [1916.]
No. 215. Industrial experience of trade-school girls in Massachusetts. [1917.]
No. 217. Effect of workmen’s compensation laws in diminishing the necessity of industrial employ­
ment of women and children. [1917.]
No. 223. Employment of women and juveniles in Great Britain during the war. [1917.]
No. 253. Women in the lead industries. [1919.]
No. 467. Minimum-wage legislation in various countries. [1928.]
No. 558. Labor conditions of women and children in Japan. [1931.]

Work of Federal and State departments of labor.
No. 319.
♦ No. 326.
No. 479.
No. 599.
No. 614.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics: Its history, activities, and organization. [1922.]
Methods of procuring and computing statistical information of the Bureau of Labor Sta­
tistics. [1923.]
Activities and functions of a State department of labor. [1928.]
What are labor statistics for? [1933.]
Bulletins and articles published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics: A selected list of
references. [1935.]

Workmen’s Insurance and compensation (including laws relating thereto).

♦ No. 101. Care of tuberculous wage earners in Germany. [1912.]
♦ No. 102. British National Insurance Act, 1911.
No. 103. Sickness and accident insurance law of Switzerland. [1912.]
♦ No. 107. Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany. [1913.]
♦ No. 155. Compensation for accidents to employees of the United States. [1914.]
♦ No. 212. Proceedings of the conference on social insurance called by the International Association of
Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Washington, D . C., December 5-9,1916.
♦ No. 243. Workmen’s compensation legislation in the United States and foreign countries, 1917 and
1918.
♦ No. 301. Comparison of workmen’s compensation insurance and administration. [1922.]
No. 312. National health insurance in Great Britain, 1911 to 1921.
♦ No. 379. Comparison of workmen’s compensation laws of the United States, as of January 1, 1925.
No. 423. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada, as of July 1, 1926.
N o. 496. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the United States and Canada, as of January 1,1929.
(W ith text of legislation enacted in 1927 and 1928.)
No. 529. Workmen’s compensation legislation of the Latin American countries. [1930.]

Miscellaneous series.

♦ No. 174. Subject index of the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to
M ay 1, 1915.
No. 208. Profit sharing in the United States. [1916.]
♦ No. 242. Food situation in central Europe, 1917.
♦ No. 254. International labor legislation and the society of nations. [1919.]
♦ No. 268. Historical survey of international action affecting labor. [1920.]
♦ No. 282. Mutual relief associations among Government employees in Washington, D . C. [1921.]
♦ No. 346. Humanity in government. [1923.]
No. 398. Growth of legal-aid work in the United States. [1926.]
No. 401. Family allowances in foreign countries. [1926.]
No. 518. Personnel research agencies: 1930 edition.
N o. 599. What are labor statistics for? [1933.]
No. 605. Labor through the century, 1833-1933. (Revised.)
N o. 607 Growth of legal-aid work in the United States. (In press.)
No. 615. The Massachusetts system of savings-bank life insurance. [1935.]
No. 616. Handbook of labor statistics, 1935 edition. (In press.)




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