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RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF WORKS PROGRESS r DIVISION OF ADM f NISTRATIO . • 1 SOCIAL RESEARCH WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION Hany L. Hoplcln1, Ad•lnldrofor Corrlnston Gill, Aisldont Ad•lnidrotor DIVISION OF SOCIAL RESEARCH Howard 8. Myers, Dlrecto, RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF By Bruce L. Melvin RESEARCH MONOGRAPH XI 1937 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Letter of Transmittal WoRK.S PROGRESS ADKINISTBATION, Washington, D. 0., October 16, 19S7. Sir: I have the honor to transmit an analysis of the characteristics of rural youth receiving assistance under the general relief program and a survey of the Federal agencies created to aid underprivileged youth. The purpose of the report is to provide information concerning the problem of rural youth on relief and to offer suggestions that may be of use in developing future programs in behalf of youth. The plight of youth in the low income strata of rural society is largely the result of long-time trends in agriculture-depletion of soil fertility, overcrowding of the land, and the system of farming in some sections-that have gradually brought depressing poverty to many. The revival of industrial activity in the cities will have little direct effect on conditions in submarginal land areas, although rural life in general will benefit indirectly from any notable improvement in the economic situation. Amelioration of the conditions facing rural youth must come through enhancement of economic opportunities and through improvement in facilities for education. Assistance for rural youth on relief is not enough; prevention of the need for relief is far more important. Young men farming on submarginal land are condemned to poverty. The upward trend of farm prices may increase the gross farm income of the Nation, but it must be remembered that youth in low income rural families may not be participating in the benefits of a recovery measured only in terms of total figures. The data on which the report is based were obtained through the Survey of Current Changes in the Rural Relief Population, conducted by the Research Section, Division of Research, Statistics, and Finance, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, and from the records of Federal agencies dealing with youth. The study was made in the Division of Social Research under the direction of Howard B. Myers, Director of the Division. The relief data were collected under the supervision of A. R. Mangus. The analysis of the data was made under the supervision of T. J. Woofter, Jr., Coordinator of Rural Research. The report was prepared by Bruce L. Melvin, assisted by Elna N. Smith. It was edited by Ellen Winston and Frances Mason. Special acknowledgment is due the personnel of the National Youth Administration and of the Office of Emergency Conservation Work both for data and for constructive criticism. CORRINGTON G1LL, Respectfully submitted. Hon. HARRY L. HOPKINS, Assistant Administrator. Works Progress Administrator. Ill M44tlBO Dg1tzcdbyGooglc D ;.i1t:zcd by Goog IC Contents lntrodudlon _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Summary _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Chapter I. Number and location of rural youth In relief households Geographic distribution of rural youth on relief_ _ _ _ _ _ Open country and village residence of youth on relief _ _ _ Chapter II. Chansa In the number of rural youth In relief households _ - _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Number of rural youth on relief, October 1933 through October 1935 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Decline in number of rural youth on relief, by residence _ _ Trend in number of rural youth on relief in relation to total rural relief population _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Chapter Ill. Penonal charaderistics of rural youth In relief households __ - _ _ Age distribution _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Changes in age distribution _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Distribution by color _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Sex distribution_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Changes in sex distribution_ _ _ _ _ _ Marital status _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Heads of households_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Changes in number of heads of households _ _ Chapter IV. Educational status of rural youth In relief households School attendance_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Grade attainment of youth in school _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Grade attainment of out-of-school youth_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Chapter V. Occupations of rural youth in relief households Employment status of out-of-school youth _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Employment status of heads of households _ _ _ _ _ _ Usual occupation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Current occupation of out-of-school youth _ _ _ _ _ Comparison of usual and current occupation of out-of-school youth_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Page XI xv 1 2 6 9 9 12 13 15 15 16 17 17 19 20 22 23 25 25 29 31 35 35 39 40 42 46 V Drg lt!Cd by Google VI • CONTENTS Page Chapter VI. Youth programs of emergency agencies National Youth Administration_ _ _ _ _ Student aid ___________ _ Vocational guidance and placement _________ Apprentice training _______ _ The work program of the N. Y. A _ _ _ ___ Camps for unemployed young women _ _ _ _ _ Civilian Conservation Corps _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Works Progress Administration _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Resettlement Administration _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Federal Emergency Relief Administration _ _ _ _ _ Chapter VII. Conclusions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rural youth on relief and migration _ Education and rural youth on relief _ The work of Federal agencies _ _ _ _ Appendix A. Supplementary tables - - - - - Appendix B. Counties and townshipa surveyed - - - - - - - - 47 48 48 _ 50 _ _ 50 52 52 55 _ - 56 57 59 60 61 63 69 99 50 Index - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 105 ILLUSTRATIONS Figures Figure 1. States represented and counties sampled _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2. Areas represented and counties sampled ______ _ 3. Estimated number of rural youth on relief, October 1935 _ 4. Percent of rural youth on relief, October 1935 ____ _ 5. Intensity of relief, October 1935 __________ _ 6. Rural youth on relief, October 1933 through October 1935_ 7. Percent of youth in the total rural relief population, by residence, February, June, and October 1935 ___ _ 8. Sex of rural youth on relief, February, June, and October 1935, by residence, and in the general population, 1930 _ 9. Percent of male rural youth on relief who were heads of households, by residence and by region, October 1935 _ 10. School attendance of rural youth 16-19 years of age on relief, October 1935, and in the general population, 1930, by sex _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11. Grade completed by out-of-school rural youth on relief, by age and by residence, October 1935 ______ _ 12. Employment status of out-of-school rural youth on relief, by sex and by age, October 1935 _________ _ 13. Employment status of out-of-school rural youth on relief, by sex and by residence, October 1935 ______ _ 14. Employment status of out-of-school male rural youth on relief who were beads of households, by residence, October 1935 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - D,guicdbvGoogle XII xn 3 4 5 10 14 19 23 27 33 37 38 39 CONTENTS • VII Page Figure 15. Employment status and current occupation of out-ofschool rural youth on relief, by sex, October 1935 _ _ 16. Enrollment in the Civilian Conservation Corps, July 1935 through December 1936 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Photolftlphs What chance have youth reared in homes like this? ___ Young wife of a migrant fruit worker _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ What future for this sharecropper's son? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Son of an illiterate sharecropper who wants a high school education _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Youth are idle in the villages _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A former tenant family with three unemployed youth _ _ Rural youth learn shop work under the N. Y. A. _ The N. Y. A. teaches rural girls to sew _ _ _ _ _ C. C. C. boys improve national parks _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 43 54 Facing 6 Facing 20 Facing 26 Facing 28 Facing 36 Facing 44 Facing 50 Facing 52 Facing 54 D1gt1zcdbyGoogle Digitized by Google Rural Youth on Relief IX 01gt1.cdbyGoogle Dg, zcdbyGooglc INTRODUCTION IN PAST years of prosperity the farm youth of America have been welcomed into an expanding agriculture and industry. In general they have taken one of three courses. Some have followed expanding agriculture into new lands, some have sought their fortune in the city, and some have stayed at home to succeed their parents on the farm. Many of the youth who matured during the depression, however, found no such openings for employment. The supply of free homestead land had been exhausted, and westward migration no longer offered a safety valve for depressed industry. Opportunities in the cities were almost nonexistent and contraction of commercial agriculture limited the usefulness of young people at home. Since they were unwanted elsewhere, and since home was the one place where food and shelter were available, most of these youth remained with their families, even though the father was dependent on public assistance. The searing effect of this situation upon personalities in the formative stage cannot be measured in tangible terms. The extent of the problem is indicated by the fact that rural households on relief at some time during the depression have contained more than 2,000,000 young people 16 to 24 years of age, inclusive. The necessity for widespread public relief is new to rural America, and hence requires careful analysis with respect to both the factors involved and the individuals concerned. For rural youth looking forward to the social and economic adjustments of adult life, there arises the fundamental question of whether the relief situation is attributable to depression factors or to a long-time trend toward increasing rural poverty. The welfare of youth in relief families is dependent upon solving the problems of the individuals concerned. For national well-being, the primary problem is that of preventing continuation of rural poverty for the present and succeeding generations. At the time the data on which this study is based were gathered, general relief was still caring for most of the needy youth. A number of specialized programs, however, were in operation. The most important of these were the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Resettlement Administration, the National Youth Administration, and the Works Progress Administration. XI ogit1edbyGooglc XII • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF FIG. I-STATES REPRESENTED AN> COUNTIES SAMPLED* • Mallachusetll and Ccmectocut Dl1)llcl &Ir__,., All of these specialized agencies, with the exception of the Civilian Conservation Corps, were just getting well under way in the fall of 1935. On the one hand, therefore, the study gives a picture of the conditions which constructive programs were designed to meet, and, on the other hand, it indicates how the experience of these agencies may point the way to permanent methods of assisting maladjusted and poverty-stricken youth. FIG. 2- AREAS REPRESENTED AND COUNTIES SAMPLED 01gt1zcdb Google INTRODUCTION • XIII The analysis of the incidence of relief and of the characteristics of rural youth in relief families is based on the residual relief load in October 1935. This survey was made in 304 counties scattered in 31 States and in 83 New England townships. · The counties and townships were chosen on the basis of certain selected criteria as a sample which would afford data representative of the rural United States 1 (fig. 1). For purposes of this study, the counties and townships have been grouped into four broad regions: New England, North, South, and West. 2 Where desirable for comparative purposes, data for nine type-of-farming areas 3 surveyed in February, June, and October 1935' (fig. 2) have also been presented. 1 For details of methodology UBed in selection of counties, see Asch, Berta and Mangus, A. R., Methodology of Rural Current Change Studies (Appendix B) in Farmer, on Relief and Rehabilitation, Research Monograph VIII, Division of Social Research, Works Progress Administration, 1937. 1 New England includes townships in Connecticut and M888&chusetts; the North, counties in New York, Ohio, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, North Dakota, and South Dakota; the South, counties in Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and TeJ:&S; and the West, counties in Arizona, Colorado, California, Montana, Utah, Oregon, and Washington. For list of counties and townships see appendix B. 1 The nine areas include the Eastern Cotton, Western Cotton, AppalachlanOurk, Lake States Cut-Over, Hay and Dairy, Com Belt, Spring Wheat, Winter Wheat, a.qd Ranching Areas. For list of counties see appendix B. • Bee Asch, Berta and Mangus, A. R., op. cit., Methodology of Rural Current Change Studies (Appendix B). ogit1edbyGooglc O:gitm:I by Google SUMMARY THERE WERE approximately 625,000 youth in rural relief families in October 1935, when agriculture was well on the way to recovery. If to this number are added the rural youth who were being directly assisted through the Civilian Conservation Corps and those in families being helped by the Works Progress Administration and the Resettlement Administration, the total youth in families receiving public assistance would include approximately 10 percent of all rural youth in the United States. The intensity of relief among rural youth varied widely from State to State. With few exceptions, States having a large proportion of their total youth in the rural nonfarm group, and those in the drought area or having extensive areas of submarginal land, had high relief rates in their youth population. However, the proportion which youth formed of the rural relief population in the sample in October 1935 was below that which youth formed of the total rural population in the United States, indicating that rural youth as a whole were underrepresented on relief. Although the relief load had been steadily rising prior to February 1935, there was a sharp decline from February to October 1935. This included a decrease of over 700,000 in the number of rural youth in relief households-a result both of the general improvement in agricultural conditions in the entire country and of the operation of emergency agencies, such as the Resettlement Administration, the Works Progress Administration, and the Civilian Conservation Corps. Administrative reductions in relief rolls in a number of States accounted for some decrease in the number of youth on relief during this period. In October 1935 proportionately more rural youth 16-19 years of age than 20-24 years of age were on relief. There were considerable changes in the age distribution of youth on relief during the year, both the 16-17 and 21-24 year age groups constituting larger proportions of the total in October than in February. There were proportionately fewer Negro than white youth on relief in the counties studied. The proportion of Negroes among relief youth was considerably higher in the villages than in the open country. xv D1gt1m:JbyGoogle XVI • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF There were more young women than young men in rural relief families in October 1935, which indicated not only that young women apparently have been unable to migrate from rural territory to the extent that they did in the twenties but also that they were at a marked disadvantage in finding employment. As would be expected, more young women than young men in rural relief households were married, and the older the youth, the larger was the percentage of both sexes married. The marital status of rural relief youth varied considerably in the different sections of the country. It appears probable that youth on relief follow the general pattern of later marriage in industrialized than in agricultural sections. Many of the young people on relief had family responsibilities, either because they were married or because they had had to assume the responsibility for the parental household. Almost one-fourth of the young men were heads of households; the proportion who were heads of households was slightly larger in the villages than in the open country. Very few rural youth on relief, 20 years of age or over, were in school, and among the youth in school there were proportionately more young women than young men. A smaller percentage of relief youth than of all youth were attending school. Open country youth on relief were at a greater disadvantage than were village youth with respect to the proportion that were in school. A considerable proportion of relief youth in school were retarded, particularly in the open country. Agriculture was employing more rural relief youth in 1935 than any other occupation. Also, agriculture was the usual occupation for more youth than any other occupation, but the experience was usually limited to farm labor. Outside of agriculture the most common usual occupation was unskilled labor. Of the young men who were out of school, 45 percent were classed as employed. This percentage did not vary greatly by age groups, but more than twice as many of those in the open country as in the villages were employed. Employment in the open country was primarily at farm labor, usually on the home farm, and brought little return. Very few out-of-school young women were employed, the highest proportion being 13 percent of the 16- and 17-year olds. The Negroes of the open country apparently had the best opportunity of all young women on relief to find employment, since they could hire out either as domestic servants or as farm hands. Of the various Federal emergency agencies operating in October 1935, two directly aided rural youth: the National Youth Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps. Digitized by Google SUMMARY • XVII The National Youth Administration has reached some rural youth with its work program, but in comparison with urban youth, rural youth have been underrepresented on N. Y. A. work projects. This has been due largely to the cost of transportation and supervision in rural areas, though special projects have been designed for rural youth. The N. Y. A. student aid program is the only major Federal youth activity which at present gives aid to youth in marginal families not actually on relief as well as to youth in relief households. About 50 percent of the C. C. C. enrollees have been coming from rural territory, and the proportion from rural territory has apparently been increasing since early in 1935. This is indicated by the definite shift in volume of enrollment from industrial to agricultural States. The Works Progress Administration has given work to some youth who are the primary wage earners in their families, but probably not to a very large proportion of the destitute rural youth who are in this category. Its main service to youth has been the indirect one of providing a job for some other member of the household. The Resettlement Administration, in its program of assisting relief families through loans or resettlement, has helped many youth indirectly by assisting their families. At the time of the present study, however, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration was still the major agency assisting underprivileged rural youth. The destitution of rural families on relief may be symptomatic of a situation existing in rural territory that is much more serious for the youth in these families than is the situation facing youth in urban families on relief. The plight of youth in the low income strata of rural society is largely the result of long-time trends in agriculture-depletion of soil fertility, overcrowding of the land, and in some sections the prevalent system of farming-that have gradually brought depressing poverty to many. The revival of industrial activity in the cities will have little direct effect on conditions in submarginal land areas although rural life in general will benefit indirectly from any notable improvement in the economic situation. Amelioration of the conditions facing rural youth must come through enhancement of economic opportunities and through improvement in facilities for education. Furthermore, assistance through these two methods should be coordinated and carried out on a national scale under a long-range stabilized program. Assistance for rural youth on relief is not enough; prevention of the need for relief is far more important. Young men farming on submarginal or worn-out land are condemned to poverty. The upward trend of farm prices may increase the gross farm income of the Nation, but it must be remembered that youth in low income rural families may not be participating in the benefits of a recovery measured only in terms of total figures. 28068°-38--2 Digitized by Google o,g,t• 7 cdb Google Chapter I NUMBER AND LOCATION OF RURAL YOUTH IN RELIEF HOUSEHOLDS . THE NUMBER of young people 16 to 24 years of age, inclusive, in relief households in the United States in October 1935 has been estimated at about 2,000,000, of which 625,000 lived in rural areas (appendix table 1). The youth on rural relief rolls, however, represented only a part of the rural youth who received public assistance. Many others were in the Civilian Conservation Corps. 1 At least 300,000 youth 2 belonged to families which were being aided through the rural rehabilitation program of the Resettlement Administration and to rural families with some member employed on the Works Program, exclusive of the Civilian Conservation Corps. A few thousand rural youth were transients, but compared with the number of urban youth belonging to this group, the number was small. Considering all groups, however, it is probable that approximately 10 percent of the nearly 10,000,000 rural youth in the United States a were being assisted through some form of Federal aid in October 1935. 1 See ch. VI. Since many of the Civilian Conservation Corpe enrollees in October 1935 were members of families still on relief, the 625,000 rural youth in Federal emergency relief households included some of the C. C. C. enrollees from rural areas. ' Exclusive of youth in households receiving general relief in addition to Reaettlement Administration loans or Works Program earnings. • The number of rural youth in 1935 was estimated by taking the number of persons 11-19 years of age reported in the 1930 Census as a base, as these youth were 16-24 years of age in 1935. This number was corrected by subtracting the estimated total of those who had died and of those who had moved to urban areas during the 5-year interval. 1 01gt1zcdb Google 2 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF One out of every sixteen rural youth in the United States was in a household receiving Federal emergency relief in October 1935 (appendix table 1). The distribution of the 625,000 youth in rural relief families among the States indicated a high degree of concentration of the youth relief problem in States marked by distinctive conditioning factors (figs. 3 and 4) . •.. .•1'h.e Stq,t~ pf lda.ine, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania., and Arizona, ·:au:of which:h.ilijJ30 percent or more of the total rural youth in the :. : 11,P.nfti,tm,~up,.~ad-.higher percentages of their rural youth on relief :•·.: =tliaii: Uie·:oowi.tey ·as a whole (appendix table 1). West Virginia., Kentucky, and Missouri, which have large areas of submarginal land,' likewise showed percentages of youth on relief that were above the average for the country. States that have experienced the ravages of drought, such as Oklahoma., North Dakota, Montana, Colorado, and New Mexico, had especially large percentages of their youth on relief, although South Dakota, also in the drought area, did not have a large percentage. Probably one reason was the heavy migration of youth from the land between 1930 and 1935.6 Michigan and Minnesota. had rural youth relief loads above the average, the percentage being 7.8 for ea.ch State; the Cut-Over Areo., in which the closing of mines and the cessation of lumbering operations have left a stranded rural-nonfa.rm population,• extends a.cross the northern pa.rt of these two States. The large proportion of youth in relief families in Utah (10.4 percent) apparently was due to the la.ck of work in mining and the return of youth to the State during the depression. 7 Supplementing these ca.uses in many States was the excessive number of rural youth who were pressing upon all existing employment opportunities. AB would be expected, since youth a.re normally members of relief households instead of being on relief as individuals, the geographic distribution of rural youth on relief coincided in general with the situation of the rural relief population as a whole (fig. 5). "Rural relief cases in October [1935] were heavily concentrated in certain States. About 255,000 cases or more than one-fourth of all rural cases were located in 4 States-Kentucky, Oklahoma., Texas, and West Virginia. Five States with high proportions of the general rural population on relief were Kentucky, Oklahoma, West Virginia, North Dakota, and Utah, each with a relief rate of more than 16 ' See National Resources Board Report, December 1, 19S4, p. 176 • United States Census of Agriculture: 19S5. • Beck, P. G. and Forster, M. C., Six Rural Problem Areas, Relief-ResourceitRehabilitation, Research Monograph I, Division of Research, Statistics, and Finance, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 1935, pp. 11-15. 7 Nelson, Lowry and Hettig, T. David, "Some Changes in the Population of Utah as Indicated by the Annual L. D. S. Church Census, 1929-1933," Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, Vol. XII, 1935, pp. 107-118. Digitized by Google NUMBER AND LOCATJON • 3 ThoulOftdl 0 60 10 p..isyfYania Oklahoma ~uclly WIit VirQinio Te1111 llllnoi1 Olio MIIIOUri MichiQan MiMesota North Carolina North Dakota VirQinia Witconlin Florido l.Ouili- South Ar"- Tenn•Millillippi New Yark K- Califamlo lndiono Alabomo Calarodo Georoio NewMalco South Oolloto Moine Utah Mclntano Washinotan Marylond Arizona ldoho CoMec:ticut NewHcsnplli Vermont Oreoan Rhode Island Wyomino Delawore Nevada FtG. 3- ESTIMATED NUMBER OF RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF October 1935 Digitized by Google 4 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF Percent 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 North 0alda Oklahoma West V-1t9lnlo Klntucky New Mexico Massadutttl Pennlylvonla Utah Colorado Illinois Montano Florida Mlnnaola Mlc:NQan Arizona Mluourl Ohio Moine South Oallota New JtrMy ldohO WIICOlllin Nebraska KonRhode lslond Loulsiono TtllllS WCllhlnoton Collfomlo Virvinio Soulh Corolino lndlono Arkonsos lowo Morylond Mississippi North Corolino New York Ttn.,._ New Hompshirt Nevodo Alobomo Connecllcut Vermont Dtlowort Wyomino Georoio Oreoon FIG. 4 - PERCENT OF RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF October 1935 .v-ue,, •·'-"- D,guicdbvGoogle FtG. 5· INTENSITV OF RELIEF-OCTOBER 1935 RATIO OF PERSOOS RECEIVING RELIEF, OCT08ER 1935, TO TOTAL POPULATION, APRIL 1930. BY COl,l'mES z C ~ CD m ;lt:I LEGEN> □ <O ;=.· N C) a. ~ ,!1 0 - ~ rv No r.,....' IIIll o - 4 .9 0 0 _ SOUlCES: OMslon d Resoarch, Statistics, and F1rclncl, Works " - Adrninlsln:Jtlon, and Filtfftlth Clnsul ol IM U>/ltd Stotts: 1930. X CF TOTAL RELIEF POPl.l.ATION e.3 )>, z 0 ,... 5· 14.9 66.3 ■ ,s-29~ 32.9 ~ )>- 4.5 0 ■ 30Xandrra. 1#•21101.•P.A. :::! z • VI 6 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF percent as compared with an average of 8 percent for all States combined." 8 The low general relief load in such States as Alabama, Mississippi, and Sou th Carolina, which were earlier characterized by high relief loads,0 was due to the activity of the Rural Rehabilitation Division of the Resettlement Administration, to improvement in agricultural conditions, and to reductions in the rolls for anroinistrative reasons. Moreover, on the poor lands in these States the general plane of living is distressingly low. The depression couJd not greatly lower the already low living standard of many families, and the Emergency Relief Administration probably helped numbers of them to rise slightly in the economic scale. The small percentage of relief youth in States such as Oregon and Wyoming is consistent with the fact that these States have never had high relief rates, indicating that the pressure of population on resources has not been unduly heavy. OPEN COUNTRY AND VILLAGE RESIDENCE OF YOUTH ON RELIEF Taking the country as a whole, one-third of the rural youth on relief in October 1935 were in villages while two-thirds were in the open country 10 (table 1). The proportions varied considerably by regions, Tal,le 1.-Residence of Rural Youth on Relief, by Region, October 1935 (304 counties) Total Open Region Number Total............................................ • 64,262 Percent 100.0 country 65. 7 Vlllap 34.3 1----1----1----1--- North.............. ....... ..... ........ ............ .. .. South.................................................. White.............................................. Neitro.... .. .. .. . ..... .............. ........ .... .... West................................................... 19,940 28,874 23, 896 4,978 6,448 100. o 100. o 100. 0 100. O 100.0 61. 8 71. 8 73. 2 65. O 47.6 38. 2 28. 2 26. 8 35. O 62.6 'Excluslveofl,802 youth In New Engl~nd. Because of the township system of government, the rural population cannot be classified by open country and village residence. reflecting differences in the residence distribution of the general population. In the South, which is predominantly agricultural, 72 percent of all rural relief youth were in the open country. In the West, however, which has both a large nonfann population and a large farm population residing in villages, less than one-ha.If of the relief youth were in the open country. 8 Mangus, A. R., ChaTl{les in the Rural Relief Population Through October 193,5, Research Bulletin H-6, Division of Social Research, Works Progress Administration, January 1936, p. i. 'Beck, P. G. and Forster, M. C., op. cit., p. 5. 10 Open country--outside centers of 50 or more population; vlliage--center of 50 to 2,500 population. Dg1tzcdbyGooglc JVhal Chance llm-e Youth Reared in Homes Like This? o,gttmlb Google Digitized by Google NUMBER AND LOCATION • 7 The number of youth on relief was not large relative to their representation in the general rural population (table 2 and appendix table 2). Youth on relief constituted 14.5 percent of the total rural relief population, whereas youth formed 16.4 percent of the total rural population in the sample counties in 1930. Contrary to the rest of the country, there were more youth in the relief population than in the total rural population in New England where youth were predominantly dependent on nonagricultural employment. Talile !.-Youth in the Total Rural Relief P~ulation, October 1935, and in the Total Rural Population, 1930, by Residence and by Re9ion (304 oountles and 83 New England townships) Percent of rural relief population lfr-24 7ear11 of age, October 11134 Region Percent of total rural ---..------.----population Total Open oountry Village lfr-24 yean of age, 111301 14. 5 14. 5 14.6 18. 4 l=====l====l====I·=== 14.0 15. 6 14. 3 14. 2 14. 4 15. 4 14. 8 14.11 14.8 South_. -- ·- -------------- ----------. --- -------- -- ··---18. White______________________________________________ 17.112 14. R 14. 9 16.0 14. 6 14. 5 14. 7 Negro ___ -------·--- --- ___ -------------------------19. 2 West _____________ ·-·- ________ -------------------------· 15. 4 13.0 13.6 14. 3 Total ___ ----------------------------------------- New England__________________________________________ North-----------------------· __ --------·--------------· 1 .FI/IUfll/l Cemu, of the Un/tat Slole•: JS.,O, Population Vol. 111. Youth constituted approximately the same proportions of the total relief population in the open country and in villages (14.5 and 14.6 percent, respectively). The West was the only region with a significantly larger representation of youth in the village than in the open country relief population. ogit1edbyGooglc Og1tm:lbyGoogle Chapter II CHANGES IN THE NUMBER OF RURAL YOUTH IN RELIEF HOUSEHOLDS RuRAL RELIEF expanded fairly steadily from the beginning of the Federal Emergency Relief Program to a peak in the early months of 1935 and then declined rapidly as households were transferred from the general to special programs. In October 1935, when the data for this survey were gathered, a considerable proportion of households had been removed from general relief by the Resettlement Administration, the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Works Progress Administration, and other Works Program agencies. The reduction in general relief was accompanied by a high rate of turnover during the year. A decline in rural relief rolls from an estimated 1,907,000 cases in February 1935 to 1,025,000 cases in October 1 did not mean that the October cases had been on relief all of the intervening 8 months. Estimates of openings and closings indicate that to accomplish the reduction of 882,000 cases, almost twice as many cases were closed. The closings were partially offset by well over half a million accessions to relief rolls during the period. Thus, the October population included many who were not on relief in February. This change in clientele also changed the characteristics of the relief population. NUMBER OF RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF, OCTOBER 1933 THROUGH OCTOBER 1935 The peak in the number of rural youth on relief was reached early in 1935 (table 3 and fig. 6). The period of most rapid increase was 1 Smith, Mapbeus and Mangus, A. R., Cases Receiving General Relief in Urban and Rural Area,, July 19SS--December 1935, Research Bulletin Series III, No. 1, Division of Social Research, Works ProgreBB Administration, August 1936, p. 3. 9 D']I LcdbyGoogle 10 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF from October 1933 to October 1934, with a slower rate of increase from October 1934 to February 1935. That was the time when the gravity of the rural relief situation was steadily increasing and when TafJle 3.-Estimated Number of Rural Youth on Relief, Odober 1933 Through Odober 1935 Month 11.Dd year Number Oetober 11133 ••••••........•....•.•.. ··•··•·••••••·••••••·••••············•······ Oetober 111114........ •• .• . ••• . . . . •• . • . . • •. .•• •. . •••••••••••• •••••••.•.. .•••.. .• • . February 11136. • . . • . • . • . . . . . • . • . . • . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • . • • • •• • • . • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • June 11136........................................................................ Oetober 11136. • • • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • • • . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • . • . • . • . • • • • • • • 840,000 l, 200, 000 1, 370, 000 ll80,000 026, 000 +42,8 +14.1 -28.6 -111.2 rural relief was being made available on an extensive scale. But from February to June 1935, the decline in numbers was precipitous, being almost 400,000, or 29 percent. The decline continued through October at an even more rapid rate, the number of rural youth on relief decreasing 36 percent between June and October. During both periods the number of rural youth on relief declined more rapidly than did the total relief population. 1 At least five forces apparently contributed to the decline in the number of rural youth on general relief from February through October 1500 ......----..----,----,---.-----.---,----,r--,--.....,.-,1500 O Oct Jon 1933.J.. Apr Jul 1934 Oct Jon ..L Apr Jul Oct Dec O 1935 FIG. 6 - RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF October 1933 through October 1935 1 Mangus, A. R., Changu in the Rural Relief Population ThroU(lh October 1986, Research Bulletin H-6, Division of Social Research, Works Progress Administration, January 1936, p. 5. ogi11edbyGooglc CHANGES IN NUMBER • 11 l 935: the improvement in agricultural conditions, due partially to the activities of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration; the development of the rural rehabilitation program, first by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and later by the Resettlement Administration; the increased enrollment in the Civilian Conservation Corps; the initiation of the Works Program; and reductions in relief loads as a result of State and local administrative policies. The increase in the gross fann income of l 935 over that of l 934 was l 7 percent. "With marketing and benefit payments included, the total [national] cash income from grains in l 935 was 133 percent larger than in 1932. From cotton it was 77 percent larger." 8 Since the occupation to which most rural youth in the lower income groups normally turn is farm labor, the growing income of operators no doubt made it possible for them to give work to many relief youth as farm laborers. Of all rural relief cases that were closed from March l through October 31, 1935, about 30 percent were due to some member of the household securing private employment.' By October the rural rehabilitation program had 346,000 loan cases 6 which contained many youth.1 The great majority of these cases had been taken over from the relief rolls since February. Of great significance in the rural relief situation was the program of the Civilian Conservation Corps. From March 31 to August 31, 1935, the total number of enrollees rose from 241,810 to 505,782, an increase of approximately 264,000.7 Between May and August the junior enrollees increased by about 154,000 {appendix table 19). The allotments to the families of some of these enrollees were sufficient to remove them from the relief rolls and hence contributed to reducing the number of youth on general relief in rural areas. With the development of the Works Program during the latter half of 1935, preparations were made to shift the unabsorbed balance of the general relief load back to the States. In some States many families were arbitrarily cut off the relief rolls by State or local authorities. Thus, by administrative order, a decline in the number of rural youth on relief must have occurred. In Georgia, for example, where 159 rural relief cases closed during May and June 1935 were studied, it 1 Report of the Secretary of AgricuUure to the President of the United States, 1936, U. 8. Department of Agriculture, pp. 4 and 5. ' Droba, Daniel D., Reasons for Cwsing Rural Relief Cases, March-June and July-October 1935, Research Bulletin H-7, Division of Social Research, Works Progress Administration, March 1936, pp. 8 and 10. 1 Statistics Section, Finance and Control Division, Resettlement Administration. 1 See ch. VI. 7 Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work, Fiscal Year Ending June SO, 1936, p. 2. 01gt1zcdb Google 12 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF was found that, for the most part, the families represented persons whose basic needs were not being met when the survey was made (August 1935), and for whose future needs adequate provision had not been made by the local communities.• The Works Program began to be active in removing rural families from the relief rolls in September and October 1935. An estimated 31,000 rural cases, or 15 percent of all closings in October, were due to some member receiving pay for a full work period on a work project.11 In all, 136,000 rural cases had been taken off the relief rolls by the Works Program, exclusive of the Civilian Conservation Corpe and the Resettlement Administration, by October 1935.10 These cases included many youth. The economic situation of the dependent youth may not have been changed greatly when some member of the family secured work unless the youth were given an opportunity through the National Youth Administration. In October 1935 this agency was assisting 75,000 high school students, 11 some of whom were rural. The students came from both relief and marginal families. The work program of the N. Y. A. did not get into operation until after October. Conseq uently, this program was not a factor in diminislu.ng the relief burden at the time of the survey. Another probable explanation of the decline in the number of rural youth on relief is that some youth on relief may have migrated, either as individuals or with their families, between February and October 1935. Since the beginning of the depresmon there has been only 1 year, 1932, when the migration from the farms in the United States was not greater than that to the farms. u It is estimated that. there was a net migration of at least 200,000 youth from farms to urban areas between 1930 and 1935.11 DECLINE IN NUMBER OF RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF, BY RESIDENCE The downward trend in relief between February and October 1935 was proportionately greater for youth in the open country than for those in the villages. In February 1935, 72 percent of all rural youth • McGill, K. H . ; Hayes, Grant; and Farnham, Rebecca: Survey of Ca,u RnnoHd From Relief Rolla in Seventeen Rural Countiea in Georgia /or Admini&tratioe ~ in May and June, 19S5, Research Bulletin Series II, No. 8, Division of Research, Statistics, and Finance, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, November 1935. • Mangus, A. R., op. cit., p. ii. 10 The major effect of the Works Program in reducing rural relief rolls occurred. after October 1935. 11 Report on Progress of the Wor~ Program, Ocl-Ober 15, 1988, Division of R,e-. search, Statistics, and Records, Works Progress Administration, p. 43. 12 Release of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, October 27, 1936, table 8. 11 Estimate made in the Division of Social Research, Works ProgreBB Admin• tration. Based on data provided by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. Digitized by Google CHANGES IN NUMBER • 13 on relief in nine agricultural areas were in the open country, while by October the percentage was 64 (table 4). The open country relief load for the 1~24 year age group declined at approximately the same rate from June to October as from February to June. Youth on relief in villages, however, decreased almost twice as rapidly from June to October as during the 4 preceding months. TalJle 4.-Raldence of Rural Youth on Relief, February, June, and Odober 1935 1 1138 OOUDties) February Residence Num- October change, February Num- Perto June ber cent June Plll'Clllt Plll'Clllt change. June to October cent Number cent Total .••••••••••••••••••••• 61,WT 100.0 41.380 100.0 -33.3 27, 2liO 100.0 -84.1 ~/j~~untry .•••••••• ------- ••• 44,673 71.11 28. 1 26. 898 &5.0 M.0 -311. 7 17,428 -lG.11 11,822 &4.0 a&. 0 -36.8 -32.2 ber Per- Per- - -- - 17, ffl 14,482 1 The alight differences In percentages between this table and table 1 are due to the fact that comparative data were available only for the 138 counties 11BD1pled In February, whereas table 118 ba.,ed on the 30t counties of thl11tudy. The total number of rural youth on relief declined in both the open country and villages in all sections of the country with the exception of villages in the Appalachian-Ozark Highlands (appendix table 3). TREND IN NUMBER OF RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF IN RELATION TO TOTAL RURAL RELIEF POPULATION Youth tended to go off relief more rapidly than the remainder of the relief population between February and October 1935. Youth constituted 14.6 percent of the total rural relief population in nine agricultural areas in October 1935 as compared with 16.2 percent in the previous February (table 5, appendix table 3, and fig. 7). There was little variation in the percentage youth formed of the total rural relief TalJle 5.-Youth in the Total Rural Relief Population, February, June, and Odober 1935 1 (138 counties) February Residence Total relief PD{'ul&tion June Percent 16-24 years of age --Total ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~~coantry•••••••••••••••••.••••••••••• Total relief October• Percent 16-24 Total relief ~r:- years of ~y~a- age Percent 16-24 years of age --- 382,098 16.2 253,636 16.3 18&,812 14.6 271,616 110,482 16. 4 16.8 164,864 88, 782 16.3 16.3 120, 2116 66,616 14.6 --- 14.8 For data by areas. see appendix table 3. • The slight differences In percentages between this table and table 2 ere due to the feet that comparative data wen avellable only for tbe 138 counties sampled In February, whereas table 2 Is baaed on the 304 countlel aDd 83 New England townsbiJ)8 of tills study. 1 01gt1zcdb Google 14 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF group between February and June, the decline occurring from June to October. In general, the decrease in the proportion of youth in the rural relief population was greater in the open country than in villages from February to October. The decline in the percent that youth constituted of the total rural relief population occurred in all sections of the country, although it was more noticeable in some than in others (appendix table 3). Thus, among the Negroes of the Eastern Cotton Area, youth formed 18 percent of the total population on relief in February but only 15 percent in October, and the drop for the white youth in the Western Cotton Area was even greater. The rise in this percentage between February and June in the Lake States Cut-Over, Appalachian-Ozark, and Winter Wheat Areas shows how the "piling up" of youth intensified the relief problem in the poor land sections. 0 s Fltcn 10 IS 20 TOTAL OPEN~TRY February June October VILLAGE October FIG. 7- PERCENT OF YOUTH IN THE TOTAL RURAL RELIEF POPULATION, BY RESIDENCE February, June, .and October 1935 The fact that the decrease between February and October was greater for youth than for other age groups in the rural relief population was due not only to the effect of the C. C. C. but also to the inclusion of many you th in families taken off general relief rolls by Works Program employment and by the Resettlement Administration. [)1g t1zed by Google Chapter Ill PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL YOUTH IN RELIEF HOUSEHOLDS ANY STUDY of the problem of rural youth in relief households must take into consideration the racial, age, sex, and marital characteristics of the youth themselves. Moreover, there is a distinct difference in the situation of youth under the parental roof of an elder breadwinner and that of youth with primary responsibility for the family support. The extent to which relief youth are the primary sources of support-the economic heads of families-is evidence of their efforts to assume burdens which are beyond their capacities. There are also significant differences in the problems of youth 16-18 years of age who are normally of high school age, and youth above 18 who, if not attending college, are usually seeking work. AGE DISTRIBUTION Youth from 16 to 19 years of age, inclusive, constituted 52 percent of all youth on rural relief rolls in October 1935, although they represented only 50 percent of the total rural youth population in 1930 (table 6 and appendix table 5). The overrepresentation of young people 16-19 years of age is probably even greater than the data indicate, as during the 5-year period, 1930-35, their proportion in · the total youth population was decreasing. 1 Slightly more of the relief youth in villages than in the open country belonged in the younger age group. Youth 20-24 years of age were underrepresented on rural relief rolls in every region, with the exception of white youth in the South (appendix tables 4 and 5). Their underrepresentation was most 1 This decrease was due to the smaller number of births during the World War period than during the immediately preceding years. 28068°-3S--3 15 Digitized by Google 16 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF TalJle 6.-Percent Distribution of Rural Youth on Relief, by Age and by Residence, Odober 1935, and in the General Population, 1930 (304 counties and 83 New England townships] Youth on relief 1 - - - - - - - - - - I T o t a l roral youth• Open Total I Age country• TotaL........................................... 18-19 years............................................. 20-24 yean. •• . . . • . . . . . • . . . . .• . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . •• •. . 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - -1 - - 61. 8 61. 4 62. 3 49. 9 48. 2 48. 8 47. 7 ro.1 • Includes New England. • Does not Include New England. • Fift«nlla Cenau. of Ill• United ,</UJl,a: 19~, Population Vol. III. Data for New England are for the 30 counties which Included the 83 townships surveyed. marked in the West. This underrepresentation undoubtedly reflects the fact that the factors operating to keep rural youth off relief 1 were more effective in the older than in the younger age group. CHANGES IN AGE DISTRIBUTION The proportions of rural youth in relief families belonging to the different age groups showed fairly significant changes from February through October 1935. Thus, dividing the youth group into three age periods, both the 16-17 and 21-24 year age groups constituted a larger percentage of the total in October than in February, which suggests that the youth 18-20 years of age were going off relief more rapidly than the other groups (table 7). This shift in age was found both in the villages and in the open country. TalJle 7.-Age of Rural Youth on Relief, by Residence, February, June, and Odober 1935 (138 counties] February Age !age vn. Total country 100.0 17,424 100.0 41,380 100.0 27.1 34.6 38. 3 26.1 35.1 38.8 26. 7 35.0 Open Total country Numh«r ..•..... 81,997 Percent •••..•••. 100.0 44. 573 IIH7year., .••••••••.•. 18--20 years ..••.•.•.... 21-24 years •.••••••.••. 26.8 34.8 38.4 October June 38. 3 !age vn. Total OpP,n VII- country !age 26.RllS 100.0 14. 482 100.0 27,250 100.0 17,428 100.0 9,822 100.0 27.0 34. 6 38. 4 26. 3 35. 6 38.1 32.9 39.1 32. 6 39. l 33.4 39.2 Open - 27.4 -28.0 - --28.3 Considerable variation in age shifts was found among the different agricultural areas. In the Eastern Cotton, Western Cotton, Lake States Cut-Over, Winter Wheat, and Ranching Areas, for example, there was a tendency for the proportion in the youngest age group to increase from February through October. In the Appalachian-Ozark and Hay and Dairy Areas, the 21-24 year age group became of 1 See ch. II, p. 11. ogi11edbyGooglc PERSONAL CHARAmRISTICS • 17 increased importance. On the whole, however, the shifts among the age groups by areas were so irregular that positive conclusions are not justified (appendix table 6). DISTRIBUTION BY COLOR Of all the rural youth in sample relief households in the South in October 1935, 83 percent were white and 17 percent were Negro (table 8). In the counties studied, 73 percent of the total youth in 1930 were white and 27 percent were Negro. The proportion of Negroes among relief youth was considerably higher in the villages than in the open country. TalJ#e 8.-Color of Rural Youth on Relief in the South, Odober 1935, and in the General Population, 1930, by Residence (145 counties) Youth on relier Total rural Color Total Number_-· .. .. ··-·-Percent_. ____ ____ .. ·- ··-·-· __ . _______ ...··-·-···-···-····-. ____ .. ____ -·._ .•.. 28. 87( 100. 0 White_·-·-·--·---·--··---···-····-·---·--·---·······-·· Negro·-----·-···--··--··---·-····-·--···-·---·--·--·-·· 82. 8 17.2 • Flfuffllll Cm,u oft/le United Open country Vlllage youth 1 20, 738 100. 0 8. 136 100. 0 ™·100.4720 16.6 21.4 27.2 ----1----1---84. <& 78. 6 72. 8 statu: 19~0, Population Vol. III. There are several reasons for this underrepresentation of Negro youth on relief. Negro families, and consequently Negro youth, were probably discriminated against by local relief officials. A previous study shows that rural Negro families were definitely underrepresented on relief in the Eastern Cotton Area in February 1935,3 and it is unlikely that this condition had changed materially by October. Another factor is the well-known preference of many landlords for Negro tenants. This may have operated to make it easier for Negro than for white youth to secure employment in the open country." SEX DISTRIBUTION Rural youth on relief contained more young women than young men, the proportions in the counties studied being 54 percent and 46 percent, respectively, in October 1935 (table 9). Translated into sex ratios, this percentage distribution means about 85 males to 100 females. In the rural population as a whole in 1930, 52 percent of the youth were males. 5 The excess of young women over young men among the 1 Mangus, A. R., The Rural Negro on Relief, February 19~5, Research Bulletin H-3, Division of Research, Statistics, and Finance, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, October 1935, p. 1. • Ibid., p. 3. 1 Fifteenth Censua of the United States: 1980, Population Vol. II. D,guicdbvGoogle 18 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF rural youth on relief prevailed in every section of the country except New England, where 56 percent were men, and in the open country of the West, where 52 percent were men. The excess of young women over young men among rural relief youth was especially high among the Negroes of the South, where 62 percent of the you th on relief in the villages were young women. Prior to the depression, many of these Negroes undoubtedly were employed as domestic servants. Tal,le P.-Scx of Rural Youth on Relief, by Residence and by Region, Odober 1935 (304 counties and 83 New England townships] Percent Region Open country Total Male Female Male Female Vlllage Male Female -------------,--- --------- -----53. 4 44. 5 55. 5 46. 2 53.8 Total ......••...•...•.....•....•.... ~-6 - - - - - - - - - - - - ==-=== - - 65. 6 44. 4 New England ..•.•••••...••.••.•••.••.•.. North •.•.•...•••..•••••......•.••.•••.•.• South ......•••••••••.••••.••..•..•.••••••. 47.1 44.6 White ••.•..•.•.•.•••........•..••.••. -M.3 Negro •••.•.....••.••.••••.•.•...•.•.. West ••.•.••....•.•.....••.•••.••••.•..••• 40.9 48. a 52. 9 65. 4 M. 7 69.1 61. 7 48. 4 45.0 45. 4 42. 6 61.6 51. 6 65.0 M.6 67.4 48.4 -M.2 43. 5 -M. l 37.8 46. 4 M.8 66. 5 54.9 62.2 64.6 The fact that more young women than young men were on relief except in New England and in the open country of the West is of significance with respect to any policy to meet the needs of rural relief youth. Since, as a rule, young women leave rural territory at a younger age and in greater numbers than do young men, 8 many of the young women within this economic class may have belonged to a group that in more normal times would have migrated to the cities. On the other hand, normally there are more opportunities for young men to obtain work in rural territory and, in some cases, it is probable that the boys were not living at home, and accordingly were not listed with the family as being on relief. Furthermore, young men who secured employment may have taken their families off relief. e See, for example, Wakeley, Ray E., Rural Organization and Land Utilization on Muscatine Island, Bulletin 352, Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, December 1936, p. 74; Hamilton, C. Horace, Rural-Urban Migration in North Carolina, 1920 to 1930, Bulletin 295, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, North Carolina, February 1934, p. 40; Smick, A. A. and Yoder, F. R., A Study of Farm Migration in Selected Communities in the State of Washington, Bulletin 233, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Pullman, Washington, June 1929, p. 14; and Dorn, Harold F. and Lorimer, Frank, "Migration, Reproduction, and Population Adjustment," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, November 1936, p. 287. Dg11zedbyGooglc PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS • 19 CHANGES IN SEX DISTRIBUTION The proportion of males in the rural relief youth population declined considerably between February and October 1935 (table 10 and fig. 8). TalJle 10.-Sex of Rural Youth on Relief, by Residence, February, June, and October 1935 (138 conntll'S] February 1une October t Sex Total 0P<'n country Village Total 0J"l<'n country Village Total Ofl<'n country Village M.2 65.3 --- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - «,574 17,425 41,380 14,482 Tl,2W 17, 428 9.~22 Number---···-- 61,009 Per..ent •••••. _._ 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ----Msle __ ••••••••••••••• 48.4 48. 9 47. 1 48. 2 48.9 46.9 45.4 45.8 «. 7 211,898 61.6 Female ••••••••••••••• 61. l 62. g 61.8 61.1 63.1 54.6 • The slight differences In percentages between this table and table 9 are due to the fact that comparative data were available only for the 138 counties sampled in February, whereas table II ls based on the 304 conn• ties and 83 New England townships of this study. The decline was general, occurring in both the open country and the village groups in practically all sections of the country (appendix table 7). The only exceptions were among the open country youth in the Lake States Cut-Over and Ranching Areas a.nd among the village youth in the Spring Wheat Area. For all areas the decrease in the proportion of males was slightly greater in the open country than in the villages. llilFemole -Mole Percent 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Total Rurol Youth, 1930 RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF Total February June October Open country February June October WIC191 February June October FIG. 8- SEX OF RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF, FEBRUARY, JUNE, AND OCTOBER 1935, BY RESIDENCE, AND IN THE GENERAL POPULATION, 1930 * * Flfleenth Census of the United States: 1930, Population Vol. D. AF-2257,WP.A. D']I LcdbyGoogle 20 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF Young women in rural areas have not had the same opportunities to go off relief as have young men. Agricultural labor, enrollment in the Civilian Conservation Corps, and other opportunities have contributed to reducing the number of young men on relief, but there have not been comparable opportunities for young women. Consequently, programs to assist rural youth may well give greater emphasis to the needs of young women. MARITAL STATUS Many more young women than young men in rural relief households in October 1935 were married, the proportions being 41 percent and 20 percent, respectively (table 11 and appendix table 8). Many of the husbands of these young women were more than 24 years of age and hence were not classified in the youth group. Of all youth 22-24 years of age on relief, 50 percent of the young men and 72 percent of the young women were married. Tol,le 11.-Percent of Rural Youth on Relief, Odober 1935, and in the General Population, 1930, Who Were Married, by Sex, by Age, and by Residence (304 oountles and 83 New England townships] Youth on relier Bex and aee 1----.-----.----ITotalrural Total I Open country• Village youth• I KALI: Total __________ ---------------------------------Ul-17years __ ------------------------------------------18-19years.____________________________________________ 20-21 years_____________________________________________ 22-M years_-------------------------------------------- 19. 6 20. 3 111. 8 17. 0 0. 6 4.6 21. 6 60. 3 0. 6 6.3 21. 7 62. 0 0. II 3.2 23. 6 60. 6 0.1 6.1 18. 8 40. 4 40. 7 43. 5 36. 8 311. 2 1====1====11====1==== Fll:K4LS Total ...... ______________ ---------------------------- 1====1====:====1==== II. 4 ll. 2 7. 6 II. 6 31. I 32. 7 29. 7 29. 7 61. ll 65. 6 47. 3 411. 1 22-24 years_-------------------------------------------72. 0 75. 4 65. ll 116.11 1~17 years_-------------------------------------------18-19 years_____________________________________________ 20-21 years_-------------------------------------------- • Includes New England. • Does not Include New England. • Piflttfllll Cemiu oftlu UnUed State,: /9.,0, Population Vol. II, ch. 11, table 11. A larger percentage of the youth in the open country than in tho villages was married. The difference was not great among young men but it was quite marked among young women. In the open country 56 percent of the young women 20-21 years of age and 75 percent of those 22-24 years of age were married; in the villages the corresponding percentages were only 47 and 66, respectively. Very few youth were widowed, divorced, or separated. Only among young women 22-24 years of age did these three categories together amount to as much as 5 percent of the total (appendix table 8). The marital status of rural relief youth varied considerably in the different sections of the country (table 12 and appendix table 9). In New England only 7 percent of the young men and 23 percent of D1gt1zcdbyGoogle I )'01111g ll'1f<' of a Mir,ra11/ Fmil WorkPr. Digitized by Goos le ... . . ..= _:.:._= .~.:-_: ·.··.·•. ··· ·::. .. ... : :.• :::• Digitized by Goog Ie PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS • 21 the young women were married. It appears probable that youth on relief follow the general pattern of later marriage in industriamed than in agricultural sections. A greater proportion of the relief youth in each of the younger age groups was married in the South than in any other section. This is to be expected since the South is predominantly agricultmal. Of the young men 20-21 years of age in the South, 26 percent were married, while in the North and West the proportions were only 18 percent and 20 percent, respectively (appendix table 9). Similarly, for the young women of the same age, 55 percent were married in the South, but in the North the corresponding percentage was only 49 and in the West, 53. The higher percentages in the South cannot be attributed to the Negroes. In almost every age group, for both sexes, the percentage of white youth married was higher than the percentage of Negro youth. The only exceptions occurred in the villages. Tal,le 1.2.-Percent of Rural Youth on Relief Who Were Married, by Sex, by Residence, and by Region, Odober 1935 [aot ooantlel and 83 N- England townahll)II) Open oountry Total Male Total •••••••••••••••••••.•..•••••••. 10.11 Soatb. •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• White. ••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••• 7.0 16. 4 :U.4 M.6 23.8 15. 8 = :~Eqland .•••.•.•.•.••..•...•. -.•.. - WestNegro.······························•••••••••••••.••.•••••••••••••••••••. Male Female = 40. 7 22.8 87.8 44.1 46.4 88.2 311. 0 = 20.3 14.8 25.2 25.8 21.11 12. 4 Vlllap Female = 43.5 38. 7 48.6 48.2 37. 7 40.0 Male = 10.8 17.3 22. a 21.0 28.0 111.3 Female = 311.8 311.4 88.1 87.8 811.2 34.4 The somewhat larger percentage of married young men in relief households than in the general population indicates that the marital factor played a part in the relief situation of rural youth. While 20 percent of the young men on relief in rural territory in October 1935 were married, only 17 percent of the total male rural youth in the United States were married in 1930 (table 11). The difference between the percentage of married young women in the relief group and in the total population was not so great--41 percent and 39 percent, respectively. The differences between youth on relief and youth in the general population in the proportion married were greatest in the older age groups. Among the young men in rural relief families in October 1935, 22 percent of those 20-21 years of age and 50 percent of those 22-24 years of age were married in comparison with 19 percent and 40 percent in the comparable age groups in the total rural youth population in 1930. Among young women, 52 percent of those 20-21 years of age in relief households were married in comparison with 49 percent of this age group in the total rural population. Comparable Dg1tzcdbyGooglc 22 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF figures for the 22-24 year age group were 72 percent and 66 percent, respectively. In the above comparisons it must be kept in mind that youth in the economic classes that have remained off relief tend to marry later, on the average, than those in the lowest economic groups. Young heads of families, who might have been able to take care of themselves had they been single, may have found it necessary to go on relief for the sake of their wives and small children. At any rate, the number of married youth on relief indicates that the economic distress of young married couples is an important aspect of the youth problem. HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS Almost one-fourth of all young men on relief in rural areas in October 1935 were heads of households (table 13 and fig. 9). The lowest percentage for any region (11 percent) was found among the New England youth, and the highest percentage (30 percent) was found in the South. There were slightly more young men who were heads of relief households in villages than in the open country, 27 percent and 24 percent, respectively. The percentage of female heads of rural households on relief was very small in all areas (appendix table 10). To&le 13.--Percent of Male Rural Youth on Relief Who Were Heads of Households, by Age, by Residence, and by Region, October 1935 [304 counties and 83 New England toWllllhips) Residence and region Total 1 ________ • --------------------------~!li~untry •------------------------ Total 24.6 24. 2 26.6 16-17 years lS-19 years 20-21 years 22-24 years 8.4 29.6 58.2 8.2 28.6 67.9 II. 7 33.11 ft2. 4 New England ____________________________ _1====1====1====1===,I=== 11.4 o. 7 1. 6 14.0 28. 7 North ____________________________________ _ 19.6 0.6 5. 7 24.0 50.9 li.4 0.2 5.6 19. 6 46. 7 Open country.-----------------------67. 9 23. 6 1.0 6.9 31. 9 Village_ - - - - -- - -- --- -- - -- - -- ---------- _ South ____________________________________ 29.9 35.3 65.0 2.6 11.3 29.8 3.0 10.4 34.9 65.0 30. 1 1. 4 13. 6 36.3 65.3 20. 4 0.4 7.4 28. 2 67. 7 West_----------- ________________________ --------- --------- --- ----_ Open country 15. 6 0. 7 4. 7 25. 2 47.11 Village. __ . __________________ ._ .. _____ _ 25.4 JO. 2 30. 7 65.11 1. 6 1. 7 1.0 ~Rl':~~-t~:.::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 Includes New England. • Does not Include New England. The higher proportion of young men who were heads of hoµseholds than who were married indicates the family responsibilities of many unmarried youth. While only 50 percent of the young men 22-24 years of age were married, 58 percent were heads of households (tables 11 and 13). In the 20-21 year age group, 22 percent of the young men on relief were married, but 30 percent were heads of households. The proportion of young men 22-24 years of age who were heads of households was particularly high in the South; 65 percent of those on relief in both the open country and villages were Drg lt!Cd by Google PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS • 23 designated as heads. In villages of the West the proportion of young men in this age group with household responsibilities was also high (66 percent). The presence on relief of a larger number of rural youth who were heads of households than who were married may have been due in some cases to the death or disability of one or both parents in the family. In other cases the parents were 65 years of age or over and a younger person was considered as the head. The fact that such a large number of rural youth on relief have household responsibilities indicates that many youth cannot be assisted adequately without helping the whole family. -Open country• 0 5 10 Percent 15 20 ~VillOQe* 25 30 Total New EncJlond South West FIG. 9- PERCENT OF MALE RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF WHO WHERE HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS, BY RESIDENCE AND BY REGION October 1935 •ooa not include New E119lond. CHANGES IN NUMBER OF HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS The percentage of the total rural youth on relief who were heads of households was greater in October 1935 than in the preceding February, indicating that youth who were not heads of households had been removed from relief in proportionately greater numbers than those who were heads. The increase is best shown when comparisons are limited to youth 21-24 years of age (table 14). The rise was greater from June to October than from February to June. This was characteristic of both the open country and the villages. ogit1edbyGooglc 24 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF The increase in the proportion of youthful heads on relief in rural areas lends emphasis to the position already ta.ken that the heads of households among youth have problems distinct from those of other relief youth, and that their problems cannot be handled in the same manner as those of youth who do not have such responsibilities. To&le 74.-Percent of Rural Youth on Relief, 21-2-4 Years of Age, Who Were Heads of Households, by Residence, February, June, and October 1935 1138 counties) lune February Residence Total......................................................... 21.1 23. 7 28.3 ::g ::: 1 = = = 1====1==== 0 ~r~oountry....................................................... October :: : Drg lt!Cd by Google Chapter IV EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF RURAL YOUTH IN RELIEF HOUSEHOLDS THERE IS a widespread opinion among educators that if young people could be kept in school until they are at least 18 years of age,1 the pressure for jobs would be mitigated and, in addition, youth would be better equipped to make their social and economic adjustments in society. Rural relief youth are educationally below the level of rural youth in general. The extent to which this is true is indicated by the relatively low percentage of relief youth of school age who remained in school and the fact that little more than half of those out of school had completed the eighth grade. The facts in this chapter also reflect the inequalities in rural educational facilities in the various major regions of the country and in the open country as compared with the village. SCHOOL ATTENDANCE Only about one-sixth (17 percent) of all rural youth in the relief households studied were in school in October 1935 (appendix table 11). Less than one-half of the 16-17 year age group and less than one-sixth of the 18-19 year age group were in school. Since very few of the relief youth in school were 20 years of age and over, the emphasis in this section has been placed on those who were 16-19 years of age. Youth in the relief group were at a disadvantage with respect to school attendance. This is shown clearly by a comparison of relief youth in October 1935 with all youth in the counties studied in 1930 1 See, for example, speech by Homer P. Rainey, Director of American Youth Commission, before section on Children's Work, Welfare Council of New York City, April 19, 1937. 25 Dg1tzcdbyGoogle 26 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF (table 15 and fig. 10). The disadvantage was greater proportionately for youth 18-19 years of age than for those 16-17 years of age and greater proportionately for girls than for boys. In all cases the differences between the school attendance of relief youth in October 1935 and total youth in 1930 are probably understated owing to the increasing tendency in the general population to prolong the educational period. To&le 75.-Percent of Rural Youth 16-19 Years of Age on Relief, October 1935, and in the General Population, 1930, Attending School, by Sex and by Residence (304 counties and 83 New England townships) Youth on relief ---"T-----r----lTotalrural youth• Open Village• Total• country• Age and sex TOTAL 16---17 year•-··-·----······--···························· 45.5 40.1 55.1 53.9 lS-19 years. ··--·······························••·······i===l5=.=6~===1=3.=9 l===19=.4=l====24=.1 KALE 44.0 15.0 37.8 12.8 55.4 20.0 51. l :rl.7 16-17 years ......•..........................•...•.•••.•• 47.0 lS-19 year•········································-··-· 16.1 42.4 14.8 54.8 18. 9 25.7 16---17 years_ •.................•................•.....•.. lS-19 years ......... -.•..........................•...... FK'.IIAU: 67.0 • Includes New England. • noes not include New England. • J.'iftet111/I Crnau., oft/le United State,: 1930, Population Vol. II, ch. 12, table 30. In the open country more girls than boys among rural relief youth were in school, the percentages being 42 and 38, respectively, for the 16-17 year old group and 15 and 13, respectively, for the 18-19 year old group. In the villages, however, a slightly greater percentage of boys than of girls in both age groups were in school. Great variations in school attendance of relief youth prevailed among the regions represented, reflecting differences in school facilities and in emphasis on school attendance (table 16 and appendix table 11). The West had the largest proportions of both the 16-17 and 18-19 year age groups in school-69 percent and 30 percent, respectively. To&le 76.-Percent of Rural Youth 16-19 Years of Age on Relief Attending School, by Region and by Sex, October 1935 (304 counties and 83 New England townships) Total lS-19 years 16-17 years Region Male Total ...............•............... New England ..••..........•..••........•. North ......••..•.....•...........•.....•. South .......•.•.................••........ White .••............................. Negro •.....•.......................... West .•...•............................... Female Male Female Ma.le Female - - - --- 31. 6 32. 7 44.0 47.0 15.0 18. l 34. 0 33.0 24. 8 26. 5 15. 6 65.1 33. 3 3.~.4 27.0 27. 2 26.2 50.9 54. 3 46. 5 34. 4 36. 9 20.4 69.6 49. 6 52. 9 38. 4 39. 0 11.8 H.7 12. 5 13.0 9.8 30.5 11.0 16. l 13. II 13. II 13.6 ------------ --- = [)1g 36. 2 6i.8 t1zed by Google 29. 7 P.tJ1ttt~m~11l A d,, ,," 11Ulrulion (Lan ge). Whal Future Jnr This S harerropprr's Son? D191t1zcd by Google Digitized by GoosIe EDUCATIONAL STA TUS • 27 ■·. Total rural youth on relief o m w Percent in school ~ ~ '"1 Village youth 1!1181 Open country IIB!II youth on relief* w ~ ro 1(.::1 on relief* oo oo oo TOTAL 16 -11 ..................:.:.:...:.:.....:.~~:..:..:.:..:..:.:..:.;....:.i years of 091 18-19 years of 091 MALE 16-17 ~..........:..:.:.:.:..:..:.:...:.;:..:.;,.:.-.;.,;,,;,,;..,:,,;,......,. years of age 18-19 years of 091 FEMALE 16-17 years of age 18-19,-u.............................. years of oge a;;;:;:;;:;:;:;;:;.,_ FIG.10-SCH00L ATTENDANCE OF RURAL YOUTH 16·19 YEARS OF AGE ON RELIEF, OCTOBER 1935, AND IN THE GENERAL POPULATION, 1930!* BY SEX • Does not include New E119lond. •• Fifteenth C.IISIIS of the United States: 1930, Fgpulation Yol. lt. D']I LcdbyGoogle 28 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF The lowest proportions for those in school were in the South where only 38 percent of the white and 30 percent of the Negro youth in the 16-17 year age group were in school. The comparable percentages for the 18-19 year age group were 13 and 12, respectively. The educational advantage as measured by school attendance was on the side of the village youth on relief, as compared with open country youth, in most sections (appendix table 11). Among Negro youth of the South, however, relatively more of the boys 16-19 years of age and of the girls 16-17 years of age living in the open country than of those living in villages were in school. In the West, also, both young men and young women in the 18-21 year age group in the open country were in school to a greater extent than were those in villages. The superior educational advantages of village youth on relief were most evident in the North, although only a little more than one-third (37 percent) of the boys and not quite one-half (47 percent) of the girls 16 and 17 years old in the open country were in school. Almost two-thirds of both sexes in this age group in villages attended school. Schools, especially high schools, are located all too frequently at such distances that youth in the open country cannot readily attend them. In some instances the greater dominance in the open country than in villages of a pattern of family life that sees no advantage in having the children continue their schooling beyond a certain minimum is a factor in the situation. In other cases the inability of both open country and village relief youth to purchase adequate clothes and books has kept them out of school. Whatever its cause, the situation reveals the extent to which rural relief youth, particularly those living in the open country, are at a disadvantage in obtaining an education. The fact that youth in relief families are at a disadvantage with respect to school attendance is attested by other studies. In Connecticut 42 percent of the rural relief youth 16 and 17 years of age were in school in 1935 although in the State as a whole 48 percent of the total population of that age were attending school in 1930. Furthermore, the comparable percentages for the 18-20 year olds were IO and 19, respectively. 2 In Virginia, likewise, it was found that a smaller percentage of relief youth than of all rural youth were attending school.1 This is to be expected, however, because many parents with low educational attainment do not encourage their children to attend school. 1 Whetten, N. L., Darling, B. D., McKain, W. C., and Field, R. F., Rural Families on Relief in Connecticut, Bulletin 215, Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station, Storrs, Connecticut, January 1937, p. 24. a Hummel, B. L., Eure, W. W., and Bennett, C. G., Education of Persons in Rural Relief Households in Virginia, 1935, Rural Relief Series, No. 8, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, January 1937, p. 5. Digitized by Google 1. a lliy h School /~'d11mlio1 rer -ro pfil 'r ll ho ll'a nis So n of an 1/l ile m/e Slw ...... ... i ... : : ..... : . ·= . . ::: ~--:~.: ·:: .. ::••..... Dig1t1zcd by Google EDUCATIONAL STATUS • 29 It was found that the heads of rural households on relief had distinctly less schooling than their neighbors who were not on relief.' .A:ny program to aid rural youth belonging to this low income class should be broad enough to keep the youth in school full time or provide them with some sort of part-time school combined with vocational training or employment. Whatever is done, there remains the danger that the youth of the open country will be missed. Isolated poverty in the open country is probably more of a handicap in this respect than poverty in the villages. GRADE ATTAINMENT OF YOUTH IN SCHOOL An analysis of the grade attainment of relief youth who were in school in October 1935 shows clearly the large amount of retardation among rural youth on relief. With normal progress through school,6 youth 16 yea.rs of age should have completed at least the ninth grade. Hence, all 16- and 17-year old youth having completed less than 9 or 10 grades, respectively, were retarded (table 17). Of the relief youth 16 and 17 years old, 37 percent had completed less than nine grades. Add to these the 17-year olds who should have completed an additional year,• and retarded youth would undoubtedly include more than 40 percent of all youth 16 and 17 years of age in school. Of the rural relief youth 18 and 19 years of age who were in school, more than one-half were retarded according to the standard requiring that youth of these ages should have completed at least the eleventh grade. When the same standards for age-grade distribution were applied to the open country and village relief youth separately, about one-half of the 16- and 17-year olds in the open country and about one-third of this group in villages were found to be retarded. In the older age groups, likewise, the greater retardation occurred in the open country. Unfortunately, comparable data on retardation are not available for the rural youth population as a whole. However, since relief youth are at a disadvantage with respect to all educational measures for which comparable data are available, the conclusion is inescapable that they also have a disproportionate amount of retardation. Irregular attendance, poor health, and all the other factors associated with the problem of retardation are intensified among relief youth. ' McCormick, Thomas C., Comparative Study of Rural Relief and Non-Relief Howeholda, Research Monograph II, Division of Social Research, Works Progress Administration, 1935, p. 30. 6 The following age-grade schedule of the United States Office of Education was taken as normal in the computation of retardation. Age Normal grad, allalnmem (grad, co111pt.t,d) 16years ______________________________ 9-11 17years ______________________________ 10-12 18 years ______________________________ 11 or more • Data on this point were not available by single years. Dg1tzcdbyGooglc 30 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF Tol,le 17.-Grade Completed by In-School Rural Youth on Relief, by Age and by Residence, October 1935 (304 counties and 83 New England townships] Total Grade completed and residence 16-17 years 18-19 yean 20-21 years 22-24 YMl'll TOUL I Numt>er _______________________ - - -- -- Percent _____________________________ _ 9,762 100.0 7. 324 100.0 2.020 100.0 324 100.0 None .... ·-·----·----------·-·-------·----· 0.1 1. 6 4.3 4. 6 8.3 15.0 18. 0 22. 8 18. 2 3.8 0. I 1.6 4. 7 4.9 II. 5 16. 5 :kl.7 24. 2 14.0 1.6 1. 4 2.9 3.5 5. 1 11.1 10. 8 19. 5 33. 5 8. 7 0.5 2. 5 5.6 2. 5 !U 8. 1 16.0 :kl. 4 21.6 o. 7 0.5 0.2 0.2 1. 5 0.3 3.1 6.8 2. 4 1-3 grades._-------------·-----·---------·· 4-5 grades ___ -------- _____ -----· --- --- ----6 ~rades. ----------------·-------·--·-----· 7 grades __ ---------··--------·---·---·----8 grades ___ ·-·-------·--·-----------------· 9 grades. ________ .. ___ --·---- ______ .·-----10 grades __ -------·------·-----·-·------- __ 11 grades __ -------------·-----------------· goWe'::!~--------·------------------------- 1 year_--·---·-·----··------------·--·· 2 yean. -------·-·----·------·-·-·----· 3 yean_ -------·-·-·------------------4 Ye&l'll---------------·---------------- Graduate •--·----··---··---------------- .. Unknown_________________________________ Median grade completed____________ 0.1 94 100.0 4. 3 10.6 10. 6 2.1 12. 8 10. 6 6.4 10.6 17. 1 12. 8 2.1 I.II 1.9 I. 7 2. 4 1====1====11====1====1==== II. s 10. 7 II. 8 ll.6 II. 3 1====1====11====1====1==== OPllN COUNTRY I 5,426 100.0 4,070 100.0 1,132 100.0 168 100.0 56 100.0 0.1 2. 4 8-1 5. 7 11. I 19. 1 21. 4 lll. 4 11. 2 1.0 1. 6 4.4 5.3 5. 7 15. 2 11. 5 18.11 26. 7 6.4 2.4 6.0 2.4 13. I 9.5 111. 0 2i. 4 11.0 17.9 7 grades. __ -------------------·-----------8 grades.-------------------------------- __ 9 grades.-----------------·---------------· 10 grade.s __ -----·-------- - -------·--------11 grades._----·--------·-·---------------12 grades_·--------------------·-.-------·- 0.1 2.1 5.1! 5.6 9.6 18.0 18. 7 19.3 14. 8 2.3 1 year ___ -----·-·-·-------------------2 ye&l'll_. Ye&l'll------------·-·----------------3 _____________________________ _ o. 7 o. 5 0.1 I. 2 0.6 4. 7 4. 7 17.ll 21.4 7.1 2. 4 2. 4 2.5 4.8 Number -----·-·-------·--------·Peroent •...• ________ . __ • ____ . __ . _______ _ None _____________________________________ . 1-----1-----1----·1-----1----1-3 grades. __________ ... --·----·-· ________ _ 4-5 grades _________________________ ...• __ -· 6 grades ________________ . _________ . _______ . College: 0.1 10. 7 3.6 14-3 7.1 4 YOOl'll. ---- ·------------ ------------ -- Graduate•------------------------·---·-·· Unknown ______________________________ . __ 1====1====11====1====1==== Median grade completed. __________ _ II. 4 9. 2 10. 3 10.8 12. 5 l====l====ll====l====I==== VILLAGJ: I Number ____________________________ _ 4.010 154 838 38 2. 980 Percent_ ____________________________ . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 t 1-----f-----1----·1-----1----- None ___ ··-------·------------------------1-3 grades. __________ ---------------------4-5 grades_----------------·-----------·-·· 6 grades_---------------------------------7 grades __ •. ______________________________ _ 8 grades _________ -·--·--------------------9 grades.-------------------·-------------10 grades_-----------------·--------------11 grades. _______ . _______________ ·-·----·-. go~~---------------------------------· 1 year_------·-·----------------------2 years_-----·-·-----·----------------3 years_------------------------------4 years_---·- ________________ ·- _____ . __ o. 1 0.1 0.11 2.4 3. 4 6.6 11. 6 17. 2 2i.5 22.1 5. 4 0. 7 2.ll 4.0 7. 5 13. 7 19. ll 30.3 17. 1 1. 9 1.2 1.0 1. 2 4. 5 6.0 10. 3 :kl. 3 41.1 11. 9 1.3 2.6 5.2 2.6 2.6 6.5 13.0 13.0 39.0 0. 7 0.4 0.4 0.3 1. 9 0.1 1. 2 II. I 3.9 Graduate•- •. __ ------------------ ____ ·-. __ Unknown ________________________________ _ I. 3 I. 5 l====l====I 10.0 10. 3 Median grade completed •. --•-··---· 0.6 II. I 12. 1 t Percent not computed on a base ol lcwer than 50 cases. Includes New En~land. • Includes those who have had any graduate work as well as those who may ha\'e completed their graduate work. • Does not include New England. 1 og111edbyGooglc EDUCATIONAL STATUS • 31 GRADE ATTAINMENT OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH The educational status of rural youth in relief families who had left school offers further evidence of the part low educational attainment plays in the problems of rural youth on relief. Almost one-third (32 percent) of the youth in rural relief households who were out of school had completed less than seven grades and only one-fourth had gone beyond the eighth grade (table 18 and fig. 11). Rural relief youth in the 16- and 17-year age group had completed one-half grade less on the average than had youth 18-24 years of age who were out of school. Only one-sixth of the 16- and 17-year age group, in comparison with at least one-fourth of the youth in each of the three older age groups, had entered high school.7 However, the fact that the marked decrease in school attendance occurred within the 18- and 19-year age group indicated that the higher grade attainment of youth 18-24 might be due, at least partially, to the inclusion of youth who had stayed in school for a longer period than had those in the 16and 17-year age group. A comparison of the schooling received by the out-of-school relief youth in the open country and in villages emphasizes further the superior educational advantages of village youth, the median grades completed being 8.1 and 8.6, respectively. More than one-third of the relief youth in the open country, but only one-fourth of those in villages, had not gone beyond the sixth grade. Less than one-fifth of the open country youth, but more than one-third of the village youth,ho.dhadsomehighschool work. Of the 18-and 19-yearoldyouth of the open country, only 7 percent had completed at least the twelfth grade, which was in marked contrast to the 17 percent of the village youth in the same age group who had finished this grade (table 18). Through the eighth grade, there was very little difference in the amount of schooling received by out-of-school young men and young women in rural relief households (appendix table 12). Over onefourth of the young women had completed more than eight grades, however, in comparison with only one-fifth of the young men. It is well known that among rural youth young women attain a higher educational status than do young men, and this pattern holds for relief youth in both the open country and villages. The educational accomplishments of the out-of-school youth varied by regions, reflecting sectional differences in provisions for rural schools (appendix table 13). In the South almost one-half of the white youth and three-fifths of the Negro youth had completed only the sixth grade or less while in the North only 14 percent and in the West only 12 percent had had such limited schooling. The relief youth of New England who were out of school had received the ' Although the grade considered first year high school varies somewhat, it is generally found to be the ninth grade. 28068°-38-4 D,guicdbvGoogle 32 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF Tol,le 18.-Grade Completed by_ Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief, by Ase and by Residence, October 1935 [304 counties and 83 New England townahiJ)II) Grade completed and residence Total 111-17 years 18-111 year,! 30-21 yeara 21-3':,ean TOTA.LI Number...............•......••••••. Peroent ... ·-························ None••••••..•••.•••••..•..••....•••....... l-3grades •••••••••••..••.•..••••..•...•.•. Hgrades ..•..••.•••................•.•.•. llgrades •••.....•.•..•.....•....••........• 7 grades .................................. . 8grades ••.••....•••.••••.•.•••••••••...... 9grades •••......•.•.•.••.•••••••••••...... l0grades •••.•..••.•.••••••••••••••..••.... 11 grades •••.......•...•...•.•..•.•........ g~~·································· 1 year .••.•.••.........•••.•••.•••.•••. 2 years ............................... . 8yaan ••..•.•.......•.•.•..•••..••..•. 4 years.······························· Graduate • •••••••••••.•.•.••••••••••.••••• Unknown ••.•.•.••..•....••.•••••••••••... Median grade completed •••••••••••• 411,802 100.0 8,7611 100.0 7.2 18. 3 11.3 10. 8 27.8 11.1 5.11 4.1 8.3 10. II 17.3 10. II 11.5 211. 1 6.1 0. 5 0. 3 0. 1 0.1 0. 1 ---------2.5 2.6 . 4.11 2.6 2.6 10. 908 100.0 11,0'U 100.0 2. 4 7.2 12.8 8. 3 10. 4 27.5 6. a 6.1 4.4 10.1 2. 2 5.5 11.11 8.8 10. 2 27.8 0. 3 0. 2 0. 5 11.4 6. 7 5.2 11.5 o. a . 0.1 • 15,11111 100.0 2. 7 11.3 13. 1 II. 7 11.0 27.8 6.3 5.3 4.2 7.8 0. 7 0.4 0. 1 0. 2 4.0 0.1 3.0 4.6 3. 7 4.4 8.2 7. 7 8.8 8. 4 8.3 Number...•.••.......••.......•.•... Percent .•.••.••••.•..••..•••..•••..•• 30,232 100.0 8,078 JOO. 0 7,030 100.0 7,060 100.0 10,074 100.0 l-3grades ..•....•.•.•••.•..•....•......... H grades ••..•••.••••.........•.•••..•..•• II grades .......•.•...............•.....•••. 7 grades ..•.•..••.••.....•...........•...•. 8gradee •••••••••............•.........•••• 9gradee .•••...................•.......•••• 8. 7 15.0 10.1 11.4 28. 9 5.5 4.8 3.1 5.3 13.3 18.3 10. 0 11.8 ao. 1 4.1 3.4 2.0 1. 4 2. 8 8. 5 14. 2 II. 6 11.1 28.11 5.9 5. 7 2. 8 6. 2 2. 5 6. 2 13. 7 11.8 11.0 28.8 5.11 5.11 4.1 8.2 8. 2 7.8 14.11 10. 8 11.8 28.8 6. 7 4.8 3.2 5.0 0. 1 0. 3 0. 2 0.3 0. 3 0. 1 0. 7 0. 8 ORN COVlft'&T I --------None••........••..•••.•.•................. 2. 9 2. 9 lOgrades •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11 grades .•••........•.•..••••....••..•••.. &~·································· 1 year •••..•..............••.•••••••••. 2 yeara ..•.•.••........•.•••.••.••••.•. 8 year,! •••. ··························•· 4 yeara ••...•.......•.....•...••...•... Graduate • •••••••••...•...•••.•.•...•..... . 0. 4 0. 2 . 0. 1 Unknown •.•••••.••.•..................... 3. 7 2.6 4. 2 3. 5 4. 2 Median grade completed •••.••..••.. 8.1 7. 5 8. 1 8. 2 8.1 Number...•.•............•.......... Percent. ..••....••••.....•..•••...... 14, 5114 100. 0 2, 4:116 100.0 3,490 100. 0 3,e()'J 100.0 6,0711 100.0 None .......•.•.•...............•.•....••.. 1-3 grades ..•.•................•.........•. Hgrades ...............•......••••..•.•.. II grades .............•..................... 7 grades •............................••.••. 8gradee .................................. . 9 grades •.•........•..•.•.....•..•.••.•.... l0grades •••......•..•...........•.•....... 11 grades ••...........••...............•... 1.8 4.8 11. 1 8.2 II. 3 25.1 7.3 7. 4 6. 2 18. 5 6.0 111.6 12. I JO. 4 26.1 7.3 7. I 3. 5 5.1 6.4 II. 5 6. 5 8.8 25.1 7. 2 6.4 7.1 16. 6 4. 9 8. II 7. 3 8.4 23. 4 7. 7 11.3 7.1 16.8 8. 2 II.II 25.8 6.11 6.11 6. 1 12. 9 0. 4 0. 2 0. 8 0. 5 0.1 0. I 0. 9 0. 7 0. 3 0. 2 VlLUOa I &=';'·································· 1 year •••.....................•........ 2 year,! •••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••. 8 yeara •............................... -------------2. 2 1. 5 1.11 2.1 3.8 11. 2 4 yeara •.••••.......................... 0.6 0. 4 0.1 0.1 Unknown ••.............•...•....•..•..••• 4. I 0. 2 3. 4 0. I 5. 2 3.4 4.1 8.61 8.11 8. 7 8.8 8. 6 Graduate 1 •••••••.••••.••.•.•••••.•••.•... Median grade completed ..•.....•.•. . • Less than 0.05 percent. Include-a New England. • Includes those who have had any graduate work Bl! well Bl! those who may have completed their graduate wort. • Does not Include New England. 1 Dg1 LedbyGoogle EDUCATIONAL ST A TUS • 33 ~["':~~-,---.---,--1. --. None 1·3 4·5 6 7 8 9 10 Grode school ond high school O 12 II 10: I 2 3 4 Collec;ae OPEN COUNTRY- Grode completed I I■ ■ 30~----------------------,30 20 10 16-17 :ears of oc;ae I20 f -------■..... 1...-_1_-__-_,-:.-:.,-:.-=..-:.~--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=~ oi...: l.-... 3 0 3 0 ,a-,g _ ~ years of oc;ae ~ u cf f 0- - ■I■I : ,.,~J~~ 30f o- - ■I I 20 I I; -1: ~ I ■ ·■ 1---~. ~ I 1 . 120301: I I I 3 0 3 0 22-24 _ _ _ _ -f 2010 y e o r s o f ~ 2 0 o -• None 1·3 ■- ■4-5 I 6 7 8 II ■ 9 10 II 1---~100 12 Grode school and high school 2 3 4 College VILLAGE - Grode completed FIG. II- GRADE COMPLETED BY OUT-OF-SCHOOL RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEf=', BY AGE AND BY RESIDENCE* * Does no! include New Englond. October 1935 Af•2307, W.P.A. ogi11edbyGooglc 34 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF greatest amount of schooling. In this area only 7 percent of the youth in relief families had not gone beyond the sixth grade. More than one-fifth of the youth in the 18-19 and 20-21 year age groups had completed the twelfth grade or more. In the South only 4 percent and 6 percent, respectively, of the 18-!.9 and 20-21 year old white youth on relief and only 1 percent of the Negroes had had this much schooling. In the South all rural youth whether white or Negro are handicapped educationally in comparison with other parts of the country. The prevalence of low educational attainment among rural relief youth is attested by other studies. McCormick points out that only 11 percent of the relief heads of rural households below 25 years of age had completed high school in comparison with 25 percent of the nonrelief heads. 8 Grade attainment by members other than heads of households showed like differences in favor of the nonrelief group. Moreover, only 55 percent of relief youth, 16 and 17 years of age, were in school in October 1933 in comparison with 70 percent of the nonrelief youth.I' Data from an Alabama study show that the educational attainment of farm families on relief was considerably below that for all such families in the State. 10 Although the depression has apparently contributed to the increased school attendance of the general youth population, 11 it probably has not been instrumental in causing youth in rural relief families to prolong their schooling. This is shown by the fact that the median grade attained by out-of-school relief youth was approximately the same for the 18-19, 20-21, and 22-24 year age groups. Comparison of the median grades completed by rural relief youth in school and out of school indicates that a high degree of selectivity has been operating to keep certain youth in school. Thus, the median grade completed for youth of all ages in school was 9.8, while for the 16- and 17-year olds the median grade was 9.6. On the other hand, the median grade completed by all of the out-of-school youth was only 8.2, with those 16 and 17 years old having completed only 7.7 grades. The youth group offers an opportunity to attack the problem of the vicious circle of poverty and low educational standards in rural areas. Opportunity to attend school, adaptability of schools to meet the needs of youth, and ability of the youth to profit by training are all involved in its ultimate solution. 8 McCormick, Thomas C., op. cit., p. 32. • Ibid., pp. 33-34 and 91-92. 10 Hoffsommer, Harold, Education and Rehabilitation in Alabama Farm Houstholds Receiving Relief, Bulletin of Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Vol. XXX, No. 7, Auburn, Alabama, July 1935. 11 Foster, Emery M., "School Survival Rates," School Life, September 1936, pp. 13-14 and 31. 01gt1zcdb Google Chapter V OCCUPATIONS OF RURAL YOUTH IN RELIEF HOUSEHOLDS THE PRECEDING chapter has shown that over four-fifths of all the youth in rural relief families were not in school in October 1935. The extent to which the lives of rural youth have been affected by the depression can be gauged when it is seen that of the out-of-school youth in rural relief families, 55 percent of the young men had no employment of any kind while those who had some employment were often working for little or no cash wage. The proportions of unemployed young men were highest in New England and in the West. Only 10 percent of the out-of-school young women had some employment. The extent to which rural distress is a direct result of depressed agriculture is reflected in the proportions of relief youth employed in agriculture. Indirectly, economic distress in agriculture contributes to unemployment in villages, but the numbers of nonfarm unemployed are also swelled by the decadence of rural industries, such as mining, lumbering, and processing of agricultural products. Usual occupation as used in this analysis is that occupation in which the youth had had the most experience. Current occupation is the employment at the time of the survey. 1 Differences between the two indicate efforts to attain self-support by a shift in occupation. The fact that the youth are on relief indicates that attempts to change jobs have not resulted in self-support. EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH Approximately one-haJf (49 percent) of all male youth in rural relief families in October 1935 who were out of school were unemployed 1 See pp. 40 and 42. 35 Dg1tzcdbyGoogle 36 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF and seeking work. Forty-five percent had current employment 2 and six percent were neither employed nor seeking work (table 19 and fig. 12). Only one-tenth of the young women in rural relief families were employed, while more than three-fifths (62 percent), though unemployed, were not seeking work. Ta&/e f P.-Employment Status of Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief,1 by Age, by Sex, and by Residence, Odober 1935 [aof counties and 83 New England townships) Total Age Number I Unemployed Not work• Employed and seeking Ing or seek work Ing work Percent MALE TOTAL I All ages ••••••••....••............•. 21,224 100.0 49.4 44.8 &. 8 l----l'----1----1----1----- Ul-17 years ••.••.......•..••.•...•..•••••• 1S-19years ••.••.....•.•••.••.•.....•.•.•. 20--21 years ••.........•.•.••..•....•..•••. 22-24years ••.•...•.....•••••....••.•••••. 4,386 4,922 4,&IR 7,270 ts. 3 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 44.5 42. 9 47. 6 44. 6 61.9 47.11 61. 3 100.0 65. 6 10. 2 6.2 t.11 t.2 OPEN COUNTRY I All ages ..••.••.••.•........•....... 16-17 years ••.••••..•.................•.•. lS-19 years ....•.......................... 20--21 years .•............................. 22-24 years ••..•........•.....••...•..•.•. 14,048 39. 4 6.1 M.l 63.1 58. 7 56.1 37. 6 42. 6 37. 0 311.9 "- 3 "-3 "-0 23. 2 119.6 l----1----11---- 3,152 3,232 2,958 4,706 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 11,354 100.0 8.3 VILLAGE I All ages ..........•••.•..•••••..•••• 16-17 years ...........•••...•............. lS-19 years .............•.•...•....... -... 20--21 years .........•..•..•............... 22-24 years .............................. . 7.2 1----1----11----1-----1----- 1,108 1,466 1,502 2,278 19.11 23. 7 27. 4 21.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 65. 3 68.9 66. 7 73.8 l,&.8 7.4 6.11 "-4 FEMALE TOTAL 1 A 11 ages. . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • . • . . . . . . . . 24, 912 100.0 1----11---- 16-17 years............................... l!H9 years............................... 20--21 years............................... 22-24 years............................... ____ _____,___ , 11.9 4,368 5,950 6,322 8, 272 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 13. 1 II. I 10. 2 7.2 16,106 100. O 10.0 , 28. 2 Ill.II 40. 5 35. 5 27. 8 16. 7 46.4 63.4 62.0 76.1 OPIEN COlJNTRY I All ages............................ 25. 8 64.2 12. 6 11. 7 JO. 0 7.6 39. 7 33. 3 24. I H.O 47. 7 65.0 65.9 II. I 31. 7 69. 2 40. 8 37. 9 33.8 21. 4 45. 5 63. 7 65.8 ?2.3 1----1----11--- 16-17 yMrs.. .• .. .... .. . .. •.• •••.•• ••. .. . . IS-19 years............................... 20--21 years............................... 22-24 years............................... 2,924 3, 786 4,066 6, 330 100. 0 100. o 100. o 100. o VILUGIE 1 All ages............................ 8, 152 100. O 78.6 1----1----1--- 16-17 years............................... JS-19 years............................... 20-21 years •• _............................ 22-24 yoors... ••. •.. .. . ......... .. .. . . . . . . I, 318 2,002 2,070 2, 762 100. 0 100. O 100. O 100. 0 13. 7 8. 4 10. 4 6.3 1 Does not include 158 male youth and 8 female youth who were working on W. P.A. projects at the time of the survey. I Includes New En~land. 1 Does not include New England. 1 Current employment is defined as work on the home farm, or any outside work of at least 1 week's duration in October 1935. D g,r zed by G oog IC Youth Are Idle in th e lr I tlages. ()1gt1zedbyGooglc Digitized by GoosIe OCCUPATIONS • 37 Age does not seem to have been a factor in determining the employment status of young men, as the proportions of employed youth did not vary consistently by age groups. The facts that less than half of the youth in the lowest age group, 16 and 17 yea.rs of age, were in school and that the 16- and 17-year olds who were out of school were employed to as great an extent as the 22-24 year olds again suggest the advantage of giving youth in the younger age groups some kind of educational training and so removing them from comp~tition with the older age groups. .Employed ~ Unemployed and ~ seeking W?'k ll!l!8EIIII Not working or 118881111 seeking work MALE Total 16-17 18-19 20-21 22-24 FEMALE Totol 16-17 18-19 20-21 22-24 FIG.12-EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL RURAL YOUTH . ON RELIEF, BY SEX AND BY AGE October 1935 Af•t:SOS,WP.A.. The percent of young men employed in the open country was more than twice as great as that of young men employed in villages (table 19 and fig. 13). Seventy percent of the young men in villages were unemployed and seeking work. Approximately three-fourths of the young men on relief, 22-24 years of age, living in villages were in this category as compared with two-fifths of the open country youth in the same age group. The apparent advantage of youth in the open country may be misleading since any kind of work on a farm, even for board and room only, was termed employment. Moreover, it was unpaid labor on the home farm which was largely responsible for the apparently high rate of employment among out-of-school youth in the 16- and 17-year age group. Dg1tzcdbyGoogle 38 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF By regions 3 the proportions of young men of all ages who were employed were lowest in New England and in the West, being 28 percent and 31 percent, respectively (appendix table 14). More than three-fourths of all young men on relief in western villages were unemployed and seeking work, and the proportion in this category was almost as high in the North. ~ Unemployed and ~ seeking work .Employed IIBBIII Nat working or 111111111 seeking work Percent 0 10 20 30 40 50 MALE Total Open country* Village* FEMALE Total Open country* Village* FIG. 13 - EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF, BY SEX AND BY RESIDENCE October 1935 • Does not Include New England. Al'•U!l5, W.P.A. The young women in rural relief households were much more handicapped than the young men in obtaining employment. Roughly one out of four young women in comparison with one out of two young men who wanted work had found some form of employment. The proportions of all young women in the open country and in villages who were employed did not differ greatly on the whole, but they did differ in the various regions (appendix table 14). In the North and West employment was greater among young women in villages than among those in the open country. In the South, however, the opposite was true for both whites and Negroes. The proportion of employed Negro girls in the open country was particularly high. In the South Negro women in both villages and the open country are commonly employed to a far greater extent than are whites. The proportionately small percentage of employed Negro young women in villages suggests that Negro women of the South 1 Variations among age groups by regions appeared so irregular and in some cases so slight as to be of little significance. Hence, the tabulation of employment by age groups by regions has not been included in appendix table 14. Dig t1zed by Google OCCUPATIONS • 39 who were working in villages were probably among the first to be deprived of work with the coming of the depression and will be among the last to be reemployed! New England showed the largest proportion of employed young women of any region taken as a whole and the smallest proportion of girls who were neither employed nor seeking work. It should be noted that although the percentage of unemployed young women was higher in villages than in the open country, the percentage of those neither working nor seeking work was greater in the open country than in the villages. This relates directly to the fact previously noted that relatively more young women in the open country were married (table 11, p. 20). Since a high rate of physical and mental disabilities commonly accompanies poverty,6 some mental defectives, cripples, and otherwise handicapped persons were undoubtedly included in out-of-school youth who were neither employed nor seeking work. Unfortunately, specific data on this subject are not available. EMPLOYMENT STA TUS OF HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS Being the head of a household did not add to the chances of employment among young men in rural relief households. Although 45 percent of the out-of-school young men in the relief families had some employment (table 19), only 42 percent of the young men who were heads of households had found work (fig. 14 and table 20). In the .En-c>loyed 1777,1 Unemployed and ~ seekinQ work • Not 1110r1dng or seekinQ work FIG.14- EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL MALE RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF WHO WERE HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS, BY RESIDENCE October 1935 * Does not Include New England. Al'-2:109,aP.A. 4 In his study of migration from the farms of North Carolina, C. Horace Hamilton points out that the young Negro women tend to miss the villages in their migration from the count.ry. See Rural-Urban Migration in North Carolina, 19i10 to 1930, Bulletin 295, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, North Carolina, February 1934, p. 43. 1 See Gillin, John Lewis, Social Pathology, New York: Century Company, 1933, and Melvin, Bruce L., The Sociology of a Village and Its Surrounding Terriwry, Bulletin 523, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, New York, 1930. ogit1edbyGooglc 40 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF open country young men who were heads of households were employed to a far greater extent than were village youth in this category, which coincides with the findings for male relief youth as a. whole. 0 The fact that youth were on relief, though employed, indicates that the work available was totally inadequate to provide family support. The economic plight of the youth who were heads of households confirms the position previously taken that in many cases the youth problem must be dealt with in terms of the family as well as in terms of the individual. To&le 20.-Employment Status of Out-of-Schoql Male Rural Youth on Relief Who Were Heads of Households,1 by Age and by Residence, Odober 1935 (304 counties and 83 New England townships) Total i------,-------1 Age Number TOTAL I All ages_____________________________ 11,232 Percent 100.0 UnemNot working or Employed ployed and seeking seeking work work 42-4 M.9 0.7 1----1-----1----1----'---16--17 years __ -----------------------------18-19years________________________________ 20-21 years________________________________ 22-24years________________________________ OPJ:N COUNTRY I All ages_____________________________ )6--17 years________________________________ 18-19 years_________________________________ 20-21 years________________________________ 22-2<& years________________________________ VILUOJ:I Allages_____________________________ 16--17 years________________________________ 18-19 years._______________________________ 20-21 years________________________________ 22-24years________________________________ 112 482 1,388 4,250 100. o 100.0 100.0 100.0 68.11 40-6 40.3 42.8 39. 3 59.4 59. 2 56.<l 1. 8 O.S 0.8 3,976 100.0 52..5 47.1 0.4 1----1-----1----1----+---86 100.0 67.4 32-6 306 JOO. o 43.1 56. g 850 21 734 JOO. 0 100. 0 50. 6 53. 7 49. 4 45. 8 0.S 2,142 100.0 24.8 7<&.2 1.0 1----1-----1----1----;---24 172 512 1,43<& t JOO. o 100.0 100.0 t 36. 9 25.4 23.0 t 63.1 73.4 75.9 1. 2 1.1 t Percent not computed on a base or !ewer than 50 cases. • Does not Include 112 male youth who were working on W. P.A. projects at the time or the survey. • Includes New England. 1 Does not Include New England. USUAL OCCUPATION Of all young men in rural relief households, two-thirds reported occupational experience (table 21). More than one-tenth (12 percent) had no usual occupation,7 and more than one-fifth (22 percent) had neither worked nor looked for work. .Agriculture was the usual • The situation concerning the young women who were heads of households fa not discussed because the number is so small that no significant conclusions can be drawn. 7 Usual occupation is defined as that nonrelief employment of at least 4 consecutive weeks' duration at which a worker has been employed the greatest length of time during the last 10 years. Dgit,cdbyGoogle OCCUPATIONS • 41 Ta&le 21.-Usual Occupation Status of Rural Youth on Relief, by Sex and by Residence, Odober 1935 [a<K counties and 83 New England townships] Usual occupation status and sex Open oountry • Total 1 Village• KALI: 25,900 100. 0 16,624 100. 0 8, Z74 100.0 66. 7 II. 7 21. 5 0.1 72.1 9. 2 18. 5 0. 2 67.3 15. 4 Z7. l 0. 2 Numher .......................................•..•........... Percent...........••....•...•.••....•.•.....•.•.••.•••......•• 30,164 100.0 19,03-4 100.0 10,330 100.0 With no usual occupation .....••..•...•...••••••..•••.•••.•.•.•••••. Not working or seeking work .•.•.••...••••••.•••••••.•••••.••..•.•. L'n.known .•...•••......•.....•..••.•.•.•••••••.•...•••••••...••..•• 15. 7 68. 15. 2 69.4 "!'.umt,,,r •...•............•..........•.....................•... Percent..•..••......•.....•.....•..•..•............•...•.•.... Withs usual occupation ...•••••••.••.....•••...•••.••••••••..•..... With no usual occupation ....•..••••...••.•...•..................... Not working or St>eking work •..••....••••••..•...•..••••••.•.•..... Unknown ...•••...•..........•......•••...•.....••...••••...•..••.. - - - - - ----- ----- Fl!:KALII - - -16.-2 ------Withs uaual occupation ...•..................•...•••...••....•..... 15. 4 16.8 . ! 16.0 67. ~ • Less than 0.05 percent, Includes New England. • Does not include New England, 1 occupation of more than four-fifths of the young men with occupational experience who lived in the open country and of more than two-fifths of those whose homes were in villages (table 22). Five-sixths of all young men with experience in agriculture had been fa.rm laborers, while very few of those who had been fann operators had owned their farms. Three-fourths of the nonagricultural workers by usual occupation had had experience only at unskilled labor. Ta&le 22.-Usual Occupation of Rural Youth on Relief,1 by Sex and by Residence, October 1935 (304 counties and 83 New England townships] Total Open country • I Vlllaze• Usual occupation Male Female Male Female Male Female ------ --------- --Number •........................... Percent •••...................•.•..•• 17, Z70 100.0 4,880 100. 0 11,986 Farm operator ...••.••••••......•..... Owner ..•..••..................... Tenant. •.....•.•..••............. 11. 0 o.: 0.6 14. 6 100.0 2,932 100.0 4,738 100.0 1,730 100.0 0.8 0. 3 0.1 0. 4 511. 7 311.5 4.1 0. 1 5. 3 30.0 29. 7 0.3 3.0 0. 2 1.9 0.11 311.0 68.0 3.6 3.4 7. 3 43. 7 1.0 42. 7 0. 2 ---- -69.-2 - -43.-9 - -82.0 - - -60.5- - -42.0 Agriculture .......••..•..•.•....•...•..... 20.9 Fa~rl~~~r:: ::::: :::: :: :: :::::::::: Nona!!riculture .......................... . White collar •••.•.......•...•......... Skilled ....••••.....................•.. Semiskilled •••........................ Unskilled ••..•........................ Servant. .......•...•.............. Other .............•..••........... 0 1.8 6. 6 3. 6 &!. 2 30.8 2.0 1.6 4.11 22. 3 0. 6 21. 7 0.3 43. 4 66.1 8.3 0. 2 9.1 38. 5 3i. 5 1.0 2. 4 7. 3 4.11 6i. 4 18.0 0.11 0. g 2.6 13. 6 0. 4 13. 2 0. 2 20. i 711. 1 H.1 o. 2 11.5 53. 3 51.0 2.3 1..eM than 0.05 percent. ' Doe-s not Include youth with no usual occupation or youth not working or seeking work. • Includes New England. • Does not include New England. D1gt1zcdbyGoogle 42 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF Most of the young women who had a usual occupation had been employed as farm laborers or as servants. Most of the boys who were neither working nor seeking work were in school, while most of the girls so classified were in school or were married, or were not seeking work for other reasons. The percent of all young men in rural relief households whose usual occupation was in agriculture differed widely in the various regions (table 23). In New England only 12 percent of the young men gave agriculture as their usual occupation. In the South, which is dominantly agricultural, more youth gave agriculture as their usual occupation than in any other section. In the open country of this region, To&le 23.-Residence of Male Rural Youth on Relief Whose Usual Occupation Was in Agriculture, by Region, Odober 1935 (304 countie.s and 83 New England townships) Percent with usual occupation in agriculture Region Total Open country Village Total _______________________ ------------------------------ ___ _ 46.0 69.1 N •w England __________ ··- _________________________ ••• _____________ _l====i====i= 12.4 North _____________________________________________________________ _ 42. 7 66.fl South ______________________________________________________________ _ M.7 64. 6 White __________________________________________________________ _ 63.6 63.3 :r. egro _________ • ________________________________________________ _ 60. 7 72.6 West _______________________________________________________________ _ 211.1 31.9 2-4.1 18. fl 28.fl 26.9 35.!I 26.2 63 percent of the white youth and 73 percent of the Negro youth were usually engaged in agriculture. In the North 57 percent of the open country youth and in the West 32 percent reported agriculture as the usual occupation. The presence of so many youth with agricultural experience in the open country of the North and of the South does not mean that all of these youth are needed in agriculture. These youth have gained intermittent experience in this field only because there was nothing else for them to do. For them to continue in agriculture will mean the accumulation of an unneeded agricultural labor supply. Hence, a program of vocational education for rural youth should include training for occupations other than agriculture as well as for agriculture. CURRENT OCCUPATION OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH The effect of the depression on mral youth can be partially gauged by a study of the types of occupations in which youth in relief families were currently engaged in October 1935. Of the out-of-school rural youth in relief households, 38 percent of the young men and 5 percent of the young women were employed in agriculture (appendix table 15 and fig. 15). Only 7 percent of the young men and 5 percent of the young women were employed in nonagricultural occupations. [)1g t1zed by Google OCCUPATIONS • 43 Among male youth the highest percentage of any age group currently employed in agriculture was in the 16- and 17- year group, with 41 percent so employed. In the open country 53 percent of all 16and 17-year old youth in relief families were engaged in agriculture, and practically all of these were employed as farm laborers. It is probable that many of these 16- and 17-year olds were employed on the home farm, which may partially explain why such a large percentage of them were "employed." Pl!rcent 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 MALE Agriculture Nonogr icullure Unemployed W.P.A. Not working or seeking work FEMALE Agriculture Nonogricullure Unemployed W.P.A. Not working or seeking work FIG. 15-EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND CURRENT OCCUPATION OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF, BY SEX October 1935 Af .. t311,•P.A.. Of the out-of-school 22-24 year olds in the open country, 52 percent were engaged in agricultural occupations, but only 26 percent were farm laborers, the others operating farms as owners, tenants, or croppers. Well over two-fifths of the open country relief youth in the 18-19 year age group, as well as in the 20-21 year age group, were employed as farm laborers (appendix table 15). As with boys, girls 16 and 17 years of age had more employment in agriculture than did those in the older age groups. Practically all of the young women engaged in agriculture worked as farm laborers. Agriculture was of greater importance in affording employment to out-of-school youth in some regions than in others in October 1935 (appendix table 16). In New England only 9 percent of the out-ofschool young men and no young women were employed in agriculture, but 19 percent of the former and 18 percent of the latter were employed in nonagricultural occupations. In the South 43 percent of the young men and 9 percent of the young women were employed in agriculture Dig t1zcd by Goog1e 44 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF but only 5 percent of the young men and 3 percent of the young women were employed in nonagricultural occupations. The percentage of male youth employed in agriculture was lower in the West than in any other section except New England. Employment of both young men and young women in nonagriculture was somewhat higher in the West than it was in the South, but lower than in the North or in New England. In New England and in the South proportionately more young men in the upper than in the lower age groups were engaged in farm work at the time of the survey (appendix table 16). The predominance of those in the older age groups in the South was probably due to the fact that in that region few employment opportunities outside of agriculture existed. In the South the percentage of young men in the 22-24 year age group who were farm operators was higher than it was for that age group in any other section. Few youth in any region were currently employed in white-collar occupations. The highest proportions for both sexes were found in New England. In other regions the numbers were negligible. Skilled workers were almost nonexistent in all regions. Moreover, only in New England wns there any appreciable percentage of male or female youth in nonagriculture engaged in semiskilled labor, 8 percent of both young men and young women reporting semiskilled occupations. Boys with nonagricultural employment, even in villages, were doing chiefly unskilled work. Young women in relief families were found to have practically no opportunities outside of farm labor or domestic service in any region except New England and even there they were largely limited to work as semiskilled laborers in factories. The difference between the type of employment of white and Negro youth in the South reflects the social standards involved in the economic practices of the region. Negro girls can find work in both the fields and kitchen, while the white girls are limited primarily to farm labor. White boys have an advantage over Negroes in finding work as farm operators while Negroes have the advantage with respect to unskilled work in nonagriculture. Thera is little difference between them with respect to farm labor. While young men in the various age groups had about the same amount of employment in October 1935, variations in the age distribution of youth engaged in agriculture and nonagriculture occurred in the different regions. In the North one-fourth of all male youth employed in agriculture were 16 and 17 years of age (table 24), while this age group constituted only one-fifth of all out-of-school male youth on relief. In the South one-fifth of the white male youth employed in agriculture were 16 and 17 years of age, and this age group also formed approximately one-fifth of all out-of-school youth. Male youth in this age group were underrepresented in nonagricultural Digitized by Google A Form f'r TP11a11/ F11111ily With Three Unnnp/oyed Youth. Digitized by GoogIe ...... •:.... . . .·.·.·: :: ::•::: :...·: Drgr rzedbyGoogle OCCUPATIONS • 45 occupations in all regions except the West. Apparently the general tendency is for agriculture to offer employment to rural youth until they can find other jobs. TalJle 2.f.-Ems>loyment Status and Current Occupation of Out-of-School Male Rural Youth on Relief, by Age and by Region, October 1935 (304 OOUDtlea and 83 N- England to,,rmhlpe] Total Employment atatm and emrent occupation, and region l&-17 18-111 years 20-21 years :0--24 years years Number Percent 21,382 100.0 20.6 23.2 22.0 34.3 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 22. 2 10.8 18.11 L8 21. 7 33. 2 :M.11 22. 9 26.3 Unemployed..•. ----------··---------·---W. ...•••or---------·-··--------------NotP.A working &Mklng wort ____________ _ 8, lOII 1,392 10,488 168 1,232 82.11 85.4 Unknown •••••• ---·---------···----------- 6 t 2f. 4 111.0 20.5 Total •.. -· -- ------ ----- __ ------ -• __ _ 822 100.0 16. 8 A=~::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 70 6. 7 18.11 H.6 ALLKl:0101111 Total.._ •.• -------------• ----- ----- · Agriculture.-·---------------·--·------·-· N onagrleulture ••• ·- __ . __ . _. ______ ·- _____ _ 18. a 39.0 36. 5 .fll.8 :M. 7 27.8 22. 6 34.8 31.4 15. 6 31.5 31.4 21.6 21.11 31.6 48.1 32.0 21.4 28.6 32. 7 t 2Ll t x1:w J:NGLAIID Unemployed•• --·-·-----·--·---··-·-----·- 538 100.0 100.0 100.0 Not worll::lDi or-11:IDi worll:_·------·-··- M 100.0 39.3 10. 7 Total •• -- - --- - . -- --·. -. --·· · --··· -• - 7,MCI 100.0 20.11 24.1 22.6 Agriculture_. -. -• --__ - ___ -. ---• -----· ---·. Nonagrlculture_. ··- .. ___ .. __ -------·-·-·- 2,852 632 26. 6 10.6 17. 6 .as 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 33. 8 23.8 25.2 21.0 33.3 22. 4 2 t 21.2 2G. 3 2G. 6 H.6 23.3 11,170 100.0 21.6 22. 3 20.9 86.8 584 6, 1118 12 Ila. 100.0 100.0 20.9 8.9 21.0 21. 7 26. 7 22. 4 22.0 25. 7 :ll. 4 llG.2 100.0 41.4 19.9 12. 9 25.8 9, 30'l 100.0 20.9 22. 2 21.0 35.11 416 4,310 10 608 100.0 100.0 t 10. 1 20.3 23.6 21.1 35.0 36. 6 100.0 .oJ 31.3 22.1 22. 1 12. 2 24.8 1,868 100.0 2f. 2 22. 7 20.8 32. 3 714 168 888 2 100.0 100.0 100.0 25.2 6.0 24.8 24.5 16.6 23.11 23.6 31.0 17.1 26. 7 47. 6 34.2 96 100.0 ..-J.8 8. 3 16. 7 31.2 1,7~ 100.0 16.9 22. 7 25.6 34.8 412 118 1,068 8 134 100.0 100.0 100.0 18.0 17.0 16.0 24.3 20.3 22. 8 25.2 28.8 24. 7 32. 5 33.9 36.5 100. 0 22.4 19. 4 28. 4 29.8 168 W. P. A·-····---·•·-·------·---------·-·Unlalowu •••••••• - ______ ·- __ ···- ____ -· ·-· _ lfOKTR Unemployed_._·_· ______ . __ . ____ . _____ . -·- 3,IIM W. P. A·--·----·--------·-··--·----·---·- 138 Not working or ~ I i i worll: __ ·--·-·---·Unknown••• _•• _____ •.•. _. __ ·_····-·-·---- t 211. 6 38. 0 35.0 52. 2 21.0 IIOU'nl-TOUL Total ••• ··········--· __ .·-- ___ ·- __ ·A,irlculture •• -·• · -·· ---· -· ---- ---· -------Nonacrlculture __ • ---- ---- --·- ---- -- -- ---- ---4,772 100.0 Unemployed-----·-· - · -- -- - · -- -- ----- · -- -W.P.A·-·------··--·······-·-·-··-·-·--Not worll:lng or IMklng work ••• ----·-·--Unll:nown •••• _. __ ... ____ ·- ·- __ ••• _·- __ ·-- _ t t t 86.4 38. 7 IIOUTR-'W111T11 Total •. -· - - . - . - -• -·- --· -• -· - -· · -·· - - Agriculture_._.-· .• _______ ·- _____ •••• _·- __ Nonacrlculture •• _-. -- -- -·-- .. _____ . __ . _. _ -- -- - -:ll.-2 - -21.2 - - -21.-7 - -311.9 4,068 100.0 Unemployed_ •• ----·--··-·----·--------··W. P. A_ ••••. ---·-·-------·---·------··-• Not working or ~Ing worll: ••• ---------- Unll:nown __ •••.• ----· - . -- --- •• -·· - --- -- --- t IIOUTR-NJ:GKO Total ••••.• _--- -· •.••••••. ----•. -- -Agriculture. -_-- _. _--.. _. --.•• ---------. -Nonagrlculture ___ ---·. ______ -- . -- --- --- . - i~~'t~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Not working or seeking wort_. __________ _ -----t t Unll:nown-•• -. -----· ----• -. -. -. --. ---. ---WJ:8T Total •• _-- --·---·-- .••.. ·--. -·- ... ·Agriculture_ •• _. _____ ._. __ -----.---- --- . -Nonagrlculture_. _·-- ____ . __ ... ___ -··. ___ _ Unemployed_. ___ ·-·--··-···--·----·---·-· W.P.A .. ·-·-------·-----·-·-------·-·--Not working or aeell:ing wort_. __________ _ Unll:nown.-····-·-··-----·----·--·---·-•-- 4 t t t t t t t Percent not computed on a base ol lewer than 50 cases. D']I LcdbyGoogle 46 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF COMPARISON OF USUAL AND CURRENT OCCUPATION OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH Of ell currently employed young men on relief in rural areas in October 1935, 85 percent were engaged in agriculture and only 15 percent in nonagriculture. Slightly over one-half (54 percent) of the employed young women had jobs in agriculture (appendix table 17). In comparison, 69 percent of the young men and 44 percent of the young women who reported usual occupations had been engaged in agriculture (table 22). As would be expected, a greater representation in agriculture by current than by usual occupation was found in both the open country and villages. On the surface it appears that agricult,ure is bearing more than its share of the employment burden of rural youth. However, in view of the fact that the youth with current employment had such poorly paid jobs or such short hours that they could not leave the relief rolls, their employment, whether agricultural or nonagricultural, can easily be overemphasized. As indicated before, much of the employment in agriculture consisted of unpaid jobs on the home farm. Moreover, since almost twice as many youth reported usual occupations as reported current occupations, the lack of adequate employment opportunities for youth in rural relief households is apparent. ogit1edbyGooglc Chapter VI YOUTH PROGRAMS OF EMERGENCY AGENCIES YouTH IN relief families have been aided directly on a large scale by two Federal agencies: the National Youth Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps. In October 1935, when the data for this study were gathered, the N. Y. A. was just getting under way, and its work projects-which to date have been its program of greatest direct aid to rural youth-had not yet been inaugurated. Hence, N. Y. A. employment figures for a later date are utilized to indicate the extent to which this organization has alleviated the economic distress of the rural youth population. The program of the C. C. C. has been particularly effective with respect to rural youth. The Works Progress Administration, exclusive of the N. Y. A., has benefited youth both directly and indirectly. Its major effect has probably been indirect. The provision of family income through employment of the principal wage earner has, of course, aided the you th in these families as well as other family members. Directly, it has assisted by giving employment to some youth who were considered primary wage earners. Aid to rural youth by the Resettlement Administration has been almost entirely indirect, since activities of this organization have been directed to families rather than to individuals. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration, however, continued to be the major agency assisting rural youth in the fall of 1935, even though it had no special program for this group. The extent to which these agencies have been contributing to the solution of problems of rural youth on relief can be judged from a discussion of the program of each agency. 47 28068 °--38--5 D,guicdbvGoogle 48 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF NATIONAL YOUTH ADMINISTRATION The National Youth Administration, established within the Works Progress Administration on June 26, 1935, has the following major objectives: "1. To provide funds for the part-time employment of needy school, college, and graduate students between 16 and 25 years of age so that they can continue their education. 2. To provide funds for the part-time employment on work projects of young persons, chiefly from relief families, between 18 and 25 years of age-the projects being designed not only to give these young people valuable work experience, but also to benefit youth generally and the communities in which they live. 3. To encourage the establishment of job training, counseling, and placement services for youth. 4. To encourage the development and extension of constructive leisure-time activities." 1 To accomplish these objectives, the N. Y. A. has instituted five major programs: student aid, vocational guidance and placement, apprentice training, work projects for out-of-school youth, and camps for unemployed young women. 2 Student aid for college students, begun under the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and continued under the N. Y. A., has not been confined to youth from relief households. It has been given to applicants whom the local educational authorities have certified as being unable to continue their training without help and has been expanded to include aid to high school students. Similarly, job counseling and placement and apprentice training have been instituted to help all youth. The program to provide camps for young women has been limited, as have the work projects, to youth in relief families. Student Aid The student aid program of the N. Y. A. was initiated in September 1935. In April 1936, the month in which this activity was most extensive, aid was given to 404,700 secondary school, college, and graduate students in urban and rural areas combined. The schools participating comprised 17,999 secondary schools, 1,593 colleges, and 1 Administrative and Program Operation of the National Youth Administration, June f6, 1985-January 1, 1987, National Youth Administration, p. 1. 1 According to the Executive Director of the National Youth Administration, vocational training projects, open to farm youth between the ages of 18 and 24, inclusive, whose families are receiving some form of public relief, were developed on an expanded scale in the fall of 1937. In 10 Stat€s 41 schools and colleges enrolled 3,300 students for forms varying from 6 weeks to 6 months. Special agricultural training and homemaking courses are provided with paid part-time employment on construction and farm projects at the respective institutions. Dg1 LedbyGoogle YOUTH PROGRAMS OF EMERGENCY AGENCIES • 49 224 graduate schools.8 Of the students aided, a little more than twothirds (68 percent) were in secondary schools, and the remainder in colleges or universities as undergraduates or graduates. Earnings for the month totaled approximately $1,686,000 for the two classes of college students and $1,500,000 for high school students.' The N. Y. A. expanded its student aid to the States that especially suffered from the drought and flood in 1936. In addition to the regular allocation a total of $3,441,000 was given to the following States: Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. 6 Since June 1936 data on student aid as well as on employment have been maintained for four residence groups: counties (1) with no incorporated place of 2,500 or more; (2) with incorporated places of 2,500 to 10,000; (3) with incorporated places of 10,000 to 25,000; (4) with incorporated places of 25,000 or more. According to these categories, it appears that the strictly rural counties, which contain 12.9 percent of the Nation's rural population, received 18.4 percent of the total student aid quota, whereas the highly urban counties, which contain 53.7 percent of the total population, received only 45.6 percent of the student aid quota (table 25). 6 Table .25.-0istribution of N. Y. A. Student Aid Ouota by County Groups,1936-37 Persons rooe!v!ng student aid Percent or total U. 8. population In counties, 1930 Number Total------------------- __ ._. __ . ________ •• _. _____ • _______ ••• __ 100.0 222,771 100. 0 No !noorporated place or 2,000 or more_--------------·-·-----------Incorporated places, 2,r,oo to 10,000.. ________________ . ______________ . Incorporated places, 10,000 to 25,000 ________________________________ _ Incorporated places, 25,000 or more _________________________________ _ 12.11 44, 762 36, 193 32,342 109,474 'l2. 7 Counties having 20.6 12. 8 63. 7 Percent 18.4 13. 3 •~-6 Sources: Special tabulation lrom the Office or the Direct-Or or the National Youth Administration, Washington, D. C., April 1937, and Fifltrnth Qmua of the United Sta.tu: 1930, Population Vols. I and III. Although rural counties received such a large proportion of student aid, masses of open country youth obviously have not been touched. Secondary schools are not available for thousands of rural youth, and a high percentage of such youth stop school as soon as they reach the age limit of compulsory school attendance. With most rural youth a Statement of Harry L. Hopkins, Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, in Charge of Deficiency Appropriations, 75th Cong., 1st sess., p. 53. 'Calculated from testimony given by Harry L. Hopkins, ibid. • Data supplied by Office of the Director of the National Youth Administration. • Only 42 of the 3,070 counties in the United States did not participate in the student aid program. Drg lt!Cd by Google 50 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF on relief already out of school and many of those in school retarded educationally,7 the assistance in rural areas W&B undoubtedly given to a large number of youth in nonrelief households who could not attend school without help. Vocational Guidance and Placement The vocational guidance and placement service of the N. Y. A. was initiated in January 1936 to provide both relief and nonrelief youth with information concerning occupational opportunities and special training requirements. Occupational information is given through classes for out-of-school youth, held in school buildings, churches, or community centers, and sometimes through the preparation and distribution of pamphlets.8 The records do not indicate how frequently rural youth are in a position to take advantage of these services. To assist youth in finding jobs in industry, registration with the United States Employment Service was made compulsory for persons employed on the N. Y. A. program, excluding those receiving student aid. Also, junior placement counselors paid by the N. Y. A. have been placed on the staffs of public employment offices in 61 cities in 26 States and the District of Columbia.9 Since the offices are in cities, their services are usually not available to rural youth. Apprentice Tralnlns The objective of preparing youth for placement in industry has been carried out by stimulating apprentice training through the Federal Committee on Apprentice Training, financed by N. Y. A. funds. The work of the committee has been primarily in the field of coordinating the activities of existing public and private apprenticetraining bodies and in stimulating the formation of new organizations devoted to this purpose. 10 By September 1937 more than 6,000 apprentices had been indentured, some of whom were undoubtedly rural, though no statistics are available to show the proportion. Congress made the work of this committee a permanent function of the Department of Labor in August 1937 .11 The Worlc Prosram of the N. Y. A. The N. Y. A. program of work projects was initiated in January 1936. This program has been developed to meet the needs of unemployed out-of-school young men and women in relief families who have See ch. IV. Administrative and Program Operation of the National Youth Administration, op. cit., p. 8. 9 Data for May 1, 1937. 10 Report on Progress of the Works Program, October 15, 1986, Division of Research, Statistics, and Records, Works Progress Administration, p. 45. 11 Office of the Executive Secretary of the Federal Committee on Apprentice Training, U.S. Department of Labor, and Public, No. 308, 75th Cong. 7 8 ogit1edbyGooglc L'ndfr the , . Rllral Youth Lea rn Sho p Wor k . . ...... .. . . ::: . . :.. .... .. ..·.:. .::. . . . .. Digitized by G oo g Ie YOUTH PROGRAMS OF EMERGENCY AGENCIES • 51 been certified for employment on the Works Program and who have registered with the United States Employment Service. A great variety of projects has been undertaken throughout the country in an attempt to relate the work to the training, previous experience, and aptitudes of youth as well as to the needs of the community. In the beginning of N. Y. A. operation, there was a fourfold grouping of projects known respectively as recreation projects, public service projects, research projects, and rural youth development projects, the latter being designed for youth in rural communities.12 These projects included maintenance and extension of rural library services, reforestation and State agricultural experiment station work, improvement of school grounds and public buildings, recreational leadership, and other community activities. 13 Only one tabulation of the employment of youth on the four types of projects is available. 14 It was made for the month of June 1936, just before the classification of projects by type was abandoned. If employment on rural youth development projects is any indication, rural young people were underrepresented in N. Y. A. employment at that time (appendix table 18). The data. and field observations indicate that the N. Y. A. was more successful in reaching young people in small towns and villages with its work program than it was in reaching farm youth. Although 44 percent of the youth population in the country as a whole is rural, only about 21 percent of the young people employed on N. Y. A. projects in June 1936 were working on rural youth development projects. More recently the N. Y. A. has attempted to equalize the benefits of its work program. A distribution of 152,645 youth employed on N. Y. A. work projects in January 1937 16 in all States except Idaho, Missouri, and Oklahoma shows that the differences between the percentages employed and the percentage distribution of the total population in the 4 groups of counties are not large (table 26). This method of recording distribution of employment obscures the situation regarding employment of rural youth in counties having incorporated places of 2,500 or more since there is no way of knowing how 12 No data are available to indicate the extent to which State directors found it expedient to limit employment on rural youth development projects to young people from the open country and villages of less than 2,500. There is reason to believe that some of the youth who should be really classed as urban were employed on rural projects and that some rural youth were employed on the other types of projects. 11 The N. Y. A. program for 1936-37 is devoting more attention than formerly to the development of projects contributing to soil conservation, such as terracing of land, construction of earth dams, small ponds, lakes, etc. H Unpublished report in Office of the National Youth Administration based on special tabulations by N. Y. A. State directors. 11 Data supplied by Office of the Director of the National Youth Administration. Dig t1zcd by Google 52 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF many of the youth in these counties were from towns and cities, from the open country, or from villages. As indicated before, however, the N. Y. A. has unquestionably been filling a serious need for both employment and training in the villages and small towns throughout the country, particularly in stranded rural industrial comm.unities. Tobie 26.-0istribution of Youth Employed on N. Y. A. Work Projects in January 1937, by County Groups Percent of Percent em• total U. 8. ployed on population fn N. Y. A. work counties, 1930 proJecta Counties having Total •.••••.•••••••••.•....•.....•......•.•••••.•.•.•..•••.••.•••.•.••• 100.0 100.0 No Incorporated place or 2,500 or more ••••••••.•.••••••.•••••••••.•••••••.••• Incorporated places, 2,500 to 10.000 ..••.•.••••••••••••.••••.••••••••.•...••••• Incorporated places, 10,000 to 2.~.000 .••..••••••...••.•.....•..••.•...•..•..•.• Incorporated places, 25,000 or more •••.•.•••...•.••.•......•..••....••••••••• 12. g 20.G 12. 8 17.11 16. 9 11.8 64. 7 53. 7 Sources: Office or the Director or the National Youth Administration, Washington, D. 0., and Fi[lunlA Ctmu, of Uw Uniud &alu: 1930, Population Vols. I and Ill. Many work projects promoted by the N. Y. A. are designedly educational. Soil conservation, wild life conservation, machine and shop work, or sewing projects, while developed in part for the purpose of giving youth a financial return, have, at the same time, furnished them with some training and may have stimulated in them a desire for more education and training. Such education and training is especially desirable for out-of-school youth. Moreover, it represents the type of program that should be available to rural youth if increasing numbers of them are to be kept in public educational institutions beyond the compulsory age limits. Campa for Unemployed Youns Women The Division of Educational Camps of the National Youth Administration was established primarily for the year 1936-37. By May 1, 1937, 27 camps were in operation in various parts of the country. The camps, which have since been discontinued, were open throughout the year with terms of 3 or 4 months for each young woman. Forty-five hundred young women were enrolled during the year the camps were in operation. Their activities included the making of hospital supplies and recreational equipment and labor in tree nurseries. 18 CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS The Civilian Conservation Corps was created in March 1933 as the major division of Emergency Conservation Work, whose dual purpose was the conservation of the natural resources of the Nation and the provision of employment for young men. 17 The enrolled Data from Division of Camps, National Youth Administration. See Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work, Fucal Year Ending June SO, 1986. ie 17 D,guicdbyGoogle 'ioffon11 l YuulJ1 AJmi11i.d ruliw1. The N. Y. A . Teaches Rura l Girls lo Sew. 01g lllcd by Google ·::...:··.. ..·.:. .::.. ...:.::. :.. :. . . .. ... ....... .. ... .. ... . ..: .:.-.: ...•.: .. ... ..: .: .. .: ..........·.. Oig1t1zed by Google YOUTH PROGRAMS OF EMERGENCY AGENCIES • 53 men in the Civilian Conservation Corps consist of three groups: (1) the so-called juniors-unmarried youth between the ages of 17 and 28 years, 18 inclusive; (2) local experienced men who may be married and need not be within the age limits; and (3) veterans. About 1,600,000 young men passed through the Civilian Conservation Corps from its creation in March 1933 to January 1, 1937. 19 Of all junior enrollees selected for the three registration periods ending November 15, 1935, May 15, 1936, and July 31, 1936, almost 95 percent were between 17 and 24 years of age. In this group the · younger ages predominated, one-half being 17 and 18 years of age and one-fourth being 19 and 20 years of age. 20 It has been estimated that about 50 percent of the C. C. C. enrollees have come from rural territory. 21 The high point of total C. C. C. enrollment was reached in August 1935 and the low point in September 1936 (table 27 and fig. 16). Ta&le 27.-Enrollees I of the Civilian Conservation Corps, July 1935 Through December 1936 2 Month Number of enrollees 1935 July ______ -- -- ----- - -- ------------- ---_ August _____________________ . _________ September __ ----------·---- __________ _ October. __ . ________ . ____ . ________ . ___ _ November_------------·-----·····---Deoember _________ ._. __ ..... _____ ._. __ 1936 404,425 505, 782 449,580 474,300 470,121 445, 147 1936 January ________ ·- ___ .. _.. __ ._. _____ . __ Fehruary. _------·· ---····· ·······--· _ March·-------···-··················-- Number of enrollees Month 413,011 392, 761 29¼,921 ~r:i-~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: June.··--···-·······················-_ 331,195 346,450 321,243 July······--·---·-.--·-·-·---····-· ___ _ August_ ____ -·-·---·. __ . __ ·- ____ ._-·_ .. September_.-·----------·_-------···· October.··--····-·--·--·····-·· ...... . November.·--·-------·---·-··--······ Dooember_··-··-------·---··----······ 345,300 323,276 261,091 34fl, 553 332,011 317,250 • Exclusive of Indians and territorial enrollees and personnel under the Immediate supervision of the War, Agriculture, Interior, Labor, Commerce, and Treasury Departments. • Data are given for the last day of each month. Sources: Annual R~rt of the Dirtrlor of Emerg,ncv Conurration Work, Fi,ral Year Ending Junt ,o, 1936, and Momhl1 Slatiuical Summari,., Office of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work. The junior enrollment for the country as a whole rose from 273,382 in May to 427,079 in August 1935, and by November 1936 had dropped to 285,691 (appendix table 19). In the beginning C. C. C. enrollment from each State was based on the proportion the State's 18 Eligibility requirements as to age and relief status have been changed from time to time. At first the age range for enrollees was 18 to 25, inclusive. On May 27, 1935, the maximum age was raised to 28 and at the same time it became mandatory to select enrollees from families on public relief rolls. In September 1935 the minimum age was reduced to 17. In June 1936 the relief requirement was modified to make possible the enrollment of youth from families with any member eligible for relief. The Act of June 28, 1937,set the age limits of enrollment at 17 to 23, inclusive, for youth. Veterans may still enroll. 11 Fourth Anniversary Report to the President, Director of Emergency Conservation Work, April 5, 1937, p. 7. 20 Emergency Conservation Corps press release, August 26, 1936. 11 Office of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work. IJ,g t,zcd by G oog Ie 54 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF population represented of the total United States population. With the development of the program, however, enrollees have come increasingly from predominantly rural States. Hence, the number of junior enrollees from the West North Central, East South Central, and West South Central States, which are largely agricultural, constituted a. larger percentage of the total strength of the Corps in November 1936 than at any previous time (table 28 and appendix table 19). The proportion of junior enrollees from the South Atlantic States also increased, but it was slightly higher in August than in November 1936. 600.---r------r-----,- -- ---.-- - ~ - - - . - -- ~ =---+-- ---t-- - -t -- -,--, 600 --t----1 400 : i 300 ~ ~ 200 l 100 O Jul 1935 Oct Jon Apr ..L Jul Oct Dec O 1936 FIO. 16 '.- ENROLLMENT IN THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS* July 1935 through December 1936 • Elldualve of 1ncr10111 and tlrrltorlol enlOlleH. SOURCES: AntuJI R,port of the Director of Emergw,cy CotrNnotlotl Work, Fiscal Y,a, Ending JuM 30, /936, ond Monthly Statlstlool Summar/a, Office of the Olr9clor of EmtrQIIICY Conlerwtion Work. . ......... The drought was a contributing factor in the increase in the proportion of enrollees from the West North Central States from May 1935 through November 1936, whereas the widespread destitution which exists in the submarginal and eroded areas within the southem States was largely responsible for the high proportions of C. C. C. enrollees from those sections. Although the total strength- of the Corps was markedly reduced between November 1935 and November 1936, the total number of junior enrollees from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia., Minnesota., Montana, North Dakota, Oklahoma., and South Carolina. remained approximately the same or even increased. The educational program of the Civilian Conservation Corps has been of particular value to rural youth from low income families. This program comprises the elimination of illiteracy among enrollees, Dig 11zcd by G oog lC C. C. C. Boys Jmprore alional arks Google Digitized by Google YOUTH PROGRAMS OF EMERGENCY AGENCIES • 55 elimination of common-school deficiencies, instruction on the job, vocational training, cultural and general training, training in proper use of leisure time, character and citizenship development, and placement after discharge from the Corps. 22 ;fe 28.-Percent Distribution of Junior Enrollees 1 of the Civilian Conservation Corps, -'lay 193 5 Through November 1936,2 and Total Population of the United States, . 930, by Geographic Division Geographic division Tots! populn• lion, 1930 193, 1935 May Aug. Nov. Feb. May Aug. Nov. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 United States_···-----··-··· ----------------6.8 6. 7 6.8 6. 7 6.1 6. 6 6.6 6.3 New En~land ... -···-············· Middle J.tlantlc ................... South Atlantic.····--·-·--····-··· E:\St North Central..---·········· West North Central. .... -.•....... East South Central.. .........••••• West South Central.·-·······-·· .. Mountain .....•.•. ·-·············· Pacific·-·-·---····················· 21. 4 12. 9 20. 6 10. 8 8.1 9. g 3. 0 G. 7 16. 1 10.8 20. 7 14. 4 6. 4 9. 6 G. l 10. 3 14. 7 15. 9 17.1 11.9 10. 5 13. 1 4. 4 6.1 14. 7 15. 4 18. 6 11. g 10. 6 12. 7 4.0 5. 3 13. 9 15.3 18. 9 12. 6 10. 0 12. 9 3. g 4. g 14. 5 15. 9 17. 4 12.0 10. 4 14. 2 4. 0 4.8 13. 5 16.9 17. 7 12. 3 II. 5 13. 2 3. 8 4. 4 10.5 16. 4 16. l 14. 8 11.G 16.9 3.8 3.8 17 to 28 years of age. Inclusive. • Data are given for the last day of each month. Sources: Office of Chief Statistician, Director ol Emergency Conse"atlon Work, January 13, 1937, and Fiftumll Cemiu oftM UnU<d Slate,: I9SO, Population Vol. II. 1 In performing these educational functions the C. C. C. has taught approximately 60,000 illiterate enrollees to read and write; it has given instruction in grade school subjects to more than 600,000 youth and in secondary school subjects to 400,000 youth; and it has assisted some 60,000 youth to take college courses. The possibilities of part-time work and schooling as a method for helping youth who do not stay in public schools are extensive, particularly since the youth belonging in the low income classes are often retarded educationally. 23 WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION The Works Progress Administration, which was established in May 1935 to give work at a security wage to employable persons in families on genera.I relief, was just getting well under way in rural areas at the time of this study. The inventory of workers on relief in the United States in March 1935 classified one-third of the rural youth as heads of families and eligible for employment on the Works Progra.m.M Youth constituted approximately 16 percent of all primary wage earners in rural areas. Fourth Anniversary Report to the President, op. cit., p. 18. See ch. IV. "Hauser, Philip M., Workers on Relief in the United States in March 1935 22 :ta (abridged edition), Division of Social Research, Works Progress Administration, January 1937. Obtained by calculating what percentage the rural youth who were economic heads of families on relief (225,159, table 22) constituted of the total rural youth eligible for work (679,544, table 10). Drg lt!Cd by Google 56 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF .Although data by residence are not available for persons employed by the Works Progress Administration, the major agency under the Works Program, some judgment as to the number of rural youth whom the W. P.A. has employed may be arrived at through available data for June 1936, by which time work projects were in full operation. In the country as a whole, about 250,000 youth who were 16 to 24 years of age, inclusive, at the time of certification were employed on W. P. A. projects during that month. 26 About 50,000 of these youth were employed in counties having no municipality of 5,000 or more,• while an undetermined number from the rural sections of counties containing cities of 5,000 or more were employed. It is possible that a majority of the young people assigned to W. P. A. projects in the group of counties containing no center of 5,000 or more resided in the county seat and other towns. Hence, it is probable that a very large proportion of the rural youth who were eligible had not participated in the W. P.A. program at that date. RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION A number of rural youth have been assisted through the activities of the rural rehabilitation and rural resettlement programs initiated by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and expanded under the Resettlement Administration. Neither of these programs has been planned specifically to aid youth, however, and youth have usually been aided indirectly through the provision of assistance to the entire family. During the year 1935-36 the Rural Rehabilitation Division of the Resettlement Administration aided 635,000 families. 27 Among these families were young couples, as well as middle-aged people with children. It may be estimated roughly that the 635,000 families included about 470,000 youth. 28 Some of the families helped were taken over from F. E. R. A. rolls; others, although not definitely in the relief category, were aided through loans in order to keep them off relief. In 1936 there were some 6,000 families in need of resettlement because their land holdings had been purchased by the Government. There were an estimated 650,000 additional families living on 100,000,000 acres of farm land considered unfit for use. 211 The data 16 Data from the Division of Research, Statistics, and Records, Works Progress Administration. 16 Special tabulation made in the Division of Research, Statistics, and Records, Works Progress Administration. 21 First Annual Report, Resettlement Administration, 1938, p. 4. 28 According to data of the Resettlement Administration, the average size of 475,000 families was 5.1 persons (First Annual Report, ibid., p. 10). Youth constituted 14.5 percent of the total number of persons on relief in the open cotmtry in October 1935. 19 First Annual Report, ibid., p. 2. 01gt1zcdb Google YOUTH PROGRAMS OF EMERGENCY AGENCIES • 57 presented in the earlier chapters of this report indicate that many youth from these families might well be assisted to secure their own farms instead of having to be "resettled" along with their pa.rents. When families were first selected for settlement in colonies, few with youth were accepted. Later it became a policy to accept some young couples and families with young people in the teens who were especially interested in farming. However, the total number of families involved was small in proportion to the number needing such assistance. FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION Although each of the programs discussed above was contributing directly or indirectly to the problems of underprivileged rural youth at the time of the study, the major agency was still the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. As was pointed out in chapter I, approximately 625,000 youth were members of relief households in rural areas in October 1935. While not directly concerned with youth as such, the F. E. R. A. provided economio assistance to youth while they were seeking a place in one of the more specialized Federal programs or self-eupport from private employment. ogit1edbyGooglc Org trzcd by Google Chapter VII CONCLUSIONS IF ANYONE had predicted in 1929 that more than 3,000,000 rural families would be forced to apply for public assistance during the first half of the thirties, he would not have been believed. The first 5 years of the present decade, however, have seen rural poverty intensified and extended on a scale hitherto considered impossible. During these years over 2,000,000 rural youth have been forced to accept public aid at an age when they should have been attaining self-support. When persons past middle age are reduced to destitution, the causes may be attributed in part to age and individual mischance. When masses of youth are in extreme poverty, the problem rests in causes predominantly, if not wholly, outside the individual. When large numbers of rural youth are forced on relief, the fundamental causes must be sought primarily in the nature of the agricultural system. If the causes of youth's distress lay in the depression alone, assistance for individual youth might be sufficient to carry over until the next period of prosperity; but where the causes also relate to long-time ills in agriculture, more fundamental action is required. The attainment of economic security by these impoverished young men and women is basic to the future welfare of rural America. Masses of idle and poverty-stricken rural youth can augur no good for rural America. Idleness, poverty, and ignorance form a vicious circle; and the persons within the circle may easily become the prey of demagogic and irresponsible leaders. But in this situation is a. greater danger-an increasing development of a lethargic, unambitious, and listless class, a class that is willing to accept a living standard below that of peasantry. The longer the vicious circle has been in 59 D,guicdbvGoogle 60 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF operation the more imminent may be the danger of either of these developments. But it is well to recognize that during the depression many youth in good as well as in poor land areas have unavoidably acquired habits of idleness and have lost visions of accomplishment. A defeatist attitude may become permanent, even though opportunities later increase. The situation of youth on relief in cities differs greatly from that of youth on relief in rural territory. Urban life is based on a money economy, and a job is the basis of existence. When youth in the city ask for relief, it is because work is not available. Poverty and want in agricultural areas may indicate not only a lack of opportunity for work; they may also result on the one hand from the exhaustion of natural resources and on the other hand from the control of the resources by forces outside of agricultural society. National recovery, as reflected by city prosperity 1 does not necessarily augur economic recovery for rural territory. A job may no longer guarantee farm youth a future since it may lead to no advancement on the agricultural ladder. RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF AND MIGRATION The poverty of rural youth has been intensified by the population pressure on the land. Even in 1929 the agricultural population was in excess of the number needed for food production, and by 1935 this number had further increased. Commercial agriculture today is suffering from an excess of man power, and it is believed that during the next 25 years farming cannot make place for more than one-fifth of the excess of births over deaths in rural territory. 1 This population excess exists on good land as well as on poor land, but it has produced greater destitution on the poor land. Since areas of population pressure are partially coextensive with regions of high relief intensity, conditions of acute distress may increase if the population pressure on the land is not relieved. Rupert Vance holds that the only way out for the South lies in the migration of rural youth. 2 If his position is tenable, it probably follows that youth ought also to migrate from other rural sections. It has been maintained that "to promote the best use of the land, 15 percent of the present farm population would have to migrate." 8 If this position is sound, it appears that one of the major needs of rural youth is guidance in migration. 1 Goodrich, Carter and Others, Migration and Economic Op'[)OTtunity, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1936, p. 407. s Goodrich, Carter and Others, ibid., p. 162. • Allin, Bushrod W., "Migration Required for Best Land Use," paper presented at the 26th annual meeting of the American Farm Economic Association, New York City, December 27, 1935. Dg1tzcdbyGooglc CONCLUSIONS • 61 There were approximately 1,000,000' more youth on the land in 1935 than there would have been had the number that migrated each year from the farms to the villages, towns, and cities during 19301935 equaled the number that migrated annually in the preceding decade. Rural youth in relief households were part of this youth surplus, forming a group that agriculture could not absorb. The predepression migration was comparatively greater from a poor land area, such as the Appalachian Mountains, than from a prosperous area, such as the Corn Belt. 6 With migration restricted, the pressure on poor land areas has become proportionately greater. Thus, in spite of adverse economic conditions which caused farm owners to lose their farms and tenants to become laborers, many youth have remained on the land of ten on a bare subsistence level. In this respect, agriculture became a shock absorber for rural destitution. Poverty among rural youth, however, is more than an agricultural problem. The areas in which employment is dependent on small rural industries, such as sawmills, brickyards, stone quarries, and lime kilns, or large n1ral enterprises, such as lumbering, mining, and textile industries, present special problems with respect to youth. EDUCATION AND RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF The fact that less than one-fifth of rural youth in relief households in October 1935 were in school 8 indicates that a low educational level and poverty go hand in hand-the result of lack of educational opportunities as well as of a low economic status. There are large stretches of rural territory in the United States without high school facilities. Furthermore, in many areas of low land values and small incomes, taxes are inadequate to support good schools. The emergency education work of the Federal Government has reached many youth, but the extent to which it has benefited backward rural youth is difficult to determine. The student aid program of the National Youth Administration has been limited to secondary school, college, and graduate students. Half of the out-of-school rural youth on relief had not gone beyond the eighth grade and one-third of those in school were in the eighth grade or below. Hence, many youth were automatically excluded from the benefits of the program. The disparity between the school attendance of young people in the villages and those in the open country indicates that such assistance as has been available has seldom benefited farm youth. • Computed by assuming that approximately one-third of the total net migration from farms to villages, towns, and cities were youth (see Baker, 0. E., Outlook for Rural Youth, Extension Service Circular 223, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, September 1935, p. 4). Estimate of total net migration was made by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, press release of October 27, 1936. • Allin, Bushrod W., op. cit. • See ch. IV. D,guicdbyGoogle 62 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF Since less than half of the rural youth 16 and 17 years old were in school, it is obvious that educational activities that would occupy youth until the age of 18 would measurably reduce economic competition with those above this age as well as lessen the threat of a heavy migration of youth into urban territory. At the 88Jile time, the youth would be better prepared when the time came for them to be thrown entirely upon their own responsibility. The employment of such a large proportion of rural youth at unskilled trades 7 shows a need for vocational training. The combination of education and work as practiced in Civilian Conservation Corps camps and on some N. Y. A. work projects offers a hopeful method of giving to rural youth a type of education that is well fitted to their needs for vocational training and work experience. During the last few years some of the rural high schools having Smith-Hughes funds for vocational training have inaugurated parttime evening classes in agriculture and home economics for out-ofschool rural youth. Instruction of these youth in better farming and homemaking methods would aid in raising the low standard of living generally found in relief families. If programs to assist relief youth as well as those just above the relief level are to be constructive, they must be adapted to the varied interests and needs of those in the different age groups. Since it is the 16- and 17-year olds that seem to be on relief in disproportionate numbers, 8 these youth may well be aided through some form of formal training in either full-time or part-time schools. The older age groups are more likely to be seeking a home of their own and security, and they need guidance with respect to family and economic relationships. Many youth in their early twenties have family responsibilities either by reason of marriage or because they must contribute to the support of the parental family. The large proportion of young men on relief who were heads of households and the increasing percentage of such youth in the relief group indicate that many youth probably cannot be adequately assisted without helping the whole family. The various age and social groups within the youth span require special types of educational programs, and fundamental progress along these lines in wide stretches of rural territory can be achieved only by a varied program and the necessary incre&Sed financial support. Current educational opportunities and the ability of local educational units to provide for the support of educational programs vary widely both within rural areas and between rural and urban areas. This makes particularly difficult the initiation of adequate guidance and training projects for the out-of-school youth in areas where most needed. To equalize opportunities of the formal educa7 1 See ch. V. See ch. III. Dg1tzcdbyGooglc CONCLUSIONS • 63 tional agencies requires in many instances a change in methods of support. Of more immediate consequence to the rural youth in poverty, however, is the expansion of educational facilities and techniques similar to those developed by the N. Y. A. and the W. P.A. during recent years in the local communities and by the C. C. C. in its camps. In some cases teachers in vocational agriculture and the extension service of the State colleges and the Department of Agriculture have developed promising methods of meeting the guidance and training needs of the young people who have not gone or cannot go through high school. THE WORK OF FEDERAL AGENCIES All of the Federal emergency agencies that have given direct or indirect aid to youth in relief families have functioned under limitations which have prevented any long-time approach to the problem of rural youth. Because the benefits of emergency programs have been restricted largely to youth on relief, a vast number of young people in marginal families not on relief rolls in rural areas have been overlooked. In some areas the number in this category probably equals, if it does not exceed, youth whose families have been recipients of public relief. Moreover, the restriction of assistance to the most distressed group of the population prevents an integrated and concerted attack on the low standards of living and cultural handicaps under which many rural people live. With the exception of the C. C. C., Federal programs which offer the greatest possibilities for youth have been set up primarily in urban terms, and they are frequently not well adapted to rural areas. In sparsely settled and remote regions where the N. Y. A. and W. P.A. have functioned, personnel to direct the programs has been difficult to secure since few persons with the requisite qualificaj:,ions are available in these areas.11 In spite of the progress in eradicating illiteracy, teaching homemaking, etc., the potentialities of an educational program for out-of-school youth in rural areas are far from being realized. Rural youth, as compared with urban youth, have been somewhat underrepresented on the work projects of the National Youth Administration, the one agency specifically designed to assist individual youth in their home communities. 10 The problems of adequate and competent supervision and of transportation make operation of the program particularly difficult in rural areas. Moreover, since the N. Y. A. raised its minimum age limit for work projects to 18 years in line with the general movement to restrict the labor of • Programs for Which Out-of-School Young People in Breathitt County, Kentucky, Are Asking, Office of the County Schools, Jackson, Breathitt County, Kentucky. 10 See footnote 2, page 48. 28068°-38-6 ogi11edbyGooglc 64 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF minors, 11 many rural as well as urban youth who are out of school have been deprived of the opportunity to take advantage of the combined work and training activities offered by the N. Y. A. program. As pointed out above, 12 the nature of the N. Y. A. program of educational aid limits the assistance it can give to youth in rural areas. Since offices of the N. Y. A. vocational placement bureau are located in cities, this service is usually not available to rural youth, and the nature of the apprentice training program suggests that practically all of the youth aided are urban youth. If the N. Y. A. is to give aid only to youth in families actually certified for public assistance, the needs of the large mass of underprivileged rural youth in families just above the accepted relief level will be largely ignored. This limitation on giving aid only to youth actually certified for public assistance has also limited the assista.nce the Civilian Conservation Corps could render. 18 This agency has probably given more direct aid to young men in rural areas than has any other, but its permanent value to rural youth is limited. The youth are taken care of for a time, but little provision is made for helping them when they return to their rural communities after their brief period of training. Many C. C. C. enrollees leave camp every month to accept private employment, and others may later obtain employment. Large numbers are not so fortunate, however, and practically no provision has thus far been made for continued guidance and assistance to youth who do not obtain employment after leaving the camps. There has been no parallel agency for rural young women other than the restricted N. Y. A. camp program. Moreover, the work which women can do for wages in rural communities is strictly limited. Unless migration is again resumed on the predepression scale, young women in rural sections will continue to lack employment opportunities. Training which will fit them for the role of homemaker in low income families would be particularly valuable as one solution of the problem. With the present surplus of farm youth, which industry may never completely absorb, and with the oncoming masses of youth in both farm and nonfarm rural territory, who will also be pressing for employment opportunities, there is an evident need for continuing governmental activity to assist youth in making economic and social adjustments. There is no doubt that the assistance given to rural youth by each of the Federal agencies has been of great value. These agencies have accumulated experience that might well be applied to 11 During the first year of the National Youth Administration program, the minimum age for employment on work projects was 16. 11 See ch. VI. 11 Under the Act of June 28, 1937, extending the Civilian Conservation Corps for 3 years, the enrollment privilege has been extended to any youth who is unemployed and in need of employment. Dg1tzcdbyGooglc CONCLUSIONS • 65 the prevention of distress among rural youth, as well as to their economic adjustment, as the country emerges from the depression. The approaches of these agencies to the youth problem, however, have been largely uncoordinated. The work of the various agencies has demonstrated that the youth problem is complex and that it cannot be resolved by panaceas. Before any fundamental change in the conditions and prospects of rural youth can be brought about, there must be coordinated planning both by such permanent ntral institutions as the extension service, the church, and the public schools and by the agencies developed during the depression. D1gt1zcdbyGoogle D git zed by Goog IC Appendixes 67 D1gt1zedb Google O.gitm:I by Google Appendix A SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES To&le 7.-Estimated Number of Rural Youth in the United States, 1935,1 and Estimated Number on Relief, October 1935,1 by Residence, by Geographic Division, and by State Rural•fsrm Geographic division and State Total rural youth Number Percent Rural•nonfsrm Number Percent Youth on relief Percent of Number total rural youth ---- ---62.~, 000 61.1 3, SIH, 600 38.9 6.3 ------- ---------------New Endand •••....•.••.•••.• 304,700 106. 600 35.0 198,100 65.0 16,800 5.5 United States••••• -••••. 9,991,600 6,107,000 Maine .. _..••...•••.••.••.• 76,200 29,600 46,600 61. 2 5,300 38.8 7.0 New Hampshire•••....•... 31,600 12,200 38.6 19,400 1,000 61.4 3.2 1, ()(JO 41,700 22,300 46. 5 19,400 53. 5 2. 4 Vermont.·--·-···-·······65,600 19,000 46, f,00 10. 7 29.0 71.0 7,000 Massachusett•-······-·-··· Rhode Island ..• _....... __ • IO, 100 5.0 2,300 22.8 7,800 77.2 500 Connecticut_ ..•..... _._ .•• 79,500 21,200 26. 7 58,300 73. 3 2,000 2.5 Middle Atlantic ...••........•. 1,002,100 365,000 63.6 77,600 637,100 7. 7 36. 4 142,200 42. 8 190,300 57. 2 II, 000 3.3 New York ..•.. ·-····-····· 332,500 New Jersey ... ___ ._ .. __ .••• 108,600 7,(0) 23,100 21. 3 85,500 78. 7 6. 4 199,700 59,600 35.6 361,300 64. 4 10.6 Pennsylvania...•... ·--···· 561,000 South Atlantic ••. _••.•........ 2, O&~. 500 1,300,800 62. 4 784, 700 37. 6 105,000 5.0 Maryland •.•..••...•...... 115,500 49,500 42.9 66,000 57.1 4, :100 3.6 Delaware••.. _.••••••...... 21,100 9,400 44. 5 II, 700 55. 5 400 1. 9 14,400 215. 500 63.4 124,300 36.6 4.2 Virginia ... •-····-·--······ 339. 800 West Virginia .• _. __ ._ ... _. 253, 41XJ 38,000 ll3. 500 44.8 139, \JOO 5.5.2 15.0 147, f,00 17,000 345,500 70. 1 29.9 3.4 North Carolina••••• _•. ·-·· 493, JOO 97,100 12,000 205, 700 67. 9 32.1 4. 0 South Carolina ••.. -··--··· 302,800 299,500 7,000 419. 900 71. 3 120,400 28. 7 1. 7 Oeor~la. ···········-··-·-77, 700 12,000 8.6 62,200 44.5 55.5 Florida._-···_·••-·-···-- .. 139. IJOO 5114, 300 40. 2 JOI, 900 59.8 6.9 Ee.st North Central_ •• _··- .... 1,479,500 885,200 Ohio._ •••• -•.. _•. _. __ ..... 377,500 27,0(1() 167,000 4-4. 2 7. 2 210,500 55. 8 JO,{)()() 154,500 62. 4 DJ, 200 Indiana •••••••••••.... _·-. 247, 700 37. 6 4.0 147, f,00 174,200 M.1 45. 9 28,900 9.0 nllnois. -·········-····---· 321,800 Michlgan .•.•..•••• _._ •.... 2.'10. 400 167, 700 59.8 IJ2, 700 40.2 7. 8 22.000 Wisronsin __ • ____ .. _. ___ . __ 2.'i2, JOO 14, ()(JO 178,300 70. 7 73,800 29.3 5. 6 West North Central ... _. ___ .. _ I, 329, f,00 91.{)(J() 419, .500 910, 100 68.4 31.6 6.8 Minnesota •• _. _____ .•••• _. 2211,300 18,000 167,200 72.9 62,100 27. I 7.8 24,000 214,300 67. I 104,000 32.9 7.5 Missouri. .. ·-----········- 319,200 9,000 163, 700 68.9 73,800 31. I 3.8 Iowa .....•.... ·-·········· 237,500 27,200 15.11 73,500 73.0 27.0 16,000 North Dakota..•• _·- ..••.. JOO, 700 6,000 64,900 27,200 6.5 92, JOO 70.5 29. 5 South Dakota ... •··-·-·-·· 8,()(1() 101, 700 60, /iOO 33. 2 5.3 Nehrnska ..•.. _..•......... 1.52, 200 66. 8 124,!:IOO 62.8 73,800 37.2 10,000 5.0 Kansas.···········-- ..•... 198,600 t Based on data from Fiftunth C,n,u, oftht t'niltd State,: 19MI, Population; Unlttd Stat,, C,n,,u of Aurl• culture: 1935; Baker, 0. E., "Rural and Urban Distribution of the Population in the United States," .Annal• of tht Amtrican Acad,mv of Political and Social &i,nct, November 1936, p. 268; and "Lile Tables for White Males, White Females, Negro Males, and 1'egro Females, Continental United States: JgJO," Vital Statiirtic1-Sp,cial Report,, Vol. I, No. 20, United States Burenu or the Census, July 27, 1936. • Based on data from Survey or Current Changes In the Rural Relief Population, Division of Social Re~cb, Works Progress Admiulstratlon. 69 D1gt1zcdbyGoogle 70 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF Ta&le 7.-Estimated Number of Rural Youth in the United States, 1935, and Estimated Number on Relief, October 1935, by Residence, by Geographic Division, and by Stat~ontinued RuraHarm Total rural youth Geographic division and State Number Rural•nonrarm Percent Number Youth on relier Percent Percent or Number total rural youth - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - East South Central ...•.•..•••• 1,433,500 1,056, 700 Kentucky •...••...•••••... 362, 900 254,100 Tennes.see •..••••.•••...... 360,300 263. 2()() Alabama .....•...•••...... 397,500 284,900 312,800 500 1,530.900 1,080.300 Arkansas ...........•..•... 301,900 2.%,900 Louisiana __________________ 253, 700 172,100 Oklahoma................. 311,600 210,600 Texas ..•••................ 6fl3, 700 461, 700 :b'.>6, 60() Mountain ..................... 393, 100 Montana .................. 56,000 32, 700 Idaho ....•..............•. 55, JOO 35,700 11,300 Wyoming ..•............•. 26,800 Colorado._ ........ _...•.•. 87, 700 18,800 New Mexico ....•......••.. 31,500 68,700 50, 60() 19,500 Arizona •••.•..•.......•••• Utah ......•.......••.•.... 48,000 24,700 2,400 Nevada •••••..•.•.••..••.. 10,200 195, 700 Pacific ........................ 432, 700 59,300 Washington ...•••......••. 117,600 Or~on ....•....•........•. 81,100 42,300 California ........•....•... 234,000 94,100 wesf~~f~PJ!Dti-ai::::::::::: 73. 7 70.0 73. 1 71. 7 81.4 70.6 78.1 67.8 67.6 69.6 52. 6 68.4 64. 8 42. 2 55.6 53. 7 38.5 51. 5 ~-5 45. 2 50. 4 52. 2 40.2 ™· 376,800 108,800 97,100 112, 60() 68,300 450,600 66,000 8f.600 10 ,000 202,000 186,500 23,300 19,400 15. 500 38,900 27, 2()() 31, JOO 23,300 7,800 237,000 58,300 38,800 139,0CO 26.3 30.0 26.9 28.3 18.6 29. 4 21.9 32.2 32. 4 30. 4 47. 4 41. 6 35.2 57. 8 44. 4 46.3 61. 5 48. ~ 76. 5 54.8 49. 6 47. 8 59.8 81,400 48,000 12,000 10,000 11,400 102,000 12, (X)() 12, (X)() 49,000 29,000 33,300 5,000 3,100 500 9,000 6,500 3,900 6,000 300 16,000 5,000 1,000 10,000 IS. 7 13. 2 3.3 2. 6 3.6 6. 7 '-0 ., 4. 7 15. 7 s. 6 S.9 6.6 1.9 10.3 11.1 7. 7 10.4 2.11 3. 7 4.3 1.2 '-3 Ta&le 2.-Age of Rural Relief Population, by Residence and by Region, October 1935 (304 counties and 83 New England townships) Open country Total VIilage Age and region Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent ---------------1--- - - - - - - -------1----~LL REGIONS All ages_ •••.••••••••••.••.•••.•••.•. 385,850 100.0 246,798 100.0 127,506 100.0 Under 10 yeani.•. .•.•............•..•....• 10-14 years.........••...........•••....•.. 15 years...•.•.•.•••••.•••..•....••..•••.•. 16-24 Yearll •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25-34 years....••....•...••.••...........•• 35-+4 years.•..••..•..••.•.........•.....•• 45-54 Yearll •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 55-64 years ....•..........•........•....... 65 years and over ........•....•••••••..... 108,376 54,718 9,998 56,064 45,458 37, 718 30,306 21,946 21,266 28.1 14. 2 2.6 14.5 11.8 9.8 7.8 5. 7 5.5 72,652 35, 768 6,386 35,658 29,582 23,706 18,564 12, 710 11,772 29.4 14. 5 2.6 14.5 12.0 9.6 7. 5 5.1 4.8 33,132 17,316 3,304 18,604 211. 0 All ages.•.•••..••.•.•...•.•.•.•.•••• 11,546 100.0 Under 10 years..••..••.•••••.•••.•••••..•.• 10-14 years .....•....•...••••••.....••..... 15 years .....•............................. 16-24 years ........•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•......... 2.5-34 years ..•....•••..•.•..•..••..•.•..... 35-44 years ......•..•••..•••••.•.•.•.•••... 45-54 years .••••.••....•..•••......•.••.••. 55-64 years ............•................... 65 years and over ..••.•••••.•••••••••••... 2,592 1,634 308 1,802 ), 180 22.4 14. 2 2. 7 15. 6 1,356 11. 7 10.0 6.9 6. 3 Dig t1zed by Google 14,696 12,656 10. 584 8,442 8,772 NJ:W ENGLAND 1,158 794 722 10. 2 13.6 2. 6 l'-6 11. 5 9. 9 s. 3 6.6 II.II SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES • 71 Ta&/e J.-Age of Rural Relief Population, by Residence and by Region, October 1935-Continued (304 counties and 83 New England townships] Open country Total Village Age and region Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent .All ages __________________________ . __ 1311, 366 100. 0 86,470 100.0 52,896 100.0 Underyears 10 years_.------------------------10-14 ______________________ .. ____ .... 15 years ________________ . __ .------- _______ . 37,976 19,542 3,546 19,940 1.1,430 13,740 11,400 8,716 9,076 27.3 14. 0 2. 5 14.3 11.1 9.9 8.2 6.2 6.5 24,628 12, i30 2,112 12,330 9,464 8,746 6,800 4,882 4,778 28.6 14. 8 2. 4 14. 2 10. 9 10.1 7. 9 5.6 5.5 13,348 6,812 1,434 7,610 5,006 4,994 4,600 3,834 4,298 25.3 12.9 2. 7 14.4 11.3 9.4 8. 7 7. 2 8.1 194,960 100.0 140,374 100. 0 54,586 100.0 57,302 27,938 5,032 28,874 18,232 13,856 9,326 9,042 29.4 14.3 2.6 14.8 12. 7 9.4 7.1 4.8 4. 9 43,082 20,322 3,710 20,738 18,084 12,706 9,492 6,184 6,056 30.6 14. 5 2.6 14. 8 12. 9 9.1 6.8 4. 4 4.3 14,220 7,6Ul 1,322 8,136 6,674 5,526 4,364 3,142 3,586 26.0 14.0 2.4 14. 9 12. 2 10. 1 8.0 5.8 6.6 160,792 100.0 )18, 038 100.0 42,754 100.0 11,094 6,016 1,066 6,396 5,302 4,350 3,400 2,474 2,656 25.8 14.1 11,832 100.0 3,126 1,600 256 1,740 I, 372 I, 176 964 26.5 13. 5 2. 2 ---------------•---- ---- -------- ---- ---NORTH 16--24 years __ ------_._. -. ---- -. -----. -- -- -- 2.".-34 years _____ . _________ .---- __ ---------3b-44 }·ears _______________________________ _ 4.',-54 years _______________________________ _ 55-6-1 years.------------------------------115 years and over __ ---------------------·· SOUTH-TOTAL All ages_ ___________________________ _ Under 10 years ______ --------------------10-14 years ___ ·---------------------------15 years _______________ .. ----_. __ ---- ___ --16--24 years _______________________________ _ 25-34 years ___________ . ____ . _____ . _______ .. 3.'>-14 years ------_ ... -- -. ------ ---- --- _4.1-54 years ____ _______________________________ 55-M years ______ . __________ .. ___ .. ______ .. 65 years and over ___________ . ____________ _ --- --- 24, 758 SOL'fH-WHITJ: All ages _______ ---------------------Under 10 years __________________________ _ 10-1'1 years _______________ . _______________ . 15 years __________________ . __ -------. _____ . 16--24 years ____________ . ___ . ___ . __________ _ 2.',-34 years ______________ ... ______________ _ 3H4 years _________________ . ____ .. _. _____ _ 45-54 years _______________ . ______________ .. 5.'Hl4 years _____________ ----.-------------- -47,882 - - - -29.-7 -36,-788- 65 years and over------------------------- 23,048 4, 116 23,896 20, 744 14,960 11, 1911 7,574 7,376 H.3 2. 6 14.9 12. 9 9.3 7. 0 4. 7 4.6 17,032 3,050 17,500 15,442 10,610 7,796 5,100 4, 720 31.2 14.4 2.6 14. 8 13.1 9.0 6.6 4.3 4. 0 34,168 100. 0 22,336 100. O 9. 420 4,890 916 4,978 4,014 3,272 2,660 ), 7!12 2,266 27. 6 H.3 2. 7 14. 6 11. 7 9.6 7. 8 5. I 6.6 3,238 2,642 2,096 1,696 1,084 1,336 39,978 10(,.0 19,954 26.3 14. 0 2.8 13. 6 10.2 11.0 9. 7 7.8 4. 6 4,942 2,716 564 2,500 2,034 2,254 2,272 1,644 2. 5 15.0 12. 4 10. 2 8.0 5.8 6. 2 wum-NEoao All ages_____________________________ Under 10 years___________________________ 10-14 years________________________________ 15 years___________________________________ 16--24 years________________________________ 25-34 years._______________________________ 35-44 years________________________________ 45-54 years________________________________ 55-64 years________________________________ 65 years and over_________________________ ----•----+----•--28.1 - - - - - 6,294 3,290 660 14. 7 3. o 14. 5 11.8 9. 4 i. 6 4. 9 14. 7 11.6 9.11 930 8.1 5.6 7.9 100.0 20,024 100.0 24. 8 13.6 2.8 13.0 10. 2 11.3 11.4 8.2 4. 7 5,564 2,888 548 2,858 2,056 2,136 1,620 1,466 888 27.8 14.4 2:1 14.3 10.3 10. 7 8.1 668 6. o WEST All ages____________________________ _ Under 10 years __________________________ _1 - - - - < · 10,506 10-14 years ________ -----------------------5,604 15 years ______________ .---- -- ------ -- ---· -I, 112 16--24 years _______________________________ . 5,448 25-34 years _______________________________ _ 4,090 35-44 years _________________________ .--"--4,390 45-54 years _______________________________ _ 3,892 5.'Hl4 years ____ . ______________________ . ___ _ 3,110 1,826 65 years and over_------------------------ 938 D19 t1zed by 7. 3 4.' GoosIe 72 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF Tal,le 3.-Percent Youth Constituted of the Total Rural Relief Population, by Residence and by Area,1 February, June, and October 1935 [138 oountlea) lune February Peraona 1&-:H ,-raofaae Peraonal&-:H ,-raofaae Realdenoe 1111d - October t All per- All per- All per- l()DI l()DI Nnmber Peroent Peraona 1&-:H ,-sofaae l()DI Nnmber Percent Nnmber Peroent --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --TOT.t.L .AD areas.............. 382, Oll8 111,111111 111. 2 W,8.111 41,380 111. 3 1811,812 'rT, 2IIO 14.11 Eastern Cotton ....••••••.•• 63,752 17,517 74,003 48,091 25,912 82. 7111 19,4711 158,977 li0,223 23, 72' 8,816 10,411 8,819 S,1174 8,145 12, 51111 8,812 8,757 13,4ell 3,188 9,001 8,088 3,844 1, 4113 1,6113 111.4 IS. 7 18.0 17.0 18.3 14.6 Ill. 3 111.4 15.3 111.1 Ill. 2 Ill. II 15.0 81, 1170 21, "86 9,984 30, MIi 23,348 7,:1)8 '19, rol 14, 15811 37,004 31,130 16,472 6,388 7,322 4,9611 8,418 1,538 5,110 4,092 1,018 13, 8.111 2,630 6. 614 4,8114 2, 1178 9811 1, !OIi 15.11 15.8 15.4 Ill. 7 17.S 14.1 17.2 17.3 14.11 15.11 111.3 18.3 15. I 18, 8UO 13,912 4,778 22,728 18. 104 4, 11:H 77, 1118 11,704 25,370 12, 4118 10, 15811 a. 1134 2,814 2,0!0 734 3,1911 2, 11:H 672 11,8UO 1,833 3,2111 1, 1188 1, II08 5158 Ml 15.1 15.0 15.4 14.1 14. 5 12.4 15.1 16.11 12. 7 13. 5 15.2 15.4 H.11 AU areas.............. m,11111 44,674 111.4 1114,8114 :111,8118 White ••..•.....••..•••• Negro ......••..••..••.• Western Cotton ••.••••••••• White •...••.....••.•••• Negro •..••...........•. ~lan•Omrk ...•..... e tes Cut•Over •...•• Hay and Dairy •••••...•.... Corn Belt .•••••••••.•.••••• ~rlnl Wheet .•••••...••••• lnter'W1-t ••...•.••..••. Ranchfns••••••••.••...••••• 311,285 4,434 OPl:1' COUNTIIY Eastern Cotton .•.•••••••••. White •.•••••..•...•..•• Nqro .• ·••·•·••·••••••· Western Cotton ••.....•••.• White .••.••••••.•.••.•. Negro .. ··•·•····•••••·• t1l:lachlan•Omrk ...•.•.•• e States Cut-Over •••.•• Hay and Dairy .•..•..••.•.. Corn Belt ...••••.•........• ~rlns Wheat .........•.... lnterW1-t ••.•....•.•.•. Ranchln1 ••••••••••••••••.•• ------- ----42, 137 6, 1133 111.6 21,404 3,244 28, 11211 Ill. S 13), 2DII 17,GII 14.6 15. 2 15.1 15.3 111. 7 17.S 14.2 17. I 111.8 14.8 111.0 16.4 18. 7 13.3 13, 7911 10,530 3, 21111 16,4112 13, 1311 3, 3211 51, 7211 8, 2118 14,334 4,742 7,194 2, 2711 1,rol 2,072 !,SM 15.0 rol 16.11 14.0 13,511 59,8114 38, SOIi 21, 5158 112,424 16. 1117 37, 1139 25,790 18,484 5,911 4,3)() 4,479 2,454 10,342 7,214 3,128 10,153 2,401 5,845 4,334 3,041 962 6113 IS.II 18. 2 17.3 18.8 14.S 111.3 15.8 16. S 111.8 111.5 111.3 13.4 14,874 6,530 33, ll30 16,M 4, 1134 IIO, tfl8 11, 7711 22, 1112 l2,41iO 12,274 8,033 2,633 3,452 2,752 700 10, SOIi l, 1144 8, 3liO t,ll!M 2,008 SM 334 .AD areas.............. 110,482 17, 4215 15.8 88,782 14,482 Ill. 8 1111,6111 9,282 14.8 1,886 1, 1116 GIil 2,227 1,598 111. 2 15. 7 17.2 15.8 111.3 14.4 111.3 18.3 14.8 16.4 15.3 17.2 16.1 10, 2116 6,812 3,454 1,712 1, 170 542 1,1188 1,340 318 3,330 886 2, 1114 2,870 1170 433 772 111. 7 17.2 16. 7 111. 7 17.6 14.0 17.2 18.4 15.0 15.4 111.0 17. 7 111. I 4,894 8,382 1,512 6, 21111 4, 9118 1, 2118 26,472 4411 11,038 7, 7211 8, 3112 1, 3158 2, 11211 742 SIii 16.2 16.1 14.11 14. a 16.0 11.11 111.2 13.11 12.4 13.4 14.11 16.5 16.3 2, :HS 11911 2,302 1,880 422 7,5511 1,342 1,844 llliO 1,102 348 212 14.11 14.S 12. 7 14.11 16,3 12. 11 13. 7 ts.a 15.3 14.1 VJLLl.01: Eastern Cotton •..••••.••.•. White ...•••.•...•.••••• Nesro ...•.••..••••••••• Western Cotton ...••••••••. White ....•••..•..••••.• Nesro ...••......•.••••• t!ralachlan•Ozark ..•...•.. e States Cut-Over ..•.•. Hay and Dairy ............. Corn Belt ...•••••••••.••... - - - - - - --- 11, 1116 7,IIOII 4, OOII 14,139 9,785 4,354 33,292 4,309 21,338 24,433 6. 240 ~:!':!r 2,905 Ranching......••••••.•••••. 6,211 i\8:i.~:::::::::::: 1 Exclusive 11211 3,313 787 3,lM 3,762 803 liOI 1,000 9,11211 7,652 2,274 111,340 4,810 14,392 18, fl80 4, 1118 2. 3fl8 4,802 a. 2211 8114 744 Ul0 4,134 478 1,372 1,038 SOIi 210 448 of unknowns. • The slight d!fferenoes In the percentages for the 1&-24 year ap gronp In thla table and In appendb: table 2 are due to tbe fact that area data Included only the 138 oountles sampled In February, whereas appendix table 2 la based on the 304 oountles and 83 New England townships of thla study. lJ1gt1zcctbyGoogle SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES • 73 Ta&le 4.-Age of Rural Youth on Relief, by Residence and by Region, Odober 1935 (304 counties and 83 New England townships] Age and residence Total South New England West North Total White Negro - - - - - - --- TOT.lL Number _________________ Percent __ ---------------111-17 years _____________________ IS-19 years _____________________ 20-21 years _____________________ 22-24 years _____________________ 116,0M 100.0 1,802 100.0 19,940 100.0 28,874 100.0 28. 7 23.1 20. 2 28.0 29. 2 24.2 20. 7 25,g 29.1 23.8 20. 5 26. II 27.3 22.3 20.4 30.0 35. 658 100.0 12,330 100.0 20. 738 100.0 28.5 22.9 20. 2 28. 4 29.5 23.9 :.xl.6 26.0 18,604 100.0 29.0 23. 3 20. 2 27. 5 23,896 100.0 4,978 100.0 5,448 100.0 27.1 22.1 28.5 23.0 20. 7 27.8 34.5 23.8 18.5 23.2 17,/500 100.0 3,238 2. MIO 26.9 22.2 20.5 30.4 21.8 20.4 31.3 24.6 20.5 25.8 23.2 17. 1 24-0 7,610 100.0 8, 136 100.0 11,396 100.0 1,740 100.0 2,858 100.0 28.3 23. 7 20.4 27.6 28.3 22. 5 20. 2 29.0 28.6 23.1 20.0 28. 4 27.5 llO. l 21.0 31.4 33.3 24.4 19.8 22. 5 :iiO. 3 30.6 OPltN COUNTRY Number _________________ Percent __________________ 16--17 lS-19 20-21 22-24 years _____________________ years _____________________ years _____________________ years _____________________ 100.0 100.0 ----26. 5 29.1 35. 7 VlLLAOII Number _________________ Percent_ _________________ 16--17 years _____________________ lS-19 years _____________________ 20-21 years _____________________ 22-24 years _____________________ To&le 5.-Percent Distribution of Youth in the Total Rural Population, by Age and by Region, 1930 (324 counties •) Age Total South New England North West Total Total __________ ---------- 100.0 100.0 16--19 years_-------------------:»-24 years ___________ -------- __ 49. 9 50.1 49.0 51.0 100.0 I 50. 6 49. 4 White Negro ------ --100.0 100.0 100.0 - -50.-4 ---50. 2 50.9 46.4 100.0 49.6 49.8 49.1 53.11 • Data for New England are for the 20 couuties which include the 83 townships surveyed. Source: Fi[tumh CtmtU oftht United State,: 1930, Population Vol. III. Dig t1zed by Goog IC ..... ,,,.. Ta&#e 6.-Age of Rural Youth on Relief, by Residence and by Area, February, June, and October 1935 • [138 counties] ,cl Eastern Cotton Month, age, and residence C: Western Cotton All areas Total White Neero Total Wblte Negro Lake A~pslac IanStates Ozark Cut-Over Hay and Dairy ,cl Corn Belt Spring Wheat Winter Wheat )> RanchIng r -< --- 0 J'J:BRUARY Total: Number ....• -.... Percent.. ·-·--·-·· 61,997 100.0 18-20 years·--------··----····-years _______ . _____________ 21-24 34.8 38.4 35.0 39.6 Open country: Number. Percent._ 44,573 100.0 6,933 100.0 18-20 years .. __________ . ________ 21-:H years_·-------··--------·· 27. 1 34. 6 38.3 26.0 35.4 38. 6 17,424 100.0 1,886 100.0 1,195 100.0 691 100.0 26.1 35.1 38. 8 23.1 33.4 43. 5 --- -- 24. 1 36.0 39.9 41,380 100.0 4,956 100.0 8,418 100.0 1,538 100.0 &, 110 100.0 26. 7 35. 0 38.3 26. 8 34.0 39.2 26.5 33.4 40.1 27.4 35.4 37.2 26.0 34. 7 39.3 Open country: Number_ Percent.. 26,898 100.0 3,244 100.0 2,248 100.0 996 100.0 16-17 years·-----·--·--·······-18-20 years_. ____ ···----··--. __ . 21-24 27.0 34.6 38. 4 27.6 34.9 37.5 26.5 34. 1 39.4 30.3 36.8 32.9 8,819 100.0 - -26.8 - - -25.416-17 years·--········----·-··-- 5,674 100.0 -4,479 100.0 3, 145 100.0 -2,464 100.0 12, li69 100.0 24.6 34.9 40.5 10,342 100.0 8,812 100.0 -7,214 100.0 --- --------------16-17 years _______ -----·-. ______ 0 <g ;;; "'era. '<: C') 0 0 00 r.J Village: Number ___ . ____ Percent.·----··· 16-17 years ____ . ________________ 18-20 years __________ ·--------·21-24 years_·------··--------- __ ------ -- -- - 24. 7 34. 7 40.6 2,227 100.0 -- 1,598 100.0 3,757 100.0 13,466 100.0 3,188 100.0 9,001 100.0 8,086 100. 0 3,844 100. 0 -- 28.5 34.6 36.9 25. 4 33.8 40.8 29.1 34. 4 36.5 27.1 34. 9 38.0 27.6 33. 7 38. 7 3,128 100.0 10,153 100.0 2,401 100.0 5,845 100.0 4,334 100.0 27.9 34.6 37.5 26.5 34. 3 39.2 30.4 34.1 35.5 3,313 100.0 787 100.0 -629 100.0 - - -- - - - - -30.-2 - -22.-I - 34.5 32.0 35.3 45.9 --- 1,481 100.0 1,563 100.0 36. 3 37.4 37.2 36.3 3,041 100.0 961 100.0 563 27.3 35.0 37. 7 29.1 32. 0 38. 9 26. 1 35.4 38. 5 3,156 100.0 3,752 100.0 803 100.0 500 100.0 26. 7 35.1 38.2 26.9 34.8 38. 3 22. 0 40. I 37.11 35. 2 2,678 100.0 986 100.0 36. 2 39.0 36. 7 35. 7 --------- - -26.-3 - -26.5 - 100.0 26.6 38. 2 lUNB Total: Number __________ Percent. __________ 16-17 years·--····-·--········-· 18-20 years.·-·--·--···-···-··-. 21-24 years·----·---·---·---·-·· Ye&rS-----·--------· ··--·- --- 4,092 100.0 1,018 100.0 13,636 100.0 2,530 100.0 5,514 100.0 4,864 100.0 33.1 41.4 40.9 31.0 27.1 34. 7 38.2 24. 9 34. 6 40.5 27.8 35.2 37.0 27.4 35.4 37.2 3,452 100.0 2,752 100.0 100.0 700 10,306 100.0 1,644 100.0 3,350 100. 0 1,994 100.0 2,008 100.0 566 100.0 25.9 34.2 39.9 25. 4 32. 5 42. 1 41. 1 31.2 34. 6 38.6 34. 8 39. 1 29.0 34.4 36.6 27.1 34.8 3'1. 1 25. 4 34. 7 39.9 27.9 33. 6 38.5 - -25.5 - - -28.1- - -27.-7 - -26.8- - -26.1- - -24.8 - - -27.6- 2 ~ 0 z ,cl ITI C ..., ITI Village: Numher ________ Peroeut_ ________ 14,482 100.0 I, 712 100.0 1.170 35. 6 38.l 32.2 42. 7 32.0 41. 6 32.9 45.0 27,250 100.0 2,814 100. 0 2,080 100.0 18-20 years ____ __ ___ . __________ . 21-24 years _________ ___ __ _______ 28. 0 32.9 3Y.1 27. 3 34. 5 38. 2 28. 3 33. 1 38. 6 Opeo country : Number Percent__ 16-li years _____ ___ ____ ___ ______ 18- 24 20 ye,irs ___ ____ 21years _____ __ __ ___---·-·--_____ _______ __ 17,428 100.0 2,072 100.0 1. 564 100. 0 28. 3 32. 6 39.1 27. 3 34. 3 38. 4 27. 9 33. 2 38.9 Village: Number ________ Pe«-ent. ________ 9,822 100.0 742 100. 0 18-20 years ___. ______ . __ __ ______ 21-24 years. ____ ____ . __ _________ 33. 4 3Y.2 27. 2 35.3 37.6 16-17 yoors _________ ____________ 18-20 years _________ _____ _______ 21-24 years ____________ ___ ______ M2 1, MS 100.0 100.0 318 100. 0 26. 2 35. 6 38.2 25_5 34.5 40.0 28.9 40.3 30.8 734 100. 0 3,196 100. 0 2,624 100. 0 24. 5 38. 7 36. 8 29. 9 32. 7 37. 4 100. 0 ros l , :wl 3, 3.10 100.0 88e 100. 0 2, 164 100. 0 2. 870 100. 0 35. 1 36. 9 22. 6 34. 3 43.1 25. 9 36.6 37. 6 27.6 35. 8 36. 7 572 100.0 11, 8llO 100. 0 1,820 100. 0 3,216 100. 0 32. 9 36.0 31.1 27. 5 31 . 7 40.8 26. 8 32.0 38. 8 35.6 37. 6 2, 302 100.0 1,880 100. 0 422 100.0 7,556 100.0 37. 4 37.0 31. 9 38. 7 31. 2 40.2 35. I 32. 2 516 100.0 226 100. 0 894 744 29. 4 32. 6 38.0 41. 6 36. 3 34. 9 34, 0 34. 2 35.2 100.0 100.0 - -26.6- - -22.-l --26.3 21>.l --- 100. 0 420 100. 0 772 100. 0 41. 2 35.8 u.o 36. 5 31.9 38.6 1,688 100. 0 1,608 100. 0 658 100. 0 660 100. 0 27. 7 33. 0 39. 3 27. 8 33. 8 38. 4 27. 5 35. 4 37. 1 31. 2 34.0 34. 8 33. 6 31. 2 35. 2 1,342 100. 0 1,844 100. 0 650 100. 0 1,102 100.0 348 100.0 212 100-0 32. 1 39.6 28.0 35.8 36.2 26. 0 31.8 42. 2 30. 5 27. 4 42. 1 35. 2 38.5 32. 2 33.3 33.0 25.5 150 4,134 478 I, 372 1,038 506 100.0 210 100.0 448 38. 7 28.0 30. 8 43. 0 30. 0 36.0 34-0 37. I 37. I 30. 4 39. 7 - -28.-0 670 - -23.0- - -27.1- - -24.-g OCTOBER Total: Number __________ Peroeot, ___ _______ 16-17 years _____________ ________ - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- 16-17 years __ _____ __ ____________ - 27. 4 --29. 2 --------------- - -25.-6 - -29.4- --- -32.-7 - -28.-3 28.6 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 - -33.3- - -26.-2 - -23.-4 - - - - -26.-2 -----22. 1 31. I 30. 6 35. 2 41. 4 29.9 34. 5 35. 6 37. 8 36. 0 - -26.-3 - -34.-5 - -41.-5 100.0 --29,9 25.8 ' ..., ...,I: ~ 0 co· ,."" CJ a. cr '< (') 0 ~....... (? )> ~ > ,m Ul • ..... U1 To&le 7.-Sex of Rural Youth on Relief, by Residence and by Area, February, June, and October 1935 ~ (138 counties] • FPl iruarr Rl•.b. id l' Uf'\' 11 r1t1 art~, June T otal :Sum lx-r I I I T ota l l\l altl Female 1',•rc,•n t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ :"'lurnhc r I I "'C "'r► Octobe r I I I Total l\lale Female P ,•r('(' n( _ _____ _ _ :"'lu m t,., r I P ,•r{'('ol I ~falc I Fcm.nlc ,_ _ _ _ , _ _ __ T OT AL I .\ II nn ·M ___ fl1.WJ Ea.-., lt'rn C ott nn .. . . . . \\' lri t1! . . . __ . i\"q..-; rr1 8, 8 19 5, oa :t 145 Wc,, rnn c·o 11 un . . . 12,MiO \\"In k H,8 12 .l\ (•~r<1. _ ~ . j,t,,'j Appnl ueh lu11- l >1nrk. ... . •.. Lnkct-: tuh_•s <"u t -O vn __ _ -------- --- - - - - - - - --- - - - - ll a ya nrl f )mry _ _ -----------·-······· ·· · - ·· < ' or r1 l li•lt ___. _ ___ - - ....... . .... - ---- - - - - -• - - ,S11 rrn~ \ \ ·twn t .. .. • . . .. . . . . . . \V it.J tl'r \\"l11:n t Honddng . . Cl (0 . . --· - . -- ·. - --·-• -- -- -· ·· · ····· ·· ···· 1a. -mo 3. 11-8 9, 001 ~. O"fl 3. S44 1.46.1 I, 5f.>3 o n : ~ r o 1·~tRY .\ 11 nn •uE,: ______ . __ . - - .. . . . H,s,4 ;. 2. C" "< C"') 0 0 - 00 n F' n.,. , ti'rn rn t t<m . . \Vh it,1 • • • • • l\" (•~ rn \V ~ tf•rn C' o t ron \ \' h ill\ ____ . . . Ntrro _______ . •... ....... . ... . .... . . . . . . . . • . .•.•• . ••• • ••• . • • • .•• • •• - - - ---------- - ---- - - -- - - - - _ - -- - •. · -·- Appn luchiao- Oznrk ______ .. _- -- - - _. _••• . --- · - Ln kt• Stn tt':S C ut-<>vn . .. ....... . . . . . . . . .. .... . . . . . . Hnynu <I l.l nl r y ______________ ····- -· ••·- · • · · · · · r' orn n ,, 11. _________ __ · · · · -· · · · ·· - ··· • ··· ·· ·· · · · · · - · Sprin){ \ \'lwH L __ - -- -- - - - - -- - - --- - ----- · · ···- - -- - - - W inln W lwa l • . . ..• • .• • ..••.•• • . • . . •• ...•. . •••••••• Ha n eh lng _. _____ _··--- -- · · . __ -· - - - __. -- . . . - - - - - - - 6, 03.1 4. 4,0 2, 45t JO, 342 i . 2 14 :l.1 ~ !O. 153 2, 401 5. ~ 5 4,334 3, 041 002 563 I 100. 0 4S. •I Sl. fi 41 , 3RO 100. 0 48. 2 51. 8 27, 2.'iO 100. 0 4,5. 4 &4. 6 IIIO. 0 47. 4 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 t CXl. O 100. 0 IIXJ. ti 100. 0 100. 0 100. ti HIO. 0 47. 8 4r,_ 6 4f>. 9 46. 9 -1 t). i 411. I 52. 0 49. i 49. 3 48. 4 44 . 5 45. 0 b2. r, .52. :! ;,.J_ 4 5. 514 4, 864 -51 . 6 5.5. 5 2, 6';'8 2,811 2, 0SO ; 34 3. 1116 2,624 5, 2 11 , 600 1, 820 3,216 1,688 1,608 1\.', 8 660 100. 0 100. 0 ICIO. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 JOO. 0 JOO. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 J(X)_0 38. 9 36. 9 4-1. 4 42. 6 43. 1 39. 9 46. 5 5.1. 4 4i. 3 t3. 5 46. 3 41. 9 41. 2 61.1 6.1. I M. 6 57. 4 50. 3 50. i l(l(), 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 JOO. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 JOO. 0 100. 0 100. 0 42 i 43. i 40. 4 46. 8 4S. 0 4, 056 3, 418 I , 5.1 8 5, 110 4, (f.12 1,01 8 13, 0:lf> 2,530 5i . 3 If~). 0 JOO. 0 IOO. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 5.1 . 1 53. I 5.1. 3 50. 0 55. 0 986 I, 106 48. 9 5 1. I 2f, sgg 47. 9 4s. 4 47. I 4i . i 47. 9 17. 2 49. 2 5 1. 5 411. 6 51. 2 50. 5 43. I 45. 1 52. 1 5 1. 6 52. 9 52. 3 52. I 52. 8 50. X 48. 5 50. 4 48. 8 49. 5 /i6. 9 54. 9 3,244 2, 248 006 3. 452 2, 752 700 10,306 1, 6-14 3, :\50 I , 9\l-1 2,008 566 334 I 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 fill. 3 5V. 6 53 •) 52. 0 47. I 45. 4 &4.6 50. 2 47. 8 49. 7 5 1.-1 54. 0 55. 2 52. 8 49. 8 52. 2 50. 3 48. 6 46. 0 44. 8 4i . 2 I 48. o 42. 4 44. 1 38. 6 47. 3 47. 4 47. I 49. 6 53.9 51. 8 51. 7 48. 1 43. I 49. 7 I 51. 1 57. 6 55. 9 6 1. 4 52. 7 52. 6 52. 9 50. 4 46. I 48. 2 48. 3 51. 9 /i6. 9 50. 3 I Ii, 428 2,072 1,51\-1 50i! 2. :JO'l 1, 880 42'l 7,5/i6 1, 3-12 l. "44 050 1, IO'l 3-18 212 I 100.0 JOO. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 JOO. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 I 45. s 40. 3 38. 6 45. 7 42. 7 43. 3 40. 3 46. 3 53. 5 4i. 6 44. 6 48. I 42. 0 47. 2 fill. 9 60. 1 5.1. 5 46. 6 52 i fill. 5 53. i 58. I 58.8 I &4. 2 59. 7 61. 4 &4. 3 57. 3 /i6. 7 59. 7 53. 7 46. 5 52. 4 65. 4 5 1. 9 58. 0 52. 8 i 0 z "'r IT! ;;; .,., VJLLAOIC All areas ..•...............•.•...•.•••••••••••• Eastern Cotton •••••••••..•...•.........•.•.•.•••••• White .....•.............................•.•...•. Negro .................•.•.........•.....•.•.•.•• West<•rn Cotton .•.........•.•..••.•.•.. _•.•..•.••... White .........•...•...•••...•.•...••..........•. Negro ...........•.•.......................•...•. Appalachian-Ozark .. _..........................•.•• Lake States C'ut•Over.....•.•.....•...............•. Hay and Dairy ....•.•...•...•.....•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•••• C'orn Belt. ......•.•.•••.........................•.•. Spring Wheat. ..... _._ ••............•.............•. Wlnter Wheat ....••.•.•..........••.....•.•....•.... Ranching .•.••..••••..•.....•.....•.••......•...•.•. 1 17,425 100.0 47.1 52. 0 14,482 100.0 46.9 53.1 1,886 1,195 691 2,227 1,598 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 45.4 45.8 44. 7 43. I 42. 6 44. 6 48. 7 53.6 49. 8 47. I 40. 5 47.1 44.9 M.6 M.2 65. 3 1,712 1,170 M2 1,658 1,340 318 3,3.10 886 2, 164 2,870 670 420 77~ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 43. 2 42.9 43.0 45.6 46.6 41. 5 60. 3 49.0 48.0 46.6 39. 7 47.1 46.1 56.8 67.1 56.1 M.4 53. 4 68.5 49. 7 61.0 62.0 53. 6 60.3 62. 9 53.9 --------- 629 3,313 787 3,156 :i,n2 803 501 1,000 56.9 67. 4 65.5 61.3 46. 4 60. 2 62. 9 59. 5 62. 9 65.1 9,822 100.0 «. 7 742 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 34.8 31. 8 41. 6 42. 1 42. 7 38. 7 46. 9 53.1 46.9 42. 8 42. 3 41. 9 38.4 M. --- --- --- --616 226 894 744 150 4,134 478 1,372 1,038 506 210 448 65. 3 68. 2 1i8. 4 67. 9 67. 3 61. 3 53. I 46. 9 53. 1 57. 2 57. 7 68. 1 61. 6 Exclusive ol unknowns. Vl C :g rITI ?: 1"11 z --4 )> Cl ,B :;,: ".J a <::r '< C') 0 a-n ,ti -< > rllCI ITI Vl • -.J -.J 78 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF Ta&le 8.-Marital Status of Rural Youth on Relief, by Age, by Sex, and by Residence, October 1935 (304 counties and 83 New England townshlpe) Residence, sex, and marital status Total 1&-17 years 18-111 yean m--21 yean 22-24 yean1 TOTAL I Male: Number _____________________ _ Percent ___________ -- . --· - ---- . 26,900 100.0 7,832 100.0 . 6,828 100.0 7,3118 100.0 21.6 78.1 0.2 0.1 60.3 48.6 0.4 0.1 0.11 Ill.ti 80.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.11 99.4 30,164 100.0 8,248 100.0 7,088 100.0 11,504 100.0 8,314 100.0 40. 7 M.2 0.9 0.4 1.8 8.4 91.0 0.1 0.5 31. 1 87.3 0.3 0.2 1.1 61.9 44. 4 1. 8 0.3 1.8 72.0 21.11 1.8 0.9 Male: Number _____________________ _ Percent _____________ --- _-- - . -- 111,824 100.0 6,072 100.0 3,73) 100.0 3,064 100.0 4, 7118 100.0 Married---------·-------------·----------- tTowed_::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3>.3 '/9,3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.11 99.-l 6.3 114. 7 21. 7 77.11 62. 0 411. 9 0.6 Female: Number ________ . __________ _ Percent_. _________________ _ Married _____________ - ___________________ -- 19,034 100.0 6,0711 100.0 43.6 113.9 0.11 0.2 1.6 11.2 90.0 8,274 Married _______ -_--- --------. ---------- - -- - t~~8-i_::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Dlvonied ______________________________ ---Separated - - - -- -- - -- - -- --- -- --------- ------ Unknown_.----------------·-------------Female: Number ___________________ _ Percent. __ ----------------Married _____________________ . ____________ _ ii:a:wed_::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::_ Dlvon,ed _________________________________ Separated_ - ------------ -- -- . ---- --- . -- - --- Unknown _____________ --- --- --- ------ ----- . 4.6 96.4 4,844 100.0 0.1 . . . 3. 7 OPJ:N COUNTBT I Dlvonied--------------·------·---·-------Separated__________ - ------·-----------------------Unknown . ____ -· _____ . __________ _ t~:wed _________________________________ _ Dlvon,ed _______________ -·-----·-····- ____ _ Separated_ .... _.. _.. _-···--·· .. _-·· .. _._._ Unknown_·--·········-·---···--·-··-··-·· 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.5 4,442 100.0 4,lM 100.0 6,382 66.6 0.1 0. 7 32. 7 116.9 0. 5 0.2 0. i 76.4 19.4 1. 7 0.11 2.8 0.1 100.0 2,484 100.0 1,864 100.0 19.8 79.8 0.1 0.11 99.0 o. 1 3.2 1111.11 . . 41.1 1. 4 0.1 1.11 100.0 VII.U.GJ: I Male: Numher·-·····-····-·-····-·· Percent .. ·--·······-·········Marrled .. .... ·-- ............ _...... ·- ··--- ti!~~ed··· ----·---· ------------------·-·Dlvorced ___ ·--·-··----------····---·------ . 0.2 1,594 100.0 2,342 100.0 ----23.5 50 6 78.2 '8.3 0. 3 0.2 0.1 0.8 Separated __-··-·-··--- ____ --·---- _·-·--- ·- 0.3 Female: Numher.. ·--··--·---·-----Percent. __ --·· -······--·--Married __________ . ___ • ___ • __ ._. ___ • ___ •. __ 8ln11le ______________ ·------····-------·---··-·------Wldowerl . __ • __ ._. _____ ···-·----- 10,330 100.0 2,922 100.0 2,474 100.0 2,182 100.0 2,772 36.8 59.2 1.0 7. 5 112. I 2.3 0.3 211. 7 118. 0 0.2 0.3 1.8 47. 3 48.4 1. g 0.8 1.6 116. II 25.0 2.2 1. 6 6.4 Unknown __ -·-- ___ --·---·-··-----··-··--·- Dlvorced _____ ·----·-·-·----------------·-Separated ______ -· ________________________ _ Unknown .. --------·-··-·-·-------·------- o. 7 0.1 • Less tbnn 0.05 percent. t Jnclurlts New England. t Does not include New England. Dg1tzcdbyGooglc 100.0 SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES • 79 TolJle 9.-Percent of Rural Youth on Relief Who Were Married, by Age, by Su, by Residence, and by Region, October 1935 (304 counties and 83 New England townships] Residence, se1, and region Total 16-17 years 18-19 years 20-21 years 22-24 years TOTAL 19. 6 0.6 4. 5 21. 6 50. 3 Wes~egro.·-·•······ ··· ·-···•·· ··········· 7. 0 16. 4 24. 4 24. 5 23. 8 15. 8 0. 7 0. 2 1.0 1.0 0. 7 0. 2 1.6 2.3 6.8 6.8 6. 8 2. 6 6. 4 17. 7 26. 3 25. 7 29. 3 19. 7 18. 9 42. 8 57. 4 57. 9 55. 2 49. 4 Female· - ····· ·-· · ··-···· · ····· ·· · ··· 40. 7 8. 4 31.l 61.9 72. 0 22. 8 37. 8 44. 1 45. 4 38. 2 36. 9 3. 2 5. 7 10.9 11. 5 8.6 7.3 8.8 24. 9 36. 9 38. l 31. 7 29. 7 25. 6 48. 9 55. I 55. 4 63. 9 52. 6 61. l 73. 5 71. 4 73.0 63. 7 73.6 20. 3 0. 6 5. 3 21. 7 52.0 14. 3 25. 2 2.\ . 8 21.9 12. 4 0. 3 0. 8 0. 9 0.4 2. 4 7. 4 7. 7 5. 9 3. 4 15. 0 27. 0 27. 0 26. 9 15. 3 40. 7 59. I 59. 3 66. 4 42. 9 43. 6 9. 2 32. 7 55. 6 75. 4 38. 7 46. 5 48. 2 37. 7 40. 0 6. 7 11.5 12.3 7.8 25. 7 Ji. 6 39. 0 31. 4 28. 9 49. 8 59. I 69. 4 68. 1 47. 8 77. 4 i4. I 76. I 61. 2 81.3 3.2 0.9 19. 8 1-----t------l·--- 23.5 50.6 Male· -· -· · · ······-· · ···· ·· · ·· ··· · ·· · ----1-----1-----1-----1- - - - New England ..• ... . •. . ..... . . ..... . ... .. . K orth . .... .. . • . . .• .. ··-·· . •.. . •. ..... .. .. • Sou th . . .. .... . •. . .... • .. • . • ... . ... . ... . ... \\'hite. . . .. . . . . . •- ··· · · - ········ ·· · · ··· 1-----1-----f-----1- - - - -1 New England. ··· ·········· · ···-· · · ·· · -·· · N ort h •. • · - ·- · · ·· · ·············· · · · · ·· · ·· · · South . . .. ... . •· ··-·········-·-····· ·· ·- ··· White_ ···· ·· · ···············- · ·· ······ Negro.· - ... . ·····-·-··········· ·-·· . . . West .• . • •.•..•. .. ... --···· .. ······--·· -·· . OPEN COUNTRI' Male .•...........••......... ..... ••. l - - - - - - l - - - - - 1 · - - - -1- - - New England .. ..... . . •..•..•. •... .. ..... . N orth • .• ·· ·· - ·· . .. .•.. . •.... . . . . . .... . ..•. South . .. .... .. . . ... •. . •.•........ .. .. .. .. . White . .. . .. ... .. . .............. . .. .. . . wesf~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Female· -- ·· · ····· ···-···· · ········· · New England ... . .. - . ........... • . . ..... . . North .-· · - · · ...... . .......... . . . ... . ... . . . Sout h . . . · · · ·· ······-········ · ·· · · ···· · ·· - · \\'h ite ........ ....... •-·· ·· -·· ·· ······ · 1-----1-----~----1--- wesf.~~~~::::::::::·:::::::::::::::::::::: 7.8 VILLAGE Male.•............. ·-···· · · · · · · · · ··· New England .·- ·-·· ···-······ · ····· ·· · ·· · North . . •. . ... • · ·· ··· ········· - · ···· · ··· · · · South . . .. . . .. - ··· · ··· ····•···· · - · -· · ···· · · Whi le . .. . ....... ... ... __ . . •.... . . .. . •. Wes~.~~~~:·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Female .... .. ·· --· . . . . · -·· ·· . .. .. . . . . New England.· - ···· ······ · · · · · · · ·• · . ... . . North . . • .. .. . ..... ......... . . . ..... . . . . . . . South . ... . . •. . . . .......... . .. .... . . . . . ... . Wh ite. · -· - ·-· ·· ········ ··· · · · ····· · ··· Wesf egro. · · · · · · · ·· · · · · ·· · · ··· · · ·· · · · · · · · · 17. 3 22. 3 21.0 28. 0 111. 3 1.6 1.4 2. 4 2. 2 5. 0 4. 1 9. 1 1.5 22. 3 24 . 5 22. 3 34. 4 23. 6 46. 4 53. 0 53. 0 53. 5 M. 7 36. 8 7. 6 29. 7 47. 3 115.9 36. 4 38.1 37. 8 39. 2 34. 4 5.6 9. 5 9. 5 9.6 6.9 23. 8 35. 1 35. 8 32. I 30. 2 47. 6 H. l 43. I 47. l 66. 2 67. 7 64. 6 63. 6 67. 5 65. l 1-----1-----~--- 28068°-38--7 Dg1 zedbyGoogle 80 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF Tal,le f0.-Rural Youth on Relief Who Were Heads of Households, by Age, by Sex and by Region, October 1935 (304 counties and 83 New England townahlpa] Male Age and region Female Heeda ofhouaeholds Heeda of homeholds Total on 1----.----1 Total on 1----.---rellef relief Number :n:: .t.LL llJ:GIONS All a&eS----------- -------------- -- -- 26,900 11,344 24.5 30, 1114 1114 3.0 7,832 6,828 4,844 7,31111 114 4IIO 1,434 4,308 1.6 8.4 211.11 58.2 8,248 7,()118 11,604 8,314 40 l:M 2611 484 0. 5 I, 7 4. I 5.8 I, 002 114 11. 4 800 :M 3.0 2711 254 1811 2 250 0. 8 2811 182 188 180 2 211 82 0. 7 1.11 14.0 28. 7 8 14 4.3 7.8 ,All qea_____ -- ---- --- --- - -- - - - - --- - - 11,3118 1,844 19.11 10,542 282 2. 7 14 1:M 20-21 :PeOn------------------------- ----- -- 2, 11311 2,1114 1, 7IIO 2, 8li8 2, 6IIO 2,21H 2,800 4 52 711 150 0. I 2. 0 3.3 5.4 l&-17 year11- _______ ---------------------- __ l&-111 years ____ ------ -- -- --- ------------- - 20-21 years_ ___ -- -- -- ----- _------------ - - --_ 22-24 years ______________________________ NJ:W J:WGL.t.ND ~ BIM--------------- -------------- XeaR-------------------------------~If================================ 22-24 . . 4 NORTH l&-17 yean ___ ,: __________________________ _ l&-111 years_ ______________________________ _ 2.508 1,2711 430 0. 6 5. 7 24.0 50.11 .AJ].age5-_ - ---- ---- ---- - - -- ---- -- -- -- 12,81111 3,848 211.11 111,008 624 3.3 l&-17 yean ____ ___________________________ _ t&-UI yeans __ ------------------ ___________ _ 20-21 yean___ _-- _--- --- ---- --- ---------- -22-24 yean. _____ ---- ---- ------ ---------- -- 3,1152 2,840 2,392 3,982 114 320 844 2, 5IIO 2.11 11. 3 36.3 &.0 4,232 3,698 3,4IIO 4, 1188 34 64 IIIO 2711 0.8 1.5 4. ft 5.11 10.828 3,2411 30.0 13, Oll8 418 3. 2 3,084 2,370 J,11911 3,378 74 272 2. 4 11. 5 211 1111ft 2,204 34.11 &.2 8,380 2, 1122 2,8511 8,910 220 0.8 1.4 4.6 5.6 All ages. ___________________________ _ 2,038 II02 211. 5 2, ll40 106 3.11 t&-17 years _______________________________ _ IS-Ill yeen, ________________ -- -- -- - ------- -20-21 y_.. _______________________________ _ 22-24 years _______________________________ _ MS 470 39ft 20 48 148 386 3. 5 10.2 87.4 83.9 852 11711 8 14 634 28 0.11 2.1 4.4 7. 2 »-:M )"eats_. __ ---------- -- -- - ------- - ----,IIOUTH-TOT.t.L IIOUTH-WHITJ: All BleL----O---------------------- l&-17 yeen________ _______________________ _ 1&-111 years _______________________________ _ 20-21 years years _______________________________ __________ -------- -- ---- --------_ 22-24 40 132 IOUTH-NJ:OBO 604 778 511 WJ:ST All ages ______ --------------------- -l&-17 years _______________________________ _ 18-19 years ______________________________ .. 20-21 years ___________________________ . ___ _ 22-24 years _______________________________ _ 2, 6311 538 20.4 2,814 3.0 84 - - - - -0.4- ---------970 II08 4 670 476 1120 42 134 7.4 28.2 67. 7 358 D']I 728 532 646 18 22 44 LcdbyGoogle 2. 5 4. I 11.8 SUPPLEMENT ARY TABLES • 81 To&le 11.-School Attendance of Rural Youth on Relief, by Age, by Sex, by Residence and by Region, October 1935 (304 counties and 83 New England township,] Total In school Residence, age, and region Total ALL RJ:GIONS Male Numher Percent Female In school Total Numher In school Total Percent Numher Percent --- --- --- - - - --- --- --- --- --- Total:• All ages ______ 56,0M 9,762 17. 4 25,000 1&--17 Yeftl"S __________________ 16,080 UH9 years __________________ 12,926 20--21 years __________________ II, 348 22-24 years. __ • ____ . _________ 15,710 Open oountry:'-"llages. 35,658 16-17 years __________________ 18-19 years __________________ 10. 148 8,162 20-21 years __________________ 7,218 22-24 years .• ________________ 10,130 Village: I All ages ____ 18,604 16-17 years __________________ 18-19 years __________________ 6,406 4,328 20-21 years __________________ 3,756 22-24 years __________________ 5,114 7,324 2,020 324 94 5,426 45. 5 15. 6 2. 9 0.6 15. 2 7,832 5,828 4,&14 7,396 16,622 1,132 168 4,010 13.9 2.3 0.6 21. 5 838 154 38 326 876 146 52 2,496 15.0 3.0 0. 7 15. 0 7,008 6,504 8,314 19,034 5,070 3,720 3,064 4,768 8,274 1,916 476 80 24 1,840 37. 8 12. 8 2. 6 0.5 22. 2 5,076 4,442 5,362 10,330 19. 4 4. 1 o. 7 1,854 1,594 2,342 370 28 20. 0 4. 1 1.2 18. 1 1,002 180 18.0 --- ----4,070 40.1 56 4,518 17.4 30,164 5. 244 17. 4 ----------3,444 44.0 8,248 3,880 47. 0 1,IH 178 42 2,928 lfi.l 2. 7 0.5 15. 4 656 88 32 2, liO H.8 2.1 0.6 21.0 2,474 2,162 2,772 468 88 10 18.11 4. 1 0. 4 800 146 18. 2 4, ----2,152 42. 4 1.';4 - - --- --- --- --- --- --- ----- -2,980 56.1 2,484 1,376 55. 4 1, 6()4 2,922 54.8 66 DWJ:NOUND Total: All ages _______ 16-17 years __________________ 18-19 years __________________ 20-21 years __________________ 22-24 years. _________________ 1,802 ------------------526 274 52. 1 276 150 54. 3 124 49.6 250 436 50 11. 5 11. 8 182 20 11.0 254 30 374 2 0.5 186 188 2 1.1 --466 286 180 - - NORTH Total: All ages _______ 111,940 16-17 years __________________ 18-19 years __________________ 20-21 years __________________ 22-24 years __________________ 5,794 4,754 4,084 5,308 Open country: All ages . 12,330 16-17 years __________________ 18-19 years __________________ 20-21 years __________________ 22-24 years _________ . ______ ._ Village: All agea ______ 16-17 years __________________ 18-19 years __________________ 20-21 years __________________ 22-24 ye&rs.. _________________ 3,642 2, 9.12 2,534 3,202 7,610 2,152 1,802 1,550 2,106 3,754 2,878 736 118 22 1,914 1,510 350 46 8 1,&10 1,368 386 72 H 18. 8 49.6 15. 5 2. 9 0. 4 15. 5 41. 5 11. 9 I. 8 0.2 24. I. 63. 5 2~. 4 4. 6 0. 7 9,398 2,936 2,1114 1,790 2,508 5.1162 1,900 1,346 l,IH 1,572 3,436 I, 0-16 818 646 1136 I, 752 1,364 318 62 8 854 696 130 24 4 898 668 188 38 4 12,866 3,652 2,840 2, 3\12 3,982 9,326 2,634 2,078 1.6~8 2,916 3,540 1,018 762 1,696 I, 256 354 18.6 46. 5 14. 7 3. 5 0.3 14. 3 36. 6 9. 7 2.1 0.3 26.1 64.5 23.0 5.9 0. 4 10,/\42 2,8.S8 2,590 2,294 2,800 6,368 I. 742 1,606 1,300 1,630 4,174 2,002 19.0 I, 514 52.11 lfi. 1 418 2.4 56 14 0.5 1,060 16. 6 814 46. 7 13. 7 220 1.6 22 o. 2 4 1142 22.5 700 ~ !QR 20. 1 34 3. 8 IO 0.9 !, 116 984 904 1,170 IIOUTH-TOT.lL Total: All ages ___ . ___ 28,874 16-17 years __________________ 7,884 18-19 years __________________ 6,438 20-21 years. ___ ._. ______ . ____ 5,882 22-24 years _______ . __ . _______ 8,670 Openoountry: Allages. 20,738 16-17 years __________________ 18-19 years __________________ 20--21 years __________________ 22-24 years _________ . _____ ••. Village: All ages ______ 16-17 years __________________ 18-19 years __________________ 20-21 years __________________ 22-24 years __________________ 5,582 4,610 4,240 6,306 8,136 2,302 1,828 1,fi42 2,364 3,922 2,882 8H 144 52 2,644 1,1144 580 84 36 1,278 938 264 60 16 • Includes New Eru:land. 13. 6 36. 5 13.1 2.4 0.6 12. 7 34. 8 12. 6 2.0 0.6 15. 7 40. 7 14. 4 3. 7 o. 7 6\H 1,066 54 32 1.162 862 252 32 16 534 394 102 22 16 13. 2 16,008 4,232 3,598 12. 5 3,400 2. 3 0. 8 4,688 12. 4 11,412 62. 7 ~ 12. I 2, 5:12 I. 9 2,542 0. 5 3,300 4,.1911 15. I -!,-21,438. 7 13. 4 1, Of,6 3.2 948 1. 5 1,298 2,226 1,626 400 00 -34. 4 20 13.9 as. 4 13.6 2.6 0.4 13.0 1,482 1,082 ~ 328 13.0 52 2.0 20 0.6 741 6. 2 544 42.4 162 15. 2 4.0 38 ---· - - • Does not include New Eru:land. Dg1tzcdbyGoogle 82 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF Ta&le 11.-School Attendance of Rural Youth on Relief.i.by Age~ by Sex, by P.esidence 1 and by Region, Odober 1935~ontinuect (304 ooantrles and 83 New England townahlpa) Total In school Residence, age, and region Total Number Female Male lnecbool Percent Total Number In achoo! Percent Total Number Per• cent SOt.'TB-WBlff Total: All ages •• •..•. 23,8G8 3,330 13. 9 10,828 1,626 14. I 13,0M 1,804 6,4&4 6, 2112 4. 8152 7, 288 2,458 3,084 2. 370 I, !Kl& 3,378 1,140 48 38. 0 13. 3 2.. 0. 7 46 32 36. 9 13. 0 2. 3 0. 9 3,380 2,922 2, 8156 3,910 1,318 398 72 16 Opencountry: Allages. 17, ffOO 2,260 12.9 7,946 1,040 13. I 9,554 3,814 3,676 6, 470 492 78 32 12. 9 2. 2 0.6 I, 740 1,430 2,544 214 32 16 12. 3 2. 2 0.6 2,074 2,146 2.HII 6, 398 1,070 16. 7 2,882 48e 16.CI 3,614 1584 16. 6 1172 438 46.1 l&-17 yearL . ...... .......• • 18-19 years.. _. .. _. _. .. _. .. . • 31-21 years ... . . . .. .... . . . . . . 22--24 years ••...........•• . •• l&-17 years ...... . . .. .. . . •.•. 18-19 years..... . ... . ... .... • 31-21 years...... .... ... ..... 22--24 years•• •... •.•. .. ..... . VIIJage: All ages . .. .. . l&-17 years•••.• ..... . . . . •. . . 18-19 years .••• .. . .•. ... . . . •. 31-21 years ... .. . ... .. . . .• . . . ~24years ... . . ... ... . .... .. 706 118 308 13. 8 --311. 0 13. 6 2. 5 0. 4 1,220 12. 8 --- ---------------4,640 34. 8 2,408 35. 7 2.232 778 I.MS 880 - - - --- --------1, 824 800 43.9 862 42. 6 362 278 46 16 36. 5 13. 4 2.1 0. 6 1,478 1,276 1,818 2H 40 14. 6 3. I 0. 9 630 6611 1134 114 H 14.9 2. 5 8'8 UI 16 1. 9 984 4, 978 &112 11.9 2,038 170 8.3 2,940 422 14.. 308 36. 2 18 13. 6 2. 8 0. 5 710 120 14. 2 -211 3. 7 - 80UTB-NJ:OBO Total: All ages • •.• .•. l&-17 years ..•• ..•••. . . ••• . •• 18-19 years ..••.. ..•..... •. •. 31-21 years ....... _... . . . . .• . 22--24 years ....••. _.... •. •• •• Open country:·All ages. 1&-17 years ... . . . •. ...• . .••.. 18-19 years ..•.• ••.•..... .. .. 31-21 years ..• _. ....... . ...•. 22-24 years...... .••. .. ••• •• • - - - --- --------1,420 20., 04 29.9 668 116 1,1'16 1,030 1,382 138 26 4 12. 0 2.5 0.3 170 396 604 3. 238 384 11.9 1,380 - 2. 0 - 634 778 12'J 8.8 1,868 14. 1 38 20. 9 11. 2 458 37. 4 10. 9 1.5 46 8 92 4 262 - - - - - - --- - -- - - - --- ----- --286 30.4 402 8' 540 202 796 88 60 664 6 268 396 4 8311 4 0. 9 -- -- 464 942 11. 1 0.9 0. 6 Village: All ages .. ••• • 1, 740 208 12. 0 l&-17 years ... . . .. _...... •. •• 478 138 22-24 years•.. . .. •.••.. •••••• 646 28. 9 H.3 Ii. 6 ~~! :=::::::::::::::::::: 9. 8 8152 676 350 366 60 -20 - 338 6 372 658 48 7. 3 1,082 160 14.8 132 128 32 8 8 19. 8 6. 1 6. 2 312 218 238 314 106 34.0 42 19. 3 li.0 --166 232 - - 12 - - WJ:ST Total: All ages . . . . ••. 1&-17 years ........ ..... . .. . . 18-19 years ... _... •.. . . ... ••• 31-21 years ........ .••. •. .••. 22--24 years ••....• . ..• ••. .• •. -------2.1184968 1,876 1,290 68.8 6, 448 1,760 1,298 1,008 1, 2611 390 60 20 32.3 30.0 6.0 1.6 620 570 476 890 ----674 174 30 12 33. 8 2,814 870 30. 9 69. 6 30.6 6. 3 1.11 008 728 646 616 216 30 8 67. 8 29. 7 6. 6 1. 2 632 Open country: All ages. 2,590 868 33.5 1, 336 482 36. 1 1, 264 l&-17 years .... •.. .. . . . . .. ••. 18-19 years •• •••. ... . . . .. . •• . 31-21 years . . . .. . . .. . .. ..... . 22--24 years .••.• . . . •. •.•••••• 1124 ftOO 444 66. 7 33. 7 8. 6 1. 9 638 296 222 280 360 1K 24 M.t 31.8 10. 8 1.4 ase 622 616 202 38 12 222 342 Village: All ages •.•.••• • 2,868 892 31. 2 I, 2118 408 31.4 1,660 6ll8 564 11« 188 22 8 26.9 3. g 1.2 274 80 340 ™ 6 8 29. 2 2. 4 2.4 304 Hl-17 18-111 31-21 2'J-24 years •. •.•. . ...•. . • • .•. years ....... .. ...•. •.•. years ... _. _. _•. ....••. . years •...... . ..... . . ••• • 304 3811 30. 8 256 116. 3 35. 6 ft. 3 2. 3 - - - --108 H 8 484 31.0 - - - --- - - - --- - - - - - - --- ----952 674 70. 8 430 314 73. 0 622 860 1111.0 434 310 108 16 - 25. 6 6. 2 - SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES • 83 Ta&le 12.-Grade Completed by Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief, by Age, by Sex, and by Residence, October 1935 (304 counties and 83 New England toWllBbips) Se1, grade completed, and residence Total 16-17 years 18-19 years 20--21 years 22-24 years TOTAL 1 Male: Number_______ _______________ 21 , 382 4,388 4,952 4,698 7,344 Percent___________ ______ ______ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 None __ ____________________________________ i---2-.6-i----3-.0-i----2,..._-J-1 - - - -- , - - - 2.3 2.8 J-3grades____ _______ ____ _______ ______ _____ 9.1 13.2 8.7 8. 1 7. 5 4-5grades__ __ _____________ ________________ 15. 1 19.5 H. I 12.8 14. 7 6,rades ___ __ __ ________ ____ _____ __ ______ ___ 9.8 9.8 9.1 9.0 10.2 7 grades___________________________________ 11 . 2 12. 2 10.6 11. 4 11.0 8grades_____ _______ ______ ___ ______ ______ __ 27.9 28.0 27. I 27. 3 28. 7 6. 4 9 grades_--- ---- -- ---------- ---- ------ -- -- 5. 8 5.9 4. 2 6. 6 JOgrades________ _____________ _____________ 5.0 3.8 6.8 5. 4 4. 8 JI grades_____________________________ ___ __ 3. 3 1.6 3.6 4. 6 3,4 9.1 12 grades __ ---·---··------------ ·· -·-- _____ 6. 8 7.0 2. 2 8. 1 Colleite: 1 year_________________________________ O. 2 0. 2 0.4 2 years_______________________________ _ 0. 1 0.1 0.2 3 years_ •• ____ ---- --- _. ______ - ------··0.1 4 years _______ . _______ . ____ ------ ---- ·0.1 Graduate •- __ -------------------------- - -Unknown_________________________________ 3. 3 2. 5 3. 2 4. 2 3.3 1 = = = = 1 = = = = 1 = = = = 1 = = = =1•= = = = 8. 2 7.4 8.2 8.1 Median grade completed_. __ _---·· · - l====8=.=l l=====l======I•===== Female: Number______________ __ ____ 24,920 4,368 5,954 6. 3'..!li 8.272 Percent__ _______ ___________ 100. O 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 None _______________ ________ _______________ i - - - 2 . 4 - 1 - - - - - , - - - --1 - - - - - -1- - - - 2. 1 2.1 2.5 2.6 1-3 grades ___ . ___ -- _.. _--- _______ . -- __ .. ___ 5. 7 8.8 6. 0 3.8 5.3 4-5 grades _______ __ ____ __ _________ .. ____ ._. II . 8 15. 2 10. 7 JO. 8 11. 6 &grades_ ______________________________ ____ 9.1 8.6 11.3 7. 7 9.3 7 grades __ • _______________________ ___ .. _... JO. 4 10.8 9. 2 10. 3 11.0 30. I 28.0 8 grades __ --------------------------___ ____ 27. 4 27. 9 27.0 g grades___________________________________ 6. 3 6.0 6.3 6. I 6.8 10 grades_________________________________ _ 6. 3 6.6 6. 4 7. 7 6. 7 JI grades_. ___________ . _____ . _____________ . 4. 8 3.4 6.0 5.6 4.9 12 ~rades ___________ ------- _____ __ . _____ ___ 9. 5 13.2 3.1 11. 7 8.8 College: 1 year_________________________________ O. 7 0.6 0.2 0. 7 1.1 2 years_. __________________ ______ __ __ ._ 0. 4 0.3 0.5 0.5 3 years________________________________ 0.1 0. 2 0.1 0. 2 0.1 0.1 3.4 4. 7 4.0 6. 4 Unknown ____ ·--------------- - --- ---- - -- -4. 5 1 = = = =1====1====1•= = = =1,= = = = Median grade completed _____ ______ _ 8. 4 8.1 8.5 8.6 8. 4 1====11====1====1•= = = = 1 ° = = = = orJJ:t':~: :: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: OPEN COUNTRY J Male: Number___________ _____ ______ Percent_ _______ . _____________ . 14. 126 100. 0 3,154 1-3 grades ________________ _____ _._____ ___ __ 4-5 grades ____ . __________________ ___ .____ __ 6 grades_-----------------------·-- ______ _. 1,rades_ _________________________ ___ ___ ___ 8 grarles_ _ ______ ____________ ______ _______ __ ·g grades___________________________________ 10 grades _________________ .________________ 11 grades__________________________________ II. 0 16. 9 JO. 3 11. 8 28. 5 5.1 3. 8 2. 5 3. 8 15.6 20.3 8. 5 12.6 28. 8 3. 6 2. 7 ]. 4 1.0 1 year--- ------------------ ---- ------·· 2 years ___ ___ ------- ---- ------ -··· ··-- . 3 years _____ -·--------------- - -----·· .. 0. 2 3,214 100.0 100.0 1-----1-----1· - ---1 3.1 2. 7 None __ ---- --- -------------------- -- -- - --- 3. O &w:g~~-____ _____ ____ ___ ________ ___ ______ JO. I 16.0 10.2 11. 8 26.9 6.0 6.2 2. 2 6.1 2,984 100. 0 2. 9 9. 2 15.1 9. 4 12.0 29.0 5.6 4.2 3.9 6.6 4.744 100. 0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0. 4 0. I 0.1 3.2 9.6 16.3 12.1 11.l 29.2 5.0 3.2 2. 7 3.9 orJJ~~:~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2.9 3. 1 3.1 2.4 3.8 = = = = l = = = = t = = = = l , = = == I== = = = 8.0 Median grade completed_ •.• -- - ·····!===·=•.=8=1====7=.=2,!====7= . 9=!,====I= = = 7.8 = Unknown _···· -----··- --- ---- -- -··-···· · ·· 1 Includes New EnglBnd. • Inl'ludes those who have had any graduate work as well as those who may have completed their graduate work. • Does not include New En&land. D1gt1zcdbyGoogle J 84 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF TafJ/e 12.-Grade Completed by Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief, by Age, by Sex, and by Residence, Odober 1935--Continued (304 oounUea and 83 N- England toWlllblps) Sex, grade completed, and residence 111.. 17 years 18-111 years 20-21 :,ean 22-:U )'911111 Total OPJ:N COUNTRY-Continued Female: Number................... Percent..................... lfl. lllfl 100. o 2,9:H 100.0 3, 7811 100.0 4,0M 100.0 6,330 1-3 grades................................. 4-6 grades................................. Ggrades..................................... 7 grades................................... e. 8 13. 4 10.0 11. 1 8 29. 1 10. I) lfl. 2 11. 6 11.0 31.4 4. e 4. 2 7.1 12. 8 8. 8 10. 4 80. l 6. 7 fl.1 3.6 4.0 12. 7 10.1 10. 2 28. e 6.1 fl.7 4. a 10. 2 fl.3 13. 0 1).8 12. 3 27.4 8. 4 6. 2 LO 0. 4 100.0 1----cl-------1-----l-----1----None........ ..•.••••..••......••. .•.•..•.. 2. 8 2. 6 a.o 2. 2 3.2 lll'&des.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 lll'&des... .... .. .. ........... ..... ..... ... lOgradea................................... 11 grades.. • • . . . • . • . • • • . . . •. • • . . • • • . . . . . . . . . 6. 8 6.6 3. e gy:;;!~· . ································ 2.e Lil 7.2 a. e 8.0 e.e o. e 0.8 0.6 0. 3 0. 6 0.4 0.1 onJ=, ................................ . Unknown.................................. 4.3 2. I) 4.6 8.11 6. 2 Median grade completed............ 8. 2 7.8 8. 3 8.4 8. 2 fl.434 100. 0 1, 108 100. 0 1,484 100.0 1,628 100.0 2,314 100.0 2.1 6. 8 13. o 8. e I). 8 3.1 7.4 19.3 13. 4 10.6 1. 2 fl.7 11.8 6.11 25. 3 26.G 6.G 6. 0 6.8 1.8 11.0 27.2 7.8 11.8 7.0 13.6 1.3 6. 6 9.8 8. 6 I), 7 22. 6 8. 6 8. 3 6.G 111. e 2. e 4.1 12. 9 7.4 10.9 26.8 7.1 7.6 4. 8 0. 3 0.4 0. 7 0 1 year ................................ 2 years................................ 3 years .. •····················· ....... . vn.uoa• Male: Number...................... Percent....................... None...................................... 1-3 grades................................. H grades................................. 6 grades .••..• _.......... . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 grades................................... 8 lll'&des •• ·•···•·····•···•·•·•·••••········ 11 grades................................... 10 grades.................................. 11 grades................................... 0. 3 0. 2 1===:i====l====i'===,I=== 1====11==~=1====1,====1,==== 1----11-----1----f----1----- 7. 2 7. O h2oY:!~·-. ............................... 12. 2 I year................................. 2 years................................ 0. 2 o. 3 a years ............................... . Ora~J:.8:t::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Unknown................................. O. l 1.e 0. 3 12. 6 0.2 3. 4 2. 6 II. 0 3.0 3.1 Female: Number.................... Percent..................... 8, UI0 100. O l, 318 100. 0 2,006 100. O 2,074 2,782 100.0 1-3 grades................................. 4-6 grades................................. 6 grades................................... 7 grades................................... 8grades................................... 11 grades................................... lOgrades.................................. 11 grades.................................. 4. 0 9. 6 7. 9 9. 0 26.0 4. 9 14. 3 11. l 10. 3 26.6 8. e 4. 4 7. 9 6. 2 9. 8 23.6 7.1 a.e Median grade completed............ l===:i====l====l,===•I=== 8. 4 7. 7 8. e s. a 8. 6 1====!1====1====1====1,==== 100. 0 1----+----. .1-----1-----1-None...................................... I. 7 1.6 l 8 1.8 h20~!~·-································ l yeer................................. 2 years................................ 3 years •••••••.•••••••• •••••••••••••••. 4 years................................ Graduate'·............................... Unknown................................. Median grade completed............ 7. 2 11 7. I 14.6 0. 9 o. 5 s.2 6. 0 6.2 e.u 7. l 18.1) 0. 7 O. 3 0. 2 0.1 7. 7 6.3 7.4 24. l 7.0 10.0 8. 2 17. 7 L3 0. 7 0.2 0.2 1. 7 3.6 11. 7 8. 8 1).0 25.9 6. I) G.4 7. l 13. 3 1. 4 0. 7 0.6 0.1 4. 6 0. 3 4. I 0. I 6. 3 3.8 6. 0 8. 7 8. 3 8. 8 9.0 8. 7 0. I 1====1====1====1===,1= 1 Includes those who have had any graduate work as well as those who may have completed their graduate work. • Does not include New England. D1gt1zcdbyGoogle SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES • 85 TafJ/e 13.--Grade Completed by Out•of.School Rural Youth on Relief, by Age and by Region, October 1935 (304 counties 1111d 83 New England townships) Grade completed, by n!gion 111-17 years 18-111 years 20-21 yean 22-24 years Total ALL KJ:OION! Number•.••......•••••••••••.•.••.•. Percent •••.....•••..•••..•••••••.••. 411,302 100.0 8.71511 100.0 10, 90II 100.0 11,024 100.0 16,11111 100.0 2.6 7.2 13. 3 11.3 10.8 77.8 8.1 6.6 4.1 8. 3 2. II 10.11 17.3 10.11 11.6 31.1 6.1 4.11 2.11 2.11 2.4 7.2 12. 3 8.3 10.4 77.6 6.3 6.1 4.4 10.l 2. 2 6. 6 11.11 8.8 10. 2 77.3 6.4 6.7 6. 2 11.6 2. 7 6.3 13.1 II. 7 11.0 77.8 6.3 6. 3 4.2 7.8 0.6 0.3 0. I 0.1 0.1 0.3 0. 2 0.11 0.3 . 0.1 o. 7 0.4 0.1 0. 2 1----·1-----1-----1-----1----- NOlle •••••••.•••••••••••••••••••.•.••..•••• 1::::::::::::::··••=••·••=•••:::: ~-Oe·································· l year •••••••....••.••••••••...•...•••• 2 years •••••••••. •••••• ••••••••.••••••• . 8 yean. ········· ..................... . 4 yean •••............................. • 0.1 4.6 4.0 8. 0 8. 7 4.4 1====1====11====1----1==== 8.3 Median grade completed ....•••••••• 8. 2 7. 7 8. 4 8. 3 Graduate 1 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Unknown ................................ . l====l====l====~---,1 = = = NKW KNOU.Nn Number.•••.•.....•..•.•.•••••••.••. Percent ••••.•••••...•..•.••••.••.... NQUe •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1-3 srad•-············ ................... . t-a gradea •• ••..•.. ··-· ••.••• ····- •.. ···-·· !=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: !1:t::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::= 12 grades ........................ ·--··-- .. . College: 1 year ................................ . 2 years ..•.•..•......•...... -··-· ..... . 3 years.····················-·· ....... . 4 years ............................... . 386 1,478 100.0 262 100.0 100.0 372 100.0 41111 100.0 0.11 1.1 1. 4 3.11 11.3 36.0 7.3 7. 7 6.8 16. 6 1.8 0.8 11.6 16.1 32. 8 8. 7 10.3 6. 8 8. 7 1.0 1.0 4.2 13.6 31.1 8.8 11.3 6.7 2L2 1.11 1.1 1.1 3.8 11.3 37. 7 3.8 3.2 6.11 3!.4 0.4 0.11 2.2 0.9 7.3 37.3 11.9 8.6 4.3 13. 7 0.6 0.6 1----·1----•l-....;..--..J-----1----- 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.4 1. 7 Graduate 1 •••••••.•••••••••••••••. - ••••••• 7.1 4. 7 II. 1 8.8 12.4 l====l====l====l,====I===== 8.9 8. 7 9.0 8. 8 II.I Median grade completed. ···········l====,J=====l=====l=====I===== Unknown ...•••.••.•••••••••...••••••••••. NORTH Number •............................ Percent ••.••••.••••..••..•........... None ..••••.•.••..................•..•••••. t: =::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: II grade11 .. ....... ·-·. ·····- ····-··· ··-·· .. . 7 grade11 .. ... ···- .... ·-·-·. ··-. ··-·····-··· 8 grade11 .... ····- ... ···-··-·--·····-······· II grade11 . .... --··· ··--· .... ·-···· ... ·-··· .. 10 grade11 ••••• ·········-··················· 11 grades .••••••........••..•.............. ~o~~~···-·-··---·-····················· 1 year •••.....•...••..•••.•..•..•••••.. 2 years ••.•.......•..••.•••..•.••.•..•. 3 YeBl'!I •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 YeBl'!I ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.• Graduate 1 •••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••• Unknown •••••••••••••..••.•••••.•••••.... :'.\Iedlan grade completed._ .•.•.....• 16,186 100.0 2,916 100.0 4,018 100.0 3,9116 100.0 11,286 100.0 0.6 2.0 4. 6 6. 4 9.8 42.1 6.11 6. 7 3.5 14.0 o. 7 0.6 2.1 3.8 6. 7 II. 1 40.2 11.3 7.5 3.3 17.3 0.3 1.6 3.11 11.3 8. 4 40.2 7.3 7. 7 3. 7 18. 3 o. 7 1.6 4.5 7.3 JO. I 41. 4 II. 7 6.9 3.9 13. 4 1----l----·1-----1-----1----- 3.3 8. 7 7. I 12. 2 48.3 6.11 II. 7 2.11 4.8 0.6 0.3 0.1 0. 1 0.8 0.1 0.11 0.4 0. 1 2.9 1.6 0.1 3.3 l. 0 0. 7 0.2 0.1 2. 7 3. 5 . ===,l====l====l====I=== 8. 6 8.4 8. 7 8.8 8.6 ====l====l,====l=====I===== • Less than 0.05 percent. • Includes those who have had any graduate work as well as those who may have completed their graduate work. Drg ttzcd by Goog IC 86 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF To&le 13.-Grade Completed by Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief, by Age and by Region, October 1935-Continued (304 counties and 83 New England townships) Grade completed, by region Total Hl-17 years 18-i9 years 20-21 years 22-24 year., SOUTH-TOTAL Numher--------···-····•··--·····-·· Percent...•............ ·-······-·-··· None _____________________________________ _ 24,952 100.0 5,002 100.0 5,594 100.0 5,738 100.0 4.0 1-3 grade.•·-···············-···-··········· 4-5 grades ... ··-········•·················6 grades ... ····-····•···················•·· 7 grades .........................•.....•... 8 grades ...•........•...........•..•....... 9 grades ....... ·-·····················-···· JO grades ............ ··-··················· JI grades .• ·--· ...................... ·-···. 12 grades---·--···-·······-·····-·-···-··-· JI. 8 21.1 4.0 16.8 25. 6 13. 2 II. 4 17. I 3. 4 3.1 1.9 0.6 3.9 12. 2 20.8 11. 3 11. 5 18.4 6.3 4.1 4. 2 2. 8 3.6 9.5 19. 1 12. 2 12. 4 18. 4 5. 2 5. 7 5. 4 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 0. 0. 0. 0. 3.3 3. 9 College: I year .............. -·-·-····-········· 2 years ...... ·-·.·--·-··.········-· ... . 3 years_ .............................. . 4 years................................ Graduate'-······························· Unknown ..... ·-··········-··············· 12. 3 12.0 If. 2 5.4 4. 3 3. 9 2. 7 .! 0.3 o. 2 0. 4.4 . 8,618 100.0 4. 4 JO. 2 20. 2 12. 5 12. 5 18. 5 6. 0 4. 2 3.8 2. g 5 2 1 1 3. 7 0.1 2. 8 4. 3 7. I 6. 3 7. 2 7. 5 7. 2 Number ........... ·-··---•····••··· Percent ..................... ·--··· .. 20,566 100.0 4,006 100.0 4,586 100.0 4,734 100.0 7,210 100. 0 None ..... ·-····-····-·-·---··············· 3. 6 JO. 3 21. l 11. 9 11.9 19. 7 5.6 4. 5 4. 4 3.2 3. 5 15. 0 26.0 13. 5 11.3 18.1 3. 5 3. 7 2.3 0.8 3.5 JO. 5 20. 5 10. 6 11. 4 19.9 6.9 4.3 4.5 3.3 3. 2 8.1 18. 8 12.0 12. 6 19.5 5.4 5.5 6.3 5.1 4.0 9.0 20.0 11.8 12. 3 20. 4 6. 1 0. 1 o. 2 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.11 0.3 0.1 0.2 Median grade completed .. ······---· 1====11====1====1====1,= SOUTB-WHITII l====ll====l====t====b= J-3 grades ... ·--·-·--·-··--·-·············· 4-5 grades ... ··-·-··-··-·-·-··· ........... . 6 grades ..•...... -·-----···-.·•··-·· ...... . 7 grade.s _____ ------·-----------. __________ _ 8 grades .. ·····--------------···· .....•.... ll grades ....... ·----·-------·-·· ......•••.. JO grades ... ··--·····---·-··-· ....... ·--·-· JI grndes ....•.••.......................... 12 grades._ ..••..••.•.••.••.•.....••...•... College: I year ...•...•••.••.•..•.•..•.•...•.... 2 years ..............•.•............... 3 years .... ·---· ..•..........•......... 0. 3 0.2 0.1 0. 4 years. ______________________________ _ ! Orarluate 1 .•••.••••..••••••••••••••••••••• Unknown .. ··--·-····· ....••.•••..•....... 4.4 4.3 3.3 3.1 0.1 2. 2 4. 3 2.5 3.2 7. 3 6. 4 7.4 7.6 7.4 Number.-·-····•·•-·-·-··-··-··-···· Percent. •.....•. ·-·-··-··----·· ...•. 4,388 100.0 996 100.0 1,008 100.0 1.004 llXl. 0 1. 378 100.0 Nono .........•. ·-·········--·············· 6.0 19. 0 21. 6 6.0 24.1 23. 7 11.Q 11.9 12.8 2.8 0.8 0.6 5.9 19.8 22. 2 14. 3 11.9 11. I 3.8 3. 4 2.6 0.4 5.6 16.1 20.1 13. J 11.2 12.9 4. 2 6.6 I. 6 0.8 Median grade completed ... ·-··-·--· SOUTH-NIIORO 1-:1 grades .........•...•................... 4-5 grncles .....•. -........................ . 6 grnrles ....•..•.......•................... 7 jlrn<ies. _________________________________ _ 14. 0 8 gra,les .. ·····-··-················ ....... . 9 grades .... ····-··· ..... ··-·-· ........... . JO grades ...•.••..•.................•...... II grades .....•••..........•............... 12 grades. __ ·-------··-·· ....•... ··-··· .... College: I year ....•.•....•..................... 2 years. ______________________________ _ 3 years ............................... . 12. 2 11.0 4. 2 3. 4 I. 4 0. 5 0. 2 0.1 0.4 6.4 16. 9 20. i 16.0 13. 5 8.1 5.4 2.9 1.0 0. i 0.3 0.4 4 )rears. ______________________________ _ Oradunte '··············-················· trnkDO'\\'Il •• ---------------- ______________ _ 6. 4 5. 4 4. 2 7. 4 8.1 Median grade completed ........... . 6. 2 5. 7 6.1 6. 61 6. 4 '==="1-===d====lc=== • Less than 0.05 percent. 1 Inrludes those who have had any graduate work as well as those who may have rompleted their graduate work. D1gt1zcdbyGoogle SUPPLEMENT ARY TABLES • 87 To&le 13.-Grade Completed by Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief, by Age and by Region, October 1935-Continued (304 counties and 83 New England townships] Grade completed, by region Total WltST Numher ____________________________ _ Percent _________________________ ---- 16-17 Year.I 18-19 years 20--21 years 22-24 years 3, flR8 100.0 li86 100.0 008 100.0 I. 7 4.3 4. 4 6.1 28. 3 8.6 9. 5 8. 3 17.0 3.1 7. 5 5.8 7. 5 33.8 8.9 9.9 6.1 6.5 1. 6 1.8 3. 7 8. 2 26.9 6. 2 10. 3 9. 2 18. 5 1.0 0.4 0.1 0. 7 0.2 0.4 1-----1-----~---1.3 1.0 1.8 None _____________________________________ _ 1-3 4-5 grades_.------------------------------grades __ . _____________________________ _ 6 gra,les. _.. __ .. __________________________ _ 7 grades _________________ . ________________ _ 8 grades_.--------------------------------9 grades.---------------------------------10 grades ___ ------------------------------11 -------------------------------_ 12 grades ___ _________________________________ College: 1 yeRr ________________________________ _ 2 years __ • _______ . ____________________ _ 3 years._-----------------------------_ 4 years _______________________________ _ Graduate __ ------------------------------_ Unknown 1________________________________ 9.0 9. 2 11. 2 1====1====1-=== Median grade completed ___________ _ 9. 4 8. 7 9.0 948 100.0 1,246 100.0 I. 3 I. I I.I I. 8 4. 5 4.0 5. 9 30. 5 8. 8 8.4 7. 9 16. 7 4.4 4. 6 3.6 23. 4 10.5 9.9 9.3 22.4 1.1 0.4 0.4 1.6 0.6 7.6 8.2 IO. I 9. 2 1 Includes those who have had any graduate work as well as those who may have completed their graduate work. Dg1tzcdbyGoogle Ta&le 14.-Employment Status of Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief, 1 by Sex, by Residence, and by Region, October 1935 I~ [304 oountlea and 83 New Ena:Jaud towmhlpa] I Male Residence and region I Total Number ALL llEOIONS TotaL_...•... . •.. . . . .. .. --- ---···. --· ..•.• .. ••. 21. 224 Open rountry . . . . •. ••. · ·· ··· -· - · ·- ···-··--·--· · . •. · - · Village . .. ___ · -- · - .. · ·· · -- -- · ·-·· - · ·-· · -··-·· · · ---·- - · 14, 048 11,3~ I Percent I Employed I ,oo,t:J 100. 0 100. 0 65. 6 23. 2 NEW EN GLAND Total__ _. · -· · __...... ... _.. . · · ····---·---------Open country .. _-- -·.--·--·--··- - ·----------·-------· Village ____ .. __ ·-- - ··-- ---- · -·--- ---------·.-·-·----·· 822 - I I 100.0 - 27. 7 - UnemNot work-1 Total ployed a nd Ing or seekaeekln11 ii: work lnlil wor Number Percent I ~l1 39. 4 Clll. 6 6. 1 7. 2 "' 1c :ii:, Female I I I UnemNot workEmployed pl::~u':;d Ing or seek• work lnlil work 24,912 100. 0 9. 9 Ill. 106 8,162 100.0 100. 0 10. 0 9. 1 100. 0 18. 3 86. 6 11.8 1154 - - - - )> - .,L! 25. 8 31. 7 114. 2 69. 2 43. 6 38. 2 - - NORTH Total __ . .. _. •.••••. . _. __ ---·_. ____ ._ .. _·--_. __ -· Open country ... . .. . .... .. · -·- ··· ·--··-····----· -· ·-Village _____ ·· ·-- · ·· · · ···· ·· ···· ·· · · · · ··-·-·------·· ·· 7,508 5,036 :i, 472 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 45. 1 66. 4 22.1 49. 1 38. 6 70. 6 6.8 5. 1 7. 3 8,532 6,308 3,224 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 7. 6 6. 6 9.4 30. 2 30.8 211.3 62. 2 62. 6 61.3 11, 158 8. 162 2, 1196 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 48. 0 66. 1 25.8 46. 6 39. 3 66. 6 6. 4 4. 6 7. 6 13, 782 9,930 3,852 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 11 . 4 12. 6 8. 6 26. 6 23. 5 34. 6 62. 0 64. 0 66. 9 9, 292 6. 004 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 48. 1 65. 8 26. 0 46. 4 39. 5 66. 3 6. 6 4. 7 7. 7 11,264 8,334 2,930 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 8.1 8. 8 6. 0 25. 7 22. 1 36. 0 66. 2 ffll.l 68.0 608 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 47. 3 57. 9 25.3 47. 6 38. 0 67. 6 6. 1 4. 1 7.2 2,618 1,596 1122 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 26, 0 31.6 16. 3 30.6 30.8 30.2 43. 4 37. 6 53,6 1,736 8,IO 1186 100.0 100. 0 100.0 30. 6 44. 2 17. 6 61. 7 46. 2 76. 6 7. 7 9. 6 6. 9 1,944 868 1,076 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 7. 2 3. 6 10. 2 25. 4 21.4 28.6 67. 4 75. I 61.2 80l"TH-TOTAL 0 ~ t, 8. CT '< CJ 0 &rv Total__. __ ____·-·· ... · -·-· __· -· --------·- - ---- - · Open country . . _·- ··· · ·· · ---· --·-·-· ·- · ·----· · -- - --- · Villag•· - ·· · --- -- -· -· ····· ·· ···-·- -· - ··· · ----- -- -- --·· 80U TR-V.HITE TotaL . • _·-· ··· · . ... ·· · · · -·····-·-·-· ···- · ··- - · Open country .. · ·-· ······ · ... . . · · · · ·· - ·-·· ·· --· · ·--- · Villuge ___ ___ ___···- · · · ··· · · · · · ····· ·-·-·······- -· ·-- - 2,388 80 U TH- NIIGRO Total_. __ _· - __....•. . .. -_.. - - ..•.. -· _.•. ·- ______ Open country . _.· ·· -· ···· · -·· · ···-· ·-··--·--··----- ·. Village._._·-. -· ._ .. _••• ___ _.• .. .. .. _. __ ....• _-· ... __ . 1.866 I, 2/\8 WEST TotaJ ____ _··· · -- -- ·-·· ·· · - ·---·------·-----·-·· · Open country ___ . _.. ..... .... ·-· . .. .. ... -·- .... ·- · .... Villa.ge . .. .. . ·-- ·· ··· · · · · · ···· · ·· ·· ···· · •-······ · ··· · · 1 J>oes not Include 158 male youth and 8 female youth who were workln1 on W. P.A. projects at the time orthe survey. 1; C -4 ::c 0 z :ii:, l'l"I !:: .., l'l"I SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES • 89 To&le 15.-Employment Status and Current Occupation of Out•of•School Rural Youth on Relief, by Age, by Sex, and by Residence, October 193S (31K counties and 83 New Eog)aod townships] Employment statua and correot occupation, MIX, and realdenoe UH7 Total 18-19 years years »-21 years TOT~L I Male: '-umber......... . . . . Percent •..•...... . . Agrl=i,ei,iiti,i,::::::::::::::::::::::::: Farm laborer•••••..•..•.........•...•. No~:1!,~::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Skilled •••.•••.•.•.....•.....••......•• Semiskilled ........................... . Uoaldlled ••.••............•....•....•• Servant .......................... . Other ••.•.......................•. ioer11oyed •••••••.....................•• 21,382 100.0 4,388 100.0 100.0 37.IJ 8.6 29.4 G. 6 o. 7 0.2 1. 2 4.4 0.2 4.2 49.1 o. 7 6.8 41.1 1.1 40.0 3.4 0.2 24,WO 100.0 . Not working or -1c1n11 work ..........•.•. Unknown •••••.••••.•.••••..•.•.•...•..••• Female: Number_.................. Percent·-············••···· 4,962 •• 6118 100. 0 7,344 100. 0 36. G 2. 4 33. 2 7.0 o. 7 0.1 1.0 6.2 0.3 4.9 61.G 0.G 6.1 0.1 39.6 7.2 S2. 3 7.6 0.9 0.4 1. 2 6.0 0.2 3G. G 4,368 11,964 G,32G 8,272 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.8 2. 4 0.1 2.3 46.3 • 10. 2 .. 8 47.1 1.1 .. 8 17.9 18. 7 7.4 0.8 0.2 1.4 6.0 0.1 4. IJ IIO. 9 . 1.0 4.1 l----·1----•l-----1-----1----- Agrleu]ture........................... ..... Farm operator......................... No~:i:near::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Other •............................ ioe:iryed .•....•••.........•.....•.•.•• Servant. •.•....•..•...•......••••• 3.3 3.3 0.G .. 2 .. 2 o. 7 3.6 3.G 0.4 3.G 3.G 28. 2 40-6 27.8 Not working or -king work .....•..•.••.. Unknown ••.•.•••••.•.•.....••...•.••.•... GI.II 411.4 86.4 0.1 63.4 0.G 2.4 2.3 0.1 lG. 7 0.1 61.IJ 7G.1 H,12G 100.0 3,lM 100.0 3,244 100.0 2,984 4,744 100.0 Fann laborer.......................... Stilled----------- --- -- ----- -------- --Semiskilled ........................... . Uoaldlled ••.......•.••••...........••• • 0.6 .. 8. 1 6.0 8.1 6.0 0.2 7 6.3 0.1 6.2 4.G 0. 7 6.0 6.1 0.8 4.9 0.1 4.8 6.3 1.3 3. 0. 4 • a. s g: ~ • OPJ:JII COUJIITRT I Male: Number...•.................. Percent••.•................... 100.0 1-----1----·l-----1----- Agrlculture....•••••....................... Fannoperator......•.................. Farm laborer ................•......... No~:i~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Skilled ....••••......•................. Semiskilled •........................... Uosk1lled ••........................... Servant •.......................... Other ............................ . Unemployed ••......•.•................... W.P.A .......•.......•................... Not worlt:lng or seelt:lng worlt: ....•......... Unlt:nown .•.•...............••..•.••....•. Agrlculture . • • .. . . . . . . • . • .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . Fann operator......................... Farm laborer.......................... 62. 6 1. 6 61.0 1.G 0.1 48.9 3. 6 46.4 3.9 0.2 0.1 0.6 3.1 0.1 3.0 '2. 6 0.4 .. 3 M.6 10. 7 43.8 3. 7 0. 7 0. 1 0. 5 2. 4 0. 2 2. 2 36. 7 0. 9 4. 2 39.G 0.8 4.0 lG, 106 100.0 2,924 100.0 3, 786 100.0 4,066 100. 0 6,330 100. O 7. 1 0.2 6.9 9.9 8.1 8.1 3.G 0.G G.8 0.1 6. 7 3.2 0.4 6. I 0. 6 a.o 9.9 2. 7 0.3 2.3 2.3 0.1 2.G 2. G 0.2 2.8 2.8 o. 2 0. 4 1. 6 1.4 0.1 . Female: Number.................... Percent..................... 61.8 12. 2 39.G 3.3 0.4 0.1 0.6 2.3 0.1 2. 2 39. 2 0.6 6.1 0.3 1. 2 0.1 1.1 37.6 0.1 8.3 62. 0 2G. 3 26. 7 3.6 0.4 0.1 0.6 2.5 0.1 2. 4 . 1----+----+-----1-----+---- No~~:1~°i'i:r::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Slt:llled ..••...••••..................... 0.4 Other............................. • 25.8 39. 7 33 .• 24.1 64.1 47. 7 54.9 6/i. lJ Bemlskllled. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Unskilled.............................. Servant........................... i~~Pl~~~:.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Not worlt:ing or seeking work.............. 2.6 2.6 4. G ~:: 14.0 78. 5 Unknown .••..............•.••••••..•.•..• •Less than 0.05 percent. • Includes New England. •Does not Include New England. ogit1edbyGooglc 90 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF Table 15.-Employment Status and Current Occupation of Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief, by Age, by Sex, and by Residence, October 1935-Continued (304 coontles and 83 New England townshipe) Employment statWI and current occupation, sex, and residence l&-17 Total 111-19 years years 20-21 years ~24 years VJLL.6.011: I Male: Number .••.....•.•.•......... Percent••..•..•.........•.•... All'iculture .••••••....•..•.......•...••.... Fann operator........................ . Fann laborer ................•......... 8,434 100.0 1,108 100.0 1,4M 100.0 1,528 100.0 2,314 100.0 IO.II 1.5 12. 8 11.4 12. 8 7.0 0.6 10.4 0.8 9.8 12.11 1.6 0.1 1.11 9.3 0.4 8. 9 67.9 1. 2 7.3 0. 3 13.3 1.3 12.0 13. 6 1.0 o. 7 2. 1 9.8 0.3 9.5 116.6 1. 7 5.8 8.11 2.11 5. 7 12. 8 1.2 0.3 1. 3 10.0 0.2 9.8 72. 7 1.11 4. 3 2,074 100.0 2, 762 100.0 1.8 1.3 0.2 I.I 5.0 0.5 0.1 o. 7 3. 7 3.8 0.1 21.4 1----+-----1----- 1.11 4.9 0.4 4.6 116.4 Unknown ••••.•.••...................•.... 12.0 1.2 0.3 1. 7 8.8 0.3 8.5 88. 7 I. 2 7. I 0.1 Female: Number•.•••....•.•..••.•.• Percent. •.•.•.•.•.....•.•.. 8,180 100.0 1,318 100. 0 2,008 100.0 0.1 2.1 8.8 1.1 4. 7 9.0 0.8 2. 6 5.11 0. 7 1.6 8.8 2. 11 6.0 5.0 0.6 7.11 7.9 0.6 4.6 4.6 0.8 5.4 5.4 31. 7 0.1 511.2 40.8 45.5 37.8 0.2 53.6 33.8 0.2 55.6 No~:i~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Skilled .••.•....•..•.•................. Bemlak:llled ...•.•••.•..•.....•......... Unskilled .•••.....•.................... Servant ............•.............. Other .••................•....•...• Unemployed ...•........•................. W.P.A ..•••..•..............•.•.......... Not worldng or seeking work ............. . Agrl=r=~~:::::::::::::::::::::::: Non~~t:::ri:r~:::::::::::::::::::::::::: Skilled ...•............................ Semlak:llled••...•..••.................. Unskilled ...•......•................... Servant. ••.•......•............... Other •.•.......•.................. Unemployed ...•.......•........•......... 1-----------2. 2 4. 7 2. 5 W.P.A ..•..•....•........................ Not working or seeking work ............. . Unknown ................................ . U.8 • o. 7 • • Less than 0.05 percent. • Does not include New England. [)1g t1zed by Google 72. 3 SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES • 91 Tobie 16.-Employment Status and Current Occupation of Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief, by Age, by Sex, and by Region, October 1935 (30( counties and 83 New England townahlps] Employment status and current occupa• tlon, se1, and region lfH7 Total years IS-IQ ~21 years 22-24 years years NEW ENGLAND Mele: Number ...............•...... Percent. ..........•...••.•.... ffi 100.0 126 100.0 224 100.0 188 100.0 Agriculture•.••...........•.........•...... Farm operator........................ . Farmlaborer ...........•.............. 8.6 0.6 8.0 19. 2 2. 2 o. 7 8.0 8.3 0.6 7.8 3.2 11.8 11.8 3.2 17.6 9.8 11.6 1.8 ll. 8 6.3 No~~:l~r::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Skilled ..•.••.......................... Semiskilled••••..•.•...............•... 2811 100.0 7. 7 1.4 6. 3 18. 3 3.2 3.2 6. 6 6.4 26.11 2. 8 6.4 63.4 8. 4 60.1 65.5 11.2 61. II 0.9 8.9 1.8 7.1 76. 9 6. 8 17.4 2. 7 6.6 6.11 100.0 M4 UIII 100.0 1112 100.0 188 100.0 100.0 18. 3 3.9 19.0 29.6 4. 9 14.0 7.6 12. 2 2.2 8.0 11.4 6.1 0.3 43.5 14.2 4. 8 4. 8 14. 8 9.9 4.4 6.11 5.6 M.0 156.8 1.1 6.4 4. 3 1.1 43.0 24.4 38.2 27.0 13. 6 43.0 63.4 Male: Number ......•.•.....••...... Percent. .......•......•....... 7,646 100.0 1,572 100.0 1,8411 100.0 1,728 100.0 2.500 100.0 Agriculture ..••........•.•..........••..... Farm operator ......••................. Farm laborer ......•............•...... Nonlll(Tlcultnre ...•....•.............•.•... White collar.........................•. Skilled ..•..•.......................... SemLskllled..................•......... 37.3 5.3 32.0 7.0 0.9 0.2 0.9 6.0 0.2 4.8 48.2 1. 8 48. 2 0.3 46. 9 3.6 0.6 32. 7 39.2 4.1 35.1 7.8 1.4 33.8 12. 5 21.3 8.1 1.0 0.2 1.4 Unskilled ............................. . Servant ...•....................... Other ...•......................... l"nemployed ..•.•......................... \\.. P.A .....•.•.•......................... :\" ot working or seeking work ..•.•......... Unknown .•.••••.•........•••.•.........•. Female: Number ....•.............•. Percent.......•.........•••. 11.2 1-----1-----1--- Agriculture ...•..••••.••...•............... Farm opemtor ....•.................... Farm laborer •.•.•..................... Nonagrlculture ..•............•............ White collar.......................•... Skilled .....................•.••....... Semiskilled ...............•............ Unskilled ............................. . Servant ............•.............. Other ............................ . Unemployed .•............................ W.P.A .................................. . Not working or seeking work •............. Unknown •••••••.....•..•.••..........•... II.II 15.4 8. 4 180 NORTH Unskilled ............................. . Servant .......................... . Other •....•.•..................... Unemployed .•....•••••................... W.P.A .................................. . Not working or seeking work ........•..... Unknown ••....•..........••••.•......••.. 0.6 2. 6 2.6 40.9 1.1 31.11 7.6 0.9 0. 2 0.2 6.3 0.3 6. 0 62.9 1.2 6.6 0.1 1.3 6.1 0.2 4.Q 44.11 2. 7 6. 7 5. 5 0. 2 6.3 61.6 2. g 3. 7 5. 7 • 11.3 Female: Number.......••........•.... Percent .............•......... 8.MO 1,344 100.0 2,172 100.0 2,238 100.0 2,786 100.0 Agriculture .........................•..•... Farm operator........................ . Farm laborer ......................... . I. 1 0. 1 1. 0 6. 6 1. 2 1.8 1. 2 0.9 1.8 7. 7 0.6 UI 7.8 L6 0.11 o. 7 0.2 6.6 6.6 0.11 0.3 0.11 3.9 0.11 0.1 1.0 2.2 39.5 29.2 0.2 112.0 NonWi;\:1:iriar::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Skilled ............................... . Semiskilled ............•....•......•... Unakllled ............................. . inef Servant ..........................• Other •........•.............••..•• ployed ..................•.........••• Not working or seeking work •••..•. _.••••. Unknown ••.••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••.. • Less than 0.05 percent. 100.0 . 0.6 4. 7 4. 7 30.2 0. I 62. 1 0.3 11.8 6.8 46.4 44.1 6.11 6.6 0.2 61,3 7. 7 2. 0 Drg ll!Cd by 2. 2 15.11 711. 3 Google 92 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF Tobie 16.-Employment Status and Current Occupation of Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief, by Age, by Sex, and by Region, Odober 1935-Continued (304 oountles and 83 N- England townahlpe] J:mployment lltatua and current ocoupatlon, MX, and nsion UH7 yean Total J&-111 yeani ---21 ,,_ D--14 yean IIOUTH-TO'I' i l Male: Number_ •••••••••••••••••••. Percent ••.•.•••••••••••••••••• JI, 170 1()().0 2, 3118 100.0 f-----·1---- Agrl=°!er~:·:=:::::::::::::::::::: No~C:~i°:r::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Skilled •.•..•••••.•••••.•••••.•.•••••.. Bemlskllled .•••••••.•••.••••••..•.••••• Unskilled .•.•••••••••••••••••.•••.••••• Bervant ••••••••••••••••••••••••••. Other .••••••••••••••••.••••••••••. i~~o:,ed ............................. . Not working or -Icing wort............. . Uulmown •••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••• Female: Number .•••••.••••••••..... 42. 7 12. 1 811.tl 6. 2 o.a o. 1 0.8 4. 0 0. 2 3.8 46. 5 0.2 6.4 13,782 Percent ..•..•••••••••••••••. 100.0 2,480 100.0 N~1:1:~::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Bldlled •••.••••••••••••••••••••.••••••. Bemlskllled .••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Bervant. •····••••••••·•·•••·•·•••• Other .••••••••••••••••.•.•..•••••• im;:1~1o:,ed ............................. . Not worlcing or -Icing wort ............. . Unknown ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 44.IJ 10.8 34.1 G. 4 0.3 0.3 0.8 6. 0 0.3 4. 7 '5. 3 42. 7 24.2 8. 4 4.0 41. 7 a.8 17.9 G.3 0. 6 0.5 J. 7 0.3 1.4 415. G 0.1 10. 4 J.3 4.4 0.2 4. 2 46. 8 0.4 4.8 2, GOii 100.0 3,108 100.0 8.400 100. 0 4,MS 100.0 18. 6 5. 7 o.a 0.1 0.G 4. 7 0. 2 4. 6 47.G 8. G o. 2 8. 4 2. 8 o.a 11. IJ 10. 2 11. IJ 3.1 10.2 2. 2 o. 1 8.1 0.1 8. 0 2. IJ 0.4 G. 0 0.5 5.5 2. 9 0.5 0.2 2. a 2. a 0.2 2. IJ 2.11 0.2 J.IJ 1. IJ 0.4 2. 1 2.1 211. 5 37.8 at.a 28.6 o.a 2.1 2.0 0.1 17.1 112. 1 47.2 6G. 3 112.4 74.0 IJ,302 100.0 1.1144 100.0 2,002 100.0 l,IJ60 100. 0 a,340 100.0 45. 2 . Unsldl1ed •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3,IJIIO 100.0 41. 7 I.II 311. 8 2. 2 f-----+----·I---- Asrfi::c¥.::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2,338 100. 0 IIOUTB-WJIIT■ Male: Number•••.•••••.•.••••..••.. Percent ••..•.••••.•.•..•...... 1-----1---- Apieulture............................... . 42.1 J. 7 40.4 2. I '3.6 12. IJ 8(). 7 4.6 0.3 0. 1 0.8 8.3 0.1 3.2 46.3 0. I 5.6 0.G 1. 5 0.2 I. 3 415. 0 0.1 10. 7 3.8 46.2 0.4 5.4 3. 7 46.G 44. 8 28. 2 18. G 4.3 0. 3 0. 1 0. 5 8. 4 0.1 3 47.1 3.2 3.8 Female: Number .....••••.••...•.... Percent ..••..••••.•••.•..•.. 11. 2114 2, Oft2 100.0 100.0 2. 624 100.0 2. i84 100.0 3, 81)4 100.0 Agriculture •••••..•.•••••.•••.•...••.•••.•. Farm operator ..•.....•................ Farm laborer ..........•............... Non&l!rlculture ...••.....•......•..•.•..... White collar..••.•.•................... G.4 0.2 G.2 I. 7 0.3 9. G 7.9 G.0 9.6 I.G 7.9 I. 3 0. 2 G.0 2.2 0.5 3.IJ 0.5 3.4 1.9 0.4 0.3 1. 1 1. 1 0.2 1.4 1.4 0.2 0.11 0.9 0.5 1.2 1. 2 i:: i:::-:.·:::: :::::::::: :::::: ::: : N~:1!,'fi!r::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Blcllled ....••.••..•.•••••••.•.•..••.••• Bemlslcllled ..••.•.•••••••••.••••••••.•• Unalcllioo •.•...••.•.•••••••••••...•••.• Servant..........••.•.•............ Other••.•...........•.•............ i~-w.Pl~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Not worlclng or lleeklng wort ............. . 41. 7 3.8 37.11 6.3 0.8 1.5 4.0 10. 7 34. 5 5.0 o.s 0.3 0. 7 3. 7 0. 2 a. Unknown ••••••••••..•••...•........••.... Blcllled ........•..•.••.................. Bemlskllled ........•................... Unalcllled ...........••.......•......... Servant........................... . Other ......................•....... Unemployed ..................•••.••..•.•. W.P.A .....•.................•.•.••...... Not worlclng or seeking work ......•....... Unlc:Down ••••••••....•••••••••.•••••••••• • Less than 0.06 percent. 25. 7 37. 1 30.3 26.1 0.3 1.2 1. 1 0.1 16.3 GG. 2 51. 7 II0.6 M.7 77.9 . D,guicdbyGoogle SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES • 93 Ta&le 16.-Employment Status and Current Occupation of Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief, by Age, by Sex, and by Region, October 1935-Continued (804 oountl• and 83 New England toW11Shlps) Employment statue and current occupetlon, aex, and rerton 1!1-19 years Total ~21 years IIOUTB-lfllOBO 1,8811 100. 0 Male: Number ..•..•••.••••..•..•••• Percent•.....•....••••.••.•••• 452 100. 0 42' 100.0 100.0 388 80& 100. 0 311. 8 2. 2 37. 8 2. 2 41.6 3. 8 37. 7 8.1 43. 3 11. 3 32.0 13. 4 31.6 13. 3 18. 2 1----- Agrtc:ultunl•••••• •• •.••••..••••.. ••.•••..•. Farm operator •••.•••••......•......••. Farm laborer •• •• .. .•........ •.•.•. •.•• N~1:i!o~::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Sldlled .•..••••••..••................•• Semlullled .••..•................... ... Unaldlled ••.••••.......... . ......•..... Servant .••••....•....•............• Other ••••..• .•.••..... .•••.. ... .••• i,~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Not worldnc or -ting wort ........ . .... . Ullknown ................................ . J'emale: Number ....... ... ......... . Percent ••••...... .......... 38. 3 8. 0 30. 3 9. 0 0. 1 0. 6 8. 4 0. 7 7. 7 47. a 0. I 2. 2 0. 4 1.8 48. 7 o.a 0.4 a. 7 1.0 11. 9 1.e 10.a 311. 2 0. 8 12. 8 0. 7 11. 9 60. 3 4.1 6. 0 100.0 a. I 9. 3 a. 7 llO.O 0. 6 1. 9 2. 618 644 100.0 6114 100.0 818 100.0 20.6 19. 9 17. 6 20.6 8. 8 19.9 6. 5 0. 3 17. 2 6. 6 100.0 1 - - - - ·1- Agrtc:ulture.........•.... ......•...•.••••.. Farm operator ••..........••..•.....•.. Farm laborer.. .. ... ....... . .. . ....... . N~!c,~::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Stilled ..•..•••.••.. .......... •........ BemluWed •••.•• .. .•• • .. .•.•...•...... Unstilled ....•....•........•.... .. ... ... Servant........................... . Other .•••...••••.................. t~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Not wortlnc or-ting wort ...-••· ······· Unknown ••••••.......................... . 18. a 0. 3 18. 2 7. 6 0. 2 0. 1 7. 2 7. 2 13. 2 774 18. 6 0. 6 UI. O a.a 0.8 8.8 8.8 8.6 8. 5 6.5 6. 5 0. 3 7. 2 7.2 30.8 40.8 35. 3 28.9 21. 2 43.4 211.8 38.3 47. I 64. 0 1,744 100.0 294 100.0 398 100.0 H6 100. 0 IIOII 100.0 25.2 25. 2 25.2 23. 7 6.8 0. 7 8. I 2. 7 3.4 2. 8 3.6 23. 3 4. 0 19. 3 7. 6 I. 4 0.9 1.3 4. 0 22. 1 7.8 14.6 8. 6 2.3 0. 7 0.3 3. 3 4. 0 bll.3 1.3 8. 5 3.3 84.1 0. 3 8. 8 0.3 WUT Male: Number ..................... . Percent....•••....••.•........ "7::r~.:~=::::::::::::::::::::::: N~:1!,~::::::::::::::::::::::::::: StWed •••.......•.•.....•..• . .. .•.... . Semlstllled..............••..•• ....•... Umkllled ......................•....... Servant ....•............. .. ....... Other ............. ... .. ..•......•. i~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Not wortlnc or -ting wort ............. . Unknowu ................................ . J'emale: Number ....... ..... ....... . Percent. ................. . . ~:0i-,raior•.:::::::::::::::::::::::: Farm laborer ...•..................... . N~1:1!o"rar::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8tllled .••............•........... .. .. . ---:it.6 4. 0 19. 8 6. 8 I. 2 0.6 I. a 3. 6 1.6 3. 8 81. 2 0.5 67. 8 3. 4 3. 5 61.6 7. 7 10. 2 6. 6 0. 5 1. 944 100. 0 100.0 292 512 l00. 0 502 100. 0 638 100. 0 6. 2 2. 7 2. 7 3. 5 0.4 2.8 0. 4 2.4 8.0 2. 0 0. 3 6. 2 4. I o. 2 1 - - - -·l - - - - · l - - - - - 1 - - 2. 5 0.1 2. 4 4. 7 0. 7 0.3 3. 4 0. 3 Semiskilled .•...•............•..... : .. . Umtllled ........ ..................... . Servant. .......................... . Other.....•.... .. ..... .... .••.. .... 0. 4 3. 8 4. 1 3.1 4. 4 3. 6 4. I 3. I 4. 4 2. 8 i,~P:~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Not worttng or seeking work ....... .. . . .. . 25. 4 30. 8 37. 1 24 . 3 0. 3 H. 4 67. 4 68. 9 56. 7 64. g 81.9 Digitized by Google Unknown • ... ...... .... . .. ...... .. ......•• 0. 1 1.6 3. 1 94 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF Ta&le 17.-Current Occupation of Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief, 1 by Sex and · by Residence, October 1935 (304 counties and 83 New England townships] Total• Open country • Village• Current occupation _______________,___ --- - - - - - - - - - - - Male Number ________ __ _.. ..•.• .. . ....... Percent ... _......................... Agrleulture .. __ .. __ ..... ..... ............ _ J,'armoJ)l'rator .. .• -. . .... . ... ....... . . Owner-·-·- · · ····· ········ · ······ · Tenant. . ---··· · -· ···· ············ F~r~r:'..:r~.--::::::::::::::::::::::: Nonagrirultu,... . .. ......... ............... White collar..................... .... . Skilled....................... . . . ...... Semiskilled........... . ... .. .......... Unskilled._................. . ......... Servant........ . .... . ........ . . .. . Other......... . ...... . . .. ......... Female Male Female 9,498 100.0 2,476 100.0 7,796 100. 0 1,618 100.0 19.2 3.8 9. 7 1.4 0.5 0. 2 I. 5 0. 4 2. 6 10. 2 0. 4 9. 8 52. 1 46. 5 7.2 0.1 5.9 33.3 33.0 0.3 2'l.1 4. 4 11.0 6. 7 72.0 5. 9 o. 7 0.1 0.9 4.2 1. 7 0. 6 0.4 0. 7 68.9 29.4 3. g Male Female 1,474 100. 0 738 100. 0 6. 5 0. 8 0.3 -·---l------1----1----1------1---85. 3 24. 6 94. 1 63. 5 70. 6 47.6 J: i 14. i o. 7 o. 2 '-0 2.5 23.0 22. 7 0.3 0. 11 .. 1 1. 6 41.0 62.5 5.0 1. 4 7.3 38.8 1.2 37.6 Jj 75. 4 12. 2 0. 3 7. 3 55. 6 55. 3 o. 3 1 n()('s not inrlude unemployed youtb, youth employed on W. P. A.. projects, or youth neither working nor seeking work. • Includes New England. • Docs not include New England. D19t1zcdbyGoogle SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES • 95 Ta&le 18.-Percent of Total Youth on N. Y. A. Work Projects Who Were Employed on Rural Youth Devel~ment Projects, June 1936, and Rural Youth as Percent of Total Youth, 1930, by Geographic Division and by State Youth em~oyed OD N. . A. work projects Youth em~loyed on N. • A. work projects Rural CJeocraphlc division and State Total youth Percent as per• or total ceotor employed total OD rural youth, Ul30 youth developmeot projects United States.... '167, 747 New England ••••.•... Maine ............. New Hampshire••. Vermont ••••....... Muaacbuaetts ....• Rhode Island ...... Connecticut._ •.... Middle Atlantic ....... New York .•....... New1eraey •....... Penosylvanla...... South Atlantic..•...... Maryland .. - ...... Delaware .......... VirllDla_ -·· ....... West Virginia. __ .. North Carolina •... South Carollna._ •. Georgia.•...••.•.•. Florida .•.......... Ealt North Central.... Ohio•.......•...... Indiana............ lllloola..•.....•.... Michigan .......... Wlaoooslo .. -······ Weet North Central... MinnMota ...•••... Mla!ourl. •.•••..... 43.11 20.5 - 7,456 ---18. II 21.3 MO 452 246 4,W 494 1,178 32,591 12,413 4,478 16, 700 22,722 799 127 2. 1179 4,0liO 2,258 4,221 6,483 2,805 31, 1182 11,097 4,326 7,508 0,915 4,070 10,4113 3,649 G,OfO 23.2 :U.8 U.8 18. 7 8.9 20.5 17. 0 6. 5 23. 7 23. 4 111.6 19.4 20. 6 23. 3 20. 8 13. 7 12.8 24. 3 111. 0 24. 4 28. II 38.5 18. 7 16. 8 23. I 16. 1 18. 5 9.0 58.8 38.8 65. 3 11.0 7.0 27. 7 20.4 14.0 16. 7 30.8 04. I 311. 3 46. 7 M.3 70.8 73. 2 78. 5 68.8 411. 5 31.4 30. 2 42. I 24. I 211. 4 45.3 58.0 60.9 47. 1 Rural Geographic division and State Total Weet North CentralContinued Iowa ..•.•.•........ North Dakota.- •• South Dakota--··· Nebraska .......... Kaoaaa.. __ .••...... Eaat Sonth Central.. .. Kentucky._ ....... T---······· Alabama.• _•...... Ml!slaal~I.. _..... West South entraL _. Arkansaa·--····· .. Loul.slaoa....••.... Oklahoma •.•.•.•.. Texas ••............ Mountain--·•········· Montana.- ..•..... Idaho .......•.•.... Wyoming•.••...... Colorado .. -······· New Mexico •.•.... Arizona............ Utah.-············ Nevada ............ Paclllc••........•...... Waahlngtoo __ ••··· O~on •.......•..• Cal ornla•... ·-···· Percent or total employed on rural youth development projects 118() 2,399 3,419 f> ') 23. 088 8,952 6,113 6,144 4,479 19,143 4,0G4 2,160 4,827 8,102 G,372 888 503 228 1,872 l, 158 926 083 54 7,301 1,772 689 4,840 20.9 27. 7 13. 5 i:~ 27.0 26. 0 27.4 37.0 19.2 18. 0 22.1 19. 4 15. 0 17. 3 23. 0 35.0 23.4 11.0 15.4 24. 7 28. I 22.8 11.3 17.4 16.8 19.4 17. 3 )'Ollth asper• cent of total youth, 111311 II0.4 83. 2 80. 7 e.'l.l 60.0 71. 7 09.0 &l8 71. 6 83.0 63. 0 79.4 60.8 M.l 59.0 60. 7 M.8 69.8 70.4 51.4 74. 8 06.2 40. 8 61. 7 32.1 42.4 47.0 2G.6 1 This does not agree with llguree published In the monthly report of the Federal Emergency Reller Administration for June 1936, which gives 173,4(14 as the number of youth employed. The dlllerence la due to the day or the month on which the data are reported. • Data not available In Office or the Director of the N atlonal Youth Administration. Somoes: Unpublished report In Office or the Direct-Or of the National Youth Administration baaed oo 91l8Cla1 tabulation by N. Y. A. State directors, and Fl/lufltll CffllUI oftlte Unlud Stau1: Jll(J(), Population Vol.Il. 2soos•-as---s Dig tized by Goos Ie Ta&le 19.-Junior Enrollees 1 of the Civilian Conservation CorpsNby Geo9raphic Division and by State From Which Enrolled, May 1935 Throu9h ovember 1936 1 1935 8 • ,0 1936 C: ,0 Oeogra11hic cli\"i:,;lon an d S tate I l\lay August November May February August N ovember I Xurnhe r P ercent ~umber P ercent N u mber P ercen t Number Percent Number P e rcent :-;umber P ercent Number P e rcent > r-< 0 C: -t li nited Sta tes ... ..•••• .. . .• ••• . .. .. •.. . 0 ---r, 8. er '< C") 0 ~ rv 100. 0 42i, 079 100.0 - - - - - - - - - - -1.\ 316 5. 6 r., 025 6. 3 1, 3S.> 0. 5 2,687 0. 6 815 0. 3 8S9 0. 2 \ "errnont .. . .... . .•. ... __ ... . ____ _..• __ ... 1,11 6 74:J 0. 3 0. 2 r-.r n...::.sac:.huse tts. ______ . . .. .. __ ___ • .. __ • ___ 8. 105 :I. 0 14, 546 3. 4 Rh0< le I,I,m,I. . . . . . ... .. . ... ... . . . 2, 4fl2 1. 405 0. 5 0. 6 2. ~t-.:l 5, 35.1 I. 3 C nnne<·tkut ____ __ ---------··------1. 0 62,937 Middle Atla nti c . . • . ..••. . ... .. ..••.• • .... : : 44, (>~7 lfi. 1 14 . 7 11 . 338 7. 8 u, 24 0 5. 7 ~l' \V ··for k ___ ---- --- -- ---------- -- - -- · ti, 740 New J crsr-y - --·--- -- ~- --- --- ... - -- - ______ 2. 4 12,11 6 2. 8 P en1.1.~yh· a nifL . _______ ___ ___ . ___ . _______ rn. 009 26,581 5. 9 6. 2 l[i. 9 South Atlan t ir . .. _____ ___ - ------ - ---- ----- · - 29,394 JO. 8 67, !l60 ;'.!nrylnnd . ... ...... · ·-···· . ....... .. . ... 3, I."-1 I. 2 3,080 0. 7 Delaware .. . .... . ____ ...... . . .. _ .... ___ .. 4 15 0. I 520 0. 1 Di:-trict of C' olum hia ____ . _.- ___. _. ______ 1, 0.57 0. 4 1,4 28 0. 3 \'irn lnia ........... _. . . .. •. . .. ......... 4.601 l. 7 9, 02!i 2.1 9, 4,59 3, 121 I.I 2. 2 \ \"us t \" ir $.'t inb ... . --- ·- - - ---- ----- - ----- · N ort h (' :uolirn\ . _____ .... _. __________ _. _. 5. 6 12 2.1 II. 10.5 2. 6 South Ca rolina __ _____ _ .. ______ __ ---- - -· _ 3. 211 8,742 2. 1 I. 2 13, 6.54 Oeor~ia .. . . .. ... _.. . • . • .... .. ...... . • ... 5. 403 2. 0 3. 2 Floridn __. ___ __ . ____ ______ ____ . __ . __ _. ~- _ 2, fl-! ] JO, 944 2. 6 1. 0 E as t Xorth C l•ntrnl. ____ __ __________ ___ __ ___ !'lfl , 32fi 73,204 20. 7 17.1 O hi o......... . ..... ......... ... . . -- . . .. . 12,067 4. 4 I i , 640 4.1 I ndiana __... .. . _. __ . ____ . ___ _____ ··- - --- -- 6. !l23 2. !i 8. 4~4 2. 0 Illinois ... . ...... . . . . .... . .. . ...... __ ••• . . 20, .543 ,5. 3 7. 6 22, 836 14,()!,.l 8. 100 3. 0 3. 3 Mirhi~,rn .... . •. · ·· ··· · · ·· · --···· ·-· ... \\·isconsin . ___ __ ___ ___ ____ _•- - ___ ________ H, ti U3 :l. 2 10, 160 2. 4 an, -1 22 \Ve.s t N or th Cenl rnl . _........ . . .......... . H.4 50, 71~ 11.9 11). WfJ 9,33 2 M inne.s ota . . • .. _.. . . .... . . ... . . . _. . .. .• . 3. 8 2. 2 i, 78.'l 15,510 M issouri.. . .. ... . · - · . •• ......... . .. . . _.. • 2. 8 3. 6 Iowa._ . ... . . . . . . . . •. . ... .. . .. . . .. . ••... 6, 779 6, 645 2. 5 I. 6 Nort h D nko t n . . . .. •.......• • •. • .. • .. •••. 2. 150 0. 8 4, 431 1.0 Sou th D nkota. ___ ____ _______ _____ _______ 3 , f,94 4. 481 I.fl 0. 9 4, II ~ Ne braska .••. .• •••.... ..... .. .. ..... • 4, 78R I.I I. 5 3,918 l. ·1 6. 318 1. 5 K ,,nstLS . _····--·-- ·--- --·. __. __ ____-- - . .. Xew En~lantl .. ............... . ... .. ........ . Maine .... . .. .. .. .. . . . ............ . . . .... Ke w Hampshire ... . .. . ... . ...... .... . ... t5 2i3, :182 395, 22i 100.0 332,413 100.0 299, 779 2i, 018 3,014 1, 430 I, 217 13,695 2, 734 4, 928 [>8, 156 20, 4S9 11,007 26, 630 61 , 100 4,373 489 1, 222 9,270 8,951 9,167 i ,665 10. 904 8, 9i2 73,43 2 20, 147 6,830 21 ,44 8 14,177 10, 830 4i,00 1 8, 4~7 14,114 6,105 5, 223 2,992 3, 748 6,392 6. 8 0. 8 0. 3 0. 3 22,293 2,626 1, 174 984 II, 193 2, 3'1;1 3, 989 40, 301 16, 185 8,659 21,457 50, 955 3. 042 305 950 8, 045 7,680 i, 6 16 6.t\50 0, 593 6, 975 62,929 16, 717 5, 781 18,/',86 12,211 ij,fl:H 4 1, 997 7, 557 12,503 5,215 4. 692 2,009 3, 428 5, 6\13 6. 7 0. 8 0. 4 0. 2 3. 4 0. 7 I. 2 13. 9 20,471 1, 825 1,078 787 II, 192 2,203 3,38t\ 43,500 17,400 9, 505 16. 595 H,621 2,S4 1 43 1 727 i,365 6, 067 6,5 10 6,508 9,835 7, 328 52,080 13,451 5,291 15,300 9,773 100.0 280,962 100. 0 18,820 1,575 898 665 10,407 2, 110 3, lt\5 37,807 16, 330 7,462 14,015 47,466 2,51 3 325 626 6. 7 0. 6 0. 3 0. 2 3. 7 0. 8 I.I 13. 5 5. 8 2. 7 5. 0 Hi 9 0. 9 0. I 0. 2 2. 3 2.1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- 3. 5 0. 7 I. 2 H.7 5. 2 2. 8 6. 7 15. 4 I. I 0. 1 0. 3 2. 3 2. 3 2. 3 I. 9 !It 8 2. 3 18. 6 5. 1 1. 7 5. 5 3. 6 2. 7 11 . 9 2. 2 3. 6 I. 5 I. 3 0. 8 0. 9 I.fl 4.8 2. 6 6. 5 15. 3 0. 9 0. I 0.3 2. 4 2. 3 2. 3 2. 0 2.9 2. 1 18. 9 5. 0 I. 7 5. 6 3. 7 2. 0 12. 6 2. 3 3. 8 I. 6 I. 4 0. 8 1.0 1. 7 8,209 35, 895 7, 020 II, 370 4,1 66 3,721 I. 8SO 2, 007 4, i41 6. 8 0. 6 o. 4 0. 3 3. 7 0. 7 I. 1 J.1.5 5.8 3. 2 5. 5 15. 9 0. 9 0. I 0. 2 2. 5 2. 0 2. 2 2. 2 3. 3 2. 5 17. 4 4. 5 1. 8 5. 1 3. 3 2. 7 12. 0 2. 4 3. 8 I. 4 I. 2 0. fl 1. 0 I. 6 I 6.592 5,957 6,721 6,825 10, 514 7,393 49, 739 13,1 33 4, 756 15,246 8,849 7, 755 34,426 7,130 10, 2il 3, 773 4,1 96 2,081 2,8 11 4,IM 2. 4 2. 4 3.8 2. 7 17. 7 4. 7 I. 7 5.4 3.1 2.8 12. 3 2.6 3. 7 1. 3 I. 5 0. 7 1. 0 1.5 285,691 100. 0 -----6. 1 17,427 1,651 0. 6 86 1 0. 3 630 o. 2 9,761 3. 4 2,080 0. 7 2,444 0. 9 30,006 10. 5 12, 6114 4. 4 7, 080 2. 5 10, 232 3. 6 46, 62.5 16. 4 2, 395 0. 8 261 0.1 695 0. 2 6,871 2. 4 6, 027 2.1 6,S42 2. 4 7,1 75 2. 6 10,697 3. 8 5,662 2.0 46,003 16. l II, 409 4.0 5,184 1.8 13,982 4. 9 7,314 2. 6 8,114 28 42,424 14. 8 9,324 3.3 13,362 4. 7 4,143 I. 5 5,81 5 2.0 2, 292 0. 8 3,083 1.0 4, 405 I. 5 :::c 0 z ,0 m C: m .,, Arizona __ _____ ______ . __ ___ _______________ 17, 610 &, 0:,0 4, Iii 6, 024 3,365 26,228 3,596 3,761 6,049 13,822 rn, 804 2. 318 I, 917 895 4, 010 2,243 2, 2\)5 t:tah ......•. • .•. • .... ... . . . ..••• •••.•... Nevada ..•.•..••...............•.....• ... Pacific........... ..••....... . .... ..••.••••.•. Washington ....•.............•. ••••.•. •. Ore~on ..•••...•................•..• ... . . California...•........•...... ..•.••. •..... 2. 777 349 28, IP5 5, Oi8 3. 624 18,593 East South Central.. ••••.. .... .... ••• •• .. .. . Kentucky .•.•. .• • ____ .... _.... . •••• •••. _ TeDDessee •••.•••••.•••.•.•.•••.••• ••• •.•. Alahama .... . •••••••••....•. ••••• •••••.•. 1 w~ J':;'~f~PJ~nimi ~ :: :::: ::::::::: ::::::::: Arkansas ... ·····-·-·--······ --· · · .• •. . .. Louisiana ........•.•......... • . •••.• ... •. Oklahoma ....................•.•••• . •.. . 1'ex11S ......•......... --·- .. . ...•.••••••.. Mountain ._· ··-··········-· ·· •--········· · ·· M ontana ....•.. ··-···- ····· ..•. . •••.•• . . Idaho .. .... •.....•.... ... . . . .•••••...•... r:ii:::~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: N ew Mexico.....•.... ..• ... ..•..•...•.•. 8. 4 I.II I. 6 1.8 1. 2 9.6 1.3 1.4 1.8 6. I 6. 1 0. 9 0. 7 0. 3 1. 6 0. 8 0. 8 1.0 0. 1 10. 3 2. 2 I. 3 6.8 44, &18 15, 107 11, 171 7,706 10,704 65,892 9,455 7, 114 13,679 2.~. 644 18,815 2, 191 1,458 863 4,104 4,331 2, 341 3,300 227 25, 840 6,476 3,M9 15,815 10. 5 3. 6 2. 6 1.8 2.5 13.1 2. 2 I. 7 3. 2 6,0 •-• 0. 5 0. 3 0.2 1.0 1.0 0. 5 0.8 0. I 6.1 1.5 0.8 3,8 41, i80 16, 65i 9,053 6,441 9,629 50,234 8,656 6,231 12,210 23,137 15,668 2,134 1,483 827 3,649 3,381 I, 491 2,491 212 20, 7;5 6, i21 2,085 12,063 10.6 4, 3 2. 3 I. 6 2. 4 12. 7 2.2 1. 6 3.1 5. 9 4. 0 0. 5 0. 4 0. 2 0. 9 0. 9 0.4 0, 6 0.1 5. 3 1.4 0. 8 3. 1 36, 2'.111 14,30 1 ·Utt 8,374 42, 717 7,665 6,454 10,637 19,061 12, 8.12 1,882 1, 21i 713 3,0/ 9 2,684 I. 108 2,041 138 16,161 4.5412 2. 519 9,080 10. 9 f.3 2. 4 I. 7 2. 6 12. 9 2. 3 1.6 3. 2 6. 8 3. 9 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0.9 0.8 0. 3 0. 6 0. 1 •.9 1.4 0. 8 2. 7 31 , 086 9,407 7,009 8, 160 8, 520 42,470 7,258 6,424 11. 1148 17,840 12, 186 I, 435 886 648 3,443 3, 186 1,048 I, 624 116 14,470 3. 640 I, 921 8,909 10. 4 3. 1 2.3 2. 1 2. 9 14.2 2.4 1.8 4.0 6.0 4. 0 0. 6 0.3 0. 2 I.I 1.1 0.3 0. 6 - t.8 1.2 0.6 3.0 32, 4-0II 9, i72 7,335 6, 6&I 8,638 37,087 7,181 6,810 9,692 14,404 10,727 1,840 689 626 2,491 2,749 873 I, 468 91 12,481 3,386 1,625 7,470 11. 6 8. 6 2, 6 2.3 8. 1 18. 2 2. 6 2. 1 3. 4 6. 1 3. 8 0. 7 0. 2 0. 2 0. 9 1.0 0. 3 o. 5 - 4. 4 1.2 0. 6 2. 7 33, 272 11,801 7,394 11,809 7,768 48,285 9,495 6,698 13,1181 19,211 10,870 2,012 730 760 2,631 2, tl04 828 1, 099 106 10,rn 3,345 I, 605 5, 929 IU 4. 1 2. II 2. 2 2. 7 16, 9 3. 8 2.0 <l.11 6. 7 3. 8 0. 7 0. 2 o.a 0. 9 1.0 0. 3 o., - 3. 8 1. 2 0. 6 2.1 • 17 to 28 y~ars of age, Inclusive. • Data are given for the last day of each month. Source: Office of Chief Statistician, Director of F.mergency ConsM\'lltion Work, January 13, 1937. Ill j m ~ m z -4 )> ,a co -< 0 )> 0 N. "" a. CJ' '< 0 0 ~ I i) --4 a, r '" • Ill ...., ,0 og zc-dbyGooglc Appendix B COUNTIES AND TOWNSHIPS SURVEYED LIST A.-SAMPLE COUNTIES AND TOWNSHIPS REPRESENTING 33 STATES New England States Connecticut: Connecticut--Contd. Massachusetts--Contd. Fairfield County: New Haven CountyBerkshire County: Continued. Easton Alford Monroe Orange Cheshire New Fairfield Oxford Florida Wilton Prospect Richmond Southbury Sheffield Hartford County: Burlington New London County: Bristol County: Granby Freetown East Lyme Rocky Hill Rehoboth Lebanon Simsbury Westport Montville South Windsor Dukes County: Preston Suffield Gay Head Voluntown Litchfield County: Oak Bluffs Tolland County: Barkhamsted Essex County: Coventry Bethlehem Essex Hebron Georgetown Canaan Somers Middleton Goshen Salisbury Harwinton Tolland Kent Franklin County: Windham County: Middlesex County: Buckland Ashford Durham Canterbury Colrain East Haddam Shutesbury Pomfret Middlesex City: Warwick Woodstock Essex Whately Massachusetts: Middlefield Hampden County: Barnstable County: New Haven County: Dennis Chester Beacon Falls Eastham Monson Cheshire Mashpee Tolland Madison 99 01gt1zcdb Google 100 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF New England Stata Continued Massachusett--Contd. Hampshire County: Belchertown Cummington Southampton Middlesex County: Ashland Carlisle Littleton Stow Townsend Massachusetts--Contd. Norfolk County: Avon Wrentham Plymouth County: Duxbury Plympton Scituate Massachusett&-Contd. Worcester County: Boylston Charlton Hubbardston Millville New Braintree Northern States Iowa: Appanoose Black Hawk Calhoun Emmet Guthrie Ida Mahaska Marshall Monona Washington Kansas: Barber Ford Gove Greenwood Hamilton Jefferson Neosho Pawnee Russell Saline Seward Smith Wabaunsee Michigan: Barry Berrien Gogebic Kalkaska Leelanau Mecosta Monroe Oscoda Presque Isle Sanilac Schoolcraft Minnesota: Benton Big Stone Hubbard Minnesota--Contd. Kittson Olmsted Otter Tail Pennington Pine Pope Redwood Rock St. Louis Scott Missouri: Adair Douglas Franklin Hickory Holt Johnson Miller Newton Pemiscot Ralls Ray Shannon Nebraska: Box Butte Hall Hitchcock Johnson Morrill Pierce Richardson Sheridan Thayer New York: Broome Livingston Oneida Schuyler Washington North Dakota: Burke Emmons Hettinger McHenry McKenzie Ramsey Richland Stutsman Ohio: Athens Brown Clinton Geauga Hardin Monroe Muskingum Ottawa Putnam Seneca South Dakota: Brookings Corson Custer Edmunds Grant Hand Hutchinson Jackson Meade Wisconsin: Calumet Chippewa Crawford Forest La Crosse Portage Sauk Sawyer Walworth Dig t1zed by Google .... ...... .... . Southern Stata Alabama: Calhoun Conecuh Dale Dallas Marshall Shelby Winston Arkansas: Calhoun Craighead Grant Madison Marion Miller Phillips Pike Prairie Yell Florida: Bradford Broward Jefferson lee Polk Washington Georgia: Chattooga Dodge Greene Heard Jenkins Jones Lumpkin McDuffie McIntosh Madison Mitchell Murray Muscogee Pike Tattnall Ware Webster Kentucky: Boone Hickman Johnson Knox Larue Lee Mercer Metcalfe Kentucky-Contd. Rowan Scott Todd Webster Louisiana: Acadia Concordia Morehouse Natchitoches Plaquemines Pointe Coupee Tangipahoa Terrebonne Vernon Webster North Carolina: Alamance Cabarrus Caldwell Chowan Franklin Gates Harnett Jackson Onslow Pasquotank Perquimans Stokes Oklahoma: Carter Custer Harper Hughes Jackson KingfisMr Lincoln Pushmataha Rogers South Carolina: Allendale Calhoun Colleton Fairfield Georgetown Lee Newberry Pickens Tennessee: Anderson Cocke Fayette Franklin Tennessee-Contd. Hawkins Henderson Stewart White Williamson Texas: Bastrop Bosque Brewster Burleson Carson Cass Collin Colorado Fisher Floyd Freestone Frio Hansford Houston Karnes Lamb McLennan Montgomery Palo Pinto San Saba Shelby Starr Sutton Terry Upshur Upton Webb Wilbarger Virginia: Alleghany Bedford Charles City King William Lee Mathews Mecklenburg Page Powhatan Pulaski Southampton West Virginia: Boone Marion Nicholas Pendleton 01gt1zcdb Google .... .. . ·-· /·. ~ ~--•i _::~ :Joi~ !,F,riR,Ai..= vourH oN RELIEF Watem Slates Arizona: Cochise Graham Pinal Yavapai California: Glenn Humboldt Kings Lake Lassen Madera Mono Monterey San Bernardino San Joaquin Ventura Yuba Colorado: Alamosa Colorado-Contd. Archuleta Garfield Kiowa Kit Carson Routt Sedgwick Teller Montana: Chouteau Daniels Garfield Granite Lake Madison Meagher Prairie Oregon: Baker Clatsop Oregon-Contd. Crook Josephine Morrow Polk Utah: Box Elder Garfield Grand Piute Sevier Weber Washington: Adams Benton Chelan Cowlitz Jefferson Stevens LIST B.-SAMPLE COUNTIES REPRESENTING NINE AGRICULTURAL AREAS Emtem Cotton Area Alabama: Bullock Calhoun Conecuh Winston Arkansas: Calhoun Craighead Pike Georgia: Chattooga Dodge Heard Jenkins McDuffie Georgia-Contd. Madison Mitchell Pike Webster Louisiana: Concordia Morehouse Natchitoches Webster MissiBBippi: Lawreuce Tippah Washington Winston Missouri: Pemiscot North Carolina: Cabarrus Sampson South Carolina: Allendale Calhoun Fairfield Pickens Tennessee: Henden,on Watern Cotton Area Oklahoma: Jackson Lincoln Texas: Bastrop Cass Texas-Contd. Collin Houston Karnes McLenrum Montgomery Texas-Contd. Shelby Terry Wilbarger COUNTIES AND TOWNSHIPS SURVEYED • 103 Appalachlan-Ozarlc Area Arkansas: Madison Georgia: Lumpkin Illinois: Franklin Kentucky: Johnson Knox Lee Muhlenberg Missouri: Shannon North Carolina: Jackson Wilkes Tennessee: Cocke White Williamson Virginia: Bedford Lee Page West Virginia: Boone Marion Nicholas Pendleton Lalce States Cut-Ov• Area Michigan: Gogebic Oscoda Schoolcraft Minnesota: Pine Wiscousin: Forest Sawyer Hay and Dairy Area Michigan: Sanilac Minnesota: Benton Olmsted Otter Tail New York: Broome Livingston New York-Contd. Oneida Washington Ohio: Geauga Stark Pennsylvania: Bradford Wayne Wyoming Wisconsin: Chippewa Sauk Walworth Com Belt Illinois: Scott Whiteside Woodford Indiana: Fountain Hancock Morgan Shelby Iowa: Black Hawk Calhoun Guthrie Iowa-Contd. Ida Mahaska Marshall Page Washington Kansas: Smith Wabaunsee Missouri: Hickory Ray Nebraska: Hall Hitchcock Johnson Pierce Ohio: Clinton Putnam South Dakota: Brookings Hutchinson Spring Wheat Area Montana: Chouteau North Dakota: Burke North Dakota-Contd. Emmons Hettinger Ramsey South Dakota: Corson Edmunds Dg1tzcdbyGoogle 104 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF Winter Wheat Area Colorado: Sedgwick Kansaa: Pawnee K&Il88&-Contd. Saline Oklahoma: Harper Colorado: Montana-Contd. Granite Madison Meagher Oregon: Baker Oklahoma-Contd. Kingfisher Texas: Canon Ranching Area Archuleta Garfield Routt Montana: Garfield Oregon-Contd. Crook Utah: Garfield Grand Piute [)1g t1zed by Google Index o,g llLcd by Google Dgitzt'dbyGoogle INDEX AdministratilJ6 and Program Operation of the National Youth Adminiatration, Prlfl June !!8, 19!15-January 1, 19!17 _________________________________ 48n, 50n Age distribution ______________________________ . ____ _ 15-16, 70-71, 73, 74-75 Changes in, February to October, 1935 __________________ xv, 16-17, 74-75 Overrepresentation of 16-19 year group__________________________ 15 11 Agricultural Adjustment Administration______________________________ Agriculture: Bears employment burden of rural youth ________________________ xvi, 46 Number of youth engaged in ________________________ 42-46, 89-90, 91-93 Occupation of majority of relief youth ________________ 4o-46, 89-90, 91-93 Allin, Bushrod W.: "Migration Required for Best Land Use" _________ 60n, 61n Apprentice training. See National Youth Administration. Areas, type-of-farming, in survey___________________________________ xii, xiii Asch, Berta and Mangus, A. R.: Farmera on Relief and Rehabilitation____ xiiln Baker, 0. E.: Outlook for Rural Youth________________________________ 61n "Rural and Urban Distribution of the Population in the United States"----------------------------------------------------69n Beck, P. G. and Forster, M. C.: Siz Rural Problem Areas, Relief-Rea,urces--Rehabilitation ____ • _•• _________________________ • _________ 2n, 6n Bennett, C. G. Su Hummel, B. L. Civilian Conservation Corps ________ xi, xii, xv, xvi, xvii, 1, 9, 11, 12, 14, 47, 63, 64 Age of enrollees __________________________________________ .____ 53 Annual Report of the Director of Emergency ConaeT1Jation Work, Fiacal Year Ending June !JO, 19!18 _________________________ lln, 52n, 53n, 54n Educational program ________________________________________ 54-55, 62 Eligibility requirements ________________________________________ 52-53 Factor in decline of number on relief_ __________________________ 9, 11, 20 Fourth Anniversary Report to the Pruident _______________________ 53n, 55n Monthly Statistical Summariu _________________________________ 53n, Mn Number of enrollees _____________________________________ 53-54, 96-97 Objectives of_ _______________________________________ • _________ 52-53 Regional variation in enrollment ________________________ 53-54, 55, 96-97 Rural enrollees, percent of _____________________________________ xvii, 53 Types of enrollees _____________________________________________ 52-53 Color distribution_________________________________________________ 17 . Counties included in study __________________________________ xii, xiii, 99-104 Darling. H. D. See Whetten, N. L. Dom, Harold F. and Lorimer, Frank: "Migration, Reproduction, and Population Adjustment"_________________________________________ Droba, Daniel D.: Reasons for Closing Rural Relief Casu, March-June and July-October 19!15___ _____ __ __ _____ _______________ __ ___ __ __ ___ 18n lln 107 lJ1gt1zcctbyGoogle 108 • INDEX Education (see alao National Youth Administration; Youth, rural, on relief): Grade attainment: PIIIJI Heads and other members __________________________________ 29, 34 In-school youth ___________________________________________ 29-30 Median grade completed ____________________ 30, 32, 34, 83-84, 85-87 Negro youth in South______________________________________ 31, 34 Out-of-school youth ____________________________ 31-34, 83-84, 85-87 Variation in, by region _______________________________ 31, 34, 81-82 Relation to relief status________________________________________ 25--30 Retardation: Open country youth compared with village youth ______________ 29--30 Relief youth _______________________________ xvi, 29-34, 83-84, 85--87 School attendance: Effects of depression on____________________________________ 34 Open country youth compared with village youth ___________ 28, 81-82 Percent of __________________________________________ 25-29, 81-82 Sexdifferenoesin ____________________________________ 2&-28,81-82 Variation in, by region _______________________________ 26, 28, 81-82 Vocational education, need for ____________________________ 29, 42, 50, 62 Vocational guidance, need for_ ___________ _____________ __________ 50, 63 Emergency Conservation Work. See Civilian Conservation Corps. Employment: Age not a factor in obtaining____________________________________ 37 Current, definition_________________________________ ____________ 36n Open country youth compared with village youth _______________ 36-38, 88 Opportunities for females limited ___________________________ xvi, 38, 64 Private, factor in closing relief oases__ _ __________________________ 11 Status of heads of households___________________________________ 39-40 Status of out-of-school youth ________ xvi, 35-40, 42-46, 88, 89--90, 91-93, 94 Variation in, by region _______________________________________ 38-39, 88 Eure, W. W. See Hummel, B. L. Farm income _____________________________________________________ xvil,11 Farm labor, employment opportunities of rural youth largely limited to __ 11, 43-44 Farnham, Rebecca. See McGill, K. H. Federal aid: Contributing to decline of relief load _____________________________ 10--12 Coordinated planning, need for___ ______________________ _________ 65 Limitations of_ ________________________________________________ 63-64 Participating agencies ___________________________ xi, xv-xvil, 9, 11-12, 57 Youth, number receiving, October 1935__________________________ 1 Federal Emergency Relief Administration ______________ xvii, 6, 9, 11, 47, 48, 57 Field, R. F. See Whetten, N. L. Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930 _______________________ 5n, 7n, 16n, 17n, 19n,20n,26n,27n,49n,52n,55n,69n,73n,95n First Annual Report, Resettlement Administration, 1936__________________ 56n Forster, M. C. See Beck, P. G. Foster, Emery M.: "School Survival Rates"-------------------------34n Gillin, John Lewis: Social Pathology__________________________________ Goodrich, Carter and Others: Migration and Economic Opportunity______ 39n 60n Hamilton, C. Horace: Rural-Urban Migration in North Carolina, 1920 to 1930 _________________________________________________________ 18n,39n Hauser, Philip M.: Workers on Relief in the United States in March 1fl35__ Hayes, Grant. See McGill, K. H. Dig t1zed by Google 55n INDEX • 109 Heads of households. See Youth, rural, on relief. Health, in rural areas______________________________________________ Hearings Before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, HOU8e of Repreaentativea, in Charge of Deficiency Appropriation,________ Rettig, T. David. See Nelson, Lowry. Hoffeommer, Harold: Education and Rehabilitation in Alabama Farm HOU8elwld& Receivin(I Relief________________________________________ Hummel, B. L.; Eure, W.W.; and Bennett, 0. G.: Education of Persona in Rural Relief HOU8elwld& in Virginia, 1935_________________________ Industries. See Rural industries. .. ,, "Life Tables for White Males • Living conditions _________________________________________________ _ Lorimer, Frank. Page 39 49n 34n 28n 69n 6 See Dorn, Harold F. McCormick, Thomas 0.: Comparative Study of Rural Relief and NonRelief HOU8eholru ______________________________________________ 29n, 34n McGill, K. H.; Hayes, Grant; and Farnham, Rebecca: Survey of Caaea Remooed From Relief Rolla in Seventeen Rural Counties in Georgia for Administrative Rea,ona in May and June, 1935 _____________________ _ 12n McKain, W. C. See Whetten, N. L. Mangus, A. R.: Chan(lea in the Rural Relief Population ThrOU(lh October 1935 ______ _________________________________________________ 6n, 10n, 12n Rural Negro on Relief, February 1935, The________________________ 17n See alao Asch, Berta; Smith, Mapheus. Marital status (see alao Youth, rural, on relief) ______________ xvi, 20-22, 78, 79 39n Melvin, Bruce L.: The Sociology of a Village and /ta Surroundin(I Territory_ Methodology ____________________________________________________ xiii, xiiin Migration: Effects of depression 011- ______________________________________ _ 6o-61 Factor in decline of number on relief_ ___________________________ _ 12 From poor land areas _________________________________________ _ 61 Necessity for _________________________________________________ _ 60 National Resources Board Report, December 1, 1934--------------------2n National Youth Administrat.ion: Agricultural training and homemaking courses____________________ 48n Apprentice training program____________________________________ 50 Camps for unemployed young women ____________________________ 52, 64 Five major programs oL _ _ ______________________ _______________ 48 Limitations oL ______________ __________ _____________________ 61, 6~4 Objectives of__________________________________________________ 48 Program, in relation to rural youth ______________________ xvi-xvii, 63--65 Student aid program ___________________________________________ 48-50 Vocational guidance and placement______________________________ 50, 64 Work program _______________________________________ 12,47-48, 50-52 Work projects: Employment on __________________________________ 50-52, 63--64, 95 Type of __________________________________________________ 51-52 Negroes: Age distribution: General population __________________________________ - - - - - 73 Relief youth ________________________________________ 72, 73, 74-75 Employment: Opportunities· _________________________________________ .__ xvi, 17 Status. October 1935 ______________________________ 38-39, 44-45, 88 o,gt,zcctoyGoogle 110 • INDEX Negroes-Continued. ~ Gradeattainment _______________________________________ 31,34,85-87 Heads of households___________________________________________ 80 Marital status_________________________________________________ 79 Occupation: Current ____________________________________________ 44,45,91-93 Usual____________________________________________________ 42 Percent of relief population ___________________________________ 7, 14, 72 Residence____________________________________________________ 6 Schoolattendanoe _______________________________________ 26,28,81-82 Sex distribution ____________________________________________ 18, 76-77 Underrepresentation on relief rolls ____________________________ ___ xv, 17 Nelson, Lowry and Hettig, T. David: "Some Changes in the Population of Utah as Indicated by the Annual L. D.S. Church Census, 1929-1933" __ 2n Occupation: Current: Age distribution, variation in, by region ________________ 43-45, 91-93 Agriculture, percent engaged in __________________ 42, 89-90, 91-93, 94 Definition________________________________________________ 35 Domestic service ______________________________ 42, 89-90, 91-93, 94 42 Effects of depression on____________________________________ Employment status and ________________________ 43-45, 89-90, 91-93 Types oL _________________________________ 43-44, 89-90, 91-93, 94 Variation in, by region _____________________________________ 91-93 Usual: Agriculture, variation in, by region__________________________ 42 46 Compared with current occupation___________________________ Definition_______________________________________________ 35, 40n Domestic service_ _ __________ __ ____________________________ 42 Farm or other unskilled labor______________________________ xvi, 42 Status, October 1935 _______________________________________ 40-41 Types of, by residence _____________________________________ 41-42 Variation in, by region_____________________________________ 42 Open country. See Residence. Out-of-school youth: Educational program, need for__________________________________ 34 Employment status of. See Employment. Grade attainment. See Education. Occupation. See Occupation, current; usual. Vocational education for _____________________________________ 29, 42, 62 Vocational guidance for___________________________ _____________ 50, 63 Population pressure on land_________________________________________ 6, 60 Population, rural youth, estimated number_ _ _______________________ 1, ln, 69 Poverty in rural areas ________________________________________ xi, 29, 59-61 Programs for Which Out-of-School Young People in Breathitt County, Kentucky, Are Asking_______________________________________________ 63n Regions included in study __________________________________ xii-xiii, 99-104 Relief (see also Federal aid): Intensity, October 1935 ________________________________________ xv, 5 Rural-urban differences_______________________________________ xvii, 60 State and local provision for_ ____________________________ _______ 11 Dg1tzcdbyGoogle INDEX • 111 Relief population, rural: Paqe Age distribution___ __ __ ____ ____ _____ _____________ ____________ 7, 70-71 Changes in number, February to October, 1935 _______________ 9, 12--13, 72 Geographic distribution ________________________________________ 2, 5--6 Rate of turnover_ _ __ ______ ____________ ________ ____________ ____ 9 Youth underrepresented in______________________________________ xv, 7 Relief, youth receiving. See Youth, rural, on relief. Report of the Secretary of Agriculture to the Pruident of the United States, 1998 ___________ ·----------------------------------------------lln Report on Progress of the Works Program, October 15, 1998 _ _ _ _ __ ___ ___ 12n, 50n Resettlement Administration: Benefits to youth __________________________________ xv, 11, 14, 47, 56-57 Need for resettlement of youth __________________________________ 56-57 Residence: Open country and village: Changes in number on relief_ _ _ ________ __________________ 12--14, 72 Changes in sex distribution of relief youth ______________ 19-20, 76-77 Definition________________________________________________ 6n Percent of youth on relief in_ _ ______________ ________ __ ______ 6, 72 Rural industries _________________________________________________ . _ 35, 61 Rural youth, ratio to all youth ______________________________________ 51, 95 School attendance. Bee Education. Sex distribution: Changes in, February to October, 1935 _____________________ 19-20, 76-77 Females overrepresented on relief_ _________________________ 17-18, 76-77 Variation in, by region and residence _______________________ 17-20, 76-77 Smick, A. A. and Yoder, F. R.: A Study of Farm .Migration in Selected Com18n munities in the State of Washington_________________________________ Smith-Hughes funds_______________________________________________ 62 Smith, Mapheus and Mangus, A. R.: Cases Receiving General Relief in Urban and Rural Areas, July 19SS--December 1995 _ _ _ _ ____ __ ________ 9n States represented in study------------------------------- xii, xiiin, 99-102 Student aid. See National Youth Administration. Submarginal areas: Need for migration from ________________________________________ 6o-61 Relief rate high in_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ xv Townships included in study------------------------------- xii, xiii, 99-100 Transient rural youth______________________________________________ 1 Unemployment. See Employment. United States Census of Agriculture: 1995 ____________________________ 2n, 69n United States Employment Service, registration with __________________ S0-51 Village. See Residence. Vocational education. See Education. Vocational guidance and placement. See National Youth Administration. Wakeley, Ray E.: Rural Organization and Land Utilization on .Muscatine 18n Island__________________________________________________________ Whetten, N. L.; Darling, H. D.; McKain, W. C.; and Field, R. F.: Rural 28n Families on Relief in Connecticut___________________________________ Works Program______________________________________ 1, 9, 11, 12, 14, 50-51 28068°-38--9 112 • INDEX Worka Progress Administration: Page Benefits to youth ____________________________________________ xi, 9, 47 Eligibility for employment______________________________________ 55 Number of youth employed on projects__________________________ 56 Percent, primary wage earners __________________ ----------_______ 55 Yoder, F. R. See Siniok, A. A. Youth, rural, on relief: Age distribution. ___________________________________________ xv, 16-17 Changes in number, October 1933 to October 1935_________________ 9-12 Color distribution_____________________________________________ 17 Education ____________________________________________________ 26-34 Employment __________________________________________________ 35-46 Geographic distribution ____________________________________ ~ . 69-70 Heads of households_ _ _ _____________________ _____ ____ xvi, 22-24, 62, 80 Marital status _____________________________________________ xvi, 20-22 Number in rural areas _____________________________________ xi, 1, 69-70 Occupation. Su Occupation, current; usual. Percent of rural relief population _____________________ 7, 13-14, 70-71, 72 Residence ________________________________________________ 6--7, 12-14 Sex distribution _________________________________________ 17-20, 76--77 Trend in number ___________________________________________ 13--14, 72 0 ugi zedbyGoogle 01g,1,2cdbyGooglc 0,£;1,wdbyGooglc