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RURAL YOUTH
ON RELIEF

WORKS

PROGRESS
r

DIVISION

OF

ADM
f NISTRATIO
.
• 1

SOCIAL

RESEARCH

WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
Hany L. Hoplcln1, Ad•lnldrofor
Corrlnston Gill, Aisldont Ad•lnidrotor

DIVISION OF SOCIAL RESEARCH
Howard 8. Myers, Dlrecto,

RURAL YOUTH
ON RELIEF
By
Bruce

L. Melvin

RESEARCH MONOGRAPH XI

1937
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON

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Letter of Transmittal
WoRK.S PROGRESS ADKINISTBATION,

Washington, D. 0., October 16, 19S7.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit an analysis of the characteristics
of rural youth receiving assistance under the general relief program
and a survey of the Federal agencies created to aid underprivileged
youth. The purpose of the report is to provide information concerning the problem of rural youth on relief and to offer suggestions that
may be of use in developing future programs in behalf of youth.
The plight of youth in the low income strata of rural society is
largely the result of long-time trends in agriculture-depletion of soil
fertility, overcrowding of the land, and the system of farming in some
sections-that have gradually brought depressing poverty to many.
The revival of industrial activity in the cities will have little direct
effect on conditions in submarginal land areas, although rural life in
general will benefit indirectly from any notable improvement in the
economic situation.
Amelioration of the conditions facing rural youth must come
through enhancement of economic opportunities and through improvement in facilities for education. Assistance for rural youth on relief
is not enough; prevention of the need for relief is far more important.
Young men farming on submarginal land are condemned to poverty.
The upward trend of farm prices may increase the gross farm income
of the Nation, but it must be remembered that youth in low income
rural families may not be participating in the benefits of a recovery
measured only in terms of total figures.
The data on which the report is based were obtained through the
Survey of Current Changes in the Rural Relief Population, conducted
by the Research Section, Division of Research, Statistics, and Finance,
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, and from the records of
Federal agencies dealing with youth.
The study was made in the Division of Social Research under the
direction of Howard B. Myers, Director of the Division. The relief
data were collected under the supervision of A. R. Mangus. The
analysis of the data was made under the supervision of T. J. Woofter,
Jr., Coordinator of Rural Research.
The report was prepared by Bruce L. Melvin, assisted by Elna
N. Smith. It was edited by Ellen Winston and Frances Mason.
Special acknowledgment is due the personnel of the National Youth
Administration and of the Office of Emergency Conservation Work
both for data and for constructive criticism.
CORRINGTON G1LL,
Respectfully submitted.
Hon. HARRY L. HOPKINS,
Assistant Administrator.
Works Progress Administrator.
Ill

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Contents

lntrodudlon _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Summary _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Chapter I. Number and location of rural youth In relief households Geographic distribution of rural youth on relief_ _ _ _ _ _
Open country and village residence of youth on relief _ _ _
Chapter II. Chansa In the number of rural youth In relief households _ - _ _ _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Number of rural youth on relief, October 1933 through October 1935 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Decline in number of rural youth on relief, by residence _ _
Trend in number of rural youth on relief in relation to total
rural relief population _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Chapter Ill. Penonal charaderistics of rural youth In relief households __ - _ _
Age distribution _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Changes in age distribution _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
Distribution by color _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _
Sex distribution_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
Changes in sex distribution_ _
_ _ _ _
Marital status _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Heads of households_ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
Changes in number of heads of households _ _
Chapter IV. Educational status of rural youth In relief households School attendance_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Grade attainment of youth in school _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Grade attainment of out-of-school youth_ _ _ _ _ _ _
Chapter V. Occupations of rural youth in relief households
Employment status of out-of-school youth _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Employment status of heads of households _ _ _ _ _ _
Usual occupation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Current occupation of out-of-school youth _ _ _ _ _
Comparison of usual and current occupation of out-of-school
youth_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

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VI • CONTENTS

Page

Chapter VI. Youth programs of emergency agencies
National Youth Administration_ _ _ _ _
Student aid ___________ _
Vocational guidance and placement _________
Apprentice training _______ _
The work program of the N. Y. A _ _
_ ___
Camps for unemployed young women _ _ _ _ _
Civilian Conservation Corps _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Works Progress Administration _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Resettlement Administration _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Federal Emergency Relief Administration _ _ _ _ _
Chapter VII. Conclusions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rural youth on relief and migration _
Education and rural youth on relief _
The work of Federal agencies
_ _ _ _
Appendix A. Supplementary tables - - - - - Appendix B. Counties and townshipa surveyed - - - - - - - -

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48

_

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_
_

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52
52
55

_
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57
59
60
61
63
69
99

50

Index - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

105

ILLUSTRATIONS
Figures
Figure

1. States represented and counties sampled _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2. Areas represented and counties sampled ______ _
3. Estimated number of rural youth on relief, October 1935 _
4. Percent of rural youth on relief, October 1935 ____ _
5. Intensity of relief, October 1935 __________ _
6. Rural youth on relief, October 1933 through October 1935_
7. Percent of youth in the total rural relief population, by
residence, February, June, and October 1935 ___ _
8. Sex of rural youth on relief, February, June, and October
1935, by residence, and in the general population, 1930 _
9. Percent of male rural youth on relief who were heads of
households, by residence and by region, October 1935 _
10. School attendance of rural youth 16-19 years of age on
relief, October 1935, and in the general population,
1930, by sex _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
11. Grade completed by out-of-school rural youth on relief,
by age and by residence, October 1935 ______ _
12. Employment status of out-of-school rural youth on relief,
by sex and by age, October 1935 _________ _
13. Employment status of out-of-school rural youth on relief,
by sex and by residence, October 1935 ______ _
14. Employment status of out-of-school male rural youth on
relief who were beads of households, by residence,
October 1935 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -

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xn
3
4
5
10

14
19

23
27

33
37

38
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CONTENTS • VII
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Figure

15. Employment status and current occupation of out-ofschool rural youth on relief, by sex, October 1935 _ _
16. Enrollment in the Civilian Conservation Corps, July 1935
through December 1936 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Photolftlphs
What chance have youth reared in homes like this? ___
Young wife of a migrant fruit worker _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
What future for this sharecropper's son? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Son of an illiterate sharecropper who wants a high school
education _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Youth are idle in the villages _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
A former tenant family with three unemployed youth _ _
Rural youth learn shop work under the N. Y. A.
_
The N. Y. A. teaches rural girls to sew
_ _ _ _ _
C. C. C. boys improve national parks _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

43
54

Facing 6
Facing 20
Facing 26
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Facing 36
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Facing 50
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Rural Youth on Relief
IX

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INTRODUCTION

IN

PAST years of prosperity the farm youth of America have been
welcomed into an expanding agriculture and industry. In general
they have taken one of three courses. Some have followed expanding
agriculture into new lands, some have sought their fortune in the
city, and some have stayed at home to succeed their parents on the
farm. Many of the youth who matured during the depression, however, found no such openings for employment. The supply of free
homestead land had been exhausted, and westward migration no
longer offered a safety valve for depressed industry. Opportunities in
the cities were almost nonexistent and contraction of commercial
agriculture limited the usefulness of young people at home. Since
they were unwanted elsewhere, and since home was the one place
where food and shelter were available, most of these youth remained
with their families, even though the father was dependent on public
assistance.
The searing effect of this situation upon personalities in the formative stage cannot be measured in tangible terms. The extent of the
problem is indicated by the fact that rural households on relief at
some time during the depression have contained more than 2,000,000
young people 16 to 24 years of age, inclusive.
The necessity for widespread public relief is new to rural America,
and hence requires careful analysis with respect to both the factors
involved and the individuals concerned. For rural youth looking
forward to the social and economic adjustments of adult life, there
arises the fundamental question of whether the relief situation is
attributable to depression factors or to a long-time trend toward
increasing rural poverty. The welfare of youth in relief families is
dependent upon solving the problems of the individuals concerned.
For national well-being, the primary problem is that of preventing continuation of rural poverty for the present and succeeding generations.
At the time the data on which this study is based were gathered,
general relief was still caring for most of the needy youth. A number
of specialized programs, however, were in operation. The most
important of these were the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Resettlement Administration, the National Youth Administration, and the
Works Progress Administration.
XI

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XII • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
FIG. I-STATES REPRESENTED AN> COUNTIES SAMPLED*

• Mallachusetll and Ccmectocut Dl1)llcl

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All of these specialized agencies, with the exception of the Civilian
Conservation Corps, were just getting well under way in the fall of
1935. On the one hand, therefore, the study gives a picture of the
conditions which constructive programs were designed to meet, and,
on the other hand, it indicates how the experience of these agencies
may point the way to permanent methods of assisting maladjusted
and poverty-stricken youth.
FIG. 2- AREAS REPRESENTED AND COUNTIES SAMPLED

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INTRODUCTION • XIII

The analysis of the incidence of relief and of the characteristics of
rural youth in relief families is based on the residual relief load in
October 1935. This survey was made in 304 counties scattered in
31 States and in 83 New England townships. · The counties and
townships were chosen on the basis of certain selected criteria as a
sample which would afford data representative of the rural United
States 1 (fig. 1). For purposes of this study, the counties and townships have been grouped into four broad regions: New England,
North, South, and West. 2 Where desirable for comparative purposes,
data for nine type-of-farming areas 3 surveyed in February, June, and
October 1935' (fig. 2) have also been presented.
1 For details of methodology UBed in selection of counties, see Asch, Berta and
Mangus, A. R., Methodology of Rural Current Change Studies (Appendix B) in
Farmer, on Relief and Rehabilitation, Research Monograph VIII, Division of Social
Research, Works Progress Administration, 1937.
1 New England includes townships in Connecticut and M888&chusetts; the
North, counties in New York, Ohio, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa,
Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, North Dakota, and South Dakota; the South,
counties in Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia,
Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and
TeJ:&S; and the West, counties in Arizona, Colorado, California, Montana, Utah,
Oregon, and Washington. For list of counties and townships see appendix B.
1 The nine areas include the Eastern Cotton, Western Cotton, AppalachlanOurk, Lake States Cut-Over, Hay and Dairy, Com Belt, Spring Wheat, Winter
Wheat, a.qd Ranching Areas. For list of counties see appendix B.
• Bee Asch, Berta and Mangus, A. R., op. cit., Methodology of Rural Current
Change Studies (Appendix B).

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SUMMARY
THERE WERE approximately 625,000 youth in rural relief families
in October 1935, when agriculture was well on the way to recovery.
If to this number are added the rural youth who were being directly
assisted through the Civilian Conservation Corps and those in
families being helped by the Works Progress Administration and the
Resettlement Administration, the total youth in families receiving
public assistance would include approximately 10 percent of all
rural youth in the United States.
The intensity of relief among rural youth varied widely from State
to State. With few exceptions, States having a large proportion of
their total youth in the rural nonfarm group, and those in the drought
area or having extensive areas of submarginal land, had high relief
rates in their youth population. However, the proportion which
youth formed of the rural relief population in the sample in October
1935 was below that which youth formed of the total rural population
in the United States, indicating that rural youth as a whole were
underrepresented on relief.
Although the relief load had been steadily rising prior to February
1935, there was a sharp decline from February to October 1935.
This included a decrease of over 700,000 in the number of rural
youth in relief households-a result both of the general improvement
in agricultural conditions in the entire country and of the operation
of emergency agencies, such as the Resettlement Administration, the
Works Progress Administration, and the Civilian Conservation Corps.
Administrative reductions in relief rolls in a number of States accounted for some decrease in the number of youth on relief during
this period.
In October 1935 proportionately more rural youth 16-19 years
of age than 20-24 years of age were on relief. There were considerable changes in the age distribution of youth on relief during the
year, both the 16-17 and 21-24 year age groups constituting larger
proportions of the total in October than in February.
There were proportionately fewer Negro than white youth on
relief in the counties studied. The proportion of Negroes among
relief youth was considerably higher in the villages than in the open
country.

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XVI • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

There were more young women than young men in rural relief
families in October 1935, which indicated not only that young women
apparently have been unable to migrate from rural territory to the
extent that they did in the twenties but also that they were at a
marked disadvantage in finding employment.
As would be expected, more young women than young men in rural
relief households were married, and the older the youth, the larger
was the percentage of both sexes married. The marital status of
rural relief youth varied considerably in the different sections of the
country. It appears probable that youth on relief follow the general
pattern of later marriage in industrialized than in agricultural sections.
Many of the young people on relief had family responsibilities,
either because they were married or because they had had to assume
the responsibility for the parental household. Almost one-fourth of
the young men were heads of households; the proportion who were
heads of households was slightly larger in the villages than in the
open country.
Very few rural youth on relief, 20 years of age or over, were in
school, and among the youth in school there were proportionately
more young women than young men. A smaller percentage of relief
youth than of all youth were attending school. Open country youth
on relief were at a greater disadvantage than were village youth with
respect to the proportion that were in school. A considerable proportion of relief youth in school were retarded, particularly in the
open country.
Agriculture was employing more rural relief youth in 1935 than any
other occupation. Also, agriculture was the usual occupation for
more youth than any other occupation, but the experience was
usually limited to farm labor. Outside of agriculture the most common usual occupation was unskilled labor.
Of the young men who were out of school, 45 percent were classed
as employed. This percentage did not vary greatly by age groups,
but more than twice as many of those in the open country as in the
villages were employed. Employment in the open country was primarily at farm labor, usually on the home farm, and brought little
return.
Very few out-of-school young women were employed, the highest
proportion being 13 percent of the 16- and 17-year olds. The Negroes
of the open country apparently had the best opportunity of all young
women on relief to find employment, since they could hire out either
as domestic servants or as farm hands.
Of the various Federal emergency agencies operating in October
1935, two directly aided rural youth: the National Youth Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps.

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SUMMARY • XVII

The National Youth Administration has reached some rural youth
with its work program, but in comparison with urban youth, rural
youth have been underrepresented on N. Y. A. work projects. This
has been due largely to the cost of transportation and supervision in
rural areas, though special projects have been designed for rural
youth. The N. Y. A. student aid program is the only major Federal
youth activity which at present gives aid to youth in marginal families not actually on relief as well as to youth in relief households.
About 50 percent of the C. C. C. enrollees have been coming from
rural territory, and the proportion from rural territory has apparently been increasing since early in 1935. This is indicated by the
definite shift in volume of enrollment from industrial to agricultural
States.
The Works Progress Administration has given work to some youth
who are the primary wage earners in their families, but probably not
to a very large proportion of the destitute rural youth who are in this
category. Its main service to youth has been the indirect one of providing a job for some other member of the household. The Resettlement Administration, in its program of assisting relief families through
loans or resettlement, has helped many youth indirectly by assisting
their families. At the time of the present study, however, the Federal
Emergency Relief Administration was still the major agency assisting
underprivileged rural youth.
The destitution of rural families on relief may be symptomatic of
a situation existing in rural territory that is much more serious for
the youth in these families than is the situation facing youth in urban
families on relief. The plight of youth in the low income strata of
rural society is largely the result of long-time trends in agriculture-depletion of soil fertility, overcrowding of the land, and in some sections the prevalent system of farming-that have gradually brought
depressing poverty to many. The revival of industrial activity in the
cities will have little direct effect on conditions in submarginal land
areas although rural life in general will benefit indirectly from any
notable improvement in the economic situation.
Amelioration of the conditions facing rural youth must come through
enhancement of economic opportunities and through improvement in
facilities for education. Furthermore, assistance through these two
methods should be coordinated and carried out on a national scale
under a long-range stabilized program. Assistance for rural youth on
relief is not enough; prevention of the need for relief is far more
important. Young men farming on submarginal or worn-out land
are condemned to poverty. The upward trend of farm prices may
increase the gross farm income of the Nation, but it must be remembered that youth in low income rural families may not be participating
in the benefits of a recovery measured only in terms of total figures.
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Chapter I
NUMBER AND LOCATION OF RURAL
YOUTH IN RELIEF HOUSEHOLDS .

THE NUMBER of young people 16 to 24 years of age, inclusive,
in relief households in the United States in October 1935 has been
estimated at about 2,000,000, of which 625,000 lived in rural areas
(appendix table 1). The youth on rural relief rolls, however, represented only a part of the rural youth who received public assistance.
Many others were in the Civilian Conservation Corps. 1 At least
300,000 youth 2 belonged to families which were being aided through
the rural rehabilitation program of the Resettlement Administration
and to rural families with some member employed on the Works
Program, exclusive of the Civilian Conservation Corps. A few
thousand rural youth were transients, but compared with the number
of urban youth belonging to this group, the number was small. Considering all groups, however, it is probable that approximately 10
percent of the nearly 10,000,000 rural youth in the United States a
were being assisted through some form of Federal aid in October 1935.
1 See ch. VI.
Since many of the Civilian Conservation Corpe enrollees in
October 1935 were members of families still on relief, the 625,000 rural youth
in Federal emergency relief households included some of the C. C. C. enrollees
from rural areas.
' Exclusive of youth in households receiving general relief in addition to Reaettlement Administration loans or Works Program earnings.
• The number of rural youth in 1935 was estimated by taking the number of
persons 11-19 years of age reported in the 1930 Census as a base, as these youth
were 16-24 years of age in 1935. This number was corrected by subtracting the
estimated total of those who had died and of those who had moved to urban
areas during the 5-year interval.

1

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2 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

One out of every sixteen rural youth in the United States was in a
household receiving Federal emergency relief in October 1935 (appendix table 1). The distribution of the 625,000 youth in rural relief
families among the States indicated a high degree of concentration
of the youth relief problem in States marked by distinctive conditioning factors (figs. 3 and 4) .
•.. .•1'h.e Stq,t~ pf lda.ine, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania., and Arizona,
·:au:of which:h.ilijJ30 percent or more of the total rural youth in the
:. : 11,P.nfti,tm,~up,.~ad-.higher percentages of their rural youth on relief
:•·.: =tliaii: Uie·:oowi.tey ·as a whole (appendix table 1). West Virginia.,
Kentucky, and Missouri, which have large areas of submarginal
land,' likewise showed percentages of youth on relief that were above
the average for the country. States that have experienced the ravages of drought, such as Oklahoma., North Dakota, Montana, Colorado, and New Mexico, had especially large percentages of their youth
on relief, although South Dakota, also in the drought area, did not
have a large percentage. Probably one reason was the heavy migration of youth from the land between 1930 and 1935.6 Michigan and
Minnesota. had rural youth relief loads above the average, the percentage being 7.8 for ea.ch State; the Cut-Over Areo., in which the
closing of mines and the cessation of lumbering operations have left a
stranded rural-nonfa.rm population,• extends a.cross the northern pa.rt
of these two States. The large proportion of youth in relief families
in Utah (10.4 percent) apparently was due to the la.ck of work in
mining and the return of youth to the State during the depression. 7
Supplementing these ca.uses in many States was the excessive number
of rural youth who were pressing upon all existing employment opportunities. AB would be expected, since youth a.re normally members
of relief households instead of being on relief as individuals, the
geographic distribution of rural youth on relief coincided in general
with the situation of the rural relief population as a whole (fig. 5).
"Rural relief cases in October [1935] were heavily concentrated in
certain States. About 255,000 cases or more than one-fourth of all
rural cases were located in 4 States-Kentucky, Oklahoma., Texas,
and West Virginia. Five States with high proportions of the general
rural population on relief were Kentucky, Oklahoma, West Virginia,
North Dakota, and Utah, each with a relief rate of more than 16
' See National Resources Board Report, December 1, 19S4, p. 176
• United States Census of Agriculture: 19S5.
• Beck, P. G. and Forster, M. C., Six Rural Problem Areas, Relief-ResourceitRehabilitation, Research Monograph I, Division of Research, Statistics, and
Finance, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 1935, pp. 11-15.
7 Nelson, Lowry and Hettig, T. David, "Some Changes in the Population of
Utah as Indicated by the Annual L. D. S. Church Census, 1929-1933," Utah
Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters, Vol. XII, 1935, pp. 107-118.

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NUMBER AND LOCATJON •

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Wyomino

Delawore
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FtG. 3- ESTIMATED NUMBER OF RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
October 1935

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4 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
Percent

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

North 0alda
Oklahoma
West V-1t9lnlo
Klntucky
New Mexico

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Utah
Colorado
Illinois
Montano
Florida
Mlnnaola
Mlc:NQan

Arizona
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Ohio
Moine

South Oallota
New JtrMy
ldohO
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lowo
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North Corolino
New York

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Nevodo
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Vermont

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Oreoon

FIG. 4 - PERCENT OF RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

October 1935
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FtG. 5· INTENSITV OF RELIEF-OCTOBER 1935
RATIO OF PERSOOS RECEIVING RELIEF, OCT08ER 1935,
TO TOTAL POPULATION, APRIL 1930. BY COl,l'mES

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VI

6 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

percent as compared with an average of 8 percent for all States
combined." 8
The low general relief load in such States as Alabama, Mississippi,
and Sou th Carolina, which were earlier characterized by high relief
loads,0 was due to the activity of the Rural Rehabilitation Division
of the Resettlement Administration, to improvement in agricultural
conditions, and to reductions in the rolls for anroinistrative reasons.
Moreover, on the poor lands in these States the general plane of living is distressingly low. The depression couJd not greatly lower the
already low living standard of many families, and the Emergency
Relief Administration probably helped numbers of them to rise slightly
in the economic scale.
The small percentage of relief youth in States such as Oregon and
Wyoming is consistent with the fact that these States have never had
high relief rates, indicating that the pressure of population on resources
has not been unduly heavy.
OPEN COUNTRY AND VILLAGE RESIDENCE OF YOUTH ON RELIEF

Taking the country as a whole, one-third of the rural youth on relief
in October 1935 were in villages while two-thirds were in the open
country 10 (table 1). The proportions varied considerably by regions,
Tal,le 1.-Residence of Rural Youth on Relief, by Region, October 1935
(304 counties)

Total

Open

Region
Number
Total............................................

• 64,262

Percent
100.0

country

65. 7

Vlllap

34.3

1----1----1----1---

North.............. ....... ..... ........ ............ .. ..
South..................................................
White..............................................
Neitro.... .. .. .. . ..... .............. ........ .... ....
West...................................................

19,940

28,874
23, 896

4,978
6,448

100. o
100. o
100. 0
100. O
100.0

61. 8
71. 8

73. 2
65. O
47.6

38. 2
28. 2

26. 8
35. O
62.6

'Excluslveofl,802 youth In New Engl~nd. Because of the township system of government, the rural
population cannot be classified by open country and village residence.

reflecting differences in the residence distribution of the general
population. In the South, which is predominantly agricultural, 72
percent of all rural relief youth were in the open country. In the
West, however, which has both a large nonfann population and a
large farm population residing in villages, less than one-ha.If of the
relief youth were in the open country.
8 Mangus, A. R., ChaTl{les in the Rural Relief Population Through October 193,5,
Research Bulletin H-6, Division of Social Research, Works Progress Administration, January 1936, p. i.
'Beck, P. G. and Forster, M. C., op. cit., p. 5.
10 Open country--outside centers of 50 or more population; vlliage--center of
50 to 2,500 population.

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JVhal Chance llm-e Youth Reared in Homes Like This?

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NUMBER AND LOCATION • 7

The number of youth on relief was not large relative to their representation in the general rural population (table 2 and appendix table
2). Youth on relief constituted 14.5 percent of the total rural relief
population, whereas youth formed 16.4 percent of the total rural
population in the sample counties in 1930. Contrary to the rest of
the country, there were more youth in the relief population than in
the total rural population in New England where youth were predominantly dependent on nonagricultural employment.
Talile !.-Youth in the Total Rural Relief P~ulation, October 1935, and in the Total
Rural Population, 1930, by Residence and by Re9ion
(304 oountles and 83 New England townships)

Percent of rural relief population
lfr-24 7ear11 of age, October 11134

Region

Percent of
total rural

---..------.----population
Total

Open

oountry

Village

lfr-24 yean
of age,
111301

14. 5
14. 5
14.6
18. 4
l=====l====l====I·===
14.0
15. 6
14. 3
14. 2
14. 4
15. 4
14. 8
14.11
14.8
South_.
-- ·- -------------- ----------. --- -------- -- ··---18.
White______________________________________________
17.112
14. R
14. 9
16.0
14. 6
14. 5
14. 7
Negro ___ -------·--- --- ___ -------------------------19. 2
West _____________ ·-·- ________ -------------------------·
15. 4
13.0
13.6
14. 3
Total ___ -----------------------------------------

New England__________________________________________

North-----------------------· __ --------·--------------·

1 .FI/IUfll/l

Cemu, of the Un/tat Slole•: JS.,O, Population Vol. 111.

Youth constituted approximately the same proportions of the total
relief population in the open country and in villages (14.5 and 14.6
percent, respectively). The West was the only region with a significantly larger representation of youth in the village than in the open
country relief population.

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Chapter II
CHANGES IN THE NUMBER OF RURAL YOUTH
IN RELIEF HOUSEHOLDS

RuRAL RELIEF expanded fairly steadily from the beginning of the
Federal Emergency Relief Program to a peak in the early months of
1935 and then declined rapidly as households were transferred from
the general to special programs. In October 1935, when the data for
this survey were gathered, a considerable proportion of households
had been removed from general relief by the Resettlement Administration, the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Works Progress Administration, and other Works Program agencies.
The reduction in general relief was accompanied by a high rate of
turnover during the year. A decline in rural relief rolls from an
estimated 1,907,000 cases in February 1935 to 1,025,000 cases in
October 1 did not mean that the October cases had been on relief all
of the intervening 8 months. Estimates of openings and closings
indicate that to accomplish the reduction of 882,000 cases, almost
twice as many cases were closed. The closings were partially offset
by well over half a million accessions to relief rolls during the period.
Thus, the October population included many who were not on relief
in February. This change in clientele also changed the characteristics
of the relief population.
NUMBER OF RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF, OCTOBER 1933 THROUGH
OCTOBER 1935

The peak in the number of rural youth on relief was reached early
in 1935 (table 3 and fig. 6). The period of most rapid increase was
1 Smith, Mapbeus and Mangus, A. R., Cases Receiving General Relief in Urban
and Rural Area,, July 19SS--December 1935, Research Bulletin Series III, No. 1,
Division of Social Research, Works ProgreBB Administration, August 1936, p. 3.

9

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10 •

RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

from October 1933 to October 1934, with a slower rate of increase
from October 1934 to February 1935. That was the time when the
gravity of the rural relief situation was steadily increasing and when
TafJle 3.-Estimated Number of Rural Youth on Relief, Odober 1933 Through
Odober 1935
Month 11.Dd year

Number

Oetober 11133 ••••••........•....•.•.. ··•··•·••••••·••••••·••••············•······
Oetober 111114........ •• .• . ••• . . . . •• . • . . • •. .•• •. . •••••••••••• •••••••.•.. .•••.. .• • .
February 11136. • . . • . • . • . . . . . • . • . . • . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • • . • • • •• • • . • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • • • • • •
June 11136........................................................................
Oetober 11136. • • • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • • • . • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • . • . • . • . • • • • • • •

840,000
l, 200, 000
1, 370, 000
ll80,000
026, 000

+42,8

+14.1
-28.6
-111.2

rural relief was being made available on an extensive scale. But
from February to June 1935, the decline in numbers was precipitous,
being almost 400,000, or 29 percent. The decline continued through
October at an even more rapid rate, the number of rural youth on
relief decreasing 36 percent between June and October. During
both periods the number of rural youth on relief declined more rapidly
than did the total relief population. 1
At least five forces apparently contributed to the decline in the
number of rural youth on general relief from February through October
1500 ......----..----,----,---.-----.---,----,r--,--.....,.-,1500

O Oct

Jon

1933.J..

Apr

Jul

1934

Oct

Jon

..L

Apr

Jul

Oct

Dec O

1935

FIG. 6 - RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
October 1933 through October 1935

1 Mangus, A. R., Changu in the Rural Relief Population ThroU(lh October 1986,
Research Bulletin H-6, Division of Social Research, Works Progress Administration, January 1936, p. 5.

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CHANGES IN NUMBER • 11

l 935: the improvement in agricultural conditions, due partially to
the activities of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration; the
development of the rural rehabilitation program, first by the Federal
Emergency Relief Administration and later by the Resettlement Administration; the increased enrollment in the Civilian Conservation
Corps; the initiation of the Works Program; and reductions in relief
loads as a result of State and local administrative policies.
The increase in the gross fann income of l 935 over that of l 934 was
l 7 percent. "With marketing and benefit payments included, the
total [national] cash income from grains in l 935 was 133 percent larger
than in 1932. From cotton it was 77 percent larger." 8 Since the
occupation to which most rural youth in the lower income groups
normally turn is farm labor, the growing income of operators no
doubt made it possible for them to give work to many relief youth as
farm laborers.
Of all rural relief cases that were closed from March l through
October 31, 1935, about 30 percent were due to some member of the
household securing private employment.' By October the rural
rehabilitation program had 346,000 loan cases 6 which contained
many youth.1 The great majority of these cases had been taken
over from the relief rolls since February. Of great significance in the
rural relief situation was the program of the Civilian Conservation
Corps. From March 31 to August 31, 1935, the total number of
enrollees rose from 241,810 to 505,782, an increase of approximately
264,000.7 Between May and August the junior enrollees increased by
about 154,000 {appendix table 19). The allotments to the families
of some of these enrollees were sufficient to remove them from the
relief rolls and hence contributed to reducing the number of youth on
general relief in rural areas.
With the development of the Works Program during the latter half
of 1935, preparations were made to shift the unabsorbed balance of the
general relief load back to the States. In some States many families
were arbitrarily cut off the relief rolls by State or local authorities.
Thus, by administrative order, a decline in the number of rural youth
on relief must have occurred. In Georgia, for example, where 159
rural relief cases closed during May and June 1935 were studied, it
1 Report of the Secretary of AgricuUure to the President of the United States, 1936,
U. 8. Department of Agriculture, pp. 4 and 5.
' Droba, Daniel D., Reasons for Cwsing Rural Relief Cases, March-June and
July-October 1935, Research Bulletin H-7, Division of Social Research, Works
Progress Administration, March 1936, pp. 8 and 10.
1 Statistics Section, Finance and Control Division, Resettlement Administration.
1 See ch. VI.
7 Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work, Fiscal Year
Ending June SO, 1936, p. 2.

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12 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

was found that, for the most part, the families represented persons
whose basic needs were not being met when the survey was made
(August 1935), and for whose future needs adequate provision had
not been made by the local communities.•
The Works Program began to be active in removing rural families
from the relief rolls in September and October 1935. An estimated
31,000 rural cases, or 15 percent of all closings in October, were due
to some member receiving pay for a full work period on a work project.11 In all, 136,000 rural cases had been taken off the relief rolls
by the Works Program, exclusive of the Civilian Conservation Corpe
and the Resettlement Administration, by October 1935.10 These
cases included many youth.
The economic situation of the dependent youth may not have been
changed greatly when some member of the family secured work
unless the youth were given an opportunity through the National
Youth Administration. In October 1935 this agency was assisting
75,000 high school students, 11 some of whom were rural. The students
came from both relief and marginal families. The work program of
the N. Y. A. did not get into operation until after October. Conseq uently, this program was not a factor in diminislu.ng the relief burden
at the time of the survey.
Another probable explanation of the decline in the number of rural
youth on relief is that some youth on relief may have migrated,
either as individuals or with their families, between February and
October 1935. Since the beginning of the depresmon there has been
only 1 year, 1932, when the migration from the farms in the United
States was not greater than that to the farms. u It is estimated that.
there was a net migration of at least 200,000 youth from farms to urban
areas between 1930 and 1935.11
DECLINE IN NUMBER OF RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF, BY RESIDENCE

The downward trend in relief between February and October 1935
was proportionately greater for youth in the open country than for
those in the villages. In February 1935, 72 percent of all rural youth
• McGill, K. H . ; Hayes, Grant; and Farnham, Rebecca: Survey of Ca,u RnnoHd
From Relief Rolla in Seventeen Rural Countiea in Georgia /or Admini&tratioe ~
in May and June, 19S5, Research Bulletin Series II, No. 8, Division of Research,
Statistics, and Finance, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, November
1935.
• Mangus, A. R., op. cit., p. ii.
10 The major effect of the Works Program in reducing rural relief rolls occurred.
after October 1935.
11 Report on Progress of the Wor~ Program, Ocl-Ober 15, 1988, Division of R,e-.
search, Statistics, and Records, Works Progress Administration, p. 43.
12 Release of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, October 27, 1936, table 8.
11 Estimate made in the Division of Social Research, Works ProgreBB Admin•
tration. Based on data provided by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics.

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CHANGES IN NUMBER • 13

on relief in nine agricultural areas were in the open country, while by
October the percentage was 64 (table 4). The open country relief
load for the 1~24 year age group declined at approximately the same
rate from June to October as from February to June. Youth on relief
in villages, however, decreased almost twice as rapidly from June to
October as during the 4 preceding months.
TalJle 4.-Raldence of Rural Youth on Relief, February, June, and Odober 1935

1

1138 OOUDties)

February

Residence

Num-

October
change,
February Num- Perto June
ber
cent

June

Plll'Clllt

Plll'Clllt

change.
June to
October

cent

Number

cent

Total .••••••••••••••••••••• 61,WT

100.0

41.380

100.0

-33.3

27, 2liO

100.0

-84.1

~/j~~untry .•••••••• ------- ••• 44,673

71.11
28. 1

26. 898

&5.0
M.0

-311. 7

17,428

-lG.11

11,822

&4.0
a&. 0

-36.8
-32.2

ber

Per-

Per-

- -- - 17, ffl

14,482

1 The alight differences In percentages between this table and table 1 are due to the fact that comparative
data were available only for the 138 counties 11BD1pled In February, whereas table 118 ba.,ed on the 30t counties
of thl11tudy.

The total number of rural youth on relief declined in both the open
country and villages in all sections of the country with the exception of
villages in the Appalachian-Ozark Highlands (appendix table 3).
TREND IN NUMBER OF RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF IN RELATION TO TOTAL
RURAL RELIEF POPULATION

Youth tended to go off relief more rapidly than the remainder of the
relief population between February and October 1935. Youth constituted 14.6 percent of the total rural relief population in nine agricultural areas in October 1935 as compared with 16.2 percent in the previous February (table 5, appendix table 3, and fig. 7). There was
little variation in the percentage youth formed of the total rural relief
TalJle 5.-Youth in the Total Rural Relief Population, February, June, and
Odober 1935 1
(138

counties)

February
Residence

Total
relief
PD{'ul&tion

June

Percent
16-24
years of

age

--Total •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
~~coantry•••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••

Total
relief

October•

Percent
16-24

Total
relief

~r:-

years of

~y~a-

age

Percent
16-24

years of
age

---

382,098

16.2

253,636

16.3

18&,812

14.6

271,616
110,482

16. 4
16.8

164,864
88, 782

16.3
16.3

120, 2116
66,616

14.6

---

14.8

For data by areas. see appendix table 3.
• The slight differences In percentages between this table and table 2 ere due to the feet that comparative
data wen avellable only for tbe 138 counties sampled In February, whereas table 2 Is baaed on the 304
countlel aDd 83 New England townsbiJ)8 of tills study.
1

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14 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

group between February and June, the decline occurring from June to
October. In general, the decrease in the proportion of youth in the
rural relief population was greater in the open country than in villages
from February to October.
The decline in the percent that youth constituted of the total rural
relief population occurred in all sections of the country, although it was
more noticeable in some than in others (appendix table 3). Thus,
among the Negroes of the Eastern Cotton Area, youth formed 18 percent of the total population on relief in February but only 15 percent
in October, and the drop for the white youth in the Western Cotton
Area was even greater. The rise in this percentage between February
and June in the Lake States Cut-Over, Appalachian-Ozark, and Winter
Wheat Areas shows how the "piling up" of youth intensified the relief
problem in the poor land sections.
0

s

Fltcn
10

IS

20

TOTAL

OPEN~TRY

February

June
October

VILLAGE

October

FIG. 7- PERCENT OF YOUTH IN THE TOTAL RURAL
RELIEF POPULATION, BY RESIDENCE
February, June, .and October 1935

The fact that the decrease between February and October was
greater for youth than for other age groups in the rural relief population was due not only to the effect of the C. C. C. but also to the inclusion of many you th in families taken off general relief rolls by Works
Program employment and by the Resettlement Administration.

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Chapter Ill
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL
YOUTH IN RELIEF HOUSEHOLDS

ANY STUDY of the problem of rural youth in relief households
must take into consideration the racial, age, sex, and marital characteristics of the youth themselves. Moreover, there is a distinct
difference in the situation of youth under the parental roof of an
elder breadwinner and that of youth with primary responsibility for
the family support. The extent to which relief youth are the primary
sources of support-the economic heads of families-is evidence of
their efforts to assume burdens which are beyond their capacities.
There are also significant differences in the problems of youth 16-18
years of age who are normally of high school age, and youth above
18 who, if not attending college, are usually seeking work.
AGE DISTRIBUTION

Youth from 16 to 19 years of age, inclusive, constituted 52 percent
of all youth on rural relief rolls in October 1935, although they represented only 50 percent of the total rural youth population in 1930
(table 6 and appendix table 5). The overrepresentation of young
people 16-19 years of age is probably even greater than the data
indicate, as during the 5-year period, 1930-35, their proportion in ·
the total youth population was decreasing. 1 Slightly more of the
relief youth in villages than in the open country belonged in the
younger age group.
Youth 20-24 years of age were underrepresented on rural relief
rolls in every region, with the exception of white youth in the South
(appendix tables 4 and 5). Their underrepresentation was most
1 This decrease was due to the smaller number of births during the World
War period than during the immediately preceding years.

28068°-3S--3

15

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16 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
TalJle 6.-Percent Distribution of Rural Youth on Relief, by Age and by Residence,
Odober 1935, and in the General Population, 1930
(304 counties and 83 New England townships]
Youth on relief
1 - - - - - - - - - - I T o t a l roral
youth•
Open
Total I

Age

country•

TotaL...........................................
18-19 years.............................................
20-24 yean. •• . . . • . . . . . • . . . . .• . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . •• •. .

100. 0

100. 0

100.0

100.0

1 - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - -1 - - 61. 8
61. 4
62. 3
49. 9
48. 2
48. 8
47. 7
ro.1

• Includes New England.
• Does not Include New England.
• Fift«nlla Cenau. of Ill• United ,</UJl,a: 19~, Population Vol. III. Data for New England are for the 30
counties which Included the 83 townships surveyed.

marked in the West. This underrepresentation undoubtedly reflects
the fact that the factors operating to keep rural youth off relief 1
were more effective in the older than in the younger age group.
CHANGES IN AGE DISTRIBUTION

The proportions of rural youth in relief families belonging to the
different age groups showed fairly significant changes from February
through October 1935. Thus, dividing the youth group into three
age periods, both the 16-17 and 21-24 year age groups constituted a
larger percentage of the total in October than in February, which
suggests that the youth 18-20 years of age were going off relief more
rapidly than the other groups (table 7). This shift in age was found
both in the villages and in the open country.
TalJle 7.-Age of Rural Youth on Relief, by Residence, February, June, and
Odober 1935
(138 counties]

February
Age

!age

vn.

Total

country

100.0

17,424
100.0

41,380
100.0

27.1
34.6
38. 3

26.1
35.1
38.8

26. 7
35.0

Open

Total

country

Numh«r ..•..... 81,997
Percent •••..•••. 100.0

44. 573

IIH7year., .••••••••.•.
18--20 years ..••.•.•....
21-24 years •.••••••.••.

26.8
34.8
38.4

October

June

38. 3

!age

vn.

Total

OpP,n

VII-

country

!age

26.RllS
100.0

14. 482
100.0

27,250
100.0

17,428
100.0

9,822
100.0

27.0
34. 6
38. 4

26. 3
35. 6
38.1

32.9
39.1

32. 6
39. l

33.4
39.2

Open

- 27.4
-28.0
- --28.3

Considerable variation in age shifts was found among the different
agricultural areas. In the Eastern Cotton, Western Cotton, Lake
States Cut-Over, Winter Wheat, and Ranching Areas, for example,
there was a tendency for the proportion in the youngest age group to
increase from February through October. In the Appalachian-Ozark
and Hay and Dairy Areas, the 21-24 year age group became of
1

See ch. II, p. 11.

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PERSONAL CHARAmRISTICS • 17

increased importance. On the whole, however, the shifts among the
age groups by areas were so irregular that positive conclusions are
not justified (appendix table 6).
DISTRIBUTION BY COLOR

Of all the rural youth in sample relief households in the South in
October 1935, 83 percent were white and 17 percent were Negro
(table 8). In the counties studied, 73 percent of the total youth in
1930 were white and 27 percent were Negro. The proportion of
Negroes among relief youth was considerably higher in the villages
than in the open country.
TalJ#e 8.-Color of Rural Youth on Relief in the South, Odober 1935, and in the
General Population, 1930, by Residence
(145 counties)

Youth on relier

Total rural

Color

Total
Number_-·
.. ..
··-·-Percent_. ____
____ ..
·- ··-·-·
__ . _______
...··-·-···-···-····-.
____ .. ____ -·._ .•..

28. 87(
100. 0

White_·-·-·--·---·--··---···-····-·---·--·---·······-··
Negro·-----·-···--··--··---·-····-·--···-·---·--·--·-··

82. 8
17.2

• Flfuffllll Cm,u oft/le United

Open
country

Vlllage

youth 1

20, 738
100. 0

8. 136
100. 0

™·100.4720

16.6

21.4

27.2

----1----1---84. <&
78. 6
72. 8

statu: 19~0, Population Vol. III.

There are several reasons for this underrepresentation of Negro
youth on relief. Negro families, and consequently Negro youth,
were probably discriminated against by local relief officials. A
previous study shows that rural Negro families were definitely underrepresented on relief in the Eastern Cotton Area in February 1935,3
and it is unlikely that this condition had changed materially by
October. Another factor is the well-known preference of many landlords for Negro tenants. This may have operated to make it easier
for Negro than for white youth to secure employment in the open
country."
SEX DISTRIBUTION

Rural youth on relief contained more young women than young men,
the proportions in the counties studied being 54 percent and 46 percent,
respectively, in October 1935 (table 9). Translated into sex ratios,
this percentage distribution means about 85 males to 100 females.
In the rural population as a whole in 1930, 52 percent of the youth
were males. 5 The excess of young women over young men among the
1

Mangus, A. R., The Rural Negro on Relief, February 19~5, Research Bulletin

H-3, Division of Research, Statistics, and Finance, Federal Emergency Relief
Administration, October 1935, p. 1.
• Ibid., p. 3.
1 Fifteenth Censua of the United States: 1980, Population Vol. II.

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18 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

rural youth on relief prevailed in every section of the country except
New England, where 56 percent were men, and in the open country of
the West, where 52 percent were men.
The excess of young women over young men among rural relief
youth was especially high among the Negroes of the South, where 62
percent of the you th on relief in the villages were young women.
Prior to the depression, many of these Negroes undoubtedly were
employed as domestic servants.
Tal,le P.-Scx of Rural Youth on Relief, by Residence and by Region, Odober 1935
(304 counties and 83 New England townships]
Percent
Region

Open country

Total

Male

Female

Male

Female

Vlllage

Male

Female

-------------,--- --------- -----53. 4
44. 5
55. 5
46. 2
53.8
Total ......••...•...•.....•....•....
~-6
- - - - - - - - - - - - ==-=== - - 65.
6
44.
4
New England ..•.•••••...••.••.•••.••.•..
North •.•.•...•••..•••••......•.••.•••.•.•
South ......•••••••••.••••.••..•..•.••••••.

47.1
44.6

White ••.•..•.•.•.•••........•..••.••.

-M.3

Negro •••.•.....••.••.••••.•.•...•.•..
West ••.•.••....•.•.....••.•••.••••.•..•••

40.9

48. a

52. 9
65. 4
M. 7
69.1
61. 7

48. 4
45.0
45. 4
42. 6
61.6

51. 6
65.0
M.6
67.4
48.4

-M.2

43. 5
-M. l

37.8
46. 4

M.8

66. 5

54.9
62.2
64.6

The fact that more young women than young men were on relief
except in New England and in the open country of the West is of
significance with respect to any policy to meet the needs of rural relief
youth. Since, as a rule, young women leave rural territory at a
younger age and in greater numbers than do young men, 8 many of
the young women within this economic class may have belonged to a
group that in more normal times would have migrated to the cities.
On the other hand, normally there are more opportunities for young
men to obtain work in rural territory and, in some cases, it is probable
that the boys were not living at home, and accordingly were not
listed with the family as being on relief. Furthermore, young men
who secured employment may have taken their families off relief.
e See, for example, Wakeley, Ray E., Rural Organization and Land Utilization
on Muscatine Island, Bulletin 352, Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames,
Iowa, December 1936, p. 74; Hamilton, C. Horace, Rural-Urban Migration in
North Carolina, 1920 to 1930, Bulletin 295, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, North Carolina, February 1934, p. 40; Smick, A. A. and
Yoder, F. R., A Study of Farm Migration in Selected Communities in the State of
Washington, Bulletin 233, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Pullman,
Washington, June 1929, p. 14; and Dorn, Harold F. and Lorimer, Frank, "Migration, Reproduction, and Population Adjustment," Annals of the American Academy
of Political and Social Science, November 1936, p. 287.

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PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS • 19

CHANGES IN SEX DISTRIBUTION

The proportion of males in the rural relief youth population declined
considerably between February and October 1935 (table 10 and fig. 8).
TalJle 10.-Sex of Rural Youth on Relief, by Residence, February, June, and
October 1935
(138 conntll'S]

February

1une

October t

Sex

Total

0P<'n
country

Village

Total

0J"l<'n
country Village

Total

Ofl<'n
country

Village

M.2

65.3

--- - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - «,574 17,425 41,380
14,482 Tl,2W
17, 428
9.~22
Number---···-- 61,009
Per..ent •••••. _._ 100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
----Msle __ •••••••••••••••
48.4
48. 9
47. 1
48. 2
48.9
46.9
45.4
45.8
«. 7
211,898

61.6

Female •••••••••••••••

61. l

62. g

61.8

61.1

63.1

54.6

• The slight differences In percentages between this table and table 9 are due to the fact that comparative
data were available only for the 138 counties sampled in February, whereas table II ls based on the 304 conn•
ties and 83 New England townships of this study.

The decline was general, occurring in both the open country and the
village groups in practically all sections of the country (appendix
table 7). The only exceptions were among the open country youth
in the Lake States Cut-Over and Ranching Areas a.nd among the
village youth in the Spring Wheat Area. For all areas the decrease
in the proportion of males was slightly greater in the open country
than in the villages.
llilFemole

-Mole
Percent

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100

Total Rurol Youth, 1930

RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
Total
February

June

October
Open country
February

June

October
WIC191
February

June

October

FIG. 8- SEX OF RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF, FEBRUARY, JUNE, AND
OCTOBER 1935, BY RESIDENCE, AND IN THE
GENERAL POPULATION, 1930 *

* Flfleenth Census of the United States: 1930,
Population Vol. D.

AF-2257,WP.A.

D']I

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20 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

Young women in rural areas have not had the same opportunities
to go off relief as have young men. Agricultural labor, enrollment in
the Civilian Conservation Corps, and other opportunities have contributed to reducing the number of young men on relief, but there
have not been comparable opportunities for young women. Consequently, programs to assist rural youth may well give greater emphasis
to the needs of young women.
MARITAL STATUS

Many more young women than young men in rural relief households
in October 1935 were married, the proportions being 41 percent and
20 percent, respectively (table 11 and appendix table 8). Many of
the husbands of these young women were more than 24 years of age
and hence were not classified in the youth group. Of all youth
22-24 years of age on relief, 50 percent of the young men and 72 percent of the young women were married.
Tol,le 11.-Percent of Rural Youth on Relief, Odober 1935, and in the General
Population, 1930, Who Were Married, by Sex, by Age, and by Residence
(304 oountles and 83 New England townships]
Youth on relier
Bex and aee

1----.-----.----ITotalrural
Total I

Open
country•

Village

youth•

I

KALI:

Total __________ ---------------------------------Ul-17years __ ------------------------------------------18-19years.____________________________________________
20-21 years_____________________________________________
22-M years_--------------------------------------------

19. 6

20. 3

111. 8

17. 0

0. 6
4.6
21. 6
60. 3

0. 6
6.3
21. 7
62. 0

0. II
3.2
23. 6
60. 6

0.1
6.1
18. 8
40. 4

40. 7

43. 5

36. 8

311. 2

1====1====11====1====

Fll:K4LS

Total ...... ______________ ----------------------------

1====1====:====1====
II. 4
ll. 2
7. 6
II. 6
31. I
32. 7
29. 7
29. 7
61. ll
65. 6
47. 3
411. 1
22-24 years_-------------------------------------------72. 0
75. 4
65. ll
116.11

1~17 years_-------------------------------------------18-19 years_____________________________________________
20-21 years_--------------------------------------------

• Includes New England.
• Does not Include New England.

• Piflttfllll Cemiu oftlu UnUed State,: /9.,0, Population Vol. II, ch. 11, table 11.

A larger percentage of the youth in the open country than in tho
villages was married. The difference was not great among young
men but it was quite marked among young women. In the open
country 56 percent of the young women 20-21 years of age and
75 percent of those 22-24 years of age were married; in the villages the
corresponding percentages were only 47 and 66, respectively. Very
few youth were widowed, divorced, or separated. Only among
young women 22-24 years of age did these three categories together
amount to as much as 5 percent of the total (appendix table 8).
The marital status of rural relief youth varied considerably in the
different sections of the country (table 12 and appendix table 9).
In New England only 7 percent of the young men and 23 percent of

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PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS • 21

the young women were married. It appears probable that youth
on relief follow the general pattern of later marriage in industriamed
than in agricultural sections.
A greater proportion of the relief youth in each of the younger age
groups was married in the South than in any other section. This is
to be expected since the South is predominantly agricultmal. Of the
young men 20-21 years of age in the South, 26 percent were married,
while in the North and West the proportions were only 18 percent and
20 percent, respectively (appendix table 9). Similarly, for the young
women of the same age, 55 percent were married in the South, but in
the North the corresponding percentage was only 49 and in the West,
53. The higher percentages in the South cannot be attributed to the
Negroes. In almost every age group, for both sexes, the percentage
of white youth married was higher than the percentage of Negro youth.
The only exceptions occurred in the villages.
Tal,le 1.2.-Percent of Rural Youth on Relief Who Were Married, by Sex, by Residence,

and by Region, Odober 1935

[aot ooantlel and 83 N- England townahll)II)

Open oountry

Total
Male
Total •••••••••••••••••••.•..•••••••.

10.11

Soatb. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
White. ••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••

7.0
16. 4
:U.4
M.6
23.8
15. 8

=
:~Eqland .•••.•.•.•.••..•...•. -.•.. - WestNegro.······························•••••••••••••.••.•••••••••••••••••••.

Male

Female

=

40. 7
22.8
87.8
44.1
46.4
88.2
311. 0

=

20.3
14.8
25.2
25.8
21.11
12. 4

Vlllap

Female

=

43.5

38. 7
48.6
48.2
37. 7
40.0

Male

=

10.8
17.3
22. a
21.0
28.0
111.3

Female

=

311.8
311.4
88.1
87.8
811.2
34.4

The somewhat larger percentage of married young men in relief
households than in the general population indicates that the marital
factor played a part in the relief situation of rural youth. While 20
percent of the young men on relief in rural territory in October 1935
were married, only 17 percent of the total male rural youth in the
United States were married in 1930 (table 11). The difference between the percentage of married young women in the relief group
and in the total population was not so great--41 percent and 39
percent, respectively.
The differences between youth on relief and youth in the general
population in the proportion married were greatest in the older age
groups. Among the young men in rural relief families in October
1935, 22 percent of those 20-21 years of age and 50 percent of those
22-24 years of age were married in comparison with 19 percent and
40 percent in the comparable age groups in the total rural youth population in 1930. Among young women, 52 percent of those 20-21
years of age in relief households were married in comparison with 49
percent of this age group in the total rural population. Comparable

Dg1tzcdbyGooglc

22 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

figures for the 22-24 year age group were 72 percent and 66 percent,
respectively.
In the above comparisons it must be kept in mind that youth in the
economic classes that have remained off relief tend to marry later,
on the average, than those in the lowest economic groups. Young
heads of families, who might have been able to take care of themselves
had they been single, may have found it necessary to go on relief for
the sake of their wives and small children. At any rate, the number
of married youth on relief indicates that the economic distress of young
married couples is an important aspect of the youth problem.
HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS

Almost one-fourth of all young men on relief in rural areas in
October 1935 were heads of households (table 13 and fig. 9). The
lowest percentage for any region (11 percent) was found among
the New England youth, and the highest percentage (30 percent)
was found in the South. There were slightly more young men
who were heads of relief households in villages than in the open
country, 27 percent and 24 percent, respectively. The percentage of
female heads of rural households on relief was very small in all areas
(appendix table 10).
To&le 13.--Percent of Male Rural Youth on Relief Who Were Heads of Households,
by Age, by Residence, and by Region, October 1935
[304 counties and 83 New England toWllllhips)
Residence and region
Total 1 ________ • --------------------------~!li~untry •------------------------

Total
24.6
24. 2
26.6

16-17 years lS-19 years 20-21 years 22-24 years

8.4
29.6
58.2
8.2
28.6
67.9
II. 7
33.11
ft2. 4
New England ____________________________ _1====1====1====1===,I===
11.4
o. 7
1. 6
14.0
28. 7
North ____________________________________ _
19.6
0.6
5. 7
24.0
50.9
li.4
0.2
5.6
19. 6
46. 7
Open country.-----------------------67. 9
23. 6
1.0
6.9
31. 9
Village_
- - - - -- - -- --- -- - -- - -- ---------- _
South
____________________________________
29.9
35.3
65.0
2.6
11.3
29.8
3.0
10.4
34.9
65.0
30. 1
1. 4
13. 6
36.3
65.3
20.
4
0.4
7.4
28.
2
67. 7
West_----------- ________________________
--------- --------- --- ----_
Open country
15. 6
0. 7
4. 7
25. 2
47.11
Village. __ . __________________ ._ .. _____ _
25.4
JO. 2
30. 7
65.11
1. 6
1. 7
1.0

~Rl':~~-t~:.:::::::::::::::::::::::::

1 Includes New England.
• Does not Include New England.

The higher proportion of young men who were heads of hoµseholds
than who were married indicates the family responsibilities of many
unmarried youth. While only 50 percent of the young men 22-24
years of age were married, 58 percent were heads of households
(tables 11 and 13). In the 20-21 year age group, 22 percent of the
young men on relief were married, but 30 percent were heads of
households. The proportion of young men 22-24 years of age who
were heads of households was particularly high in the South; 65
percent of those on relief in both the open country and villages were

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PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS • 23

designated as heads. In villages of the West the proportion of young
men in this age group with household responsibilities was also high
(66 percent).
The presence on relief of a larger number of rural youth who were
heads of households than who were married may have been due in
some cases to the death or disability of one or both parents in the
family. In other cases the parents were 65 years of age or over and
a younger person was considered as the head.
The fact that such a large number of rural youth on relief have
household responsibilities indicates that many youth cannot be
assisted adequately without helping the whole family.

-Open country•
0

5

10

Percent
15

20

~VillOQe*

25

30

Total

New EncJlond

South

West

FIG.

9- PERCENT OF MALE RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF WHO WHERE HEADS
OF HOUSEHOLDS, BY RESIDENCE AND BY REGION

October 1935

•ooa

not include New E119lond.

CHANGES IN NUMBER OF HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS

The percentage of the total rural youth on relief who were heads of
households was greater in October 1935 than in the preceding February, indicating that youth who were not heads of households had
been removed from relief in proportionately greater numbers than
those who were heads. The increase is best shown when comparisons
are limited to youth 21-24 years of age (table 14). The rise was
greater from June to October than from February to June. This was
characteristic of both the open country and the villages.

ogit1edbyGooglc

24 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

The increase in the proportion of youthful heads on relief in rural
areas lends emphasis to the position already ta.ken that the heads of
households among youth have problems distinct from those of other
relief youth, and that their problems cannot be handled in the same
manner as those of youth who do not have such responsibilities.
To&le 74.-Percent of Rural Youth on Relief, 21-2-4 Years of Age, Who Were Heads of
Households, by Residence, February, June, and October 1935
1138 counties)

lune

February

Residence

Total.........................................................

21.1

23. 7

28.3

::g

:::

1 = = = 1====1====
0

~r~oountry.......................................................

October

:: :

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Chapter IV
EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF RURAL YOUTH
IN RELIEF HOUSEHOLDS

THERE IS a widespread opinion among educators that if young people
could be kept in school until they are at least 18 years of age,1 the
pressure for jobs would be mitigated and, in addition, youth would be
better equipped to make their social and economic adjustments in
society.
Rural relief youth are educationally below the level of rural youth
in general. The extent to which this is true is indicated by the
relatively low percentage of relief youth of school age who remained in
school and the fact that little more than half of those out of school had
completed the eighth grade. The facts in this chapter also reflect the
inequalities in rural educational facilities in the various major regions
of the country and in the open country as compared with the village.
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE

Only about one-sixth (17 percent) of all rural youth in the relief
households studied were in school in October 1935 (appendix table 11).
Less than one-half of the 16-17 year age group and less than one-sixth
of the 18-19 year age group were in school. Since very few of the
relief youth in school were 20 years of age and over, the emphasis in
this section has been placed on those who were 16-19 years of age.
Youth in the relief group were at a disadvantage with respect to
school attendance. This is shown clearly by a comparison of relief
youth in October 1935 with all youth in the counties studied in 1930
1 See, for example, speech by Homer P. Rainey, Director of American Youth
Commission, before section on Children's Work, Welfare Council of New York
City, April 19, 1937.
25

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26 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

(table 15 and fig. 10). The disadvantage was greater proportionately
for youth 18-19 years of age than for those 16-17 years of age and
greater proportionately for girls than for boys. In all cases the
differences between the school attendance of relief youth in October
1935 and total youth in 1930 are probably understated owing to the
increasing tendency in the general population to prolong the educational period.
To&le 75.-Percent of Rural Youth 16-19 Years of Age on Relief, October 1935, and
in the General Population, 1930, Attending School, by Sex and by Residence
(304 counties and 83 New England townships)
Youth on relief
---"T-----r----lTotalrural
youth•
Open
Village•
Total•
country•

Age and sex

TOTAL

16---17 year•-··-·----······--····························
45.5
40.1
55.1
53.9
lS-19 years. ··--·······························••·······i===l5=.=6~===1=3.=9 l===19=.4=l====24=.1
KALE

44.0
15.0

37.8
12.8

55.4
20.0

51. l
:rl.7

16-17 years ......•..........................•...•.•••.••

47.0

lS-19 year•········································-··-·

16.1

42.4
14.8

54.8
18. 9

25.7

16---17 years_ •.................•................•.....•..

lS-19 years ......... -.•..........................•......
FK'.IIAU:

67.0

• Includes New England.
• noes not include New England.

• J.'iftet111/I Crnau., oft/le United State,: 1930, Population Vol. II, ch. 12, table 30.

In the open country more girls than boys among rural relief youth
were in school, the percentages being 42 and 38, respectively, for the
16-17 year old group and 15 and 13, respectively, for the 18-19 year
old group. In the villages, however, a slightly greater percentage of
boys than of girls in both age groups were in school.
Great variations in school attendance of relief youth prevailed among
the regions represented, reflecting differences in school facilities and
in emphasis on school attendance (table 16 and appendix table 11).
The West had the largest proportions of both the 16-17 and 18-19
year age groups in school-69 percent and 30 percent, respectively.
To&le 76.-Percent of Rural Youth 16-19 Years of Age on Relief Attending School,
by Region and by Sex, October 1935
(304 counties and 83 New England townships)
Total

lS-19 years

16-17 years

Region

Male
Total ...............•...............
New England ..••..........•..••........•.
North ......••..•.....•...........•.....•.
South .......•.•.................••........
White .••.............................
Negro •.....•..........................
West .•...•...............................

Female

Male

Female

Ma.le

Female

- - - ---

31. 6

32. 7

44.0

47.0

15.0

18. l

34. 0
33.0
24. 8
26. 5
15. 6
65.1

33. 3
3.~.4
27.0
27. 2
26.2
50.9

54. 3
46. 5
34. 4
36. 9
20.4
69.6

49. 6
52. 9
38. 4
39. 0

11.8
H.7
12. 5
13.0
9.8
30.5

11.0
16. l
13. II
13. II
13.6

------------ --- =

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36. 2

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EDUCATIONAL STA TUS • 27

■·. Total rural
youth
on relief

o

m

w

Percent in school
~

~

'"1 Village
youth

1!1181 Open country
IIB!II youth
on relief*

w

~

ro

1(.::1

on relief*

oo

oo

oo

TOTAL
16 -11 ..................:.:.:...:.:.....:.~~:..:..:.:..:..:.:..:.;....:.i

years
of
091

18-19
years
of
091

MALE

16-17 ~..........:..:.:.:.:..:..:.:...:.;:..:.;,.:.-.;.,;,,;,,;..,:,,;,......,.
years
of
age

18-19
years
of
091

FEMALE

16-17
years
of

age

18-19,-u..............................
years
of
oge a;;;:;:;;:;:;:;;:;.,_

FIG.10-SCH00L ATTENDANCE OF RURAL YOUTH 16·19 YEARS OF AGE
ON RELIEF, OCTOBER 1935, AND IN THE GENERAL
POPULATION, 1930!* BY SEX

• Does

not include New E119lond.

•• Fifteenth C.IISIIS of the United States: 1930,

Fgpulation Yol. lt.

D']I

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28 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

The lowest proportions for those in school were in the South where
only 38 percent of the white and 30 percent of the Negro youth in the
16-17 year age group were in school. The comparable percentages
for the 18-19 year age group were 13 and 12, respectively.
The educational advantage as measured by school attendance was
on the side of the village youth on relief, as compared with open
country youth, in most sections (appendix table 11). Among Negro
youth of the South, however, relatively more of the boys 16-19 years
of age and of the girls 16-17 years of age living in the open country
than of those living in villages were in school. In the West, also,
both young men and young women in the 18-21 year age group in
the open country were in school to a greater extent than were those in
villages.
The superior educational advantages of village youth on relief were
most evident in the North, although only a little more than one-third
(37 percent) of the boys and not quite one-half (47 percent) of the
girls 16 and 17 years old in the open country were in school. Almost
two-thirds of both sexes in this age group in villages attended school.
Schools, especially high schools, are located all too frequently at
such distances that youth in the open country cannot readily attend
them. In some instances the greater dominance in the open country
than in villages of a pattern of family life that sees no advantage in
having the children continue their schooling beyond a certain minimum is a factor in the situation. In other cases the inability of both
open country and village relief youth to purchase adequate clothes
and books has kept them out of school. Whatever its cause, the situation reveals the extent to which rural relief youth, particularly those
living in the open country, are at a disadvantage in obtaining an
education.
The fact that youth in relief families are at a disadvantage with
respect to school attendance is attested by other studies. In Connecticut 42 percent of the rural relief youth 16 and 17 years of age were in
school in 1935 although in the State as a whole 48 percent of the total
population of that age were attending school in 1930. Furthermore,
the comparable percentages for the 18-20 year olds were IO and 19,
respectively. 2 In Virginia, likewise, it was found that a smaller percentage of relief youth than of all rural youth were attending school.1
This is to be expected, however, because many parents with low educational attainment do not encourage their children to attend school.
1 Whetten, N. L., Darling, B. D., McKain, W. C., and Field, R. F., Rural
Families on Relief in Connecticut, Bulletin 215, Storrs Agricultural Experiment
Station, Storrs, Connecticut, January 1937, p. 24.
a Hummel, B. L., Eure, W. W., and Bennett, C. G., Education of Persons in
Rural Relief Households in Virginia, 1935, Rural Relief Series, No. 8, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia, January 1937, p. 5.

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EDUCATIONAL STATUS • 29

It was found that the heads of rural households on relief had distinctly less schooling than their neighbors who were not on relief.'
.A:ny program to aid rural youth belonging to this low income class
should be broad enough to keep the youth in school full time or provide
them with some sort of part-time school combined with vocational
training or employment. Whatever is done, there remains the
danger that the youth of the open country will be missed. Isolated
poverty in the open country is probably more of a handicap in this
respect than poverty in the villages.
GRADE ATTAINMENT OF YOUTH IN SCHOOL

An analysis of the grade attainment of relief youth who were in
school in October 1935 shows clearly the large amount of retardation
among rural youth on relief. With normal progress through school,6
youth 16 yea.rs of age should have completed at least the ninth grade.
Hence, all 16- and 17-year old youth having completed less than 9
or 10 grades, respectively, were retarded (table 17). Of the relief
youth 16 and 17 years old, 37 percent had completed less than nine
grades. Add to these the 17-year olds who should have completed an
additional year,• and retarded youth would undoubtedly include more
than 40 percent of all youth 16 and 17 years of age in school. Of the
rural relief youth 18 and 19 years of age who were in school, more than
one-half were retarded according to the standard requiring that youth
of these ages should have completed at least the eleventh grade.
When the same standards for age-grade distribution were applied
to the open country and village relief youth separately, about one-half
of the 16- and 17-year olds in the open country and about one-third of
this group in villages were found to be retarded. In the older age
groups, likewise, the greater retardation occurred in the open country.
Unfortunately, comparable data on retardation are not available
for the rural youth population as a whole. However, since relief
youth are at a disadvantage with respect to all educational measures
for which comparable data are available, the conclusion is inescapable
that they also have a disproportionate amount of retardation. Irregular attendance, poor health, and all the other factors associated with
the problem of retardation are intensified among relief youth.
' McCormick, Thomas C., Comparative Study of Rural Relief and Non-Relief
Howeholda, Research Monograph II, Division of Social Research, Works Progress
Administration, 1935, p. 30.
6 The following age-grade schedule of the United States Office of Education was
taken as normal in the computation of retardation.
Age

Normal grad, allalnmem
(grad, co111pt.t,d)

16years ______________________________ 9-11
17years ______________________________ 10-12
18 years ______________________________ 11 or more

• Data on this point were not available by single years.

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30 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

Tol,le 17.-Grade Completed by In-School Rural Youth on Relief, by Age and by
Residence, October 1935

(304 counties and 83 New England townships]

Total

Grade completed and residence

16-17 years 18-19 yean 20-21 years 22-24 YMl'll

TOUL I

Numt>er _______________________ - - -- --

Percent _____________________________ _

9,762
100.0

7. 324
100.0

2.020
100.0

324
100.0

None .... ·-·----·----------·-·-------·----·

0.1
1. 6
4.3
4. 6
8.3
15.0
18. 0
22. 8
18. 2
3.8

0. I
1.6
4. 7
4.9
II. 5
16. 5
:kl.7
24. 2
14.0
1.6

1. 4
2.9
3.5
5. 1
11.1
10. 8
19. 5
33. 5
8. 7

0.5
2. 5
5.6
2. 5
!U
8. 1
16.0
:kl. 4
21.6

o. 7
0.5
0.2

0.2

1. 5
0.3

3.1
6.8
2. 4

1-3 grades._-------------·-----·---------··
4-5 grades ___ -------- _____ -----· --- --- ----6 ~rades. ----------------·-------·--·-----·
7 grades __ ---------··--------·---·---·----8 grades ___ ·-·-------·--·-----------------·
9 grades. ________ .. ___ --·---- ______ .·-----10 grades __ -------·------·-----·-·------- __
11 grades __ -------------·-----------------·

goWe'::!~--------·-------------------------

1 year_--·---·-·----··------------·--··
2 yean. -------·-·----·------·-·-·----·
3 yean_ -------·-·-·------------------4 Ye&l'll---------------·----------------

Graduate •--·----··---··---------------- ..
Unknown_________________________________
Median grade completed____________

0.1

94

100.0
4. 3
10.6
10. 6
2.1
12. 8
10. 6
6.4
10.6
17. 1

12. 8

2.1
I.II
1.9
I. 7
2. 4
1====1====11====1====1====
II. s
10. 7
II. 8
ll.6
II. 3
1====1====11====1====1====

OPllN COUNTRY I

5,426
100.0

4,070
100.0

1,132
100.0

168
100.0

56
100.0

0.1
2. 4
8-1
5. 7
11. I
19. 1
21. 4
lll. 4
11. 2
1.0

1. 6
4.4
5.3
5. 7
15. 2
11. 5
18.11
26. 7
6.4

2.4
6.0
2.4
13. I
9.5
111. 0
2i. 4
11.0

17.9

7 grades. __ -------------------·-----------8 grades.-------------------------------- __
9 grades.-----------------·---------------·
10 grade.s __ -----·-------- - -------·--------11 grades._----·--------·-·---------------12 grades_·--------------------·-.-------·-

0.1
2.1
5.1!
5.6
9.6
18.0
18. 7
19.3
14. 8
2.3

1 year ___ -----·-·-·-------------------2 ye&l'll_.
Ye&l'll------------·-·----------------3
_____________________________ _

o. 7
o. 5

0.1

I. 2
0.6

4. 7
4. 7

17.ll
21.4
7.1

2. 4

2. 4

2.5

4.8

Number
-----·-·-------·--------·Peroent •...•
________
. __ • ____ . __ . _______ _

None _____________________________________ . 1-----1-----1----·1-----1----1-3 grades. __________ ... --·----·-· ________ _
4-5 grades _________________________ ...• __ -·
6 grades ________________ . _________ . _______ .

College:

0.1

10. 7
3.6
14-3
7.1

4 YOOl'll. ---- ·------------ ------------ --

Graduate•------------------------·---·-··
Unknown ______________________________ . __

1====1====11====1====1====
Median grade completed. __________ _
II. 4
9. 2
10. 3
10.8
12. 5
l====l====ll====l====I====
VILLAGJ: I
Number ____________________________ _
4.010
154
838
38
2. 980
Percent_ ____________________________ .
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

t

1-----f-----1----·1-----1-----

None ___ ··-------·------------------------1-3 grades. __________ ---------------------4-5 grades_----------------·-----------·-··
6
grades_---------------------------------7 grades
__ •. ______________________________ _
8 grades _________ -·--·--------------------9 grades.-------------------·-------------10 grades_-----------------·--------------11 grades. _______ . _______________ ·-·----·-.

go~~---------------------------------·
1 year_------·-·----------------------2 years_-----·-·-----·----------------3 years_------------------------------4 years_---·- ________________ ·- _____ . __

o. 1

0.1
0.11
2.4
3. 4
6.6
11. 6
17. 2
2i.5
22.1
5. 4

0. 7
2.ll
4.0
7. 5
13. 7
19. ll
30.3
17. 1
1. 9

1.2
1.0
1. 2
4. 5
6.0
10. 3
:kl. 3
41.1
11. 9

1.3
2.6
5.2
2.6
2.6
6.5
13.0
13.0
39.0

0. 7
0.4
0.4

0.3

1. 9

0.1

1. 2
II. I
3.9

Graduate•- •. __ ------------------ ____ ·-. __
Unknown ________________________________ _
I. 3
I. 5
l====l====I
10.0
10. 3
Median grade completed •. --•-··---·

0.6
II. I

12. 1

t Percent not computed on a base ol lcwer than 50 cases.
Includes New En~land.
• Includes those who have had any graduate work as well as those who may ha\'e completed their graduate
work.
• Does not include New England.
1

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EDUCATIONAL STATUS • 31
GRADE ATTAINMENT OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH

The educational status of rural youth in relief families who had left
school offers further evidence of the part low educational attainment
plays in the problems of rural youth on relief. Almost one-third
(32 percent) of the youth in rural relief households who were out of
school had completed less than seven grades and only one-fourth had
gone beyond the eighth grade (table 18 and fig. 11).
Rural relief youth in the 16- and 17-year age group had completed
one-half grade less on the average than had youth 18-24 years of age
who were out of school. Only one-sixth of the 16- and 17-year age
group, in comparison with at least one-fourth of the youth in each of
the three older age groups, had entered high school.7 However, the
fact that the marked decrease in school attendance occurred within the
18- and 19-year age group indicated that the higher grade attainment of
youth 18-24 might be due, at least partially, to the inclusion of youth
who had stayed in school for a longer period than had those in the 16and 17-year age group.
A comparison of the schooling received by the out-of-school relief
youth in the open country and in villages emphasizes further the
superior educational advantages of village youth, the median grades
completed being 8.1 and 8.6, respectively. More than one-third of
the relief youth in the open country, but only one-fourth of those in
villages, had not gone beyond the sixth grade. Less than one-fifth
of the open country youth, but more than one-third of the village
youth,ho.dhadsomehighschool work. Of the 18-and 19-yearoldyouth
of the open country, only 7 percent had completed at least the twelfth
grade, which was in marked contrast to the 17 percent of the village
youth in the same age group who had finished this grade (table 18).
Through the eighth grade, there was very little difference in the
amount of schooling received by out-of-school young men and young
women in rural relief households (appendix table 12). Over onefourth of the young women had completed more than eight grades,
however, in comparison with only one-fifth of the young men. It is
well known that among rural youth young women attain a higher
educational status than do young men, and this pattern holds for
relief youth in both the open country and villages.
The educational accomplishments of the out-of-school youth varied
by regions, reflecting sectional differences in provisions for rural
schools (appendix table 13). In the South almost one-half of the
white youth and three-fifths of the Negro youth had completed only
the sixth grade or less while in the North only 14 percent and in the
West only 12 percent had had such limited schooling. The relief
youth of New England who were out of school had received the
' Although the grade considered first year high school varies somewhat, it is
generally found to be the ninth grade.
28068°-38-4

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32 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
Tol,le 18.-Grade Completed by_ Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief, by Ase and
by Residence, October 1935

[304 counties and 83 New England townahiJ)II)
Grade completed and residence

Total

111-17 years 18-111 year,! 30-21 yeara 21-3':,ean

TOTA.LI

Number...............•......••••••.
Peroent ... ·-························
None••••••..•••.•••••..•..••....•••.......
l-3grades •••••••••••..••.•..••••..•...•.•.
Hgrades ..•..••.•••................•.•.•.
llgrades •••.....•.•..•.....•....••........•
7 grades .................................. .
8grades ••.••....•••.••••.•.•••••••••......
9grades •••......•.•.•.••.•••••••••••......
l0grades •••.•..••.•.••••••••••••••..••....
11 grades •••.......•...•...•.•..•.•........

g~~··································
1 year .••.•.••.........•••.•••.•••.•••.
2 years ............................... .
8yaan ••..•.•.......•.•.•..•••..••..•.
4 years.·······························
Graduate • •••••••••••.•.•.••••••••••.•••••
Unknown ••.•.•.••..•....••.•••••••••••...

Median grade completed ••••••••••••

411,802
100.0

8,7611
100.0

7.2
18. 3
11.3
10. 8
27.8
11.1
5.11
4.1
8.3

10. II
17.3
10. II
11.5
211. 1
6.1

0. 5
0. 3
0. 1
0.1

0. 1

---------2.5
2.6

.

4.11

2.6
2.6

10. 908
100.0

11,0'U
100.0

2. 4
7.2
12.8
8. 3
10. 4
27.5
6. a
6.1
4.4
10.1

2. 2
5.5
11.11
8.8
10. 2
27.8

0. 3
0. 2

0. 5

11.4

6. 7
5.2
11.5

o. a

.

0.1

•

15,11111
100.0
2. 7

11.3
13. 1
II. 7
11.0
27.8
6.3
5.3
4.2
7.8
0. 7
0.4
0. 1
0. 2

4.0

0.1
3.0

4.6

3. 7

4.4

8.2

7. 7

8.8

8. 4

8.3

Number...•.••.......••.......•.•...
Percent .•.••.••••.•..••..•••..•••..••

30,232
100.0

8,078
JOO. 0

7,030
100.0

7,060
100.0

10,074
100.0

l-3grades ..•....•.•.•••.•..•....•.........
H grades ••..•••.••••.........•.•••..•..••
II grades .......•.•...............•.....•••.
7 grades ..•.•..••.••.....•...........•...•.
8gradee •••••••••............•.........••••
9gradee .•••...................•.......••••

8. 7
15.0
10.1
11.4
28. 9
5.5
4.8
3.1
5.3

13.3
18.3
10. 0
11.8
ao. 1
4.1
3.4
2.0
1. 4

2. 8
8. 5
14. 2
II. 6
11.1
28.11
5.9
5. 7
2. 8
6. 2

2. 5
6. 2
13. 7
11.8
11.0
28.8
5.11
5.11
4.1
8.2

8. 2
7.8
14.11
10. 8
11.8
28.8
6. 7
4.8
3.2
5.0

0. 1

0. 3
0. 2

0.3
0. 3
0. 1

0. 7
0. 8

ORN COVlft'&T I

--------None••........••..•••.•.•.................
2. 9
2. 9

lOgrades ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
11 grades .•••........•.•..••••....••..•••..

&~··································
1 year •••..•..............••.•••••••••.
2 yeara ..•.•.••........•.•••.••.••••.•.
8 year,! •••. ··························•·

4 yeara ••...•.......•.....•...••...•...

Graduate • •••••••••...•...•••.•.•...•.....

.

0. 4
0. 2

.

0. 1

Unknown •.•••••.••.•.....................

3. 7

2.6

4. 2

3. 5

4. 2

Median grade completed •••.••..••..

8.1

7. 5

8. 1

8. 2

8.1

Number...•.•............•..........
Percent. ..••....••••.....•..•••......

14, 5114
100. 0

2, 4:116

100.0

3,490
100. 0

3,e()'J
100.0

6,0711
100.0

None .......•.•.•...............•.•....••..
1-3 grades ..•.•................•.........•.
Hgrades ...............•......••••..•.•..
II grades .............•.....................
7 grades •............................••.••.
8gradee .................................. .
9 grades •.•........•..•.•.....•..•.••.•....
l0grades •••......•..•...........•.•.......
11 grades ••...........••...............•...

1.8
4.8
11. 1
8.2
II. 3
25.1
7.3
7. 4
6. 2
18. 5

6.0
111.6
12. I
JO. 4
26.1
7.3
7. I
3. 5
5.1

6.4
II. 5
6. 5
8.8
25.1
7. 2
6.4
7.1
16. 6

4. 9
8. II
7. 3
8.4
23. 4
7. 7
11.3
7.1
16.8

8. 2
II.II
25.8
6.11
6.11
6. 1
12. 9

0. 4
0. 2

0. 8
0. 5
0.1
0. I

0. 9
0. 7
0. 3
0. 2

VlLUOa I

&=';'··································
1 year •••.....................•........
2 year,! •••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••.
8 yeara •...............................

-------------2. 2
1. 5
1.11
2.1
3.8

11. 2

4 yeara •.••••..........................

0.6
0. 4
0.1
0.1

Unknown ••.............•...•....•..•..•••

4. I

0. 2
3. 4

0. I
5. 2

3.4

4.1

8.61

8.11

8. 7

8.8

8. 6

Graduate 1 •••••••.••••.••.•.•••••.•••.•...

Median grade completed ..•.....•.•.

.

• Less than 0.05 percent.
Include-a New England.
• Includes those who have had any graduate work Bl! well Bl! those who may have completed their graduate
wort.
• Does not Include New England.
1

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EDUCATIONAL ST A TUS • 33

~["':~~-,---.---,--1. --.
None 1·3 4·5 6
7
8
9
10
Grode school ond high school

O

12

II

10:
I

2

3

4

Collec;ae

OPEN COUNTRY- Grode completed

I
I■ ■

30~----------------------,30
20
10

16-17
:ears
of oc;ae

I20

f -------■..... 1...-_1_-__-_,-:.-:.,-:.-=..-:.~--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=--=~

oi...:

l.-...

3 0 3 0

,a-,g

_ ~ years of oc;ae

~

u

cf

f

0-

-

■I■I

: ,.,~J~~

30f

o-

-

■I

I

20

I

I;

-1:

~

I ■ ·■ 1---~. ~
I
1
.
120301:

I I

I

3 0 3 0
22-24 _ _ _ _

-f

2010 y e o r s o f ~ 2 0

o

-•
None 1·3

■- ■4-5

I
6

7

8

II
■
9
10 II

1---~100
12

Grode school and high school

2

3

4

College

VILLAGE - Grode completed

FIG. II- GRADE COMPLETED BY OUT-OF-SCHOOL RURAL YOUTH
ON RELIEf=', BY AGE AND BY RESIDENCE*

* Does no! include New Englond.

October 1935
Af•2307, W.P.A.

ogi11edbyGooglc

34 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

greatest amount of schooling. In this area only 7 percent of the
youth in relief families had not gone beyond the sixth grade. More
than one-fifth of the youth in the 18-19 and 20-21 year age groups
had completed the twelfth grade or more. In the South only 4
percent and 6 percent, respectively, of the 18-!.9 and 20-21 year old
white youth on relief and only 1 percent of the Negroes had had this
much schooling. In the South all rural youth whether white or Negro
are handicapped educationally in comparison with other parts of the
country.
The prevalence of low educational attainment among rural relief
youth is attested by other studies. McCormick points out that only
11 percent of the relief heads of rural households below 25 years of age
had completed high school in comparison with 25 percent of the nonrelief heads. 8 Grade attainment by members other than heads of
households showed like differences in favor of the nonrelief group.
Moreover, only 55 percent of relief youth, 16 and 17 years of age, were
in school in October 1933 in comparison with 70 percent of the nonrelief youth.I' Data from an Alabama study show that the educational
attainment of farm families on relief was considerably below that for
all such families in the State. 10
Although the depression has apparently contributed to the increased
school attendance of the general youth population, 11 it probably has not
been instrumental in causing youth in rural relief families to prolong
their schooling. This is shown by the fact that the median grade
attained by out-of-school relief youth was approximately the same for
the 18-19, 20-21, and 22-24 year age groups.
Comparison of the median grades completed by rural relief youth in
school and out of school indicates that a high degree of selectivity has
been operating to keep certain youth in school. Thus, the median
grade completed for youth of all ages in school was 9.8, while for the
16- and 17-year olds the median grade was 9.6. On the other hand,
the median grade completed by all of the out-of-school youth was only
8.2, with those 16 and 17 years old having completed only 7.7 grades.
The youth group offers an opportunity to attack the problem of the
vicious circle of poverty and low educational standards in rural areas.
Opportunity to attend school, adaptability of schools to meet the needs
of youth, and ability of the youth to profit by training are all involved
in its ultimate solution.
8 McCormick, Thomas C., op. cit., p. 32.
• Ibid., pp. 33-34 and 91-92.
10 Hoffsommer, Harold, Education and Rehabilitation in Alabama Farm Houstholds Receiving Relief, Bulletin of Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Vol. XXX, No.
7, Auburn, Alabama, July 1935.
11 Foster, Emery M., "School Survival Rates," School Life, September 1936,
pp. 13-14 and 31.

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Chapter

V

OCCUPATIONS OF RURAL YOUTH IN
RELIEF HOUSEHOLDS

THE PRECEDING chapter has shown that over four-fifths of all the
youth in rural relief families were not in school in October 1935. The
extent to which the lives of rural youth have been affected by the
depression can be gauged when it is seen that of the out-of-school youth
in rural relief families, 55 percent of the young men had no employment of any kind while those who had some employment were often
working for little or no cash wage. The proportions of unemployed
young men were highest in New England and in the West. Only 10
percent of the out-of-school young women had some employment.
The extent to which rural distress is a direct result of depressed
agriculture is reflected in the proportions of relief youth employed in
agriculture. Indirectly, economic distress in agriculture contributes
to unemployment in villages, but the numbers of nonfarm unemployed
are also swelled by the decadence of rural industries, such as mining,
lumbering, and processing of agricultural products.
Usual occupation as used in this analysis is that occupation in
which the youth had had the most experience. Current occupation is
the employment at the time of the survey. 1 Differences between
the two indicate efforts to attain self-support by a shift in occupation.
The fact that the youth are on relief indicates that attempts to change
jobs have not resulted in self-support.
EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH

Approximately one-haJf (49 percent) of all male youth in rural
relief families in October 1935 who were out of school were unemployed
1

See pp. 40 and 42.
35

Dg1tzcdbyGoogle

36 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

and seeking work. Forty-five percent had current employment 2
and six percent were neither employed nor seeking work (table 19 and
fig. 12). Only one-tenth of the young women in rural relief families
were employed, while more than three-fifths (62 percent), though
unemployed, were not seeking work.
Ta&/e f P.-Employment Status of Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief,1 by Age, by
Sex, and by Residence, Odober 1935
[aof counties and 83 New England townships)

Total
Age

Number

I

Unemployed Not work•
Employed and seeking Ing or seek
work
Ing work

Percent

MALE
TOTAL I

All ages ••••••••....••............•.

21,224

100.0

49.4

44.8

&. 8

l----l'----1----1----1-----

Ul-17 years ••.••.......•..••.•...•..••••••
1S-19years ••.••.....•.•••.••.•.....•.•.•.
20--21 years ••.........•.•.••..•....•..•••.
22-24years ••.•...•.....•••••....••.•••••.

4,386
4,922
4,&IR
7,270

ts. 3

100.0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0

44.5
42. 9
47. 6
44. 6

61.9
47.11
61. 3

100.0

65. 6

10. 2
6.2
t.11
t.2

OPEN COUNTRY I

All ages ..••.••.••.•........•.......
16-17 years ••.••••..•.................•.•.
lS-19 years ....•..........................
20--21 years .•.............................
22-24 years ••..•........•.....••...•..•.•.

14,048

39. 4

6.1

M.l
63.1
58. 7
56.1

37. 6
42. 6
37. 0
311.9

"- 3
"-3
"-0

23. 2

119.6

l----1----11----

3,152
3,232
2,958
4,706

100.0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0

11,354

100.0

8.3

VILLAGE I

All ages ..........•••.•..•••••..••••
16-17 years ...........•••...•.............
lS-19 years .............•.•...•....... -...
20--21 years .........•..•..•...............
22-24 years .............................. .

7.2

1----1----11----1-----1-----

1,108
1,466
1,502
2,278

19.11
23. 7
27. 4
21.8

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

65. 3
68.9
66. 7
73.8

l,&.8

7.4
6.11
"-4

FEMALE
TOTAL 1

A 11 ages. . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • . • . . . . . . . .

24, 912

100.0

1----11----

16-17 years...............................
l!H9 years...............................
20--21 years...............................
22-24 years...............................

____ _____,___

,

11.9

4,368
5,950
6,322
8, 272

100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0

13. 1
II. I
10. 2
7.2

16,106

100. O

10.0

,

28. 2

Ill.II

40. 5
35. 5
27. 8
16. 7

46.4

63.4
62.0
76.1

OPIEN COlJNTRY I

All ages............................

25. 8

64.2

12. 6
11. 7
JO. 0
7.6

39. 7
33. 3
24. I
H.O

47. 7
65.0
65.9

II. I

31. 7

69. 2

40. 8
37. 9
33.8
21. 4

45. 5
63. 7
65.8
?2.3

1----1----11---

16-17 yMrs.. .• .. .... .. . .. •.• •••.•• ••. .. . .
IS-19 years...............................
20--21 years...............................
22-24 years...............................

2,924
3, 786
4,066
6, 330

100. 0
100. o
100. o
100. o

VILUGIE 1

All ages............................

8, 152

100. O

78.6

1----1----1---

16-17 years...............................
JS-19 years...............................
20-21 years •• _............................
22-24 yoors... ••. •.. .. . ......... .. .. . . . . . .

I, 318
2,002
2,070
2, 762

100. 0
100. O
100. O
100. 0

13. 7
8. 4
10. 4
6.3

1 Does not include 158 male youth and 8 female youth who were working on W. P.A. projects at the time
of the survey.
I Includes New En~land.
1 Does not include New England.

1 Current employment is defined as work on the home farm, or any outside
work of at least 1 week's duration in October 1935.

D g,r zed by

G oog IC

Youth Are Idle in th e lr I tlages.

()1gt1zedbyGooglc

Digitized by

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OCCUPATIONS • 37

Age does not seem to have been a factor in determining the employment status of young men, as the proportions of employed youth did
not vary consistently by age groups. The facts that less than half of
the youth in the lowest age group, 16 and 17 yea.rs of age, were in
school and that the 16- and 17-year olds who were out of school were
employed to as great an extent as the 22-24 year olds again suggest
the advantage of giving youth in the younger age groups some kind of
educational training and so removing them from comp~tition with
the older age groups.
.Employed

~ Unemployed

and

~ seeking W?'k

ll!l!8EIIII Not working or
118881111 seeking work

MALE
Total
16-17
18-19

20-21
22-24

FEMALE
Totol
16-17
18-19

20-21

22-24
FIG.12-EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL RURAL YOUTH
.
ON RELIEF, BY SEX AND BY AGE

October 1935
Af•t:SOS,WP.A..

The percent of young men employed in the open country was more
than twice as great as that of young men employed in villages (table
19 and fig. 13). Seventy percent of the young men in villages were
unemployed and seeking work. Approximately three-fourths of the
young men on relief, 22-24 years of age, living in villages were in this
category as compared with two-fifths of the open country youth in
the same age group. The apparent advantage of youth in the open
country may be misleading since any kind of work on a farm, even for
board and room only, was termed employment. Moreover, it was
unpaid labor on the home farm which was largely responsible for the
apparently high rate of employment among out-of-school youth in
the 16- and 17-year age group.

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38 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

By regions 3 the proportions of young men of all ages who were
employed were lowest in New England and in the West, being 28
percent and 31 percent, respectively (appendix table 14). More than
three-fourths of all young men on relief in western villages were
unemployed and seeking work, and the proportion in this category
was almost as high in the North.
~

Unemployed and
~ seeking work

.Employed

IIBBIII Nat working or
111111111 seeking work

Percent

0

10

20

30

40

50

MALE
Total

Open country*
Village*

FEMALE
Total

Open country*
Village*

FIG. 13 - EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL RURAL YOUTH

ON RELIEF, BY SEX AND BY RESIDENCE
October 1935
• Does not Include New England.

Al'•U!l5, W.P.A.

The young women in rural relief households were much more handicapped than the young men in obtaining employment. Roughly one
out of four young women in comparison with one out of two young
men who wanted work had found some form of employment.
The proportions of all young women in the open country and in
villages who were employed did not differ greatly on the whole, but
they did differ in the various regions (appendix table 14). In the
North and West employment was greater among young women in
villages than among those in the open country. In the South, however, the opposite was true for both whites and Negroes. The proportion of employed Negro girls in the open country was particularly
high. In the South Negro women in both villages and the open
country are commonly employed to a far greater extent than are
whites. The proportionately small percentage of employed Negro
young women in villages suggests that Negro women of the South
1 Variations among age groups by regions appeared so irregular and in some
cases so slight as to be of little significance. Hence, the tabulation of employment by age groups by regions has not been included in appendix table 14.

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OCCUPATIONS • 39

who were working in villages were probably among the first to be
deprived of work with the coming of the depression and will be among
the last to be reemployed!
New England showed the largest proportion of employed young
women of any region taken as a whole and the smallest proportion
of girls who were neither employed nor seeking work.
It should be noted that although the percentage of unemployed
young women was higher in villages than in the open country, the
percentage of those neither working nor seeking work was greater in
the open country than in the villages. This relates directly to the
fact previously noted that relatively more young women in the open
country were married (table 11, p. 20).
Since a high rate of physical and mental disabilities commonly
accompanies poverty,6 some mental defectives, cripples, and otherwise handicapped persons were undoubtedly included in out-of-school
youth who were neither employed nor seeking work. Unfortunately,
specific data on this subject are not available.
EMPLOYMENT STA TUS OF HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS

Being the head of a household did not add to the chances of employment among young men in rural relief households. Although 45 percent of the out-of-school young men in the relief families had some
employment (table 19), only 42 percent of the young men who were
heads of households had found work (fig. 14 and table 20). In the
.En-c>loyed

1777,1 Unemployed and

~ seekinQ work

•

Not 1110r1dng or
seekinQ work

FIG.14- EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL MALE RURAL

YOUTH ON RELIEF WHO WERE HEADS
OF HOUSEHOLDS, BY RESIDENCE
October 1935

* Does not Include New England.

Al'-2:109,aP.A.

4 In his study of migration from the farms of North Carolina, C. Horace Hamilton points out that the young Negro women tend to miss the villages in their
migration from the count.ry. See Rural-Urban Migration in North Carolina, 19i10
to 1930, Bulletin 295, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh,
North Carolina, February 1934, p. 43.
1 See Gillin, John Lewis, Social Pathology, New York: Century Company, 1933,
and Melvin, Bruce L., The Sociology of a Village and Its Surrounding Terriwry,
Bulletin 523, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, New
York, 1930.

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40 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

open country young men who were heads of households were employed
to a far greater extent than were village youth in this category, which
coincides with the findings for male relief youth as a. whole. 0
The fact that youth were on relief, though employed, indicates that
the work available was totally inadequate to provide family support.
The economic plight of the youth who were heads of households confirms the position previously taken that in many cases the youth
problem must be dealt with in terms of the family as well as in terms
of the individual.
To&le 20.-Employment Status of Out-of-Schoql Male Rural Youth on Relief Who
Were Heads of Households,1 by Age and by Residence, Odober 1935
(304 counties and 83 New England townships)
Total
i------,-------1

Age

Number
TOTAL I

All ages_____________________________

11,232

Percent

100.0

UnemNot working or
Employed ployed and
seeking
seeking
work
work

42-4

M.9

0.7

1----1-----1----1----'---16--17 years __ -----------------------------18-19years________________________________
20-21 years________________________________
22-24years________________________________
OPJ:N COUNTRY I

All ages_____________________________
)6--17 years________________________________
18-19 years_________________________________
20-21 years________________________________
22-2<& years________________________________
VILUOJ:I

Allages_____________________________
16--17 years________________________________
18-19 years._______________________________
20-21 years________________________________
22-24years________________________________

112
482
1,388
4,250

100. o
100.0
100.0
100.0

68.11
40-6
40.3
42.8

39. 3
59.4
59. 2
56.<l

1. 8
O.S
0.8

3,976
100.0
52..5
47.1
0.4
1----1-----1----1----+---86
100.0
67.4
32-6
306
JOO. o
43.1
56. g
850
21 734

JOO. 0
100. 0

50. 6
53. 7

49. 4
45. 8

0.S

2,142

100.0

24.8

7<&.2

1.0

1----1-----1----1----;---24
172
512
1,43<&

t

JOO. o
100.0
100.0

t

36. 9
25.4
23.0

t

63.1
73.4
75.9

1. 2
1.1

t Percent not computed on a base or !ewer than 50 cases.
• Does not Include 112 male youth who were working on W. P.A. projects at the time or the survey.
• Includes New England.
1 Does not Include New England.

USUAL OCCUPATION

Of all young men in rural relief households, two-thirds reported
occupational experience (table 21). More than one-tenth (12 percent) had no usual occupation,7 and more than one-fifth (22 percent)
had neither worked nor looked for work. .Agriculture was the usual
• The situation concerning the young women who were heads of households fa
not discussed because the number is so small that no significant conclusions can
be drawn.
7 Usual occupation is defined as that nonrelief employment of at least 4 consecutive weeks' duration at which a worker has been employed the greatest
length of time during the last 10 years.

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OCCUPATIONS • 41

Ta&le 21.-Usual Occupation Status of Rural Youth on Relief, by Sex and by Residence,
Odober 1935
[a<K counties and 83 New England townships]
Usual occupation status and sex

Open
oountry •

Total 1

Village•

KALI:

25,900
100. 0

16,624
100. 0

8, Z74
100.0

66. 7
II. 7
21. 5
0.1

72.1
9. 2
18. 5
0. 2

67.3
15. 4
Z7. l
0. 2

Numher .......................................•..•...........
Percent...........••....•...•.••....•.•.....•.•.••.•••......••

30,164
100.0

19,03-4
100.0

10,330
100.0

With no usual occupation .....••..•...•...••••••..•••.•••.•.•.•••••.
Not working or seeking work .•.•.••...••••••.•••••••.•••••.••..•.•.
L'n.known .•...•••......•.....•..••.•.•.•••••••.•...•••••••...••..••

15. 7
68.

15. 2
69.4

"!'.umt,,,r •...•............•..........•.....................•...
Percent..•..••......•.....•.....•..•..•............•...•.•....
Withs usual occupation ...•••••••.••.....•••...•••.••••••••..•.....
With no usual occupation ....•..••••...••.•...•.....................
Not working or St>eking work •..••....••••••..•...•..••••••.•.•.....
Unknown ...•••...•..........•......•••...•.....••...••••...•..••..

- - - - - ----- -----

Fl!:KALII

- - -16.-2 ------Withs uaual occupation ...•..................•...•••...••....•.....
15. 4
16.8

.

!

16.0
67. ~

• Less than 0.05 percent,
Includes New England.
• Does not include New England,

1

occupation of more than four-fifths of the young men with occupational experience who lived in the open country and of more than
two-fifths of those whose homes were in villages (table 22).
Five-sixths of all young men with experience in agriculture had been
fa.rm laborers, while very few of those who had been fann operators
had owned their farms. Three-fourths of the nonagricultural workers
by usual occupation had had experience only at unskilled labor.
Ta&le 22.-Usual Occupation of Rural Youth on Relief,1 by Sex and by Residence,
October 1935
(304 counties and 83 New England townships]
Total

Open country •

I

Vlllaze•

Usual occupation
Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

------ --------- --Number •...........................
Percent •••...................•.•..••

17, Z70
100.0

4,880
100. 0

11,986

Farm operator ...••.••••••......•.....
Owner ..•..••.....................
Tenant. •.....•.•..••.............

11. 0

o.:

0.6

14. 6

100.0

2,932
100.0

4,738
100.0

1,730
100.0

0.8
0. 3
0.1
0. 4
511. 7
311.5
4.1
0. 1
5. 3
30.0
29. 7
0.3

3.0
0. 2
1.9
0.11
311.0
68.0
3.6
3.4
7. 3
43. 7
1.0
42. 7

0. 2

---- -69.-2 - -43.-9 - -82.0
- - -60.5- - -42.0
Agriculture .......••..•..•.•....•...•.....
20.9

Fa~rl~~~r:: ::::: :::: :: :: ::::::::::
Nona!!riculture .......................... .
White collar •••.•.......•...•.........
Skilled ....••••.....................•..
Semiskilled •••........................
Unskilled ••..•........................
Servant. .......•...•..............
Other .............•..••...........
0

1.8
6. 6
3. 6
&!. 2
30.8
2.0
1.6
4.11
22. 3
0. 6
21. 7

0.3
43. 4
66.1
8.3
0. 2
9.1
38. 5
3i. 5
1.0

2. 4
7. 3
4.11

6i. 4
18.0
0.11
0. g
2.6
13. 6
0. 4
13. 2

0. 2
20. i
711. 1
H.1
o. 2
11.5
53. 3
51.0
2.3

1..eM than 0.05 percent.

' Doe-s not Include youth with no usual occupation or youth not working or seeking work.
• Includes New England.
• Does not include New England.

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42 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

Most of the young women who had a usual occupation had been
employed as farm laborers or as servants. Most of the boys who were
neither working nor seeking work were in school, while most of the
girls so classified were in school or were married, or were not seeking
work for other reasons.
The percent of all young men in rural relief households whose usual
occupation was in agriculture differed widely in the various regions
(table 23). In New England only 12 percent of the young men gave
agriculture as their usual occupation. In the South, which is dominantly agricultural, more youth gave agriculture as their usual occupation than in any other section. In the open country of this region,
To&le 23.-Residence of Male Rural Youth on Relief Whose Usual Occupation Was in
Agriculture, by Region, Odober 1935
(304 countie.s and 83 New England townships)
Percent with usual occupation in
agriculture
Region
Total

Open
country

Village

Total _______________________ ------------------------------ ___ _
46.0
69.1
N •w England __________ ··- _________________________ ••• _____________ _l====i====i=
12.4
North _____________________________________________________________ _
42. 7
66.fl
South ______________________________________________________________ _
M.7
64. 6
White __________________________________________________________ _
63.6
63.3
:r. egro _________ • ________________________________________________ _
60. 7
72.6
West _______________________________________________________________ _
211.1
31.9

2-4.1
18. fl
28.fl
26.9
35.!I
26.2

63 percent of the white youth and 73 percent of the Negro youth were
usually engaged in agriculture. In the North 57 percent of the open
country youth and in the West 32 percent reported agriculture as the
usual occupation.
The presence of so many youth with agricultural experience in the
open country of the North and of the South does not mean that all of
these youth are needed in agriculture. These youth have gained
intermittent experience in this field only because there was nothing
else for them to do. For them to continue in agriculture will mean
the accumulation of an unneeded agricultural labor supply. Hence,
a program of vocational education for rural youth should include
training for occupations other than agriculture as well as for agriculture.
CURRENT OCCUPATION OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTH

The effect of the depression on mral youth can be partially gauged
by a study of the types of occupations in which youth in relief families
were currently engaged in October 1935. Of the out-of-school rural
youth in relief households, 38 percent of the young men and 5 percent
of the young women were employed in agriculture (appendix table 15
and fig. 15). Only 7 percent of the young men and 5 percent of the
young women were employed in nonagricultural occupations.

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OCCUPATIONS • 43

Among male youth the highest percentage of any age group currently employed in agriculture was in the 16- and 17- year group, with
41 percent so employed. In the open country 53 percent of all 16and 17-year old youth in relief families were engaged in agriculture,
and practically all of these were employed as farm laborers. It is
probable that many of these 16- and 17-year olds were employed on
the home farm, which may partially explain why such a large percentage of them were "employed."
Pl!rcent
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

MALE
Agriculture
Nonogr icullure

Unemployed
W.P.A.

Not working or seeking work

FEMALE
Agriculture
Nonogricullure

Unemployed
W.P.A.

Not working or seeking work

FIG.

15-EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND CURRENT OCCUPATION OF
OUT-OF-SCHOOL RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF, BY SEX

October 1935
Af .. t311,•P.A..

Of the out-of-school 22-24 year olds in the open country, 52 percent
were engaged in agricultural occupations, but only 26 percent were
farm laborers, the others operating farms as owners, tenants, or
croppers. Well over two-fifths of the open country relief youth in the
18-19 year age group, as well as in the 20-21 year age group, were
employed as farm laborers (appendix table 15).
As with boys, girls 16 and 17 years of age had more employment
in agriculture than did those in the older age groups. Practically all
of the young women engaged in agriculture worked as farm laborers.
Agriculture was of greater importance in affording employment to
out-of-school youth in some regions than in others in October 1935
(appendix table 16). In New England only 9 percent of the out-ofschool young men and no young women were employed in agriculture,
but 19 percent of the former and 18 percent of the latter were employed
in nonagricultural occupations. In the South 43 percent of the young
men and 9 percent of the young women were employed in agriculture

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44 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

but only 5 percent of the young men and 3 percent of the young women
were employed in nonagricultural occupations. The percentage of
male youth employed in agriculture was lower in the West than in
any other section except New England. Employment of both young
men and young women in nonagriculture was somewhat higher in the
West than it was in the South, but lower than in the North or in New
England.
In New England and in the South proportionately more young
men in the upper than in the lower age groups were engaged in farm
work at the time of the survey (appendix table 16). The predominance of those in the older age groups in the South was probably due to
the fact that in that region few employment opportunities outside of
agriculture existed. In the South the percentage of young men in
the 22-24 year age group who were farm operators was higher than it
was for that age group in any other section.
Few youth in any region were currently employed in white-collar
occupations. The highest proportions for both sexes were found in
New England. In other regions the numbers were negligible.
Skilled workers were almost nonexistent in all regions. Moreover,
only in New England wns there any appreciable percentage of male or
female youth in nonagriculture engaged in semiskilled labor, 8 percent
of both young men and young women reporting semiskilled occupations. Boys with nonagricultural employment, even in villages, were
doing chiefly unskilled work. Young women in relief families were
found to have practically no opportunities outside of farm labor or
domestic service in any region except New England and even there
they were largely limited to work as semiskilled laborers in factories.
The difference between the type of employment of white and Negro
youth in the South reflects the social standards involved in the economic practices of the region. Negro girls can find work in both the
fields and kitchen, while the white girls are limited primarily to farm
labor. White boys have an advantage over Negroes in finding work
as farm operators while Negroes have the advantage with respect to
unskilled work in nonagriculture. Thera is little difference between
them with respect to farm labor.
While young men in the various age groups had about the same
amount of employment in October 1935, variations in the age distribution of youth engaged in agriculture and nonagriculture occurred in
the different regions. In the North one-fourth of all male youth
employed in agriculture were 16 and 17 years of age (table 24), while
this age group constituted only one-fifth of all out-of-school male
youth on relief. In the South one-fifth of the white male youth employed in agriculture were 16 and 17 years of age, and this age group
also formed approximately one-fifth of all out-of-school youth. Male
youth in this age group were underrepresented in nonagricultural

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A Form f'r TP11a11/ F11111ily With Three Unnnp/oyed Youth.

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......
•:....
. . .·.·.·: :: ::•::: :...·:

Drgr

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OCCUPATIONS • 45

occupations in all regions except the West. Apparently the general
tendency is for agriculture to offer employment to rural youth until
they can find other jobs.
TalJle 2.f.-Ems>loyment Status and Current Occupation of Out-of-School Male Rural
Youth on Relief, by Age and by Region, October 1935
(304 OOUDtlea and 83 N- England to,,rmhlpe]
Total

Employment atatm and emrent
occupation, and region

l&-17

18-111

years

20-21

years

:0--24

years

years

Number

Percent

21,382

100.0

20.6

23.2

22.0

34.3

100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0

22. 2
10.8
18.11
L8

21. 7

33. 2

:M.11

22. 9
26.3

Unemployed..•. ----------··---------·---W.
...•••or---------·-··--------------NotP.A
working
&Mklng wort ____________ _

8, lOII
1,392
10,488
168
1,232

82.11

85.4

Unknown •••••• ---·---------···-----------

6

t

2f. 4
111.0
20.5

Total •.. -· -- ------ ----- __ ------ -• __ _

822

100.0

16. 8

A=~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::

70

6. 7
18.11
H.6

ALLKl:0101111

Total.._ •.• -------------• ----- ----- ·
Agriculture.-·---------------·--·------·-·
N onagrleulture ••• ·- __ . __ . _. ______ ·- _____ _

18. a

39.0
36. 5
.fll.8
:M. 7

27.8

22. 6

34.8

31.4
15. 6
31.5

31.4
21.6
21.11

31.6
48.1
32.0

21.4

28.6

32. 7

t

2Ll

t

x1:w J:NGLAIID

Unemployed•• --·-·-----·--·---··-·-----·-

538

100.0
100.0
100.0

Not worll::lDi or-11:IDi worll:_·------·-··-

M

100.0

39.3

10. 7

Total •• -- - --- - . -- --·. -. --·· · --··· -• -

7,MCI

100.0

20.11

24.1

22.6

Agriculture_. -. -• --__ - ___ -. ---• -----· ---·.
Nonagrlculture_. ··- .. ___ .. __ -------·-·-·-

2,852
632

26. 6
10.6
17. 6

.as

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0

33. 8

23.8
25.2
21.0
33.3
22. 4

2

t

21.2
2G. 3
2G. 6
H.6
23.3

11,170

100.0

21.6

22. 3

20.9

86.8

584
6, 1118
12
Ila.

100.0
100.0

20.9
8.9
21.0

21. 7
26. 7
22. 4

22.0
25. 7
:ll. 4

llG.2

100.0

41.4

19.9

12. 9

25.8

9, 30'l

100.0

20.9

22. 2

21.0

35.11

416
4,310
10
608

100.0
100.0

t

10. 1
20.3

23.6
21.1

35.0
36. 6

100.0

.oJ

31.3
22.1

22. 1

12. 2

24.8

1,868

100.0

2f. 2

22. 7

20.8

32. 3

714
168
888
2

100.0
100.0
100.0

25.2
6.0
24.8

24.5
16.6
23.11

23.6
31.0
17.1

26. 7
47. 6
34.2

96

100.0

..-J.8

8. 3

16. 7

31.2

1,7~

100.0

16.9

22. 7

25.6

34.8

412
118
1,068
8
134

100.0
100.0
100.0

18.0
17.0
16.0

24.3
20.3
22. 8

25.2
28.8
24. 7

32. 5
33.9
36.5

100. 0

22.4

19. 4

28. 4

29.8

168

W. P. A·-····---·•·-·------·---------·-·Unlalowu •••••••• - ______ ·- __ ···- ____ -· ·-· _
lfOKTR

Unemployed_._·_· ______ . __ . ____ . _____ . -·-

3,IIM

W. P. A·--·----·--------·-··--·----·---·-

138

Not working or ~ I i i worll: __ ·--·-·---·Unknown••• _•• _____ •.•. _. __ ·_····-·-·----

t

211. 6

38. 0
35.0
52. 2
21.0

IIOU'nl-TOUL

Total ••• ··········--· __ .·-- ___ ·- __ ·A,irlculture •• -·• · -·· ---· -· ---- ---· -------Nonacrlculture __ • ---- ---- --·- ---- -- -- ----

---4,772
100.0

Unemployed-----·-· - · -- -- - · -- -- ----- · -- -W.P.A·-·------··--·······-·-·-··-·-·--Not worll:lng or IMklng work ••• ----·-·--Unll:nown •••• _. __ ... ____ ·- ·- __ ••• _·- __ ·-- _

t

t

t

86.4

38. 7

IIOUTR-'W111T11

Total •. -· - - . - . - -• -·- --· -• -· - -· · -·· - -

Agriculture_._.-· .• _______ ·- _____ •••• _·- __
Nonacrlculture •• _-. -- -- -·-- .. _____ . __ . _. _

-- -- - -:ll.-2 - -21.2
- - -21.-7 - -311.9
4,068
100.0

Unemployed_ •• ----·--··-·----·--------··W. P. A_ ••••. ---·-·-------·---·------··-•

Not working or ~Ing worll: ••• ----------

Unll:nown __ •••.• ----· - . -- --- •• -·· - --- -- ---

t

IIOUTR-NJ:GKO

Total ••••.• _--- -· •.••••••. ----•. -- -Agriculture. -_-- _. _--.. _. --.•• ---------. -Nonagrlculture ___ ---·. ______ -- . -- --- --- . -

i~~'t~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Not working or seeking wort_. __________ _

-----t

t

Unll:nown-•• -. -----· ----• -. -. -. --. ---. ---WJ:8T

Total •• _-- --·---·-- .••.. ·--. -·- ... ·Agriculture_ •• _. _____ ._. __ -----.---- --- . -Nonagrlculture_. _·-- ____ . __ ... ___ -··. ___ _
Unemployed_. ___ ·-·--··-···--·----·---·-·

W.P.A
.. ·-·-------·-----·-·-------·-·--Not working
or aeell:ing wort_. __________ _
Unll:nown.-····-·-··-----·----·--·---·-•--

4

t

t

t

t

t
t

t Percent not computed on a base ol lewer than 50 cases.

D']I

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46 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
COMPARISON OF USUAL AND CURRENT OCCUPATION OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL
YOUTH

Of ell currently employed young men on relief in rural areas in
October 1935, 85 percent were engaged in agriculture and only 15
percent in nonagriculture. Slightly over one-half (54 percent) of the
employed young women had jobs in agriculture (appendix table 17).
In comparison, 69 percent of the young men and 44 percent of the
young women who reported usual occupations had been engaged in
agriculture (table 22). As would be expected, a greater representation
in agriculture by current than by usual occupation was found in both
the open country and villages.
On the surface it appears that agricult,ure is bearing more than its
share of the employment burden of rural youth. However, in view
of the fact that the youth with current employment had such poorly
paid jobs or such short hours that they could not leave the relief rolls,
their employment, whether agricultural or nonagricultural, can easily
be overemphasized. As indicated before, much of the employment in
agriculture consisted of unpaid jobs on the home farm. Moreover,
since almost twice as many youth reported usual occupations as
reported current occupations, the lack of adequate employment
opportunities for youth in rural relief households is apparent.

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Chapter VI
YOUTH PROGRAMS OF EMERGENCY
AGENCIES

YouTH IN relief families have been aided directly on a large scale
by two Federal agencies: the National Youth Administration and the
Civilian Conservation Corps. In October 1935, when the data for
this study were gathered, the N. Y. A. was just getting under way,
and its work projects-which to date have been its program of greatest direct aid to rural youth-had not yet been inaugurated. Hence,
N. Y. A. employment figures for a later date are utilized to indicate
the extent to which this organization has alleviated the economic
distress of the rural youth population. The program of the C. C. C.
has been particularly effective with respect to rural youth.
The Works Progress Administration, exclusive of the N. Y. A., has
benefited youth both directly and indirectly. Its major effect has
probably been indirect. The provision of family income through
employment of the principal wage earner has, of course, aided the
you th in these families as well as other family members. Directly,
it has assisted by giving employment to some youth who were considered primary wage earners. Aid to rural youth by the Resettlement Administration has been almost entirely indirect, since activities of this organization have been directed to families rather than
to individuals. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration,
however, continued to be the major agency assisting rural youth in
the fall of 1935, even though it had no special program for this group.
The extent to which these agencies have been contributing to the
solution of problems of rural youth on relief can be judged from a
discussion of the program of each agency.
47
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48 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
NATIONAL YOUTH ADMINISTRATION

The National Youth Administration, established within the Works
Progress Administration on June 26, 1935, has the following major
objectives:
"1. To provide funds for the part-time employment of needy
school, college, and graduate students between 16 and 25
years of age so that they can continue their education.
2. To provide funds for the part-time employment on work
projects of young persons, chiefly from relief families, between
18 and 25 years of age-the projects being designed not only
to give these young people valuable work experience, but also
to benefit youth generally and the communities in which they
live.
3. To encourage the establishment of job training, counseling,
and placement services for youth.
4. To encourage the development and extension of constructive
leisure-time activities." 1
To accomplish these objectives, the N. Y. A. has instituted five
major programs: student aid, vocational guidance and placement,
apprentice training, work projects for out-of-school youth, and camps
for unemployed young women. 2 Student aid for college students,
begun under the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and continued under the N. Y. A., has not been confined to youth from relief
households. It has been given to applicants whom the local educational authorities have certified as being unable to continue their
training without help and has been expanded to include aid to high
school students. Similarly, job counseling and placement and apprentice training have been instituted to help all youth. The program to
provide camps for young women has been limited, as have the work
projects, to youth in relief families.
Student Aid

The student aid program of the N. Y. A. was initiated in September
1935. In April 1936, the month in which this activity was most
extensive, aid was given to 404,700 secondary school, college, and
graduate students in urban and rural areas combined. The schools
participating comprised 17,999 secondary schools, 1,593 colleges, and
1 Administrative and Program Operation of the National Youth Administration,
June f6, 1985-January 1, 1987, National Youth Administration, p. 1.
1 According to the Executive Director of the National Youth Administration,
vocational training projects, open to farm youth between the ages of 18 and 24,
inclusive, whose families are receiving some form of public relief, were developed
on an expanded scale in the fall of 1937. In 10 Stat€s 41 schools and colleges
enrolled 3,300 students for forms varying from 6 weeks to 6 months. Special
agricultural training and homemaking courses are provided with paid part-time
employment on construction and farm projects at the respective institutions.

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YOUTH PROGRAMS OF EMERGENCY AGENCIES •

49

224 graduate schools.8 Of the students aided, a little more than twothirds (68 percent) were in secondary schools, and the remainder in
colleges or universities as undergraduates or graduates. Earnings
for the month totaled approximately $1,686,000 for the two classes of
college students and $1,500,000 for high school students.'
The N. Y. A. expanded its student aid to the States that especially
suffered from the drought and flood in 1936. In addition to the
regular allocation a total of $3,441,000 was given to the following
States: Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North
Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota,
Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. 6
Since June 1936 data on student aid as well as on employment have
been maintained for four residence groups: counties (1) with no
incorporated place of 2,500 or more; (2) with incorporated places of
2,500 to 10,000; (3) with incorporated places of 10,000 to 25,000;
(4) with incorporated places of 25,000 or more. According to these
categories, it appears that the strictly rural counties, which contain
12.9 percent of the Nation's rural population, received 18.4 percent
of the total student aid quota, whereas the highly urban counties,
which contain 53.7 percent of the total population, received only
45.6 percent of the student aid quota (table 25). 6
Table .25.-0istribution of N. Y. A. Student Aid Ouota by County Groups,1936-37
Persons rooe!v!ng
student aid

Percent or
total U. 8.
population In
counties, 1930

Number

Total------------------- __ ._. __ . ________ •• _. _____ • _______ ••• __

100.0

222,771

100. 0

No !noorporated place or 2,000 or more_--------------·-·-----------Incorporated places, 2,r,oo to 10,000.. ________________ . ______________ .
Incorporated places, 10,000 to 25,000 ________________________________ _
Incorporated places, 25,000 or more _________________________________ _

12.11

44, 762
36, 193
32,342
109,474

'l2. 7

Counties having

20.6

12. 8
63. 7

Percent

18.4
13. 3

•~-6

Sources: Special tabulation lrom the Office or the Direct-Or or the National Youth Administration, Washington, D. C., April 1937, and Fifltrnth Qmua of the United Sta.tu: 1930, Population Vols. I and III.

Although rural counties received such a large proportion of student
aid, masses of open country youth obviously have not been touched.
Secondary schools are not available for thousands of rural youth, and
a high percentage of such youth stop school as soon as they reach the
age limit of compulsory school attendance. With most rural youth
a Statement of Harry L. Hopkins, Hearings before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, in Charge of Deficiency Appropriations, 75th Cong., 1st sess., p. 53.
'Calculated from testimony given by Harry L. Hopkins, ibid.
• Data supplied by Office of the Director of the National Youth Administration.
• Only 42 of the 3,070 counties in the United States did not participate in the
student aid program.

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50 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

on relief already out of school and many of those in school retarded
educationally,7 the assistance in rural areas W&B undoubtedly given
to a large number of youth in nonrelief households who could not
attend school without help.
Vocational Guidance and Placement

The vocational guidance and placement service of the N. Y. A. was
initiated in January 1936 to provide both relief and nonrelief youth
with information concerning occupational opportunities and special
training requirements. Occupational information is given through
classes for out-of-school youth, held in school buildings, churches, or
community centers, and sometimes through the preparation and distribution of pamphlets.8 The records do not indicate how frequently
rural youth are in a position to take advantage of these services.
To assist youth in finding jobs in industry, registration with the
United States Employment Service was made compulsory for persons
employed on the N. Y. A. program, excluding those receiving student
aid. Also, junior placement counselors paid by the N. Y. A. have
been placed on the staffs of public employment offices in 61 cities in
26 States and the District of Columbia.9 Since the offices are in
cities, their services are usually not available to rural youth.
Apprentice Tralnlns

The objective of preparing youth for placement in industry has been
carried out by stimulating apprentice training through the Federal
Committee on Apprentice Training, financed by N. Y. A. funds.
The work of the committee has been primarily in the field of coordinating the activities of existing public and private apprenticetraining bodies and in stimulating the formation of new organizations
devoted to this purpose. 10 By September 1937 more than 6,000
apprentices had been indentured, some of whom were undoubtedly
rural, though no statistics are available to show the proportion.
Congress made the work of this committee a permanent function of
the Department of Labor in August 1937 .11
The Worlc Prosram of the N. Y. A.

The N. Y. A. program of work projects was initiated in January
1936. This program has been developed to meet the needs of unemployed out-of-school young men and women in relief families who have
See ch. IV.
Administrative and Program Operation of the National Youth Administration,
op. cit., p. 8.
9 Data for May 1, 1937.
10 Report on Progress of the Works Program, October 15, 1986, Division of Research, Statistics, and Records, Works Progress Administration, p. 45.
11 Office of the Executive Secretary of the Federal Committee on Apprentice
Training, U.S. Department of Labor, and Public, No. 308, 75th Cong.
7
8

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Rllral Youth Lea rn Sho p Wor k

.

.

......
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. . :::
. . :..
.... .. ..·.:. .::.
. . . ..

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YOUTH PROGRAMS OF EMERGENCY AGENCIES • 51

been certified for employment on the Works Program and who have
registered with the United States Employment Service. A great
variety of projects has been undertaken throughout the country
in an attempt to relate the work to the training, previous experience,
and aptitudes of youth as well as to the needs of the community.
In the beginning of N. Y. A. operation, there was a fourfold grouping
of projects known respectively as recreation projects, public service
projects, research projects, and rural youth development projects,
the latter being designed for youth in rural communities.12 These
projects included maintenance and extension of rural library services,
reforestation and State agricultural experiment station work, improvement of school grounds and public buildings, recreational leadership,
and other community activities. 13
Only one tabulation of the employment of youth on the four types
of projects is available. 14 It was made for the month of June 1936,
just before the classification of projects by type was abandoned.
If employment on rural youth development projects is any indication,
rural young people were underrepresented in N. Y. A. employment
at that time (appendix table 18).
The data. and field observations indicate that the N. Y. A. was more
successful in reaching young people in small towns and villages with
its work program than it was in reaching farm youth. Although 44
percent of the youth population in the country as a whole is rural,
only about 21 percent of the young people employed on N. Y. A. projects in June 1936 were working on rural youth development projects.
More recently the N. Y. A. has attempted to equalize the benefits
of its work program. A distribution of 152,645 youth employed on
N. Y. A. work projects in January 1937 16 in all States except Idaho,
Missouri, and Oklahoma shows that the differences between the
percentages employed and the percentage distribution of the total
population in the 4 groups of counties are not large (table 26). This
method of recording distribution of employment obscures the situation regarding employment of rural youth in counties having incorporated places of 2,500 or more since there is no way of knowing how
12 No data are available to indicate the extent to which State directors found
it expedient to limit employment on rural youth development projects to young
people from the open country and villages of less than 2,500. There is reason
to believe that some of the youth who should be really classed as urban were
employed on rural projects and that some rural youth were employed on the
other types of projects.
11 The N. Y. A. program for 1936-37 is devoting more attention than formerly
to the development of projects contributing to soil conservation, such as terracing
of land, construction of earth dams, small ponds, lakes, etc.
H Unpublished report in Office of the National Youth Administration based
on special tabulations by N. Y. A. State directors.
11 Data supplied by Office of the Director of the National Youth Administration.

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52 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

many of the youth in these counties were from towns and cities, from
the open country, or from villages. As indicated before, however,
the N. Y. A. has unquestionably been filling a serious need for both
employment and training in the villages and small towns throughout
the country, particularly in stranded rural industrial comm.unities.
Tobie 26.-0istribution of Youth Employed on N. Y. A. Work Projects in January
1937, by County Groups

Percent of
Percent em•
total U. 8.
ployed on
population fn N. Y. A. work
counties, 1930
proJecta

Counties having

Total •.••••.•••••••••.•....•.....•......•.•••••.•.•.•..•••.••.•••.•.•••

100.0

100.0

No Incorporated place or 2,500 or more ••••••••.•.••••••.•••••••••.•••••••.•••
Incorporated places, 2,500 to 10.000 ..••.•.••••••••••••.••••.••••••••.•...•••••
Incorporated places, 10,000 to 2.~.000 .••..••••••...••.•.....•..••.•...•..•..•.•
Incorporated places, 25,000 or more •••.•.•••...•.••.•......•..••....•••••••••

12. g
20.G
12. 8

17.11
16. 9
11.8
64. 7

53. 7

Sources: Office or the Director or the National Youth Administration, Washington, D. 0., and Fi[lunlA
Ctmu, of Uw Uniud &alu: 1930, Population Vols. I and Ill.

Many work projects promoted by the N. Y. A. are designedly
educational. Soil conservation, wild life conservation, machine and
shop work, or sewing projects, while developed in part for the
purpose of giving youth a financial return, have, at the same time,
furnished them with some training and may have stimulated in them
a desire for more education and training. Such education and training is especially desirable for out-of-school youth. Moreover, it
represents the type of program that should be available to rural
youth if increasing numbers of them are to be kept in public educational institutions beyond the compulsory age limits.
Campa for Unemployed Youns Women

The Division of Educational Camps of the National Youth Administration was established primarily for the year 1936-37. By
May 1, 1937, 27 camps were in operation in various parts of the
country. The camps, which have since been discontinued, were open
throughout the year with terms of 3 or 4 months for each young
woman. Forty-five hundred young women were enrolled during
the year the camps were in operation. Their activities included the
making of hospital supplies and recreational equipment and labor in
tree nurseries. 18
CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS

The Civilian Conservation Corps was created in March 1933 as
the major division of Emergency Conservation Work, whose dual
purpose was the conservation of the natural resources of the Nation
and the provision of employment for young men. 17 The enrolled
Data from Division of Camps, National Youth Administration.
See Annual Report of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work, Fucal
Year Ending June SO, 1986.
ie

17

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'ioffon11 l YuulJ1 AJmi11i.d ruliw1.

The N. Y. A . Teaches Rura l Girls lo Sew.

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:. . . .. ... ....... .. ... ..
...
. ..: .:.-.: ...•.: ..
... ..: .: .. .: ..........·..

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YOUTH PROGRAMS OF EMERGENCY AGENCIES • 53

men in the Civilian Conservation Corps consist of three groups: (1)
the so-called juniors-unmarried youth between the ages of 17 and
28 years, 18 inclusive; (2) local experienced men who may be married
and need not be within the age limits; and (3) veterans.
About 1,600,000 young men passed through the Civilian Conservation Corps from its creation in March 1933 to January 1, 1937. 19 Of
all junior enrollees selected for the three registration periods ending
November 15, 1935, May 15, 1936, and July 31, 1936, almost 95
percent were between 17 and 24 years of age. In this group the
· younger ages predominated, one-half being 17 and 18 years of age
and one-fourth being 19 and 20 years of age. 20 It has been estimated
that about 50 percent of the C. C. C. enrollees have come from rural
territory. 21 The high point of total C. C. C. enrollment was reached
in August 1935 and the low point in September 1936 (table 27 and
fig. 16).
Ta&le 27.-Enrollees I of the Civilian Conservation Corps, July 1935 Through
December 1936 2
Month

Number of
enrollees

1935

July
______
-- -- ----- - -- ------------- ---_
August
_____________________
. _________
September __ ----------·---- __________ _
October. __ . ________ . ____ . ________ . ___ _
November_------------·-----·····---Deoember
_________ ._. __ ..... _____ ._. __

1936
404,425
505, 782
449,580
474,300
470,121
445, 147

1936

January ________ ·- ___ .. _.. __ ._. _____ . __
Fehruary. _------·· ---····· ·······--· _
March·-------···-··················--

Number of
enrollees

Month

413,011
392, 761
29¼,921

~r:i-~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

June.··--···-·······················-_

331,195
346,450
321,243

July······--·---·-.--·-·-·---····-· ___ _
August_ ____ -·-·---·. __ . __ ·- ____ ._-·_ ..
September_.-·----------·_-------····
October.··--····-·--·--·····-·· ...... .
November.·--·-------·---·-··--······
Dooember_··-··-------·---··----······

345,300
323,276
261,091
34fl, 553
332,011
317,250

• Exclusive of Indians and territorial enrollees and personnel under the Immediate supervision of the
War, Agriculture, Interior, Labor, Commerce, and Treasury Departments.
• Data are given for the last day of each month.
Sources: Annual R~rt of the Dirtrlor of Emerg,ncv Conurration Work, Fi,ral Year Ending Junt ,o,
1936, and Momhl1 Slatiuical Summari,., Office of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work.

The junior enrollment for the country as a whole rose from 273,382
in May to 427,079 in August 1935, and by November 1936 had
dropped to 285,691 (appendix table 19). In the beginning C. C. C.
enrollment from each State was based on the proportion the State's
18 Eligibility requirements as to age and relief status have been changed from
time to time. At first the age range for enrollees was 18 to 25, inclusive. On
May 27, 1935, the maximum age was raised to 28 and at the same time it became
mandatory to select enrollees from families on public relief rolls. In September
1935 the minimum age was reduced to 17. In June 1936 the relief requirement
was modified to make possible the enrollment of youth from families with any
member eligible for relief. The Act of June 28, 1937,set the age limits of enrollment at 17 to 23, inclusive, for youth. Veterans may still enroll.
11 Fourth Anniversary Report to the President, Director of Emergency Conservation Work, April 5, 1937, p. 7.
20 Emergency Conservation Corps press release, August 26, 1936.
11 Office of the Director of Emergency Conservation Work.

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54 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
population represented of the total United States population. With
the development of the program, however, enrollees have come
increasingly from predominantly rural States. Hence, the number
of junior enrollees from the West North Central, East South Central,
and West South Central States, which are largely agricultural,
constituted a. larger percentage of the total strength of the Corps in
November 1936 than at any previous time (table 28 and appendix
table 19). The proportion of junior enrollees from the South Atlantic
States also increased, but it was slightly higher in August than in
November 1936.
600.---r------r-----,- --

---.-- - ~ - - - . - --

~ =---+-- ---t-- - -t --

-,--, 600

--t----1 400 :

i

300 ~

~

200

l

100

O

Jul

1935

Oct

Jon

Apr

..L

Jul

Oct

Dec

O

1936

FIO. 16 '.- ENROLLMENT IN THE CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS*
July 1935 through December 1936

• Elldualve of 1ncr10111 and tlrrltorlol enlOlleH.
SOURCES: AntuJI R,port of the Director of Emergw,cy

CotrNnotlotl

Work, Fiscal Y,a, Ending JuM 30, /936, ond Monthly Statlstlool
Summar/a, Office of the Olr9clor of EmtrQIIICY Conlerwtion Work.

. .........

The drought was a contributing factor in the increase in the proportion of enrollees from the West North Central States from May
1935 through November 1936, whereas the widespread destitution
which exists in the submarginal and eroded areas within the southem
States was largely responsible for the high proportions of C. C. C.
enrollees from those sections. Although the total strength- of the
Corps was markedly reduced between November 1935 and November 1936, the total number of junior enrollees from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia., Minnesota., Montana, North Dakota, Oklahoma., and
South Carolina. remained approximately the same or even increased.
The educational program of the Civilian Conservation Corps has
been of particular value to rural youth from low income families.
This program comprises the elimination of illiteracy among enrollees,

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C. C. C. Boys Jmprore

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YOUTH PROGRAMS OF EMERGENCY AGENCIES • 55

elimination of common-school deficiencies, instruction on the job,
vocational training, cultural and general training, training in proper
use of leisure time, character and citizenship development, and placement after discharge from the Corps. 22
;fe 28.-Percent Distribution of Junior Enrollees 1 of the Civilian Conservation Corps,
-'lay 193 5 Through November 1936,2 and Total Population of the United States,
. 930, by Geographic Division

Geographic division

Tots!
populn•
lion, 1930

193,

1935

May

Aug.

Nov.

Feb.

May

Aug.

Nov.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
United States_···-----··-···
----------------6.8
6. 7
6.8
6. 7
6.1
6. 6
6.6
6.3

New En~land ... -···-·············
Middle J.tlantlc ...................
South Atlantic.····--·-·--····-···
E:\St North Central..---··········
West North Central. .... -.•.......
East South Central.. .........•••••
West South Central.·-·······-·· ..
Mountain .....•.•. ·-··············
Pacific·-·-·---·····················

21. 4
12. 9
20. 6
10. 8
8.1
9. g
3. 0
G. 7

16. 1
10.8
20. 7
14. 4

6. 4
9. 6
G. l
10. 3

14. 7
15. 9
17.1
11.9
10. 5
13. 1
4. 4
6.1

14. 7
15. 4
18. 6
11. g
10. 6
12. 7
4.0
5. 3

13. 9
15.3
18. 9
12. 6
10. 0
12. 9
3. g
4. g

14. 5
15. 9
17. 4
12.0
10. 4
14. 2
4. 0
4.8

13. 5
16.9
17. 7
12. 3
II. 5
13. 2
3. 8
4. 4

10.5
16. 4
16. l
14. 8
11.G
16.9
3.8
3.8

17 to 28 years of age. Inclusive.
• Data are given for the last day of each month.
Sources: Office of Chief Statistician, Director ol Emergency Conse"atlon Work, January 13, 1937, and
Fiftumll Cemiu oftM UnU<d Slate,: I9SO, Population Vol. II.
1

In performing these educational functions the C. C. C. has taught
approximately 60,000 illiterate enrollees to read and write; it has
given instruction in grade school subjects to more than 600,000
youth and in secondary school subjects to 400,000 youth; and it has
assisted some 60,000 youth to take college courses. The possibilities
of part-time work and schooling as a method for helping youth who
do not stay in public schools are extensive, particularly since the
youth belonging in the low income classes are often retarded educationally. 23
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION

The Works Progress Administration, which was established in
May 1935 to give work at a security wage to employable persons in
families on genera.I relief, was just getting well under way in rural
areas at the time of this study. The inventory of workers on relief
in the United States in March 1935 classified one-third of the rural
youth as heads of families and eligible for employment on the Works
Progra.m.M Youth constituted approximately 16 percent of all
primary wage earners in rural areas.
Fourth Anniversary Report to the President, op. cit., p. 18.
See ch. IV.
"Hauser, Philip M., Workers on Relief in the United States in March 1935

22

:ta

(abridged edition), Division of Social Research, Works Progress Administration,
January 1937. Obtained by calculating what percentage the rural youth who
were economic heads of families on relief (225,159, table 22) constituted of the
total rural youth eligible for work (679,544, table 10).

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56 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

.Although data by residence are not available for persons employed
by the Works Progress Administration, the major agency under the
Works Program, some judgment as to the number of rural youth
whom the W. P.A. has employed may be arrived at through available
data for June 1936, by which time work projects were in full operation.
In the country as a whole, about 250,000 youth who were 16 to 24
years of age, inclusive, at the time of certification were employed on
W. P. A. projects during that month. 26 About 50,000 of these youth
were employed in counties having no municipality of 5,000 or more,•
while an undetermined number from the rural sections of counties
containing cities of 5,000 or more were employed.
It is possible that a majority of the young people assigned to
W. P. A. projects in the group of counties containing no center of
5,000 or more resided in the county seat and other towns. Hence,
it is probable that a very large proportion of the rural youth who were
eligible had not participated in the W. P.A. program at that date.
RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION

A number of rural youth have been assisted through the activities
of the rural rehabilitation and rural resettlement programs initiated
by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and expanded under
the Resettlement Administration. Neither of these programs has
been planned specifically to aid youth, however, and youth have
usually been aided indirectly through the provision of assistance to
the entire family.
During the year 1935-36 the Rural Rehabilitation Division of
the Resettlement Administration aided 635,000 families. 27 Among
these families were young couples, as well as middle-aged people
with children. It may be estimated roughly that the 635,000 families included about 470,000 youth. 28 Some of the families helped
were taken over from F. E. R. A. rolls; others, although not definitely in
the relief category, were aided through loans in order to keep them
off relief.
In 1936 there were some 6,000 families in need of resettlement because their land holdings had been purchased by the Government.
There were an estimated 650,000 additional families living on
100,000,000 acres of farm land considered unfit for use. 211 The data
16 Data from the Division of Research, Statistics, and Records, Works Progress Administration.
16 Special tabulation made in the Division of Research, Statistics, and Records,
Works Progress Administration.
21 First Annual Report, Resettlement Administration, 1938, p. 4.
28 According to data of the Resettlement Administration, the average size of
475,000 families was 5.1 persons (First Annual Report, ibid., p. 10). Youth constituted 14.5 percent of the total number of persons on relief in the open cotmtry
in October 1935.
19 First Annual Report, ibid., p. 2.

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YOUTH PROGRAMS OF EMERGENCY AGENCIES • 57

presented in the earlier chapters of this report indicate that many
youth from these families might well be assisted to secure their own
farms instead of having to be "resettled" along with their pa.rents.
When families were first selected for settlement in colonies, few
with youth were accepted. Later it became a policy to accept some
young couples and families with young people in the teens who were
especially interested in farming. However, the total number of
families involved was small in proportion to the number needing
such assistance.
FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION

Although each of the programs discussed above was contributing
directly or indirectly to the problems of underprivileged rural youth
at the time of the study, the major agency was still the Federal
Emergency Relief Administration. As was pointed out in chapter I,
approximately 625,000 youth were members of relief households in
rural areas in October 1935. While not directly concerned with
youth as such, the F. E. R. A. provided economio assistance to youth
while they were seeking a place in one of the more specialized Federal
programs or self-eupport from private employment.

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Chapter VII
CONCLUSIONS

IF ANYONE had predicted in 1929 that more than 3,000,000 rural
families would be forced to apply for public assistance during the
first half of the thirties, he would not have been believed. The first
5 years of the present decade, however, have seen rural poverty intensified and extended on a scale hitherto considered impossible.
During these years over 2,000,000 rural youth have been forced to
accept public aid at an age when they should have been attaining
self-support.
When persons past middle age are reduced to destitution, the causes
may be attributed in part to age and individual mischance. When
masses of youth are in extreme poverty, the problem rests in causes
predominantly, if not wholly, outside the individual.
When large numbers of rural youth are forced on relief, the fundamental causes must be sought primarily in the nature of the agricultural system. If the causes of youth's distress lay in the depression
alone, assistance for individual youth might be sufficient to carry over
until the next period of prosperity; but where the causes also relate
to long-time ills in agriculture, more fundamental action is required.
The attainment of economic security by these impoverished young
men and women is basic to the future welfare of rural America.
Masses of idle and poverty-stricken rural youth can augur no good
for rural America. Idleness, poverty, and ignorance form a vicious
circle; and the persons within the circle may easily become the prey
of demagogic and irresponsible leaders. But in this situation is a.
greater danger-an increasing development of a lethargic, unambitious, and listless class, a class that is willing to accept a living standard
below that of peasantry. The longer the vicious circle has been in
59

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60 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

operation the more imminent may be the danger of either of these
developments. But it is well to recognize that during the depression
many youth in good as well as in poor land areas have unavoidably
acquired habits of idleness and have lost visions of accomplishment.
A defeatist attitude may become permanent, even though opportunities later increase.
The situation of youth on relief in cities differs greatly from that
of youth on relief in rural territory. Urban life is based on a money
economy, and a job is the basis of existence. When youth in the city
ask for relief, it is because work is not available.
Poverty and want in agricultural areas may indicate not only a lack
of opportunity for work; they may also result on the one hand from
the exhaustion of natural resources and on the other hand from the
control of the resources by forces outside of agricultural society.
National recovery, as reflected by city prosperity 1 does not necessarily
augur economic recovery for rural territory. A job may no longer
guarantee farm youth a future since it may lead to no advancement
on the agricultural ladder.
RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF AND MIGRATION

The poverty of rural youth has been intensified by the population
pressure on the land. Even in 1929 the agricultural population was
in excess of the number needed for food production, and by 1935 this
number had further increased. Commercial agriculture today is
suffering from an excess of man power, and it is believed that during
the next 25 years farming cannot make place for more than one-fifth
of the excess of births over deaths in rural territory. 1 This population
excess exists on good land as well as on poor land, but it has produced
greater destitution on the poor land. Since areas of population
pressure are partially coextensive with regions of high relief intensity,
conditions of acute distress may increase if the population pressure
on the land is not relieved.
Rupert Vance holds that the only way out for the South lies in the
migration of rural youth. 2 If his position is tenable, it probably
follows that youth ought also to migrate from other rural sections.
It has been maintained that "to promote the best use of the land,
15 percent of the present farm population would have to migrate." 8
If this position is sound, it appears that one of the major needs of
rural youth is guidance in migration.
1 Goodrich, Carter and Others, Migration and Economic Op'[)OTtunity, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1936, p. 407.
s Goodrich, Carter and Others, ibid., p. 162.
• Allin, Bushrod W., "Migration Required for Best Land Use," paper presented
at the 26th annual meeting of the American Farm Economic Association, New
York City, December 27, 1935.

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CONCLUSIONS • 61

There were approximately 1,000,000' more youth on the land in
1935 than there would have been had the number that migrated each
year from the farms to the villages, towns, and cities during 19301935 equaled the number that migrated annually in the preceding
decade. Rural youth in relief households were part of this youth
surplus, forming a group that agriculture could not absorb. The predepression migration was comparatively greater from a poor land
area, such as the Appalachian Mountains, than from a prosperous
area, such as the Corn Belt. 6 With migration restricted, the pressure
on poor land areas has become proportionately greater. Thus, in
spite of adverse economic conditions which caused farm owners to
lose their farms and tenants to become laborers, many youth have
remained on the land of ten on a bare subsistence level. In this
respect, agriculture became a shock absorber for rural destitution.
Poverty among rural youth, however, is more than an agricultural
problem. The areas in which employment is dependent on small
rural industries, such as sawmills, brickyards, stone quarries, and
lime kilns, or large n1ral enterprises, such as lumbering, mining, and
textile industries, present special problems with respect to youth.
EDUCATION AND RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

The fact that less than one-fifth of rural youth in relief households
in October 1935 were in school 8 indicates that a low educational level
and poverty go hand in hand-the result of lack of educational opportunities as well as of a low economic status. There are large
stretches of rural territory in the United States without high school
facilities. Furthermore, in many areas of low land values and small
incomes, taxes are inadequate to support good schools.
The emergency education work of the Federal Government has
reached many youth, but the extent to which it has benefited backward rural youth is difficult to determine. The student aid program
of the National Youth Administration has been limited to secondary
school, college, and graduate students. Half of the out-of-school rural
youth on relief had not gone beyond the eighth grade and one-third
of those in school were in the eighth grade or below. Hence, many
youth were automatically excluded from the benefits of the program.
The disparity between the school attendance of young people in the
villages and those in the open country indicates that such assistance
as has been available has seldom benefited farm youth.
• Computed by assuming that approximately one-third of the total net migration from farms to villages, towns, and cities were youth (see Baker, 0. E., Outlook
for Rural Youth, Extension Service Circular 223, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Bureau of Agricultural Economics, September 1935, p. 4). Estimate of total
net migration was made by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, press release
of October 27, 1936.
• Allin, Bushrod W., op. cit.
• See ch. IV.

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62 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
Since less than half of the rural youth 16 and 17 years old were in
school, it is obvious that educational activities that would occupy
youth until the age of 18 would measurably reduce economic competition with those above this age as well as lessen the threat of a heavy
migration of youth into urban territory. At the 88Jile time, the youth
would be better prepared when the time came for them to be thrown
entirely upon their own responsibility.
The employment of such a large proportion of rural youth at unskilled trades 7 shows a need for vocational training. The combination of education and work as practiced in Civilian Conservation
Corps camps and on some N. Y. A. work projects offers a hopeful
method of giving to rural youth a type of education that is well
fitted to their needs for vocational training and work experience.
During the last few years some of the rural high schools having
Smith-Hughes funds for vocational training have inaugurated parttime evening classes in agriculture and home economics for out-ofschool rural youth. Instruction of these youth in better farming and
homemaking methods would aid in raising the low standard of living
generally found in relief families.
If programs to assist relief youth as well as those just above the
relief level are to be constructive, they must be adapted to the varied
interests and needs of those in the different age groups. Since it is
the 16- and 17-year olds that seem to be on relief in disproportionate
numbers, 8 these youth may well be aided through some form of formal
training in either full-time or part-time schools. The older age
groups are more likely to be seeking a home of their own and security,
and they need guidance with respect to family and economic relationships. Many youth in their early twenties have family responsibilities
either by reason of marriage or because they must contribute to the
support of the parental family. The large proportion of young men
on relief who were heads of households and the increasing percentage
of such youth in the relief group indicate that many youth probably
cannot be adequately assisted without helping the whole family.
The various age and social groups within the youth span require
special types of educational programs, and fundamental progress
along these lines in wide stretches of rural territory can be achieved
only by a varied program and the necessary incre&Sed financial support. Current educational opportunities and the ability of local
educational units to provide for the support of educational programs
vary widely both within rural areas and between rural and urban
areas. This makes particularly difficult the initiation of adequate
guidance and training projects for the out-of-school youth in areas
where most needed. To equalize opportunities of the formal educa7

1

See ch. V.
See ch. III.

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CONCLUSIONS • 63

tional agencies requires in many instances a change in methods of
support. Of more immediate consequence to the rural youth in
poverty, however, is the expansion of educational facilities and techniques similar to those developed by the N. Y. A. and the W. P.A.
during recent years in the local communities and by the C. C. C. in
its camps. In some cases teachers in vocational agriculture and the
extension service of the State colleges and the Department of Agriculture have developed promising methods of meeting the guidance
and training needs of the young people who have not gone or cannot
go through high school.
THE WORK OF FEDERAL AGENCIES

All of the Federal emergency agencies that have given direct or
indirect aid to youth in relief families have functioned under limitations which have prevented any long-time approach to the problem
of rural youth. Because the benefits of emergency programs have
been restricted largely to youth on relief, a vast number of young
people in marginal families not on relief rolls in rural areas have been
overlooked. In some areas the number in this category probably
equals, if it does not exceed, youth whose families have been recipients
of public relief. Moreover, the restriction of assistance to the most
distressed group of the population prevents an integrated and concerted attack on the low standards of living and cultural handicaps
under which many rural people live.
With the exception of the C. C. C., Federal programs which offer
the greatest possibilities for youth have been set up primarily in
urban terms, and they are frequently not well adapted to rural areas.
In sparsely settled and remote regions where the N. Y. A. and W. P.A.
have functioned, personnel to direct the programs has been difficult
to secure since few persons with the requisite qualificaj:,ions are
available in these areas.11 In spite of the progress in eradicating
illiteracy, teaching homemaking, etc., the potentialities of an educational program for out-of-school youth in rural areas are far from
being realized.
Rural youth, as compared with urban youth, have been somewhat underrepresented on the work projects of the National Youth
Administration, the one agency specifically designed to assist individual youth in their home communities. 10 The problems of adequate
and competent supervision and of transportation make operation of
the program particularly difficult in rural areas. Moreover, since
the N. Y. A. raised its minimum age limit for work projects to 18
years in line with the general movement to restrict the labor of
• Programs for Which Out-of-School Young People in Breathitt County, Kentucky,
Are Asking, Office of the County Schools, Jackson, Breathitt County, Kentucky.
10 See footnote 2, page 48.
28068°-38-6

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64 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
minors, 11 many rural as well as urban youth who are out of school
have been deprived of the opportunity to take advantage of the
combined work and training activities offered by the N. Y. A. program.
As pointed out above, 12 the nature of the N. Y. A. program of
educational aid limits the assistance it can give to youth in rural
areas. Since offices of the N. Y. A. vocational placement bureau are
located in cities, this service is usually not available to rural youth,
and the nature of the apprentice training program suggests that
practically all of the youth aided are urban youth. If the N. Y. A.
is to give aid only to youth in families actually certified for public
assistance, the needs of the large mass of underprivileged rural youth
in families just above the accepted relief level will be largely ignored.
This limitation on giving aid only to youth actually certified for
public assistance has also limited the assista.nce the Civilian Conservation Corps could render. 18 This agency has probably given
more direct aid to young men in rural areas than has any other, but
its permanent value to rural youth is limited. The youth are taken
care of for a time, but little provision is made for helping them when
they return to their rural communities after their brief period of
training. Many C. C. C. enrollees leave camp every month to accept
private employment, and others may later obtain employment.
Large numbers are not so fortunate, however, and practically no
provision has thus far been made for continued guidance and assistance
to youth who do not obtain employment after leaving the camps.
There has been no parallel agency for rural young women other than
the restricted N. Y. A. camp program. Moreover, the work which
women can do for wages in rural communities is strictly limited.
Unless migration is again resumed on the predepression scale, young
women in rural sections will continue to lack employment opportunities. Training which will fit them for the role of homemaker in low
income families would be particularly valuable as one solution of the
problem.
With the present surplus of farm youth, which industry may never
completely absorb, and with the oncoming masses of youth in both
farm and nonfarm rural territory, who will also be pressing for employment opportunities, there is an evident need for continuing governmental activity to assist youth in making economic and social adjustments. There is no doubt that the assistance given to rural youth
by each of the Federal agencies has been of great value. These
agencies have accumulated experience that might well be applied to
11 During the first year of the National Youth Administration program, the
minimum age for employment on work projects was 16.
11 See ch. VI.
11 Under the Act of June 28, 1937, extending the Civilian Conservation Corps
for 3 years, the enrollment privilege has been extended to any youth who is
unemployed and in need of employment.

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CONCLUSIONS • 65

the prevention of distress among rural youth, as well as to their
economic adjustment, as the country emerges from the depression.
The approaches of these agencies to the youth problem, however,
have been largely uncoordinated. The work of the various agencies
has demonstrated that the youth problem is complex and that it
cannot be resolved by panaceas. Before any fundamental change in
the conditions and prospects of rural youth can be brought about,
there must be coordinated planning both by such permanent ntral
institutions as the extension service, the church, and the public schools
and by the agencies developed during the depression.

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Appendixes
67

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Appendix A
SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES
To&le 7.-Estimated Number of Rural Youth in the United States, 1935,1 and Estimated Number on Relief, October 1935,1 by Residence, by Geographic Division,
and by State
Rural•fsrm
Geographic division and State

Total
rural
youth

Number

Percent

Rural•nonfsrm

Number

Percent

Youth on relief
Percent of
Number total rural
youth

---- ---62.~, 000
61.1 3, SIH, 600
38.9
6.3
------- ---------------New Endand •••....•.••.•••.• 304,700
106. 600
35.0
198,100
65.0
16,800
5.5
United States••••• -••••. 9,991,600 6,107,000

Maine .. _..••...•••.••.••.•
76,200
29,600
46,600
61. 2
5,300
38.8
7.0
New Hampshire•••....•...
31,600
12,200
38.6
19,400
1,000
61.4
3.2
1, ()(JO
41,700
22,300
46. 5
19,400
53. 5
2. 4
Vermont.·--·-···-·······65,600
19,000
46, f,00
10. 7
29.0
71.0
7,000
Massachusett•-······-·-···
Rhode Island ..• _....... __ •
IO, 100
5.0
2,300
22.8
7,800
77.2
500
Connecticut_ ..•..... _._ .••
79,500
21,200
26. 7
58,300
73. 3
2,000
2.5
Middle Atlantic ...••........•. 1,002,100
365,000
63.6
77,600
637,100
7. 7
36. 4
142,200
42. 8
190,300
57. 2
II, 000
3.3
New York ..•.. ·-····-····· 332,500
New Jersey ... ___ ._ .. __ .••• 108,600
7,(0)
23,100
21. 3
85,500
78. 7
6. 4
199,700
59,600
35.6
361,300
64. 4
10.6
Pennsylvania...•... ·--···· 561,000
South Atlantic ••. _••.•........ 2, O&~. 500 1,300,800
62. 4
784, 700
37. 6
105,000
5.0
Maryland •.•..••...•...... 115,500
49,500
42.9
66,000
57.1
4, :100
3.6
Delaware••.. _.••••••......
21,100
9,400
44. 5
II, 700
55. 5
400
1. 9
14,400
215. 500
63.4
124,300
36.6
4.2
Virginia ... •-····-·--······ 339. 800
West Virginia .• _. __ ._ ... _. 253, 41XJ
38,000
ll3. 500
44.8
139, \JOO
5.5.2
15.0
147, f,00
17,000
345,500
70. 1
29.9
3.4
North Carolina••••• _•. ·-·· 493, JOO
97,100
12,000
205, 700
67. 9
32.1
4. 0
South Carolina ••.. -··--··· 302,800
299,500
7,000
419.
900
71.
3
120,400
28.
7
1. 7
Oeor~la. ···········-··-·-77, 700
12,000
8.6
62,200
44.5
55.5
Florida._-···_·••-·-···-- .. 139. IJOO
5114, 300
40. 2
JOI, 900
59.8
6.9
Ee.st North Central_ •• _··- .... 1,479,500 885,200
Ohio._ •••• -•.. _•. _. __ ..... 377,500
27,0(1()
167,000
4-4. 2
7. 2
210,500
55. 8
JO,{)()()
154,500
62. 4
DJ, 200
Indiana •••••••••••.... _·-. 247, 700
37. 6
4.0
147,
f,00
174,200
M.1
45. 9
28,900
9.0
nllnois. -·········-····---· 321,800
Michlgan .•.•..•••• _._ •.... 2.'10. 400
167, 700
59.8
IJ2, 700
40.2
7. 8
22.000
Wisronsin __ • ____ .. _. ___ . __ 2.'i2, JOO
14, ()(JO
178,300
70. 7
73,800
29.3
5. 6
West North Central ... _. ___ .. _ I, 329, f,00
91.{)(J()
419, .500
910, 100
68.4
31.6
6.8
Minnesota •• _. _____ .•••• _. 2211,300
18,000
167,200
72.9
62,100
27. I
7.8
24,000
214,300
67. I
104,000
32.9
7.5
Missouri. .. ·-----········- 319,200
9,000
163, 700
68.9
73,800
31. I
3.8
Iowa .....•.... ·-·········· 237,500
27,200
15.11
73,500
73.0
27.0
16,000
North Dakota..•• _·- ..••.. JOO, 700
6,000
64,900
27,200
6.5
92, JOO
70.5
29. 5
South Dakota ... •··-·-·-··
8,()(1()
101, 700
60, /iOO
33. 2
5.3
Nehrnska ..•.. _..•......... 1.52, 200
66. 8
124,!:IOO
62.8
73,800
37.2
10,000
5.0
Kansas.···········-- ..•... 198,600
t Based on data from Fiftunth C,n,u, oftht t'niltd State,: 19MI, Population; Unlttd Stat,, C,n,,u of Aurl•
culture: 1935; Baker, 0. E., "Rural and Urban Distribution of the Population in the United States,"
.Annal• of tht Amtrican Acad,mv of Political and Social &i,nct, November 1936, p. 268; and "Lile Tables
for White Males, White Females, Negro Males, and 1'egro Females, Continental United States: JgJO,"
Vital Statiirtic1-Sp,cial Report,, Vol. I, No. 20, United States Burenu or the Census, July 27, 1936.
• Based on data from Survey or Current Changes In the Rural Relief Population, Division of Social Re~cb, Works Progress Admiulstratlon.

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RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

Ta&le 7.-Estimated Number of Rural Youth in the United States, 1935, and Estimated Number on Relief, October 1935, by Residence, by Geographic Division,
and by Stat~ontinued
RuraHarm
Total
rural
youth

Geographic division and State

Number

Rural•nonrarm

Percent

Number

Youth on relier

Percent

Percent or
Number total rural
youth

- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - East South Central ...•.•..•••• 1,433,500 1,056, 700
Kentucky •...••...•••••... 362, 900
254,100
Tennes.see •..••••.•••...... 360,300
263. 2()()
Alabama .....•...•••...... 397,500
284,900
312,800
500
1,530.900 1,080.300
Arkansas ...........•..•... 301,900
2.%,900
Louisiana __________________ 253, 700
172,100
Oklahoma................. 311,600
210,600
Texas ..•••................ 6fl3, 700
461, 700
:b'.>6, 60()
Mountain ..................... 393, 100
Montana ..................
56,000
32, 700
Idaho ....•..............•.
55, JOO
35,700
11,300
Wyoming ..•............•.
26,800
Colorado._ ........ _...•.•.
87, 700
18,800
New Mexico ....•......••..
31,500
68,700
50, 60()
19,500
Arizona •••.•..•.......••••
Utah ......•.......••.•....
48,000
24,700
2,400
Nevada •••••..•.•.••..••..
10,200
195, 700
Pacific ........................ 432, 700
59,300
Washington ...•••......••. 117,600
Or~on ....•....•........•.
81,100
42,300
California ........•....•... 234,000
94,100

wesf~~f~PJ!Dti-ai:::::::::::

73. 7

70.0
73. 1
71. 7
81.4
70.6
78.1
67.8
67.6
69.6
52. 6
68.4
64. 8
42. 2
55.6
53. 7
38.5
51. 5
~-5
45. 2
50. 4
52. 2
40.2

™·

376,800
108,800
97,100
112, 60()
68,300
450,600
66,000
8f.600
10 ,000
202,000
186,500
23,300
19,400
15. 500
38,900
27, 2()()
31, JOO
23,300
7,800
237,000
58,300
38,800
139,0CO

26.3
30.0
26.9
28.3
18.6
29. 4
21.9
32.2
32. 4
30. 4
47. 4
41. 6
35.2
57. 8
44. 4

46.3
61. 5

48.

~

76. 5
54.8
49. 6
47. 8
59.8

81,400
48,000
12,000
10,000
11,400
102,000
12, (X)()
12, (X)()
49,000
29,000
33,300
5,000
3,100
500
9,000
6,500
3,900
6,000
300
16,000
5,000
1,000
10,000

IS. 7

13. 2
3.3
2. 6
3.6
6. 7

'-0

.,

4. 7
15. 7

s. 6
S.9
6.6
1.9
10.3
11.1
7. 7
10.4
2.11
3. 7
4.3
1.2
'-3

Ta&le 2.-Age of Rural Relief Population, by Residence and by Region, October 1935
(304 counties and 83 New England townships)
Open country

Total

VIilage

Age and region
Number

Percent

Number

Percent

Number

Percent

---------------1--- - - - - - - -------1----~LL REGIONS

All ages_ •••.••••••••••.••.•••.•••.•.

385,850

100.0

246,798

100.0

127,506

100.0

Under 10 yeani.•. .•.•............•..•....•
10-14 years.........••...........•••....•..
15 years...•.•.•.•••••.•••..•....••..•••.•.
16-24 Yearll ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
25-34 years....••....•...••.••...........••
35-+4 years.•..••..•..••.•.........•.....••
45-54 Yearll ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
55-64 years ....•..........•........•.......
65 years and over ........•....•••••••.....

108,376
54,718
9,998
56,064
45,458
37, 718
30,306
21,946
21,266

28.1
14. 2
2.6
14.5
11.8
9.8
7.8
5. 7
5.5

72,652
35, 768
6,386
35,658
29,582
23,706
18,564
12, 710
11,772

29.4
14. 5
2.6
14.5
12.0
9.6
7. 5
5.1
4.8

33,132
17,316
3,304
18,604

211. 0

All ages.•.•••..••.•.•...•.•.•.•.••••

11,546

100.0

Under 10 years..••..••.•••••.•••.•••••..•.•
10-14 years .....•....•...••••••.....••.....
15 years .....•.............................
16-24 years ........•.•.•.•.•.•.•.•.........
2.5-34 years ..•....•••..•.•..•..••..•.•.....
35-44 years ......•..•••..•••••.•.•.•.•••...
45-54 years .••••.••....•..•••......•.••.••.
55-64 years ............•...................
65 years and over ..••.•••••.•••••••••••...

2,592
1,634
308
1,802
), 180

22.4
14. 2
2. 7
15. 6

1,356

11. 7
10.0
6.9
6. 3

Dig t1zed by

Google

14,696

12,656
10. 584
8,442
8,772

NJ:W ENGLAND

1,158
794
722

10. 2

13.6
2. 6
l'-6
11. 5
9. 9
s. 3
6.6
II.II

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES • 71
Ta&/e J.-Age of Rural Relief Population, by Residence and by Region,
October 1935-Continued
(304 counties and 83 New England townships]
Open country

Total

Village

Age and region
Number

Percent

Number

Percent

Number

Percent

.All ages __________________________ . __

1311, 366

100. 0

86,470

100.0

52,896

100.0

Underyears
10 years_.------------------------10-14
______________________ .. ____ ....
15 years ________________ . __ .------- _______ .

37,976
19,542
3,546
19,940
1.1,430
13,740
11,400
8,716
9,076

27.3
14. 0
2. 5
14.3
11.1
9.9
8.2
6.2
6.5

24,628
12, i30
2,112
12,330
9,464
8,746
6,800
4,882
4,778

28.6
14. 8
2. 4
14. 2
10. 9
10.1
7. 9
5.6
5.5

13,348
6,812
1,434
7,610
5,006
4,994
4,600
3,834
4,298

25.3
12.9
2. 7
14.4
11.3
9.4
8. 7
7. 2
8.1

194,960

100.0

140,374

100. 0

54,586

100.0

57,302
27,938
5,032
28,874
18,232
13,856
9,326
9,042

29.4
14.3
2.6
14.8
12. 7
9.4
7.1
4.8
4. 9

43,082
20,322
3,710
20,738
18,084
12,706
9,492
6,184
6,056

30.6
14. 5
2.6
14. 8
12. 9
9.1
6.8
4. 4
4.3

14,220
7,6Ul
1,322
8,136
6,674
5,526
4,364
3,142
3,586

26.0
14.0
2.4
14. 9
12. 2
10. 1
8.0
5.8
6.6

160,792

100.0

)18, 038

100.0

42,754

100.0

11,094
6,016
1,066
6,396
5,302
4,350
3,400
2,474
2,656

25.8
14.1

11,832

100.0

3,126
1,600
256
1,740
I, 372
I, 176
964

26.5
13. 5
2. 2

---------------•---- ---- -------- ---- ---NORTH

16--24 years __ ------_._. -. ---- -. -----. -- -- --

2.".-34 years _____ . _________ .---- __ ---------3b-44 }·ears _______________________________ _
4.',-54 years _______________________________ _
55-6-1 years.------------------------------115 years and over __ ---------------------··
SOUTH-TOTAL

All ages_ ___________________________ _

Under 10 years ______ --------------------10-14 years ___ ·---------------------------15 years _______________ .. ----_. __ ---- ___ --16--24 years _______________________________ _
25-34 years ___________ . ____ . _____ . _______ ..
3.'>-14 years
------_ ... -- -. ------ ---- --- _4.1-54
years ____
_______________________________
55-M years ______ . __________ .. ___ .. ______ ..
65 years and over ___________ . ____________ _

--- ---

24, 758

SOL'fH-WHITJ:

All ages _______ ---------------------Under 10 years __________________________ _
10-1'1 years _______________ . _______________ .
15 years __________________ . __ -------. _____ .
16--24 years ____________ . ___ . ___ . __________ _
2.',-34 years ______________ ... ______________ _
3H4 years _________________ . ____ .. _. _____ _
45-54 years _______________ . ______________ ..
5.'Hl4 years _____________ ----.--------------

-47,882
- - - -29.-7 -36,-788-

65 years and over-------------------------

23,048
4, 116
23,896
20, 744
14,960
11, 1911
7,574
7,376

H.3
2. 6
14.9
12. 9
9.3
7. 0
4. 7
4.6

17,032
3,050
17,500
15,442
10,610
7,796
5,100
4, 720

31.2
14.4
2.6
14. 8
13.1
9.0
6.6
4.3
4. 0

34,168

100. 0

22,336

100. O

9. 420
4,890
916
4,978
4,014
3,272
2,660
), 7!12
2,266

27. 6
H.3
2. 7
14. 6
11. 7
9.6
7. 8
5. I
6.6

3,238
2,642
2,096
1,696
1,084
1,336

39,978

10(,.0

19,954

26.3
14. 0
2.8
13. 6
10.2
11.0
9. 7
7.8
4. 6

4,942
2,716
564
2,500
2,034
2,254
2,272
1,644

2. 5
15.0
12. 4
10. 2
8.0
5.8
6. 2

wum-NEoao
All

ages_____________________________

Under 10 years___________________________
10-14 years________________________________
15 years___________________________________
16--24 years________________________________
25-34 years._______________________________
35-44 years________________________________
45-54 years________________________________
55-64 years________________________________
65 years and over_________________________

----•----+----•--28.1 - - - - - 6,294
3,290
660

14. 7
3. o
14. 5
11.8
9. 4
i. 6
4. 9

14. 7

11.6

9.11

930

8.1
5.6
7.9

100.0

20,024

100.0

24. 8
13.6
2.8
13.0
10. 2
11.3
11.4
8.2
4. 7

5,564
2,888
548
2,858
2,056
2,136
1,620
1,466
888

27.8
14.4
2:1
14.3
10.3
10. 7
8.1

668

6. o

WEST

All

ages____________________________ _

Under 10 years __________________________ _1 - - - - < ·
10,506
10-14 years ________ -----------------------5,604
15 years ______________ .---- -- ------ -- ---· -I, 112
16--24 years _______________________________ .
5,448
25-34 years _______________________________ _
4,090
35-44 years _________________________ .--"--4,390
45-54 years _______________________________ _
3,892
5.'Hl4 years ____ . ______________________ . ___ _
3,110
1,826
65 years and over_------------------------

938

D19 t1zed by

7. 3

4.'

GoosIe

72 •

RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

Tal,le 3.-Percent Youth Constituted of the Total Rural Relief Population, by Residence
and by Area,1 February, June, and October 1935
[138 oountlea)

lune

February

Peraona 1&-:H
,-raofaae

Peraonal&-:H

,-raofaae

Realdenoe 1111d -

October t

All per-

All per-

All per-

l()DI

l()DI

Nnmber

Peroent

Peraona 1&-:H
,-sofaae
l()DI

Nnmber

Percent

Nnmber

Peroent

--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --TOT.t.L

.AD areas..............

382, Oll8

111,111111

111. 2 W,8.111

41,380

111. 3 1811,812

'rT, 2IIO

14.11

Eastern Cotton ....••••••.•• 63,752
17,517
74,003
48,091
25,912
82. 7111
19,4711
158,977
li0,223
23, 72'
8,816
10,411

8,819
S,1174
8,145
12, 51111
8,812
8,757
13,4ell
3,188
9,001
8,088
3,844
1, 4113
1,6113

111.4
IS. 7
18.0
17.0
18.3
14.6
Ill. 3
111.4
15.3
111.1
Ill. 2
Ill. II
15.0

81, 1170
21, "86
9,984
30, MIi
23,348
7,:1)8
'19, rol
14, 15811
37,004
31,130
16,472
6,388
7,322

4,9611
8,418
1,538
5,110
4,092
1,018
13, 8.111
2,630
6. 614
4,8114
2, 1178
9811
1, !OIi

15.11
15.8
15.4
Ill. 7
17.S
14.1
17.2
17.3
14.11
15.11
111.3
18.3
15. I

18, 8UO
13,912
4,778
22,728
18. 104
4, 11:H
77, 1118
11,704
25,370
12, 4118
10, 15811

a. 1134

2,814
2,0!0
734
3,1911
2, 11:H
672
11,8UO
1,833
3,2111
1, 1188
1, II08
5158

Ml

15.1
15.0
15.4
14.1
14. 5
12.4
15.1
16.11
12. 7
13. 5
15.2
15.4
H.11

AU areas.............. m,11111

44,674

111.4 1114,8114

:111,8118

White ••..•.....••..••••
Negro ......••..••..••.•
Western Cotton ••.•••••••••
White •...••.....••.••••
Negro •..••...........•.
~lan•Omrk ...•.....
e
tes Cut•Over •...••
Hay and Dairy •••••...•....
Corn Belt .•••••••••.•.•••••
~rlnl Wheet .•••••...•••••
lnter'W1-t ••...•.••..••.
Ranchfns••••••••.••...•••••

311,285

4,434

OPl:1' COUNTIIY

Eastern Cotton .•.•••••••••.
White •.•••••..•...•..••
Nqro .• ·••·•·••·••••••·
Western Cotton ••.....•••.•
White .••.••••••.•.••.•.
Negro .. ··•·•····•••••·•
t1l:lachlan•Omrk ...•.•.••
e States Cut-Over •••.••
Hay and Dairy .•..•..••.•..
Corn Belt ...••••.•........•
~rlns Wheat .........•....
lnterW1-t ••.•....•.•.•.
Ranchln1 ••••••••••••••••.••

------- ----42, 137
6, 1133
111.6 21,404
3,244
28, 11211

Ill. S 13), 2DII

17,GII

14.6

15. 2
15.1
15.3
111. 7
17.S
14.2
17. I
111.8
14.8
111.0
16.4
18. 7
13.3

13, 7911
10,530
3, 21111
16,4112
13, 1311
3, 3211
51, 7211
8, 2118
14,334
4,742
7,194
2, 2711
1,rol

2,072
!,SM

15.0

rol

16.11
14.0

13,511
59,8114
38, SOIi
21, 5158
112,424
16. 1117
37, 1139
25,790
18,484
5,911
4,3)()

4,479
2,454
10,342
7,214
3,128
10,153
2,401
5,845
4,334
3,041
962
6113

IS.II
18. 2
17.3
18.8
14.S
111.3
15.8
16. S
111.8
111.5
111.3
13.4

14,874
6,530
33, ll30
16,M
4, 1134
IIO, tfl8
11, 7711
22, 1112
l2,41iO
12,274
8,033
2,633

3,452
2,752
700
10, SOIi
l, 1144
8, 3liO
t,ll!M
2,008
SM
334

.AD areas.............. 110,482

17, 4215

15.8

88,782

14,482

Ill. 8

1111,6111

9,282

14.8

1,886
1, 1116
GIil
2,227
1,598

111. 2
15. 7
17.2
15.8
111.3
14.4
111.3
18.3
14.8
16.4
15.3
17.2
16.1

10, 2116
6,812
3,454

1,712
1, 170
542
1,1188
1,340
318
3,330
886
2, 1114
2,870
1170
433
772

111. 7
17.2
16. 7
111. 7
17.6
14.0
17.2
18.4
15.0
15.4
111.0
17. 7
111. I

4,894
8,382
1,512
6, 21111
4, 9118
1, 2118
26,472
4411
11,038
7, 7211
8, 3112
1, 3158
2, 11211

742
SIii

16.2
16.1
14.11
14. a
16.0
11.11
111.2
13.11
12.4
13.4
14.11
16.5
16.3

2, :HS

11911

2,302
1,880
422
7,5511
1,342
1,844
llliO
1,102
348
212

14.11

14.S

12. 7
14.11
16,3
12. 11
13. 7

ts.a

15.3
14.1

VJLLl.01:

Eastern Cotton •..••••.••.•.
White ...•••.•...•.•••••
Nesro ...•.••..•••••••••
Western Cotton ...••••••••.
White ....•••..•..••••.•
Nesro ...••......•.•••••
t!ralachlan•Ozark ..•...•..
e States Cut-Over ..•.•.
Hay and Dairy .............
Corn Belt ...•••••••••.••...

- - - - - - ---

11, 1116
7,IIOII
4, OOII
14,139
9,785
4,354
33,292
4,309
21,338
24,433
6. 240
~:!':!r
2,905
Ranching......••••••.•••••. 6,211

i\8:i.~::::::::::::

1 Exclusive

11211

3,313

787

3,lM
3,762
803
liOI
1,000

9,11211

7,652
2,274
111,340
4,810
14,392
18, fl80
4, 1118
2. 3fl8
4,802

a.

2211

8114
744

Ul0
4,134
478
1,372
1,038
SOIi
210
448

of unknowns.

• The slight d!fferenoes In the percentages for the 1&-24 year ap gronp In thla table and In appendb: table 2
are due to tbe fact that area data Included only the 138 oountles sampled In February, whereas appendix
table 2 la based on the 304 oountles and 83 New England townships of thla study.

lJ1gt1zcctbyGoogle

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES • 73

Ta&le 4.-Age of Rural Youth on Relief, by Residence and by Region, Odober 1935
(304 counties and 83 New England townships]

Age and residence

Total

South

New
England

West

North
Total

White

Negro

- - - - - - ---

TOT.lL

Number _________________
Percent __ ---------------111-17 years _____________________
IS-19 years _____________________
20-21 years _____________________
22-24 years _____________________

116,0M
100.0

1,802
100.0

19,940
100.0

28,874
100.0

28. 7
23.1
20. 2
28.0

29. 2
24.2
20. 7
25,g

29.1
23.8
20. 5
26. II

27.3
22.3
20.4
30.0

35. 658
100.0

12,330
100.0

20. 738
100.0

28.5
22.9
20. 2
28. 4

29.5
23.9
:.xl.6
26.0

18,604
100.0
29.0
23. 3
20. 2
27. 5

23,896
100.0

4,978
100.0

5,448
100.0

27.1
22.1

28.5
23.0
20. 7
27.8

34.5
23.8
18.5
23.2

17,/500
100.0

3,238

2. MIO

26.9
22.2
20.5
30.4

21.8
20.4
31.3

24.6
20.5
25.8

23.2
17. 1
24-0

7,610
100.0

8, 136
100.0

11,396
100.0

1,740
100.0

2,858
100.0

28.3
23. 7
20.4
27.6

28.3
22. 5
20. 2
29.0

28.6
23.1
20.0
28. 4

27.5
llO. l
21.0
31.4

33.3
24.4
19.8
22. 5

:iiO. 3

30.6

OPltN COUNTRY

Number _________________
Percent __________________
16--17
lS-19
20-21
22-24

years _____________________
years _____________________
years _____________________
years _____________________

100.0
100.0
----26. 5
29.1
35.
7

VlLLAOII

Number _________________
Percent_ _________________
16--17 years _____________________
lS-19 years _____________________
20-21 years _____________________
22-24 years _____________________

To&le 5.-Percent Distribution of Youth in the Total Rural Population, by Age and by
Region, 1930
(324 counties •)

Age

Total

South

New
England

North

West
Total

Total __________ ----------

100.0

100.0

16--19 years_-------------------:»-24 years ___________ -------- __

49. 9

50.1

49.0
51.0

100.0

I

50. 6
49. 4

White

Negro

------ --100.0
100.0
100.0
- -50.-4 ---50. 2
50.9
46.4
100.0
49.6

49.8

49.1

53.11

• Data for New England are for the 20 couuties which include the 83 townships surveyed.
Source: Fi[tumh CtmtU oftht United State,: 1930, Population Vol. III.

Dig t1zed by

Goog IC

.....
,,,..

Ta&#e 6.-Age of Rural Youth on Relief, by Residence and by Area, February, June, and October 1935

•

[138 counties]

,cl

Eastern Cotton
Month, age, and residence

C:

Western Cotton

All areas
Total

White

Neero

Total

Wblte

Negro

Lake
A~pslac IanStates
Ozark Cut-Over

Hay
and
Dairy

,cl

Corn
Belt

Spring
Wheat

Winter
Wheat

)>

RanchIng

r

-<

---

0

J'J:BRUARY

Total: Number ....• -....
Percent.. ·-·--·-··

61,997
100.0

18-20 years·--------··----····-years _______ . _____________
21-24

34.8
38.4

35.0
39.6

Open country: Number.
Percent._

44,573
100.0

6,933
100.0

18-20 years .. __________ . ________
21-:H years_·-------··--------··

27. 1
34. 6
38.3

26.0
35.4
38. 6

17,424
100.0

1,886
100.0

1,195
100.0

691
100.0

26.1
35.1
38. 8

23.1
33.4
43. 5

---

--

24. 1
36.0
39.9

41,380
100.0

4,956
100.0

8,418
100.0

1,538
100.0

&, 110
100.0

26. 7
35. 0
38.3

26. 8
34.0
39.2

26.5
33.4
40.1

27.4
35.4
37.2

26.0
34. 7
39.3

Open country: Number_
Percent..

26,898
100.0

3,244
100.0

2,248
100.0

996
100.0

16-17 years·-----·--·--·······-18-20 years_. ____ ···----··--. __ .
21-24

27.0
34.6
38. 4

27.6
34.9
37.5

26.5
34. 1
39.4

30.3
36.8
32.9

8,819
100.0

- -26.8
- - -25.416-17 years·--········----·-··--

5,674
100.0

-4,479
100.0

3, 145
100.0

-2,464
100.0

12, li69
100.0
24.6
34.9
40.5
10,342
100.0

8,812
100.0

-7,214
100.0

--- --------------16-17 years _______ -----·-. ______

0

<g
;;;

"'era.

'<:

C')
0
0
00

r.J

Village: Number ___ . ____
Percent.·----···
16-17 years ____ . ________________
18-20 years __________ ·--------·21-24 years_·------··--------- __

------

--

--

-

24. 7
34. 7
40.6

2,227

100.0

--

1,598
100.0

3,757
100.0

13,466
100.0

3,188
100.0

9,001
100.0

8,086
100. 0

3,844
100. 0

--

28.5
34.6
36.9

25. 4
33.8
40.8

29.1
34. 4
36.5

27.1
34. 9
38.0

27.6
33. 7
38. 7

3,128
100.0

10,153
100.0

2,401
100.0

5,845
100.0

4,334
100.0

27.9
34.6
37.5

26.5
34. 3
39.2

30.4
34.1
35.5

3,313
100.0

787
100.0

-629
100.0

- - -- - - - - -30.-2 - -22.-I
- 34.5 32.0
35.3
45.9
---

1,481
100.0

1,563
100.0

36. 3
37.4

37.2
36.3

3,041
100.0

961
100.0

563

27.3
35.0
37. 7

29.1
32. 0
38. 9

26. 1
35.4
38. 5

3,156
100.0

3,752
100.0

803
100.0

500
100.0

26. 7
35.1
38.2

26.9
34.8
38. 3

22. 0
40. I
37.11

35. 2

2,678
100.0

986
100.0

36. 2
39.0

36. 7
35. 7

---------

- -26.-3 - -26.5
-

100.0

26.6
38. 2

lUNB

Total: Number __________
Percent. __________
16-17 years·--····-·--········-·
18-20 years.·-·--·--···-···-··-.
21-24 years·----·---·---·---·-··

Ye&rS-----·--------· ··--·-

---

4,092

100.0

1,018
100.0

13,636
100.0

2,530

100.0

5,514
100.0

4,864
100.0

33.1
41.4

40.9
31.0

27.1
34. 7
38.2

24. 9
34. 6
40.5

27.8
35.2
37.0

27.4
35.4
37.2

3,452
100.0

2,752
100.0

100.0

700

10,306
100.0

1,644
100.0

3,350
100. 0

1,994
100.0

2,008

100.0

566
100.0

25.9
34.2
39.9

25. 4
32. 5
42. 1

41. 1
31.2

34. 6
38.6

34. 8
39. 1

29.0
34.4
36.6

27.1
34.8
3'1. 1

25. 4
34. 7
39.9

27.9
33. 6
38.5

- -25.5
- - -28.1-

- -27.-7 - -26.8- - -26.1-

- -24.8
- - -27.6-

2

~

0

z
,cl
ITI

C

...,
ITI

Village: Numher ________
Peroeut_ ________

14,482
100.0

I, 712
100.0

1.170

35. 6
38.l

32.2
42. 7

32.0
41. 6

32.9
45.0

27,250
100.0

2,814
100. 0

2,080
100.0

18-20 years ____ __ ___ . __________ .
21-24 years _________ ___ __ _______

28. 0
32.9
3Y.1

27. 3
34. 5
38. 2

28. 3
33. 1
38. 6

Opeo country : Number
Percent__
16-li years _____ ___ ____ ___ ______
18- 24
20 ye,irs
___ ____
21years _____
__ __
___---·-·--_____ _______
__

17,428
100.0

2,072
100.0

1. 564
100. 0

28. 3
32. 6
39.1

27. 3
34. 3
38. 4

27. 9
33. 2
38.9

Village: Number ________

Pe«-ent. ________

9,822
100.0

742
100. 0

18-20 years ___. ______ . __ __ ______
21-24 years. ____ ____ . __ _________

33. 4
3Y.2

27. 2
35.3
37.6

16-17 yoors _________ ____________
18-20 years _________ _____ _______
21-24 years ____________ ___ ______

M2

1, MS
100.0

100.0

318
100. 0

26. 2
35. 6

38.2

25_5
34.5
40.0

28.9
40.3
30.8

734
100. 0

3,196
100. 0

2,624
100. 0

24. 5
38. 7
36. 8

29. 9
32. 7
37. 4

100. 0

ros

l , :wl

3, 3.10
100.0

88e
100. 0

2, 164
100. 0

2. 870
100. 0

35. 1
36. 9

22. 6
34. 3
43.1

25. 9
36.6
37. 6

27.6
35. 8
36. 7

572
100.0

11, 8llO
100. 0

1,820
100. 0

3,216
100. 0

32. 9
36.0
31.1

27. 5
31 . 7
40.8

26. 8

32.0
38. 8

35.6
37. 6

2, 302
100.0

1,880
100. 0

422
100.0

7,556
100.0

37. 4
37.0

31. 9
38. 7

31. 2
40.2

35. I
32. 2

516
100.0

226
100. 0

894

744

29. 4
32. 6
38.0

41. 6
36. 3

34. 9
34, 0

34. 2
35.2

100.0
100.0
- -26.6- - -22.-l
--26.3
21>.l

---

100. 0

420
100. 0

772
100. 0

41. 2
35.8

u.o

36. 5

31.9

38.6

1,688
100. 0

1,608
100. 0

658

100. 0

660
100. 0

27. 7
33. 0
39. 3

27. 8
33. 8
38. 4

27. 5
35. 4
37. 1

31. 2
34.0
34. 8

33. 6
31. 2
35. 2

1,342
100. 0

1,844
100. 0

650
100. 0

1,102
100.0

348
100.0

212
100-0

32. 1
39.6

28.0
35.8
36.2

26. 0
31.8
42. 2

30. 5
27. 4
42. 1

35. 2
38.5

32. 2
33.3

33.0
25.5

150

4,134

478

I, 372

1,038

506
100.0

210
100.0

448

38. 7
28.0

30. 8
43. 0

30. 0
36.0
34-0

37. I
37. I

30. 4
39. 7

- -28.-0

670

- -23.0- - -27.1- - -24.-g

OCTOBER

Total: Number __________
Peroeot, ___ _______

16-17 years _____________ ________ - - - - - - - - - - - - ----

16-17 years __ _____ __ ____________ - 27. 4

--29. 2

---------------

- -25.-6 - -29.4- --- -32.-7 - -28.-3
28.6

100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
- -33.3- - -26.-2 - -23.-4 - - - - -26.-2
-----22. 1
31. I
30. 6
35. 2
41. 4

29.9
34. 5

35. 6

37. 8
36. 0

- -26.-3 - -34.-5 - -41.-5
100.0
--29,9
25.8

'
...,
...,I:
~

0

co·

,.""

CJ

a.

cr

'<

(')
0

~.......
(?

)>

~

>
,m

Ul

•

.....

U1

To&le 7.-Sex of Rural Youth on Relief, by Residence and by Area, February, June, and October 1935

~

(138 counties]

•

FPl iruarr

Rl•.b. id l' Uf'\' 11 r1t1

art~,

June

T otal
:Sum lx-r

I

I

I

T ota l

l\l altl
Female
1',•rc,•n t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ :"'lurnhc r

I

I

"'C
"'r►

Octobe r

I

I

I

Total

l\lale
Female
P ,•r('(' n( _ _____ _ _ :"'lu m t,., r

I P ,•r{'('ol

I

~falc I Fcm.nlc
,_ _ _ _ , _ _ __

T OT AL I

.\ II nn ·M ___

fl1.WJ

Ea.-., lt'rn C ott nn .. . . . .
\\' lri t1! . . . __ .
i\"q..-; rr1

8, 8 19

5, oa
:t 145

Wc,, rnn c·o 11 un . . .

12,MiO

\\"In k

H,8 12

.l\ (•~r<1. _

~ . j,t,,'j

Appnl ueh lu11- l >1nrk. ...
. •..
Lnkct-: tuh_•s <"u t -O vn __ _ -------- --- - - - - - - - --- - - - - ll a ya nrl f )mry _ _
-----------·-······· ·· · - ··
< ' or r1 l li•lt ___. _ ___
- - ....... . .... - ---- - - - - -• - - ,S11 rrn~ \ \ ·twn t .. ..
• . . .. . . . . . .

\V it.J tl'r \\"l11:n t
Honddng . .
Cl

(0

. . --· - . -- ·.

- --·-• -- -- -· ·· · ····· ·· ····

1a. -mo
3. 11-8
9, 001
~. O"fl
3. S44

1.46.1
I, 5f.>3

o n : ~ r o 1·~tRY

.\ 11 nn •uE,: ______ . __ . - - .. . . .

H,s,4

;.

2.

C"
"<

C"')
0

0

-

00

n

F' n.,. , ti'rn rn t t<m . .
\Vh it,1 • • • • •
l\" (•~ rn
\V ~ tf•rn C' o t ron
\ \' h ill\ ____ . . .

Ntrro _______

. •... .......

. ... . .... . . . . . . . .

• . .•.•• . ••• • ••• . • • • .•• • ••

- - - ---------- - ---- - - -- - - - -

_ - -- -

•. · -·-

Appn luchiao- Oznrk ______ .. _- -- - - _. _••• .

--- · -

Ln kt• Stn tt':S C ut-<>vn . .. ....... . . . . . . . . .. .... . . . . . .
Hnynu <I l.l nl r y ______________ ····- -· ••·- · • · · · · ·
r' orn n ,, 11. _________ __ · · · · -· · · · ·· - ··· • ··· ·· ·· · · · · · - ·
Sprin){ \ \'lwH L __ - -- -- - - - - -- - - --- - ----- · · ···- - -- - - -

W inln W lwa l • . . ..• • .• • ..••.•• • . • . . •• ...•. . ••••••••
Ha n eh lng _. _____ _··--- -- · · . __ -· - - - __. -- . . . - - - - - - -

6, 03.1
4. 4,0
2, 45t
JO, 342
i . 2 14
:l.1 ~
!O. 153
2, 401

5. ~ 5
4,334
3, 041
002
563

I

100. 0

4S. •I

Sl. fi

41 , 3RO

100. 0

48. 2

51. 8

27, 2.'iO

100. 0

4,5. 4

&4. 6

IIIO. 0

47. 4

100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
t CXl. O
100. 0
IIXJ. ti
100. 0
100. 0
100. ti
HIO. 0

47. 8
4r,_ 6
4f>. 9
46. 9
-1 t). i
411. I
52. 0
49. i
49. 3
48. 4
44 . 5
45. 0

b2. r,
.52. :!
;,.J_ 4

5. 514
4, 864

-51 . 6
5.5. 5

2, 6';'8

2,811
2, 0SO
; 34
3. 1116
2,624
5, 2
11 , 600
1, 820
3,216
1,688
1,608
1\.', 8
660

100. 0
100. 0
ICIO. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
JOO. 0
JOO. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
J(X)_0

38. 9
36. 9
4-1. 4
42. 6
43. 1
39. 9
46. 5
5.1. 4
4i. 3
t3. 5
46. 3
41. 9
41. 2

61.1
6.1. I
M. 6
57. 4

50. 3
50. i

l(l(), 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
JOO. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
JOO. 0
100. 0
100. 0

42 i
43. i
40. 4
46. 8

4S. 0

4, 056
3, 418
I , 5.1 8
5, 110
4, (f.12
1,01 8
13, 0:lf>
2,530

5i . 3

If~). 0

JOO. 0
IOO. 0

100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0

5.1 . 1
53. I
5.1. 3
50. 0

55. 0

986
I, 106

48. 9

5 1. I

2f, sgg

47. 9
4s. 4
47. I
4i . i
47. 9
17. 2
49. 2
5 1. 5
411. 6
51. 2
50. 5
43. I
45. 1

52. 1
5 1. 6
52. 9
52. 3
52. I
52. 8
50. X
48. 5
50. 4
48. 8
49. 5
/i6. 9
54. 9

3,244
2, 248

006
3. 452

2, 752
700
10,306
1, 6-14
3, :\50
I , 9\l-1
2,008

566
334

I

100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0

fill. 3
5V. 6

53 •)
52. 0

47. I
45. 4

&4.6
50. 2
47. 8
49. 7
5 1.-1
54. 0
55. 2
52. 8

49. 8
52. 2
50. 3
48. 6
46. 0
44. 8
4i . 2

I

48. o
42. 4
44. 1
38. 6
47. 3
47. 4
47. I
49. 6
53.9
51. 8
51. 7
48. 1
43. I
49. 7

I

51. 1
57. 6
55. 9
6 1. 4
52. 7
52. 6
52. 9
50. 4
46. I
48. 2
48. 3
51. 9
/i6. 9
50. 3

I

Ii, 428
2,072
1,51\-1
50i!
2. :JO'l
1, 880
42'l
7,5/i6
1, 3-12
l. "44
050
1, IO'l
3-18
212

I

100.0
JOO. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
JOO. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0
100. 0

I

45. s
40. 3
38. 6
45. 7
42. 7
43. 3
40. 3
46. 3
53. 5
4i. 6
44. 6
48. I
42. 0
47. 2

fill. 9
60. 1

5.1. 5
46. 6
52 i
fill. 5
53. i

58. I
58.8

I

&4. 2
59. 7
61. 4
&4. 3
57. 3
/i6. 7
59. 7
53. 7
46. 5
52. 4
65. 4
5 1. 9
58. 0
52. 8

i
0

z

"'r
IT!

;;;
.,.,

VJLLAOIC

All areas ..•...............•.•...•.••••••••••••
Eastern Cotton •••••••••..•...•.........•.•.•.••••••
White .....•.............................•.•...•.
Negro .................•.•.........•.....•.•.•.••
West<•rn Cotton .•.........•.•..••.•.•.. _•.•..•.••...
White .........•...•...•••...•.•...••..........•.
Negro ...........•.•.......................•...•.
Appalachian-Ozark .. _..........................•.••
Lake States C'ut•Over.....•.•.....•...............•.
Hay and Dairy ....•.•...•...•.....•.•.•.•.•.•.•.••••
C'orn Belt. ......•.•.•••.........................•.•.
Spring Wheat. ..... _._ ••............•.............•.
Wlnter Wheat ....••.•.•..........••.....•.•....•....
Ranching .•.••..••••..•.....•.....•.••......•...•.•.
1

17,425

100.0

47.1

52. 0

14,482

100.0

46.9

53.1

1,886
1,195
691
2,227
1,598

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

45.4
45.8
44. 7
43. I
42. 6
44. 6
48. 7
53.6
49. 8
47. I
40. 5
47.1
44.9

M.6
M.2
65. 3

1,712
1,170
M2
1,658
1,340
318
3,3.10
886
2, 164
2,870
670
420
77~

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

43. 2
42.9
43.0
45.6
46.6
41. 5
60. 3
49.0
48.0
46.6
39. 7
47.1
46.1

56.8
67.1
56.1
M.4
53. 4
68.5
49. 7
61.0
62.0
53. 6
60.3
62. 9
53.9

---------

629

3,313
787
3,156
:i,n2
803
501
1,000

56.9
67. 4
65.5
61.3
46. 4
60. 2
62. 9
59. 5
62. 9
65.1

9,822

100.0

«. 7

742

100. 0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100. 0
100. 0
100.0

34.8
31. 8
41. 6
42. 1
42. 7
38. 7
46. 9
53.1
46.9
42. 8
42. 3
41. 9
38.4

M.

--- --- --- --616

226
894

744
150
4,134
478
1,372
1,038
506

210

448

65. 3
68. 2
1i8. 4
67. 9

67. 3
61. 3
53. I
46. 9
53. 1
57. 2
57. 7
68. 1
61. 6

Exclusive ol unknowns.

Vl

C

:g
rITI

?:
1"11

z

--4

)>

Cl

,B
:;,:
".J

a
<::r

'<

C')
0

a-n

,ti

-<

>
rllCI

ITI
Vl

•

-.J
-.J

78 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
Ta&le 8.-Marital Status of Rural Youth on Relief, by Age, by Sex, and by Residence,
October 1935
(304 counties and 83 New England townshlpe)
Residence, sex, and marital status

Total

1&-17 years 18-111 yean m--21 yean 22-24 yean1

TOTAL I

Male: Number _____________________ _
Percent ___________ -- . --· - ---- .

26,900

100.0

7,832
100.0

.

6,828

100.0

7,3118
100.0

21.6
78.1
0.2
0.1

60.3
48.6
0.4
0.1
0.11

Ill.ti
80.0
0.1
0.1
0.2

0.11
99.4

30,164
100.0

8,248
100.0

7,088
100.0

11,504
100.0

8,314
100.0

40. 7
M.2
0.9
0.4
1.8

8.4
91.0
0.1

0.5

31. 1
87.3
0.3
0.2
1.1

61.9
44. 4
1. 8
0.3
1.8

72.0
21.11
1.8
0.9

Male: Number _____________________ _
Percent _____________ --- _-- - . --

111,824
100.0

6,072
100.0

3,73)
100.0

3,064
100.0

4, 7118
100.0

Married---------·-------------·-----------

tTowed_:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

3>.3
'/9,3
0.2
0.1
0.1

0.11
99.-l

6.3
114. 7

21. 7
77.11

62. 0
411. 9
0.6

Female: Number ________ . __________ _
Percent_. _________________ _
Married _____________ - ___________________ --

19,034
100.0

6,0711
100.0

43.6
113.9
0.11
0.2
1.6

11.2
90.0

8,274

Married _______ -_--- --------. ---------- - -- -

t~~8-i_:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Dlvonied ______________________________ ---Separated - - - -- -- - -- - -- --- -- --------- ------

Unknown_.----------------·-------------Female: Number ___________________ _
Percent. __ ----------------Married _____________________ . ____________ _

ii:a:wed_:::::::
::::::::::::::::::::::::::_
Dlvon,ed _________________________________
Separated_ - ------------ -- -- . ---- --- . -- - ---

Unknown _____________ --- --- --- ------ -----

.

4.6
96.4

4,844
100.0

0.1

.

.

.

3. 7

OPJ:N COUNTBT I

Dlvonied--------------·------·---·-------Separated__________
- ------·-----------------------Unknown
. ____ -· _____ . __________ _

t~:wed
_________________________________ _
Dlvon,ed _______________ -·-----·-····- ____ _
Separated_ .... _.. _.. _-···--·· .. _-·· .. _._._
Unknown_·--·········-·---···--·-··-··-··

0.3
0.1

0.1
0.5

4,442
100.0

4,lM
100.0

6,382

66.6

0.1
0. 7

32. 7
116.9
0. 5
0.2
0. i

76.4
19.4
1. 7
0.11
2.8
0.1

100.0

2,484
100.0

1,864
100.0

19.8
79.8
0.1

0.11
99.0
o. 1

3.2
1111.11

.

.

41.1
1. 4
0.1

1.11

100.0

VII.U.GJ: I

Male: Numher·-·····-····-·-····-··

Percent .. ·--·······-·········Marrled .. .... ·-- ............ _...... ·- ··---

ti!~~ed···
----·---· ------------------·-·Dlvorced ___ ·--·-··----------····---·------

.

0.2

1,594
100.0

2,342
100.0
----23.5
50 6
78.2
'8.3
0. 3
0.2
0.1
0.8

Separated __-··-·-··--- ____ --·---- _·-·--- ·-

0.3

Female: Numher.. ·--··--·---·-----Percent. __ --·· -······--·--Married __________ . ___ • ___ • __ ._. ___ • ___ •. __
8ln11le ______________
·------····-------·---··-·------Wldowerl
. __ • __ ._. _____ ···-·-----

10,330
100.0

2,922
100.0

2,474
100.0

2,182
100.0

2,772

36.8
59.2
1.0

7. 5

112. I

2.3

0.3

211. 7
118. 0
0.2
0.3
1.8

47. 3
48.4
1. g
0.8
1.6

116. II
25.0
2.2
1. 6
6.4

Unknown __ -·-- ___ --·---·-··-----··-··--·-

Dlvorced _____
·----·-·-·----------------·-Separated
______
-· ________________________ _
Unknown .. --------·-··-·-·-------·-------

o. 7

0.1

• Less tbnn 0.05 percent.
t Jnclurlts New England.
t

Does not include New England.

Dg1tzcdbyGooglc

100.0

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES • 79
TolJle 9.-Percent of Rural Youth on Relief Who Were Married, by Age, by Su, by
Residence, and by Region, October 1935
(304 counties and 83 New England townships]
Residence, se1, and region

Total

16-17 years 18-19 years 20-21 years 22-24 years

TOTAL

19. 6

0.6

4. 5

21. 6

50. 3

Wes~egro.·-·•······ ··· ·-···•·· ···········

7. 0
16. 4
24. 4
24. 5
23. 8
15. 8

0. 7
0. 2
1.0
1.0
0. 7
0. 2

1.6
2.3
6.8
6.8
6. 8
2. 6

6. 4
17. 7
26. 3
25. 7
29. 3
19. 7

18. 9
42. 8
57. 4
57. 9
55. 2
49. 4

Female· - ····· ·-· · ··-···· · ····· ·· · ···

40. 7

8. 4

31.l

61.9

72. 0

22. 8
37. 8
44. 1
45. 4
38. 2
36. 9

3. 2
5. 7
10.9
11. 5
8.6
7.3

8.8
24. 9
36. 9
38. l
31. 7
29. 7

25. 6
48. 9
55. I
55. 4
63. 9
52. 6

61. l
73. 5
71. 4
73.0
63. 7
73.6

20. 3

0. 6

5. 3

21. 7

52.0

14. 3
25. 2
2.\ . 8
21.9
12. 4

0. 3
0. 8
0. 9
0.4

2. 4
7. 4
7. 7
5. 9
3. 4

15. 0
27. 0
27. 0
26. 9
15. 3

40. 7
59. I
59. 3
66. 4
42. 9

43. 6

9. 2

32. 7

55. 6

75. 4

38. 7
46. 5
48. 2
37. 7
40. 0

6. 7
11.5
12.3
7.8

25. 7
Ji. 6
39. 0
31. 4
28. 9

49. 8
59. I
69. 4
68. 1
47. 8

77. 4
i4. I
76. I
61. 2
81.3

3.2
0.9
19. 8
1-----t------l·---

23.5

50.6

Male· -· -· · · ······-· · ···· ·· · ·· ··· · ·· ·

----1-----1-----1-----1- - - -

New England ..• ... . •. . ..... . . ..... . ... .. .
K orth . .... .. . • . . .• .. ··-·· . •.. . •. ..... .. .. •
Sou th . . .. .... . •. . .... • .. • . • ... . ... . ... . ...
\\'hite. . . .. . . . . . •- ··· · · - ········ ·· · · ···

1-----1-----f-----1- - - - -1

New England. ··· ·········· · ···-· · · ·· · -·· ·
N ort h •. • · - ·- · · ·· · ·············· · · · · ·· · ·· · ·
South . . .. ... . •· ··-·········-·-····· ·· ·- ···
White_ ···· ·· · ···············- · ·· ······
Negro.· - ... . ·····-·-··········· ·-·· . . .
West .• . • •.•..•. .. ... --···· .. ······--·· -·· .
OPEN COUNTRI'

Male .•...........••......... ..... ••.

l - - - - - - l - - - - - 1 · - - - -1- - -

New England .. ..... . . •..•..•. •... .. ..... .
N orth • .• ·· ·· - ·· . .. .•.. . •.... . . . . . .... . ..•.
South . .. .... .. . . ... •. . •.•........ .. .. .. .. .
White . .. . .. ... .. . .............. . .. .. . .

wesf~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Female· -- ·· · ····· ···-···· · ········· ·
New England ... . .. - . ........... • . . ..... . .
North .-· · - · · ...... . .......... . . . ... . ... . . .
Sout h . . . · · · ·· ······-········ · ·· · · ···· · ·· - ·
\\'h ite ........ ....... •-·· ·· -·· ·· ······ ·

1-----1-----~----1---

wesf.~~~~::::::::::·::::::::::::::::::::::

7.8

VILLAGE

Male.•............. ·-···· · · · · · · · · ···

New England .·- ·-·· ···-······ · ····· ·· · ·· ·
North . . •. . ... • · ·· ··· ········· - · ···· · ··· · · ·
South . . .. . . .. - ··· · ··· ····•···· · - · -· · ···· · ·
Whi le . .. . ....... ... ... __ . . •.... . . .. . •.

Wes~.~~~~:·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Female .... .. ·· --· . . . . · -·· ·· . .. .. . . . .
New England.· - ···· ······ · · · · · · · ·• · . ... . .
North . . • .. .. . ..... ......... . . . ..... . . . . . . .
South . ... . . •. . . . .......... . .. .... . . . . . ... .
Wh ite. · -· - ·-· ·· ········ ··· · · · ····· · ···
Wesf egro. · · · · · · · ·· · · · · ·· · · ··· · · ·· · · · · · · · ·

17. 3
22. 3
21.0
28. 0
111. 3

1.6
1.4
2. 4

2. 2
5. 0
4. 1
9. 1
1.5

22. 3
24 . 5
22. 3
34. 4
23. 6

46. 4
53. 0
53. 0
53. 5
M. 7

36. 8

7. 6

29. 7

47. 3

115.9

36. 4
38.1
37. 8
39. 2
34. 4

5.6
9. 5
9. 5
9.6
6.9

23. 8
35. 1
35. 8
32. I
30. 2

47. 6
H. l
43. I
47. l
66. 2

67. 7
64. 6
63. 6
67. 5
65. l

1-----1-----~---

28068°-38--7

Dg1

zedbyGoogle

80 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
Tal,le f0.-Rural Youth on Relief Who Were Heads of Households, by Age, by Sex
and by Region, October 1935

(304 counties and 83 New England townahlpa]
Male
Age and region

Female

Heeda ofhouaeholds
Heeda of homeholds
Total on 1----.----1 Total on 1----.---rellef
relief
Number

:n::

.t.LL llJ:GIONS

All a&eS----------- -------------- -- --

26,900

11,344

24.5

30, 1114

1114

3.0

7,832
6,828
4,844
7,31111

114
4IIO
1,434
4,308

1.6
8.4
211.11
58.2

8,248
7,()118
11,604
8,314

40
l:M
2611
484

0. 5
I, 7
4. I
5.8

I, 002

114

11. 4

800

:M

3.0

2711
254
1811

2

250

0. 8

2811

182
188
180

2

211
82

0. 7
1.11
14.0
28. 7

8

14

4.3
7.8

,All qea_____ -- ---- --- --- - -- - - - - --- - -

11,3118

1,844

19.11

10,542

282

2. 7

14
1:M

20-21 :PeOn------------------------- ----- --

2, 11311
2,1114
1, 7IIO

2, 8li8
2, 6IIO
2,21H
2,800

4
52
711
150

0. I
2. 0
3.3
5.4

l&-17 year11- _______ ---------------------- __
l&-111 years ____ ------ -- -- --- ------------- - 20-21 years_
___ -- -- -- ----- _------------ - - --_
22-24
years ______________________________
NJ:W J:WGL.t.ND

~ BIM--------------- --------------

XeaR-------------------------------~If================================

22-24

.

.

4

NORTH

l&-17 yean ___ ,: __________________________ _
l&-111 years_ ______________________________ _

2.508

1,2711

430

0. 6
5. 7
24.0
50.11

.AJ].age5-_ - ---- ---- ---- - - -- ---- -- -- --

12,81111

3,848

211.11

111,008

624

3.3

l&-17 yean ____ ___________________________ _
t&-UI yeans __ ------------------ ___________ _
20-21 yean___ _-- _--- --- ---- --- ---------- -22-24 yean. _____ ---- ---- ------ ---------- --

3,1152
2,840
2,392
3,982

114
320

844
2, 5IIO

2.11
11. 3
36.3
&.0

4,232
3,698
3,4IIO
4, 1188

34
64
IIIO
2711

0.8
1.5
4. ft
5.11

10.828

3,2411

30.0

13, Oll8

418

3. 2

3,084
2,370
J,11911
3,378

74

272

2. 4

11. 5

211

1111ft
2,204

34.11
&.2

8,380
2, 1122
2,8511
8,910

220

0.8
1.4
4.6
5.6

All ages. ___________________________ _

2,038

II02

211. 5

2, ll40

106

3.11

t&-17 years _______________________________ _
IS-Ill yeen, ________________ -- -- -- - ------- -20-21 y_.. _______________________________ _
22-24 years _______________________________ _

MS
470
39ft

20
48
148
386

3. 5
10.2
87.4
83.9

852
11711

8
14

634

28

0.11
2.1
4.4
7. 2

»-:M )"eats_. __ ---------- -- -- - ------- - ----,IIOUTH-TOT.t.L

IIOUTH-WHITJ:

All BleL----O---------------------- l&-17 yeen________ _______________________ _
1&-111 years _______________________________ _
20-21 years
years _______________________________
__________ -------- -- ---- --------_
22-24

40

132

IOUTH-NJ:OBO

604

778

511

WJ:ST

All ages ______ --------------------- -l&-17 years _______________________________ _
18-19 years ______________________________ ..
20-21 years ___________________________ . ___ _
22-24 years _______________________________ _

2, 6311
538
20.4
2,814
3.0
84
- - - - -0.4- ---------970
II08
4

670
476
1120

42
134

7.4
28.2
67. 7

358

D']I

728

532
646

18
22

44

LcdbyGoogle

2. 5
4. I
11.8

SUPPLEMENT ARY TABLES • 81

To&le 11.-School Attendance of Rural Youth on Relief, by Age, by Sex, by Residence
and by Region, October 1935
(304 counties and 83 New England township,]
Total
In school

Residence, age, and region
Total

ALL RJ:GIONS

Male

Numher

Percent

Female

In school
Total

Numher

In school
Total

Percent

Numher

Percent

--- --- --- - - - --- --- --- --- ---

Total:• All ages ______ 56,0M

9,762

17. 4

25,000

1&--17 Yeftl"S __________________ 16,080
UH9 years __________________ 12,926
20--21 years __________________ II, 348
22-24 years. __ • ____ . _________ 15,710
Open oountry:'-"llages. 35,658
16-17 years __________________
18-19 years __________________ 10. 148
8,162
20-21 years __________________ 7,218
22-24 years .• ________________ 10,130
Village: I All ages ____ 18,604
16-17 years __________________
18-19 years __________________ 6,406
4,328
20-21 years __________________ 3,756
22-24 years __________________ 5,114

7,324
2,020
324
94
5,426

45. 5
15. 6
2. 9
0.6
15. 2

7,832
5,828
4,&14
7,396
16,622

1,132
168
4,010

13.9
2.3
0.6
21. 5

838
154
38
326

876
146
52
2,496

15.0
3.0
0. 7
15. 0

7,008
6,504
8,314
19,034

5,070
3,720
3,064
4,768
8,274

1,916
476
80
24
1,840

37. 8
12. 8
2. 6
0.5
22. 2

5,076
4,442
5,362
10,330

19. 4
4. 1
o. 7

1,854
1,594
2,342

370
28

20. 0
4. 1
1.2

18. 1

1,002

180

18.0

--- ----4,070
40.1
56

4,518
17.4 30,164
5. 244
17. 4
----------3,444
44.0
8,248
3,880
47. 0
1,IH
178
42
2,928

lfi.l
2. 7
0.5
15. 4

656

88
32
2, liO

H.8
2.1
0.6
21.0

2,474
2,162
2,772

468
88
10

18.11
4. 1
0. 4

800

146

18. 2

4,

----2,152
42. 4

1.';4

- - --- --- --- --- --- --- ----- -2,980
56.1
2,484
1,376
55. 4
1, 6()4
2,922
54.8
66

DWJ:NOUND

Total: All ages _______
16-17 years __________________
18-19 years __________________
20-21 years __________________
22-24 years. _________________

1,802

------------------526
274
52. 1
276
150
54. 3
124
49.6
250
436
50
11. 5
11. 8
182
20
11.0
254
30
374
2
0.5
186
188
2
1.1
--466
286
180
-

-

NORTH

Total: All ages _______ 111,940
16-17 years __________________
18-19 years __________________
20-21 years __________________
22-24 years __________________

5,794
4,754
4,084
5,308
Open country: All ages . 12,330

16-17 years __________________
18-19 years __________________
20-21 years __________________
22-24 years _________ . ______ ._

Village: All agea ______
16-17 years __________________
18-19 years __________________
20-21 years __________________
22-24 ye&rs.. _________________

3,642
2, 9.12
2,534
3,202
7,610

2,152
1,802
1,550
2,106

3,754
2,878
736
118
22
1,914
1,510
350
46
8
1,&10
1,368
386
72

H

18. 8

49.6
15. 5
2. 9
0. 4
15. 5
41. 5
11. 9
I. 8
0.2
24. I.
63. 5
2~. 4
4. 6
0. 7

9,398
2,936
2,1114
1,790
2,508
5.1162
1,900
1,346
l,IH
1,572
3,436
I, 0-16
818
646
1136

I, 752
1,364
318
62
8
854
696
130
24
4
898
668
188
38
4

12,866
3,652
2,840
2, 3\12
3,982
9,326
2,634
2,078
1.6~8
2,916
3,540
1,018
762

1,696
I, 256
354

18.6
46. 5
14. 7
3. 5
0.3
14. 3
36. 6
9. 7
2.1
0.3
26.1
64.5
23.0
5.9
0. 4

10,/\42
2,8.S8
2,590
2,294
2,800
6,368
I. 742
1,606
1,300
1,630
4,174

2,002
19.0
I, 514
52.11
lfi. 1
418
2.4
56
14
0.5
1,060
16. 6
814
46. 7
13. 7
220
1.6
22
o. 2
4
1142
22.5
700 ~
!QR
20. 1
34
3. 8
IO
0.9

!, 116

984
904
1,170

IIOUTH-TOT.lL

Total: All ages ___ . ___ 28,874
16-17 years __________________ 7,884
18-19 years __________________ 6,438
20-21 years. ___ ._. ______ . ____ 5,882
22-24 years _______ . __ . _______ 8,670
Openoountry: Allages. 20,738
16-17 years __________________
18-19 years __________________
20--21 years __________________
22-24 years _________ . _____ ••.

Village: All ages ______
16-17 years __________________
18-19 years __________________
20-21 years __________________
22-24 years __________________

5,582
4,610
4,240
6,306
8,136
2,302
1,828
1,fi42
2,364

3,922
2,882
8H
144

52
2,644
1,1144
580
84
36
1,278
938
264
60
16

• Includes New Eru:land.

13. 6
36. 5
13.1
2.4
0.6
12. 7
34. 8
12. 6
2.0
0.6
15. 7
40. 7
14. 4
3. 7
o. 7

6\H

1,066

54

32
1.162
862
252
32
16
534
394
102
22
16

13. 2

16,008
4,232
3,598
12. 5
3,400
2. 3
0. 8
4,688
12. 4 11,412
62. 7 ~
12. I
2, 5:12
I. 9
2,542
0. 5
3,300
4,.1911
15. I
-!,-21,438. 7
13. 4
1, Of,6
3.2
948
1. 5
1,298

2,226
1,626
400
00

-34. 4

20

13.9

as. 4

13.6
2.6
0.4
13.0

1,482
1,082 ~
328
13.0
52
2.0
20
0.6
741
6. 2
544
42.4
162
15. 2
4.0
38

---·
-

-

• Does not include New Eru:land.

Dg1tzcdbyGoogle

82 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
Ta&le 11.-School Attendance of Rural Youth on Relief.i.by Age~ by Sex, by P.esidence 1
and by Region, Odober 1935~ontinuect
(304 ooantrles and 83 New England townahlpa)
Total
In school

Residence, age, and region
Total

Number

Female

Male
lnecbool

Percent

Total

Number

In achoo!

Percent

Total

Number

Per•
cent

SOt.'TB-WBlff

Total: All ages •• •..•. 23,8G8

3,330

13. 9

10,828

1,626

14. I

13,0M

1,804

6,4&4
6, 2112
4. 8152
7, 288

2,458

3,084
2. 370
I, !Kl&
3,378

1,140

48

38. 0
13. 3
2..
0. 7

46
32

36. 9
13. 0
2. 3
0. 9

3,380
2,922
2, 8156
3,910

1,318
398
72
16

Opencountry: Allages. 17, ffOO

2,260

12.9

7,946

1,040

13. I

9,554

3,814
3,676
6, 470

492
78
32

12. 9
2. 2
0.6

I, 740
1,430
2,544

214
32
16

12. 3
2. 2
0.6

2,074
2,146

2.HII

6, 398

1,070

16. 7

2,882

48e

16.CI

3,614

1584

16. 6

1172

438

46.1

l&-17 yearL . ...... .......• •
18-19 years.. _. .. _. _. .. _. .. . •
31-21 years ... . . . .. .... . . . . . .
22--24 years ••...........•• . ••

l&-17 years ...... . . .. .. . . •.•.
18-19 years..... . ... . ... .... •
31-21 years...... .... ... .....
22--24 years•• •... •.•. .. ..... .

VIIJage: All ages . .. .. .
l&-17 years•••.• ..... . . . . •. . .
18-19 years .••• .. . .•. ... . . . •.
31-21 years ... .. . ... .. . . .• . . .

~24years ... . . ... ... . .... ..

706
118

308

13. 8

--311. 0
13. 6
2. 5
0. 4

1,220
12. 8
--- ---------------4,640
34. 8
2,408
35. 7
2.232
778
I.MS
880

- - - --- --------1, 824
800
43.9
862
42. 6
362

278
46

16

36. 5
13. 4
2.1
0. 6

1,478
1,276
1,818

2H
40

14. 6
3. I

0. 9

630
6611
1134

114
H

14.9
2. 5

8'8

UI

16

1. 9

984

4, 978

&112

11.9

2,038

170

8.3

2,940

422

14..

308

36. 2

18

13. 6
2. 8
0. 5

710

120

14. 2

-211

3. 7

-

80UTB-NJ:OBO

Total: All ages • •.• .•.
l&-17 years ..•• ..•••. . . ••• . ••
18-19 years ..••.. ..•..... •. •.
31-21 years ....... _... . . . . .• .
22--24 years ....••. _.... •. •• ••

Open country:·All ages.
1&-17 years ... . . . •. ...• . .••..
18-19 years ..•.• ••.•..... .. ..
31-21 years ..• _. ....... . ...•.
22-24 years...... .••. .. ••• •• •

- - - --- --------1,420
20.,
04
29.9
668
116
1,1'16
1,030
1,382

138
26
4

12. 0
2.5
0.3

170
396
604

3. 238

384

11.9

1,380

-

2. 0

-

634
778

12'J

8.8

1,868

14. 1

38

20. 9
11. 2

458

37. 4
10. 9
1.5

46
8

92
4

262
- - - - - - --- - -- - - - --- ----- --286
30.4
402
8'
540
202
796
88
60
664
6
268
396
4
8311
4
0. 9
-- -- 464
942

11. 1
0.9
0. 6

Village: All ages .. ••• •

1, 740

208

12. 0

l&-17 years ... . . .. _...... •. ••

478

138

22-24 years•.. . .. •.••.. ••••••

646

28. 9
H.3
Ii. 6

~~! :=:::::::::::::::::::

9. 8

8152
676

350
366

60

-20

-

338

6

372

658

48

7. 3

1,082

160

14.8

132
128

32
8
8

19. 8
6. 1
6. 2

312
218
238
314

106

34.0

42

19. 3
li.0

--166
232

-

-

12

-

-

WJ:ST

Total: All ages . . . . ••.
1&-17 years ........ ..... . .. . .
18-19 years ... _... •.. . . ... •••
31-21 years ........ .••. •. .••.
22--24 years ••....• . ..• ••. .• •.

-------2.1184968
1,876
1,290
68.8
6, 448

1,760

1,298
1,008
1, 2611

390
60

20

32.3

30.0
6.0
1.6

620

570
476

890
----674
174
30
12

33. 8

2,814

870

30. 9

69. 6
30.6
6. 3
1.11

008
728
646

616
216
30
8

67. 8
29. 7
6. 6
1. 2

632

Open country: All ages.

2,590

868

33.5

1, 336

482

36. 1

1, 264

l&-17 years .... •.. .. . . . . .. ••.
18-19 years •• •••. ... . . . .. . •• .
31-21 years . . . .. . . .. . .. ..... .
22--24 years .••.• . . . •. •.••••••

1124
ftOO
444

66. 7
33. 7
8. 6
1. 9

638
296
222
280

360
1K
24

M.t
31.8
10. 8
1.4

ase

622

616
202
38
12

222
342

Village: All ages •.•.••• •

2,868

892

31. 2

I, 2118

408

31.4

1,660

6ll8
564
11«

188
22
8

26.9
3. g
1.2

274

80

340

™

6
8

29. 2
2. 4
2.4

304

Hl-17
18-111
31-21
2'J-24

years •. •.•. . ...•. . • • .•.

years ....... .. ...•. •.•.
years ... _. _. _•. ....••. .
years •...... . ..... . . •••

•

304

3811

30. 8

256

116. 3
35. 6
ft. 3
2. 3

- - - --108
H
8

484
31.0
- - - --- - - - --- - - - - - - --- ----952
674
70. 8
430
314
73. 0
622
860
1111.0
434
310

108
16

-

25. 6
6. 2

-

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES • 83
Ta&le 12.-Grade Completed by Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief, by Age, by
Sex, and by Residence, October 1935
(304 counties and 83 New England toWllBbips)
Se1, grade completed, and residence

Total

16-17 years 18-19 years 20--21 years 22-24 years

TOTAL 1

Male: Number_______ _______________
21 , 382
4,388
4,952
4,698
7,344
Percent___________ ______ ______
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
None __ ____________________________________ i---2-.6-i----3-.0-i----2,..._-J-1 - - - -- , - - - 2.3
2.8
J-3grades____ _______ ____ _______ ______ _____
9.1
13.2
8.7
8. 1
7. 5
4-5grades__ __ _____________ ________________
15. 1
19.5
H. I
12.8
14. 7
6,rades ___ __ __ ________ ____ _____ __ ______ ___
9.8
9.8
9.1
9.0
10.2
7 grades___________________________________
11 . 2
12. 2
10.6
11. 4
11.0
8grades_____ _______ ______ ___ ______ ______ __
27.9
28.0
27. I
27. 3
28. 7
6. 4
9 grades_--- ---- -- ---------- ---- ------ -- -- 5. 8
5.9
4. 2
6. 6
JOgrades________ _____________ _____________
5.0
3.8
6.8
5. 4
4. 8
JI grades_____________________________ ___ __
3. 3
1.6
3.6
4. 6
3,4
9.1
12 grades __ ---·---··------------ ·· -·-- _____
6. 8
7.0
2. 2
8. 1
Colleite:
1 year_________________________________
O. 2
0. 2
0.4
2 years_______________________________ _
0. 1
0.1
0.2
3 years_ •• ____ ---- --- _. ______ - ------··0.1
4 years _______ . _______ . ____ ------ ---- ·0.1
Graduate •- __ -------------------------- - -Unknown_________________________________
3. 3
2. 5
3. 2
4. 2
3.3
1 = = = = 1 = = = = 1 = = = = 1 = = = =1•= = = =
8.
2
7.4
8.2
8.1
Median grade completed_. __ _---·· · - l====8=.=l l=====l======I•=====
Female: Number______________ __ ____
24,920
4,368
5,954
6. 3'..!li
8.272
Percent__ _______ ___________
100. O
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
None _______________ ________ _______________ i - - - 2 . 4 - 1 - - - - - , - - - --1 - - - - - -1- - - - 2. 1
2.1
2.5
2.6
1-3 grades ___ . ___ -- _.. _--- _______ . -- __ .. ___
5. 7
8.8
6. 0
3.8
5.3
4-5 grades _______ __ ____ __ _________ .. ____ ._.
II . 8
15. 2
10. 7
JO. 8
11. 6
&grades_ ______________________________ ____
9.1
8.6
11.3
7. 7
9.3
7 grades __ • _______________________ ___ .. _...
JO. 4
10.8
9. 2
10. 3
11.0
30. I
28.0
8 grades __ --------------------------___ ____
27. 4
27. 9
27.0
g grades___________________________________
6. 3
6.0
6.3
6. I
6.8
10 grades_________________________________ _
6. 3
6.6
6. 4
7. 7
6. 7
JI grades_. ___________ . _____ . _____________ .
4. 8
3.4
6.0
5.6
4.9
12 ~rades ___________ ------- _____ __ . _____ ___
9. 5
13.2
3.1
11. 7
8.8
College:
1 year_________________________________
O. 7
0.6
0.2
0. 7
1.1
2 years_. __________________ ______ __ __ ._
0. 4
0.3
0.5
0.5
3 years________________________________
0.1
0. 2
0.1
0. 2
0.1
0.1
3.4
4. 7
4.0
6. 4
Unknown ____ ·--------------- - --- ---- - -- -4. 5
1 = = = =1====1====1•= = = =1,= = = = Median grade completed _____ ______ _
8. 4
8.1
8.5
8.6
8. 4
1====11====1====1•= = = = 1 ° = = = =

orJJ:t':~: :: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
OPEN COUNTRY J

Male: Number___________ _____ ______
Percent_ _______ . _____________ .

14. 126
100. 0

3,154

1-3 grades ________________ _____ _._____ ___ __
4-5 grades ____ . __________________ ___ .____ __
6 grades_-----------------------·-- ______ _.
1,rades_ _________________________ ___ ___ ___
8 grarles_ _ ______ ____________ ______ _______ __
·g grades___________________________________
10 grades _________________ .________________
11 grades__________________________________

II. 0
16. 9
JO. 3
11. 8
28. 5
5.1
3. 8
2. 5
3. 8

15.6
20.3
8. 5
12.6
28. 8
3. 6
2. 7
]. 4
1.0

1 year--- ------------------ ---- ------··
2 years ___ ___ ------- ---- ------ -··· ··-- .
3 years _____ -·--------------- - -----·· ..

0. 2

3,214

100.0
100.0
1-----1-----1·
- ---1
3.1
2. 7
None __ ---- --- -------------------- -- -- - --- 3. O

&w:g~~-____ _____ ____ ___ ________ ___ ______

JO. I
16.0
10.2
11. 8
26.9
6.0
6.2
2. 2

6.1

2,984
100. 0
2. 9
9. 2
15.1
9. 4
12.0
29.0
5.6
4.2
3.9
6.6

4.744
100. 0

0.1
0.1
0.1

0. 4
0. I
0.1

3.2
9.6
16.3
12.1
11.l
29.2
5.0
3.2
2. 7
3.9

orJJ~~:~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

2.9
3. 1
3.1
2.4
3.8
= = = = l = = = = t = = = = l , = = == I== = = =
8.0
Median grade completed_ •.• -- - ·····!===·=•.=8=1====7=.=2,!====7=
. 9=!,====I= = = 7.8
=

Unknown _···· -----··- --- ---- -- -··-···· · ··

1 Includes New EnglBnd.
• Inl'ludes those who have had any graduate work as well as those who may have completed their graduate
work.
• Does not include New En&land.

D1gt1zcdbyGoogle

J

84 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
TafJ/e 12.-Grade Completed by Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief, by Age, by
Sex, and by Residence, Odober 1935--Continued
(304 oounUea and 83 N- England toWlllblps)

Sex, grade completed, and residence

111.. 17 years 18-111 years 20-21 :,ean 22-:U )'911111

Total

OPJ:N COUNTRY-Continued
Female: Number...................
Percent.....................

lfl. lllfl
100. o

2,9:H
100.0

3, 7811
100.0

4,0M
100.0

6,330

1-3 grades.................................
4-6 grades.................................
Ggrades.....................................
7 grades...................................

e. 8
13. 4
10.0
11. 1

8

29. 1

10. I)
lfl. 2
11. 6
11.0
31.4
4. e
4. 2

7.1
12. 8
8. 8
10. 4
80. l
6. 7
fl.1
3.6

4.0
12. 7
10.1
10. 2
28. e
6.1
fl.7
4. a
10. 2

fl.3
13. 0
1).8
12. 3
27.4
8. 4
6. 2

LO
0. 4

100.0
1----cl-------1-----l-----1----None........ ..•.••••..••......••. .•.•..•..
2. 8
2. 6
a.o
2. 2
3.2

lll'&des.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 lll'&des... .... .. .. ........... ..... ..... ...
lOgradea...................................
11 grades.. • • . . . • . • . • • • . . . •. • • . . • • • . . . . . . . . .

6. 8

6.6
3. e

gy:;;!~· . ································

2.e
Lil

7.2

a. e

8.0

e.e
o. e

0.8

0.6
0. 3

0. 6
0.4
0.1

onJ=,
................................ .
Unknown..................................

4.3

2. I)

4.6

8.11

6. 2

Median grade completed............

8. 2

7.8

8. 3

8.4

8. 2

fl.434
100. 0

1, 108
100. 0

1,484
100.0

1,628
100.0

2,314
100.0

2.1
6. 8
13. o
8. e
I). 8

3.1
7.4
19.3
13. 4
10.6

1. 2
fl.7
11.8
6.11

25. 3

26.G
6.G

6. 0

6.8
1.8
11.0

27.2
7.8
11.8
7.0
13.6

1.3
6. 6
9.8
8. 6
I), 7
22. 6
8. 6
8. 3
6.G
111. e

2. e
4.1
12. 9
7.4
10.9
26.8
7.1
7.6
4. 8

0. 3

0.4
0. 7

0

1 year ................................
2 years................................
3 years .. •····················· ....... .

vn.uoa•
Male: Number......................
Percent.......................
None......................................
1-3 grades.................................
H grades.................................
6 grades .••..• _.......... . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 grades...................................
8 lll'&des •• ·•···•·····•···•·•·•·••••········

11 grades...................................
10 grades..................................
11 grades...................................

0. 3

0. 2

1===:i====l====i'===,I===
1====11==~=1====1,====1,====

1----11-----1----f----1-----

7. 2
7. O

h2oY:!~·-. ...............................

12. 2

I year.................................
2 years................................

0. 2
o. 3

a years ............................... .

Ora~J:.8:t:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Unknown.................................

O.

l

1.e

0. 3

12. 6

0.2

3. 4

2. 6

II. 0

3.0

3.1

Female: Number....................
Percent.....................

8, UI0
100. O

l, 318
100. 0

2,006
100. O

2,074

2,782
100.0

1-3 grades.................................
4-6 grades.................................
6 grades...................................
7 grades...................................
8grades...................................
11 grades...................................
lOgrades..................................
11 grades..................................

4. 0
9. 6
7. 9
9. 0
26.0

4. 9
14. 3
11. l
10. 3
26.6
8. e

4. 4

7. 9
6. 2
9. 8
23.6
7.1

a.e

Median grade completed............

l===:i====l====l,===•I===
8. 4
7. 7
8. e
s. a
8. 6
1====!1====1====1====1,====

100. 0
1----+----.
.1-----1-----1-None......................................
I. 7
1.6
l 8
1.8

h20~!~·-································
l yeer.................................
2 years................................
3 years •••••••.•••••••• •••••••••••••••.
4 years................................

Graduate'·...............................

Unknown.................................
Median grade completed............

7. 2
11

7. I
14.6
0. 9
o. 5

s.2

6. 0
6.2

e.u

7. l
18.1)
0. 7
O. 3

0. 2

0.1

7. 7
6.3
7.4
24. l
7.0
10.0
8. 2
17. 7
L3
0. 7
0.2
0.2

1. 7
3.6
11. 7
8. 8
1).0
25.9
6. I)
G.4
7. l

13. 3
1. 4
0. 7
0.6
0.1

4. 6

0. 3
4. I

0. I

6. 3

3.8

6. 0

8. 7

8. 3

8. 8

9.0

8. 7

0. I

1====1====1====1===,1=

1 Includes those who have had any graduate work as well as those who may have completed their
graduate work.
• Does not include New England.

D1gt1zcdbyGoogle

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES • 85
TafJ/e 13.--Grade Completed by Out•of.School Rural Youth on Relief, by Age and
by Region, October 1935
(304 counties 1111d 83 New England townships)
Grade completed, by n!gion

111-17 years 18-111 years 20-21 yean 22-24 years

Total

ALL KJ:OION!

Number•.••......•••••••••••.•.••.•.

Percent •••.....•••..•••..•••••••.••.

411,302
100.0

8.71511
100.0

10, 90II
100.0

11,024
100.0

16,11111
100.0

2.6
7.2
13. 3
11.3
10.8
77.8
8.1
6.6
4.1
8. 3

2. II
10.11
17.3
10.11
11.6
31.1
6.1
4.11
2.11
2.11

2.4
7.2
12. 3
8.3
10.4
77.6
6.3
6.1
4.4
10.l

2. 2
6. 6
11.11
8.8
10. 2
77.3
6.4
6.7
6. 2
11.6

2. 7
6.3
13.1
II. 7
11.0
77.8
6.3
6. 3
4.2
7.8

0.6
0.3
0. I
0.1

0.1

0.3
0. 2

0.11
0.3
. 0.1

o. 7
0.4
0.1
0. 2

1----·1-----1-----1-----1-----

NOlle •••••••.•••••••••••••••••••.•.••..••••

1::::::::::::::··••=••·••=•••::::

~-Oe··································
l year •••••••....••.••••••••...•...••••
2 years •••••••••. •••••• ••••••••.•••••••

.

8 yean. ········· ..................... .
4 yean •••.............................

•

0.1
4.6
4.0
8. 0
8. 7
4.4
1====1====11====1----1====
8.3
Median grade completed ....••••••••
8. 2
7. 7
8. 4
8. 3

Graduate 1 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Unknown ................................ .

l====l====l====~---,1 = = =

NKW KNOU.Nn

Number.•••.•.....•..•.•.•••••••.••.
Percent ••••.•••••...•..•.••••.••....
NQUe ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

1-3 srad•-············ ................... .

t-a gradea •• ••..•.. ··-· ••.••• ····- •.. ···-··

!=::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

!1:t::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=
12 grades ........................ ·--··-- .. .
College:
1 year ................................ .
2 years ..•.•..•......•...... -··-· ..... .
3 years.····················-·· ....... .
4 years ............................... .

386

1,478
100.0

262
100.0

100.0

372
100.0

41111
100.0

0.11
1.1
1. 4
3.11
11.3
36.0
7.3
7. 7
6.8
16. 6

1.8
0.8
11.6
16.1
32. 8
8. 7
10.3
6. 8
8. 7

1.0
1.0
4.2
13.6
31.1
8.8
11.3
6.7
2L2

1.11
1.1
1.1
3.8
11.3
37. 7
3.8
3.2
6.11
3!.4

0.4
0.11
2.2
0.9
7.3
37.3
11.9
8.6
4.3
13. 7

0.6

0.6

1----·1----•l-....;..--..J-----1-----

0.3
0.3
0.6

0.6

0.4
1. 7

Graduate 1 •••••••.•••••••••••••••. - •••••••

7.1
4. 7
II. 1
8.8
12.4
l====l====l====l,====I=====
8.9
8. 7
9.0
8. 8
II.I
Median grade completed. ···········l====,J=====l=====l=====I=====

Unknown ...•••.••.•••••••••...••••••••••.

NORTH

Number •............................
Percent ••.••••.••••..••..•...........
None ..••••.•.••..................•..•••••.

t: =:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

II grade11 .. ....... ·-·. ·····- ····-··· ··-·· .. .
7 grade11 .. ... ···- .... ·-·-·. ··-. ··-·····-···
8 grade11 .... ····- ... ···-··-·--·····-·······
II grade11 . .... --··· ··--· .... ·-···· ... ·-··· ..
10 grade11 ••••• ·········-···················
11 grades .••••••........••..•..............

~o~~~···-·-··---·-·····················
1 year •••.....•...••..•••.•..•..•••••..
2 years ••.•.......•..••.•••..•.••.•..•.
3 YeBl'!I ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
4 YeBl'!I ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•
Graduate 1 •••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••

Unknown •••••••••••••..••.•••••.•••••....

:'.\Iedlan grade completed._ .•.•.....•

16,186
100.0

2,916
100.0

4,018
100.0

3,9116
100.0

11,286
100.0

0.6
2.0
4. 6
6. 4
9.8
42.1
6.11
6. 7
3.5
14.0

o. 7

0.6
2.1
3.8
6. 7
II. 1
40.2
11.3
7.5
3.3
17.3

0.3
1.6
3.11
11.3
8. 4
40.2
7.3
7. 7
3. 7
18. 3

o. 7

1.6
4.5
7.3
JO. I
41. 4
II. 7
6.9
3.9
13. 4

1----l----·1-----1-----1-----

3.3
8. 7
7. I
12. 2
48.3
6.11
II. 7
2.11
4.8

0.6
0.3
0.1

0. 1

0.8
0.1

0.11
0.4
0. 1

2.9

1.6

0.1
3.3

l. 0
0. 7
0.2
0.1

2. 7

3. 5

.

===,l====l====l====I===
8. 6
8.4
8. 7
8.8
8.6
====l====l,====l=====I=====

• Less than 0.05 percent.
• Includes those who have had any graduate work as well as those who may have completed their graduate
work.

Drg ttzcd by

Goog IC

86 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
To&le 13.-Grade Completed by Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief, by Age and

by Region, October 1935-Continued

(304 counties and 83 New England townships)
Grade completed, by region

Total

Hl-17 years 18-i9 years 20-21 years 22-24 year.,

SOUTH-TOTAL

Numher--------···-····•··--·····-··
Percent...•............ ·-······-·-···
None _____________________________________ _

24,952
100.0

5,002
100.0

5,594
100.0

5,738
100.0

4.0

1-3 grade.•·-···············-···-···········
4-5 grades ... ··-········•·················6 grades ... ····-····•···················•··
7 grades .........................•.....•...
8 grades ...•........•...........•..•.......
9 grades ....... ·-·····················-····
JO grades ............ ··-···················
JI grades .• ·--· ...................... ·-···.
12 grades---·--···-·······-·····-·-···-··-·

JI. 8
21.1

4.0
16.8
25. 6
13. 2
II. 4
17. I
3. 4
3.1
1.9
0.6

3.9
12. 2
20.8
11. 3
11. 5
18.4
6.3
4.1
4. 2
2. 8

3.6
9.5
19. 1
12. 2
12. 4
18. 4
5. 2
5. 7
5. 4

0.1
0.1

0.4
0.3
0.1

0.
0.
0.
0.

3.3

3. 9

College:
I year .............. -·-·-····-·········
2 years ...... ·-·.·--·-··.········-· ... .
3 years_ .............................. .
4 years................................
Graduate'-·······························
Unknown ..... ·-··········-···············

12. 3
12.0
If. 2
5.4
4. 3
3. 9
2. 7

.!

0.3

o. 2

0.

4.4

.

8,618
100.0
4. 4

JO. 2
20. 2
12. 5
12. 5
18. 5
6. 0
4. 2
3.8
2. g
5
2
1
1

3. 7

0.1
2. 8

4. 3

7. I

6. 3

7. 2

7. 5

7. 2

Number ........... ·-··---•····••···
Percent ..................... ·--··· ..

20,566
100.0

4,006

100.0

4,586
100.0

4,734
100.0

7,210
100. 0

None ..... ·-····-····-·-·---···············

3. 6
JO. 3
21. l
11. 9
11.9
19. 7
5.6
4. 5
4. 4
3.2

3. 5
15. 0
26.0
13. 5
11.3
18.1
3. 5
3. 7
2.3
0.8

3.5
JO. 5
20. 5
10. 6
11. 4
19.9
6.9
4.3
4.5
3.3

3. 2
8.1
18. 8
12.0
12. 6
19.5
5.4
5.5
6.3
5.1

4.0
9.0
20.0
11.8
12. 3
20. 4
6. 1

0. 1
o. 2

0.5
0.3
0.1
0.1

0.11
0.3
0.1
0.2

Median grade completed .. ······---·

1====11====1====1====1,=

SOUTB-WHITII

l====ll====l====t====b=

J-3 grades ... ·--·-·--·-··--·-··············
4-5 grades ... ··-·-··-··-·-·-··· ........... .

6 grades ..•...... -·-----···-.·•··-·· ...... .
7 grade.s _____ ------·-----------. __________ _
8 grades .. ·····--------------···· .....•....

ll grades ....... ·----·-------·-·· ......•••..

JO grades ... ··--·····---·-··-· ....... ·--·-·
JI grndes ....•.••..........................
12 grades._ ..••..••.•.••.••.•.....••...•...

College:
I year ...•...•••.••.•..•.•..•.•...•....
2 years ..............•.•...............
3 years .... ·---· ..•..........•.........

0. 3
0.2
0.1
0.

4 years. ______________________________ _

!

Orarluate 1 .•••.••••..•••••••••••••••••••••
Unknown .. ··--·-····· ....••.•••..•.......

4.4

4.3
3.3

3.1

0.1
2. 2

4. 3

2.5

3.2

7. 3

6. 4

7.4

7.6

7.4

Number.-·-····•·•-·-·-··-··-··-····
Percent. •.....•. ·-·-··-··----·· ...•.

4,388
100.0

996
100.0

1,008
100.0

1.004
llXl. 0

1. 378
100.0

Nono .........•. ·-·········--··············

6.0
19. 0
21. 6

6.0
24.1
23. 7
11.Q
11.9
12.8
2.8
0.8
0.6

5.9
19.8
22. 2
14. 3
11.9
11. I
3.8
3. 4
2.6
0.4

5.6
16.1
20.1
13. J
11.2
12.9
4. 2
6.6
I. 6
0.8

Median grade completed ... ·-··-·--·
SOUTH-NIIORO

1-:1 grades .........•...•...................
4-5 grncles .....•. -........................ .
6 grnrles ....•..•.......•...................
7 jlrn<ies. _________________________________ _

14. 0

8 gra,les .. ·····-··-················ ....... .
9 grades .... ····-··· ..... ··-·-· ........... .

JO grades ...•.••..•.................•......

II grades .....•••..........•...............
12 grades. __ ·-------··-·· ....•... ··-··· ....

College:
I year ....•.•....•.....................
2 years. ______________________________ _
3 years ............................... .

12. 2
11.0
4. 2
3. 4
I. 4
0. 5

0. 2
0.1

0.4

6.4
16. 9

20. i
16.0
13. 5
8.1
5.4
2.9
1.0
0. i
0.3

0.4

4 )rears. ______________________________ _

Oradunte '··············-·················

trnkDO'\\'Il •• ---------------- ______________ _

6. 4

5. 4

4. 2

7. 4

8.1

Median grade completed ........... .

6. 2

5. 7

6.1

6. 61

6. 4

'==="1-===d====lc===
• Less than 0.05 percent.

1 Inrludes those who have had any graduate work as well as those who may have rompleted their
graduate work.

D1gt1zcdbyGoogle

SUPPLEMENT ARY TABLES • 87
To&le 13.-Grade Completed by Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief, by Age and
by Region, October 1935-Continued
(304 counties and 83 New England townships]
Grade completed, by region

Total

WltST
Numher ____________________________
_
Percent _________________________ ----

16-17 Year.I 18-19 years 20--21 years 22-24 years

3, flR8
100.0

li86
100.0

008
100.0

I. 7
4.3
4. 4
6.1
28. 3
8.6
9. 5
8. 3
17.0

3.1
7. 5
5.8
7. 5
33.8
8.9
9.9
6.1
6.5

1. 6
1.8
3. 7
8. 2
26.9
6. 2
10. 3
9. 2
18. 5

1.0
0.4
0.1

0. 7

0.2
0.4

1-----1-----~---1.3
1.0
1.8

None _____________________________________ _
1-3
4-5 grades_.------------------------------grades __ . _____________________________ _
6 gra,les. _.. __ .. __________________________ _
7 grades _________________ . ________________ _
8 grades_.--------------------------------9 grades.---------------------------------10 grades ___ ------------------------------11
-------------------------------_
12 grades ___
_________________________________
College:
1 yeRr ________________________________ _
2 years __ • _______ . ____________________ _
3 years._-----------------------------_
4 years _______________________________ _

Graduate
__ ------------------------------_
Unknown 1________________________________
9.0
9. 2
11. 2
1====1====1-===
Median grade completed ___________ _
9. 4
8. 7
9.0

948
100.0

1,246
100.0

I. 3
I. I

I.I
I. 8
4. 5
4.0
5. 9
30. 5
8. 8
8.4
7. 9
16. 7

4.4
4. 6

3.6
23. 4
10.5

9.9
9.3

22.4
1.1
0.4
0.4

1.6
0.6

7.6

8.2

IO. I

9. 2

1 Includes those who have had any graduate work as well as those who may have completed their
graduate work.

Dg1tzcdbyGoogle

Ta&le 14.-Employment Status of Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief, 1 by Sex, by Residence, and by Region, October 1935

I~

[304 oountlea and 83 New Ena:Jaud towmhlpa]

I

Male
Residence and region

I

Total
Number

ALL llEOIONS

TotaL_...•... . •.. . . . .. .. --- ---···. --· ..•.• .. ••.

21. 224

Open rountry . . . . •. ••. · ·· ··· -· - · ·- ···-··--·--· · . •. · - ·
Village . .. ___ · -- · - .. · ·· · -- -- · ·-·· - · ·-· · -··-·· · · ---·- - ·

14, 048
11,3~

I

Percent

I Employed
I

,oo,t:J

100. 0
100. 0

65. 6
23. 2

NEW EN GLAND

Total__ _. · -· · __...... ... _.. . · · ····---·---------Open country .. _-- -·.--·--·--··- - ·----------·-------·
Village ____ .. __ ·-- - ··-- ---- · -·--- ---------·.-·-·----··

822

-

I I

100.0

-

27. 7

-

UnemNot work-1
Total
ployed a nd Ing or seekaeekln11
ii:
work
lnlil wor
Number
Percent

I

~l1
39. 4
Clll. 6

6. 1
7. 2

"'

1c
:ii:,

Female

I I I

UnemNot workEmployed pl::~u':;d Ing or seek•
work
lnlil work

24,912

100. 0

9. 9

Ill. 106
8,162

100.0
100. 0

10. 0
9. 1

100. 0

18. 3

86. 6

11.8

1154

-

-

-

-

)>

-

.,L!
25. 8
31. 7

114. 2
69. 2

43. 6

38. 2

-

-

NORTH

Total __ . .. _. •.••••. . _. __ ---·_. ____ ._ .. _·--_. __ -·
Open country ... . .. . .... .. · -·- ··· ·--··-····----· -· ·-Village _____ ·· ·-- · ·· · · ···· ·· ···· ·· · · · · ··-·-·------·· ··

7,508
5,036
:i, 472

100. 0
100. 0
100. 0

45. 1
66. 4
22.1

49. 1
38. 6
70. 6

6.8
5. 1
7. 3

8,532
6,308
3,224

100. 0
100.0
100. 0

7. 6
6. 6
9.4

30. 2
30.8
211.3

62. 2
62. 6
61.3

11, 158
8. 162
2, 1196

100. 0
100. 0
100. 0

48. 0
66. 1
25.8

46. 6
39. 3
66. 6

6. 4
4. 6
7. 6

13, 782
9,930
3,852

100. 0
100. 0
100. 0

11 . 4
12. 6
8. 6

26. 6
23. 5
34. 6

62. 0
64. 0
66. 9

9, 292
6. 004

100.0
100. 0
100. 0

48. 1
65. 8
26. 0

46. 4
39. 5
66. 3

6. 6
4. 7
7. 7

11,264
8,334
2,930

100. 0
100. 0
100. 0

8.1
8. 8
6. 0

25. 7
22. 1
36. 0

66. 2
ffll.l
68.0

608

100. 0
100. 0
100. 0

47. 3
57. 9
25.3

47. 6
38. 0
67. 6

6. 1
4. 1
7.2

2,618
1,596
1122

100. 0
100. 0
100.0

26, 0
31.6
16. 3

30.6
30.8
30.2

43. 4
37. 6
53,6

1,736
8,IO
1186

100.0
100. 0
100.0

30. 6
44. 2
17. 6

61. 7
46. 2
76. 6

7. 7
9. 6
6. 9

1,944
868
1,076

100. 0
100. 0
100. 0

7. 2
3. 6
10. 2

25. 4
21.4
28.6

67. 4
75. I
61.2

80l"TH-TOTAL

0

~
t,

8.
CT
'<

CJ
0

&rv

Total__. __ ____·-·· ... · -·-· __· -· --------·- - ---- - ·
Open country . . _·- ··· · ·· · ---· --·-·-· ·- · ·----· · -- - --- ·
Villag•· - ·· · --- -- -· -· ····· ·· ···-·- -· - ··· · ----- -- -- --··
80U TR-V.HITE

TotaL . • _·-· ··· · . ... ·· · · · -·····-·-·-· ···- · ··- - ·
Open country .. · ·-· ······ · ... . . · · · · ·· - ·-·· ·· --· · ·--- ·
Villuge ___ ___ ___···- · · · ··· · · · · · ····· ·-·-·······- -· ·-- -

2,388

80 U TH- NIIGRO

Total_. __ _· - __....•. . .. -_.. - - ..•.. -· _.•. ·- ______
Open country . _.· ·· -· ···· · -·· · ···-· ·-··--·--··----- ·.
Village._._·-. -· ._ .. _••• ___ _.• .. .. .. _. __ ....• _-· ... __ .

1.866
I, 2/\8

WEST

TotaJ ____ _··· · -- -- ·-·· ·· · - ·---·------·-----·-·· ·
Open country ___ . _.. ..... .... ·-· . .. .. ... -·- .... ·- · ....
Villa.ge . .. .. . ·-- ·· ··· · · · · · ···· · ·· ·· ···· · •-······ · ··· · ·
1

J>oes not Include 158 male youth and 8 female youth who were workln1 on W. P.A. projects at the time orthe survey.

1;
C

-4

::c
0

z

:ii:,

l'l"I

!::

..,
l'l"I

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES • 89

To&le 15.-Employment Status and Current Occupation of Out•of•School Rural Youth
on Relief, by Age, by Sex, and by Residence, October 193S
(31K counties and 83 New Eog)aod townships]

Employment statua and correot occupation, MIX, and realdenoe

UH7

Total

18-19
years

years

»-21
years

TOT~L I

Male: '-umber......... . . . .

Percent •..•...... . .

Agrl=i,ei,iiti,i,:::::::::::::::::::::::::

Farm laborer•••••..•..•.........•...•.

No~:1!,~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Skilled •••.•••.•.•.....•.....••......••
Semiskilled ........................... .

Uoaldlled ••.••............•....•....••
Servant .......................... .

Other ••.•.......................•.

ioer11oyed •••••••.....................••

21,382
100.0

4,388

100.0

100.0

37.IJ
8.6
29.4
G. 6
o. 7
0.2
1. 2
4.4
0.2
4.2
49.1
o. 7
6.8

41.1
1.1
40.0
3.4
0.2

24,WO
100.0

.

Not working or -1c1n11 work ..........•.•.
Unknown •••••.••••.•.••••..•.•.•...•..•••
Female: Number_..................

Percent·-············••····

4,962

•• 6118
100. 0

7,344
100. 0

36. G
2. 4
33. 2
7.0
o. 7
0.1
1.0
6.2
0.3
4.9
61.G
0.G
6.1
0.1

39.6
7.2
S2. 3
7.6
0.9
0.4
1. 2
6.0
0.2

3G. G

4,368

11,964

G,32G

8,272

100. 0

100.0

100.0

100.0

0.8
2. 4
0.1
2.3
46.3

•

10. 2

.. 8

47.1
1.1
.. 8

17.9
18. 7
7.4
0.8
0.2
1.4
6.0
0.1
4. IJ
IIO. 9

.

1.0
4.1

l----·1----•l-----1-----1-----

Agrleu]ture...........................
.....
Farm operator.........................

No~:i:near:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Other •............................
ioe:iryed .•....•••.........•.....•.•.••

Servant. •.•....•..•...•......•••••

3.3
3.3

0.G
.. 2
.. 2

o. 7
3.6
3.G

0.4
3.G
3.G

28. 2

40-6

27.8

Not working or -king work .....•..•.••..
Unknown ••.•.•••••.•.•.....••...•.••.•...

GI.II

411.4

86.4
0.1
63.4

0.G
2.4
2.3
0.1
lG. 7

0.1
61.IJ

7G.1

H,12G
100.0

3,lM
100.0

3,244
100.0

2,984

4,744
100.0

Fann laborer..........................

Stilled----------- --- -- ----- -------- --Semiskilled ........................... .
Uoaldlled ••.......•.••••...........•••

•
0.6

..

8. 1

6.0

8.1
6.0
0.2

7

6.3
0.1
6.2
4.G
0. 7

6.0
6.1
0.8

4.9
0.1
4.8
6.3
1.3

3.
0. 4

•

a. s

g: ~
•

OPJ:JII COUJIITRT I

Male: Number...•..................

Percent••.•...................

100.0

1-----1----·l-----1-----

Agrlculture....•••••.......................
Fannoperator......•..................
Farm laborer ................•.........
No~:i~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Skilled ....••••......•.................
Semiskilled •...........................

Uosk1lled ••...........................
Servant •..........................

Other ............................ .

Unemployed ••......•.•...................
W.P.A .......•.......•...................
Not worlt:lng or seelt:lng worlt: ....•.........
Unlt:nown .•.•...............••..•.••....•.

Agrlculture . • • .. . . . . . . • . • .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
Fann operator.........................
Farm laborer..........................

62. 6
1. 6
61.0
1.G
0.1

48.9
3. 6
46.4
3.9
0.2
0.1
0.6
3.1
0.1
3.0
'2. 6
0.4
.. 3

M.6
10. 7
43.8
3. 7
0. 7
0. 1
0. 5
2. 4
0. 2
2. 2
36. 7
0. 9
4. 2

39.G
0.8
4.0

lG, 106
100.0

2,924

100.0

3, 786
100.0

4,066
100. 0

6,330
100. O

7. 1
0.2
6.9

9.9

8.1

8.1
3.G
0.G

G.8
0.1
6. 7
3.2
0.4

6. I
0. 6

a.o

9.9
2. 7

0.3
2.3
2.3

0.1
2.G
2. G

0.2
2.8
2.8

o. 2

0. 4
1. 6
1.4
0.1

.

Female: Number....................

Percent.....................

61.8
12. 2
39.G
3.3
0.4
0.1
0.6
2.3
0.1
2. 2
39. 2
0.6
6.1

0.3
1. 2
0.1
1.1
37.6
0.1
8.3

62. 0
2G. 3

26. 7
3.6
0.4
0.1
0.6
2.5
0.1
2. 4

.

1----+----+-----1-----+----

No~~:1~°i'i:r:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Slt:llled ..••...••••.....................

0.4

Other.............................

•
25.8

39. 7

33 .•

24.1

64.1

47. 7

54.9

6/i. lJ

Bemlskllled. .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
Unskilled..............................
Servant...........................

i~~Pl~~~:.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Not worlt:ing or seeking work..............

2.6
2.6

4. G

~::
14.0
78. 5

Unknown .••..............•.••••••..•.•..•

•Less than 0.05 percent.
• Includes New England.
•Does not Include New England.

ogit1edbyGooglc

90 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
Table 15.-Employment Status and Current Occupation of Out-of-School Rural Youth
on Relief, by Age, by Sex, and by Residence, October 1935-Continued
(304 coontles and 83 New England townshipe)
Employment statWI and current occupation, sex, and residence

l&-17

Total

111-19

years

years

20-21

years

~24

years

VJLL.6.011: I

Male: Number .••.....•.•.•.........
Percent••..•..•.........•.•...
All'iculture .••••••....•..•.......•...••....
Fann operator........................ .
Fann laborer ................•.........

8,434
100.0

1,108
100.0

1,4M
100.0

1,528
100.0

2,314
100.0

IO.II
1.5

12. 8

11.4

12. 8
7.0
0.6

10.4
0.8
9.8
12.11
1.6
0.1
1.11
9.3
0.4
8. 9
67.9
1. 2
7.3
0. 3

13.3
1.3
12.0
13. 6
1.0
o. 7
2. 1
9.8
0.3
9.5
116.6
1. 7
5.8

8.11
2.11
5. 7
12. 8
1.2
0.3
1. 3
10.0
0.2
9.8
72. 7
1.11
4. 3

2,074
100.0

2, 762
100.0

1.8

1.3
0.2
I.I
5.0
0.5
0.1
o. 7
3. 7
3.8
0.1
21.4

1----+-----1-----

1.11
4.9
0.4
4.6
116.4

Unknown ••••.•.••...................•....

12.0
1.2
0.3
1. 7
8.8
0.3
8.5
88. 7
I. 2
7. I
0.1

Female: Number•.•••....•.•..••.•.•
Percent. •.•.•.•.•.....•.•..

8,180
100.0

1,318
100. 0

2,008
100.0

0.1
2.1
8.8
1.1

4. 7
9.0
0.8

2. 6
5.11
0. 7

1.6
8.8
2. 11

6.0
5.0

0.6
7.11
7.9

0.6
4.6
4.6

0.8
5.4
5.4

31. 7
0.1
511.2

40.8
45.5

37.8
0.2
53.6

33.8
0.2
55.6

No~:i~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Skilled .••.•....•..•.•.................
Bemlak:llled ...•.•••.•..•.....•.........
Unskilled .•••.....•....................
Servant ............•..............
Other .••................•....•...•
Unemployed ...•........•.................

W.P.A ..•••..•..............•.•..........
Not worldng or seeking work ............. .

Agrl=r=~~::::::::::::::::::::::::
Non~~t:::ri:r~::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Skilled ...•............................
Semlak:llled••...•..••..................
Unskilled ...•......•...................
Servant. ••.•......•...............
Other •.•.......•..................
Unemployed ...•.......•........•.........

1-----------2. 2
4. 7
2. 5

W.P.A ..•..•....•........................

Not working or seeking work ............. .
Unknown ................................ .

U.8

•

o. 7

•

• Less than 0.05 percent.
• Does not include New England.

[)1g

t1zed by

Google

72. 3

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES •

91

Tobie 16.-Employment Status and Current Occupation of Out-of-School Rural Youth
on Relief, by Age, by Sex, and by Region, October 1935
(30( counties and 83 New England townahlps]

Employment status and current occupa•
tlon, se1, and region

lfH7

Total

years

IS-IQ

~21

years

22-24

years

years

NEW ENGLAND

Mele: Number ...............•......
Percent. ..........•...••.•....

ffi
100.0

126
100.0

224
100.0

188
100.0

Agriculture•.••...........•.........•......
Farm operator........................ .
Farmlaborer ...........•..............

8.6
0.6
8.0
19. 2
2. 2
o. 7
8.0
8.3
0.6
7.8

3.2

11.8

11.8

3.2
17.6

9.8
11.6
1.8

ll. 8

6.3

No~~:l~r:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Skilled ..•.••..........................
Semiskilled••••..•.•...............•...

2811

100.0

7. 7
1.4

6. 3

18. 3
3.2
3.2
6. 6
6.4

26.11
2. 8

6.4
63.4

8. 4
60.1

65.5

11.2
61. II

0.9
8.9
1.8
7.1
76. 9

6. 8

17.4

2. 7

6.6

6.11

100.0

M4

UIII
100.0

1112
100.0

188
100.0

100.0

18. 3
3.9

19.0

29.6
4. 9

14.0
7.6

12. 2
2.2

8.0
11.4
6.1
0.3
43.5

14.2
4. 8
4. 8

14. 8
9.9

4.4
6.11
5.6

M.0

156.8

1.1
6.4
4. 3
1.1
43.0

24.4

38.2

27.0

13. 6

43.0

63.4

Male: Number ......•.•.....••......
Percent. .......•......•.......

7,646
100.0

1,572
100.0

1,8411
100.0

1,728
100.0

2.500
100.0

Agriculture ..••........•.•..........••.....
Farm operator ......••.................
Farm laborer ......•............•......
Nonlll(Tlcultnre ...•....•.............•.•...
White collar.........................•.
Skilled ..•..•..........................
SemLskllled..................•.........

37.3
5.3
32.0
7.0
0.9
0.2
0.9
6.0
0.2
4.8
48.2
1. 8

48. 2
0.3
46. 9
3.6
0.6

32. 7

39.2
4.1
35.1
7.8
1.4

33.8
12. 5
21.3
8.1
1.0
0.2
1.4

Unskilled ............................. .

Servant ...•.......................
Other ...•.........................
l"nemployed ..•.•.........................
\\.. P.A .....•.•.•.........................
:\" ot working or seeking work ..•.•.........
Unknown .•.••••.•........•••.•.........•.
Female: Number ....•.............•.
Percent.......•.........•••.

11.2

1-----1-----1---

Agriculture ...•..••••.••...•...............
Farm opemtor ....•....................
Farm laborer •.•.•.....................
Nonagrlculture ..•............•............
White collar.......................•...
Skilled .....................•.••.......
Semiskilled ...............•............
Unskilled ............................. .

Servant ............•..............
Other ............................ .
Unemployed .•............................
W.P.A .................................. .
Not working or seeking work •.............
Unknown •••••••.....•..•.••..........•...

II.II

15.4
8. 4

180

NORTH

Unskilled ............................. .

Servant .......................... .
Other •....•.•.....................
Unemployed .•....•••••...................
W.P.A .................................. .
Not working or seeking work ........•.....
Unknown ••....•..........••••.•......••..

0.6
2. 6
2.6
40.9

1.1
31.11
7.6
0.9
0. 2
0.2
6.3
0.3
6. 0
62.9
1.2
6.6
0.1

1.3
6.1
0.2
4.Q
44.11
2. 7
6. 7

5. 5
0. 2

6.3
61.6
2. g
3. 7

5. 7

•

11.3

Female: Number.......••........•....
Percent .............•.........

8.MO

1,344
100.0

2,172
100.0

2,238
100.0

2,786
100.0

Agriculture .........................•..•...
Farm operator........................ .
Farm laborer ......................... .

I. 1
0. 1
1. 0
6. 6
1. 2

1.8

1. 2

0.9

1.8
7. 7
0.6

UI
7.8
L6

0.11

o. 7

0.2
6.6
6.6

0.11
0.3
0.11
3.9
0.11
0.1
1.0
2.2

39.5

29.2
0.2
112.0

NonWi;\:1:iriar:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Skilled ............................... .

Semiskilled ............•....•......•...
Unakllled ............................. .

inef

Servant ..........................•
Other •........•.............••..••
ployed ..................•.........•••

Not working or seeking work •••..•. _.••••.
Unknown ••.••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••..
• Less than 0.05 percent.

100.0

.

0.6
4. 7
4. 7

30.2
0. I
62. 1

0.3

11.8
6.8
46.4

44.1

6.11
6.6

0.2
61,3

7. 7

2. 0

Drg ll!Cd by

2. 2

15.11

711. 3

Google

92 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
Tobie 16.-Employment Status and Current Occupation of Out-of-School Rural Youth
on Relief, by Age, by Sex, and by Region, Odober 1935-Continued
(304 oountles and 83 N- England townahlpe]
J:mployment lltatua and current ocoupatlon, MX, and nsion

UH7
yean

Total

J&-111

yeani

---21
,,_

D--14

yean

IIOUTH-TO'I' i l

Male: Number_ •••••••••••••••••••.
Percent ••.•.••••••••••••••••••

JI, 170

1()().0

2, 3118
100.0

f-----·1----

Agrl=°!er~:·:=::::::::::::::::::::

No~C:~i°:r:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Skilled •.•..•••••.•••••.•••••.•.•••••..
Bemlskllled .•••••••.•••.••••••..•.•••••
Unskilled .•.•••••••••••••••••.•••.•••••
Bervant ••••••••••••••••••••••••••.
Other .••••••••••••••••.••••••••••.

i~~o:,ed ............................. .

Not working or -Icing wort............. .
Uulmown •••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••
Female: Number .•••••.••••••••.....

42. 7
12. 1
811.tl
6. 2
o.a
o. 1
0.8
4. 0
0. 2
3.8
46. 5
0.2
6.4

13,782

Percent ..•..•••••••••••••••.

100.0

2,480

100.0

N~1:1:~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Bldlled •••.••••••••••••••••••••.••••••.
Bemlskllled .•••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Bervant.
•····••••••••·•·•••·•·••••
Other .••••••••••••••••.•.•..••••••

im;:1~1o:,ed ............................. .

Not worlcing or -Icing wort ............. .
Unknown •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

44.IJ
10.8
34.1
G. 4
0.3
0.3
0.8
6. 0
0.3
4. 7
'5. 3

42. 7
24.2

8. 4

4.0

41. 7
a.8
17.9
G.3
0. 6

0.5
J. 7
0.3
1.4
415. G
0.1
10. 4

J.3
4.4
0.2
4. 2
46. 8
0.4
4.8

2, GOii
100.0

3,108
100.0

8.400
100. 0

4,MS
100.0

18. 6
5. 7
o.a
0.1
0.G
4. 7
0. 2
4. 6
47.G

8. G
o. 2
8. 4
2. 8
o.a

11. IJ

10. 2

11. IJ
3.1

10.2
2. 2
o. 1

8.1
0.1
8. 0
2. IJ
0.4

G. 0
0.5
5.5
2. 9
0.5

0.2
2. a
2. a

0.2
2. IJ
2.11

0.2
J.IJ
1. IJ

0.4
2. 1
2.1

211. 5

37.8

at.a

28.6

o.a
2.1
2.0
0.1
17.1

112. 1

47.2

6G. 3

112.4

74.0

IJ,302
100.0

1.1144
100.0

2,002
100.0

l,IJ60
100. 0

a,340
100.0

45. 2

.

Unsldl1ed ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

3,IJIIO
100.0

41. 7
I.II
311. 8
2. 2

f-----+----·I----

Asrfi::c¥.:::::::::::::::::::::::::

2,338
100. 0

IIOUTB-WJIIT■

Male: Number•••.•••••.•.••••..••..

Percent ••..•.••••.•.•..•......

1-----1----

Apieulture............................... .

42.1
J. 7
40.4
2. I

'3.6
12. IJ
8(). 7
4.6
0.3
0. 1
0.8
8.3
0.1
3.2
46.3
0. I
5.6

0.G
1. 5
0.2
I. 3
415. 0
0.1
10. 7

3.8
46.2
0.4
5.4

3. 7
46.G

44. 8
28. 2
18. G
4.3
0. 3
0. 1
0. 5
8. 4
0.1
3
47.1

3.2

3.8

Female: Number .....••••.••...•....
Percent ..••..••••.•••.•..•..

11. 2114

2, Oft2

100.0

100.0

2. 624

100.0

2. i84
100.0

3, 81)4
100.0

Agriculture •••••..•.•••••.•••.•...••.•••.•.
Farm operator ..•.....•................
Farm laborer ..........•...............
Non&l!rlculture ...••.....•......•..•.•.....
White collar..••.•.•...................

G.4
0.2
G.2
I. 7
0.3

9. G

7.9

G.0

9.6
I.G

7.9
I. 3
0. 2

G.0
2.2
0.5

3.IJ
0.5
3.4
1.9
0.4

0.3
1. 1
1. 1

0.2
1.4
1.4

0.2
0.11
0.9

0.5
1.2
1. 2

i:: i:::-:.·:::: :::::::::: :::::: ::: :

N~:1!,'fi!r:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Blcllled ....••.••..•.•••••••.•.•..••.•••
Bemlslcllled ..••.•.•••••••••.••••••••.••

Unalcllioo •.•...••.•.•••••••••••...•••.•

Servant..........••.•.•............
Other••.•...........•.•............

i~-w.Pl~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Not worlclng or lleeklng wort ............. .

41. 7
3.8
37.11
6.3
0.8
1.5
4.0

10. 7
34. 5
5.0
o.s
0.3
0. 7
3. 7

0. 2

a.

Unknown ••••••••••..•••...•........••....

Blcllled ........•..•.••..................
Bemlskllled ........•...................

Unalcllled ...........••.......•.........
Servant........................... .
Other ......................•.......
Unemployed ..................•••.••..•.•.
W.P.A .....•.................•.•.••......
Not worlclng or seeking work ......•.......
Unlc:Down ••••••••....•••••••••.••••••••••
• Less than 0.06 percent.

25. 7

37. 1

30.3

26.1

0.3
1.2
1. 1
0.1
16.3

GG. 2

51. 7

II0.6

M.7

77.9

.

D,guicdbyGoogle

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES • 93
Ta&le 16.-Employment Status and Current Occupation of Out-of-School Rural Youth
on Relief, by Age, by Sex, and by Region, October 1935-Continued
(804 oountl• and 83 New England toW11Shlps)
Employment statue and current occupetlon, aex, and rerton

1!1-19
years

Total

~21
years

IIOUTB-lfllOBO

1,8811
100. 0

Male: Number ..•..•••.••••..•..••••

Percent•.....•....••••.••.••••

452
100. 0

42'
100.0

100.0

388

80&
100. 0

311. 8
2. 2
37. 8
2. 2

41.6
3. 8
37. 7
8.1

43. 3
11. 3
32.0
13. 4

31.6
13. 3
18. 2

1-----

Agrtc:ultunl•••••• •• •.••••..••••.. ••.•••..•.
Farm operator •••.•••••......•......••.
Farm laborer •• •• .. .•........ •.•.•. •.••

N~1:i!o~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Sldlled .•..••••••..••................••
Semlullled .••..•................... ...

Unaldlled ••.••••.......... . ......•.....
Servant .••••....•....•............•
Other ••••..• .•.••..... .•••.. ... .•••

i,~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Not worldnc or -ting wort ........ . .... .
Ullknown ................................ .

J'emale: Number ....... ... ......... .
Percent ••••...... ..........

38. 3
8. 0
30. 3
9. 0
0. 1
0. 6
8. 4
0. 7
7. 7
47. a
0. I

2. 2
0. 4
1.8
48. 7

o.a

0.4
a. 7

1.0
11. 9

1.e

10.a
311. 2

0. 8
12. 8
0. 7
11. 9
60. 3

4.1

6. 0

100.0

a. I

9. 3

a. 7
llO.O
0. 6
1. 9

2. 618

644
100.0

6114
100.0

818
100.0

20.6

19. 9

17. 6

20.6
8. 8

19.9
6. 5

0. 3
17. 2
6. 6

100.0

1 - - - - ·1-

Agrtc:ulture.........•.... ......•...•.••••..
Farm operator ••..........••..•.....•..

Farm laborer.. .. ... ....... . .. . ....... .

N~!c,~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Stilled ..•..•••.••.. .......... •........
BemluWed •••.•• .. .•• • .. .•.•...•......

Unstilled ....•....•........•.... .. ... ...
Servant........................... .
Other .•••...••••..................

t~~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Not wortlnc or-ting wort ...-••· ·······
Unknown ••••••.......................... .

18. a
0. 3
18. 2
7. 6
0. 2
0. 1
7. 2
7. 2

13. 2

774

18. 6
0. 6
UI. O

a.a
0.8

8.8
8.8

8.6
8. 5

6.5
6. 5

0. 3
7. 2
7.2

30.8

40.8

35. 3

28.9

21. 2

43.4

211.8

38.3

47. I

64. 0

1,744
100.0

294
100.0

398
100.0

H6
100. 0

IIOII
100.0

25.2

25. 2

25.2

23. 7

6.8
0. 7

8. I

2. 7

3.4

2. 8
3.6

23. 3
4. 0
19. 3
7. 6
I. 4
0.9
1.3
4. 0

22. 1
7.8
14.6
8. 6
2.3
0. 7
0.3
3. 3

4. 0
bll.3
1.3
8. 5

3.3
84.1
0. 3
8. 8
0.3

WUT

Male: Number ..................... .
Percent....•••....••.•........

"7::r~.:~=:::::::::::::::::::::::
N~:1!,~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
StWed •••.......•.•.....•..• . .. .•.... .
Semlstllled..............••..•• ....•...
Umkllled ......................•.......
Servant ....•............. .. .......
Other ............. ... .. ..•......•.

i~~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Not wortlnc or -ting wort ............. .
Unknowu ................................ .
J'emale: Number ....... ..... ....... .
Percent. ................. . .

~:0i-,raior•.::::::::::::::::::::::::
Farm laborer ...•..................... .
N~1:1!o"rar:::::::::::::::::::::::::::
8tllled .••............•........... .. .. .

---:it.6
4. 0
19. 8
6. 8

I. 2

0.6
I. a
3. 6

1.6

3. 8
81. 2
0.5

67. 8

3. 4

3. 5
61.6

7. 7

10. 2

6. 6
0. 5

1. 944
100. 0

100.0

292

512
l00. 0

502
100. 0

638
100. 0

6. 2

2. 7

2. 7
3. 5
0.4

2.8
0. 4
2.4
8.0
2. 0

0. 3

6. 2
4. I

o. 2

1 - - - -·l - - - - · l - - - - - 1 - - 2. 5
0.1
2. 4

4. 7

0. 7

0.3
3. 4
0. 3

Semiskilled .•...•............•..... : .. .
Umtllled ........ ..................... .
Servant. .......................... .
Other.....•.... .. ..... .... .••.. ....

0. 4
3. 8

4. 1

3.1

4. 4

3. 6

4. I

3. I

4. 4

2. 8

i,~P:~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Not worttng or seeking work ....... .. . . .. .

25. 4

30. 8

37. 1

24 . 3

0. 3
H. 4

67. 4

68. 9

56. 7

64. g

81.9

Digitized by

Google

Unknown • ... ...... .... . .. ...... .. ......••

0. 1

1.6

3. 1

94 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
Ta&le 17.-Current Occupation of Out-of-School Rural Youth on Relief, 1 by Sex and
·
by Residence, October 1935
(304 counties and 83 New England townships]
Total•

Open country •

Village•

Current occupation

_______________,___ --- - - - - - - - - - - - Male

Number ________ __ _.. ..•.• .. . .......
Percent ... _.........................
Agrleulture .. __ .. __ ..... ..... ............ _
J,'armoJ)l'rator .. .• -. . .... . ... ....... . .
Owner-·-·- · · ····· ········ · ······ ·
Tenant. . ---··· · -· ···· ············

F~r~r:'..:r~.--:::::::::::::::::::::::
Nonagrirultu,... . .. ......... ...............
White collar..................... .... .
Skilled....................... . . . ......
Semiskilled........... . ... .. ..........
Unskilled._................. . .........
Servant........ . .... . ........ . . .. .
Other......... . ...... . . .. .........

Female

Male

Female

9,498
100.0

2,476
100.0

7,796
100. 0

1,618
100.0

19.2
3.8

9. 7

1.4
0.5
0. 2

I. 5
0. 4
2. 6
10. 2
0. 4
9. 8

52. 1
46. 5
7.2
0.1
5.9
33.3
33.0
0.3

2'l.1
4. 4
11.0
6. 7
72.0
5. 9
o. 7
0.1
0.9
4.2

1. 7
0. 6
0.4
0. 7
68.9
29.4
3. g

Male

Female

1,474
100. 0

738
100. 0

6. 5

0. 8
0.3

-·---l------1----1----1------1---85. 3
24. 6
94. 1
63. 5
70. 6
47.6
J:
i
14. i

o. 7

o. 2

'-0

2.5
23.0
22. 7

0.3

0. 11
.. 1
1. 6

41.0
62.5
5.0
1. 4
7.3

38.8
1.2
37.6

Jj
75. 4
12. 2
0. 3
7. 3
55. 6
55. 3
o. 3

1 n()('s not inrlude unemployed youtb, youth employed on W. P. A.. projects, or youth neither working
nor seeking work.
• Includes New England.
• Docs not include New England.

D19t1zcdbyGoogle

SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES • 95
Ta&le 18.-Percent of Total Youth on N. Y. A. Work Projects Who Were Employed
on Rural Youth Devel~ment Projects, June 1936, and Rural Youth as Percent of
Total Youth, 1930, by Geographic Division and by State
Youth em~oyed
OD N.
. A.
work projects

Youth em~loyed
on N.
• A.
work projects
Rural

CJeocraphlc division
and State
Total

youth
Percent as per•
or total ceotor
employed total
OD rural youth,
Ul30
youth
developmeot
projects

United States.... '167, 747
New England ••••.•...

Maine .............
New Hampshire••.

Vermont ••••.......
Muaacbuaetts ....•
Rhode Island ......
Connecticut._ •....
Middle Atlantic .......
New York .•.......
New1eraey •.......
Penosylvanla......
South Atlantic..•......
Maryland .. - ......
Delaware ..........

VirllDla_ -·· .......
West Virginia. __ ..
North Carolina •...
South Carollna._ •.
Georgia.•...••.•.•.

Florida .•..........
Ealt North Central....
Ohio•.......•......
Indiana............
lllloola..•.....•....

Michigan ..........
Wlaoooslo .. -······
Weet North Central...
MinnMota ...•••...
Mla!ourl. •.•••.....

43.11
20.5
- 7,456 ---18. II
21.3
MO

452

246
4,W

494
1,178
32,591
12,413
4,478
16, 700
22,722

799

127

2. 1179
4,0liO

2,258
4,221
6,483
2,805
31, 1182
11,097
4,326
7,508
0,915
4,070
10,4113
3,649
G,OfO

23.2
:U.8
U.8
18. 7
8.9
20.5
17. 0
6. 5
23. 7
23. 4
111.6
19.4
20. 6
23. 3
20. 8
13. 7
12.8
24. 3
111. 0
24. 4
28. II
38.5
18. 7
16. 8
23. I
16. 1
18. 5

9.0

58.8
38.8
65. 3
11.0
7.0
27. 7
20.4
14.0
16. 7
30.8
04. I
311. 3
46. 7
M.3
70.8

73. 2

78. 5
68.8
411. 5
31.4
30. 2
42. I
24. I
211. 4
45.3
58.0
60.9
47. 1

Rural

Geographic division
and State
Total

Weet North CentralContinued
Iowa ..•.•.•........
North Dakota.- •• South Dakota--···
Nebraska ..........

Kaoaaa.. __ .••......
Eaat Sonth Central.. ..
Kentucky._ .......
T---·······
Alabama.• _•......
Ml!slaal~I.. _.....
West South entraL _.
Arkansaa·--····· ..

Loul.slaoa....••....

Oklahoma •.•.•.•..
Texas ••............
Mountain--·•·········
Montana.- ..•.....
Idaho .......•.•....
Wyoming•.••......
Colorado .. -·······
New Mexico •.•....
Arizona............
Utah.-············
Nevada ............
Paclllc••........•......
Waahlngtoo __ ••···
O~on •.......•..•
Cal ornla•... ·-····

Percent
or total
employed
on rural
youth
development
projects

118()

2,399

3,419

f>

')

23. 088

8,952
6,113
6,144
4,479
19,143
4,0G4
2,160
4,827
8,102
G,372

888
503
228
1,872
l, 158
926

083
54
7,301
1,772

689

4,840

20.9
27. 7
13. 5

i:~

27.0
26. 0
27.4
37.0
19.2
18. 0
22.1
19. 4
15. 0
17. 3
23. 0
35.0
23.4
11.0
15.4
24. 7
28. I
22.8
11.3
17.4
16.8
19.4
17. 3

)'Ollth

asper•

cent of
total
youth,
111311

II0.4
83. 2
80. 7
e.'l.l

60.0
71. 7

09.0
&l8
71. 6
83.0
63. 0
79.4
60.8
M.l
59.0
60. 7
M.8
69.8
70.4
51.4
74. 8

06.2

40. 8
61. 7
32.1
42.4
47.0
2G.6

1 This does not agree with llguree published In the monthly report of the Federal Emergency Reller
Administration for June 1936, which gives 173,4(14 as the number of youth employed. The dlllerence la
due to the day or the month on which the data are reported.
• Data not available In Office or the Director of the N atlonal Youth Administration.
Somoes: Unpublished report In Office or the Direct-Or of the National Youth Administration baaed oo
91l8Cla1 tabulation by N. Y. A. State directors, and Fl/lufltll CffllUI oftlte Unlud Stau1: Jll(J(), Population
Vol.Il.

2soos•-as---s

Dig tized by

Goos Ie

Ta&le 19.-Junior Enrollees 1 of the Civilian Conservation CorpsNby Geo9raphic Division and by State From Which Enrolled, May 1935 Throu9h
ovember 1936 1
1935

8
•
,0

1936

C:

,0

Oeogra11hic cli\"i:,;lon an d S tate

I

l\lay

August

November

May

February

August

N ovember

I

Xurnhe r P ercent ~umber P ercent N u mber P ercen t Number Percent Number P e rcent :-;umber P ercent Number P e rcent

>
r-<

0

C:
-t

li nited Sta tes ... ..•••• .. . .• ••• . .. .. •.. .

0

---r,
8.
er

'<

C")
0

~

rv

100. 0

42i, 079

100.0

- - - - - - - - - - -1.\ 316
5. 6
r., 025
6. 3
1, 3S.>
0. 5
2,687
0. 6
815
0. 3
8S9
0. 2
\ "errnont .. . .... . .•. ... __ ... . ____ _..• __ ...
1,11 6
74:J
0. 3
0. 2
r-.r n...::.sac:.huse tts. ______ . . .. .. __ ___ • .. __ • ___
8. 105
:I. 0
14, 546
3. 4
Rh0< le I,I,m,I. . . . . . ... .. . ... ... . . .
2, 4fl2
1. 405
0. 5
0. 6
2. ~t-.:l
5, 35.1
I. 3
C nnne<·tkut ____ __ ---------··------1. 0
62,937
Middle Atla nti c . . • . ..••. . ... .. ..••.• • .... : : 44, (>~7
lfi. 1
14 . 7
11 . 338
7. 8
u, 24 0
5. 7
~l' \V ··for k ___ ---- --- -- ---------- -- - -- · ti, 740
New J crsr-y - --·--- -- ~- --- --- ... - -- - ______
2. 4
12,11 6
2. 8
P en1.1.~yh· a nifL . _______ ___ ___ . ___ . _______
rn. 009
26,581
5. 9
6. 2
l[i. 9
South Atlan t ir . .. _____ ___ - ------ - ---- ----- · - 29,394
JO. 8
67, !l60
;'.!nrylnnd . ... ...... · ·-···· . ....... .. . ...
3, I."-1
I. 2
3,080
0. 7
Delaware .. . .... . ____ ...... . . .. _ .... ___ ..
4 15
0. I
520
0. 1
Di:-trict of C' olum hia ____ . _.- ___. _. ______
1, 0.57
0. 4
1,4 28
0. 3
\'irn lnia ........... _. . . .. •. . .. .........
4.601
l. 7
9, 02!i
2.1
9, 4,59
3, 121
I.I
2. 2
\ \"us t \" ir $.'t inb ... . --- ·- - - ---- ----- - ----- ·
N ort h (' :uolirn\ . _____ .... _. __________ _. _.
5. 6 12
2.1
II. 10.5
2. 6
South Ca rolina __ _____ _ .. ______ __ ---- - -· _
3. 211
8,742
2. 1
I. 2
13, 6.54
Oeor~ia .. . . .. ... _.. . • . • .... .. ...... . • ...
5. 403
2. 0
3. 2
Floridn __. ___ __ . ____ ______ ____ . __ . __ _. ~- _
2, fl-! ]
JO, 944
2. 6
1. 0
E as t Xorth C l•ntrnl. ____ __ __________ ___ __ ___ !'lfl , 32fi
73,204
20. 7
17.1
O hi o......... . ..... ......... ... . . -- . . .. .
12,067
4. 4
I i , 640
4.1
I ndiana __... .. . _. __ . ____ . ___ _____ ··- - --- -- 6. !l23
2. !i
8. 4~4
2. 0
Illinois ... . ...... . . . . .... . .. . ...... __ ••• . . 20, .543
,5. 3
7. 6
22, 836
14,()!,.l
8. 100
3. 0
3. 3
Mirhi~,rn
....
.
•.
·
··
···
·
·
··
·
--····
·-·
...
\\·isconsin . ___ __ ___ ___ ____ _•- - ___ ________
H, ti U3
:l. 2
10, 160
2. 4
an, -1 22
\Ve.s t N or th Cenl rnl . _........ . . .......... .
H.4
50, 71~
11.9
11). WfJ
9,33 2
M inne.s ota . . • .. _.. . . .... . . ... . . . _. . .. .• .
3. 8
2. 2
i, 78.'l
15,510
M issouri.. . .. ... . · - · . •• ......... . .. . . _.. •
2. 8
3. 6
Iowa._ . ... . . . . . . . . •. . ... .. . .. . . .. . ••...
6, 779
6, 645
2. 5
I. 6
Nort h D nko t n . . . .. •.......• • •. • .. • .. •••.
2. 150
0. 8
4, 431
1.0
Sou th D nkota. ___ ____ _______ _____ _______
3 , f,94
4. 481
I.fl
0. 9
4, II ~
Ne braska .••. .• •••.... ..... .. .. ..... •
4, 78R
I.I
I. 5
3,918
l. ·1
6. 318
1. 5
K ,,nstLS . _····--·-- ·--- --·. __. __ ____-- - . ..
Xew En~lantl .. ............... . ... .. ........ .
Maine .... . .. .. .. .. . . . ............ . . . ....
Ke w Hampshire ... . .. . ... . ...... .... . ...

t5

2i3, :182

395, 22i

100.0

332,413

100.0

299, 779

2i, 018
3,014
1, 430
I, 217
13,695
2, 734
4, 928
[>8, 156
20, 4S9
11,007
26, 630
61 , 100
4,373
489
1, 222
9,270
8,951
9,167
i ,665
10. 904
8, 9i2
73,43 2
20, 147
6,830
21 ,44 8
14,177
10, 830
4i,00 1
8, 4~7
14,114
6,105
5, 223
2,992
3, 748
6,392

6. 8
0. 8
0. 3
0. 3

22,293
2,626
1, 174
984
II, 193
2, 3'1;1
3, 989
40, 301
16, 185
8,659
21,457
50, 955
3. 042
305
950
8, 045
7,680
i, 6 16
6.t\50
0, 593
6, 975
62,929
16, 717
5, 781
18,/',86
12,211
ij,fl:H
4 1, 997
7, 557
12,503
5,215
4. 692
2,009
3, 428
5, 6\13

6. 7
0. 8
0. 4
0. 2
3. 4
0. 7
I. 2
13. 9

20,471
1, 825
1,078
787
II, 192
2,203
3,38t\
43,500
17,400
9, 505
16. 595
H,621
2,S4 1
43 1
727
i,365
6, 067
6,5 10
6,508
9,835
7, 328
52,080
13,451
5,291
15,300
9,773

100.0

280,962

100. 0

18,820
1,575
898
665
10,407
2, 110
3, lt\5
37,807
16, 330
7,462
14,015
47,466
2,51 3
325
626

6. 7
0. 6
0. 3
0. 2
3. 7
0. 8
I.I
13. 5
5. 8
2. 7
5. 0
Hi 9
0. 9
0. I
0. 2
2. 3
2.1

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ----

3. 5
0. 7
I. 2
H.7
5. 2
2. 8
6. 7
15. 4
I. I
0. 1
0. 3
2. 3
2. 3
2. 3
I. 9
!It 8
2. 3
18. 6
5. 1
1. 7
5. 5
3. 6
2. 7
11 . 9
2. 2
3. 6
I. 5
I. 3
0. 8
0. 9
I.fl

4.8

2. 6
6. 5
15. 3
0. 9
0. I
0.3
2. 4
2. 3
2. 3
2. 0
2.9
2. 1
18. 9
5. 0
I. 7
5. 6
3. 7
2. 0
12. 6
2. 3
3. 8
I. 6
I. 4
0. 8
1.0
1. 7

8,209

35, 895
7, 020
II, 370
4,1 66
3,721
I. 8SO
2, 007
4, i41

6. 8
0. 6
o. 4
0. 3
3. 7
0. 7
I. 1
J.1.5
5.8
3. 2
5. 5
15. 9
0. 9
0. I
0. 2
2. 5
2. 0
2. 2
2. 2
3. 3
2. 5
17. 4
4. 5
1. 8
5. 1
3. 3
2. 7
12. 0
2. 4
3. 8
I. 4
I. 2
0. fl
1. 0
I. 6 I

6.592
5,957
6,721
6,825
10, 514
7,393
49, 739
13,1 33
4, 756
15,246
8,849
7, 755
34,426
7,130
10, 2il
3, 773
4,1 96
2,081
2,8 11
4,IM

2. 4
2. 4
3.8
2. 7
17. 7
4. 7
I. 7

5.4
3.1
2.8
12. 3
2.6
3. 7
1. 3
I. 5
0. 7
1. 0
1.5

285,691

100. 0

-----6. 1
17,427
1,651
0. 6
86 1
0. 3
630
o. 2
9,761
3. 4
2,080
0. 7
2,444
0. 9
30,006
10. 5
12, 6114
4. 4
7, 080
2. 5
10, 232
3. 6
46, 62.5
16. 4
2, 395
0. 8
261
0.1
695
0. 2
6,871
2. 4
6, 027
2.1
6,S42
2. 4
7,1 75
2. 6
10,697
3. 8
5,662
2.0
46,003
16. l
II, 409
4.0
5,184
1.8
13,982
4. 9
7,314
2. 6
8,114
28
42,424
14. 8
9,324
3.3
13,362
4. 7
4,143
I. 5
5,81 5
2.0
2, 292
0. 8
3,083
1.0
4, 405
I. 5

:::c

0

z

,0

m
C:
m

.,,

Arizona __ _____ ______ . __ ___ _______________

17, 610
&, 0:,0
4, Iii
6, 024
3,365
26,228
3,596
3,761
6,049
13,822
rn, 804
2. 318
I, 917
895
4, 010
2,243
2, 2\)5

t:tah ......•. • .•. • .... ... . . . ..••• •••.•...
Nevada ..•.•..••...............•.....• ...
Pacific........... ..••....... . .... ..••.••••.•.
Washington ....•.............•. ••••.•. •.
Ore~on ..•••...•................•..• ... . .
California...•........•...... ..•.••. •.....

2. 777
349
28, IP5
5, Oi8
3. 624
18,593

East South Central.. ••••.. .... .... ••• •• .. .. .
Kentucky .•.•. .• • ____ .... _.... . •••• •••. _
TeDDessee •••.•••••.•••.•.•.•••.••• ••• •.•.
Alahama .... . •••••••••....•. ••••• •••••.•.

1

w~ J':;'~f~PJ~nimi ~ :: :::: ::::::::: :::::::::
Arkansas ... ·····-·-·--······ --· · · .• •. . ..
Louisiana ........•.•......... • . •••.• ... •.
Oklahoma ....................•.•••• . •.. .
1'ex11S ......•......... --·- .. . ...•.••••••..
Mountain ._· ··-··········-· ·· •--········· · ··
M ontana ....•.. ··-···- ····· ..•. . •••.•• . .
Idaho .. .... •.....•.... ... . . . .•••••...•...

r:ii:::~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
N ew Mexico.....•.... ..• ... ..•..•...•.•.

8. 4
I.II
I. 6
1.8
1. 2
9.6
1.3
1.4
1.8
6. I
6. 1
0. 9
0. 7
0. 3
1. 6
0. 8
0. 8
1.0
0. 1
10. 3
2. 2
I. 3

6.8

44, &18

15, 107
11, 171
7,706
10,704
65,892
9,455
7, 114
13,679
2.~. 644
18,815
2, 191
1,458
863
4,104
4,331
2, 341
3,300
227
25, 840
6,476
3,M9
15,815

10. 5
3. 6
2. 6
1.8
2.5
13.1
2. 2
I. 7
3. 2
6,0

•-•

0. 5
0. 3
0.2
1.0
1.0
0. 5
0.8
0. I
6.1
1.5
0.8
3,8

41, i80
16, 65i
9,053
6,441
9,629
50,234
8,656
6,231
12,210
23,137
15,668
2,134
1,483
827
3,649
3,381
I, 491
2,491
212
20, 7;5
6, i21
2,085
12,063

10.6
4, 3
2. 3
I. 6
2. 4
12. 7
2.2
1. 6
3.1
5. 9
4. 0
0. 5
0. 4
0. 2
0. 9
0. 9
0.4
0, 6
0.1
5. 3
1.4
0. 8
3. 1

36, 2'.111
14,30 1

·Utt

8,374
42, 717
7,665
6,454
10,637
19,061
12, 8.12
1,882
1, 21i
713
3,0/ 9
2,684
I. 108
2,041
138
16,161
4.5412
2. 519
9,080

10. 9
f.3
2. 4
I. 7
2. 6
12. 9
2. 3
1.6
3. 2
6. 8
3. 9
0. 6
0. 4
0. 2
0.9
0.8
0. 3
0. 6
0. 1
•.9
1.4
0. 8
2. 7

31 , 086
9,407
7,009
8, 160
8, 520
42,470
7,258
6,424
11. 1148
17,840
12, 186
I, 435
886
648
3,443
3, 186
1,048
I, 624
116
14,470
3. 640
I, 921
8,909

10. 4
3. 1
2.3
2. 1
2. 9
14.2
2.4
1.8
4.0
6.0
4. 0
0. 6
0.3
0. 2
I.I
1.1
0.3
0. 6

-

t.8
1.2
0.6
3.0

32, 4-0II
9, i72
7,335
6, 6&I
8,638

37,087
7,181
6,810
9,692
14,404
10,727
1,840
689
626
2,491
2,749
873
I, 468
91
12,481
3,386
1,625
7,470

11. 6
8. 6
2, 6
2.3
8. 1
18. 2
2. 6
2. 1

3. 4
6. 1
3. 8
0. 7
0. 2
0. 2
0. 9
1.0
0. 3
o. 5

-

4. 4
1.2
0. 6
2. 7

33, 272
11,801
7,394
11,809
7,768
48,285
9,495
6,698
13,1181
19,211
10,870
2,012
730
760
2,631
2, tl04
828
1, 099
106
10,rn
3,345
I, 605
5, 929

IU

4. 1
2. II
2. 2
2. 7
16, 9

3. 8
2.0

<l.11
6. 7
3. 8
0. 7

0. 2

o.a
0. 9
1.0
0. 3

o.,

-

3. 8
1. 2
0. 6
2.1

• 17 to 28 y~ars of age, Inclusive.
• Data are given for the last day of each month.
Source: Office of Chief Statistician, Director of F.mergency ConsM\'lltion Work, January 13, 1937.
Ill

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Appendix B

COUNTIES AND TOWNSHIPS SURVEYED

LIST A.-SAMPLE COUNTIES AND TOWNSHIPS REPRESENTING 33 STATES
New England States
Connecticut:
Connecticut--Contd.
Massachusetts--Contd.
Fairfield County:
New Haven CountyBerkshire County:
Continued.
Easton
Alford
Monroe
Orange
Cheshire
New Fairfield
Oxford
Florida
Wilton
Prospect
Richmond
Southbury
Sheffield
Hartford County:
Burlington
New London County:
Bristol County:
Granby
Freetown
East Lyme
Rocky Hill
Rehoboth
Lebanon
Simsbury
Westport
Montville
South Windsor
Dukes County:
Preston
Suffield
Gay Head
Voluntown
Litchfield County:
Oak Bluffs
Tolland County:
Barkhamsted
Essex County:
Coventry
Bethlehem
Essex
Hebron
Georgetown
Canaan
Somers
Middleton
Goshen
Salisbury
Harwinton
Tolland
Kent
Franklin County:
Windham County:
Middlesex County:
Buckland
Ashford
Durham
Canterbury
Colrain
East Haddam
Shutesbury
Pomfret
Middlesex City:
Warwick
Woodstock
Essex
Whately
Massachusetts:
Middlefield
Hampden
County:
Barnstable
County:
New Haven County:
Dennis
Chester
Beacon Falls
Eastham
Monson
Cheshire
Mashpee
Tolland
Madison
99

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100 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF

New England Stata Continued
Massachusett--Contd.
Hampshire County:
Belchertown
Cummington
Southampton
Middlesex County:
Ashland
Carlisle
Littleton
Stow
Townsend

Massachusetts--Contd.
Norfolk County:
Avon
Wrentham
Plymouth County:
Duxbury
Plympton
Scituate

Massachusett&-Contd.
Worcester County:
Boylston
Charlton
Hubbardston
Millville
New Braintree

Northern States
Iowa:
Appanoose
Black Hawk
Calhoun
Emmet
Guthrie
Ida
Mahaska
Marshall
Monona
Washington
Kansas:
Barber
Ford
Gove
Greenwood
Hamilton
Jefferson
Neosho
Pawnee
Russell
Saline
Seward
Smith
Wabaunsee
Michigan:
Barry
Berrien
Gogebic
Kalkaska
Leelanau
Mecosta
Monroe
Oscoda
Presque Isle
Sanilac
Schoolcraft
Minnesota:
Benton
Big Stone
Hubbard

Minnesota--Contd.
Kittson
Olmsted
Otter Tail
Pennington
Pine
Pope
Redwood
Rock
St. Louis
Scott
Missouri:
Adair
Douglas
Franklin
Hickory
Holt
Johnson
Miller
Newton
Pemiscot
Ralls
Ray
Shannon
Nebraska:
Box Butte
Hall
Hitchcock
Johnson
Morrill
Pierce
Richardson
Sheridan
Thayer
New York:
Broome
Livingston
Oneida
Schuyler
Washington

North Dakota:
Burke
Emmons
Hettinger
McHenry
McKenzie
Ramsey
Richland
Stutsman
Ohio:
Athens
Brown
Clinton
Geauga
Hardin
Monroe
Muskingum
Ottawa
Putnam
Seneca
South Dakota:
Brookings
Corson
Custer
Edmunds
Grant
Hand
Hutchinson
Jackson
Meade
Wisconsin:
Calumet
Chippewa
Crawford
Forest
La Crosse
Portage
Sauk
Sawyer
Walworth

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.... ......
....
.
Southern Stata
Alabama:
Calhoun
Conecuh
Dale
Dallas
Marshall
Shelby
Winston
Arkansas:
Calhoun
Craighead
Grant
Madison
Marion
Miller
Phillips
Pike
Prairie
Yell
Florida:
Bradford
Broward
Jefferson
lee
Polk
Washington
Georgia:
Chattooga
Dodge
Greene
Heard
Jenkins
Jones
Lumpkin
McDuffie
McIntosh
Madison
Mitchell
Murray
Muscogee
Pike
Tattnall
Ware
Webster
Kentucky:
Boone
Hickman
Johnson
Knox
Larue
Lee
Mercer
Metcalfe

Kentucky-Contd.
Rowan
Scott
Todd
Webster
Louisiana:
Acadia

Concordia
Morehouse
Natchitoches
Plaquemines
Pointe Coupee
Tangipahoa
Terrebonne
Vernon
Webster
North Carolina:
Alamance
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Chowan
Franklin
Gates
Harnett
Jackson
Onslow
Pasquotank
Perquimans
Stokes
Oklahoma:
Carter
Custer
Harper
Hughes
Jackson
KingfisMr
Lincoln
Pushmataha
Rogers
South Carolina:
Allendale
Calhoun
Colleton
Fairfield
Georgetown
Lee

Newberry
Pickens
Tennessee:
Anderson
Cocke
Fayette
Franklin

Tennessee-Contd.
Hawkins
Henderson
Stewart
White
Williamson
Texas:
Bastrop
Bosque
Brewster
Burleson
Carson
Cass
Collin
Colorado
Fisher
Floyd
Freestone
Frio
Hansford
Houston
Karnes
Lamb
McLennan
Montgomery
Palo Pinto
San Saba
Shelby
Starr
Sutton
Terry
Upshur
Upton
Webb
Wilbarger
Virginia:
Alleghany
Bedford
Charles City
King William
Lee
Mathews
Mecklenburg
Page
Powhatan
Pulaski
Southampton
West Virginia:
Boone
Marion
Nicholas
Pendleton

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....
.. .

·-·
/·. ~ ~--•i _::~ :Joi~ !,F,riR,Ai..= vourH

oN RELIEF

Watem Slates
Arizona:
Cochise
Graham
Pinal
Yavapai
California:
Glenn
Humboldt
Kings
Lake
Lassen
Madera
Mono
Monterey
San Bernardino
San Joaquin
Ventura
Yuba
Colorado:
Alamosa

Colorado-Contd.
Archuleta
Garfield
Kiowa
Kit Carson
Routt
Sedgwick
Teller
Montana:
Chouteau
Daniels
Garfield
Granite

Lake
Madison
Meagher
Prairie
Oregon:
Baker
Clatsop

Oregon-Contd.
Crook
Josephine
Morrow
Polk
Utah:
Box Elder
Garfield
Grand
Piute
Sevier
Weber
Washington:

Adams
Benton
Chelan
Cowlitz
Jefferson
Stevens

LIST B.-SAMPLE COUNTIES REPRESENTING NINE AGRICULTURAL AREAS

Emtem Cotton Area
Alabama:
Bullock
Calhoun
Conecuh
Winston
Arkansas:
Calhoun

Craighead
Pike
Georgia:
Chattooga
Dodge
Heard
Jenkins
McDuffie

Georgia-Contd.
Madison
Mitchell
Pike
Webster
Louisiana:
Concordia
Morehouse
Natchitoches
Webster
MissiBBippi:
Lawreuce
Tippah
Washington
Winston

Missouri:
Pemiscot
North Carolina:
Cabarrus
Sampson
South Carolina:
Allendale
Calhoun
Fairfield
Pickens
Tennessee:
Henden,on

Watern Cotton Area
Oklahoma:
Jackson
Lincoln
Texas:
Bastrop
Cass

Texas-Contd.
Collin
Houston
Karnes
McLenrum
Montgomery

Texas-Contd.
Shelby
Terry
Wilbarger

COUNTIES AND TOWNSHIPS SURVEYED • 103
Appalachlan-Ozarlc Area
Arkansas:
Madison
Georgia:
Lumpkin
Illinois:
Franklin
Kentucky:
Johnson
Knox
Lee
Muhlenberg

Missouri:
Shannon
North Carolina:
Jackson
Wilkes
Tennessee:
Cocke
White
Williamson

Virginia:

Bedford
Lee
Page
West Virginia:
Boone
Marion
Nicholas
Pendleton

Lalce States Cut-Ov• Area
Michigan:
Gogebic
Oscoda
Schoolcraft

Minnesota:
Pine

Wiscousin:
Forest
Sawyer

Hay and Dairy Area
Michigan:
Sanilac
Minnesota:
Benton
Olmsted
Otter Tail
New York:
Broome
Livingston

New York-Contd.
Oneida
Washington
Ohio:
Geauga
Stark

Pennsylvania:
Bradford
Wayne
Wyoming
Wisconsin:
Chippewa
Sauk
Walworth

Com Belt
Illinois:
Scott
Whiteside
Woodford
Indiana:
Fountain
Hancock
Morgan
Shelby
Iowa:

Black Hawk
Calhoun
Guthrie

Iowa-Contd.
Ida
Mahaska
Marshall
Page
Washington
Kansas:

Smith
Wabaunsee
Missouri:
Hickory
Ray

Nebraska:
Hall
Hitchcock
Johnson
Pierce
Ohio:
Clinton
Putnam
South Dakota:
Brookings
Hutchinson

Spring Wheat Area
Montana:
Chouteau
North Dakota:
Burke

North Dakota-Contd.
Emmons
Hettinger
Ramsey

South Dakota:
Corson
Edmunds

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104 • RURAL YOUTH ON RELIEF
Winter Wheat Area
Colorado:
Sedgwick
Kansaa:
Pawnee

K&Il88&-Contd.
Saline
Oklahoma:
Harper

Colorado:

Montana-Contd.
Granite
Madison
Meagher
Oregon:
Baker

Oklahoma-Contd.
Kingfisher
Texas:
Canon

Ranching Area
Archuleta

Garfield
Routt
Montana:
Garfield

Oregon-Contd.
Crook
Utah:
Garfield
Grand
Piute

[)1g

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Index

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Dgitzt'dbyGoogle

INDEX

AdministratilJ6 and Program Operation of the National Youth Adminiatration,
Prlfl
June !!8, 19!15-January 1, 19!17 _________________________________ 48n, 50n
Age distribution ______________________________ . ____ _ 15-16, 70-71, 73, 74-75
Changes in, February to October, 1935 __________________ xv, 16-17, 74-75
Overrepresentation of 16-19 year group__________________________
15
11
Agricultural Adjustment Administration______________________________
Agriculture:
Bears employment burden of rural youth ________________________ xvi, 46
Number of youth engaged in ________________________ 42-46, 89-90, 91-93
Occupation of majority of relief youth ________________ 4o-46, 89-90, 91-93
Allin, Bushrod W.: "Migration Required for Best Land Use" _________ 60n, 61n
Apprentice training. See National Youth Administration.
Areas, type-of-farming, in survey___________________________________ xii, xiii
Asch, Berta and Mangus, A. R.: Farmera on Relief and Rehabilitation____ xiiln

Baker, 0. E.: Outlook for Rural Youth________________________________
61n
"Rural and Urban Distribution of the Population in the United
States"----------------------------------------------------69n
Beck, P. G. and Forster, M. C.: Siz Rural Problem Areas, Relief-Rea,urces--Rehabilitation ____ • _•• _________________________ • _________ 2n, 6n
Bennett, C. G.

Su Hummel, B. L.

Civilian Conservation Corps ________ xi, xii, xv, xvi, xvii, 1, 9, 11, 12, 14, 47, 63, 64
Age of enrollees __________________________________________ .____
53
Annual Report of the Director of Emergency ConaeT1Jation Work, Fiacal
Year Ending June !JO, 19!18 _________________________ lln, 52n, 53n, 54n
Educational program ________________________________________ 54-55, 62
Eligibility requirements ________________________________________ 52-53
Factor in decline of number on relief_ __________________________ 9, 11, 20
Fourth Anniversary Report to the Pruident _______________________ 53n, 55n
Monthly Statistical Summariu _________________________________ 53n, Mn
Number of enrollees _____________________________________ 53-54, 96-97
Objectives of_ _______________________________________ • _________ 52-53
Regional variation in enrollment ________________________ 53-54, 55, 96-97
Rural enrollees, percent of _____________________________________ xvii, 53
Types of enrollees _____________________________________________ 52-53
Color distribution_________________________________________________
17 .
Counties included in study __________________________________ xii, xiii, 99-104
Darling. H. D. See Whetten, N. L.
Dom, Harold F. and Lorimer, Frank: "Migration, Reproduction, and
Population Adjustment"_________________________________________
Droba, Daniel D.: Reasons for Closing Rural Relief Casu, March-June
and July-October 19!15___ _____ __ __ _____ _______________ __ ___ __ __ ___

18n
lln

107

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108 • INDEX
Education (see alao National Youth Administration; Youth, rural, on
relief):
Grade attainment:
PIIIJI
Heads and other members __________________________________ 29, 34
In-school youth ___________________________________________ 29-30
Median grade completed ____________________ 30, 32, 34, 83-84, 85-87
Negro youth in South______________________________________ 31, 34
Out-of-school youth ____________________________ 31-34, 83-84, 85-87
Variation in, by region _______________________________ 31, 34, 81-82
Relation to relief status________________________________________ 25--30
Retardation:
Open country youth compared with village youth ______________ 29--30
Relief youth _______________________________ xvi, 29-34, 83-84, 85--87
School attendance:
Effects of depression on____________________________________
34
Open country youth compared with village youth ___________ 28, 81-82
Percent of __________________________________________ 25-29, 81-82
Sexdifferenoesin ____________________________________ 2&-28,81-82
Variation in, by region _______________________________ 26, 28, 81-82
Vocational education, need for ____________________________ 29, 42, 50, 62
Vocational guidance, need for_ ___________ _____________ __________ 50, 63
Emergency Conservation Work. See Civilian Conservation Corps.
Employment:
Age not a factor in obtaining____________________________________
37
Current, definition_________________________________ ____________ 36n
Open country youth compared with village youth _______________ 36-38, 88
Opportunities for females limited ___________________________ xvi, 38, 64
Private, factor in closing relief oases__ _ __________________________
11
Status of heads of households___________________________________ 39-40
Status of out-of-school youth ________ xvi, 35-40, 42-46, 88, 89--90, 91-93, 94
Variation in, by region _______________________________________ 38-39, 88
Eure, W. W. See Hummel, B. L.
Farm income _____________________________________________________ xvil,11
Farm labor, employment opportunities of rural youth largely limited to __ 11, 43-44
Farnham, Rebecca. See McGill, K. H.
Federal aid:
Contributing to decline of relief load _____________________________ 10--12
Coordinated planning, need for___ ______________________ _________
65
Limitations of_ ________________________________________________ 63-64
Participating agencies ___________________________ xi, xv-xvil, 9, 11-12, 57
Youth, number receiving, October 1935__________________________
1
Federal Emergency Relief Administration ______________ xvii, 6, 9, 11, 47, 48, 57
Field, R. F. See Whetten, N. L.
Fifteenth Census of the United States: 1930 _______________________ 5n, 7n, 16n,
17n, 19n,20n,26n,27n,49n,52n,55n,69n,73n,95n
First Annual Report, Resettlement Administration, 1936__________________
56n
Forster, M. C. See Beck, P. G.
Foster, Emery M.: "School Survival Rates"-------------------------34n
Gillin, John Lewis: Social Pathology__________________________________
Goodrich, Carter and Others: Migration and Economic Opportunity______

39n
60n

Hamilton, C. Horace: Rural-Urban Migration in North Carolina, 1920 to
1930 _________________________________________________________ 18n,39n
Hauser, Philip M.: Workers on Relief in the United States in March 1fl35__
Hayes, Grant. See McGill, K. H.

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55n

INDEX • 109
Heads of households. See Youth, rural, on relief.
Health, in rural areas______________________________________________
Hearings Before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations,
HOU8e of Repreaentativea, in Charge of Deficiency Appropriation,________
Rettig, T. David. See Nelson, Lowry.
Hoffeommer, Harold: Education and Rehabilitation in Alabama Farm
HOU8elwld& Receivin(I Relief________________________________________
Hummel, B. L.; Eure, W.W.; and Bennett, 0. G.: Education of Persona
in Rural Relief HOU8elwld& in Virginia, 1935_________________________
Industries.

See Rural industries.

..

,,
"Life Tables for White Males •
Living conditions _________________________________________________ _
Lorimer, Frank.

Page

39
49n
34n
28n

69n
6

See Dorn, Harold F.

McCormick, Thomas 0.: Comparative Study of Rural Relief and NonRelief HOU8eholru ______________________________________________ 29n, 34n
McGill, K. H.; Hayes, Grant; and Farnham, Rebecca: Survey of Caaea
Remooed From Relief Rolla in Seventeen Rural Counties in Georgia for
Administrative Rea,ona in May and June, 1935 _____________________ _ 12n
McKain, W. C. See Whetten, N. L.
Mangus, A. R.: Chan(lea in the Rural Relief Population ThrOU(lh October
1935 ______ _________________________________________________ 6n, 10n, 12n

Rural Negro on Relief, February 1935, The________________________
17n
See alao Asch, Berta; Smith, Mapheus.
Marital status (see alao Youth, rural, on relief) ______________ xvi, 20-22, 78, 79
39n
Melvin, Bruce L.: The Sociology of a Village and /ta Surroundin(I Territory_
Methodology ____________________________________________________ xiii, xiiin
Migration:
Effects of depression 011- ______________________________________ _ 6o-61
Factor in decline of number on relief_ ___________________________ _
12
From poor land areas _________________________________________ _
61
Necessity for _________________________________________________ _
60

National Resources Board Report, December 1, 1934--------------------2n
National Youth Administrat.ion:
Agricultural training and homemaking courses____________________
48n
Apprentice training program____________________________________
50
Camps for unemployed young women ____________________________ 52, 64
Five major programs oL _ _ ______________________ _______________
48
Limitations oL ______________ __________ _____________________ 61, 6~4
Objectives of__________________________________________________
48
Program, in relation to rural youth ______________________ xvi-xvii, 63--65
Student aid program ___________________________________________ 48-50
Vocational guidance and placement______________________________ 50, 64
Work program _______________________________________ 12,47-48, 50-52
Work projects:
Employment on __________________________________ 50-52, 63--64, 95
Type of __________________________________________________ 51-52
Negroes:
Age distribution:
General population __________________________________ - - - - - 73
Relief youth ________________________________________ 72, 73, 74-75
Employment:
Opportunities· _________________________________________ .__ xvi, 17
Status. October 1935 ______________________________ 38-39, 44-45, 88

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110 • INDEX
Negroes-Continued.
~
Gradeattainment _______________________________________ 31,34,85-87
Heads of households___________________________________________
80
Marital status_________________________________________________
79
Occupation:
Current ____________________________________________ 44,45,91-93
Usual____________________________________________________
42
Percent of relief population ___________________________________ 7, 14, 72
Residence____________________________________________________
6
Schoolattendanoe _______________________________________ 26,28,81-82
Sex distribution ____________________________________________ 18, 76-77
Underrepresentation on relief rolls ____________________________ ___ xv, 17
Nelson, Lowry and Hettig, T. David: "Some Changes in the Population of
Utah as Indicated by the Annual L. D.S. Church Census, 1929-1933" __
2n
Occupation:
Current:
Age distribution, variation in, by region ________________ 43-45, 91-93
Agriculture, percent engaged in __________________ 42, 89-90, 91-93, 94
Definition________________________________________________
35
Domestic service ______________________________ 42, 89-90, 91-93, 94
42
Effects of depression on____________________________________
Employment status and ________________________ 43-45, 89-90, 91-93
Types oL _________________________________ 43-44, 89-90, 91-93, 94
Variation in, by region _____________________________________ 91-93
Usual:
Agriculture, variation in, by region__________________________
42
46
Compared with current occupation___________________________
Definition_______________________________________________ 35, 40n
Domestic service_ _ __________ __ ____________________________
42
Farm or other unskilled labor______________________________ xvi, 42
Status, October 1935 _______________________________________ 40-41
Types of, by residence _____________________________________ 41-42
Variation in, by region_____________________________________
42
Open country. See Residence.
Out-of-school youth:
Educational program, need for__________________________________
34
Employment status of. See Employment.
Grade attainment. See Education.
Occupation. See Occupation, current; usual.
Vocational education for _____________________________________ 29, 42, 62
Vocational guidance for___________________________ _____________ 50, 63
Population pressure on land_________________________________________ 6, 60
Population, rural youth, estimated number_ _ _______________________ 1, ln, 69
Poverty in rural areas ________________________________________ xi, 29, 59-61
Programs for Which Out-of-School Young People in Breathitt County, Kentucky, Are Asking_______________________________________________
63n
Regions included in study __________________________________ xii-xiii, 99-104
Relief (see also Federal aid):
Intensity, October 1935 ________________________________________ xv, 5
Rural-urban differences_______________________________________ xvii, 60
State and local provision for_ ____________________________ _______
11

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INDEX • 111
Relief population, rural:
Paqe
Age distribution___ __ __ ____ ____ _____ _____________ ____________ 7, 70-71
Changes in number, February to October, 1935 _______________ 9, 12--13, 72
Geographic distribution ________________________________________ 2, 5--6
Rate of turnover_ _ __ ______ ____________ ________ ____________ ____
9
Youth underrepresented in______________________________________ xv, 7
Relief, youth receiving. See Youth, rural, on relief.
Report of the Secretary of Agriculture to the Pruident of the United States,
1998 ___________ ·----------------------------------------------lln
Report on Progress of the Works Program, October 15, 1998 _ _ _ _ __ ___ ___ 12n, 50n
Resettlement Administration:
Benefits to youth __________________________________ xv, 11, 14, 47, 56-57
Need for resettlement of youth __________________________________ 56-57
Residence:
Open country and village:
Changes in number on relief_ _ _ ________ __________________ 12--14, 72
Changes in sex distribution of relief youth ______________ 19-20, 76-77
Definition________________________________________________
6n
Percent of youth on relief in_ _ ______________ ________ __ ______ 6, 72
Rural industries _________________________________________________ . _ 35, 61
Rural youth, ratio to all youth ______________________________________ 51, 95
School attendance. Bee Education.
Sex distribution:
Changes in, February to October, 1935 _____________________ 19-20, 76-77
Females overrepresented on relief_ _________________________ 17-18, 76-77
Variation in, by region and residence _______________________ 17-20, 76-77
Smick, A. A. and Yoder, F. R.: A Study of Farm .Migration in Selected Com18n
munities in the State of Washington_________________________________
Smith-Hughes funds_______________________________________________
62
Smith, Mapheus and Mangus, A. R.: Cases Receiving General Relief in
Urban and Rural Areas, July 19SS--December 1995 _ _ _ _ ____ __ ________
9n
States represented in study------------------------------- xii, xiiin, 99-102
Student aid. See National Youth Administration.
Submarginal areas:
Need for migration from ________________________________________ 6o-61
Relief rate high in_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
xv
Townships included in study------------------------------- xii, xiii, 99-100
Transient rural youth______________________________________________
1
Unemployment. See Employment.
United States Census of Agriculture: 1995 ____________________________ 2n, 69n
United States Employment Service, registration with __________________ S0-51
Village. See Residence.
Vocational education. See Education.
Vocational guidance and placement. See National Youth Administration.
Wakeley, Ray E.: Rural Organization and Land Utilization on .Muscatine
18n
Island__________________________________________________________
Whetten, N. L.; Darling, H. D.; McKain, W. C.; and Field, R. F.: Rural
28n
Families on Relief in Connecticut___________________________________
Works Program______________________________________ 1, 9, 11, 12, 14, 50-51
28068°-38--9

112 • INDEX
Worka Progress Administration:
Page
Benefits to youth ____________________________________________ xi, 9, 47
Eligibility for employment______________________________________
55
Number of youth employed on projects__________________________
56
Percent, primary wage earners __________________ ----------_______
55
Yoder, F. R. See Siniok, A. A.
Youth, rural, on relief:
Age distribution. ___________________________________________ xv, 16-17
Changes in number, October 1933 to October 1935_________________ 9-12
Color distribution_____________________________________________
17
Education ____________________________________________________ 26-34
Employment __________________________________________________ 35-46
Geographic distribution ____________________________________ ~ . 69-70
Heads of households_ _ _ _____________________ _____ ____ xvi, 22-24, 62, 80
Marital status _____________________________________________ xvi, 20-22
Number in rural areas _____________________________________ xi, 1, 69-70
Occupation. Su Occupation, current; usual.
Percent of rural relief population _____________________ 7, 13-14, 70-71, 72
Residence ________________________________________________ 6--7, 12-14
Sex distribution _________________________________________ 17-20, 76--77
Trend in number ___________________________________________ 13--14, 72

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