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Works Progres s Admini stration HARRY L. HOPKINS, Administrato r REPORT ON PROGRESS OF THE WORKS PROGRA M OCTOBER 15, 1936 CORRINGTON GILL, Assistant Administrator EMERSON ROSS, Director, Division of Research, Statistics, and Records. FOREWORD Works Program employees, taken largely from relief rolls and numbering approximately 3 1 800,000 at the end of February and 3,400,000 at t he end of August 1936, have found jobs in all parts of the country on the 100,000 and more projects prosecuted under the Works Program. Thie report reviews the various kinds of projects operated by the Works Progress Administration and outlines the activities carried on by the other agencies participating in the Works Program. It discusses the workers and their earnings, and suwnarizes the disposition of the funds provi ded for the Program by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts of 1935 and 1936. In conclusion, the report devotes a brief section to relief before the inauguration, and during the operation, of the Works Program. The statutory provisions and the Executive orders pertaining to the Program as well as the operating procedures adopted by the Works Progress Administration are summarized in the first section of the appendix; this is followed by a section covering Works Program employment and finances. In Executive Order No. 7034, dated May 6, 1935, the President created the Works Progress Administration and made it responsible to him for the honest, efficient, speedy, and coordinated execution of the work relief program as a whole. Among the responsibilities with which this agency was charged is that of gathering information such as is presented in this report. The order made it the duty of the Works Progress.Administration to formulate and require uniform periodic reports of the progress on all projects and to formulate and administer a system of uniform periodic reports of the employment on projects. This report is indebted to the records of the Commissioner of Accounts and Deposits of the Treasury Department for certain financial data, relating chiefly to obligations incurred and expenditures made under the Works Program. • TABLE OF CONTENTS THE WORKS • • PROGRAM IN REVIEW PROJECTS OF THE WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION WPA Highway, Road and Street Projects • • • • • • • • • Public Buildings Projects of the WPA WPA Sewer System and Other Utility Projects • • WPA Conservation Projects • • • • • • • • • Emergency Flood Relief Under WPA • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Emergency Drought Relief • WPA Park and Other Recreational Facility Projects WPA Airports and Airway Projects • • • • • • WPA Sanitation and Health Projects • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • WP A Goods Projects WPA White Coll• Projects • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • National Youth Administration THE WORKS PARTICIPATION OF SPONSORS IN • • • • FEDERAL AGENCY PROGRAMS Emergency Conservation Work • • • Non-Federal Division of the Public Works Resettlement Administration • • • • Housing • • • • • • War and Navy Departments • • .. • • • WORKERS AND THEIR EARNINGS WORKS • • • • • -4 9 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 37 -4 1 • • -46 • • • • • • • • • • • • -49 52 PROGRAM • • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . 1 • • • • • • • • • • • • • Administration • • • • • • of Public Roads • • • • • • • . . . . Land-Use De velo pme nt Statistical Clerical and Research Projects • • Forest, Plant and Game Conservation • • • Works Program in Territories and Possessions Other Federal Agency Activities • • • • Bureau • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • . . . • • • 1! 16 18 ! 1 !! 26 29 3! 3 -4 56 59 6! 65 67 69 73 76 79 83 89 • • • • • 100 • • • • • • • 105 • • • • 111 The Emergency Relief Appropiation Acts of 1935 and 1936 • • Executive Orders • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Operating Procedures of the Works Progress Administration • • • 112 118 • • 123 PROGRAM FUNDS • • RELIEF AND THE WORKS APPENDIX A APPENDIX B • • PROGRAM • • • • • Statutory Authority, Organization, and Procedures Tables • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 113 • The Works Program • '" Review With the twofold objective of giving jobs to some 3.500.000 destitute. employable persons and utilizing the efforts of these people in adding to the country's wealth, the Works Program was initiated during the summer of 1935. This report covers the different aspects of the Programs the jobs provided, the work done, the organizational framework established for the operation of the Program, and the setting in which the Program was instituted. Worlcas At its employment peak, February 1936, the Works Program provided jobs 'directly to more than 3 1 800.000 people, more than 90 percent of whom were from relief rolls. In excess of 3,000.000 of this number were at work under the Works Progress Administration. the balance being either enrolled in Emergency Conservation Work (chiefly in the Civilian Conservation Corps) or employed on projects of cooperating Federal agencies including the Public Works Administration and the Bureau of Pub lie Roads. Employment has decreased since February 1936 to about 3,400,000 persons at the end of August due to curtailment of the Program in response to improved conditions in private industry and seasonal employment in agriculture. This decline has been effected chiefly by restricting WPA employment, although there has been a drop of 50,000 in the number of CCC enrollees. The reduction has taken place despite the provision of 135 1 000 emergency jobs for drought-stricken farmers (mostly under the WPA) and a 200 1 000 increase in the employment of Federal agencies other than the WPA and the CCC. As of the end of August 1936, the 3,400,000 total was composed of the following 1 2,377,000 employed under the WPA, 386,000 employed under ECW, and 637,000 en• gaged on Works Program projects of other Federal agencies. Tbs youths who have benefited either through the student aid program of the National Youth Administration or through parttime work on projects of the National Youth Administration are not included in employment totals. Since the turn of the year, these youths have numbered as many as 400,000 under the student aid program and between 175,000 and 200,000 at work on NYA projects. Payment to persons employed on Works Program jobs has, with certain exceptions, been made in accordance with a monthly security earnings schedule based on a number of relevant factors. The schedule varies for different sections of the country and is adjusted according to the skills of workers, the density of population, and costs of living. Under the established schedule, actual average monthly earnings of security wage workers employed on Works Progress Administration projects in March 1936 amounted to approximately $46. Work habits have been cultivated through the jobs provided, a factor which makes employees better able to secure private employment and resume their normal place in the communities where they live. This is particularly true of the gre~t number of persons whQse Works Program jobs either utilize old skills or develop new ones. The Program has attempted to make available the proper kind of jobs through diversification in the types of work prosecuted. Projccb Considerably over 100,000 projects have been completed or are being prosecuted throughout the country. Construction work has been accorded major emphasis. This includes building or repair of roads, renovation or construction of public buildings, exte~sion of public utility facilities. and other improvements to public property (Federal, State, and local). State and local projects have been prosecuted under the WPA and the NA, the latter through grants and loans 1 by which local and State authorities have been enabled to undertake substantial construction jobs. Schools predominate in PilA projects. The wealth of projects operated by the WPA constitute the major part of the Works Program. New construction and repair and improvement projects, supplemented by white collar projects and projects for women, have accomplished results of vital significance to the coI!Dllunities where they are prosecuted. The accomplishments of the CCC, chiefly in conservation, have likewise been notable. Projects for the improvement of Federal property for the most part have been carried on by the Federal agencies that normally have jurisdiction in the various fields. The work of the Forest Service in the national forests illustrates this point. When emergencies have developed, every effort has been made to cope successfully with them by use of Works Program facilit ies. In the case of floods, preventive and protective measures have been taken, and where damage has been done part of the task of reconstruction has been borne by the WPA. During the spring of 1936 emergency flood work alone involved the transfer of tens of thousands of persons from regular. WPA projects to emergency flood projects. With the advent of the droue;ht in the summer of 1936 the WPA, aided by other Federal agencies cooperating in the Wor ks Program, provided employment for drought-stricken farmers. Jobs of this kind totaled 135,000 at the end of August 1936 and the numher was still increasing at that time. fr1rncwork of the Works Pro9r1m The Works Program, as inaugurated under the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, coordinated the emergency activities of the Federal a gencies undertaken to provide security in the form of jobs for the destitute unemployed. Cooperating in the Works Program are many of the regular Federal agencies as well as several emergency agencies which were in existence at the time when the a-0t became effective (notably the Public Works Admi istration and the Civilian Conservation C0rps). Upon the passage of the act three new organizations were created by E:xeoutive order, namely, the Works Progress Administration, the Resettlement Administration, and the Rural Electrification Administration. The Works 2 Progress Administration was given responsibility for the coordinated operation of the entire Works Program. This responsibility included the making of regulations concerning eligibility for employmant, the investigation of wages and working conditions to aid the President in his determination of policies pertaining thereto, and the setting-up of a reporting system covering the Works Program. The WPA was also given responsibility for the review of projects submitted and the equalization of employment provided under the Program in various commumties. Tha latter ,ras aooamplished through the operation, in conjunction with projects of other agencies, of a sufficient number of projects to fill the work relief requirements of the different communities. The National Youth Adminis-tration was created under the Works Progress Administration to help the needy youth of the Nation either through a student aid program or by providing part-time jobs on projects. The Resettlement Administration was assigned the function of aiding the needy rural population chiefly by making loans or grants to farmers. This administration also has operated projects, including land utilization and suburban housing, and has been instrumental in aiding a limited number of farm families to move from submarginal lands. The task of transferring persons f'rom relief to Work& Program jobs was accomplished with the aid of local relief agencies who certified employable persons from relief rolls to the United states Employment Service. This agency, in cooperation with the WPA, assigned workers to Works Program jobs. Disbursement, accounting, e.nd procurement of materials and supplies for the Works Program have been carried on by the Treasury Department. The Works Program, as thus roughly sketahed, encompasses the cooperative efforts of 40 agencies. Funds for the Works Program were provided by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts of 1935 and 1936; i.mder the first an amoux:rb not to exceed S4,880.000.000 was appropriated and under the second, .$ 1,425,000 1 000. The President has lllll'de allocations of these funds to the various agencies participating in the Works Program, amounting, as of August 31, 1936, to $5,430,063,859. Nearly one billion dollars was allocated to the Federal Emergency Relief Administration for continuing its relief aotivities until the new Works Program was under way. Allocations to the WPA totaled a little over two billion dollars while the CCC, the Bureau of Public Roads, and the PWA. each have received approximately one-half billion dollars. Allooations to other agencies have been made in smaller amounts. As of August 31, 1936, cheoks had been issued to the amount of $3,940,351,932 against the total Works Program allocations. Background of the Works Program The genesis of a large scale and diversified work program is found in the relief developments of the past several years. Outstanding among suoh developments was the gradual widening of the area of governmental responsibility for emergency relief aotivities whioh progressed, between 1929 and 1933, from looal to State and finally to Federal participation. Another important development has been the trend toward work relief. Some comments upon these developments are neoessary to clarify the objectives and achievements of the Works Program. Prior to the depression the relief problem centered primarily about the care of unemployables. The increase in unemployment which accompanied the business recession beginning in 1929 resulted in widespread demand for relief of unemployment. Despite the expansion of local relief and the inauguration of State unemployment relief measures it was recognized by the middle of 1932 that neither State nor local governmental bodies could cope with the growing relief problem. Federal assumption of part of the relief burden came in 1932 with provision of $300.000,000 for loans to States and municipalities to be used for emergency relief. In May 1933 the Federal Government expanded its relief activities by creating the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and authorizing grants to States for relief purposes. This step was necessitated by the magnitude of the relief problem which, as indicated by relief loads, involved the oare in March 1933 of nearly 5 1 000 1 000 families and single persons, or a total of 20,500 1 000 persons including dependents. Subsequent Federal. aid has been provided under the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. the CiTil Works Administration, and the Works Program. The FERA at the outset accepted as a desirable objective the extension of the work relief movement that was already 1mder way in many communities as a part of early State and looal relief activities. In oonsequence, State emergency relief administration work programs, financed largely by FERA grants, were developed. These programs recognized the principles that work relief should be sufficiently diversified to afford jobs suited to the workers' previous experience and that relief projects should be genuinely useful to the community. The operations of the CWA in the winter ~onths of 1933-34 gave further impetus to a work program. Employment during thia period was allo provided under the CCC and the PKA. HaTing these preoedmta, the Worke Program was inaugurated in 1936. With the inception of this program the Federal Government announced its intention of witndrawing fl-om the field of direot relief and oonoentrating its energies on the problem of providing work. Projects of the Works Progress Administration Certain fundamental factors have governed the selection of projects prosecuted under the WPA. One primary consideration has been to create jobs sufficiently diverse to fit the varied abilities of from two to three million employable persons in need of relief. This required selection of projects in the various communities which were adapted, as far as possible, to the occupational training Another factor was of available la.borer s. the necessity of using the available manpower on projects genuinely benefiting the In co11DUunities where they were sponsored. some cases the work 1-s taken the form of constructing permanent buildings and other facilstructures ities or reconditioning existing and equipment. Although this work was highly desirable, it could not have been performed without the aid extended by the WPA. In other oases projects have provided cultural opportunities to a large number of needy citizens. Since practically all WPA projects are proposed and sponsored by local authorities, the WPA undertakings serve both the needs and desires of the coJ1D11unities where they are operated. ly skilled or technical labor to any oonsidable extent received little emphasis under Most of the projects sethe WPA program. lected for operation were necessarily of the types which provide employment for large numbers of unskilled workers. For this group certain types of highway, road, and street projects, conservation, public utility, sanitation and health, and recreational projects have been found suitable. Since a large majority of all employable workers on relief rolls are unskilled laborers, projects requiring the services of high- Another group was composed of approximately half a million women who are heads of With the exception of relief families. ltlmm or Although not nearly so numerous as the unskilled group, a large number of skilled and semiskilled workers were certified by local relief agencies as eligible for emEmployployment under the Works Program. by provided been ment for these workers has many of the types of projects listed above, and more particularly by public buildings projects. Professional and technical persons composed another group of unemployed persons in It is primarily for these need of relief. persons that white collar projects have been instituted. PlllSOIS JMPWD:D, BCDS, .&Bl> bRRlBG8 (If WP.A. JIRODL'TS, Br nn:s or JIIIDJJL'ft Saa!monthl.y Perlo4 ED41ng .&.,cut 15, 1936 (Subject to Rnidon) Type of ProJeot TOrJL BiOw,ya, row, a4 atreeta Pllbllo lnd.141qa Pub u4 otlaer NOrNtioal faoll1tiea Couenation s_. ~ aD11 n11ar aWtt•• Airpffta ua4 "bar tnu,ortatioa Wbite ool.lat" Gooc18 SUlta.tln ..a mal.tlk Mlaoell .-.... I/ v Iaol.111.. wan: cup. 4 Penou 'l3oYe4 ai-oeii m '-'--~™ 2,282,654 100.0 817,836 219,211 233,973 35.8 9.6 96,201 191,V19 52,366 241.,0Pl. 290,777 69,883 69,337 10.3 <11.2 S.4 2.3 10.6 12., 3.1 3.0 117,854,694 100.0 4.095,9'71 3<11.P 10,220,m 11,600,150 4»818,292 9,712,986 2,741,280 14,129, 515 16,212,().42 3,5'30,595 3,793,4Jl S.7 9.8 4.1 a.2 2.3 12.0 13.8 3.0 s.2 ~!fe M#mt#iit $59,6'e,157 100.0 18,732,282 6,430,163 6,660,889 2,386,217 5,050,267 1,418,728 9,119,760 6,565,550 1,518,04() 1,766.261 3le4 10.e 11.2 4.0 8.5 2.4 15.3 11.0 2.5 2.9 PIROIBUGZ DISTRIBU'l'ION or nm.otMl:NT, uom.s., .&lfD .r.&RHmGS OR 1'P.l C(lfS1'ROOUON J.ND BON~S•.rRUc-rIUlf PROJJX:'TS stllllan!tll,- Pllrlocl (SUJeo~ '?ne •f b41n, .l-qttat 15, 19'!6 v Re-di.ion) '".l!o'.! 'MW, C'OHSTROCfION Bew ConaV110tion Hlfhw.Ta, road.a, an4 atneta P1abllo buildinga . , . . ~ an4 othsr utilitiea s other DAnr oonatraotion Repain an4 '.Di44vtWA'h roacla, &114 atreeta n~,.., hbllo nlld1ug11 and other utiliUea Sner othft- repair• ud improTwnta .,..t_ N~IONI/ I/ ,.., ..., .....t Bolll'S 100.0 100.0 72.0 69.3 so., 2t.1 ..,:1ne l: • 69o2 2806 .., -m:o -r., ~ 3.9 3.9 9.7 6.2 t.3 4.4 6.4 41..5 ..0.2 10.2 C).6 l6.o 1!::i '53' 4.9 2.1 8.5 4.6 6.6 2.0 e.z 2.2 28.0 ,0.7 8.5 so.a 1936. Eighty-six percent of the sp~nsors' funds are being spent for materials-, ~upplies, altd equipment, and other non-labor costs. Federal funds are used predominantly ( 7 8 percent) for meeting payrolls. Out of each $100 made available for WPA projeots $36 goes for the repair and construction of highway~ roads, and streets, $13 for improvement to parks and other recreational facilities, and $12 for work on public buildings. Funds for sewer. systems and other utilities projects, white collar projects, and goods projects accounted for $10, $9, and $8, reSmaller spectively, of the $100. amounts are being expended for conservation, sanitation and health, and airport and other transportation projects. rnolwiea wbite oollu- projeota, goocla projeota, foreat.tion, health, 41.a~bution of 1-,,J.u OOIID041'1"• .,.an1tau~ ... women suited to employment on ,mite oollar projects, their abilities were not such as could be utilized to any considerable extent on the types of projects mentioned above. Consequently goods projects (for the most part sewing projects) were initiated for these workers. Individual projects of each type included under the WPA program were selected not only on the basis of their suitability for providing the proper types of jobs but also in view of other carefully considered factors. These factors include the proximity of the project site to the supply of relief labo~, the proportion of total costs that sponso~s were willing to assume, and the proportion or Federal funds to be expended directly for wages of persons in need of relief. There was need also to make certain that the work involved did not di splaoe regular employees of local govermnental bodies, that engineering plans for all oonstruction projects were sound, and that the work on all projects in each community "Was ao scheduled as to insure operation of a suffi•iently diverse work program at ,lll seasons of the year. Local project sponsors and the Federal Govermnent have provided funds jointly for Sponsors the operation of WPA projects. pledged more than 18 percent of the estimated cost of projeota selected through April 15 • The emphasis that is being placed upon the various types of projects is indicated by the distributions of employment, hours worked, and earning~ &n WPA projects during the first half of Au-gust 1936. Highway, road, and street projects account for about a third of the WPA program. A'pproximately 10 percent of total WPA activity takes place on each of five types of projects, i.e., public buildings, sewer systems and other utilities, recreational facilities, white oollar projects, and goods projects. The remaining types are substantially less important. The majority of the projects operated under the WPA are of the oonstruotion type which provided about 70 percent of total WPA employment during the first half of August. New oonstruetion acoounted for somewhat less than half, and the remainder oonsisted of reHighway, road, pair and improvement work. and street work predominated among the construction projects, as indicated in the acnon-ooastruo ti on The compaJJying table. ALL WPA PROJECTS Wages & Salaries Materials Etc. WPA Funds Sponsors' Funds 331. 671. WATER FILTERS ,. MOSQUITO ERADICATION CLERICAL WORK At Work on HOT LUNCHES FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN CHEMICAL RES EA RCH SEWING PROJECT STADIUM CONSTRUCTION FARM -TO -MARKET ROAD WPA Projects PUBLIC BUILDINGS NEW SIDEWALKS FLOOD CONTROL group consists for the most part of white collar, forestation, sanitation and health , and women's proj ects. DISTRIBUTI ON OF HOURS WORKED ON WPA PROJECTS By Types of Projects * October 1935 to August 1936 POICltNT PERCENT 100 - - - - - -~ 90 - ~~~~ --:rr,.,.~~~---c7..,..,..,.-,---,.,.-:-:--;------:-,.:-:-:----,-,.,.,..,.-""'""'"'-c-c-- ... ... GOODS-MISCCLLAN[OUS-- · --:-:-:-:-: _;;:: ::::::::_ - -100 ::::::::::: --:-:-:-:-:~ 90 SANrTATION & HEALTW- 80 - AIRPORTS & OTN[~ TRANSPORTATION 80 The a ccompanyOTHDI PARKS 70 AIECRUTIONAUing chart shows how FACILITICS the hour s worked on differ ent t y pes of WPA projects SO dist r ibuted were 40 during the period : :::::::::-·::=: :::::: : : ::::::-::::::::::::~::::::::::--:[:::::::::~40 from October 1935 30 30 to August 15, 1936. Not until December 20 20 1935 had the pr o10 10gram expanded to in quota levels 0 0-----JUN[ AUG ...... JULY ..... occ many states and, 1936 1935 as a result, the In credited houn of number small relatively a Include Hours * early distribution addition to hours actually wortc.ed during the period. among of hours di f ferent kinda of highly skilled or technical workers were emprojects was influenced by the types of projWPA workers have ployed on the projects. ects given particular emphasis in those areas during the operahour per cents 44 avera ~ed where t 4e WPA program first got under way. hourly earnhigher The tion o f the program. One of these areas was New York City, where on public and ing on whit e collar projects park work has always occupied a leading posibuildin6 s projects (averaging 60 cents and tio~, hence the early stress on this work in 55 cents, respect ively) may be attributed to Another factor tendt he country's average. the fact that large proportions of persons ing to make early operations of the WPA proemployed on these types of work were skilled, gram somewhat different from those of later technical and professional workers and to the months was the comparative ease vrith which concentration of these projects in urban cencertain types of projects could be started. t ers where higher rat es are paid. Work which required less extensive planning, and the use of a relatively small amount of equipment and materials, could be initiated .l'VEIUGE HOURLY J'.ARNINGS ON WP.l PRonx:TS, BY T'YPl:S or PROJ'Jt'TS y Thus, after the drive to provide promptly. highon employment \'IPA jobs during November, October l, 1935 to .lU,.t 15, 1936 way , road, and street projects represented a (SuJec,t to Rrrieion) greater share of the total WPA program than Affr'&te during subsequent months. & : :.:.:::P-1-1- . . . I I I I . ·1 I I I I I I I :I I I ... I I OCT NOY White collar, goods, and publ i c buildin importance ings projects have increased since the early months of the program. These increases have come about mainly as offsets to the e nrly over-emphasis accorded highway, road, and street projects and conse rvat ion work. 8 APA .... Hourly Type of Projeot Earning■ (cent■ l Higlnaya, roa.41, an4 Publlo ■ tNet■ 39.2 55.3 bui14ing■ Pu-a u4 o ~ NCD"a.tional faoilitie■ Con■ enatiOll Sewer ■y■ teaa &D4 othar utiliUe■ ilrport■ Average hourly earnings of persons empl oyed on WPA projects varied among the t ypes of proje cts according to their concentration i n regi ons of high or low prevailing wage r at es and according to the extent to whi ch I I II II I I I -----I an4 otber tran■ portation White ooll&r Gooda Sanitation and health Mi ■oellauou !/ boluahe of 'llm"k camp■• 51.1 41.6 "'5.4 -16.7 60.2 36.4 36.2 4().5 WPA Highway, Road and Street Projects The most important among the various activities carried out under t~e WPA program is the work being done to improve the co\llltry•s thoroughfares. Projects of this kind, while improving transportation facilities in all parts of the country, also serve particularly well in providing suitable jobs for a large number of persons in need of relief. Not only because of their universality and their capacity to use available relief labor, but also because of constant demands from the public for improving and extending highways, roads, and 1treets, these proj ects have been stressed to the extent that they account for well over a third of the total WPA progr811l. In giving e,cpression to popular demands, local public a.dsninistrative bodies entrusted 'with road and atreet work have sponsored a wealth of projects that are intended to serve local needs. The projects chosen for operation from this group are for work on both primary and secondary roads, on streets, alleys, and sidewalks, and on roadside improvements , bridges end vi• aducts. ed by many local governmental bodies because of inadequate funds. Roads were of'ten in poor condition, streets had become rutted and ,rorn, and many bridges were in serious need of repair. Through failure to remove sharp curves and dangerous grade crossings, the public was subjected to inconvenience and danger. Work to alleviate these conditions, begun under the CWA and carried on under the FERA, is being continued under the Works fro&ress Administration. Roadc and streets are being drained and resurfaced and new macadam or bituminous surfaced streets are being constructed in sections hitherto served only by dirt roads. Markets are being made more accessible to farmers and other rural citizens through improvements to secondary roads. Brush, fallen rook, and earth are being removed from roadsides. Sidewalks and curbs are being constructed and bridges and via• ducts are being reconstructed or replaced by safe modern 1tructure1. To a limited extent grade crossings are being eliminated through relocation of roads or construction of underpasses or overpasses. The need for the WPA highway, road, and street program is in no small measure due to the fact that during the early years of th$ depression these facilities had been neglect- The farm-to-market road aspect of tho program, which comprises about a third of all the road and etreet work undertaken, involv~s a variety of improvements to the dirt roads Ki11ds of Projects lllOBWAY IKPROVDEHT distribution, as in the case of a projBy Counties June 30, 1936 ect in Florida. A minor portion of the secondary road work is being performed on gravel and macadam roads. In all cases the activity is concerned with conditioning and reconditioning roads for motor travel. Heretofore, automobiles and trucks have been of limited value to farmers in many localities because the modern, Counties In which operation of one or more low-slung motor ve• STREET & ALLEY prolKto has bNn unclertak.n hicle cannot be driven successfully of the country. Sometimes this road work over soft or deeply rutted roads. consi st s merely in fillin g in hollows which do not interfere vn.th travel under normal Street improvement projects account for about a fourth of the funds being spent on condit i ons but render roads impassable in t he entire highway, road, and street program. rainy weather. In other instances projects call for grading and leveling to remove ruts Such projects include the widenine; of streets and low places and insure better drainage. to relieve traffic congestion and provide In this connection, drainage ditches freadded parking space, the removal of abandoned quently must be dug. Dangerous curves have streetcar tracks, and the replacement of been removed from· IllNlY roads by WPA projects rough cobblestone paving with even-surfaced involving excavation and haulin g of earth and concrete and asphalt. In extending the benestone to other sections of roads which need fits of paved streets to new or neglected neighborhoods, the WPA is cooperating with filling in. Of'ten r~ad beds are elevated to sponsoring municipal departments whose reguimprove drainage and raise the level sufficiently to keep the road free from snow in lar function is to ple.n and carry out these winter. On some projects gravel or macadam improvements. As a general rule the work is is added to the surface, while on others the being coordinated with the activities of dirt surface is retained but put in good o~her city deofl..rtments. Before a street is condit ion . WPA STREET PROJECTS Frequently , excellent materials to provide a hard surface are found near at hand. On roads being improved near the seacoast, for example, shells and marl are used. On inland roa1s, rocks available from nearby farms are broken up with sledge hamners, hauled away, and run through crushers to provide cr uP~e d stone for road surfaces. Workers on some project s are also removing hedges from rights-01·-way and building fences along the most dangerous banks. In some instances the secondary roads from mines (rather than farms) to mar• kets, as in certain sections of West Virginia, or from coastal fishing waters to centers of lead lO .ASPHAI.f SURFACDIO resurfaced or a new pavement laid, all necessary sanitary and storm sewers a.re put in ~ that the new surface will not have t o be torn up later. Wherever possible, materials are salvaged when streets are torn up to make way fryr new boulevards. Old concrete pavement is frequently broken up and used in foundatioM for macadam surfaces. Improvement of alleys in urban residential areas by WPA workers ii rendering garages more accessible, facilitating deliveries of merchandise, and insuring more sanitary drainage. 1Iomta .&1ID IAUDICS OJr wP.1 HI<JIUT, ROAD JJm S'l'RJ:llr PROJ'IL"l'S J:mlwlln, .14miniatrat1 ff :Dapl.O)'oe1 Ootober 1935 b 3'a:q 1936 (SOJoot to am11oa) .lwnf; Ro'IJI' Monih TO'llL ~-- Hours !Thouaancl•l larnillg1 11t.rn1.ng1 (!houaancla) (Cents) 976,684 $380,1A6 38.9 26,862 38.0 37.7 37.3 1935 Employment and E•nings For four months last winter more than 11 000,000 men were employed by the WPA on highway, road, and street projects. About a third of these worked on fann-to-me..rket roads and a firth on streets and alleys. Subsequently employment fell off, with the result that in July about 776,000 persons were at work on the combined group of projects, and roughly the same proportion applied to the distribution of workers among the different types of projects as ~xisted during the winter. During the first half of August the number increased to nearly 818,000 persons s ince a large proportion of the emergency dr ou 6ht cases were furnished employment on road pro j ects. The State having the largest number of WPA workers on highway, road, and street proj ects during the first half of August was Pennsylvania, with approximately 143,000. Nearly 67,000 were employed in Ohio, a little over 67 1 000 in Illinois, almoat S3,000 in Michigan, about 31,000 in New York City, and 30,000 in Indiana. With respect to the vari- NoTelber 61,157 10,208 23,037 DeoSllbG' 116,653 43,1560 1936 January 130,364 48,313 49,033 !7.1. 49,684 42,806 38.6 39.2 40.6 -41.0 February Mt.l"Qh April 130,948 June 128,617 109,321 97,172 91,242 Juq 84,348 way, 39,422 37,433 36,6e0 37.4 43.5 ous State WPA programs as a whole, North Dakota and West Virginia were employing the largest percentage of their workers on highway, road, and street projects. North Dakota's total represented nearly 70 percent of its aggregate employment>and West Virginia•~ approximately two-thirds. other States employing more than half of their workers on the road and street program werea Kentucky, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Maine, and Arkansas. Farm-to-market road projects were being stressed in Arkansas , Maine, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, and West Virginia, all of which gave employment to more than a third of their workers on this type of project a, oompared to 12 percent in the oountry as a whole. Street and alley projeots were emphasized particularly in Conneoticut, Maryland, and Michigan, which were employing 13.4 peroent, 20.6 peroent, and 16.l peroent, respectively, of their workers on street construction and repair work while the number of persons employed on that type of project throughout the oountry represented 7.6 percent of all WPA employees. Average hourly earnings on highway. road, and street projects ranged from a low rate of 37 cents during December, January, and February to a high of 45•6 oents in the first half of August (see above table and the table on page 134). The trend has been steadily upward for every month in the present year. On secondary road projects earnings were lowest, averaging from 30 to 39 cents per hour. while on street and alley work the rate in- 11 creased fr om 41 cents in December 1935 t o Workers on nearly 50 cents in August 1936. grade-crossing elimination, who repre sented a very minor portion of the employees on highway, road, and stree t projects, received the highest hourly pay, avera ging 57.4 cents per ho ur during the first half of August. The total e stimated cost of highway, road, and street projec ts selected for operation in the United States through April 15 Highways Roads & Streets Wages & Salaries Materials Etc. WPA Funds Sponsors' Funds 37Z 631. was a little over $528,500,000, or 36 percent of the estimated cost of all WPA proje ct s. Farm-to-market roads accounted for 32 per~en t of this tota l; streets and alleys f or 27 per~ent ; roadside i mprovement for ll percent; sidewalks, curbs, and r~ths for 3 percent; bridges aI,d viaducts for 3 percent; highways for 2 percent; grade-crossing elimination for less than 1 percent; and projects classifiable under more than one of the above headSponsors' funds comings for 22 .percent. total estimated cost the of percent 22 ised pr Sixty-three percent undertaken. of the work was to be expended sources of funds from all ab or and 37 percent for other costs, for About 71 pe rcent of the estimated total cost re present ed re pair s and improvements, and 29 pe r cent re presented new construction. Expendi ture s for materials, supplies, and equi pment for use on highway, road, and s t r eet proj e cts amo unted to about ~\ 71,000,000 apt hro ugh August 1936 . This repres ented proximate ly one-third of the amount expended for this purpose on all WPA projects from both Federa l and sponsors' funds, In addition to the road and street work being carried on by the WPA, projects of a similar nature are be i ng prosecuted throughout the United States and its Territories by such Federal agencies as the Bureau of Public Roads, the National Park Service, and the CiThese activities vilian Conservation Cor ps . are de s cribed in an ensuing section of t his r eport. Public Buildings Projects of the WPA Of all industrief in the United States , the building industry was probab ly most severely hit by the depresover Consequently, sion. and semi400,000 skilled skilled workers in the buildfound on relief rolls at were ing industry These inthe beginning of the WPA program. carbricklayers, as cluded such persons electricians, penters, cement finishers, painters, plumbers, truck drivers, and sheet To provide employment for metal workers. this group, an e xtensive program of repairs and construction of public buildings was inIn addition to misaugurated by the WPA. cellaneous repairs, painting, and renovating, 12 this program includes more extensive activities s uch as improvements to electrical v.riring systems, elimination of fire hazards, modernization of water, heating, and sanitation systems, constr uction of schoolhouses, and additions to existing structures. administrative In some communities, b uildings s uch as the city hall, the courthouse, or the firehouse were in urgent need of repair, modernization, or replacement. In one city the number of tubercular patients requiring care necessitated construction of a sanitarium for their proper treatment; in still another the library had grown too small for the demands placed upon it. School facilities were in s ome instances inadequate for the increased enrollment. The erection of oommunity centers with social and recreational facilities also was reco gnized as a means of integrating community life and of providing socially desirable activiti es f or y OUIJ?, sohool only part time or were housed in tempo rary str uctures and condemned buildings beoause of i nadequate faciliti es. To provide accommodat ions f or such pupils, as well as to improve existing equi pnent , extensive school WPA EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS PROJECTS building operations were undertaken by By Counties June 30, 1936 the WPA in every Stat e of the Union, both in urban centers and in rural areas. ---- C--.. Ill wllidt ooeratlon of ■ EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS OfM Of' more projodo people. other pr ojects involve the i mprovement of grounds on which public buildings are located. Of the several types of public building work, projects f or the repair and construction of schools have been most frequently requested because of the continual increases in enrollment an d t he deterioration of existing school facilities. It has been estimated that in 1932 about 2,700,000 pupils attended Illustrating one kind of work being carried on under this phase of the publ ic buildings pr ogram is the const r uction of a two-st ory modern "little r ed schoolhouse II i n t he eastern part of Maryland to repl ac e a dilapidated wooden structure built i n 1876 and long considered unsafe. For 10 years the local comity board of education had sought uns uccessfully to obtain the funds needed to remedy this situation. -··~---~- .... To keep the costs of the school buildings at a minimum the materials used in construction are manufactured, wherever poss i ble, by the WPA workers themselves. In a few cases bricks were made, but more of'ten native stone or logs out from adjacent 190odlands are used as the basic construction material . In one instance in eastern Colorado material ca.me from a quarry located nearby from which chalk-white stone oould readily be out with a power saw. Special types of improvements to schools include the installation of new blackboards, modern electrical fire alarm systems, refinishing desks and furniture, and covering dilapidated walls with fabricated wallboard. As a result of these and other major structural improvements. the life and usefulness of buildings have been prolonged. Modernization of some old buildings and replacement of others. in addition to providing work for the lQoal unemployed, have resulted in r aising educational standards. WPA GYMNASIUM In addition to grade and secondary schools, the educational buildings program is improving the physical equipment of schools for the blind and deaf, as well as of public colleges, universities, and museums . Particular emphasis has been placed on the school buildings program in New Mexico where nearly 15 percent of the total employment is provided on educational bui ldings as compared with 3 percent for the country as a whole. In Kentucky and Maryland approximately 8 percent of the workers were employed on educational buildings. Hours and Earnings Employment During the semimonthly period ending August 15, repairs and construction work on public buildi~gs 10.000.000 man-hours of provided employment, of which almost a third were utilized on educational buildings• About a sixth of the total employment was devoted to work on social and recreatione.l buildings, over an eighth ix> improvement of grounds around buildings. and work on administrativ.e buildings accounted for approxiMost of the remainder was mately a tenth. spent on oh.aritable, medical, and mental institutions, Federal buildings, and housing projects. Work on public buildings has provided between 7 percent and 10 percent of the employment on all WPA projects since the incepof The number tion of the Works Program. intype this of projects on persons employed creased rapidly during the autumn months of 1935 until almost 200.000 were at work in December. After reaching a peak of nearly Earnings of WPA workers on all types of 250.000 workers in March 1936, employment debuildings averaged about 63 oents an publio The 219,000 workers emolined gradually. hour during the half month, or 12 cents more ployed on public buildings projects during than the average for all WPA projects. This the first half of August represented 10 perD!P1,0m:NT AHD HOURLY ~GS ON WPJ. PUBLIC BUIU>IROS cent of all WPA workers. PROJlrl'S, BY 'l'YPJ:S or BUILDINGS The relative importance of Zmluding .Aanim.1tratiff 11Dployeo1 work on public buildings in the Seawnonthly Period lnding J.uguat 151 1936 various State WPA programs has Although varied oonsiderably. (Subject to Re'rls1on} the number of persons employed on l'ftftge building projects during the SEl!liHourly Bm.liiat of Type monthly period ending August 15 P.-1ou R•Gi eroeii\ (Cata represented about 10 percent of 28 as all WPA workers, as muoh TO'UL 219,2ll 100.0 62.9 peroent of the employment under 11.0 ~1tratiT11 24,076 71.4 New York's WPA program was providChari table• 11111dioal, and Nearly a ed on suoh projects. 8.3 mental inst1tutiona 76.0 18•240 6:,.7 32.6 J:d:aoational 71,461 fourth of the workers in New Mexi34,498 15.7 Social and reoreat1onal 57.6 co and 19 percent in Arizona were J'ederal GoTen111ent ( 1.nemployed on this type of project, e.1 oluding military and :naff.l) 17,700 63.6 Impronment of ground, 13.3 29,208 48.5 while approximately 16 percent of Houa:l.q 8,730 4.0 61.8 the workers in Louisiana, .Maryother y 1.0 15,298 69.3 land, Florida, South Carolina• and At the uta.h were so occupied. !/ Iaol.udea projGOta olauitiable under more than oae of the other extreme, public buildings h-aiags above. projects in Oregon and Maine furnished work for less than 3 percent of all higher wage rate is due principally to the large proportion of skilled and teohnioal la• pereons employed on the WPA program in those States. bor used on public buildings projeots and the !J!!c>r" lanli:f• relativaly high wages prevailing in the con.. struction industry. Awrage hourly earnings varied on the different types of buildings according to the proportion of highly trained workers employed, and the concentration of the projects in regions of high or low prevailing we.ge rates. The highest average we.ge, 76 cents per hour, was paid to workers on buildings for charitable, medical, and mental institutions, while the workers receiving the lonst average earnings were those employed on improT9118nt of grounds around publ i c buildings. buildings progrUl. Sponsors ot these proj• ects agreed to supply almost 28 peroent of the required oosts. A like proportion was provided by sponsors of buildings tor social and recreational purposes which, froa a cost standpoint, comprise about 16 percent of that of all public buildings. Administrative buildings and those for ohari table, medioal, and ntal inati tutions are the only other types that represented more than 10 percent of the cost ot all public buildings. Sponsors' funds on all these types averaged nearly 23 peroent. The estimated cost of the 13,325 lfPA public buildings projects seleoted for operation as of April 16 amounted to nearly $168,000,000 (roughly 12 percent of the total val- The publio buildings program not only provides direot employment but also makes a substantial oontribution to general industrial reoovery because of the large quantities ot building materials used. Industries partioularly benefited are those manufaoturing lumber, bricks, cement, tile, oonorete, and heating, plumbing, and electrioal equipment. Through August 1936 expenditures for materials, supplies, and equipment used on buildings projeots 8lll0unted to nearly $41,000,000, of whioh 68.3 percent oame from Federal and 41.7 peroent from sponaors' funds. These expenditures represen~d 19 peroent of total WPA purohases of :ma.terials, supplies, and equipment. p u I, I i C Materials Etc. ;JWPA Builcl • In 9 S W... &Salaries Funcll Sponsors' Funds 371. 631. ue of all WPA projeots), or an average oost per projeot of $12,680. Repair work, amounting to approximately $95,000,000, constituted 57 peroent of the estimated oost. More than 6,000 of the projects seleoted were for eduoational buildings, estimated to cost approximately $60,000,000, or in exoess of one-third of the oost of the entire publio Public building acti Ti ties with Works Program funds have been conducted by a number of other Federal agencies during the past year. These include construction and improvement of public buildings (particularly school buildings) and housing projects. Detailed discussions of the Works Program operations of these agencies appear in a subsequent section. A Rn BRICX SCHOOL REPLACBS TBB OLD l& WPA Sewer System and Other Utility Projects past year During the ~ommunities in all parts of the country have been enabled by emergency relief funds to improve their sewer systems and other public utilities and at the same time work has been provided for the unemployed. Activity of the WPA in the public utility field has made possible the correction and replacement of faulty systems in urban areas and has enabled townships and rural communities to modernize their f acilities. Serious health menaces have been eliminated through some of the projects; through others, a more ample water supply for fire protection has been assured in localities where it has been inadequate. Hundreds of dollars have been saved taxpayers through the discovery and repair of leaks in the main water lines. to prevent the fl ooding of Public utility projects constitute about a tenth of the entire WPA program. They consist of construotion and improvement of water purification and supply systems, sewer systems, and electric power generation and distribut1 on facilities. The replaoement of a 67-year-old sewer in the center of the business s ection of Ut ica, New Yo r~, is one of the types of sewer Since the insystem work done by the WPA. stallation of the original system in 1869, many buildings hav~ been erected in the vicinity with their cellars below the l evel of the old pipe line, necessitating r epl acement of the line at twice the original depth. Plans calle , or six weeks' operation, but in order not to hinder business undul y it was decided to prosecute the project continuo usly in three 8-hour shifts by the use o f flares and electric lights. This procedur~ r es ul t ed in less than a week's delay to t raff ic in Six fe et below the that congested section. surface. platforms were erected on which to load dirt temporarily before bringing it to Pipes were placed, manthe street ~evel. holes were constructed so that lat era l outlets could be connected, and the trench was backfi lled carefully in order that the top dressing could be spread with minimum delay. The project was completed at a cost o f $3,986, CONSTRUCTION OF A SEWERAGE DISPOSAL PLANT FOUNDATION FOR A RESERVOIR Sewer Systems Construction and repair of sewer systems represent about two-thirds of the cost of all Work on sewer WPA public util ity projects. rectificaleaks, of systems includes repair of clearance tion of i.rr,proper drainage, sewer of ditches and sto:n:i sewers, extension lines, installation of manholes t o allow for more efficient f lushing, and construction of 16 storm sewers streets. several hundred dollars less than estimated. or iginally Water Systems Projects involving construct ion and improvement of water purification and supply systems represent nearly a fourth of the total estimated oost of WPA public ut ility projects. The scope of these project s var ie s from the extension of existing systems to the design and construction of complete new systems with pipe lines, pumping stations, end reservoirs. One small township in West Virginia was recently faced with the problem of obtaining a new source of water supply. A mining company a short distance away had provided water for the town for many years at the high average rate of $2.50 per 1,000 gallons. Water scarcity caused by drought resulted in the mine's refusal to renew the water contract. Consequently the town arranged to obtain a plentiful supply at a nuch lower price from a neighboring oity which has a large water plant and a good water supply. Ple.ns are now under way for the laying of 19,500 feet of 3inoh water mains to connect the town with the new source of supply. The townspeople have raised the fl,850 required in addition to the $12,547 which the WPA will expend on the project. Completion of this project will result in a permanent supply of good water and a large saving on water bills. work as gas development. About 6 peroent of the total estiJ'llated cost of all public utility projects is to be expended on this group. Employment and Earnings Although some public utility projects had been started by the end of August 1936, this phase of the program did not get well under way until November. The peak in employment, totaling about 274,000 persons, was reached in the early spring of 1936 and has been followed by a gradual decline. During the two weeks ending August 16, approximately 192,000 persons were working on WPA public utility projects. Persons working on sewer systems aooounted for 72 percent of this total; those employed on water purification and supply systems constituted 21 percent. Electric utility project employees accounted for only 2 percent and the miscellaneous group for about 6 percent of this employment. The 192,000 persons employed on public utility projects during the first half of August 1936 represented approximately 8 perOther Utility Projects cent of the workers on all WPA projects. Projects of this type were operating in every Electr~fication projects, representing State of the Union but their relative impornot quite 2 percent of the total estimated tance in the various State WPA programs vaoost of all WPA public utility projects, inried ~onsiderably. In six States - Georgia, .Maryland, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York (exclusive of DifPLODo1lm .ill> HOORLY J'.AR~ ON 'WPJ. S!WER SYSTIM .&HD O'tHm U'.rn.?r'Y JROJJX,"TS, JJ'l TYPES or PROJIX:'l'S New York City), and Rhode Island - and in the District of ColwnJ:IDW!Dg .lalninratiTe lblployHa bia, suoh projects constituted Smdll»n~ Perio4 Ja41ng .A,agut 151 1936 a much greater portion of the program than in the country as a (SubJec,t to Rnbion} whole, more than 16 peroent of .ATC1r&ge the workers being employed on Hour~ Type ot ProJeol utility projects in eaoh of Peraou HIDHr ero these States. In eight other States - Arizona, Arkansas, Mia!O!&J. l91,979 100.0 !52.0 siss i ppi, Nevada, New Mexico, 1'ater parifleatioa m4 npp~ 21.2 4'0,667 51.9 North Dakota, Oregon, and Ten..._. .,..tau 138,305 12.1 !52.0 nessee - however, the construcEl.eotrio flilltiea 4,215 z.1 57.2 OtbHY 8,792 tion and improvement of ~ublio -48.9 •.e utilities received relatively little emphasis, employment of If bobllea JIID.teol• ola■ ai.t1ab1e Ull4er- more than OM of the h~••w• this type amounting to less than 3 percent of the State total. volve the construction of generating plants or the ereotion of transmission and distribuA total of $6,060,000 was paid to lfPA tion lines. public utility employees for 9,713,000 hours of 1'0rk during the aemunonthly period ending Miscellaneous utility projects are ma.de August 16, resulting in an average hourly up of combinations of the three ma.in types, wage rate of 62 cents ae compared to 60.6 but also include isolated instances of suoh cents for all WPA workers. The 1VOrkere on ~13:f rc=f• lT electric uti lities were paid the highest av• erage rate, s lightly more than 67 cents per hour, due largely to the greater propor tfon of skilled and technical workers employed. The table on page 17 shows the average earnings for persons employed on each type of pl'vject. The estimated cost of WPA public utility pro j ects selected for operation through April or 16 totaled approximately $145,000,000, projects. WPA all of cost the of 10 percent respons ibi l i ty for Sponsors have assumed nearly one-fourth of the cost of all public utility projects but have underwritt en a larger proportion of the cost of water pur ification and supply system projects than of the weal sponsors supply a large other types. Sewers & Other Uti lities Material Etc Wages & Salaries Funds WPA Sponsors' Funds 401. ~ • 4 601. part of the materials, supplies, and equipment necessary for the prosecution of public utility construction projects, thereby permitti ng the greater proportion of Federal Through Aufunds t o be expended for labor. gust 1936 the value of materials, supplies, and equipment used for WPA public utility pr oj ects amounted to approximately $34,000,000, or 16 percent of the total of such costs for a ll WPA projects. In addition to constituting an important portion of the WPA program, public utility projects also form a significant part of the work under the Non-Federal Division of the Water system Public Works Administration. number, while in greatest projects ar e the oonstruction projects for sewer systems involve the greatest expenditure among the pubthis prosecuted by lic ut i lity projects agency. That phase of the WPA public utility work which consists of electric power generat ion and distribution finds some parallel in the work of the Rural Electrification Adminextend istration which 1a attempting to the use ot electrioity in rural areas. (Subreport discuss sequent sections of this these PW.A and Rural Electritication activ• i ties). WPA Conservation Pro;ects In keeping with t he general recognition of t he need for conservation measures , a group of projects has been included in the WPA program whose objective is t hat of protecting and developing the national resources as well as preventing, in some measure at least, the destruction and. loss so o:f'ten associated with floods and The need for the latter kind or drought. conservation work has been reemphasi zed by The work experiences of the current year. that has been done to alleviate the distre8s and loss following in the wake of r ecent floods and drought is noted elsewhere in this section, in the discussion of emergency flood The WPA has also insti• and drought relief. tuted projects which tend to prevent the re- 18 currence of serious damage. These activities are included within the conservation group in addit ion to other work equally constructive though less dramatic. The conservation group of WPA projects constitutes about 5 percent of the entire WPA diversified program and covers a fairly field . Irrigation and water conservation,tol' estation, erosion control, land utilization, plant. crop, and livestock conservation and similar activities undertaken by WPA work projects all contribute generally to the conservation of natural resources and in lllflllY i nstances are specifically operated as measures for reducing possible future destruction by floods and drought. In some areas, control of floods and prevention of loss from drought are closely loss of livestock during floods. The cities interrelated . of Indianapolis , IndianaJ Augusta, GeorgiaJ Dams built in streams to hold water baok during the spring also provide and Springfield, OhioJ are being provided storage basins. The water may be used later with greater protection against floods through for irrigation or, as is more o..f'ten the case the construotion or strengthenin g of miles of in the smaller tmdertakings , it becomes a redikes along the rivers that flow within or serve water supply for cattle end other aniadjoining their botn1daries. mals during the dry season. Such a dam, being oonstructed on Valentine Blood Creek in In addition to this kind of work a misMontana, will impound a sufficient reserve cellaneous group of projects is being operasupply of water to serve the needs of grazing ted in various parts of the OO\llltry for the stook on the surrounding range during dry conservation of plants, crops, and livestock. spells. Crickets, which menace alfalfa and wheat in The effeot of this type of dam in maintaining a more nonnal supply of sub-surIdaho, have been exterminated by the spraying face water is also beneficial. of fieldo with dust guns. Noxious weeds ha.ve Trees and grass are being planted, not only to prevent been removed in many plaoes. In New Mexioo a erosion and excessive run-off during project has been devised to oheck the develrainy seasons, but also to store opnent of tent caterpillars, up moisture as a reserve a menace to forests. Digagainst the dry days of ger wasps and trachina stmrner. This work i s being flies, whioh are natural stressed especially in Wisenemies of the tent oau}'. consin. In addition to the pillar, are collected by plantinb of trees, the work field workers and propaincludes cutting dead timgated in laboratories . The ber to reduce fire hazards offspring will be released and improving banks of in forests next spring with streams and lakes to prethe expectation that they vent erosion. In many rewill greatly reduoe the gions WPA work serves to number of tent caterpil• complement the terracing of lars. hillsides, the planting of erosion-resi sting vegetation, and the making of Location of Projects check-dams in creek beds under the supervision of PraO'tioally all of the Soil Conservation Servthe States whioh haTe a ice and Emergency Conservalarge proportion of- their tion Work with funds prototal program in ooDJlena~ CONSERVATIOH vided directly to these tion projects are looa~ed II B'ORTH DAKOTA agencies. in the West and Middle West, where the need for conservation and Land reclamation is frequently correlat·control of water resouroes is greatest. ed with flood control work. Near Portland, Washington is spending 17 percent of its Oregon, for instance, a valuable farming area f'unds on conservation work. according to H • recently unused because of inadequate draintimatea of the value of projects selected age and the ever-present threat of floods, is for operation through April 16J Idaho and being reolaimed through the clearing of the Wiaoonain, 16 percentJ Colorado, 15 percentJ Columbia River channel and the construction California, 14 peroentJ and New Mexico, Oreof a levee along its banks. Similar stream gon. and Wyoming, 10 percent. The bulk of clearance and levee construction work is bethe funds in moat of theae states is being ing carried on throughout the country. In spent on irrigat1on and water oonserva.tion . Pennsylvania , especially, projects are being prosecuted for relocation of channels to prevent flooding of large areas at high-water Employment end E•nin91 periods and for construction of masonry walls to confine flood waters within the channels. In the early spring of 1936, when the In the western States, banks are being ripemergency flood relief program was at its rapped to prevent damage to fa.rm property and height, more than 200.000 workers were listed 19 on payrolls of WPA oonservation projects. Persons previouGly assigned to other types of projects were transferred to flood relief work during the emergency. Since March, marked reductions have ocourred with the result that in July and August approximately 95,000 persons were working on conservation projects. The number of persons employed increased slightly to a little over 96,000 in the first half of August, as indicated in Table More then two-thirdsa!' 6 in Appendix B. this number were at work on irrigation and water conservation projects. .Among the various States, during the first half of August, the largest number of HOURS J.HD liRHINGS OH WPA CXJNSJRVilIOJf PROJJL'TS conservation projects during the first half of August . This represented 4 percent of the total hours on all WPA projects. Persons employed on conservation work averaged 49.5 oents per hour as compared to the 50.6 cents per hour average on all types of projects. The total estimated oost of all flood control and other oonservation projects se- Conserv ation Wages & Salaries Materials Etc. WPA Funds Sponsors' Funds Ezolu41ng .umini1trathe !mployeea 2 71Z Ootober 1935 to J'uly 1936 (SubJeot to Rm11on) ATVa,W Hour~ Mi:,nth TO'liL 1935 ~ NoTelllber Deoember 1936 ianua.ry February M&roh April May June J~ J:arDing1 Houri (Thouaands} ('l'hou11and1 l Zand~• (cent!.. 139,283 $57,624 41.,4 3,382 1,112 3,302 6,516 34.6 38.6 40.l 7,373 40el 39.4 e,555 16,252 18,401 19,304 19,063 19,740 13,346 ll,309 9,931 1,6Cfl 7,998 8,432 5,738 4,873 4,618 42.0 42.7 43.0 43.l 46.5 persons, approximate ly 9,000, were employed on conservation projeots in the State of Pennsylvania. California furnished work on this type of project to more than 8,000 persons, and employment on similar projects in Missouri, Ohio , Illinois, and Wisconsin ranged between 5,000 and 8,000. WPA employees worked 4,818,000 hours A CHANNEL THAT PREVENTED FLOODING IN THE SPRING OF 1936 20 on lected for operation in the United States through April 15 was slightly more than $77,000,000, or 5 percent of the total for all WPA projects. Sixty-eight percent of this amount was to be expended on irrigation and water conservation projects, 10 percent for erosion control and land utilization, 4 percent on forestation work, 3 percent for plant. crop, and livestock conservation, and 15 percent for miscellaneous projects some of which are classifiable under more than one of these headings. Fifteen percent of the total estimated cost of all projects was to be paid for by funds supplied by sponsors. Nearly 71 percent of the cost was to go for direct labor payments, and a little over 29 percent for other purposes. Funds actually expended for materials, supplies, and equipment on flood control and other conservation projects through August 1936 amounted to approximately $8,500,000, or roughly 4 percent of the total expenditures for these purposes on all WPA projects throughout the country. Emergency Flood Relief Under the WPA In addition to operating projeots speoti'ioally dl,signed to preYent flood oonditions or to oonserve water supplies. the WPA has been active in emergency flood relief work. WPA funds have been used to aid stricken communities in cases where unforeseen emergencies have arisen as a result of flood damage. The services of WPA employees were utilized during peri ods of immediate danger from floods, and thes e workers also assumed a large share of the burden of clearing debris and repairing damage after the floods had subsidede built. Roads were cleared, regraded, resurfaced, and opened for traffic. In the early summer of 1935, shortly after the WPA program had be en approved, the first necessity for emergency flood activities arose. On July 31, 1935, the President allocated $5,000,000 t o the WPA for repair of damage caused by the 1935 floods, and almost befor e the flood waters had ebbed VlPA workers were busy clearing debris from homes, During 1936 the activities of the WPA in oonnection with emergenoy flood conditions were even more extensive. Preparations had been made in advance of actual floods so that the WPA was ready to act promptly when emergency situations arose. EMERGENCY FLOOD RELIEF public b"uildings, streets, and r oads. Dikes, levees, and dams were strengthened and repaired. In Jefferson and Arkansas Counties in Arkansas, for example, 160,000 cubio yards of earth were move d in restoring 3,600 linear feet of leve e breaks. Bridges that had been wrecked by floods wer& repaired wherever practicab l e or replaoed if to o ba dly d~ed. In Colorado 309 br i dges with a t otal length of 26,600 linear feet were repaired or re- In the stricken area of New York State during the first days fo.llowing the floods, roads were so impassable that local authorities had difficulty in reaching WPA offices to submit applications for projects for repairing flood damages. Water systems and sewer systems required cleaning and repairing. Debris had to be cleared away and immediate action was necessary to prevent development of unsanitary conditions and to avoid the possibility of epidemics of contagious diseases. In anticipation of flood conditions, imminent because of the unusually early thaw following a severe winter, the WPA durini:; the latter part of February 1936 requested its State Administrators to submit emergency flood work projects wherever there was danger of overflow. The President approved approximately $18,000,000 worth of the se projects on February 29, 1936. Such authorization did not allocate new funds to the States, but merely permitted the State Administrators to use previously allocated funds for the prosecution of emergency flood control work should this become necessary. As flood conditions became serious in the New England States, in Pennsylvania, and in the Ohio valley, crews of WPA workers went into action ~romptly and were engaged in a wide variety of activities during the height of the danger. The first steps adopted by the WPA in meeting the emergency conditions were: to warn persons li vingin the path of the waters, to move families,furniture,and valuables from danger zones; and to cable and rope down houses and small buildings to prevent the current from washing them away. In some localities WPA workers were sworn in as special police to aid in protecting life and property and in directing traffic. Dikes, sandbag 21 barricades, end abutments were built or strengthened to check the flood waters. At grave personal risk many relief workers took a prominent and heroic part in rescue activities to save persons endangered or marooned by the waters. Food, bedding, and olothing have been distributed to refugees through WPA surplus commodity projects. In the Ohio flood area 8,000 blankets and 6,000 mattresses were distributed in addition to thousands of pounds of food . In numerous other communities WPA workers were engaged in strengthening dikes and dams, weighting down bridges with sandbags, and related activities. By these efforts the water was often prevented from reaching towns and cities which otherwise would have suffered. In Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, as many as 30,000 WPA workers were rushed into the flooded areas, strengthening dams and dikes, patrolling roads, and protqcting life and property. Even before many of the unfortunate residents could return to their homes, WPA workers proved themselves indispensable in clearing roads and streets of debris. Then crune the task of cleaning out public buildings and homes. Wells and other sources of water sup- Emergency Drought :in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, which had been severely affected, 6,000 WPA employees were set to work to clean up the city. More than 20 miles of streets were cleared of debris, nearly 100 tons of hydrated lime were spread, and water we.a pumped from a great number of cellars. These measures successfully prevented the outbreak of post-flood contagious diseases. About t600,000 was spent in Johnstown by the WPA in the removal of waste. As the waters receded throughout the Northeast, tens of thousands of WPA workers began reconstruction and rehabilitation work. This work we.a confined to the reconditionin•g and reconstruction of public property. The total cost of emergency flood relief operations through July 31, 1936, was slightly over 112,000,000. Approximately $3,500,000 of this total was spent for emergency relief work following the flood of 1935. About $5,250,000 was used for preparatory work and emergency activities in the spring of 1936, and $3,250,000 went for reconstruction activities following damage caused by floods in the spring of 1936. Relief The flexibility of the WPA in meeting emergency conditions and cooperating with other agencies is further exemplified by the manner in which the Federal Government's forces were mobilized to meet the situation engendered by the drought of 1936. Continuous heat and lack of rainfall were destroying crops at a constantly accelerating pace, and ravages of insect pests such as the grasshopper and the Mormon cricket contribut ed further to the general crop destruction. Thousands of farmers in 22 ply and sewers were reconditioned, end chloride of lime was used in order to make the flooded areas sanitary and habitable. the Great Plains and starvation. area were faced with ruin In response to this emergency the President formed the Inter-Departmental Drought Committee, composed of representatives of the Department of Agriculture, the Resettlement Administration, the Works Progress Administration, and other interested agencies. This col!Dllittee was charged with the function of coordinating and integrating the activities of the various Federal agencies operating in the drought area. The Department of .Agriculture Drought COlllllittee was established. Un- der its immediate supervision the Department of Agrioulture Drought Committee was given the function of officially designating emergenoy drought counties, based on reports and EMERGENCY DROUGHT ■ COUNTIES COUN TI ES OES16Nt.TED BY DEPT. Of t.OR ICULTURE DROUGH T CO M MI TTEE t.S EMER&(NCY OROU &HT t.R[t.S . S OU RC E - U 5 OEF'T OF t.G RI CU LT U RE recommendations of direotors of State agricultural servioes and of representatives of the Bureau of Agricultural Eoonomios. The determining faotor in making suoh designations was the need for emergenoy drought assistanoe on the part of a large proportion of the farmers of a county. These designations served as a guide to all governmental agencies providing aid to farmers in regions affected by the drought. By September 15, 1936, a total of 1,149 oounties in 24 States had been officially designated as emergency drought counties. Those persons too needy to be aided by Resettlement Administration loans or grants were oertified, generally by local relief authorities. for WPA employment. Speoial prooedures were devised to faoilitate this oertifioation and the subsequent employment of emergenoy drought relief oases on WPA projects. On August 1. less than a month after the first emergency drought oounties were officially designated, nearly 38,000 oertified arought relief oases were employed and working on WPA projects. By September 12, less than three months after the first county was designated, over 170,000 certified drought relief cases T.rere being oared for in the drought-stricken areas througn employment on all types of WPA projects, North Dakota and South Dakota re porting more than 30,000 drought oases each. Victims of Week b4illC September 12, 1936 (Sul>Jeot '\o Rmaion) Taut .Anauu Colorado Georgia y Illlno1 ■ Ion :r.auu rentuoq!f Minnesota Miaaouri liloDtau The WPA and the Resettlement Adrn1niatration cooperated in providing financial aid, through direct relief or work relief, to farmers in the emergency drought areas. Local relief authorities in conjunction with representatives of the WPA and the Resettlement Administration determined: (1) the need of the persons affeoted by drought oonditiona, and (2) whether the needy person oould best be aided by Resettlement Administration loans or grants, or by work provided on WPA projeots. were as- lmOOGR:i' AIPLODmff State The Department of .Agrioulture Drought Committee also completed arrangements with four large western railroads to reduc..o rates on the shipnent of hay and other fodder into the drought area.a. The reduoed rate on he.Y is two-thirds of the nonu.l rate and the rate on ooarse types of roughage one-half of the normal rate. These reduotions have been authorized by the Interstate Commerce Commission. drought conditions lrebruJr:a HorihDabta 0111uma South Carolha South Dabta Tonne ■ 11eo 'l'au Vlrgin1a 11'boou1n w,.s.ngy tyi.u..w.nUnc ror weJc Total ill Agencies llP.1. 188,34'8 170,~ 3,803 2,353 3,300 2,803 4,218 7,Cl02 9,743 6,4'32 21,129 8,900 7,373 35,028 15,879 ,.~ 2,305 l,!580 2,803 4,187 7,002 9,267 6,24'2 19,355 7,707 Total Mher J.IODDiea 17,905 rn 43 l, 720 31 "81 190 l,T14 1,193 2,593 36,"'5 31,272 1-4,6-13 l, 736 3-4,UO -476 3,756 1,236 8'57 2,~ 320 82 37 12 283 2,.016 16,&46 1,818 6,897 2<2!/ 16,-489 1,001 1,81-4 !/ 357 817 SepteaiNr 11, 1936. 25 signed to projects which were already in operation or to new projects initiated with the twofold purpose of providing additional employment in drought areas and of carrying on work that would alleviate the effects of Fann-to-market road projects, bedrought. cause of their widespread distribut i on in rural areas and the fact that relatively unskilled labor could be used, offered a ready means ot employing the largest proportion of Thousands o f f ~ drnught-stricken fannera. erG are being employed with their teams and tractor s on f arm-to-market roads and conservation pro j ects. EMERGENCY DROUGHT EMPLOYMENT ON WPA PROJECTS .... - WNldy IIIWYllls, JulJ 18, - lept•1 .... 12, 1936 - - ,, V IN V -IN V v~ ,/ 100 . • ~ . 1111.Y !..-- i.--- - . 19341 - a I la • Approximately 70 percent of the certified drought relief oases empl oyed in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin during the half month ending Augu st 31, 1936 , were working on farm-to-market roads. About 15 percent were working on other high• way, road, and street projects and 8 peroent This distribution on c onservation projects. of workers varied somewhat among the differFor example, in South Dakota as ent States. many as 12.6 percent of the certified and employed drought relief caaea were wor king on conservation projects. Special emphasis, both in the operation of previously approved projects and in the init iation of new projects, has been placed on water conservation work of all types. WPA workers are busy building dams along streams, constructing reservoirs, digging oammunity wells, and carrying out other water conservation projects which were planned f or the drought area following surveys made i n these States. When forest fires broke out in Wyoming and other drought states , the WPA relie f laborer played a significant part in helping to save both lives and property. Besides prosecuting previously approved pro j ects the WPA program was expanded by the institution .o f new and useful water conservaFrom June 30, 1936, through tion projects. September 4, 1936, applications for 585 projects totaling $25,280,250 in Federal f'unda were received by the WPA for the construction of small oonorete dams, reservoirs, irrigation ditches, and other water conservation undertakings in the emergency drought counOf the projects sul:mitted, 463 carrytie s. ing a total Federal oost of $19,143,029 bad been approved through September 4 , 1936. These projects are part of a long-range water conservation program which will dot the drought area with small lakes and r eservoirs, thus preventing water run-offs leading to flood conditions, and stabilizing the water supply in the dry seasons of' the year. Numerous weU. a.re also being dug to a i d in proOne himdred and vidi ng an adequate supply. five water conservation projects have been submitted from North Dakota and mve been approved by the President since June 30, 193~ and 77 such projects have been approved for operation in Oklahoma • In addition to these water conservation projects, 788 other applications have been received for projects -suitable to the employment of farm labor in the drought counties. The cost in Federal funds for these projects Approval by the President is $30,106,146. has been given to 419 of these applications, The having a Federal cost of $13,899,501. fact that approval has been given to less than 60 peroent of these applications as compared with approval of more than 76 percent of the water conservation projeots is indicative of the empha&is placed on water conservation in the drought area. The first consideration of this program, as in other emergency activities, has been the preservation of health and the protection of life and property. Food and clothing have been furnished through the surplus commodity projects of the WPA. Water has been supplied by wells dug under WPA auspices and somet:imes by truck into the has even been carried strioken area ■ • Through September 16 the Resettlement Administration had designated a total oftl4,296,436 for making loans and grants to farmer, who oould beat be aided in this manner. By this date s.742 loans totaling $1,638,660 had been made for livestook, feed or for quiol!Mliaturing forage crop seeds, and 96,216 grants for subsistence needs amounting to $1,406,924 had been arranged. The Resettle• ment Administration he.s also provided for a year's moratorium on all previous rehabilitation loans to individuals in the offioially designated drought oounties, on evidenoe furnished by the borrower of a laok of oash resources. Finally, the long-range land-use adjustment program of the Resettlement Administration has been amplified in the drought areas by projeots involving the purchase of about four million acres of land at a cost of almost $14,000,000. The Agricultural Adjustment Administra• tion cooperated in the drought areas by modifying the agricultural oonservation program so as to increase the production of food and forage crops and to enable farmers in the drought area to take advantage of the crop income insurance features of the agricultural conservation program. This Administration was allotted $5,000,• 000 for the purchase of cattle at market prices. Purchases were restricted to cattle originating in the drought area. The cattle were to be processed by private packing concerns under contract, and the meat was to be turned over to the Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation for distribution to families on relief rolls. In contrast to the 1934 drought progr8lll special benefit payments were not made to livestock growers. This year's program was designed to prevent demoraliza- tion of cattle prices by the forced liquidation of livestock holdings in the emergency drought area. In cooperation with the Interstate Commerce CoDU11ission the AAA secured reductions on freight rates for livestock shipped from the drought areas to good pastures. On an outgoing shipment the rate was set at 85 percent of the normal rate and on the return shipment at 15 percent of the normal rate. This permits cattlemen to ship their cattle to good pastures during the drought emergency and have them returned with a 50 percent reduction in transportation costs. Since early June the Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation has purchased from growers approximately 1,600 carloads of surplus food and feed for distribution to the needy in the drought-stricken States. The Corporation also underwrote and supervised the purchase of 7 to 9 million bushels of small grains for seed purposes. This was accomplished with an advance to the Farmers National Grain Corporation of $10,000,000 by the Farm Credit Administration. A number of other Federal agencies operating projects under the Works Program in the emergency drought areas expanded their programs in these regions in order to employ certified drought cases. The Federal agencies employing the greatest number of drought oases include the Soil Conservation Service, the Forest Service, and the Btn"eau of Public Roads. J'OLY 29, 1936 IN THE DROUGHT AREA 26 WPA Park and Other Recreation al In order to improve recreational facilities of local and State governments, the WPA has entered upon an extensive program of developing public parks, playgrounds,and athletic fields and providing swimming pools, bandshells, and similar physApproximately 11 percent of ical equipment. the total work done on all WPA programs has been on projects of this kind. In some measure the recreational facility program represents an extension of work previously carried on under the Civil Works Administration and the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Projects initiated under these antecedent agencies have, in certain instances, been completed under WPA. Kinds of Projccb Projects for the landscaping of parks end the development of play areas are pertioularly suited to WPA operation because of the low Some expenditures for materials required. dethe involve which projects recreational a accomplish areas velopment of lakes in dry twofold result since in addition to their recreational value they also are of importance in the preservat1on of migratory bird life. Besides projects of this kind, the heavier • 26 CounliN In wtaldl operation of one or more PARK pro)eeh llu bMn undertak.n Facility Projects swimming providing construction projects pools. bathhouses, stadia, and auditoriums have been initiated when sponsors furnished a substantial part of the materials necessary to ·c onstruction. A be.ndshell and outdoor amphitheatre have recently been completed by the Works Progress Administration in Toledo, Ohio, as part of a general development program of the Toledo Zoological Park which was started under the CWA and continued under the State The bandshell was constructed entirely ERA. Among the other of salvaged materials. natural history the is phases of this project In Park. Zoological the work being done in SooieZoological Toledo cooperation with the ty, the VIPA assigned a staff of artists and naturalists to construct 50 habitat groups of natural' history subjects with appropriate photographic or painted backgrounds and accessories. Each exhibit, the size of a small traveling bag, will be complete with a glass Infront for display and a table support. teriors will be arranged to duplicate exactly It will be the environment of the subject. possible to transport the entire display to schools and museums for exhibitions. Improvements are under way in Des Moines, Iowa, for the elimination of the city dump which covered a 26-acre tract and for the diversion of sewage PROJECTS PARK WPA which has been empBy Counties June 30, 1936 tying into the Des Moines River within limits. the city conditions 1'he se have been a serious · public menace to Under the health. dumping the WPA being is ground transformed into a with lawns, park flower gardens,bridle paths, a baseball diamond, tenboat nis courts, landing, and many other recreational facilities. Retaining walls are being along constructed the river, and a dam will form a lake adjoining the park. A tract of 90 acres located one mile from Greenville, Illinois, at the intersection of two importan"t; highways, is being made into a municipal park. About 40 acres will be lert in its present wild state except for footpaths leading to picnic areas. Trees ~d shrubs will be set along the shore line of a lake, and driveways, parking spaces, tennis courts, and an athletic field are to be added. playground will include a girls' play area containing two tennis courts, a basketball court, a volleyball court, and roller skating spac·e. For the boys there will be eight handball courts, three tennis courts, and areas for basketball, volleyball, horseshoe pitching, and roller skating. An enclosed area for smaller children will be provided with a wading pool, sand boxes, and play equipment. A novel project was completed recently by the WPA at the Indiana State School for the Blind at Indianapolis. This is a rollerskating rink for the blind with an oval track about one-firth of a mile in length and about one-sixteenth of a mile wide. The skating surface is of concrete and is .about six feet wide. Banked curves make it possible for the skaters to detect the direction of the skating lane. A majority of the students take advantage of this recreational facility. BOORS JJID ~ 01' 111'.1 P.&RI: JJID C7!BER RJX:RD.TIOHAL 1 ~ PROJECTS l:IDllllling .&aainietrat1Te Jmployee1 October m, 1;o ~ 1936 (SubJeot to Rm1ion) Houn Earnbg, ('?hou1an4; (Thoupmda} TOUT, 292,572 $1-48,746 50.8 7,235 !51.9 193!5 STADIUM CONSTRUCTIONREINFORCEMENTS FOR SUPPORTING BE~ ~ li>Tmtber Deomtber 21,939 36,24'5 i!1rr J'•brual'1 36,723 34,862 13,949 Maroh .A.pr.1.1 34,551. 31,006 May 29,874 27,31A 26,109 J\me ~ 11,083 50.!S 17,229 47-5 17,8&4 17,209 17,397 1!5,782 .WA 50.4 l!S,726 14,417 14,784 48.7 50.9 52.6 52.8 56e6 Employment end E•nin31 A swimming pool 36 feet by 81 feet has been completed at the grammar school in Bowie, Arizona, by the WPA. Two adobe briok dressing rooms have been finished and a 700foot well has been dril led to supply water to the pool as well as to irrigate the school grounds. The total cost was approximately $12,000, of which the Federal allotment constituted slightly more than one half. On an old reservoir site at Buffalo, New York, a project for the construction of a playground has been started by the WPA. The Since the inception of the WPA program, projects for recreational facilities have supplied over 10 percent of the total WPA employment. In September 1935 about 21 percent of all WPA workers were employed on this type of project. The proportion decreased to 13 percent at the end of the year, and since March slightly more than 10 percent of all 11PA workers have been employed on recreational projects. By the end of October more than 109,000 17 persons were working on recreat ional projects . This total was more than doubled bt the end of November and more than tripled when the peak employment of 352,000 persons was reachBy the end of ed at the end of the year. this type of on d April the number employe mately 281,approxi to project had decreas ed ed through continu The decline 000 _persons . 16 the August by out subsequ ent weeks until ional recreat on number of persons working . 234,000 to faciliti es had been reduced During the semimon thly period ending August 15, 1936, New York City' had the largest program of recreat ion4l project s with 47,510 persons working . Illinoi s was employi ng more than 25, 000 pers ons and Ohio more than 20,000 Pennsyl vania had on chis kind of project . more than 18, 000 people working on its recreational program . New Jersey employe d slightly less t han 13,000 persons , while Louisia na and Wiscons in were the only other States which had more than 10,000 persons working on recreat ional projeot s. Four areas are outstan ding in their snphasis c~ recrea~ ional work under the WPA. During the first half of August Louisia na employed 31 percent of all its workers on this phase of its program ; New York City md more than 25 percent of its \'lPA employe es workin6 on the recreat ional program ; and Wiscons in and Nevada both provide d similar employment Perfor about 21 percent of their workers . in ed present are states all for s centage B. x Appendi in 7 Table Average hourly earning s on recreat ion project s have shown a fairly constan t increase since December 1935. With the exception of two months, Deoember 1935 and January 1936, when workers average d 47.5 and 48.7 cents per hour, average hourly earning s on recreat ional project s were in excess of 50 28 cents during the entire period from October 1935 to August 1936. Recent increas es may be explain ed by adjustm ents to prevail ing wage rates underta ken on all WPA project s in conformity with the requirem ents of the Emergenc;r Approp riation Act of 1936. The first project s for the constru ction of recreati onal faciliti es got under way in the fall of 1935 and by April 15, 1936, 6,722 recreat ional facility project s had been se• lected for operatio n at a tota l estimat ed cost of $182,00 0,000. Of this amo\lllt approximately $162,00 0,000 came from Federal funds, the remaini ng $20,000 ,000 having been pledged by local sponsor s. Parlcs & Recreational Facilities Mnuials Etc. 301. Wages & S.lariu 701. end of August purohas ee and contribut i ona of materia ls, suppl ies, and equipment for use on recreat ional project s amotmted to about t2e,ooo .ooo, or 13.3 peroent of the total value of materia ls , aupplie s, ud equipme nt prooure d for all WPA project s. By the Another importam ; aspeot of recreat ion work under the Works Program is the reoreational facility work prosecu ted by the Civil• ian Conserv ation Corps. This agency' s actiTities are describ ed in a followi ng section . W PA Airports and Airway Projects Although airport and airway projects operated tmder the WPA form only a small proportion of the entire program, they are relatively of muoh greater importance than their dollar va lue would i ndicate . In addition to the significant contrib ution which they are making t o the national program of airport and airway deve l opment, these projeots provide an example of close cooperation between the interested Federal agencies. WPA and other Early in the development of the WPA program the Division of Airways and Airports was created to cooperate with interested agencies of the Federal Government as well a s with State and local governmental bodies in the planning and administration of a comprehensive national program of airport and airway development on publioly owned land. The De- BEFORE AF'l'Ell 29 partmenta of Comnerce, War, Navy, Post Offioe and Treasury were consulted for teohnical advioe and information as to the manner in which their respective needs could best be Plans worked out by State organizaserved. tions were utilized in developing the proAll projects, however, originated in gram. the localities and were sponsored by local communities and organizations. The Bureau of Air COtmllerce plays an important part in the supervision of the airport program, since the Bureau must give written approval of technical aeronautioal features such as suitability of site, size and arrangement of runways, and design of buildings before any project is actually selected for operation by a State Administrator. In addition to its cooperation in the approval of plans and specifications prior to construction, the Bureau gives technical aeronautical advice to sponsors of projects and to the WPA during construction and is responsible for final inspeotion when projects are completed, discontinued, or suspended. Types of Work Under Wey The WPA airport program which has developed through this system of cooperation embraces a wide variety of work, including airway marking, construction of emergency (intermediate) landing fields, and conditioning of local airports throughout the cotmtry, as well as improvements to major metropolitan It should be borne in mind air terminals. that the Federal airway system developed from the flow of traffic between major centers of While improvement of landing population. fields and airports along these airways benefits the public which uses the airlines for travel, it likewise benefits and contributes greatly to the safety of the non-scheduled and miscellaneous flying which also tends to Airbe concentrated between such centers. port development under the WPA has not been confined to work along the airways, however, but has followed the requests of local sponsors whenever the projects submitted have come within the limitations plaoed upon Works Program activities and have provided landing fields useful to the Federal network. Extensive improvements are bein« made at terminal airports in 10 of the 12 oities which supply the bulk of passenger traffic. Newark, the world's busiest air terminal. is the site of major developments, including the 30 extension of the field and runways and the construction of a large hangar. Improvements are likewise being made at Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Minneapolis, San Francisco, and St. Paul. Illustrative of the work being done along the airways between major stations are severa projects in Pennsylvania, a State which is crossed by five of the most heavily traveled air lanes of the country, including airmail all four of the transcontinental at one facilities ground Inadequate routes. netairway •s State the important junction of discontinuance the forced work (Harrisburg) Under the WPA of airline operations there. Three hardrebuilt. being is this airport to more extended being are surfaced runways and for length, than double their previous of bitypes different test purposes several Construcused. being are ttuninous surfacings tion of a new airport at Connellsville may eventual~ make it possible to storten and straighten the air route between Pittsburgh Engineers report that the and Washington. speed e.nd quality of the work being done on this project equals that on e.ny similar priConstruction of new runvate undertaking. ways, extension and grading of old rtmways, and the installation of lighting systems are improving facilities of a ntunber of other important airports in the State. Airport construction in Florida provides e.n example of what may be done in sections of the cotmtry where there is only a limited ntunber of open fields of sufficient size to The state permit safe emergency landings. for a need the Aviation Commission recognized east areas landing spot in the heavily wooded acquired The town of Milton of Pensacola. the site selected by the Commission and initiated the work of clearing it under a previous work relief program. Under the WPA the clearing has been completed and two adequate runways have been sodded. The local plan anticipates the development of an airpark at -t his site with a combination hangar and recreation building, but this is not included in However, the provision the present project. of an adequate landing field in this locality is an important contribution to the State airway system. At another site (Lakeland, Florida) work earlier under commenced was where work paved been have runways two relief programs, under the WPA, leveling and sodding of additional areas has provided two more runways, and considerable other grading has been completed to increase the size end make a reote.ngular, all-way field. A hangar has been built and a concrete floor and aprons are now under construct ion. In addition a seaplane ramp is to be installed in the lake bordering on the field. The combining of airports with recreational facilities is another type of development included under the airport program, These 11 airparks" provide a double incentiv( for the adequate maintenance of the land o~ which they are situated and are pe.rticularl;y well s uited for corranunities where heavy air traff ic has not yet developed. Recreational facilities are also being provided where land is available on active airports. Illustrative of this tendency is a small project at Shushan Airport in New Orleans. A large reservoir was necessary for the fire sprinkler system in the hangars and terminal building and also as a cooling pond f or the condensers of the terminal's air-conditioning system. Both these purposes are being served by a swimming pool built entirely by WPA labor, with the city furnishing the materials. The revenue from the pool will provide for its maintenance, nnd the waste water is used to irrigate the park surrounding the airport. Also included under the ~'PA airport and airway program of 30 of the States is the ai:nna.rking of towns and cities. The work consists largely of painting directional signs on highways or roofs. These signs show the name of the town and indicate the names, distances, and directions of the nearest _airports. They are of particular assistance to privately flown planes and others not carrying radio equipment and therefore unable to take advantage of the radio directional beams followed by COllllllercial airliners. In all t ypes of airport and airway work efforts are now being directed toward too completion of projects now tmder construction. This may involve either entire projects as originally approved or useful tmits of the projects. New projects are being started only where there is specific evidence of the availability of certi fied relief labor and adequate funds for the completion of the work. Employment Employment on airport and airway proj- ects has been relatively stable since January 1936, when the airport program first attained full de,relopment af'ter its initiation in September 1935. More than 40,000 persons have been engaged in this work since the beginning of the year, with the maximum of approximately 45,000 workers reached during the last CONSTRUCTING A RUNWAY half of March. About 44,000 persons were employed during the first half of August, the latest period for which data are available. During the period of operation from September 1935 through August 15, 1936,almost 41,000,000 man-hours of work have been provided on these projects. Project workers have received in excess of $18,000,000 in earnings, which represents compensation at en average rate of about 44 cents per hour. This average is the same as that applying to all WPA projects in operation during this period. Projects being conducted under several other Federal agencies involve airport improvement~ or constructi on work. The Quartermaster Corps of the War Department has received allocations of over $2 ,000,000 and the Bureau of Yards and Docks of the Navy Department almost $2.000,000 for the improvement of runways and grounds and the construction and repair of buildings at Aney and Navy airports. About $750,000 has been allocated to the NonFederal Division of the Pi'lA for four similar projects. Emergency Conservation Work through the activities of the CCC camps, has resulted in the construction of 16 complete landing fields and the maintenance of 17 others. 51 WPA Sanitation and Health Projects Through its sanitation and health program the Works is Progress Administration of control the in assisting contribthat ntmlerous factors ute to ill health and disease. Projects included in the sanitation and health classification are those dealing with the elimination of stream pollution, mosquito eradication, and a large miscellaneous group consisting for the most part of sanitary toilet construction and mine sealing. These sanitation operations promote the elimination of, or protection against, such diseases as malaria, hookworm, and tyMine-sealing projects aid materially phoid. in the prevention of stream pollution in coal mining regions. food nor shel t er was avai lab l e for wildli f e, and the pools provided breeding plac e s for Under a WPA mosqui t o cont ro l mosquit oes . project miles o f ditches were cut ac r oss this As a area i n order to drain the low spots . result the section is now dry, t he mosquitobreeding pools no longer exist, and the removal of t he salt water has permitted t he growth of beach grass, provid ing a suitab le In addition t o proj habitat f or wild f owl . ects for t he drainage of swrunp areas , such as the one ju st described, the mosquito control work inc l udes the killing of mosquito larvae by spraying oil on the s ur face of sta gnant pools. A proj ect in Winston-Sal em, North Caroline., f ot t he elimination of stream pollution is typica l of this phase of the WPA program. through A nwnber of creek channels running waste of dtmlping the the c ity were choked by Kinds of Projects unnumerous and Stagnant pools materials. desir able deposits all along the creek beds Drainage of the Masury Marsh, a stretch presented a constant menace. These pools now of several hundred acres of salt marsh on the are being drained by WPA employees, who are north shore of Great South Bay, Long Island, als o shaping the creek channels and banks to is an example of the mosquito elimination prevent f uture obWPA SANITATION AND HEALTH PROJECTS st ruction. June 30, 1936 By Counties Less familiar to the general public as a source of stream pollution is from the seepage coal abandoned sulThe mines. phuric acid formed by the combination seepage water of with the sulphide such compound in frequently mines finds its way into streams• nearby the contaminating public water s up., plies and causing .._ SANITATION AND HEALTH prejecta • of deterioration culverts, bridges, - - - - .... The impairment of the dams, and vessels. work. Prior to the operations of the WPA in recreat ional value of streams for camping, this area, large pools of stagnant salt water swimming, and fishing is no leas seri ous from deposited by unusually h:Lgh tides ooverodwide public viewpoint. In 1914 Army offici als the Neithtr uowth. plant stretchea, preventing _ __ _____ ___ 32 estimated that mine seepage oost the Pittsbw-gh district 9,000,000 a year. The health and sanitation program of the WPA is devoting oonsiderable attention to Numerous projeots are being this problem. operated to air-seal abandoned mines, thus effeotively preventing the formation of suoh destructive acid solutions. In Weat Virginia alone 345 abandoned mines have been airsealed and it is estimated that as a consequence $1,000,QOO will be saved annually in that State. of sewer systems and drainage facilities, for the purification of water supplies, and for flood control. Funcl, The amotmt of money being spent on sanitation and health work is SII18.ll in comparison with the total WPA costs, amounting to about $44,000,000, or 3 percent of the total cost operation of WPA projects selected for Of this amotmt 36 through April 15, 1936. OB A MALARIA CONTROL PROJECT The purpose of the sanitary toilet construction program is to check the spread of such diseases as typhoid fever, dysentery, and hookworm by eliminating the sources of infection. WPA projects are replacing thousands of unsanitary toilets with fly-proof structures approved by the United States PubThis type of project is lic Health Service. one of the few involving improvement of private property which may be operated under the Works Program. The exception is ma.de because the work is essentially for the protection of public health. In addition to projects included under the sanitation and health classification, the WPA is conducting operations classified under other headings which have important, though inoidental, public health features. Foremost 8lJIOng these are projects for the construotion percent is being spent for mosquito eradioation and 2 percent on projects for the elimThe remaining ination of stream pollution. 62 percent is being spent for a miscella.tleous group, which is composed chiefly of projects for the construction of sanitary toilets ,and More than two-thirds the se~ling of mines. of the aggregate cost is designated for laOf the total funds 26 percent is being bor. provided by sponsors, a figure materially higher than that reported for the entire WPA pro gram ( 18 peroent), Through April 15 New York State had selected for operation 22 sanitation and health projeots at a total oost of approximately ' $6,400,000, or 14 percent of the cost of all projects of this type, New York City alone accounting for more than 85 percent of these ftmds. For Indiana the cost of 96 sanitation 33 and health projects was estimated at about t3,200,000. These t1ro States, together with Ohio,. Oklahoma, and Illinois,. accounted for 40 peroent of the estimated total cost of this group of projects in the United States. The importance of sanitation and health projects to the WPA programs of Delaware,. South & Health Sanitation by the initiation of other types of projects which had required more planning and the use of more equipment and materials• During the first half of August 1936 the 70,000 persons employed on sanitation projects constituted only 3 percent of the total WPA employment. The employment peak on these projects,. coincident with that of the entire program, oo• curred in February and March, l'lhen over 110,000 persons were employed. Wases & Salaries Materials Ek. WPA Funds SPOl'!sors' Funds 321. 681. Carolina, Tennessee, and Ubah is evidenced by the fact that in these States such projects amounted to more than 10 percent of the State total as compared with 3 percent for the entire country. Employment and E•nings Sanitation and health projects got tmder way more quickly than many other undertaking& of the WPA program. During September 19S5 the number of persons working on this type of project represented 7.5 percent of the total number employed on all WPA projects. Subse~ quently this proportion was gradually reduoed During the semimonthly period ending August 16,. 1936,. persons employed on sanitation and health projects received $1,.518,000 in payment for 3,.531,000 hours of work, or an average of 43 cents per hour. This figure is somewhat higher than averages during earlier periods due to the recent adjustments in hourly wage rates and required hours of work,. to bring WPA earnings into line with the pre• vailing wage rates as required by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1936. At all timea during the operation of the program the average hourly earnings on sanitation and health projects have been less than the general average for all types of projects. Tb11 may be explained ohiefly by the tact that sanitation and health project• typically require 1119.ller proportion.a of laborers and persona with teohnioal training than other type• of projects. It is also true that mod eanitation and health projects operate in rural areas where low 1eourity wage r a t • • prevail. WPA Goods Proiects Sewing,. canning and gar• dening, and the renovating or shoes,. clothing, and turnit1119 are the chief activities carried on under the goods projects classification. Work of this kind is recognized aa particulm-1y well adapted to the llPA program since it not only furnishes jobs to unemployed persons but also supplies clothing,. household articles, and foodstuffs for distribution to persona in need of relief. In addition to projects designed to provide neceasi• ties for the needy there e.re also a limited number of projects set up for making me.teri- ala and equipment,. whioh are in.eluded in the general goods olaasifioation. Thia equipment 11 used on other WP.A. projeots. Goods projects, particularly the sewing projects, haTe proved the most appropriate and effective means of providing employment for large ntm1bers of women whose training and work experience are relatively limited. Deepite the recent development of a more dinraified program of women's work, suoh projects still constitute the principal medium of proTiding employment to women under the WPA. Relationahips with sponsoring and ooop- erating agencies determine in large part the aotual service rendered by goods projects to the communities. A few of these projects are approved as state-wide projects and adminiaMtMBIR or Mm .ARD lfCldlN IMPUJnl> OB llPA GOODS PRO~, BY TYPIS or PROJETS ~llllli.ng Aamlm.lt.r&tiff DD:plo,-..a S-5lllonth~ Perio4 J:n41ng .a.quat 15, 1936 (SUbjeat ~ Rmd.on} Typeof ProJeat Total Persona NUDber Jeroeni Men rout 290,777 Sfflllg Canning 252,201 2,881 35,695 Other!/ y Women L Percent lfamen of Total 35,877 254,900 87.7 7,625 244,576 86.7 2,246 635 1.0 8,078 12.3 27,617 97.0 78.0 22.6 100.0 Includes projects olasa:U1able 'Clllller both of the hea4iq11 M>O"nle tered at selected points within the State under supervision of a State director; but by far the greater number are sponsored by local relief administrations or by the county or city governing bodies in the jurisdictions where the projects are operating. Upon the initiation of every project an arrangement is made for (1) a definite system of securing the materials, (2) a recognized procedure for determining beneficiaries, and (3) a method of distributing the products. Materials for canning, such as fruit and vegetables, which must be secured near the place of operations because of their perishable nature, are for the most part provided through the project sponsors. Cotton textiles for all sewing projects throughout the -,ountry are purchased through the Procurement Division of the Treasury. Sponsors make periodic requisitions for such clothing and similar goods as are needed by relief clients. In moat states the goods are stored and distributed through the commodities distribution projects of the Works Progress Administration. The significance of goods projects is indicated by their n'.llllber and cost, by the number of persons employed, the quantity and quality of production, and by the number of needy persons benefiting from the distribution of goods. Of the 90,695 projects selected for operation under the Works Progress Administration through April 15, 1936, more than 6 1 000, or 7 percent, were goods projects. They represented 8 percent of the total estimated cost of all WPA projects. For the semimonthly period ending August 15, 1936, goods projects employed 290,777 persons, or about 13 percent of the total number employed on all projects operated by the WPA. As indicated in the accompanying table, 87 percent were at work on sewing projects. Women constituted 88 percent of the number of persons working on goods projects, and the women so employed constituted two-thirds of the total number of women employed on all WPA projects. Earnings on goods projects amounted to $6,565,550 in payment for about 16,000,000 man-hours of work durill{; the first half of August. These earnings represented 11 percent of the total earnings for all WPA workers. The amount earned per hour on goods projects averaged 40.5 cents, as compar5d with an average of 50.6 cents an hour for all WPA workers. Data on hours and earnings for the various kinds of goods projects, along with similar information for other types of projects for the semimonthly period ending August 15, 1936, are presented in Table 6 in Appendix B. G o o d s Projects w.,.. & Materials Etc. Salaries WPA Funds , SDOnsor,• F'unds 301. 101. Scwin9 The bulk of the goods production program is carried on in sewing rooms. A special analysis of the goods projects in operation during the semimonthly period ending April 15, 1936, indicated there were 3,873 sewing projects operating in the United states. The number ranged from 1 each in the District of Columbia and Wyoming. 3 in Delaware, and 4 in New York City to 277 in Massachusetts and 293 in Texas. In most States county-wide projects were divided into units located in the towns and villages of the area, with the number of such units varying from 2 to 45. The average number of relief workers per sewing project for the United States was 72; the average number per unit was 31. Work on sewing projects consists chiefly in making cotton garments such as infants' 56 wear, boys' and men's shirts, pajamas, underwear, and overalls; women I s and girls I dresses, sleeping garments, slips, aprons, blouses, and underwear; and simple household articles, including sheets, pillow oases, towels, quilt Comforttops, blankets, rugs and curtains. considerand ers are made on some projects, able efficiency bas been attained in a number of sewing centers in spinning and weaving. Toys and incidental household articles are fashioned from lert-over materials. During the year July 1, 1935, to June 30, 1936, cotton textiles allotted to all sewing The total rooms totaled 142,878,304 yards. cost amounted to about $15,000,000, with an By purchasaverage of 10.6 cents per yard. ing in large quantities the Procurement Division of the Treasury Department is able to .Agencies such as secure favorable prices. the United States Bureau of standards) the Bureau of Home Economics, the Cotton Textile Institute, and the New York Association of Cotton Textile Merchants are consulted with Inspection of maregard to specifications. Quartermaster .Army by mills the at terials specificawith inspectors insures conformity tions. In virtually all sewing projects throughout the country, standards have been established cover tng working procedures and conditions, organization of activities, and proIn many States and in the majority duction. of tho larger urban sewing tmits using electric machines, uniform work rules have been adopted. They include qualifications and duties of supervisors, directions for adequate governing record-keeping, and regulations safety, health, sanitation, space, heating, lighting, ventilation, and equipment. A large majority of the women on these projects are assigned to the unskilled wage class group. Of the 288,328 women working 1n sewing rooms during the first half of April, 78 percent were classified as unskilled and the remaining 22 percent as intermediate and skilled. WPA SEAMSTRESSES MENDING CLOTHF.S AT A CHILDREN'S HOME DISTRIBUTING CLO.rRING FROM WPA SEWING ROC!m TO RELIEF CLIEN'l'S S6 Dressmakers have been assigned to the sewing rooms, as well as a number of persons formerly employed in textile and clothing industries. Some of the women have had li.nrl.ted experienc, in sewing in their own homes and a few have received previous training. Because of the great diversity among processes in all the sewing units, however, most of the workpreers are receiving training which they viously lacked, not only in the use of sewing machines but also in designing, cutting, tailoring and finishing. The number of articles produced on WPA 1936, sewing projects through April 15, amounted to more than 27,000 1 000. During the months of May, June, and July, 1936, exclusive of some distribution through local sponsoring agencies, the Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation distributed 10,300 1 000 articles of clothing and 5,600,000 household articles produced by the sewing and supplementThe number of persons ary repair projects. served by sewing projects in 14 mid-western states during June 1936 is est-imated at about On this basis the country-wide 4 1 000 1 000. service would reach considerably more than 12,000,000 persons. Canning and Other Goods Projccb Of the total value of goods projects selected for operation through April 16, 1936, canning projects represented one percent. Such projects were reported to have been in operation since June 1936 in the following California, Colorado, Idaho1 IlliStates, nois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Ohio, Texas, other goods Utah, Vermont, and Virginia. projects, including gardening, shoe repair, furniture renovation, equipment construction, and those projects which combine activities classifiable under more than one of the above headings, were operating in 33 States, New In York City, and the District of Columbia. the State of Idaho, in which there is a relatively large canning program, July production reached a reported total of 18,672 cans of vegetables, fruits, jellies and jams, and soups. WPA White Collar Projects The problems involved in providing work for the large group of persons normally employed in white collar activities have proved considerably more complex than those involved in employing manual The need, however, for such work is labor. evident from an analysis of previous occupations of persons eligible for Works Program According to employment in January 1936. this inventory white collar workers represented 12 percent of all persons having employment priority as the economic heads of families. Employment encl E•nings Despite the desirability of providing white collar employment from the very start, WPA projects designed for white collar workers were comparatively slow in getting under way. In October 1935 only 6.4 percent of the persons employed on WPA projects were working In November, due on white collar projects. to the concentrated effort to get large numbers placed on construction projects, the proportion on white collar projects dropped Thereaf'ter the relative imto 4.5 percent. portance of white collar projects in the WPA program increased steadily until July 16 when white collar workers constituted 11.6 percent of all WPA workers. Thia proportion declined slightly b_y August 31 when 242,000, or 10.5 percent of all persons employed on WPA projects, were white collar workers. Vihite collar wrk is given particular emphasis in areas having large urban populaIn New York City 23 percent of the tions. WPA workers were employed on this kind of project during the seoond half of August, and in California, the District of Columbia, and Massachusetts, between 16 and 20 pe~cent of the WPA workers were so employed. During the semimonthly period ending August 31, women accounted for 40 percent of the employment on white collar projects. In the aggregate, these projects employed 97,000 women, or 26 percent of the total women employed by the WPA, and 145,000 men, or 8 peroent of the total men employed. Earnings on white collar projects during the half-month amounted to $9,123,000, or 14. 5 percent or the $62,897,000 earned on all WPA projects. Average hourly earnings on white collar projects were 64 8 cents, as compared with an average of 50.7 cents on all WPA projects. 0 The total estimated cost in Federal funds of those white collar projects selected for operation by April 16, 1936, amounted to $117,600,000, or nearly 10 percent of the total estimated WPA expenditure for all projIn addition sponsors had pledged more ects. As than t12,ooo,ooo for these projects. 37 might be expected, direct l abo r costs represent a greater proportion of t he expenditure on white collar projects than on any other type of WPA project. Out of every $100 spent on white collar projects , $88 . 50 i s used f or t he payment of wages to pro j ect workers, in compar ison with an aver age of ts6 .90 f or direct labo r cos t s on all WPA proj e ct s. White Co ll ar Projects Wages & Salaries Materials Etc. WPA Funds Sponsors' ~ Funds 121. 881. Not all white collar workers employ ed under the Works Program are on white collar Approximat ely 35,000 architects, project s . aooountants, a uditors, draftsmen, engineers , stenographer s, typists, payroll clerks, and timeke epers a r e workin g on other than white col lar pr oject s o f the Works Progress AdminAnother group of white collar istration. workers are employed on projects of Federal agencies such as the se of the Department of the Treasury and the Department of Agriculture. On the other hand, more t han 36,000 of the 242,000 persons employed on white collar projects, among them maintenance men on re creation projects, charwomen and cleaners on theatre projects, and janitors and caretakers on education projects, are unskilled manual workers rather than white col lar worke rs . Types of W orlc White collar projects are of wide variEducational proj ects al one (literacy ety. classes, general adult education class es, nursery schools, vocational instr uction, voeducation, cational rehabilitation, parent and worker s ' education) account ed f or 41,100 workers during the second half of Au gust. About 38,000 persons we re employed on the Federal art, music, theatre , and writers' The nature and s cope of these Naprojects. tion-wide projects are indicated under a fol.Anot her 6,000 pr ofessional lowing caption. workers have found j obs on the Nation-wide surveys of Historic Rec or ds, Feder al Ar chi ve~ Historic American Buildings, and Historic American Merchant Marine . 38 Planning projects employed 6,000 persons, a third of whom were furnishi ng professional, t echnical, and clerical assist ance to State and regional plann ing boards in their efforts to collect, compile, and analyze information re l ative to t he physical, economic, and social develo pment of t he various Stat es. Nurs ing and public healt h projects, operating in 39 Stat es , New York City, and the Distri ct of Columbia, f urnished employment to 12,500 per sons, of whom 6 1 000 are trained Clini cs have been established in nurse s . many Stat es f or t he exami nation of children for communicab le diseas es and opt i cal, denCorrective t al, and other physical de~ect s. and measures are t a ken whenever possib le children are immuniz ed agains t typho i d, small pox, whooping cough and dipht heria. Nearly 46, 000 per son s were at wor k on research and statistical surveys , making re al population property invent or i e s , st udying shi ft s, wages and income data, surveyi ng t ra ff ic condi t ions, and doing simi lar reOne of t hese r esearch projects s earch work. carried on i n Texas provides f or tracing the title t o eve ry parc el of l and , card indexing the inf ormati on, and suppl ying county assessors with the data necessary for making comThe plete and accurat e assessme nt rolls. work is r esulting in t he taxation of many acres of l and which have not pr evi ously been on the rolls . Pr ojects i nvolving the renovating and recopying of publi c records, codifying , indexing, and f iling , prov ided employment f or 26,000 pe r sons of cleri cal t raining . Housekeeping aid pro j ect s employ 5,000 women t o give a ss i st ance in housework and child care in homes where the housewife is ill or otherwise i ncapacitated. This service has helped to keep many needy families toAnother gethe r during a diff icult period. thousand women are at work preparing hot lunches f or unddrnourished school chi ldren. Rec r eation projects employed 37,000 workhave been Twe l ve thousand persons ers. working on library projects, preparing loan reading exhibits , supervising children's rooms, and repai ring millions of volumes that would ot herwise have been withdrawn from cirThrough t he Braille transcription culation. work s and textbooks are technical projects, College being made availab l e to the blind. t extbooks are in partic ular demand among the ~ 01' MEN AND lfCMm n.!PLOYID Am> AVJ:RA.Gt: HOURLY r.ARNINGS ON lVPA WHITE COLLAR JROJrorS, BY TYPES OJ' ffl.OJEC'l'S Emluding Adm1n111trat1 ve Jmployeo11 Semimonthly Period Ending Auguat 31, 1936 (Subject to Revision) Type of Project TOTAL Profess! onal and Technical Medical and dental Library Museum Planning Other!/ .lrt, Literary, and Recreat ional .1rt writing Persona DDployed Total Humber l;!ex'Q!mt M!D A..-erage Hourly JllmliDgs Women (~~n~11l 241,778 100.0 144,649 97,129 15.7 21,~1 3, 3,324 1,127 4,718 8,270 16.492 a;658 8,419 1,oe0 888 1,439 25,058 1,434 3,746 3_.,368 2,395 13,304 811 37.893 0,626 ll,743 2,215 5,606 9,709 376 4.9 0.9 2.3 4.0 33.5 64.8 62.3 ~ 55.5 65.8 12.1 69.0 69.8 14,777 37,345 2,802 6.1 15.3 1.2 561010 3,777 5,114 8,705 12,382 24,041 1,991 l:duoation&l 41,101 11.0 16,545 24,556 67.6 Research md Statistical 45,689 18.9 31,595 14,094 59.8 Clerical 25,574 10.6 12,499 13,075 58.1 Theater MUaic Recreational Other!/ 81,068 5,211 '"T.2" 0.,a60 3.7 s.o 12,073 88.2° 65.3 84.2 92.2 57.3 59.2 the WPA. Adult eduoation classes in such subjects as history, mathematics., economics, sociology, and English were taught by 15,000 needy teachers and were attended by nearly 800.,000 persons. Enrollment in literacy classes exceeded 266,000 persons, and the enrollment for vocational instruction exceeded 260,000. A total of 88,000 persons participated in parent education courses, i.e., courses dealing with homemaking, child guide.nee, the purchase and preparation of food, and related topics. Workers' education classes benefited almost 61,000 men and women who had little formal education but were seriously interested in social and industrial problems. Nursery schools for underprivileged pre-school children had an enrollment of 52,500 during the month of May. Recreation projects offer splendid opporttmitiee for assisting persons back to !/ Includoa projects ola1sifiable under more t:tan one of the beadings normal employment. With conabcrve. tinued reduction in working hours and increasing amounts of leisure time, blind students taking graduate courses. Fifty workers on a Boston project have tr!Ulthere is reason to look forward to a steady soribed books in Lat i n, Fr ench, Italian, and demand for the trained leisure-time leaders German, as well as in English. On all these now employed as WPA instructors in handiprojects blind persons act as proofreaders. crafts, dramatics, and music as playground In Tennessee and Kentucky, packhorse library supervisors, swimming instructors, lifeguards, pro j ects are f urnishi ng reading material to and camp counselors. In New York City, more the inhabitants of remot e mountain areas. than 200 of the workers formerly attending The carriers, after coll ecting their books and manning reoreational facilities operated and other literature f rom headquarters, travby the WPA are now pennanently employed by el into the mountains, appearing regularly at the New York City Department of Parks. designated sub-oenters - churches., country stores, or cros sroads - to distribute and In Indiana during Jtme 1936, over 1,100,collect books. As many as 32 mountaineers 000 persons participated actively in 59 rechave been f ound wa i ting at a sub-oenter for reation proj ects whioh employed 2,000 persons the packhorse carr ier. In one county alone paid from WPA f'unds. In addition 1,200,000 about 800 families are avai ling themselves of spectators witnessed the games and competithe packhorse library service . tions carried on by the participants. other 101 453 4.3 6,599 Accoaplisluncnts During May 1936, a typioal month, more than 1,825,000 persons were enrolled for instruction under t he e ducational program of 3,854 66.0 During the first half of August, 700,000 persons in Minnesota participated in organized athletios , hobby clubs, arts and handicrafts, dramatics, and music, and an equal number came into contact with the program as speotators. 39 Feder•I A rt, Music, Theatre, •nd W riters• Projects Nation- wide cultural programs for white collar workers are being carried on under recogniz ed experts who head the Federal art, music, theatre, and writers' projects. These programs are discussed in some detail in the following paragraphs due to the interest in this phase of the white collar program. The Federal art program employs painters, sculptors, graphic artists, craf'tsmen, art teachers, art lecturers, museum workers, and photographers. The objective of the program is to provide employment to persons of these occupations in need, to educate the public to a higher appreciation of art and to encourage activities which lead to a greater use and enjoyment of the visual arts by the community at large. The art work produced either remains the property of the Federal Government or is allocated to States and municipalities or institutions supported in whole or in part by tax funds. More than 51 000 artists are now employed, half of whom work on murals, sculpture, easel paintings, and graphics. A quarter of the artists are engaged in. making posters, desi gning stage sets, doing arts and craf'ts work, or illustrating the Index of American Design, a source-record showing the rise and development of American decorative and ap·• plied art. others teach art classes. engage in art research, or work in WPA art oenters and galleries. Nearly 200,000 different wrks were produced under the Federal art project between October 1935 and August 1, 1936. These include more than 3,000 easel paintings, about 300 murals, 600 pieces of sculpture, 50,000 posters, 50,000 photographs, and 3 1 000 maps and drawings. The balance are primarily prints of ori~inal cuts. Attendance at exhibitions and lectures in the 18 art oentars and experimental galleries opened between December 1935 and August 1, 1936 in seven southern States totaled nearly 300,000 persons. The Federal music project employs about 15,000 instrumentalists, singers, music teaoh• ers, and other workers in the field of music. Each applicant is examined by audition boards of established musicians in his COJIDllunity, to determine whether he should be aided as a musician or given assistance on another type of project. These tests determine also the kind 40 of project to which the applicant is assigned. At t he end of June 1936 about 5,700 of the 15,000 WPA mus i cians were enrolled in 141 symphony and conoert orchestras; 2,800 persons in 77 symphonic, military, and ooncert bands ; 2. 000 pe rsons in 81 dance, theatre, end nove lty orche stras (i ncluding Tipica, Gypsy, Hungar ian, Hawai ian, and Cuban marimba groups ); and the remainder in music ensembles and chor uses or on teachi ng project s, and proj ect s for copyists, ar rangers , librar i a~s . and b i nder s . WHITE COLLAR WORK Since last October audiences totaling well over 20, 000, 000 pers on s have heard the 30, 000 concerts and performances by units of the Federal mus i c pro j eot. In addition hundreds of r adi o concerts have been broadcast and one hundred transcription records have been produced for di stribution to smaller stat ions. A number of t he country' s best known conducto r s and concert artists have given their servi ces t o t he Fede r al mus i c project. Unanticipated talent has been developed among some of t he younger unemployed artists and conductors hithe rto almost unknown in the music wor ld. The Federal theatre pr oject employs 12,000 actors, playwrights , vaudeville and variety art i st s, circus entertainers, marion• ette manipulators, stage technicians, and other workers i n t he pr o f essional theatre and allied f ields . In additi on to the production of many kinds of theatrioal entertainment, projeot workers oonduct research of value to the .American theatre and give professional instruction in the produotion and appreciation of drama for educational and reoreational purposes. Through June 30, 1936, attendance at the 20,000 performances given in 30 states totaled nearly 8,500,000 persons. Since June 30, attendance throughout the United states has inoreased to an average of more than 500,000 persons per week. The type of play seleoted for presentation has varied with local demands, local traditions , and available personnel. Raoial and language groups are presenting plays based on their own life and literature. Vaudeville units have played to large audienoes, chiefly in CCC and work camps, in public parks, and in State and munioipal institutions. In New York more than 400,000 children attended the WPA oirous projeot, a single matinee attracting over 14,000 children. The Federal writers' projeot has ooncentrated most of ite efforts upon the production of a comprehensive .American Guide which, in addition to material concerning physical facilities of interest to the traveler, will include brief oomment on the historical background, landmarks, historical figures, oustoms, fclklore, scenery, climate, industrial and agricultural developments, art museums, sports, educational facilities, and other institutions of the community. The preparation of the material needed for the Guide has required the services not only of writers, editors~ and historians, but also of &rchitects to describe architectural landmarks, geologists to describe geological characteristics of different regions, photographers to ta.ke pictures of noteworthy montunents, and oartographers and draftsmen to make maps and oharts. Guide writers have received the cooperation of local clubs and of uni.:versitiea and oolleges, the latter helping particularly to insure the accuracy of the information presented in the Guide. Employment on the writers' project reached its peak during Maroh and April 1936, when more than 6,000 persons were engaged in covering every county in the United States. It is expeoted that by late December of the current year approximately 160 separate books of various kinds will have been produced by the writers' project. The first volume oi' the American Guide, the section covering the southeastern region, is at the present time nearly ready in rough copy form. A number of district and local guides for various parts of the · country have already been published. In Ohio a condensed book of tours is to appear during October and will be followed later by the Cleveland City Guide. In New York City 30,000 copies of a small pamphlet entitled "Your New York" have already been distributed. Somewhat related to the writers' project are two other Nation-wide projects, the Survey of state and Local Historical Records and the Survey of Federal Archives. These projects, which together employ 6,000 persons, have brought to light many documents long packed away in attics, vaults, and storage warehouses. Some of these forgotten doouments bear the signatures of George Washington, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay, James Madison, and Andrew Jackson. National Youth Administration The impact of the depres sion was particularly hard on young people. During the period of deolining employment it was natural for employers to release employees with short work records and those without dependents. The application of this polioy on a large scale, together with the inabi 11 ty of hundreds <:L thousands ot youths to find steady employment after leaving school. resulted in wide-spread unemployment among the younger age groups in the population. Prior to the establishment of the National Youth Administration, programs for the benefit of unemployed young persons were undertaken by the Civilian Conservation Corps ,1 Federal E)nergency Relief Administra- The four major objectives of the National Youth Administration are as follows: The Emergency Conservation Work program, initiated in 1933, provided employment in Civilian Conservation Corps camps fo r unmarried young men whose families were i n need. Youths enrolled i n the camps were pd.id at the rate of $30 a month with the provision that $25 of t his sum be sent to an "allottee" who was, in most instances, one of the parents or a dependent . 1. To provide ftmds for the part-time employment . of needy • school, college, and graduate students between 16 and 25 years of age so that they can continue their education. and the tion. In the f all of 1933 t he Federal Emergency Relief Admini stration supplied $60,000 on a dollar for dollar matching basis to the University of Minnesota, to be used in assistThe suooess of ing needy college student s. this experimental program l ed t o its expansion and application on a Nation- wide scale during the last half of the school year 193334 when 65,000 undergraduate students received aid. During t he academic year 1934-35 assiste.noe was r endered to 95, 000 undergraduate coll ege students at a total cost of approximate l y $13 ,500,000. Passage of the Emergency Relief Appropr i ation Act of 1935 made possible an expansion of those activities designed to assist Under this act the National young persons. Youth Administration was established on June 26, 1935, by Executive order, to provide employment and educational opportunities for The new organization was to young people. function as a divisio~ of the Works Progress Administration. 2. To provide funds fbr the part-time employment on work projects of young persons between 18 and 25 years of age, chiefly from relief famil i es , the projects being designed not only to give these young people valuable work experience, but to benefit youth generally and the local communities in which they live. s. To ea.tablish and enoourage the es• tablishment of job training, counseling, and placement services for youth. 4. To encourage the development and e~ tension·of constructive leisure-time activities. Student Aid During the 1935-36 school year the National Youth Administration, which had taken oveT the supervision o f student aid developed under the FERA, extended the program to inolude high-school and graduate college students in addition to college undergraduates. The NYA has aoted primarily as an administrative agency, supplying f'tmds and supervision where necessary for student aid and work relief activities that have been initiated by local interests throughout the country . Work relief projects in practically all ins tances were planned by local agencies and submitted for approval and subsequent operation by t he National Youth Administration. The Washington staff of the NYA has been assisted by an executive committee of six members and by a national advisory committee of 35 members, all appointed by t he Pres i dent. The NYA state Directors have been a ssisted in their administrative work by State advisory committees and by more than 1 1 600 local advi sory committees. The msnbers of these state and local committees are appointed by NYA state Directors to advise them on the various aspects of the program. 42 LABORATC!lY WORK The college student aid program operated in all cases on a work project bas-i~, that is, the performance of work was required for all The selection of money paid to students. work to be done was lef't to the administering officials of the cooperating schools. The rate of pay for undergrad.ue..te students was set at an average of $15 a month, with $20 a month a s the ma.xi.mum for any one student. For student s i n th~ first year of graduate work t he same rates applied, with the additional provision thl.t this amount might be s upplemented by not more than $10 a month For from funds all ocated for graduate aid. advanced graduate students, the rate was set at an average of $30 a month, with a maximtm1 of $40 a month to any one student. The work covered a broad range of activity. st udents performed clerical and manual The college program may work of all kinds . be illust r ated by Morton Junior College, Mort on Grove, Illinois, where 42 yount: women and 70 young men we re employed in a wide variety Half of the \\Omen and about 20 of of work. Sixthe men had clerical and office jobs. teen of t he group worked in the library and wuseum, and 11 others were laboratory assist ants. others were engaged on researoh work. Six young women v.o rked as junior counselors Another in t he offic e of the dean of girls. group of g irls operated a lost-and-found department, and a ntm1ber worlred at reconditioning some 4,000 articles of clothing which Eleven were distr i buted to needy students. men working on a shop project constructed approximately 1,000 toys for distribution among needy chi ld r en. Evanston, At Northwestern University, Illinois , students employed on the NYA pr.Ogram as si sted in an e laborate program of r esearch in t he natura l and social s ciences . At Amherst College, in Massachusetts, students catalogued t hree nearby museums, prepared gr ound and floor plans of the campus and all buildings b elonging to the school, and r eclaimed and landscaped 10 acres of ground which were added to the campus. The work perf ormed by the student s employed in the high-schoo l student aid program students embrace s many types of p1·ojects. of preparation the in teachers have as s isted study courses an d bibliographies, and have worked as library, gymnasium, and laboratory aides. Secretarial and st enographic servic es have been provided fo r t eachers and princiIn addition to work which is closely pals. connect ed with the operati on of the school, students in many instances have perfonned valuable work in commtmity projects in music, art, drama, and museum exhibits. The accompanying table shows the numb er of the three respect i ve classes of students who received aid during each month of the The number under the 1935-36 school year. program reached a peak in April when 404,000 students were receiving aid. NtMBlR or STUDtm'S JUX;E1YIN1.> J.ID UNDJ:R THE STIJI>Dff J.ID PROGRAM OJ' THI NilIONAL YOUTB .&DMINIS~ICI{ September 1935 to .Tune 1936 (Subject to Rnieion) Total Month Mgii School l!offete 26,163 75,033 118,273 157,766 104,969 111,500 118,415 61 3,592 4,677 5,220 188,216 226,535 256,123 'Z74,677 265,504 125,786 112,541. 118,575 116,970 122,635 125,625 80,507 4,804 5,041. 6,102 6,720 6,300 6,550 Stw!ente 1935 -reptCllllber 34,92'4 October 183,594 234,450 281,G. HOfflllbe:r Deoemher ~ .T..-aary rebrua.ry March J.pril May .Tune v 305,561 350,151 379,195 -404,032 397,4129 212,643 Graduate j,/ Studenta Studnte 8,700 Inol'CIAe• a aa1l n\llllber of el.eaaltazy eobool nll4nt•• Work Projects Allocations of funds to the National Youth Administration fbr work projects were (1) community developmade fbr four types: ment and recreational leadership, (2) rural youth development, (3) public service training, and (4) research projects. The National Youth Administration work program was s omewhat delayed in order to enable the administration to center its attention on the initiation of the student aid program. In December some 10,000 youths were assigned to work on regular WPA projects at the NYA wage s cale of approximate~ one-third The of the regular WPA hours and earnings. number of persons employed on NYA work projects increased rapidly from abou.t 16,000 in January of this year to a maximum number of The table on the following 182,000 in June. page shows the trend of employment on NYA work projects from January through August 1936. The general regulations governing employAs on ment on NYA work projects are simple. WPA projects, at least 90 percent of all persons employed must be members of families The salacertified as eligible for relief. ries paid and the hours worked were set at WPA approximately one-third tre standard hours and wages applying in a given community for a given occupation, with the additional provision that the wage paid shall in no case exceed $25 ployment. per month for the part-time em- NUMBER or PERSONS DIPLOYZD ON 1'U 1'0RX PRO.TmrS, BY SEX W Januazoy to J.U4tlllt 1936 (Su,1eot to Rma1on) Month Total Jamiar;y Male leaale 6,142 30,137 66,167 75,124 76,479 82,654 83,324 72,323 15,681 9,539 1•~ 416,531 Ma.rob J.prll May 76,668 165,347 180,353 174,367 June 182,477 Jul)' J.ug'llst II !V !V 179,936 154,241 99,180 105,229 97,888 99,823 96,612 81,918 Inolu4es adults employed in supenisory an4 ■killed oapaoitiea Pre~ Work projects represented such varied activities as the extension and wider us e of existing recreational facilities; landscaping of school grounds; roadside beautification; extension of social services to youth by means of youth community centers; assistance in the performance of clerical and stenographic work in the local offices of welfare agencies o.nd bureaus; historlcftl, municipal, archeological, health, and delinquency studies; sewing and nursery proje cts; and toy projects involving the conditioning and distribution of toys to children in needy families. A concrete illustration of one type of project operating under the NYA is the establishment of youth centers in comnuni ties where no meeting rooms wer e avai lable to the These youth young persons of the community. the throughout instituted been centers have alone, country. In the State of Pennsylvania for example, 191 youth center s were set up af'ter surveys of the recreat ional situation in many communities reve aled the need for such centers. The youth centers are run on a cooperative basis, with the building, lighting, and equipment donated by the connnunity . They are usually in continuous daily operation, with youths employe d as recreational Gymnasium inattendants and instructors. struction is given to young persons in the neighborhood and classes of various kinds ar e conducted. In Philadelphia, in a crowded Hegro res idential area entirely lacking in recreation- 44 al facilities for Negro youths, the parish house was donated by St. Simon's Episcopal The Church to be used as a youth center. project itself employs approximately 30 young Negro men and women, and approximately 300 Negro youths use the center daily. Illustrative of the types of projects operating in smaller communities is one being where Colorado, conducted in Fort Morgan, 52 youths are employed in building an outdoor swimming pool. The area was first drained of The stagnant water and thoroughly cleaned. new pool is now filled with warm water coming Sand beaches tofrom the city power plant. gether with diving boards end towers have Adjoining the swimming been constructed. pool are several acres of picnic grounds which have been thoroughly cleaned and provided with picnic tables and park equipment constructed by the youths employed on the Several acres of recreational faproject. including cilities ,have also been provided, two double cement tennis courts, a soft-ball diamond with lights for night playing, and wading pools for children. This recreational area is in constant use by hundreds of boys and girls. Extension of library facilities has been an NYA activity of Nation-wide importance and has given employment to the youth of every The project has involved establishState. ment of book-rack libraries in rural communities where library facilities are alnost nonexistent; collection, repair, and distribution of books in rural areas where no reading facilities were available; expansion of in• adequate staffs in public libraries to keep libraries open for more hours per day; and establishment of small circulating libraries. Thus, in Atlanta, Georgia, through the cooperation of civic clubs, church clubs, and and interested individuals, 14,000 books Thirty-one 30,000 magazines were collected. girls were employed under the supervision of a competent librarian to repair and bind books and magazines, and to ship them to various sponsors in nearly 100 rural communities as nuclei for small circulating libraIn each of these communities a small ries. nwnber of youths were employed by the National Youth Administration to operate the projeab. Job Placement To assist young persons in finding jobs in industry, registration with the \Jnited states Employment Service was J11ELde oompulsory ~r persons employed on the program, excluding only those reoeiving student aid. Many of the State Youth Directors have appointed State vocational oouneelora to cooperate with the vocational counsel services of such private organization s as the YMCA and YWCA. In 38 oities in 14 States the NYA established Junior Plaoement Offices by plaoing vocational youth oounselors in the offices of the STUDENT LIBRA.llY WORKERS United Stateb Employment "Service and the National Reemployment Service. The Junior Placement Offices had placed 11,652 young persons in jobs in industry by October 1, 1936, the September total alone amounting to 3,132 persons. NYA employment counselors visited 10,966 private employers jobs for young people. to solicit Apprentice Tr•inin9 The objeotive of preparing youth for placement in industry has been carried out by stimulating apprentioe training through the Federal COlllll.ittee on Apprentioe Training. This OOlllllittee, which had been established as part of the National Recovery Administrati on. by Executive order in June 1934, became a part of the National Youth Administrati on and its activities were financed by a grant of $53,000 from NYA f\mds. The work of the committee has been primarily in the field of coordinating the activities of existing public and private apprentioe-t raining bodies and in stimulating the fonnation of new organizations devcted to this purpose. A close working relationship has been maintained with a number.of craft unions that have sponsored apprenticesh ip programs. !rhe National Youth Administrati on received net allocations $42,331,268 from funds of the ERA Aot of 1935 to carry on its program. Of this amount $25,106,268 was set aside for student aid and $17,225,000 was allooated for youth work projects. By August 31, 1936, the President had allocated more than $13,500,000 for the NYA from the ERA Act of 1936. This sum inc1.ud~d 13,000,000 for student a.id and tlo, 501,239 for work projeots. of Participation of Sponsors in the Works Program The great bulk of the projects prosecuted under the Works Program a.re cooperative undertakings in which local and State authorIn particular ities play an essential role. the projects of the WPA and the Non-Federal Division of PWA have been devised and put into operation by combined Federal and looal authorities. These projects have been initiated and supported by public bodies in the localities in which they operate - a procedure which insures selection of projects in keeping with local needs and preferences. Local sponsors have provided a considerable portion of the project costs either in the fonn of cash, materials and equipment. or supervisory personnel. Successful operation of the works program would be next to impossible without the oooperation,advice, critici sm, and material support of thousands of local sponsors. :,iSpDa_:,ns ol WPA Proiccts Any governmental authority, such as a State. county, city, village, or township, may act as sponsor for a WPA project.Nongovernmental groups such as boards of trade, clubs, societies, churches, orphanages, veterans' organizations or other private, sectarian, oivic or similar organizations may not serve as sponsors, though the cooperation of these latter groups is frequently enlisted in preparing projeot proposals and in advising with sponsors and WPA officials as the work on a project progresses. Ci ties, villages, boroughs and towns WPA projeota. sponsor more than half the State govermnents sponsor about 12 peroent of all projects, oounties about a fourth, and 46 townships about a tenth. The remaining proj• ects a.re sponsored by various special bodies, such as school districts and sanitary disState and local departments of pubtricts . lic lliOrks, highway commissions, boards of education, boards of health. welfare departments. park boards• and recreation committees are representative agenoiea whioh frequently have sponsored projects. Before any WPA project can be started. cor.ipl~te plans for its operation must be prepared by the sponsor in cooperation with the officials of the nearest district WPA office. It is the responsibility of the sponsor to supply detailed outlines, blueprints a n d specifications if these are required for the satisfactory operation of the proI n most posed project. cases the sponsors a.re also expected to supply a substantial she.re of the material~ supplies, hquipm&n:t, and tools that may be necessary. If any purchase of land is required, this must be undertaken by the sponsor. As the project progresses, the sponsor is expected to provide whatever technical supervision and advice are required. If travel is necessary from the homes o f workers to projects located in isolated areas, transportation is usually provided by sponsors' trucks. Prior to the final approval <£every project. each ot the following requirements is The project must be carefully considered. to the combenefit genuine of and useful funds Federal of she.re predominant A munity. must go for wages of relief persons. The nature of the work must be suited to the capabilities of available relief workers in the corranunity. Projects must be planned with respect to the number, a ge, sex, and occupational characteristios of relief persons in the locality where the proposed project is to be executed. Such information is available at the district offices of the Works Progress Administration. SPONSORS' P'UHDS JS PmC!N'r OJ' TOUL ESTIMATJ!D COST OJ' WP.l PROJECTS SELECTED 10R OPJ:RATION, 'J!f T!P&s 01' FROJJL'TS y Type of Projeot .u Spon10r1 • !\mda Peroent of Tota1 Eatimat ed Co st TO'l'.U. Higblaya, roads, and atreeta Public builcllng1 Parb and other recreational faoilltiea Conaerntion S•er aystmia and other utill ties .Airport• and other transportation lfhite oollar Good1 Sanitation and health Miaoell.a.Deoua y 21.9 22.e u.1 15.3 23. 7 l4e6 9.4 8.5 zs.s 17 e9 Baaed on data for projeota 1ele0ted for operation through .lpril 151 1936. No project can be approved which involves: work for which local funds are normally appropriated; work which is generally included in the governmental operations of sponsoring agencies (this does not include expansion of physical facilities); or work which would r-esul t in displacing regular employees. Tabulations of the estimated costs of WPA projects selected for operation by State Administrators indicate that sponsors have pledged over 18 percent of the total costs of all projects. The percentage of sponsors• funds is by no means uniform, however, for the different types of projects. The highest proportions of sponsors• funds are for construction projects involving work on highways, roads, and streets, public buildings, and sewer systems and other public utilities. More than a fifth of all costs of construction projects are met by sponsors, in contrast with approximately a tenth of all costs of white collar projects, goods projects, and others of a non-construction nature. Almost 88 percent of all funds pledged by sponsors were designated for expenditures on construction projects. The preceding table indicate, the proportion ot total oosta accounted for by sponsors' funds for eaoh main type of project selected for operation. Construction projects a.re also the kind upon which large expenditures are re quired for supplies and materials. Sponsors have undertnken to provide a large share of these non-labor expenses. Over 47 percent of all non-labor project costs involved in the entire WPA program will be met from sponsors' funds. Federal funds are consequently left free chiefly for expenditures on direct labor costs, with the result that about four-fifths of all Federal funds spent on WPA projects go for wages. Through Ju"iy 31, 1936, re ports had been received for 13,462 projects on which work had been physically completed or work had been ended after completion of some useful pa.rt of the job originally undertaken. Generally speaking, these projects are small ones which were started and completed quickly during the early days of the program. As the following table indicates, sponsors have borne over 21 percent of the total costs of all projects reported as completed or discontinued through July 31, 1936. J:XPERDITtm:s ON 13,462 COMPLl!TED OR mscxn«nrom WP.l PROJJX:TS, 1!f SOURCI'-' 01' 1'Ull)S y Souroe .b>UJrt Percent $66,350,999 100.0 52,273,821 78.8 14,077,178 21.2 Federal tandl Sponllor1 • tund1 !/ Based on reports reoehed through J'Uly 31, 1936. Data for M&11achuett1 and. for Nn York az-e not inolwled in thi1 tabulation. Sponsors of PWA Projects The Non-Federal Division of the Public Works Administration was authorized by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts to make loans and grants for projects sponsored and operated by States, counties, cities, Territories and Possessions. Under the provisions of this program, grants of Federal funds may be made to oover not more than 45 percentof the total costs of any project proposed by a local sponsor and approved by the NonFederal Division of the Public Works Adminis- 47 tration. The r emaining 66 percent must be provided by the loo a 1 or State govermnente.l body sponsoring the project. A loan to aid in f i nancing the remaining 55 percent, however, may be made by the PWA from funds provided by previous appropriations. Actually, however, most of such funds have been raised locally. PWA non-Federal projects differ dis t inctly from WPA projects in that prosecution of PWA pro jects is in the hands of the looal sponsoring bodies - subject only to general r egulations and limitations of PWA intended t o i nsure fair treatment of labor, sound engineering oonstruction, aad similar nece s sary elements. Details in regard to t he financing of projects operated. by the PWA, && reported t hrough August 13, 1936, are included in Table 16 in Appendix B. HIGH SCHOOL BUILT BY WPA 48 Federal Agency Programs respective roles played by Federal agencies, other than the Works Progress Administration, that are cooperating in the prosecution of the Works Program are set forth in the following pages and the worlc performed by eaoh of the agencies is discussed in some detail. Although the activities of the Works Progress Adrn1n1gtration are generally known to be part of the Works Program, it is perhaps not so generally understood that many perm.anent and other emergency agencies of the Federal Gover?J1Dent a.re also participating in the Works Program. The Kinds of Activities The projects appro-ved for prosecution by the permanent departments have almost invariably involved extension of their normal activities • .As a coneequenoe the work of the bureaus or departanents has• in many instances• been advanced several yea.rs. This is particularly true of those agencies llhose work is connected with conservation and reclamation. While attaining this end • the Federal agencies have also provided jobs to persons in need of relief in keeping with the fundamental objectives of the Works Program. The Federal agencies (other than WPA) pa.rtioipe.ting in the 11'01.•ks Program fall into two clas3es: those prosecuting work projects and those performing administrati11e, advisory, or service duties. or the 10 Cabinet departments• all but the Post Office Depar'bnent have bureaus or services engaged in operating work projects. Many of the so-called "independent" depar'Qllents of the Federal Govermnent a.re sim1.l arly engaged. The funotions of accounting, disbursement, and procurement of materials, supplies,a.nd equipnent are handled by the Treasury Department. Many bureaus act in an advisory capacity under the Program. Thus, the Corps of Engineers of the War Depa.r1zent is f'urnishing a conaiderable amount of engineering serTice. The Unit.ed States Employment Service• under the ~ r genoy Re- lief Appropriation Act of 1935 has served as the employment agency for the Works Program, Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1936 • in general. continued the work provided for in the 1936 Act. Certain changes. however• are signifioant. The work of the Civilian Conservation Corps 11a.s removed from the emergency work relief program and placed within the regular budget. The Public Works Administration was furnished with approximately $300,000,000 of additiona.l funds by- a provision in the 1936 Act which will enable it, upon such direotion by the President, to make grants to local governments for work projeot• b-om funds hitherto used for loans. The The types of projects conducted by the Federal departments of the Govermnent under the Works Program are somewhat similar to those previously discussed under the Works Ea.oh cooperating Progress Administration. agency naturally- tends to emphasize certain types of work. Certain agencies• however• such a.a t;he Housing Division of the PWA and the Resettlement Adrn1n1stration, prosecute projects whioh have no counterpart in the WPA Program. The 1'ollowing table which lists wmxl!3 PR<Xm.W EXPmDl'l'URES 01' J'!DERil JGDCIJ:S EXCLUSIVJ: or llP.A. .ill) rna, Fri TYPES OJ' PROJJmS bDlwllng .A.amln11trsti-.e Expenditure, Through June 30c 1936 Type of Pro Jec,t TOTAL Amount Pft'oent 100.0 134,403,930 Highway., row, •4 1treet1 Publ1o bull41ng1 87,699,239 19,897,569 Bouaint Para md other recreational fao111ties 10.1 112,544,064 Conae:z"ft tion 46.6 516,445,846 Sewer 1yst111111 and otbar 37, 097, 833 ut1llt1• Tranaportatlon fao:l 11tie 1 64,934,777 White collar 14,876, 951. 14, -109, 410 Mi ■oellaneoua proJeot1 R'lll'al resettlement and 9.6 1061 813 1 3-G rehabilitation '?reu'm"7 Dept. report on at&tu of &L Souroea pr-on.dod in the ERA ~t of 1935, u of .r,me 30, 1936, 49 wtRIS PROGRAJl DPJ!fWlfORIS OF J'mlRAL DCLDSIVZ or llP.A. J1ID nu_ BY <B.JrrS or _DP__,_..u.,lltl__, Inoldq .A.ild.Jdnr&tiTII bpen41t111'98 Through .Tune 30, 1936 Object of bpe1141 i:ve 'l'OUL Personal 1em.001 (J'e4e:ral payroll) Suppllee and ma.teriala Red (building, a4 eqiiipDelllt ) Conat.raotion, aahtaanoe, aD4 repa.11' oontnot1 crant, to 1nc11naua.1., Grant• to statH Contnotual 1e:M'ioee (transportation, oonmrn5oation, heat, light, etc.) Parobaae of equipDl!llt Pwohaae of laD4 LoaDa lllllployeea• oompeuaUon __, $1,189,040,588 448,172,723 190,802,928 9,582,188 74,633,053 1!5,378,310 232,549,172 55,490,552 38,"62,150 23,068,758 99,.337,2-46 1,562,808 Souroes Tnaeury D-,t. ftpari n natua of flm4I p-n14e4 ill the m.l .Ao'\ of 1Sl35, • of .Tana 30, 19'30. expenditures by types or projeota tor Federal agencies through June 30, 1936, i s roughly indicative of the importanoe of the Tarioua typesJ but since these expenditures total only one-half of the allocations to these agencies, the proportions may be expeot.ed to change somewhat as the full sum is expended. Fund, gust 31, 19381 and against these obligations checka amounting to $1,38S.OOO,OOO had been iaaued in paymnt. The distributions of these sums among the agencies are shown in Table 14 of Appendix B. tl,100,000,000 By June SO, 1938 1 over had been iaaued in checks by the Treasury De• partment or its authori~ed representatives in p&:1m9nt of Worlca Program obligations incurred by agencies other than FERA and WPA. 'Ibis haa been anal7&ed by the Treasury Department into i ta components or payrolls, mat.eriala and supTwo or the item.a listed do not plies, eto. permit a breakdown into suoh classifications. These are paym,ants made again.at construotion, maintenance, and repair contracts and grants made to Stat.es or public bodies for projects. The latter item arises through the operations or both the Bureau of Publio Roads and the Non-Federal Di vision of the PWA, which make Paj11118nts are grants to looal publio bodies. and therefore made directly to the sponsor cannot be segregated by the Treasury Departobjeot or expenditure. ment acoording to Expenditures aooording to the sewral olassifioations are list.ed in the aooaapanying t.Qle. E..,loyacnt and Earnin91 At the inauguratlon of the Works Progr8.J'll the CCC was a full-fledged organisation . . . By August 31, 1936, the President had allocat.ed t2,385,000,000 to Tarious Federal depar-taenta, not including the FERA and the 11PA. F.mrgenoy Conse?"fation Work with over $600,000,000, the Department or Agriculture with about $590,000,000, and the Public Works Administration with t464,000,000 received the other agencies receivlargest allocations. ing allocations or more than $100,000,000 eaoh were the War Department, the Interior Department, and the Resettlement Administration. In addition to Federal funds thus allooat.ed, looal public bodies prosecuting PWA. projeota had pledged their own fl.Dlds to ti. amount or $t70,000,000 b7 August 15, 1936. or thil total they ha4 borrowd $120,000,• main000 from a speoial reTOlving tund tained by the PWA. tor this purpoH, financed by appropria.tions made prior to the Elnergeno7 Relief Appropriation Aot of 193&. or the total ot $2,386,000,000 allooated, $2,018,000,000 bad been obligated by Au• 50 CCC KRECTillG A LOOKOUT TOWER reau of Public Roads, and the Resettlement Administration. As shown in the accompanying table four other agenoies were employing over 20,000 persons during the last week of August. • !::IDluding ~ , t r a t h e lfulc b4hg .lutut 29, 1936 Total f eel Penans Ce J.a in He.a Of P ~"ief Persona TO:W.. ( Gelucling lfP.A.) 87.6 385,600 337,800 275.685 130.788 W-3" 20,491 207,218 22,521 18,560 72,360 90.6 34.9 16,737 3,536 14.653 2,694 87.5 4,182 3.781 90.4 fr,l3s 4'3,689 11,661 10,386 1,357 4.834 4.383 15,598 14,325 PUbllc lfera .Admini1tration Bouaing Din1ion Hon-Federal Din• o" 170.901 42,541 164,217 40,335 Reaettlmient .ldmni1tration 54,983 29, 072 Depar1aent of the TreuWy 6,503 5,579 Deparaent ofjgrioultwe Entomology and Plant c.rantine rocre■ t Sa-nee P,-',llo Roa41 Soil CouerTation SerTioe O\her Bureau Depu"'tmlmt of Commmoe Depar-tant •f the IAterior National. Parle Senice Puerto Rioo Reoonatraotion .A.tlmin. Reclaatien O\her Bureau Ha-.y Departn,nt (Yards a.ad Doolal ) lfar Dep&Mlllllat Cerpa of J:ng1neer1 Qaartca1ter Corp• O\her .lgencie1 Z7, 703 6,684 34,235 47.4 76.2 57.096 40,~ 91.8 2,206 24,272 52.9 10.9 29,031 20,ooi ~ s.204 4,271 82.1 2,190 1,409 ploying about 400,000 enrolled men and over 50,000 "non-enrollees, 11 that is, persona in supervisory and administrative capacities, many of them frcan the regular Army. At the same time ( July 1935), however, the other Federal agencies had fewer than 50,000 perEmployment under the CCC, afsons at work. ter rising to a peak of 556.000 persona in October 1935, has consistently declined until at the end of August 1936 the total stood at In the meantime the other Federal 386,000. de'partments had increased their personnel steadily from month to month so that sinoe March more persons have been working on other Federal ~gency projects than have been eaployed by CCC. At the end of August 1936 the total number employed by the other Federal agencies was 637.000 persona. Federal agencies shoring the large1t current employment are the Civilian Conservation Corps. the Publio 'Works Adminiatratio~ the Ba.- It has not been possible for the Government agenoies as a whale to maintain a proportion of 90 percent of relief employees on their projects. Although it is true that most of the agenoiea whose work was done on force account 1'8re able to Jll&inta.in a high ratio of relief labor, nevertheless large employers such as the Public Works Administration, the Bureau of Public Roads, and the Corps of Engineers, whose work ,re.a prosecuted primarily through contracts, had a high non-reDuring the lief percentage. past three months the number of relief employees from relief rolls employed on Feder8.1 agency projeots (other than CCC) has been approximately equal to the number of those from non-relief sources. The accompanying table present• these data by major e..ge n cies for the week ending August 29, 1936. Under the ER.A Aot of 1936 the security wage schedule has applied in general to Federal agencies,as has the provision that working hours were not to be in excess of eight Conhours per day and 40 hours per week. tract work, however, suoh as that done by the Public Works Administration and the Bureau of Publio Roads, was exempted from the monthly These two agenoies aeouri ty wage aohedule. have also set a monthly maximum. of 130 hours of work per month. Certain projects of other Federal agencies, involving the oonstruction of public buildings for the use of the Gowmment of the United States, paid prevailing wages in aocorda.nce with the Baoon-Davis Aot. Sinoe the passage of the ERA Act of 1936, hourly nge rates not lower than prevailing rates have been pa.id under the entire Works Program so that at the present time all workers on Federal agenoy projeota receive oompensation at the going hourly rate of wages in the oommunity in which the work is performed. 61 Emergency Conservation Work Emergency Conservation Work we.s authorized by Act of Congress, Maroh 31, 1933, and was put into operation almost immediately (April 5) UILder Executive Order No. 6101 . This Exeoutive order appointed a Direotor of Elnergen&y Conservation Work and provided for the transfer to the .new agency of f unds amounting to $10,000,000 from the unallooated balance of an appropriation approved July 21 , 1932. During the ensuing two years, additional funds were made available from various sources with the result that by March 30, 1935, just prior to the passing of the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1936, a total of $763,077,515 had been provided. Subsequently this work was financed entirely from funds made available under the ERA Act of 1935 from April 8, 1935, to June 30, 1936, and thus became a part of the Works Program. The activities of this agency may be di vided into three major groups: work carr i ed on by the Civilian Conservation Corps, emer genoy conservation work performed by Indians on reservations, and emergency conservation work in the Territories. AB may be seen from the table on page 55 the Civilian Conservation Corps is by far the largest of these, providing almost 97 peroent of the total employment. The agency's program is unique in the sense that it is primarily a young men's program. In order to be enrolled as a member of the Civilian Conservation Corps, a man (unless he belonga to one ot the excepted groups described later in t hi s para graph ) must be between the ages of 17 and 28 inclusiff, a United States oitizen, unmarried, unemployed, physically fit, and a member of a famil1 on the public relief rolls. War vet• ere.ns are permitted to enroll in the CCC without regard to age or marital status. A third type of enrollee is composed of local experienced men who are selected by the tech-.al experts at the camps without regard to age or marital status. Enrollees are paid a basic rate of J30 per mont h. Of this amo\lllt, junior enrollees are required to allot to their dependents a substantial proportion - usually $22 to $25 a month - and enrolled veterans having dependeats are required to allot them a substan- 62 tia l propor t i on of their pay. In a number of instance s enrollees have re ceived promotions t o positi ons requiring a gr eater degree of skill and paying higher salaries. In these case s the status of the enrollees is changed to that of non-enrolled personnel. Emer gency Conservation Work activities are under the guidance of a Director who is a ssi sted by an Advisory Council in Washington composed of representatives of the Department s of War, Interior, Agriculture, and IAbor . These four departments also cooperate i n conduoting the Corps' program. The War Department provides for the construction, organization, and administration of camps and looks after the general welfare of the men, supplying such necessities as f ood and clothing. In a few instances technical supervision of work projects is an Anny function. The Department of Labor is responsible for the selection of enrollees and determination of their qualifications. The Veterans' Bureau makes selections of eligible veterans. The Department of Agriculture, through the Forest Service , the Biological Survey, and t he Soil Conservation Service, is responsible for selecti ng, planning, and s upervising the work of the Corps in each of their res pective fi e lds. The National Park Service, the Bur eau of Reclamation, and the Office of Indian Affair s of the Interior Department plan and super vise the work undertaken in their respective fields. CCC Work In planning and conduoting the work of the Corps, emphasis has been placed upon the oompletion of projects lVhich improve the Nation's f orests and parks and protect against losses due to fires and the ravages of insects and diseases. Other major objectives include the control of soil erosion on valuable agricultural and timber land, the develofllll8nt of more adequate reoreational areas in parks and forests, the prosecution of f lood control operations, and the conservation of wildlife. Whi le the particular type of work done varies from section to section , there is oonsider ab le similarity in the work carried on THE ROAD WAS BUIL'l' BY 'l'BE CCC in States in the same general region. However, forestry and recreational facility activities, as well as road and trail construction, have been prosecuted in all the States. The following brief descriptions of CCC activities in selected States are considered typical of the programs of major regions. In Ohio e.nd the neighboring territory speeial emphasis has been placed on the rehabilitation of existing drainage systems and other programs providing for the protection of agricultural lands against erosion. In New Jersey, typical of another section, the most important projects carried on by the CCC have involved the restoration of northern New Jersey's pine barrens to forest productivity and the develoi:ment of State park areas for recreational use. In Virginia, where 83 CCC camps are operating, the work consists chiefly of forest protection and culture and extensive development of both natianal and State parks. In the State of Oregon, the principal objective of the work of these camps has been the protection of the valuable forested areas against the attacks of fire• predatory insects, and diseases. Also, as 1n the oase of Virginia, enrollees have made extensive 1 mprovements to the national forest and park recreation areas in the State. The majority of Kaine's 15 CCC camps have been carrying out proteoti ve and im- provement operations on forest lands. The work on these forests is under the supervision of the Maine Forestry Connnission in cooperation with the Federal Forest Service. Emphasis has been placed on strengthening fire, insect and tree disease protection systems, improvement of valuable forest stands, and development of better recreational facilities through the construction of roads and trails. Wildlife conservation activities have also formed part of the program. Of partiaular interest to hikers is the work done in the Maine link of the famous Appalachian Trail. This section cuts aoross the White Mountain National Forest as 1'911 as State forests and park lands, extending about 200 miles from Mount Katahdin in Maine to Grafton on the New Hampshire border. In the opinion of conservation authorities, the work of the Civilian Conservation Corps has advanced the program in this country from 15 to 25 years. Nearly 75,000 miles of truck trails and minor roads have been constructed through timbered areas, approximately 45,000 miles of telephone lines have been built, about 3,000 fire-lookout and observation towers have been erected, and nearly 50,000 miles of fire breaks ha Te been built. This means that Federal, State, and private forests can be protected from fire much more efficiently than before. The forest stands on over 2,225,000 acres have been improved and approximately 600,000,000 seedlings have been planted in connection with the reforestation of out-over, burned, and eroded lands. In connecti on with soil conservation. about 2, 000,000 soi l erosion dams have been construct ed, nearly 3,500 miles of farm terraces bui lt, and - over 20,500,000 linear feet of drainage ditohes cleaned and improved. Through the construction of over 3,500 fi sh-reari ng ponds, the development and impr ovement of 5,000 miles of stream, and the improvement of lakes and ponds, the CCC has made avai lab le great numbers of fish for stocking and has improved the condition of streams and lakes for the propagati on of f ish. A good illustration of the work done by CCC men in connection w1 th the conservation of wildlife is the project at Tule lake. This project is operated Ullder the supervision of the Bi ological Survey which makes the following statement regarding the work: 1tFor more than a year young men i n a CCC camp at Tule Lake on the Ore gon-California State line have been improving a migrat ory waterfowl refuge under the direction of t he U. s. Biological Survey. Dykes are b e ing constr ucted ar ound ve.st pools of shall o w water. In t hem is being planted the aquatic vegetation on which waterfowl live. The &.rea is on the Pacific _flyway on which wild ducks and geese mi grate yearly to their Alaska nesting gr ounds . Civilian Conservation Corps men are building roads over the wide area, throwing up ne sting islands in Tule IAke and covering them with shrubbery, and have es- CCC Mn FlCJBTllG FOREST FIB.BS tablished a nursery in which 15,000 trees are growing for further wildlife cover. A favorable enviro:mnent for many wild species is being created. The CCC men do most of the work, receiv:i ng instructions from experts as to the necessity for each step as it is made. To carry on the job they have designed and built their own boats, and invented a metal sea sled which will break the ice on Tule lAke in winter.• Flood oontrol activities have been carried on in several States . The project in the Winooski Valley of Vermont is a.n outstandi-o.g one. This work was done by companies of War veterans working under the technical supervision of the Corps of Engineers of the Army. In 1927, 55 lives were lost due to floods in the Winooski Valley and the property damage The destruction of amounted t o $13,500,000. cattle was extensive. During the flood condi t i on s i n the spring of 1936, which were estimated to be as seve r e as those of 1927, t here was no widespread destruction in the Winooski Valley. Barre and Montpelier, which are , exce pt for Burlington, the most densely populated sections of the State, escaped practically unscathed. The contribution of the dams t o the protection of the Winooski Valley has been widely acknowledged. It has been demonstrated that these dams have already paid for themselves through the deRt ruotion they have prevented. The reclamation 110rk of the Civilian Conservat i on Corps has consisted largely of cleaning e.nd clearing approxiJl\8.tely 29,000,000 square yards of brush and trees that interfered with the mechanioal removal of silt from canals, reconstructing irrigation watercontrol structures, man ufacturing and placing concrete pipe, r i prapping canal banks, and clearing areas for reservoirs . In addition to the CCC work, ECW activities include the operat ion of project a on Indian reservations. This work has been similar i n character to that done elsewhereby t he Corps. The Indians often live at home instead of in camps . In many instances whole f amilies of Indians have moved their tents near work projects, making a •tamily camp.• lilmergene y Conservation Work has alao been carried on in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and Alaska. following table shows Augast 29 total. !MPJmMliH'l' the (Jf ~ breakdown of the COJl'SERVAf Jllf W0J« Week btiq J.U,Ut 29, 1936 CCC Camp Life Life and work in the camp• baa been beneficial to the members of the CCC camp• in several ways. In the first pla-oe, it ha a strengthelled the morale of the men. Sinoe over 50 percent of the jtmior enrollees are between the ages of 17 and 18 and only 17 percent are over 21, 1llaJlY had never been employed. Some of them had recently graduated from high sohools and a few from colleges and all had looked forward to seouring positions whioh failed to materiali~e. Being seleoted for membership in the CCC gave them definite jobs on worthwhile projeots. Seoondly, camp life has benefited the mell physioally. Steady work, regular and well balanoed meals, a regulated program of recreation, exeroise, and sleep, and sanitary living quarters, have produoed a marked improvement in their physical condition. Thirdly,the eduoational and vocational benefits have been oonsiderable. Sllloe APproximately 2.5 peroent of the men are 11• literate when they enroll, elimination of illiteracy has been considered one of the primary objectives of the eduoationa.l program. The various CCC oamps employ about 2,100 educational advisors who teaoh aoademio subjects in addition to g1. ving instruotion in vocational training. A most important phase of the educational program is the practical training of enrollees "on the job" by the teohnical supervisors under wham the enrol• ees work. Approximately 40,000 e nrolleea have been taught to read and write. Although it is not mandatory, a majority of the enrollees take advantage of the edu ca tiona.l opportunities. The methods used in training these boys are adapted to individual needs and the desire to learn is stimulated by an appeal to future employment posaibilitiea. Employment At the end or Augast 1936 employment totaled 386,600 persona, or al.mot~ exactly equal to the naber for 11&7 1916, when BCW first 'began to operate under ER.A tunda. 'fbe Ji.,._ I!!!:!. flG!A occ oamps bi1aa l'M.....Uou ~G'l'ltori•• I/ 'feobldoal ~ Zm-ollNlbl-elle•I/ 385,600 337,800 47.,800 ,n,500 327,000 46,500 ,.100 ,,_,oo «)() 8,400 7,SOO 9C)O ..,. •• lwta a\an, elcUl.. aolum1o•• A peak of employment had been reached in August 1935, when 594,000 were employed on Emergency Conservation Work. It is estimated tha-b from April 1933 1;o August 1936 emplo~lllent was given to over 1,700,000 men, inoluding 1,426,000 young men and veterans, in addition to meohanios., adn.aer•• r•• serve officers, and Indians. A number of enrollees have been honorably discharged from the camps to aooept employment. From June l, 1935, to July 31, 19~6, there were 169 1 778 who left for this reuon. The number or per sons leaving the camps during July 1936 was distributed as follona To aocapt employment Physical disability Expiration or term or enrollment and other cauaea 14,322 Total 26,462 11,400 730 Fund, Total allocations by the President for Emergency Conservation Work under the ERA Aot ot 1936 amounted to tS06,520,25l or which te04 1 908 1 725 had been obligated by August 31, 1936. ot this em t577,431,000 had been expended, leavi~ 128,089,231 as the unexpended balance on tbat date. Beginning July l, 1936, Emergency Coneern:tion Work baa operated with tunds provided by a apeoific appropriation or tS08 1 000,000 contained in the First Defioienoy Ap• propriation Act, fisoal year 1937. Thia aPpropriation provide• funds for o p e r a t 10111 through Karch 31, 193'7, when the present au- thori ty tor the existence of tbe CCC expire s . The appropriat ion ot t:sos,000,000 will be uaed to operate 2,109 CCC camps - unless the work of some of these camps is completed pri• or to March 51 , 1937 • and to finance Emergency Conser vation Work operations on In• dian reaervati ona and in Alaska, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and the Virgin Islands. Non-Federal Division of the Pub lic W orks Administration The Public Works Administration was created "to provide for the construction of cer• tain useful public works, to reduce a.nd relieve unemployment, to improve standards of la.bor, and otherwise to rehabilitate industry and to conserve national resources." The Ad• ministrat i on's program of Federal a.nd nonFederal projects has been designed to stimulate r ecovery by creating direct a.nd indirect employment through the construction of public works and the production a.nd transportation of materials and supplies. Federal projects are those conducted by Federal agencies on Federal property, as distinguished from the nonFederal projects operated by local pub 11 0 bodie s (St ates, cities, counties) usin g Federal funds in com• bination with local funds. The former include such Federa l activities as const ruction of ves se ls by the Navy, Army housing, work by Army er,gineere on r i vers mi harbors, and Federal-aid hi ghways. Non- Fe d e r al projects involve the construction of needed public buildings i'cr l o cal governments and include schools, water system.a, e.nd bridges. the exception of a few large projects. Both Federal and non- Federa l projects were includ• ed in this program, as all as p-ojeots involTing railroad improvement. With fund s provided by the ERA Act of enabled to continue the non- Federal type of work started under the f irst pr ogram. The projects conducted under this second program cover a wide range of activities and include such works as the construction of school and college buildings, athletic stadia, recreati onal fac ili ties, courthouses and jails , nurses' homes, municipal buildings, sewage disposal plants, power plant s, str eets and highways . These projects are widely distributed throughout the entire Uuite d States. 1935, the PWA was With the passage ot the Emergency Relief Appropriation Aot of 1936, the PWA was aut horized to use up to $300 , 000,000 for the making of grants from fund s hitherto used for loa.na . These funds for tie third program bad been p-ovided by previous oongresaional appropriations. Fund, The PWA's first public works program, started i n 1933 from funds pr ovided by the National Industrial Recovery Act, i a practically complete, with 66 Plf.A CO!TSTRUCTS A POWER PLAIT Projects of the NonFedera l Division are finanoed i n part throu g h grant s trom ERA Aot funds and i n part through PWA loans of funds from earli• er appropriationsJ the re- SUTtJS a, Aff'RO\'ID 1n ~ PROJJaS l'lN.llllCID Br TD lb. AC! or 193, Al .u of Septaber 10, 1936 :rfll:IMr of Loau ptoJeot• TC1UL couu,11,uoa oampletel Un4el' oout n 0Uo1a nrd oontnot nari.a :Earll• 1tatu $370,765,510 4,600 576 3,286- .,,,, 73 !, 565 ] / 21,880, 180 7121 389, 72Z 10,515,267 1139, 7461 157 9,784,784 Jl2, 7831 365 l,Z!ll5, 7'4 97, 122,700 4:1, 796,-428 201 1071 055 4,400,m iJ Only gnnta are • • fl-am mA J.ot of 1935 fmlda. The i--iii!er oi the total ooa\ OOll91 Pa 1oua f.toom priw &ppt"Op'iaU.ou ar tro111 apouar■• tua1. !/ The gr.tar pcrtion of t baH p-oJeota haw 'been allottecl tuna. a1no• J'Uly 21, 1936. mainder is supplied by the local bodi es sponsoring the projeota. I n eaoh case the oommunity to be benefited selected the work in light of knowledge of its own needs and backed its choice with an offer to prorlde more than halt or the tinanoes r equir ed. More precisely, the regulati ons pr ovide that the PWA may make grants tor not more than 45 percent of the total cost of the project. Honver,t.he sponsor may borro,r some or all of its contr 1,. bution from the PlrA's revolving tund. i'hi 1 fund, provided by appropriations prior to the ERA Act of 1935,is in excess of $250,000,000, and is kept liquid by sale of seouritiea to the Reoonstruotion Finanoe Corpor ation. Through September 16, 1936, the President had allooated a total of $371,816,288 to the Bon-Federt.1 Division trom ERA Act funds, By September 10, PWA had approved gT&nts for $370,765,610. Local sponsors are contributing $513,766,825 toward the total cost of the program; of this mount PlfA ia lending them $124,883,489 trom funds received in earlier appropriations. Funds trcn all souroes, therefore, aggregate $884,631,336. Allot September 10, a total of 4,600 projeots were approved and in various stages of construction or operation. Of these, 4,583 were looated 1n the Continental United States. and 17 in Territories and Possessions. 'l'he acoom~g table indicates the statua of the projeots. The ,,soo projeots can be roughly classified with respeot to type ot work as fol- lan1 projects for t he constiTuot ion ot edu• oational buildings 1uch as 1ohooll and auditoriums, 5S peroentJ construct ion ot other buildings auoh as oourthouaea and siailar JllWUOipal 1tructure1, 11 peroent, 1ewerage project• or di1poaal plant. and aystem.e, 8 5,sge, ooo either &om peroent J -...ter systems, 14 peroentJ othel." municipa l projeota, 4 peroentJ and streets and hi ~ • , engineering atructurea, reo~ ational taoilitiee, and all other projeot s, about 10 percent. Completed Projects By September 10, 1936 , there had alNady been completed 576 of the PWA projeots initiated under the WoPks PrOgJ"Ule These included buildings tor educational purposes {ranging from .-.11, one-story rural schoolhouses to extenaive, multi-story high-sohool and ool• lege buildings), hospitals, municipal buildings, auditorium.e, recreational buildings, sewerage projects and water systems, engineering projeots, street and highway projects , recreational projects , aids to navigation, and reclamation projecta . The se118rage pro j• eot, involved, 1n many oa1es, not only the l&ying of' mains and laterals but also the conatruotion ot pumping stations and treatment plants providing for modern 89ftg9 disposal. The completed projects 1hOW' an awrage estimated oost ot slight ly leis than tSB,000 per project. The total oost ot 1-MH 676 projecrta Utounts to allllost 122,000,000, ot: which al.Jloat tl0,000,000 came tr• Federal grants and about $2,000,000 wu adn.noed u loam. 'fbe balan.oe ot the oost waa s uppli ed by looal bodies 1ponsoring the project•• PWA Schools One ot the aost iaportant activit i H undertaken by the PIO. baa been i ta 1ohool oonatruction progTam. Mor• 'than 60 peroent ot the pro~ects to-: whi oh ERA Act funds h&ff 67 been allotted involve echool oonatruotion or improwment. This type ot conatruction work was started under the Non-Federal Division ot the PW'A in 1935 and bas been oontinued 'bJ' The funds 1upplied by the ER.A A.ct of 1936. figures in the following paragraphe appl7 on• ly to that portion of the progr:-• which baa been tinanoed with funds pro'ri.ded by the ERA A.at or 1956. The 2,890 new buildings financed in part by PWA non-Federal grants and loana will have Improvements facilities tor 766,990 pupil■• to more than 761 existing buildings (increa•ing facilities and providing safer, more IUl• i tary, and generally improved con di t ions ) will provide for additional thousands ot etudents. These improvements range from etruotural repair on un1afe buildings to remodelingot ob1olne struoture,. Funds expended on the school program to date have created more than 500,000mm-month a ot direct labor at the conatruotion sites, which does not take into account the extensive indirect employment in the industries supplying materials and equipment. New York leads in PWA school bui ldi n g activity with a program estimated to oost $45,945,4301 California ranks second with a program estimated to cost $33, 776,4711 Pennsylvania, thil"d, with $31,148,5731 Texas, fourth, with $15,116,2711 and Illinois,fitth, with a $13,076,568 program. In California, PW.A. assistance has made possible a greatly needed school improvement program, plana for which ftl'e made following the earthquake of 1933 which destroyed many The situaschool buildings. tion in Los Angeles and Long Beaoh, where earthquakes i n the past had done the mo st Under damage, was serious. the State PWA program, schools are being replaced or remodeled to make them tremor-proof. To guard against e a rthquakes provision i a made for i ncreaaed reinforcement and the introduction of stronger cro1a wall• to accOJ11110date lateral stresses in emergencies. Many of the school projects launched throughout the country with the aid of the PWA 68 ••rw u the nuoln• ot are dHigud to ooutruoted atirebe gr:-oupa or builclings to l;y out ot leoal tad.a in tu tuture. Better taoilitiea tor rural 11..-mtltiea aleo ban been made afti.lable thro11g)l the alt ot the P'fl(A. The oonsolidation ot rural sohool districts ba1 made pouible the oonstruotion ot eeoonda?'J' schools whioh 1'0\lld not have been feasible tor aJI¥ one of the indi'fidual Suoh ecabinaticms ot diltriota. district.. joined in c01111110n eupport of oentral 1chool1, also have meant a greater amoun-t, or proper't7 pledged in support et PWA lMJLS. The •dioal building now under oonstruotion for the Jer1e;y City Medical Center ii typioal ot those PWA -.iTitiH that are helping to euppl;y badly naeded ho1pi tal faciliPlan.a for th11 ties in ~ t'IC'Gffl!Jnj ties. building provide eetbaok1 tor eaoh floor. forming open-air solaria with aouthern. exposures so that patients may have the benefit ER.A Act funda in of fresh air and sunshine. been Wied 1.1 haft $2,046.454 of the amount loans and th w1 together grants bj" the PWA, this possible make locally raised fund ■ to $4,545,454 projeot. Eaployacnt Employment from ERA Act funds on projects operated by the Non-Federal Divieion of the PWA has increased continuously, with noteworthy gain■ within the last four months. During May the P'fl(A reported an increase in employment from 132,365 to 1•6,883 persons. REMOIJELIIG AID llIBPOllCIIG A SCIIOOL In the tolln:l.Jlg Mllth•. expauioJl OOD.~ until in August emplo,:mnt reaobed a peak ~ 169,616 workers. With the ooming of ooltler weather, it ia anticipated tb&t employmDt naturally will ahow SOiie deorea••. ,s Approxiaately peroent of all workers employed on PWA non-Federal projects are•• alcilled worlmr•. Skilled -,mra ill building and ooutruotion trades aooount tor app:roxi- tel7 28 percent s saillkillecl worJmr, aaount to 11 pereen projeot npe"11•r• and toNllell repre1eat aboat 9 i,.re...ta 1-.ilkilled wran JaOt- ill building or oon,truot ion vau, total leas tban 2 peroent1clerioal al2d ot t ioe worker e, leu tbam 2 perwas profeaaio:nal ud wohnioal worker•• 1l1ghtl7 O'ftr l peroeatJ and 1ldllecl wrbrs not ill buil41ng u4 eoa•truotion trade•, les • than 1 peroen.t-. 'tbeN tigun• oonreaplOJ11911.tcm project site, OJUT• Resettlement Administration t.rge mmbers of farm fudU... had be• reoipient• ot cU.reot relief 4ur1ag tbe ,-u• ot the depru.aien. and at one time or anothet- had been dependent on varioua types of looal, State, or Federal aid. In order to provide aid oondstent with the particular needs ot these destitute Mmbera of the fara population the Resettlement Adminiatratio n was Htabliahed on April SO, 1935. To the new t.dld.niatration wre tnmate rred the aoti vi ties ot four gonrmnental agenciH whioh had previously been dealing w1 th auoh various aapeota of the tanners' problem u the uneconomic tanning ot submarginal land , the exploitation and exhaustion of natural resources• and the over-farming and owr- gruing of land. OCllle Under the Resettlement Adm1ni 111tration three oloaely related types ot activity are being carried 01u rural nhabili ta.tion. rural Gd suburban reaettleant • and l and utilization. For theae purpose& the Acbn1u1~tration had reoehed $290.67'.292 frClll Eller• genoy Relief Appropriation J.ot fund• through August Sl, 19S6. ot this amount $29.928,029 was made anilable from WPA allooat ion•• In acld.ition &lmoat t2s.ooo,ooo -. prorlcled froa other aouroea, bringing t.be to·bl. anil• able to the Reeettlemnt Adai.n11trat1on up tranaf'erred to the Reaettl emellt .Adll1n1 • tr&t1on on .,.une IO• 1936. Thia marked the en4 or FERA grants to States tor rural rehabilitation. A program was planned tor the euuing year to inolude individual farm loan.a to 200,000 farm fami lies a t an a-.erage ot $450 each, as well as a community and oooperati-.e service program involving an estimated tot a 1 cost of about $4,600, 000. Thia rural rehabilitation phase ot the Adminiatration•s activities ft.I designed particularly to asaiat the need1' tann families whose land 1a or ta.ir or good quality, but has not produced an income sufficient to provide an adequate atandard of .living. Four methods are ueed in aiding tam111eaa (1) loans tor the p ~ s e o£ capital gooda such as li-.eatook. fa.rm equipnent, repairs, teed, and eeedJ (2) grants tor 1ubaistenoe the•• to $Sl6,472,696. Rural LW.ilatiori !he :aun.1 Rehabilitation D1'1.a1on ot the Federal 1fmergenoy Relief An1D1•trat1oa wu c01Bm1Jcno• Ar .l BISlft'!UIIBft PR-0.Def needs; (3) loans f or community and cooperative services; and (4) ne gotiations f or the adjustment of farm debts . The bulk of r ehabilitation activities are conducted under the first two methods. LOANS .AND GRANTS MADE Ff RJ:SE'l'TLDENT JDMINISTIW.'ICfi UNDER THE mA J.C'l'S or 1935 AND 1936 Through September 11, 1936 AmOunt of Payments Type of Loan or Grant Number of Init1al. TOT.AL 730,868 $104,361,819 324,401 9,307 80,186,501 735,858 7,906 1,465,241 10,184 4,852,975 15,778,177 Payment ■ Rehabilitation loana Feed and orop lollllB D:ne:rgenoy drought feed and crop loans Corporation authol'ization loans!/ Rehabilitation grants Certified 326,862 Dnergency drought 1,343,067 52,20e tram funds originally allotted to State Rehabilitation Corporations by FERA and later transferred to the Re1ettleimnt ~dministration. grants !f Made As shown in the accompanying table, loans and grants to individuals had amotmted to about Funds $104,000,000 by September 11, 1936. made available by the ERA Aots of 1535 and 1936 were utilized for the grants and for all l oans except those made from funds transferred to the Resettlement Administration from the State rural rehabilitation corporatioriS which had been set up through the FERA. Serious drought conditions during the summer of 1936 necessitated substantial allocations for emergency relief to farmers in For this purpose $20,the stricken areas. 000,000 had been allocated as of August 31, As of September 4, 1936, more than 1936. 44,000 initial emergency drought grants totaling $1,096,318 had been made from these ftmds. In many cases families r eceiving assistance under the rural rehabilitation program also participate in other activities of the than 7 Resettlement Administration • More percent of the persons employed on land-utilization projects have re ceived either loans or grants, or both, while about 5 percent of those employed on hous ing ~~ejec t s operated under the resettlement program have rec~ i ved Persons to wh om either loans or grants. loans have been made predominate in bot,. groups. Community and cooperative service loans are made primarily to provide supplemental 60 aid to destitute and low-income .farm families. The community type of ]J)an, an extension of the individual fa..""!11-loan plan, ~ssists groups of familie s i n making purchases of such items and a s farm and home supplies, equipment, other e ssentials for profitable farm operation. The loans are usually made to cover agricultural cooperative activities concerned with p o uci ng, proces s ing, and marketing, and are made either to cooperative associations or to individuals participating in suoh As of August 31, 1936, allotassociations. ments to cooperative associations m1der the Resettlement Administration totaled $1,964,• 950, all of which has been expended. The farm debt adjustment phase of the rural rehabilitation program assists debtburdened farmers by securing agreements with their creditors for the adjustment of finanThrough this program it cial obligations. has been· possible to reduce the number of families in need of rehabilitation loans or grants. A fund of $2,000,000 was allocate d to the Resettlement Administration for the administrative expenses of this service. During the period between September 1, 1935, and August 31, 1936, a total of 75,381 cases August Through were under consideration. 1936 a total of 38,728 oases had been benefited by this service, and their indebtedness, originally amounting to $118,940,410, had been reduced by $30,446,610 through such adjustments. Lscttlcae11t Thia phase of the Resettlement Administration's activities may be divided roughly into two perts i rural resettlement and suburban development. As of August :n, 1936" $60,456,700 from ERA Aot funds had been allocated to the Resettlement .Administration for land acquisition and developnent in these phases of its work. or the total ERA Act funds, $34,456,700 (including $9,581,000 for subsistence homesteads) was allocated for rural resettlement work and $26,000,000 was designated for suburban housing. An additional $2,478,508 was transferred to the Resettlement Administration from the Department of the In~rior for subsistence homesteads, Plans for rural resettlement work as of August 31, 1936, called for the completion of 39 subsistence homesteads begun under the Subsistence Homesteads Division of the De- par-talent or the Interior and SO rural resettlement projeot1 •tarted under the FERAJ the initiation of 79 new rural resettlement projects ; and the opel'Wtioa or an Indian project and 2 Forest Senioe projeot1. Aa ot August 29, 1916, a total ot t,l9S workers wre eaployed on projects, o~ 4,000 ot 1'hom bad been taken trom relief rolls. the•• SUbwban reHttlement projeota •re ff• ligned to demonstrate, through ett'ioient land and town pJ•nn1:ng, the feuibillty ot pron4• ing lcnr-inoome 110rlatra W'l:t.h lcnr-ND't&l banes in bealthrul, oouni.1'7 •urroundinp. Opera• tiou are mider -... tor 'the dewlopnent of ..._ 1uburban housing projects, one at lal'wyn , Maryland (near Washington, D, c. )J one at Jlilwaukee, 'll'iaoonainJ and one at Cincinnati, Ohio. A teurth project, at Boundbrook, New Jersey, baa l»ea. auapemed beoaun of legal oomplioatieaa. Thea• 1uburban oOllllllUnities haw been oall•d "greenbelt" towna, becauM eaoh 1e surrounded by an area of farm and garden land . Thia greenbelt serves a double purpoH in that it preffnts o-n,rorowding and interferenoe by undesirable building developunta, and alao giTes ea.oh ftcmrn,m,i ty aooeH to agricultural land a.nd enables it to control land whioh may be needed for ~ture expansion. Part of the greenbelt area will be used by full-time farmers. Other land will be reserved for allotment garden.a where members ot the oommuni ty mq raise trui t and vegetables . Acreage will alao ~ aet aside for perks and playgrounds. In the projeota near Wuhington, D. c., and Cincinnati, Ohio, part of the greenbelt ,rill be u sed by Gowrmnent a.genoie ■ tor demonstrations in toreatrr and soil oonserntion. JJ ot August 29, 1936, a total of 7 ,SM worker•, 4,983 ot wham were trom relief rolls, wre employed on t hese suburban projeota. .-d tor aohoola aml roada in iapoftr1abed land areas. For adm1n1atrat1ve purpoaH thi1 program has been d1Tided into two partaa land a.oquiaition and land defflopnent. Through August 31, 1956, the Resettlement Mm1n1~tn.tion'a land program bad involved the purohaae ot 9,287,406 aorea ot ,ubmarginal land in" Sta-tea. atan acquisition coat ot approxiaat.ely '"·000 ,000 • )(any ot the tamiliea liTing on the lu.d puroha.aed by the Government a.re being resettled elsewhere with the aid ot the Reaettle• ment Adm1ohtrationJ others a.re moving without auoh &id. >. f~, remaining on the land, are employed in i ta development and maintenanoe. By the end of August 300 tamil1e1 had been mOTed with the help of the Adm1nh• tration. In maDy oases land now being oropped unproti tably is to be put to more remunerati n u,e~, auoh a.a grazing and forestation. In other inatanou the land 1a being developed into perk•, recreational areas, wildlife aanotuariea, and Indian reserva.tione. The allooationa, apeoitio ty'pes or developnent, and employment under this phase or the program are dbouaaed in a. following section of the report entitled •r.nd-Uae Developnent." Employment Faplo,mnt on a 11 Resettlement Adainia• tration projeota aa ot August 29, 1936, totaled 64,98S peraou, of wham 62 peroent •re 1ltleDt 01' PIRSOlfS IMPIDm> (If Rnm'tamll'.&IJKINlSTRm OB PROGRillS, BY 11EL7EF SU'l'tE Week Zlla!.Jag .&.qut 29, 1936 Penou c.... tlfl.•4 ~ 'l'crtal 1n•e.a ot a-.u,t ]Ion- Relief hnou TO'fA.L !5,\983 29,072 2',911 Further disoussion of the rural Lan4 ir,elopmnt 11,m 39,236 19,ffl resettlement and auburban denlopment R'aral naettl-11\ 4,364 8,193 3,129 Sub'Cll'ban re.ettlement projects conducted by the Resettle4,,e, 2,m 7,S!k ment Administra.tion ia included in ta.ken from relief rolls. The distribution ot the section entitled "B.ouaillg,• on page t2. thia total among land utilization, rural reHttlement, and auburban reaettleJDBnt projeota ii ahO'llll in the aocOllpa.Jlying table. ReL...d-U. cipients ot rural rehabilitation or e-rgenoy drou~t loe.na and grants are not included in '!'be land-use program wa.s planned to oonaene land reaourcea, to aid tamillea in JDOT• the aployment tigurea ot the ReaettlemeJlt iag to 110re nitable lu4, and to reduce the .Adw1 n1atration. 81 Housing The inadequaoy of housing faoilities for low-income families, both urban and rural, has only reoently been recognized as a major The Federal Government, national problem. during the laat three years, has undertaken to deal with this problem through suoh Federal agencies as the Housing Division of the Public Works Administration, the Resettlement Administration, and to a smaller degree, through the Alley Dwelling Authority. PW A Housing Division The housing problem falls into two main In an endeavor divisions - urban and rural. to cope with the urban housing problem, the Housing Division of the Public Works Administration is proseouting 27 projects for clearing and rebuilding slum areas, and 23 lowrent housing projects in urban areas which were formerly vacant - a total of 50 projeots in all, situated in 35 American cities and the Possessions of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Of these projects, 40 are financed from funds supplied by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 and the remaining 10 are financed from funds supplied by an earlier appropr iation. Foundations have been completed or are nearing completion on 23 of the 40 projects Ten pro jeots financed from ERA Act funds. are in the superstructure stage. General contracts have been let for the entire job on 5 projects which are,on the average, more than 30 percent complete. Of the 2 remaining projects, the one located in the Virgin Islands (comprising 3 developments on as many different sites) is well past the foundation stage, and the other involves land purchase only. In eaoh area the projects are designed to satisfy local architectural needs, and to fit in with prevailing architectural traditions. In Boston, for e:xamplei the housing project is known as Old Harbor Village and oalls for three-story apartments and twostory gro~p houses of a modified colonial ARCH I '!'EC 1'' S DlUWillG OP .&. JIOUSIIG PB0.110! 62 type of architecture. Thi• project ra.n.,k s second largest in the entire national hous ing program being oonduoted by the PWA.. The buildings provide a.ttractive, sanitary homes, modern in every detail. The project known as Durkeeville , located at Jacksonville,Florida, has been de si gned in an architectural style typical of the Southeastern States, 'and is reminiaoent of the early colonial dwelling•• The group of housing projects being oon• ducted by the PWA will provide home• ot stand- The entire low-cost housing and al ua clearanoe pro gr . . of the PWA Housing D1Tis1on. including those projeots ot the limited dividend corporation type, involves total Federal allocations of $142,749,228. Of this. t1os,686,289 has been a l l ocated by the President from funds made available by the ERA .Aot ot 1935 and $37,163,939 from N1lU. funds of 1933. Of this latter amonnt $10,971,600 1111.s .u-+ed for the apecifio purpose of paying the entire cost of the limited dividend corporation pro j ects. IEED FOR mE HOUSING PROGIW( - ODE OF mE IIAllY lLLUS'l'JU.!IORS ard, fireproof oonstruction for approximately 100,000 persons of the lower income group, at rentals within their means. PW .A housing standards call for inatallation of modern sanitation facilities, electrio lighting, and mechanical refrigeration wherever mass purchase of utility services permits rates sufficiently low to make their use economically feasible. Architectural plane provide for cross-ventilation by limiting the depth of each dwelling to two rooma. Buildings wi:11 be so oriented that oocupants 11111 reoei ve full benef'i t from preTailing b re H H • w1 th atruot\I?'e s in almost • "lery cue oo.ering lH s than one-fourth ot the projeot area. The rema.ining grounds will be landaoaped and oonverted into play oentera. The rural housing problem is largely in the hands of the Reset t l 8JD9nt Admini strat ion and may be separated into two main di rl s i ona - suburban developments and rura l resettl ement projects. Under t he former , l ow-ooat suburban oommuni ties are bei ng deTe l oped in the vioinitiea of ae l e oted l arge ci ties. The rural resettlement developments are of five kinds: (1) the oloaed oollllllllnit;y type, where the land is all located in one blook and oommunity facilities are providedJ (2 ) the in• filtration type. in whi.oh the ta.rm uni t a to be established are interspersed among existing farms J ( 3) the tenant security type• in whioh tM farm uni ta purohaaed are those nmr . tenanted by families who are to receiw aidJ (4) garden homes for indust r ial and agricultural workers; and (5) camps for migratory farm laborers. families now unable to attain even a minimum All of its 142 units standard of living. and a.t least completed, been recently hava persona. 2,117 by occupied 52 are already Of the three suburban towns under devel- The land on each of these farmsteads has been cleared and shrubbery and lawna haw Each f..rmstead contains a. been planted. house, barn, hoghouse, chicken house, and Provision of livestock and equippumphouse. ment prepares ea.oh farmstead unit for operaA complete system of roads ha.a been tion. constructed, leading from ea.ch house to the community center. The one-story, fo~ five-, and six-room dwellings are of frame drop-siding construction. Every house has a complete modern bathroom, electrical equipment, hot water tank, fireplace, and screen porch. opment, one, the Greenbelt pr oject near WashffAffS a, falrLT MXCllml!ICIIS CII SUBOIBAJ' 1mm'fLDIDI! Jlll()J'EfS u d s.--- !,750 'MUI, Bcmt1111rook. Bel'wJD. .... 15, 1096 J/ If. J. !/ lllhube, WS.IO. CinoimlaU, OJaio 7S) 1,290 750 1,000 1,538 .. 7«> m J/t1p to Septat,er 15, lfie IIO f ~ _,_4&Uou W bea o-,inea. !/ Thl• ir•"9ot le at Jr•--' ••1 aid OldJIC to 1ap1 prooeeau,.. With ington, D. c., is nearing completion. 740 units of the proposed 1,250 under construction it is anticipated that this model town will be occupied by 1,000 families soon after the first of the year. More than 5,000 persons are reported to have made application for tenancy in Greenbelt. Tentative requirements for acceptance specify that familyheads earn between $1,400 and tz.ooo annually, be steadily employed, and have good character records. The Resettlement Administration received the following allotments for housing projects from ERA Act funds of 1935s $26,500,000 for suburban developments and $33,038,215 for ruAn additional $2,478,508 ral resettlements. was transferred from the Department of the Interior for the completion of subsistence homestead projects that had been initiated by that Department. Alley Dwdi.., Allthority In addition to the housing programs discussed thus far, the Alley Dwelling Authorit)' of Washington, D. c., has an allotment or $190,194 for the removal of certain alley slums and for the construction of low-oost d we 11ings. This sum is all from ERA Act funds am Most of the houses in this suburban community are two-story, six-room dwellings with gabled roofs. A few are of the bungalow type. All are roomy, well ventilated, insulated, soundproof, fitted with modern equipment, and Each block will be attractively landscaped. heated by a central plant located usually in the basement of the end house (the only one Space for parks c;,r comhaving a basement). mons has bee n allowed on each block• and all houses are within walking diata.noe o£ parks, recreation centers, stores, and the 'P()at office. Traffic at busy crossings is diverted by underpasses. The Resettlement Administration has at present 208 active rural re settlement projects of which 28 have been completed and are The Penderlea Homenow partially occupied. steads project in North Carolina i• typical of the rural resettlements developed tor farm SU!SISfJslCB HOMESruD supplements an a.dditional $600,000 which was a. direct appropriation from Congress. Combined Federal funds, covering all housing projects mentioned ab o v •• to ta l $205,477,637. About 80 percent of this total, or $166,313,698, is from funds made available under the ERA Acts of 1936 and 1936. War and Navy Departments Under the Works Program, the We.r Department and the Navy Department are prosecuting work projects through three of their bureaus or divisions. The Corps of Engineers and the Que.rtenna.ster Corps are carrying on the work for the We.r Department, while the Bureau of Yards and Docks is conducting Works Program projects for the Navy Department. Since projects of the Quartermaster Corps a.nd the Bureau of Yards and Docks a.re similar in many respects, it is convenient to consider these two agencies together. Discussion of the work of the Corps of Engineers is undertaken separately. Ouarta...tcr ments of waterfront structures; and the remaining 12 for foundation and map surveys. By the same date the Quartermaster Corps had ooapleted 162 of its 247 approved projects. These included 6 projects for the improvement of airportsJ 68 for construction, reconstruction, and repair of buildingsJ 3 for the repair of boatsJ 58 for improvements to cemeteries; 2 for improvement of grounds at umy postsJ 3 for improvement of utilities; 15 for the improvement of National Guard camps; and 7 for repair of storm damage at ,arious umy posts. Corps •ncl Bwc.u of Y.,els .nd Doclcs The ~rojects of the Quartermaster Corps a.nd the Bureau of Yards and Docks are similar in that they a.re generally devisedfbr repair, reconditioning, and improvement of certain physical equipment and facilities of the two agencies. This work is prosecuted at ~ posts and airports, national cemeteries, Navy yards, nava.1 bases and air fields throughout the United States and its Territories and Possessions. In the main, it consists of con.tnotion a.nd repair ot buildinga, water, sewer, and lighting systems, railroads, roads and walks, and general improvement ot grounds. By the end of August 1936 the Bureau of Yards and Docks had completed 145 of its 228 approved projects. Of' these, 36 projects related to the reconstruction, repair, and im• provement of buildin~st 33 were for improvement and repair of diatrlbutiq 119t.u1 am 12 for improvement and repair ot tools, equii-ment, and physical a.ppa.ra.tus. Four projects involved improvements to air tislds; 13 ,rere for repair and improvement of railroa.dsJ 42 for im_provements to grounds; 4 for improve- IRIC'l'IIG J. LIGllT STAID.ARD At J. WAVY mD Because the type of work done by both the Quartermaster Corps and the Bureau ot Yards and Docks is such that few s peciall.1' skilled workers are required, both of the" agencies have been able to prosecute their projects with pi-e.otioally no exemptions fro,i the general Works Program requirement that at least 90 percent of the workers be taken from relief rolls. M'IDDtDlr OS PIO~ a, TB 1Wl .111D avr l>RO'ND"'tl, n ULDr ftaus w.ek.U..,a,utZ9,1.SN !OUL C..,. ofl>IC1nMn Gmz•w.ta- Cor,e hrend'Dl.r4eulhob ,.w .lab. .... •,m 31,9117 11,m IO,OCll S,204 11\"8 ~ eflal1d .e.m 14.325 Cor p1 of Engineers The Corps of Engineers, on the other hand, is carrying on work of a quite different nature designed to improve river and harbor facilities through dredging, brea.kwater and jetty construction, stream clearance, and flood control. Through August 1936, $130,000,000 from the funds made available by the ERA Act of 1935 and an additional $16,000,000 from the ERA Act of 1936 funds had been allocated to the Corps to carry on this pa.rt of the Works Program. While the majority of the 78 approTed projects (because of the more specialized type of work being prosecuted) show a fairly high percentage of non-relief la.bor,the Engineers are also prosecuting sev- eral projects on which 90 peroent of the employees are from relief sources. The most outstanding projects of this latter type is the Los Angeles Flood Control Projeot. This project has as its purpose the provision of more adequate control of the flood waters of the Los Angeles, Rio Hondo, and San Gabriel Rivers or Los Angeles County. Practically dry the largest part of the year, the stree.ms nevertheless are subject to serious flooding during the sea.son of heavy rains (December to April) when 78 percent of the •• Pa11ef Penau annual rainfall may be expected. The mountainous sections of the river basins are sparsely covered 11,a& with chaparral and have been burned over periodically. As the result t,aso tl3 of the periodic and heavy precipi~ffl tation and the condition of the steep, denuded mountains at the headwaters, great discharges of water debouch from the canyons, carrying debris and boul d ers, and causing severe floods. The problem has been rendered more a.cute by recent gains in population in Los Angeles, Pasadena., and nearby towns, with the a. ttenda.nt increase in construction of buildings and highways. JJJ a result of this factor, the proportion of the area which is unable to absorb rainfall has been enlarged; this, in turn, has increased the amount of water that must be taken care of, and unless it is efficiently carried off, floods will be higher and the damage to property will be greater tha.n,. before. The Los Angeles Flood Control District was formed by specia.l aot of the State I.egis- S!'tllll null LOS .&IGBLBS FLOOD COftROL PROJBCT lature and beoame effeotive in 1916. The District has prepared a oomprehensi ve p 1 an for the regulation and control of all the streams in Los Angeles County, and up to April 3, 1936, had expended (or authorizedfor expenditure ) $62,449,370. The Los Angeles Flood Control projeot is sponsored jointly by the Flood Control District and the Corps of Enginee r s. The '10,269,000 allocated to this project under the ERA Act of 1936 has been supplemented by the District ' s appropriation of funds amounting to $3,500,000. These funds are being used for the buildin~ or da.tJie, conduits, diversion ditcb9s, a.:ad both open and closed drains to control the flood waters, as well as for the exoavation of basins to collect sediment and thus prevent the clogging of the drains; and for the alteration and reoonstruction of bridges so that these bridges will not aerva to reduoe channel capacities for flood discharges. Bureau of Public Roads During the past six years Federal appropriations for highway construction have been substantially increased, primarily as a means of stimulating employment. The regular appropriations increased from $75,000,000 in 1930 to $125,000,000 in 1931, 1932, and 1933. In 1931 there was also an additional special appropriation of $80,000,000 and in 1932 a similar appropriation of $120,000,000. Beginning in 1933 about $1,000,000,000 has been provided by emergency aots for highway 1f0rk. Allotment of $400,000,000 was made from funds provided by the National Industrial Recovery Act of 19S3, and $200,000,000 was authorized by the Hayden-Cartwright Aot of 1934. Of the latter $100,000,000 was appropriated from funds made available by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Aot of 1935, from which the President allocated an additional 1400,000,ooo. or the Presidential allocation $200,000,000 was provided for the elimination of hazards at grade crossings and $200,000,000 for highwlt,y work. Prior to the Emergenoy Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 a considerable amount of farm-to-market and feeder road construction and repair was accomplished through the work relief activities of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and the Civil Works Administration. Work of the same type is now being done on locally sponsored 1'PA projects. The following discussion is confined to the operations of the Bureau of Public Roads, the major part of whioh is now being oarried on with funds from the Emergenoy Rellef Appropriation Act of 1935. Gr.de Crossings Elimination As of August 31, 1936, a total of 296 grade orossings had been eliminated and protected in 40 States, at a total cost of $11,407,438, of whioh the Federal Government contributed $11,314,074. or these completed improvements 250 were newly oonstruoted grade separating bridges, 34 involved reconstruction of existing structures, and 12 provided signals, gates, or safety devices for the proteotion of life at grade oroasings. In process of construotion were 1,279 p~ojeots located in all states, the Distr~t of Columbia, and Hawaii, involving expenditures of $108,271.920 9UmS Cl 1UID JIRClGIW( ~ D I C ELDaJIATmf PRo.JIX:."n or 1n BURl&.U a, 1UBLIC aaam u of the bl et tile Meath Bnaber 1935 ~ Aqut 1936 88 185 ~:6..-, 2 311 llaftlh 10 April l3 31M 519 680 .,.. 2• 1'e'bruary' May Jllly Augut • n 158 296 829 1,122 1,233 1,279 67 of Federal funds. or these, 1,093 involved new oonstruotion, 153 were reoonstruotion projects and 33 were to provide safety devices. Besides these projects completed and under construction there 1f8re at the end or August 931 projects, including ~umber ot eaoh type, approved and ready for oonstruotion. The ta.ble on the preceding page ahon the progress or the program as of the end of ea.oh month from November 30, 1935 through August 31, 1936. The grade-crossing elimination program, finanoed with relief a.ppropriatfon funds, WU inaugurated in August 1935. During the week ending August 29, 1936, it was giving employment to 41,322 persons of whom 14,305 were drawn from relief rolls and of whom 34,455, including the relief personnel, were obtained through the United Sta.tea Employment Servioe. The remaining $200,000,000 waa allocated by the President from the 1935 Works Program funds for highway conatruotion purposes. ot the whole sum allooa.ted, it was required that not less than 25 peroent be expended for the construction of secondary or feeder roads outside of munioipalities and not included in the State or Federal-aid highway systems. An• other pa.rt, amounting to not leas than 25 percent was to be spent on projects within munioipa.lities, and the balance, of not more than 50 peroent was made available for proj• ects on the Federal-aid highway system outside of municipalities. Since the primary purpose or the 'lrorlca Program was to provide a maxi.nnDn of employment with funds available, the rules governing the Works Program highway allooa.tion at first limited the Sta.tea to an expenditure of not more than $1,400 for ea.oh man-year of employment. When it was found that this restriction would make it difficult to carry out needed intermediate and high type road oonstruotion, an al terne.te plan was developed. Under thia plan the State agreed for eaok $1,400 or ita apportiomnent to provide one man-year of employment for persona aeourecl through the United States Employant Service, gtving pref'er.noeto relief labor. The State 1a then pend tted to use auoh indi viduala on any work being done under i ta direction. including State maintenanoe and repair work as wll aa State oonatruction pi-ojeota ,Federal-aid proj• eots and Worka Program higbny projeota. Thia 88 procedure insures the provision of one manyear of employment for eaoh $1,400 of the State's apportionment. AIJ of August 31, 1936, a tota.l of 4,260 miles of high~. roads , and streets had been oonatruoted with Works Program highway funds in 43 States, the District of Columbia, and Hawaii, with an estimated value of $42,• 662,969 ($41,109 ,218 of Federal funds and the remainder from other sources). In addition 6,898 miles were under oo natruotion and projeota inTOlTillg l,21S JRiles 1191'9 •Pproved and ready for contraota to be awarded, representing projeota valued a.t $115, 097,943 and $19,637,112 reapeotively. By August 29 over 41,600,000 man-hours of employment had been provided for relief labor out of a total of about 87,000,000 manhours worked by all olasaea of labor on Works Program. highway projects. The employment on this class of work reached a peak of nearly 115,000 pers ona in July 1936 and by August 29 had dropped to 89,3M persons of whom 84,032 were obtained through the United States Eaployment Service , including 39,087 drawn trom relief rolls. '!'he aooam.~ng table indicates the month by month statua,from November 30, 1935, to August 31, 1936, of the progress made on Work• Program highway projects in terms of the number or miles of road completed a.Dd the number of miles of road under oonatruotion. S'll1'US <1l' 1'CR1S PROGIW( BIGBnT PROJl'Cl'S OJ' TD BURU.U OJ' PtJBLIC B0ADS .u of the J:D4 of the Month NOTlllber 1935 ~ J.qut 1936 )Alea of Roa4 Month C9l.etecl M!.le1 of Boa4 Unaer Cout.rw,tion ~ Ncrnaber Deoeb_. 25.0 110.1 1.,471.3 2,535.1 173.6 255.o 283.1 3,751.6 ~ J'IID'll&l')' J'•'braary Maroh - J.pril J ue 530.a 938.4 1,948.2 .1"11:, 2,994.2 A11C'J■ t 4_,259.6 4,234.5 5.,l-46.3 6.,209.7 7,303.0 7.,803.2 7,42:7.4 6.,arn.1 Pul,lic Worlcs Highw•y • Nearly all of the projects included in this program W8re under contraot or nre approved tor construction by July 1, 1936. The appropriation of the second ll00,000,000 fts in the nature of a continuing provision for work already authorized and begun. The status on that date or the whole $200,000,000 au1horized by the Hayden•Cartwright Act we.a as fol• lows, $30,071,390 had been spent on completed projects, work Talued at $U8,520,398 was under construction, and plima and apecificationa for projects to coat $23.166,829 had been approved and wre ready for aftrd c'L contract. During the ensuing year, up to August Sl, 1936, about $140.ooo,ooo worth or additional construction was completed, bringing the total value of completed pro j e e t • to $170,096,534. On August 31. 1936, projects und.er eonatruotion involved costs of $20.949,344 and others estimated to coat IS,259,987 wre approved for construction.leaving a bal• anoe or 15,694,136 ava.U.abl• tor new projeota. In addition to the $200,000,000 authorized as an outright Federal grant for highway conatruction by the Hayden-Cartwright Aot of 1934, there was a further authorization of $12.6,000,000 to be appropriated for each of' the fisoal years 1936 and 1937 f<r expenditure with matching State funds. in accordance with the requirements or the Federal Highway Aot. These funds are available only tor the oonatruction of roads included in the Federal• aid highway system and, in general, must be matohed by at least equal amounts of Stat.e money. a rule to whioh exception is made, how• e"f8r. in the ••tern Stat.ea which contain large percentages or publid. lands. The tirst of the funds ao authorized became available for expenditure at the beginning of the fiscal year 1936. During the week ending August 29. a total of 57.971 persona nre employed on such projects.or whom 51,468 nre referred by the United States Employment Service, including 13.098 drawn from relief rolls. Peak employment on this phase of the highway work has not yet been reached but up to the end ot August employment had been g1nn in the amount of 47,670,523 man-hours of 4irect labor, ot which nearly 39,000,000 were performed by labor referred by the United States Employment Servioe and more than 10.000.000 by relief workers. Employment on thi ■ phase or the h i ~ program was at it. peak in July and August 1936 when owr 120,000 Mn 119re employed. Employment declined to about 6,000 workers in February 1936, and thereafter increased t o about 1•,soo persona in June, after 11hioh tbe rapid oQlllpletion of project. oauaed a turthet" reduction to 8,645 persona by Augu,t 29. In addition to the man-hours of labor utilized on Federal-aid and Works Prograa highwl.y projecta, oreditecf to States under the alternate plan, there bad been provided on State oonatruotion 11114 -inteDULce 110rk, up to August 29, a total or lt,730,874 manhours ot labor referred by the 'United States Employment Service of whioh s.11e.101 manhours wre provided from relief' roll•• The Department ot J.grioulture Appropriation Aot of 1936. approved ~ 17 • 19 S 6, specifically appropriated (as the aeoond halt of the $200,000,000 authorized by the HaydenCartwright J.ct of 1954) $100,000.000 to be drawn troa the Emergency Relief Appropriation of 1936. Land-Use Development Under the Works Program, the broad term •1and-uae denlopment" has oome to cover maey di nrae aoti vi ties which haft the common purpose of preaer'llkag and increasing the value et the land NIOVCH ot the »ation. 1'he reclamation ot arid and semiarid lands of the West through the construction or irrigatioa dams and canals, the retirement from. produotion or aubu.rginal fana lama and their transformation into parka aDd tore at a,, aD4 the establiabment er 4eaonatration eeuters where farmers om obaen. proper D1thod1 ot 69 erosion-preventing cultivation - all these are grouped under the general title of landuse development. The la-nd-use development phase of the Works Program, carried on by Federal agencies with f'unds provided tmder the Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts, is concentrated in three agencies I the Soil Conservation Service, the Bureau of Reclamation, and the ReThe work of the settlement Administration. is described in connection this in agencies the following paragraphs. Soil Con•rvetion Service Cognizant of the extent to which the Nation's land resources were being depleted through erosion, drying up of streams, and dust storms, Congress created the Soil Erosion Service in September 1933, placing it in the Department of the Interior. During April 1935 the designation was changed to Soil Conservation Service and the agency was transOn ferred to the Department of Agriculture. August 3, 1935, having rec~ived an allocation of ERA Act ftmds, the agency issued its first instructions for operations under its new arotmd five-year program, which centered demonstrainvolving activities three major tion, research, and nursery projects. At the time the allocation of ERA Aot ftmds was received the Service was prosecuting 40 erosion control demonstration projThe Works Program provided for 94 new ects. erosion control dffllonstration projects in 13 additional States. By the end of October all The of the new projects were in operation. demonstration program has now been extended The number of to 158 areas in 43 States. nearly 17,000 reached farmers cooperating has This and the list is continuing to grow. approximately group of farmers operates 2,500,000 acres, not including the Federallyowned grazing lends in the West. Demonstration projects are conducted either on private lands, with the cooperation of the farmer, or on Federally-owned property. About 15 percent of all demonstration Aooamwork is on privately-owned farms. plishments under this phase of the Service 'a program during the period July 1,. 1935• to April 30, 1936, are attested by the following partial list of activitiesa Soil Treatment Acres strip-cropped Acres contour-tilled Acres o~ crops properly rotated Acres contour-furrowed Acres taken out of cultivation Acres protected by terraces Area of gullies controlled (aerea) 53,682 114.454 116.688 62,538 31,451 108,023 447,638 Construction Work Temporary and permanent terrace outlet structtll'es built Temporary and permanent dams constructed for gully control Rods of fence erected 46,603 570,574 290,919 Moreover, numerous areas of severely washed land and land susceptible to destructive washing have been retired from cultivaOn these, trees or permanent grasses tion. have been planted. Rapidly expanding gullies have been controlled, covered over, and seedravines, ed to stabilize vegetationJ and which had drained away subsoil moisture to such an extent that the productivity of the rich top-soil had greatly deteriorated, have been closed up. The Soil Conservation Service is engaged in a diversified program of research projects designed to study the various aspects of soil erosion and to develop preventive and remedial methods of coping with the problem. EROSION CHECK DAIIS 70 Nursery projects are a necessary part of the Soil Conservation Service program. particularly in developing soil binders aJld erosionIt 1a planned that a resistant vegetation. few nurseries shall be especially oooupied PLACING STEEL SIPHON FOR THE OWYHEE PROJECT with assembling, propagating, and testing a good many species of plants. The Service is also making a determined effort to meet the need for immediately covering a portion of the dry regions of the West with permanent sod, through the use of native grasses now fOlmd in the various regions. In this connection it is hoped to enlist the a.id of farmers who may harvest the grass seed as a source of income and thus advance the erosion-control program in a ffm years far beyond what the Soil Conservation Service might hope to accomplish by itself. Allocations of ERA Act funds to the Service as of August 31, 1936, were $21,787,198. Approximately 70 percent of expenditures already made ar.e reported as having gone for la.bor. An average man-year cost of 1865 was reported by the agency up to June 15, 1936. One month after the agency's program was inaugurated, approximately 4,700 persons had been taken from relief rolls and given employment. During the next two months about 2,200 persons were added per week, and by November 1935 the agency had reached its me.xi.mum employment of 32,000 workers. From this point on employment declined. Total employment as of August 29, 1936, was 16,737, with about 88 percent taken from relief rolls. Bwau of creation of irrigation facilities. Through the conservation and utilization of available water supplies throughout the western part ot the United States, this agenoy is making possible the economic development of low-production territory whioh presents every natural advantage except that of an adequate •ter supply. It is estimated tbl.t the ERA Act allocations of $64,697,000 (all of which is recoverable under the Reclamation law which provides 100 percent repayment on all irrigation work) for 23 projects will provide for the construction of 266 miles of canals, 1,430 canal structures, 13 miles of canal lining, 30,984 feet of tumiel excavation, seven dam spillways, and three dems and for increasing the height of another dam. Chief among the operating projects (both in terms of amount of construotion end employment) are the Grand Coulee Dam which has received an allocation of t20,ooo,ooo, the AllAmerioan Canal with 111,600,000, and the Casper-Aloova project wit h an allocation of 15,300,000. During the week ending August 29, employment on the Grand Coulee project totaled 5,187 persons, or nearly 60 peroent of the Bureau's aggregate of 10,386, while the All-Amerioan Canal and Casper-Aloova projects reported employment of 1,238, and 816 persons respeotively. Rcclemetion The Bureau of Reclamation of the Department of the Interior is engaged in bringing into use land of potentially high fertility, cultivation of which 1• made po Hi ble by the The Grand Coulee Dam (only pa rtially financed by ERA Aot funds), one of the ma.jor projects in the Bureau's program for the development of the resources of t he Nation, ii the cardinal phase of a progr&Ju to equalize Tl the flow of the Columbia River, to develop its power potentialities, and to reclaim by irrigation 1 1 200,000 acres of land in north Towering 500 feet above central Washington. bed rock, the completed dam will be the It will world's largest masonry structure. form a lake in the Columbia River extending upstream 151 miles to the Canadian border and will contain more th.an 5,000,000 acre-feet of useful storage. The dam, with a hydroelectric installation of 1,890,000 kilowatt capacity, is one of a series of 10 designed t~ utilize 92 percent of the fall below the International Boundary in meeting the increasing demand for power in the Northwest. in located The All-American Canal, conthree of southern California, is one struction features authorized under the Boulder Canyon Project Act, approved December 21, 1928. By diversion of waters of the Colorado River, the Canal will provide an adequate supply of water for the fertile Imperial and Coachella Valleys. It will make possible the year-round production of alfalfa, cantaloupe~ lettuce, barley, corn, mile-maize, and small fruits, and thus facilitate the development of a prosperous agricultural district. The Casper-Alcova project in Wyoming, as the first unit of a 66 1 000-acre project, will provide irrigation from the Seminole Reservoir for 35,000 acres of agricultural land. It is intended to devote this land largely to alfalfa in order to meet the imperative need for winter feed for range livestock in an important grazing area of which the CasperAlcova district is the center. CONTOUR FURROWS Resettlement Adminl1tretlon Three chief objectives are involved in land-use the Resettlement Administration's 72 program: (1) to conserve the land resources of the country and to utilize land to the best possible advantage; (2) to aid families stranded on poor agricultural lands to move elsewhere and attain a higher standard of living; and (3) to reduce the costs of local government by retiring submarginal land from habitation and thus reduce the requirements for roads and schools in such areas. lt is pertinent to note that a study cf the many thousands of families occupying the 10,000,000 acres of land optioned by the Resettlement Administration revealed that their gross income in 1934 averaged $289, including $72 received from relief and other ''outside" payments. Average net family income was only $88, clearly indicating the urgent need for land improvement or resettlement on better soil. There are 203 development projects in program. the Administration's $22,275,000 development These include 94 agricultural projects, 46 recreational projects, 31 Indian migratory-waterfo wl land projects, and 32 The Indian and waterfowl projects projects. are being turned over to the Department of the Interior and to the Department of AgriThe culture, respectively, for development. placed recently were recreational projects under the supervision of the National Park Service. The major portion of the development work centers around agricultural demonstration activities, involving an area of 6,d74,113 acres, about 10 percent of which has alThe projects, carried ready been purchased. on in 41 States, consist principally of planting trees, building fire towers, cutting fire lanes, constructing check dams, terracing to prevent erosion, constructing reservoirs for recreational purposes or for the conservation of wildlife, improving streams, building roads, restoriil{; range grasses, and constructing recreational and administrative buildings. The recreational projects, consisting of wayside areas located on or near highways, accessible to are mostly in areas readily They involve large centers of population. the purchase of 428,429 acres, 15 percent of which has already been purchased. The Indi8ll projects, intended to make available to the Indians a more ample supply of land upon which to maintain themselves, involve the acquisition of 1,260,039 aores, nearly 42 per- cent of which has been purchased. The migra• tory-waterfowl project• inTolve the aoquidtion of 7!8,389 aoN•~ 57 percent of which has been acquired. Statistical, Clerical, and Research It has been recognieed from the beginning of the Works Program that a. comprehensive work relief program must provide a range of work opportunities appropriate to the particular skills of persons needing assistance. In the metropolitan areas of' the Nation a comparatively large number of' the unemployed population on relief rolls are white collar As of January 15, 1936, approxiworkers. mately l out of 12 of the total employable relief population throughout the United States belonged to the professional, technical, and clerical group. The problem of planning worthwhile projects upon which these persons could be employed to the best advantage was solved in part by white collar projects of the Works Progress Administration, and in part by the ·proposals of the several Federal agencies whose interests involved suitable operations A white collar program sponof' this type. sored by Federal agencies was approved, and operations were begun in the late summer of 1935. Kinds ol Projects The several projects included in the program may be segregated generally into four classifications, namely, (1) the oolleotion and tabulation of statistical data, (2) investigation, (3) education, and (4) research. Ee.oh olaasifioation is hereinafter treated separately. Colcction of D1t1 Tne table on the f'ollowing page outlines the Works Program activities of Federal agencies that involve the collection of diversified statistical data and the tabulation of' already available data. Employment on land-utilization projects as of September 4, 1936, amounted to 36,362 persons, of lfhom approximate ly- 57 per cent came from relief roll•• Projects The Bureau of the Census is conducting two projects, one of which is statistical and They are, rethe other clerical in nature. spectively, the Census of Business Enterprise and Retail Trade in 1935, and the Alphabetical Index of the Population Census of 1900. The Census of Business Enterprise and Retail Trade includes collection of pertinent data concerning employment, operating costs, sales or receipts, and problems of distribution for e~tablishments in all phases of bueiness and in every State in the Union. Tabulations of thes~ data will present basic information and, when combined with that regularly obtained by Federal Agencies, will make possible a fairly well rounded picture of preliminary Twenty-four business in 1935. reports, covering four industries in several States, had been made public by September 1, 1936. The final report for the United states will probably be released in June 1937. The Alphabetical Index project, located in St. Louis, Missouri, is employing ab6ut 2,500 persons in transcribing the re<:ords of the Population Census of 1900 to a oarcl index. This work was undertaken as a 1·e s ult of a survey to determine the most reliable source of information concerning the age and birth date of p9rsons applyinb for pensions under the Social Security and Railroad ReThis information is indistirement Acts. pensable to the individuals affected by the Since the cost of searching for this acts. informat ion through the mass of unindexed census records averaged about $3 for each individual search, it was felt that an alphabetical ca.rd index, which would reduce the cost to a f~w cents in each instance, would introduce substantial economies. It is intended eventually to transfer the card record to film so as to further reduce the cost of searches and increase the utility of the reoor,:l. ~ I O R S JOR SUTIS'fICAL .lllD CL!UCAL 1W>JSC1'8 WIWOC'fD BY nnRAL ~CZNCIIS llll>lll TB ll>RIS PR:>GRJM II Tbroagh Septaber l, UH ~ooatiODS PNP" Blll"eau of CtmllU of B'aslneH llaterpriae C••• aa lloWl Tn4e in 1~5 ~,000 BaNn of Cena,a ilpbabn1oal bdu of Popai... tiOD C..._ Of 1900 51-4,000 42,,00) 687,,00) B'llr'9a11 ot :&.bor Statia-Uoa) .-.. of COd'CmtJ'a' Parolaeee hreau of Home bnaal.oa ) 1 •-.1 U.S.DltlOJlllffl I ~ B--.u of J.trical1m-al loollomioa P.-pewal bfta~ flt 5415,,00 Unelllplo,men'\ 533,4'10 hrm Mortg-,. Surw7 Offioo of J:d111:,aUen S....,. of Looal 8ohoe1 Unite 328,6,S Oftioe et U'IIOatio a Veoati ou.l. Scl1Dat1e D •4 Gaiclanoe for R•INN Z:'1,359 Offioe of s~, m,ooo Treuury Depa--.. t U bll:uiTe of lilt'A• fud1 alloH.a 11)- 11PA ia US,. !/ Opeft,.d 11Ub These projects are examples of the statistical and clerical phases of the white colOther agencies, as outlined in lar probre.m. the table above, are conductin& studies which serve the double purpose of providing employment to persons of the white collar class and of supplying valuable information on a variThe Study of Consumers' ety of subjects. Purchases, being conducted jointly by the Bureau of Labor statistics and the Bureau of Home Economics, will make available for the first time comparatively complete data concerning consumers' habits and the relative magnitudes of the purchases of various commodities by fami lies of dif ferent income le?The Perpetual Inventory project, conels . duct ed by the United States Employment Service, has be8ll undertaken in order to provide a centralized source where statistical information will be available currently as to persons registered for placement by the Employment Service, and will permit periodic summaries of these registrants by geographical area, age, sex, veterans' status, and other classifications. ternal Revenue is conducti ng three tax i nvestigations involving the inspection of the books and records of persons paying income , alcohol, and miscellaneous excise taxes, in order to detect delinquencies and evasions in payments. The progran was conceived with t he idea of determining the advisability of extending investigations under regular approThe priations to include all taxpayers. three projects have demonstrated that the i ncreased activity would be self-supporting as a regular function and would tend to decreas e A the frequenoy of delinquency and evasion. measure of the material success attained is found in the statement of recovered f unds . During the 12 months of operation, a ssess• ments amounting to about $20,555,000 wer e made against delinquent taxpayers, of whi oh about $7,600,000 has been collected and the balance of approximately $13,000,000 is expected to be about 70 peroent colleot ible. When compared with approximately $4,000 1 000 obligat ed against the projects, it is evident that more than $6 has been assessed !Ind nearly $2 collected for every dollar spent on the pros ecution of the projects. Ed.c.tio11 The second classification of the white collar program includes projects of the BuThe Bureau of Inreau of Internal Revenue. 74 The projects included in the education classification are under the sponsorship of the Offioe of Education. They are of two kinds, namel y , t he Radio Eduoational Proj eot, involving periodic broadoast s (f rom Wlshing• ton) of 15-nrl.nute pro gr ams over stations of the two major broadoa sting oompani es , and a Publio Forum proj eot devot ed to t he establ i sh• ment of civio eduoation center s in 10 communities in as many St ates. The Radio Educational Pr oject is des i gned to promote the use of educational programs in radio broadcasting by demonstrating the possibilities of present i ng entertaining programs which will also be of educational value. In the sever al months in which this work has been in full swing, f i ve programs have been presented weekly and have been reoeived with considerable ent husiasm by the public . Public forums were designed to promote a better underst anding and a more general discussion of current pr oblEl!ls in government and world affairs. The 10 units in operation on September 1, 1936, have been reoeived with enthusiasm by the communities where they are located. A library service has been established in connection with each unit of the project, and a measure of the stimulation of interest occasio~ed by the for\1118 is the demand for the publioations offered by the li• brary service. Rcsarch Research projects are being conducted by the Bureau of standards, the Office of Eduoa• tion, the Bituminous Coal Commission, and the United States Employment Service. An example of this phase of the program is the Occupational Research project of the United States Employment Service, which is devoted to the development of specifications or descriptions of jobs in all types of industries. Results of the research will be of considerable value to the United state11 Employment Service and to private organizations in facilitating the placement of applicants. Also, it will permit the placement of applicants in industries in which the individuals have never been employed, but which call for skills similar to those required on their previous positions. Up to September 1, over 28,000 job descriptions had been secured from a number of establishments in each industry, and nearly 1,600 standardized job descriptions had been prepared. Approximately 25 percent of the total 9.lllOunt of work contemplated had been aocomplished by September 1. The Bure11u of standarlis is condtteting a st udy of t he permanency of building material s which ar e used in lc,.,..cost house construct i on and the results are expected to be of great value to t he Federal agencies conducting (or planning to conduct) housiDg programs . The Office of Education is sponsoring 200 separate st ud ies i n 57 universit i es and colleges throughout the country. .Among t he projects undertaken are t he f ol l owing studies : local and indi vi dual a rt unit s, student mo rtality i n i nst i tut i ons of higher educat ion, and correlation of high-school a pti tudes and interest with success in college. The survey being conducted with Emergency Relief Appropriat ion Act funds by the Bituminous Coal Commission i s designed to determine the available supply of bituminous coal in this country, and the ease with which it may be extracted; new uses and markets for the supply; the amount of bituminous coal extracted from the several fields in operation during the past few years, and the disposition thereof; and the effect of importation on the industry. The work has been undertaken in the hope of developing means to relieve unemployment among miners end to aid in solving the various problems now faced in the bituminous coal industry. The survey is purely the work of compilation, tabulation, and analysis of data already available and does not contemplate any engineering surveys under the present scheme. The Public Health Service has finished the work of collecting data for the Health Inventory, a study of the standards of publio health throughout the Nation, a study of oooupational morbidity and mortality, and oommunicable and chronic diseases in impor• tant cities of the United States. Analysis of these data, when finished in July 1937, will furnish information on t-he health of the Nation never before available in comprehensive form. Since the first white oollar projeot was started in August 1935, projects of this type prosecuted by the several Federal agencies have provided employment for an average of about 16,000 persons daily, the peak being reaohed about February 15, 1936, when 21,861 ·persons were at work . 78 For est, Plant and Game Conservation Needless devastation of forests and wildlife has been depleting these national re souroes to the extent of millions of dollars The abundanoe of these n a tural annually resources in the early stages of" the Nation Is development permitted the population to use and to abuse them almost without restriction. Interest in conservation has been growing, however, for a generation or more, and during the past few years has been greatly advanced by the steps which the Federal Govermnent has taken in promoting the conservation of forest, plant, and game r esources. O In order that the Federal Government might oontinue its conservation activities on President approved an expanded scale, the $41,415,499 of funds made available by the ERA Act of 1935, and $9,336,333 of ERA funds of 1936 to be expended by four Bureaus of the Department of Agriculture (Forest Service, Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Animal Industry, Biological Survey) and the Bureau of Fisheries of the Department of Commerce. The allocations by agencies are shown in Table 10 of Appendix B• By means of these allocations the Government was able to advance its forest,plant, and game conservation programs by at least six years. Aprpoximately 37,781 man-years of employment, at an average cost of $767 per man-year, were used in this work. Bureau of Animal Industry The passage of the ERA Act of 1936 provided funds which allowed the Bureau of Animal Industry to carry on extensive a.otivities in the eradication of the cattle fever tick prevalent in Florida, Texas, and Louisiana. This species of tick disseminates the ca.ttle disease, splenetic or tick fever, which has profitable prevented the development of a Alloareas. cattle industry in the infested cations of $1,127,100 allowed the Bureau to utilize 1,096 man-years of labor in inspecting or dipping 1,291,633 cattle and 143,442 horses and mules. This treat'm.ent oonsiderably reduces the danger of spreading the infestation to other sections of the country. Because of these preventive measures, the Bureau has been able to permit the free movement of cattle from these areas and has made safe the introduction of pure bred cattle. Furthermore, such activities have assisted generally in diversifying the farming activities of the section through facilitating livestock growing. Another activity of the Bureau is the control of the liver fluke disease whioh has become serious in Washington, Utah, Oregon, and Idaho. With the funds available, the Bureau has been able to conduct 25 demonstration projects in as many counties. The purpose of these projects is to inform the cattlemen how to control this usually fatal dis- CAftIB DIPPIIO VATS 76 ease whioh attaoks the livers of oatt le. As a result of t he benefi ts derived by the oattle industry f r om the Bureau's work. additional demonstrati on projeots have been established by a number of States in the te rritory affeoted. Biological Survey One of the most important measures for the preservati on of wildlife is the extension of the system of public wildlife refuges f or waterfowl and upland game. In recognition of this fact. the Bureau of Biologioal Survey proseouted by the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine in oooperatioD with publio and private agencie s. The Bureau's control and eradication aotivities affect species of insects and plants injurious to trees as wall as to vegetative plants. J.. total of $17.058,431 has been made available to the Bureau from ERA funds of 1935 and 1936 to expand 12 of its regular activities. Six of these invol ve disease control work; five relate to control of species of insects de structive to trees and plants ; and the r emaining aoti vi ty • of minor impor tance, involves t he construction of field inseotaries and other facilities. DUTCH Ell( DISEASE ERADICATIOB has undertake~ the construction of 70 small wildlife refuges in nine States. principally in the Dakotas. These projeots are selected and designed to cheek water flow a.nd prevent soil erosion, as well as to provide refuges for wildlife. During the recent drought the small reservoirs provided by these projects proved to be a Taluable source of water supply. In addition, the wildlife that has been conserved is of incalculable value in destroying insects which attack crops and trees. Work was done on 57,932 acres (27,323 of which nre submerged) and involved the construction of 27 dams and 7 diversion ditohes. An island and a few miles of tre.il were e.lso oonstructed to make these refuges more accessible. Bwcau of Entomology end Plant Ouarantine Work necessary to oontrol or inseot pests and plant di1ea1e1 ere.dioate ii being Through the disease control projects of the Bureau, work is carried on to control the Dutch elm, white pine blister rust, ci trus oanker, phony peaoh, pee.oh mosaic. and bl ack stem rust diseases. Seventy-nine projects involving such activities were in operation in 41 States on August 31, 1936. Easily the most important of these projects are tlB white pine blister rust control and Dutch elm disee.se control. Both of these diseases are taking a hea..-y toll of white pine and elm tree s. 0n the Dutch elm disease control projeot to de.te, over a.000,000 elm trees ha"9'9 been inspected, over 6, 700 di aeased and 843,000 dead and ~ g trees have been removed. and over 336,000 have been marked for remoTal. Under the white pine blister-rust disease control prograJII, e.pproximately 2,S00,000 e.ores of white pine l ands he.ve been cleared and more than 110,000,000 currant and gooaeberry bu1hea(whioh are ho1t1 for e. fungus that lins e.lternatel7 on the• am on white pine treea)and S7,000 white pine trees he.ff been treated to elilli.nate the ruat These accomplisbments are estiinfection. mated by the Bureau to have advanced the control of these diseases byat least five years. been In addition, encouraging progress has made on each of the other four disease-control projects. a capacity of 800,000 fingerling trout, and The Bureau estimates 1,250, 000 pond fish. that the value of the fish that will be reproduced by these hatcheries will greatly exceed the funds expended for their construction. Of the insect-control activities, projects for the extermination of the gypsy moth Large damage are by far the most important. In Alaska, in contrast to the States, the Bureau has regulatory authority over all aquatic life. For the improvement of the salmon-spawning streams and grounds in southeastern and central Alaska., Works Program activity has belilll devoted to the completion of several buildings and ponds, as described in the following section of this report. Forest Service RAilIBOW TROUT POND to fruit, shade, and forest trees by defoliation is brought about each year by the gypsy moth. As of August 31, over 3,000,000 acres of land and 12,000 miles of road had been scouted in determining the extent of the areas suffering from this insect. Additional work directed against the brown-tail moth, the thurberia weevil, and the pink boll-worm, and a comprehensive survey of the Euro;>ean corn borer are being conducted. Bureau of Fisherics Under the Works Program, allocations a.mounting to $45,996 were provided to the Bureau of Fisheries for the improvement of This is salmon-spawning streams in Alaska. predadestrc,yiJ!g by partly being accomplished tory enemies in Bristol Bay and partly by the hatcheries. construction of necessary fish Other operations of the Bureau are carried on in Texas, New Mexico, and North Carolina. the Bureau has no regulatory p o1'8r over aquatic life in the States, its activity within States is limited to replenishing the Under supply of fish in streams and rivers. i■ construction tll0,000, an a.llocation of nearing completion on three hatcheries, with As 78 One of the most immediate considerations which faces the Forest Service in preserving the forests is the protection of existing forest areas against the ravages of fire, insects, and diseases which are respons i ble for the annual loss of forest stands worth milAllocations a.mounting to lions of dollars. 018, 647,625 were provided for the construction of lookout houses from which fires may be quickly discovered, telephone lines over which reports may be transmitted, and roads and trails over which firefighters may be readily transported. Man-power has been fur- WORK IN 'fflE NATIONAL FORESTS nished for spraying chemicals on diseased trees and insects and for other eradication In the establishmeut of these activities. facilitie s, the Forest Service has planned 49 projects located in 46 States, 2 Territories, This work inand the District of Columbia. strip forest and cludes research in forestry planting whioh prevents erosion. In addition, the Servioe received $12,125,000 for the acquisition of land for national forests. To date this allocation has enabled the Servioe to aoquire options for the purchase of 2,891,918 acres, at a oost of $11,598,336. The Service's projects have been planned and executed not only to protect the forests against fire, insects, and diseases, but also to improve existing timber stands by thinning and other cultural treatment, to develop nurseries and reestablish forest stands by the planting of deforested areas, to reduoe or oontrol soil erosion as a means of flood control, and to create more favorable oonditiona for wildlife. Operations have been completed on about 80 percent of the jobs contemplated under the allocation for work projects. A true evaluation of the benefits derived from the Service's projects must take into aocount not only the millions of dollars in timber stands that have been saved, but also the importance of forests stands as a regulator of stream flow, a preventer of aoil erosion, a habitat for wildlife, and as a recreational facility. Emplo yme nt Works Program operations in the field of fore st, plant , and game conservation got under way by June 30, 1935, when a total of 2,076 persons were reported as employed by the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. Employment expanded during subsequent months and by October 30, 1935,the total had reached 37,757. Of this number, 19,383 persons were employed by the Forest Service and 17,559 by the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. After this date, inclement wea.tl'P er forced these two 1118.jor Bureaus to curtail their operations so that employment dropped to 28,616 persons at the end of January. Ea.ch succeeding month showed a moderate increase in employment until on April 25, 1936, a total of 36,245 persons were at work. More favorable weather conditibns permitted a sharp inerease in employment to 51,764 persons by the end of August. Of this number, the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine employed Z'T,703 persons, and the Forest Service, 20,491. The Bureaus expect employment on their projects will show little change unt il the latter part of December 1936 when unfavorable weather will force curtailment. Works Prosram in Territories and Possessions Works Program rehabilitation and work relief in Possessions and Territories is being carried on largely through the activities of the following Federal agencies: the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration, the Temporary Govermnent of the Virgin Islands, the Public Works Administration, the Alaska Road Commission, the Quartermaster Corps, the Bureau of Yards and Dooks, the Forest Service, the Treasury Procurement Division, and the Office of Education. The work of these agencies is all pa.rt of a closely integrated program having as its ohief objectives: better housing, more extensive eleotrifica.tion, im• proved roads, and a general improvement in standards of living. Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is predominantly agricultural. For years, however, heavy tropical rains have eroded the land and driven large numbers of those dependent upon the soil into congested urban centers. A comprehensive reoonstruction program, both rural and urban, has therefore become essential to the ia• land's economic existence. Since Puerto Rico was unable to finance this reconstruction program alone, Federal aid has been extended for that purpose. The Puerto Rico Reconstruction .Administration was oreated May 28, 1.935, and assigned to carry '19 tion of the coffee industry and the i mpairAB a r e sult many ment of tobaooo farming . persons have migrated to San Juan, Puerto Rico's capital. This influx has not only increased poverty there, but has also endangered the well-being of the i nhabi te.nt s by creating unsanitary living condit i ons . Kany Housing pro j ects are houses are fire traps. therefore essential to the welfare of the islands. To this end $2,200,000 was allotted for slum clearance and low-cost housing construction, which was started October 15, 1935. A REW BUIU>ING FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO out a program for the islands which covers: (a)· rural rehllbilitation, (b) rural electrification, (o) slum clearance and low-cost housing~ (d) university building oonstruo• tion, (e) reforestation , forestation and prevention of soil erosion , (f) the construction of a cement plant, and (g) other work relief projects. These seven major divisions encompass some 62 projects and involved a total allocation up to August 31, 1936 of $33,240 ,395 from ERA Act funds of 1935. An additional allocation of $1,106,400 has been m a de from 1936 ERA Act funds for several new types of projects. At the end of August 1936 total employment on all projects amounted to 43,790 persons. Another major part of the r econstruction program has to do with the construction of various buildings, laboratorie s , roads, and sidewalks in conjunction with the University This institution supplies of Puerto Rico. the islands with technically skil led men to develop their agricultural resource s and to protect public health . The Housing Division of t he Public Works Administration has two pro jects in Puerto These projects are entirely distinct Rico. of the Puerto Rico Recons truction those from Ad.ministration and are being developed under One is in San an allocation of $775,000. Juan, Puerto Rico's capital, and the ot her is in Caguas, an ialand city of Puerto Rico. About $23,500 ,000 was allocated for the These funds rural rehabilitation program. farmers for to loans of covered the financing the purchase of purchase of farm lands; 75,760 a.or e s of public land; the construotion of 13 , 073 houses, 2,250 animal sheds, 10 central service farms, and 45 workers ' re construct i on camps; and the purchase of equiPAll of this ment, f erti l izers, and fences. work is well under way. program emThe rural eleotrifioation brace s primarily the development of fi"V9 hydroelectr i c projects, three of which are for transmission and distribution lines. These projects, nearly one-half completed, wi 11 furnish the eleotrioity urgently needed for lighting and other household purposes, and for the oper ation of coffee milla in the rural areas. Soil erosion and disturbed natural irrigation have brought about wideapread destruo- 80 BEW ROADBED 111 HAWAII These new communities will provide low-rent houses of simplified, one-story, re infor ced con.c rete construction with practical provision against the rigors of hurricanes a n d The privilege of gardening in earthquakes. the rear of the houses will alleviate one of the problems confronting the Puerto Ri can - 1'0X CULVERT - CilAL ZOU COTTAGE DEVBU>PIIEBT • VIRGIB ISLA.RDS that of obtaining home-grown foodstuffs. An allocation of $7,000 has financed the work of the Forest Service in Puerto Rico. This has consisted wholly of land acquisition surveys, mapping, and examinations of proposed additions to the Toro Negro Purchase Unit which has been establisheA on the island. The Emergency Conservation Work (CCC) employs 1,752 persons and has nine caJ&ps in Puerto Rico: four in the Caribbean National Forest, three in insular forests and two in The work, which is military reservations. similar to that done in the States, involves principally the improvement of national parks and forests; the increase of recreational facilities by oonstruotion of roads, bridges, trails, picnic grounds, and sbeltersJ and the construction of firebreaks, telephone lines, and observation towers, as a more efficient means of preventing forest fires. Virgin Islands The Virgin Islands also have suffered In an from the depression in recent years. effort to improve conditions an allocation of $434,600 for a work relief program waa -.de on November 23, 1935, to the Temporary GovUnder th i • ermnent of the Virgin Islands. program 761 persona were employed during the week ending Auguat 29 1 1986. The program 1a planned largely- to ef'tect permanent improvement in the economic conditions of the Islands and to establish tourist facilities. It involves three major effortsi (a) the construction of roads, (b) community develoJBDBnt, and (c) hotel and cottage construction. Road construction and resurfacing work has progressed rapidly during the past six To date nearly 21 miles of road and months. 12 miles of scenic trails have been completThe rural rehabilitation program is deed. voted chiefly to the establishment, maintenance and operation of six community projIn addition, a group of small holders ects. is acquiring, under an easy amortization plan, plots of land averaging six acres, with a small comfortablA house on each plot. The homesteaders will be able to raise food for subsistence and enough in excess to augment their small incomes. There are already indications or the success of the program. To date over 90 percent of the homesteaders, who are payint for their land and buildings under the terms of a 20-year contract, have made payments to the Government on the due date • Some adva.noe payments have also been made. Sino• l9S2 a total. of S,639 &ores or land have been purchased for homestead projOf this land, ects in the Virgin Island• • were transferred to the Navy De216 Of the remaining part.nt for airports. S,42, aor••• 1,569 are already under cultivation by 268 homesteaders and approximately 1,166 acres (including 1,005 purchased with Bli.t. Act funds) are now being cleared for aor•• 81 early allotment to 105 additional homesteaders. Sixty-four new or rebuilt houses (146 rooms) of stone or concrete have been completed, and 47 additional houses are being constructed. Castle The Federally-owned Bluebeard Hotel, located on a hill in St. Thomas, was constructed in 1934-35 from an appropriation It is part of the of Public Works funds. program to develop the tourist and winter resident trade in St. Thomas. Bluebeard Castle Hotel has operated at capacity thr oughFunds are now being out the winter season. used to improve and extend the hotel's facilities by constructing three or four additional cottages and a multiple cottage unit of 15 rooms, which will considerably increase its ca-paci ty. The Public Works Administration has two classes of work under ,vay in the Virgin Islands: first, municipal and civic improvement projects, and second, low-cost housing and There has been an slum clearance projects. allotment for the first type of project of $40,000 which is being used for street improvement on St. Thomas and St. John Islands. These projects are being pushed towards completion. A $91,939 project for nrunicipal improvements is making satisfactory pr ogress. The ~64 ,892 low-cost housing project on St. Croix Island is 45 percent completed; and the projects on St. Thomas Island, costing $109, A third 140, are about 40 percent complete. housing project, to cost $41,800, on S t. Croix Island, is still in the hands of the architects. employed Emergency Conservation Work 221 men in two CCC camps in the Virgin Islands during the last week of August 1936. As of August 31, the Procurement Division reports one project operating in the Virgin Islands, with a total of five artists engaged in easel painting. Alaska The Alaska Road Commission has received allocations of $671,6001 $426,500 for construction of a road from Anchorage to Matanuska, $120,000 for the construction of local public roads in the 14atanuska ValleyJ and $126,000 for the Palmer•.Anohorage road project. During the summer of 1936 82 employment on the Conunission's projects reached a peak of After the inevitable reabout 250 workers. dua:tions in operations during the following winter some increase in employment occurred in the spring of 1936. During the subsequent months the number employed totaled somewhat less than 100 persons. Allocations amounting to $45.996 ~re made to the Bureau of Fisheries for the improvement of salmon-spawning streams in Alaska. This was partially accomplished by destroying predatory enemies in Bristol Bay. This activity created 126 man-years of employment in constructing 10 buildings, a p1.llllphouse, 70 ponds, and about a mile of road. Under e.n allocation of $58,670 the Forest Service is making land acquisition surNa veys and maps of the Tongas and Chugah tional Forests of Alaska. The Non-Federal Division of the PWA has six projects under way in Alaska, involving the construction of a waterworks and sewer system in Douglas, schools at Juneau and in Valdez, a city hall at Anchorage, municipal improvements at Cardova, and street improvements at Petersburg. The total cost of these projects exceeds $270,000. On August 29, 1936,approxiroately 160 CCC enrollees in Alaska were engaged in activities similar to those in the United States. Hawaii The Territory of Hawaii has received $1,379,736 of the Works Program highway and grade-crossing funds. Of this $926,033 is to be spent on highways, roads, and streets, -and $453,703 on grade-crossing elimination projEmployment provided by these projects ects. rose from 20 persons on January 1, 1936, to a total of 331 persons on August 16. 1936. The Bureau of Yards and Dooks has three projects approved and started in Hawaii under an allotment of $65,000 from 1936 ERA Aot funds. These projects involve the repair and roa.ds, wa 1 ks, construction of buildings, utilities, public transportation facilities, and the repair of waterfront structures. As of August 29, 1936, a total of 467 workers were employed on these projects. The Quartermaster Corps has six proj•ote in the Territory of Hawaii, for which an allocation of $1,733,170 has been made. There were 633 persons employed on these projects on August 31, 1936. The Hawaiian projects are of three distinct types: (1) the reconstruction and repair of buildings and other im,provements at various forts (four of these projects have been completed); (2) construction at Schofield Barracks, including the improvement of buildings, electric and sewerage systems, and grounds, and provisi on for an adequate wate r supply; (3) the construction of highways, including the Kole Pass Highway ( to provide adequate communication be tween Schofield Barracks and Lualualei Naval Reservation) and the 21-mile Wahaiwa-Pupakia Trail Highway. Blasting has begun on the former project preparatory to building the road. On the latter project six miles have been paved. The Public Works Administration has four projects in Hawaii, involving the constru c tion of waterworks at Honolulu, Kauai, and Hilo. These will cost $661,818, $19,040 and $328,160, respectively. A hospital at Keokee. will cost J505,578. Erner gency Conservation Work (CCC) on August 29 had 1,062 employees in Hawaii. This work, similar to that in the States, is under the jurisdiction of the National Park Service. Canal Zone The Quartermaster Corps is operating two projects in the Canal Zone, under an allocation of $700,000. During the last week of August 253 persons were employed. One project, concerned with the construction of army barracks, includes work on buildings, sewer mains, and water connections; the other has to do with the construction of highways to connect military reservations in the Zone. This work, proceeding rapidly, is about 70 percent complete. Other Federal Agency Activities To complete discussion of activities of Federal agencies participating in the Wor ka Program, attention must be directed to three groups of agencies that have not been dealt with thus far. These groups consist of agencies prosecuting projects for the improvement of Federal property, agencies oarrying OD special rural programs and e.genoies with certain miscelle.neous programs. Generally speaking, the 15 e.gencies oompr1a1ng the three groups are carrying on programs more limited in scope than those of the e.gencies alree.dy discussed. Total f111ll.ds alloce.ted for their work, e.s of August 31, 1936, amountedto$38,105,447. could be included in the Works Program, a. number of divisions of Federal departments, with sce.ttered field ste.tions and other properties, found portions of their facilities in need of repair, reoonditioning, painting, or landsce.ping. The e.gencies had insuff i cient appropriations to prosecute this work. Much of the necessary work fitted in well with the requirements of the Works Program: it would bring lasting benefits in the form of improved public fe.cilities which would not be developed otherwiseJ it would be of such a nature that it could be initiated and brought to completion quicklyJ the major portion of oontemplated expenditures would go for payrolls of workers available from relief rolls. Improvements to Federal Properties Allocations totaling $6,977,482 had been e.pproved by the end of August for 91 projects involving improvements, repairs, reoondi tioning and oon.etruction on properties operated by 11 Govermnent agencies, namely, the Extension Servioe and Bureaus of Agricultural En- At the inception of the Works Program, when established Govermnent departments ftre requested to survey their aotivities with a view to the developnent ot projeots whioh 83 gineering, Dairy Industry, and Plant Industry of the Department of Agriculture, the Bureau of Lighthouses of the Department ot Co1!11118rce, the Geological Survey and St. Elizabeths Hospital of the Department of the Interior, the Bureau of Immi.gratioii and Naturalization of the Department of Labor. the United S ta te s Coast Guard and Procurement Division of the Treasury Department. and the Veterans Administration. for 15 projects involving the rebuilding, repair, and modernization of telephone line~ which comprise the communication system between Coast Guard stations, and the dredging ot a channel leading to the Coast Guard station on Governors Island in New York harbor; 25 projects devoted to the reconstruction and reconditioning of shore facilities, modernizing and rebuilding 127 Coast Guard stations, and miscellaneous work on station buildings; and 8 projects for the construction of patrol boats, picket boats, harbor craft, crash boats, life boats, and other craft to replace obsolete equipment and to make possible more effective operations. AA of August 31, 1936, the Bureau reported that about 49 boats had been constructed, about l25 miles of transmission lines laid, about 82 stations repaired, and that dredging operations were nearing completion. Veterans' Administration Allocations to the Veterans' Adm1Jlistration were approved for the repair am improvement of 16 hospital buildings and surrounding grounds. Five of these projeots have been completed and the remainder are nearing completion. Procurement Division COAST GU.ARD LIFEBOAT BUILT WITH ERA P'UBDS SELF BAILING Al."'ID SELF RIGHTING The major projects in terms of the e.nount;s of money involved were those sponsored by the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, the Coast Guard, the Veterans Administration, and the Procurement Division of the Treasury. Bureau of Imnigration and Naturalization Four projects approved for operation by the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization involve removal of debris, cleaning of walls and floors, landscape grading, repairs to furniture and equipment. and similar work at irmnigration statidna at Ellis Island, New York, Gloucester City, New Jersey, Boston, Massachusetts, and the district headquarters building in Detroit. The repair work at Boston has been oompleted and the remaining projects are approaching completion. Coast Guard The Coast Guard reoeived allocationa Allocations to the Procurement Divieion of the Treasury are making possible the decoration of Govermnent buildings tbl'oughcut the Unit-4 States with mural.a and sculpture requested by various department• or agencies of the Federal Govermnent. A group of. artiste ie also working on eaeel painting• which are clietributed on request to Federal agenciee. By September 10 of this year 4,712 eaeel painting• had been complete4, 101 additional sketches approved, and 14 mural• eoulpture, and poster projeota oampl•ted. Other Agenoiee other projeot1 tor 1mprOY411lent to Federal propertr have been operated by the 1:1'teneion Servioe, the Bureaua or Agrioultural Engineering, Dairy Indu'try, and JJ.ghthnee1·, and st. Bllaa'b.-the Boepital. .lll projeoi1e ot theH agenoiH were oampleted by Jae 10, l9S8. The nature ot the work clone by the agenciee d.ieoueeed in thi1 eeotion that have proeecutecl projeote tor impro"'911eut or Ped•n.1 property ie eunaari&ecl in the table on the following page. JlllO.Jm'.rS !'OR 1!11 lMPROvn.ml.r 01' l'EDE!W. PROP!RI'Y' y .A.a of .A:agust 31, 1936 Nlmlber of PJ:ojeota Not TO'liL 91 Dopartmont of ~oulture J.#1.oultural Engineering 2 7,151 D&iJT Indus try 1 3,000 Elctenaion Sorrl.oe 1 4,066 13 40,493 Departmet of Comntroe Lighthouea l 20,000 Department of the Interior GeologS.oal. Suney 2 104,913 St. Elisabetha Roapital 1 9,453 4 175,752 Plant Induatrr DelOrlption of ProJoot • ♦J Jgn:i.tiona Landaoapi.ng pa't'ing eto.J oonstruotioa of loading plaifonu at two oper!aental atationa. '1'el"l'&Oing, fenoiag, and rop&\ r work at apei-imeatal station. Rso4eling and improTe111Snt of Dep't• of Aerlolll.t'12N cat.ibita. Reoonditioning and bnpro-nmets at agriolll.tur&l atationa and sxpor1mental fama. Repair &Dd oonrii,iotion of roach on lighthouee reaorntiona. Rso'Tillg tire hazard• and improdng equipnml't at Na'ftl. Petrol811D Reaa"ff; repair o r ~ plaoeent of ati-01111 gt.uging atationa damagecl ~ cleatro;rea in 1936 floods. lmpro.....,nt of groun4a and buildings. DepaMmmt of Labor Imnigt-ation and !latur&llsatio:a. "•f Dcp::1 tlae ~ Coast Guard. C«-ajoatio:a. Program Station Mo4ern1zation Boat Coutr1x>tion Proo~ RoooDdi tio~J, painting, laDdaoaping, :r.pain to lJail.cU.ngs and fllrnitun, eto., at four Dmd.gt-ation Station•• 4.850.950 m,1ze 25 8 l,926,7'58 2 543,584 Rebuilding, repair, and modernintion of telephone liua; dredging. Reooastrmtlng and rooonditiolling shore f.,. oilitieaJ modernizing an.cl rebuildillg Coan Guard Stathna. CoutruoUon of 11 patrol boah, 1B pio~ boats, 2 harbor craft, 5 oraah boats, life boats and othor craft, with equipnent. Decoration of Federal buildings with pain"- ta,■ VO'tenu • .A.am. Di st ration y 16 1,2ia.120 a4 e o ~ , l'Ulag ae lnd.W..,. Repair and impro-nment of buildiaga and land.a on hospital proportiu. Jlot bol1141:a.t aim:1.lar p1'0Jeoh of agaoiH "whoae aoti't'itiH are 4houuod separate~ in this Special Rural Programs In addition to the Resettlement Administration, the Soil Conservation Service, and other agencies previously mentioned. the Rural Electrification Administration and the Extension Service of the Depari:3Dent of Agriculture have received allocationa under the ERA .»t of 1935 for the prosecution of special activities .:.n rural areas. Rural Electrification Administration The Adw1n1111tration engages in aotiTitiN designed to acquaint the farm population with the poesible uees of eleotrioity on fann.1 and to advise loca.l ft.na and buaineae groupa r.,. gard~ the constnotion of rural eleotrio re,en. transmission and distribution lines and ays'\ems. Through loans to private corporation,, oooperative associations end State and publlo bodies, it finances the construction of rural distribution line•• Through August 31, 1936,allocations had been approved totaling $15,086,128. Five projects had been oompleted involving allocations of $741,542 and providing 715 miles of electric lines to serve 3,025 customers. Seventy-six projeots, with allocationa of il4,314,686 representing 12,923 miles of line and serving 48,696 customers, were under construction or in the stage of preliminary negotiations. One allocation of $30,000 had been made for the purpose of financing the wiring of customers' premises. Loan contracts 86 had been executed on 61 of the distribution line projects and 19 were actually under construction. On May 20, 1936~ the President approved the Rural Electrification Aot of 1936 which continued the Rural Electrification Administration for 10 years. Under this act, moneys to be loaned by the REA during too fisoal yeeJ.' ending July 30, 193~ will be made available by the Reoonstruotion Fina.nee Corporation. Projects for which allocations from 1935 ERA Act funds have been made will be completed with these funds, liminary survey and · oonstruction work for the Natchez-Trace Parkway from Natchez to Tupelo, Mississippi. Of this amount $160,000 is being used for the preliminary survey and the remainder ,has been reserved for the construction phase of the project. Work is to be conducted by the Bureau of Public Roads and finanoed by monthly reimbursement vouchers. The survey portion of the project is in progress but constructi on has been held up pending the outcome of a ruling by the Attorney General of Mississippi that counties must match State funds which are provided to aid in financing the project. Allocations for land purchase tot a 1 in g $922,750 have been ma.de to the National Park Service, and $77,240 has been provided for the repair of flood-damaged Federal property in the District of Columbia. In addition, $6,750,000 has been approved for the Jefferson Memorial project in st. Louis, Missouri. Pending the outcome of injunction suits on this project, work preparatory to land acquisition is being continued. Extension Service An allocation of $2,000,000 was made to the Extension Service, pursuant to the provisions of the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act approved February 29, 1936, for "allocation and payment to the States in the Southern Great Plains area or to farmers therein for wind eros ion control." The primary purpose is to make funds available for grants to farmers in the "Dust Bowl" area for the purchase of gaso line and oil to operate tractors with which they are able to furrow or otherwise treat the land to reduce loss from soil blowing. The National Park Service is cooperating with the Resettleioont Administration in the development of a program for the utilization of le.nds,purchased under the I.e.nd Utilization Division of the Resettlement Administration, which are adaptable to use for recreational purposes. In line with its policy of establishing a system of accessible outdoor recreational areas distributed over the country in such manner as to meet the urgent and immediate needs of people in various sections of the country, the National Ps.rk Service has As of July 1, 1936, grants totaling $1,394,065 had been approved, covering 39,864 applications for fund s for the protection of over 8,750,000 acres of land. Other Activities National Park Service The National Park Service hu reoeived allocations totaling $1,426,186 for the pre- 86 DITERIOR OF A mAILSIDE SHELTER set up 46 projects in demonstration of the reoreational uses to which the.se lands might be put. These projeots are operated by the National Park Service personnel with tun.de allocated to the Resettlement Administration. On August 1, 1936, the full respond bi 1 i ty for their operation was placed upon the National Park Servioe and allocation• total ing $3,487,162 1f8re approved tor proeeoution of work projeote involving the oonstruotion and improvement of reoreational and related facilities, and for the operation of 34 transient oamps and a beaoh erosion oontrol projeot 'Which had previously baen operated by the Works Progress Administration. Office of Indian Affairs Practically the entire Indian population of 332,000 persons is in need of material•sistance. In an effort to relieve the poverty of these persons, the President provided the Offioe of Indian Affairs with $1,879,250 to conduct a program of rehabilitation involving direct relief grants, oonmnmity impr~nts, and self-help projects. Of the allocation, $482,500 was earmarked for direct relief and the remaining $1,596,750 is being used largely for loans and grants to individuals or tribes for the construction and repair of homes, barns, out-buildings and rootcellars; for the development of wells and springsJ and for the clearing and improvement of lands for small farms and gardens. Social standards have been raised considerably by better and more sanitary housing facilities whioh are bei~g constructed under this rehabilitation program. Root-cellars and canning kitohens are helping the Indians to conserve their food supply and aro thus helping to solve the problem of undernouri sbme.nt. Sewing, woodworking, rug weaving, and other haldicraft shops are enabling the Indians to provide more adequa:te furnishings for their homas and to gain a small income through au-tside sales. Since February the program has advanoed steadily. Conatruotion is 110re than 90 perceat oomplete on 664 new houaea, 661 new outbuildings• and 380 buildings to house selfhelp enterprises suoh as oanning lei tohens, woodworking shops, grist mills, arts an d orafts projects, and similar undertakings. In addition, 749 hou.• have been repaired. Library of Congress In Tin ot the taot that blind.Den 1a be- ASSEMBLING TALKING BOOK MACHINES coming an affliction of old age to an increasing extent and that older persons generally do not readily learn the Braille system the need for a device to aid this handicapped group is growing greater. To assist blind persons (who number about 115,000)allooations totaling $423,000 were made by the President to the Library of Congress for assembling 11,000 talking book machines which are to be dist~ibuted among the States according to population. The machines, a specially adapted type of phonograph contained in a single portable unit, are then made available to the blind o~ a loan basis. Special book-length sets of records also are provided. Of the JD&• chines to be oonstructed, 1,000 are t1> be spring-driven in order to provide for those not having a.ocese to electrical ~nergy. The other 10,000 machines are electrically operated. About 4,830 of the latt er are completed and have been distributed. Employment Operations on the projeota involved in the three activities included iD this eeotion began during the wek ending August Sl, 1935, 87 when a total. of 50 persons 1f8re employed. From this date there wa.s a steady increase in employment until December 21, when a total of 2,841 persons were a.t work. Until February 29, 1936, each succeeding wek showed a decrea.se in emploJD19nt, with minor fluctua.tions due to sea.sona.l influences a.nd the completion of projects conducted by the Burea.u of Dairy Industry, the Burea.u of Agrioultura.l En19--neering, the Extension Service, the Bureau of Lighthouses, a.nd St. Eliza.beth& Hospital. largely because of more favorable fta.ther 88 conditions, beginning with the spring months, there was a ateady increase in the total number of persona employed until June 27, 1936, when a pea.k: of ·6,671 persons was reported. Subsequently the trend of emplo,ment under the group, excluding the National Park Service, ha.s been dowmni.rd. During August the National Park Service took over projects llhich had been prosecuted previously by WP.A and the Resettlement Adm1o1,tra.tion with a resulting marked increa.se in employment b7 this agency. Workers and Their Earning• Nu111bcr o# W orlccn During the months following the initiation of the Works Program, employment was neoessarily delayed while thousands of proj eots submitted by sponsors of WPA projects and by Federal agencies were being examined and a.pproved. By the end ot November 1935 a large reservoir of projects had been approved and those actually under 1111.y nre sufficient to treble employment during the month and virtually achieve the goal of putting 3,600,000 persons to work. During the next three nths employment continued to increase, although at a reduoed rate. By the end of February, 3,860,000 persons had Works Program jobs. Subsequently, with the improvement in industry e.nd the seasonal piok-up in agriculture, employment was reduced. In July the occurrence of a new emergency, the widespread drought, necessitated an expansion of employment to provide aid for farmers in the moat seriously stricken States. early in 1933 but became part of the Works Program in A.Pril 1935 through the provisions of the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935. The 487,000 men engaged in this work at the end of July 1935 represented 85 percent of the total Works Program employment and the 594,000 working at the end of August (the all-t:ilne peak for Emergency Conservation Work) constituted about 65 percent of the total for the Pro gram. By the end of the next month (September 28, 1935) the WPA program was under way, and EClf, al though still showing the largest employment figure, represented less than half the total of all agencies. Thereafter the general trend of nployment on Emergency Conservation Work was downward, with some fluctuation at the beginning of new enrollment periods. By the end of August 1936 less than 400,000 men were working under this agency. WP.A projects have provided the bulk ot Works Program employment since the end of Ootober 1935. More than 2,740,000 persona, The respective roles played by the difconstituting about 78 pex-oent of the total. ferent agenoie~ participating in the Works nre working on these projects by the end ot Program have changed materially in the course the year. At the peak of Works Program emof the past year. At the beginning, the bulk ployment in February, when the number of perot employment was provided \Ulder Emergency sons on WPA payrolls exceeded 3,000,000, the Conservation Work which had been initiated proportion was slightly higher. From that time until the end of June WPA WORKS PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT employment was curtailed in aoThroush Aua:uat 29, 1936 cordance with the policy ot MILLIONS MILUONS OF ,DSONS OF PIDtSONa transferring all possible work• 4,---,----,----,--y-~~---,---,----,----,--y-~~--~4 ers to projects of other Federal agencies and to private industry. 2 t--+---+--+-----+ With the continued expansion of other agenoy projeota and the increased aotivitiea in agriculture and private industry there was a decline in the number employed on WPA projeota. By the end of June slightly more than 2,260,000 persons, or about 68 peroent ot the Worn Program total, •re empl019d on projeota. Thia downward trend oontinued in July at whioh time the•• et WORKS PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT BY AGENCIES August 29, 1936. MAJOR AGENCIES uoo WPA CCC OTHER AGENCIES OTHER AGENCIES ( EXCLUDING THOUSAIIIDI Of P SO O WPA AND CCC) 100 150 2IOO 250 AGPJCUtnlRE ENTOMOLOGY, PLANT CIUAIIANTINE ,ORUT SERVICE PUIIUC IIOADS SOIL CONHRVATIDN OTH[R COMMERCE PUERTO RICO INTERIOR RECLAMATION { ar.-R LABOR NAVY pwA YAADS • DOC1C5 _fttDUSING LNON- f!D&RAL RESETTLEMENT ADM. RURAL El.ECTRFICATION TREASURr VETERANS ADM. WAR _jiNGIMRRS L C&IAlm!IIMASTEII AU.OTHER WOIIKS l'IIOGIIUS ADMINIST11ATION I J 4. WPA employment had declined more than 25 percent from its February peak. During July drout;ht conditions in the Middle West reached emergency proportions and expansion of employment was authorized in States where a large percentage of the counties had been designated by the Department of Agriculture Drought Committee as emergency drought areas. With the addition of certified drought cases to proj~cts in these States WPA employment increased to a total af over 2,370,000 by the end of August. At that time almost 136,000 drought cuses {see the table on page 92), about 6 percent of the WPA total, bad bee:a given employment on water oonservation and highway work in the drought areas. Employment under Federal agencies other than the CCC and the WPA expanded at a relatively slow rate during the early months of the Works Program. This may be attributed partly to the fact that much of the work was to be done under contract, necessarily involving some delay, and partly to the difficulties inherent m operating larger construction jobs during winter weather. By the end of 1935 more than 250,000 persons were working on projects of these other agencies, but they represented only 7 percent of the Works Program total. With the approach of more favorable weather, however, employment on these projects increased more rapidly, and at the end of June more than 665,000 persons were at work, constituting about 20 percent of the total employed on Works Program jobs. Subsequent employment by other agencies has been relatively stable, although the completion or approaching completion of projects and the exhaustion of funds allocated under the ERA Act of 1935 have resulted in some WORXS PROGRAM DAPLOYME!iT, BY MA.TOR AGENCIES Emluding Administrative Employees July_ 1935 to August 1936 (Th~a of Employees) other Agencies Week Ending Grand Total WPA Emer- Ag:ri- genoy culture Total Conser- Other va.tion Agencies Work (E:mlo Navy Public Roe.de P\'lA Public Resettlement Adminis- War tration y Roo.ds) All Other ~ 70 253 456 487 594 557 777. 31 31 September 28 915 1,126 26 30 28 1,505 3,272 3,511 2,740 25 29 28 3,724 3,850 3,751 25 30 27 3,516 3,373 July August October November December 573 16 68 oy 7 l 8 113 35 51 11 555 544 519 173 244 252 60 62 61 15 16 17 31 74 53 2,926 3,036 2,872 486 312 355 445 58 60 18 17 15 2,570 2,340 2,256 391 555 409 65 72 381 624 665 390 400 408 404 649 657 2,484 g/ 2 fl 4 6 16 31 48 13 15 5 6 17 55 54 27 35 66 68 107 34 41 77 32 47 60 55 56 49 68 69 71 17 15 10 161 199 232 119 152 168 70 63 65 55 54 50 68 69 69 639 66 10 64 9 167 170 59 62 171 171 61 64 63 64 43 10 10 221 230 236 239 46 61+1 68 67 67 68 57 56 10 12 175 175 64 54 219 176 174 55 54 207 171 55 ow. 1y w £1 1 1 4 3 6 8 ~ January February Mzrch .A.pril May Jtme J'uly 4 11 18 25 .A.ugust l 8 15 22 29 3,302 3,269 3,280 3,296 3,309 2,248 3,303 3,325 3,364 3,384 3,400 2,263 2,200 2,323 2,351 2,377 2,240 2,233 2,239 459 434 403 400 637 61 60 389 645 646 644 13 63 386 637 68 15 16 395 223 226 224 54 43 43 42 42 36 34 34 66 80 82 85 86 V Does Y fl not illclude rural rehabilitation oases. Does not inolude employment on Publio Roads projcots previously authorized under the Haydon-Cartwright Act, but financed by $1001 0001 000 apportioned to States out of the funds provided by the Dne:rg8%101 Relief J.ppropriation Act of 1935. Leas than 500 persons. 91 or fflJMBIR CIRTIFIJ:D DROUGHr CASES ill> TO'f.lL 1ltlmlR Da'LOY12> Cl{ 1'P.A. PROJJX:TS Weeb ~ ~ lB '\o .Aacuat or PERSONS 29, 1936 (Subject to Rm.lion) Total Caaea Other 18 25 2,238,974 2,248,113 23,891 30,790 2,215,077 2,217,323 1.1 1.4 1 2,262,761 2,279,612 2,322,594 37,900 2,224,861 50,392 2,229,220 93,208 2,229,386 2,350,750 114,53]!/ 2,236,219 2,376,565 135,834 2,2«>,731 1.7 2.2 4.0 4.9 1936 .bgust 8 15 22 29 y caae, u Peroent Drought Zndblg liiiy Certified Dro'Qgllt Certified Weelc Jmplo:,meut during nek ending ugu.a-t 21. reduction in the numbers of persons working. Among Federal agencies (other than the CCC and WPA) operating projects under the Works Program, the Bureau of Public Roads a.nd the Public Works Administration are of outstanding importance in regard to numbers of The programs of these a.genciee, employees. however, were not well under way during the In September early months of the 'Program. 1935 the Bureau of Entomology and Pla.nt Quarantine, the Forest Service, the Corps of En• gineers, the Quartermaster Corps, and the Bureau of Yards and Docks provided most of the other agency employment. By the end of March 1936 the Bureau of Public Roads was employing almost a quarter of the 445,000 persons working on the projects of other agenoiee. The Public Works and Resettlement .Adminis:t;ra• tions were employing about 17 percent and 13 J.t the end of .Allgust percent, respectively. almost a third of the Works Program employ• ment provided on projects of agencies other than the CCC and 'IPA was report(,d by the BuMore than a quarter reau of Public Roads. was provided on PW! projects. No other agency provided half as many Works Program jobe as either of these agencies. The State-by-State distribution of persons working on projects of the 11PJ., CCC, and other Federal agencies is ehown for .t.ugust 29,. JUDl9 27, and preceding three-month For the intervals in the table on page 128. week ending .t.ugust 29, 1936., New York (including New York City) reported the largeet total. followed by PemiaylTaDi& and Illinois. the only other Ste.tea in whioh more than 200,000 persons nre employed. ~out a fourth ot all 92 of Total persons employed under the Works Program were located in these three More than 100,000 perSta.tea. sons had Works Program jobs in ea.oh of six othel- Sta.tee - California, Massachusetts, Miohiga.n, Missouri, Ohio, a.nd Texas. Persons from Relief Rolls The major objective of the Works Progr.am has been to provide work for employable persons who 5.7 would otherwise be on the rolls of In order public relief agencies. to achieve this purpose it was specified by Executive order at the initiation of the Program that preference in emplo7JDent be given to persons from relief rolls and that other persona be employed only when workers w1 th the necessary skills were not available from relief ~roes. Employment of such non-relief persons was limited to 10 percent of the total number of workers except in oases where specific exemption was secured. To iuure the tultilbllent of this require•nt local publio Nliet agenoi•• made certitioaticm ae to the reliet 1tuding ot worbre reterred to the United state, BlllplOJ• ment Senioe tor auignment to Worke Prograa Aeaigmnent or wornrs ade prior to jobe. June 30, 1936, and referral• tor Worlce ProgrU1 employment since that date, have been made by the USES whether worker• c.- trom e xempe The relief rolls or other sources. tione to thie policy were usually ocoaaioned by the ab1enoe ot local employment offices. Throughout the operation of the Works Progress Administration program about 95 percent of the persons employed have been certified as in need of relief. Relief employment on Emergenoy Coneervation Work has been al• moat as couietent, but at a level 1amewha.t below that on WPA projects, with the proportion ot persotut trom Nlief sourcee running aroum 88 percent during the past 12 month■• On projects or other Federal agenoie1 the proportion ot worker'a absorbed tram re lief not only among agenoiee roll■ ff.l'iea widely, but also under the same ~genoy from. month to month. 'l'be tiret type of variation 1a a direot reaultot the dheraity in types ot proj• eot. in operation, ageno1ee prosecuting 11&j0l" ccmatr~otion projeot. llDl!er oontrao-t find it neoessary to seoure a much larger proportion of their workers from non-relief souroes than do agencies doing repair and i.mprov81118nt jobs and other work requiring less highly skilled workers. An important factor in the Tariation under a single agenoy over a period of time is the usual neoessity of employing supervisory a.nd skilled persons almost exclusively at the initiation and also at the completion of a project; the bulk of the employment of unskilled and other worker ■ obtained from relief rolls oomes during the f'ull operating stages. Thus. the proportion of workers from relief rolls often Taries with the stage of operation of the agency's projeots. number of other agencies with relatively small employment whioh have reported more than 90 peroent of their workers taken from relief rolls. Occupations The oocupa.tions at which workers on these projects were given jobs are shown in the accompaeying tabulation. The table covers all persons employed under the Works Program exoept those engaged in Emergency Conservation Work. youths employed on NYA and WPA. projects, and persons working on projects of a few other Federal agencies fbr which reports ware not submitted but which in no instance Three major agencies other than WPA re- employ more than a few hundred persons. The ported more than 90 peroent of their total 3.462.000 persons included in the tabulation employment at the end of August as oomprising have been classified according to a.bout 50 oertified relief persons. These agencies specific types of jobs grouped under 5 major the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration, occupational classes in addition to the unthe Forest Service. and the Bureau of Yards skilled 111,nd unknown groups. Almost 88 percent and Docks - had generally maintained this of the workers. or about 3,051.000 persons. level throughout their operation, although were employed under the WPA,while the remainthe number of relief persons employed under ing 431,000 were working on projects of other each of these agencies had droppe d slightly Federal agencies,notably the Bureau of Publio below the 00 percent level during some months. Roads and the Public Works Administration. Two other agencies. the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine and the Quartermaster Four peroent of all persons employed Corps, ha.cl employed large numbers of persons under the Works Program are assigned as profrom the relief rolls, running to more than fessional and technica.l workers, suoh as 90 percent of their total employment during teachers, technical engineers, draftsmen, muearlier months. By the end of August. howsicians, and playground workers. More than 5 ever. the proportions had dropped to a little percent are employed as office workera_ohiefmore than 80 percent. The decline in the rely clerks. stenographers and typists. and lative number of persons from relief ro! ls stat istical editors and enumerators. A slightwho had jobs on Quartermaster Corps projects ly smaller proportion are engaged in a supercoincided with the general decline in employvis r ry capacity as project supervisors o~ ment following the completion or approaching foreIDen. Persons working as skilled and completion of projects. The major cause of semiskilled laborers, employed largely on the drop in proportion or workers from relief rolls on projects of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine was the progress of work on the Dutch elm disease and white pine blister rust projects. Most of the work of eradicating the plants which are hosts to these diseases has been completed and the traatment of trees has begun. Since the treatment work requires relatively skilled workers who often are not available from relief rolls, the proportion of total workers secured from relief rolls has dropped. There are, in additio~. a y y Information regarding occupations, JDOD'thl.y wage rates, and actual earning• is derived from a study of persons whose name-a appelllW on the Works Program payroll• ending cluring Maroh l9S6. SDIISIILIBD AID UliSIILIED •ORDRB lltl.!Bm or Mni jlU) 1ftMDI II DdPLOYID on THE 110mra PllOGRA4, BY .t.SSICNIO OCCUP.ATiam llaToh 1936 Aaaiped OooupaUon Profeelional and Teohnioal lforlmra .&Qtal"a ~ teota, lln.ftllDltD, aD4 teobnioal. ngineen l,rtuta, eoul.ptors, -4 teacher ■ of art Libral-1.ul -4 l.11,rariana' aa1iat1111t ■ Muaici&u am teacher■ of auaio Men 3,"62,220 2,991,339 1361800 6,262 22,4163 8418ll ,,2.(0 22,228 3,701 4',847 5k989 013 791 235 1,146 4,348 ll,241 2,003 275 4,192 6,407 5,139 13,244 4,4&7 18,616 «>,365 3,560 17,837 12,209 15,282 2,523 12,312 25,083 Office lrorbn Bookkeepers, aacoun-.it1, and &\1diton ~ l l cl.era &n4 timekeepers Clerb ( acept iayroll olcrlla .a t uebepen) Statistical. eclltor■ and en\Dllll"a'tcra Stenogr&ph.-s I.DA t-ypiab other o.1.erical. &n4 offtce -.,rbra 1851214' 1281888 56.326 50,300 76,898 22,950 23,163 3,266 4'6,726 51,415 18,825 3,271 1,642 3,574 25,483 4,125 Project S12perrisor1 an4 roramn rcreaeD - 00111tniotion (roab, 1treeta, &n4 aft!ISN) J'Ol"allllll - 00111 tnction (ncept rcaa., a'tireet1, &n4 1811'11Z'1) roremen - non-ao111tnction Jrojeot1 Project auperri1or1, manager■ , and uaiatanta 1741854 1531114' 211740 47,624 21,311 57,659 47,624' 12,126 45,104 l2,!n5 Skilled Workers in Building 2081376 2081376 6,375 29,791. 11,012 9,722 6,687 13,671 30,337 4,171 9,780 2,316 5,122 5,083 8,303 Nrsea Plarground a4 recreational ,...kers Teaohc'a (uoept of arl &n4 maio) Writer■ 1114 e41ton (uoept 1tatiatioal. eclltor■) other Jrofe111onal a4 aaziJrofe11ional persona and ConatnacUOD Bl.aoklll111:h1 Brioklayen &n4 1to11maao• Eleotriciau Open.ton &114 eng1Jleer1 - oonatnaction eq,d.pneat Painter■ Plaate:rer1 Pl'211i>er1, and gu, pipe,. u4 Sheet IIB'tal ■ tea fitter■ -,rbr1 Stone cutter ■, om Ht 1, •4 1ettera stnactural. 1roD aa 1tee'l •rlmr1 Other ■Jdlle4 'IRlll'Dra in lndlding •4 oonai;r,iotion Sk11le4 lrorlcer1 not in Bu1141n, u4 Coutnaction Maoh1n11t1 Meohanioa Other 11d.llc4 -mrbn (not ellnheN al&111fie4) Sead1Jdlled Workerl 1n Building &n4 ConatnactioD J.pprenticea Bl&aten Helper■ - carpenter••, eleotriola1', pl181bere', eto. Operator ■ of builaug an4 00111-tracticm eq,diaas Pipe layers &n4 OOYeNl'I Ro4mim an4 oh&~ - ~ Traotcr aocl track ariTer■ Other 1emd.11dll.ocl ..-bra 1n b111141ng u4 OOlll'tiraotin Sead11d.lled lrorklen not in Bid.laing &n4 Coutncr\ion G1laria aD4 watduDe Open.U~ea - priJltiJlt, eto. Seana-tr.Hee, an4 other 1mng NIOa •nan Other amd.1ldlle4 worbra (not al1nhere oluaifie4) Uuld.lle4 lrorlmra Ooc1lpat1on not apeoit1e4 j/ Dou not 1nolu4e &Cbnlniriratiw employeea, persona ployed at NY.l ratea. are not aT&ilable, e,637 48,260 6,375 Carpenter• Cenent ftnhhen 94 Total 29,791 n,012 9,722 6,687 13,671 30,337 4',171 9,780 2,316 5,122 5,083 8,303 1~·= , 5,094 4,319 7,003 48,260 5,094 4'1 071 4,4'57 22,<157 4,457 22,057 13,949 5,509 8,014 61,908 23,939 5,509 8,014 61,908 23,939 19,886 1,624 9,185 1,480 143.037 13,949 1,634 10.660 1431037 3,204 1,037 5,525 242 3,204 631154 6,B33 3,768 34,353 18,200 24.567 6,822 1,133 880 2,635 33,.473 15,732 2,468 2,529,071 2,228,276 300,801 10,806 9,610 1,196 381587 ti employed in Dnergenoy Conaenation lrcr~ or youtha Data on 1evwal ageno1H, non• of which empl07'-' more 1han a f.., lnm4re4 person■, SKILLED WORKERS PROFESSIONAL building and construction projects, make up more than 12 percent of the total employment. The remaining 73 percent are working e.t unskilled jobs involving both the heavy manual work and the light.er tasks that require little skill or experience. Skilled s..nd semiskilled workers, largely employed on building and construonon ?')jects, made up a much larger proportion of the workers on projects of other Federal agencies than on WPA projects. However, with respect to actual numbers WPA projects employed about three times as many skilled and more than twice as many semiskilled workers. Carpenters, painters,and bricklayers were the most important of the groups represented among skilled workers on WPA projects, and carpenters and operators of construction equipment were outstanding on those of other agen- cies. Oft~ semiskilled workers on both WPA and other agency projects, tractor and truok drivers 'fmre most numerous, but they represent.ed a much larger proportion of the total workers on other agency projects than on WPA projects. Office workers also made up a great.er proportion of the employees under the other agencies than under WPA.chiefly beoause of the large numbers of statistical editors and enumerators, and clerks working on projects of the Bureau of the Census. On the other hand. professional and technical workers constituted more than twice as large a proportion of WPA than of other agency employment. Three-quarters of the WP.A. workers were engaged in unskilled work as compared with 54 peroent of the persons employed on projects of other Federal agencies. Monthly Wage Rates and Earnings PJ:RCIMJ.GJ: DISTRmJ'l'ION or WORXmS IN F.ACR MA.JOR OCCUPJnONAL GROOP JMPLOYJ:D BY WPJ. aD O'l'Hl'R J.GJ'lCIJ:S Ma.rob 1936 oth.- Ooou;eational Gro:!!,J? TO'liL Tota1 WPJ. ~enoiH 100.0 100.0 100.0 4.3 4.9 1.e 4.8 5.3 6.7 Pn>tesaional & technical. Office wrlmrs for Plo Jeot supervisors SJd.lled ,c rlmra In bldg. & con11t:-w..rtio Jllot 1n bldg. & o on.3tno'Uon 8md.11d.lled 110rker11 In bldg. & oonstructio:n Jllot in bldg. & oonatruction '!llaJd.l.le4 110rllllr1 Ooouiation not 1pooified 4.0 5.-4 5.0 6e3 ~ 0.3 5.9 Z! 1.e 73.l 0.3 a.1 13.3 ~ 1r.! 4.8 14.l o.z o.e r.t !r.t 0.1 54.-4 1.0 1.1 75.e 3e0 A policy adopted at the initiation of the Works Program was the provision of an assured monthly security wage. By E:xecuti ve order a monthly earnings schedule was establishea to apply to all workers except those employed under Emergency Conservation Work, the Public Works Administration, and the Bureau of Public Roads. Subsequently exemptions were provided in the oase of persons employed on projects prosecuted under contract as well as for a small percentage of WPA project employees. Under the monthly earnings schedule the country was divided into four wage rate regions according to general levels of wages and costs of living. Within each region, wage rates were varied according to the four di.f- 96 the variations of both average monthly wage rates and earnings from one wage n.te region to another . The highest wage rates. averaging $60 . 35, W9re reported for Region I where the highe st re.tea in the earnings aobedule apply and where a relatively large proportion more of the workers wre assigned in the highly paid wage classes. llonthly age re.tea in Region II averaged $40.99 as compared with 130.28 in Region III and $28.68 in Region IV where the lowest rates specified in the samdThe ama.ll difference beule are in effect. tnen the averages for Regions III and IV is a result chiefly of the larger proportion or workers i n Region IV who 118re assigned in the more highly paid wage claases on jobs requirSubing more highly skilled types of work. sequent to Karch the different i ation in wage rates between these two regions was eliminated. Region I II being r edef i ned to _include Region IV. PIIClllbGI lrl&tiU.BOflCa JJ, W. Mi111iB, Br 1bGI CLISSIB .&IID WAGI an la:!CE ~ UN IBTERMEDIATE OR SEMISKILLED terent c l a s ses of work at which workers might be a ssi gned (unskilled• intermediate• skilled. and pr ofessional and technical) and according to f ive different population groups t or the countie s in which the projects might be operThe highest wage rates 1n each region e.ted . are paid in counties where the 1930 population of the -largest municipe.lity exceeded 100,000, -.bile the lowest rates apply to counties in whi ch the largest urban center contained less than 5,000 persona. Security Wage Workers The 2, 819,000 persons who nre employed on WPA pr ojects at security wage rates in March W8re assigned at an average wage rate Their actual earnof $52.03 for the month. ings during the month averaged $45.91 per worker • or slightly more than 88 percent of Persona newly asthe full as s igned rate. signed to pr ojects as well as those who leave the program during the month receive only pro-rated compenaationJ this tends to reduce the general average of earnings below the asDeductions of pay- made signed wage scale. because of illness or other lost time alao tend to reduce the average. The differentials ineorporated in the monthly e arnings schedule are reflected in -...t• Cl.us llld.'\ei ___lY_ _ _DI Hat.a _I___II torAL leowtty - , . 1fwwa V.ld.ll.ef. te ~ Dtll el Prot•aloal ... ..,,.,.,-1 ... J.Z 3.6 1..9 L4 Zel .., ._ ,waltyYaC• Similar variations occurred in averag,e frGm State t o Ste.te w1 thin the These result in part same wage rate region. from differencesim the proportion ot counties located i n the higher population groups where higher wage re.tea apply. and in part to variations i n the proportions of workers assigned to the hi gher wage classes. Difference• in the Jl&gni tude and scope of wage adjustment• authori&ed by State .Administrators also contribute to the 'ftrlations among the States. wage rate s J,. special study made for Karch 1936 in• dicates roughly to what extent wor kers earned leaa than t he full wage rate through personal, as contrasted to project,factors. Limited to persons under oontinuoua assignment - persona who could have worlmd throughout the entire month and earned the tull monthly wage at whioh they wre assigned - th11 study reveal• that workers an WPA projects lost about 5 percent of their potential monthly earnings through absences due to illness and other causes not connected with project operations. It was also found that the larger the amount the worker could have earned, the smaller the pr()f-ortion which he voluntarily lost. For instance, workers in the most highly paid wage class (professional and technical) lost only 2 percent of their potential earnings as compared with almost 6 percent lost by worker s (unskilled) in the lowest paid wage class . Even within th,3 unskilled wage class, workers who were assigned at the higher rates (those applying to the larger population centers ) i n general lost a smaller proportion of t heir pote.LLtial earnings voluntarily than the uns~illed pe~sons assigned at lower rates . This tendency of losses to diminish as potential earnings rise was observed among both men and women, and among workers from re lief rolls and non-relief workers alike. It a lso held true in all but seven States, in only one of which was the tendency definitely reversed. Special Croups of WPA Workers Distinct differences in the charact eris tics of certain (!;TOUps of WPA workers have necessitated their employment on bases somewhat different from that governing the employment of most WP.A workers. These groups are composed of persons employed in supervisory and technical capacities at wage rates other than the established monthly earnings schedule,persons working on WPA projects operating their own equipment, persons employed at WPA work camps,and young persons between the ages of 16 and 25. An administrative order provides that up to 10 percent of the project employees may be exempted from payment in accord with thesecurity earnings schedule. In March 1936, exemptions of this kind were made for less than 5 percent of all persons working on WPA Jroj,ects. Most of these persons, who are paid in aooord with wage rates prevailing looa111, are employed in supervisory capacities as project managers or foremen, clerks (particularly payroll clerks or timekeepersi or technical engineers. For the prosecution of maey WPA projects various type&. of equipment, parti cular l y trucks, tractors, or drays, are essential. This equipment is obtained in many instances from persons who operate their own equipment . The amounts paid to owner-operators include compensation for the rental of the equipnent as well as for the personal services of 1,he owner. Their earnings therefore are not comparable to those of regular employees on WPA projects whose wages represent oOlllpeusation for personal services only. In March 1936, when WPA employment was practically at its pee.k;almost 39,000 persons were listed on WPA payrolls as operators of their own equipment. Almost all (97 percent) of the persons employed on this basis were from relief rolls. More than 22,000 of them, or about 57 percent of the total,were tractor or truck drivers, and a third were teamsters or draymen. Employment has been provided at VfPA work camps for persons non-resident to the communities in which they sought aid. These persons., typically men without families, have be6n supplied subsistence,including food, lodging, and other service s, in addi t ion to wages set at the rates of $15, $20, and $25 for unskilled, eciskilled, and skilled work 1 respectively. In March 1936 nearly 40,000 pers ona tm1ploy-ed in about 190 different os.mpa were working on flood oontrcl, pub lic buildings, roads, and other projects located in 41 States. 97 Since l4aroh 1936 the number of person, This 119 du at work oemps 'p,a.s deolined. largely to the •dn1n1•trative decision to discontinue work ClaJaPS as a distinct phase ot WPA aoti vi ty and to give the lff)rk oaap pei-• sonnel the same treatment as that accorded other llPA workers. In this way non-residents are better enabled to enter into the life of the communities in which they are being aided. National Youth Administration In addition to ita Student Aid Program which assists needy young persons to continue in school, the National tout& Administration is charged with providing employment on projects for young persons from relief families who are not in full-time attendance at school. Youths employed in this manner work approximately one-third the normal WPA hours and receive approximately one-third the security wages specified in the established schedule of monthly earnings. Such employment of a young person from a relie1' fsmily is not prevented by another member of the family havingall'orks Pro gram job. ltlGIIR 01' PIBSCIIS IIIPLODI> CII In. PllOnC!S, Br 1W3 CLASSJ:S , / YOUTH AT WORK the rate at which regular s8i>urity wage work• era ware aasi&M.d to WPA projects during the Besides the youths employed same period. part-tillle, about 4,800 full-time workers were engaged on NYA projects to fill positions for which the available young persons did not ha"'98 the necessary skill or experience. Hourly Earnings liuu 10'36 ...,. Clul TOOL ftl ...,. 1fo.rlmn VuJdlle4 Ia'--41at. !/ 811Ul.N JTofudoml u4 ~ o a l • • howl~ 'l'age WOl'bn I/ WWWol p.,.... Plll'Oat 169,165 l.00.0 165.WI ti 30.!5 ioo,Wl !11, 702 12,171 1,4'92 3,208 1.2 0.9 1., Iaol.1114u 4,8!0 hllA1me WGaba • ef w!aa 1,622 wae u ~ at N1 aeowlty -C• ftta aa1 3,tae at .....ecnr1t,-,. rate.. p/ 1-l1115ea tlle J..622 ,-,.ou aad.p.4 •~ fall Nnl'l~ -.ge rat.a. Al though expansion of NYA work projects was delayed until a.f'ter the student aid program was in full swing, by March 1936 more than 164,000 youths were employed on NYA projects. (About 9,000 youths in addition 118re working on WPA projects at NYA hours and wages pending Of these youths transfer to NYA projects.) almost 40 percent were young women, and all but 2 percent were members ofrelief families. Tb& a.verage mottthly- wage rate at which these was young persons nre &saigned to NYA jobs tl5.90, a figure equali'11.g about 31 percent of During the period from August 1, 1935, to June 30, 1936, persons eu,ployed on WPA projects earned an average of 43 cents per hour. The ve.rioua States and other administrative areas exhibit oons1dera.ble variation, with highest average earnings of 67 cents in New York City. Elsewhere averages range dowmva.ro. reflecting the application of the security earnings schedule, as modified. The lowest average hourly rate, 21 cents, was found in Arkansas. In the latter part of June 1936, when hourly earnings were determined in accordanoe with prevailing rates in keeping with provisions of the Emergency Relief Act of 1936, there was a distinct change in the level of the hourly payment figure. This is evidenced by the rise from approximately 46 oents for the May-June period to a little over 50 oents for the last half of July and first half ot August. The acoomp~g table or uerage hourly earnings obscures the exaot time at This is due which the transition was made. to the faot that the table 111 based upon p&y• rolls ending during the stated semimonthly periods. BOORS jRI) URlfINGS O'r PDSOBS DIPLOYZD OBWPI.PROllL'TS b>l.uding l.4miniau-.Uw lq,loyeea saidaouthl!'b~oda b41.q J:aguat 15, 1935 .lu,tmt 15, 1936 (Sult.J!sl to Rniaion) Sal- .l-nrat• IIIOnthly Hoarly b4hlg (Tbouga} krninga (Tbouaanhl TOr.U, 2,806,586 $1,229.,872 Period 1935 l,itt1at Hom-a =:r 43.8 15 31 z,m 81 356 1,a..e "6.0 s ~ 15 14,660 21,740 6,45P .-...1 9,658 ....... October 30,394 4,667 13,700 18, 72'1 44.9 61.,110 le.,128 25,777 -12.2 39,082 4.1 136,331 154.,378 55,552 63,218 <40.7 160,Ul 166,572 65,165 68,4'61 .c..1 Pem-aary l5 166.,381 29 168,751 68, 7Zl 70,"20 4.3 41..7 1!5 31 172.,911 172,.51.7 74,051 74,813 -12.s l5 30 160,gn 151,716 70,175 67,'SJ7 Ila)' 15 31 1"'5,~ 139,317 65,283 63.,852 ...-.9 J'\me 15 30 136,115 133,185 62.,173 61,298 45.7 4'6.0 n l5 124,&oe 123,226 !58,527 62,538 4'6.9 !50.8 15 117,855 '9,648 !50.6 30 15 31 lfOftlll,ff 15 30 Deocber 15 31 1,191 "6."4 45.1 41..0 1~ Yeu.ry l5 31 Mu-oh .April July .l-a,tuat City. As the WPA programs in the various States expanded to quota levels,by the end of December 1935 or before, the undue effect of the higher earnings in New York City on the Nation-wide average was eliminated. Beginning with January, average hourly earnings for the entire United States closely paralleled those for the United States exclusive of New York City. The trend since that time has been steadily upward, with the average rising from 40.6 cents per hour for the first half of January to 60.6 cents per hour for the last half of August. 40.6 43 . .. .ca.cs ...-.!5 «s.B Other changes in average hourly earnings from August 1, 1935., through August 15, 1936., may be seen in the accompanying table. The declining rate of average hourly earnings• during the fall and early winter is tile result of a. combination of factors. The highest rates of pay for work on WPA projects were applicable in New York City., and these rates were heavily weighted in the early months because of the relatively large employment in New York The increase in hourly earnings reflects the effects of several factors. Upward revisions of the original earnings schedules 8.lld adjustments in the standard number <£ hours to be worked per month were made in certain areas in order to bring WPA hourly rates more nearzy into conformity with local prevailing hourly rates for the various types of work. There was also some reclassification of workers, from the unskilled to the intermediate wage class or from the intermediate to the skilled, for exe.mple, when their demonstrated capabilities and the need for workers of higher skill made such reclassification advisable. Another factor which contributed to the upward trend in average hourly earnings was the inoreased importance, in proportion to the total, of employment in large cities and on certain types of projects needing highly skilled or professionally trained workers. Educational, professional, and clerical projects and public buildings projects, on whioh the highest rates were paid, gradually incz~ased their proportionate contlJl'i.bution to the total number of hours worked. The faot that emp loyment on these types of pro jects was somewhat concentrated in urban centers, where higher rates are paid., acce ntuated their importance in contributing to the upward trend in average hourly earnings. On the other hand, employment on highway, road, and street projects (among the lower average hourly ea.m.inga group) became proportionately less im portant as the pro gram developed, al though these projects still accounted for the greatest ntJlllber of houra of any one major type of project olaeeifioation. 99 Works Progra m funds Approprietions Under the Emer gency Relief Appropriation Acts of 1935 and 1936 a total of $6,111,423 ,116 had been made available by August 31.1936, The for the operation of the Works Program. a.ct of 1935 specifically appropriated $4,000,000,000 and provided for tht- transfer of funds, not to exceed $880,000,000 , from the unexpended balances of certain prior appropriations. ~y August 31, 1936, there had been transferred from these balance s to the Works Program account a total of $686,423,116,a::sshown in the table below. The ERA Act of 1936 provided a new appropriation of $1,425,000,000 for the continuation of the Works Program. The funds appropriated under botb acts were to .,e used 11 to provide re lief', work reiief, a.nd to increas& employment by providing for useful projects, 11 in the discretion and under +.he direction of the President, subject to limitations on ea.ch class of expenditure. These classes and the fund limitations for ea.ch are shown in the 11 Limita.tion" '.! olumn of 't'he President tha table on trui next page. has raised the limi te.tions on funds a.va.i lab le tor two classes of projects under the authority granted in the a.ct of 1935 to increase any limi ta.ti on of that act by an amount not exceeding 20 percent of the total appropriation. The 1936 Act authorized the President to increase any of the limi ta.tions ~ an amount not to exceed 15 percent of the limitation being increased. ALLOCATIONS, OBLIGATIONS INCURRED AND EXPENDITURES, llNDER THE WORKS PROGRAM Cumulative by Ten-Day Period• October 1935-Aucuot 1936 ••LLKINI en.UONI or ooUAJt• o, DOU....• • ,-,,-----.-,-,-,.----r,--,-,...,...,.--r~-~~,--~~~~-~~ • 5 5 ......... ,.•• ALLOCATIONS-, ... •· 2 2 OCT HOV 1935 DCC JAN re• MAIi APR MAY JUN[ JUL y AUC strT 1936 Allocettons The Emergency Relie~ Appropriation Acts designated the general character of the progr am to be inaugurated. TRAN'SJ.l'ERS nl.CM PRIOR ~'mGENCY .lPPROPRI.ll'IONS Subject to these conditions the TO 'JEE WORXS PROGRAM ACCOW? President has allocated funds to Through August 31, 1936 many agencies to enable them to participate in the Works Program. lmount or the $5,401,896,627 that hH.d Transf'errod Appropriation been allocated to various agenc i es TarAL through August 31, 1936, a. total $4,663,219,381 oame from funds of 500,000,000 Rooon11t~t1on Fil)anoe Corporation .lot made available by the 1935 Act Dnergenoy Appropriation A.ct, nsott.l Yoar 1935 and l 738,677,246 from funds of 26,455,000 Funds f'or roliof in strloken agrloultural areas 1936 Act. By the end of Authe 42,193,500 Funds tor emergenoy reliot and publlo 110rb gust, 99.5 percent of the funds 78,026,000 FolD"th Detiaienoy J.at ( ~ appropnatiOJL) a.ppropria.ted• oy the 1935 Act and 52 percent of the 1936 Act funds 7.300,000 nnergsnc,y Relief' and Ci-dl Works A.ct The amounts had been allocated. 19,527,114 lot to relieTe ,m511plo,i:nent, approftd March 31, 1933 allocated Ullder ea.oh of the a.ct limitations of both of the acts 12,921,503 A.grioultural AdJuatmont A.ct of May 12, 1933 a.re shown in the table on the following page. of tunda proSource: 100 u. s. Treasury Departm,nt report on status vided in the Dnergenoy Relief Appropriation Aot11 of 1935 aDll 1936, as of August 31, 1936. illoc a.ti ons to the Works .ilLcx:ATIONS tJRDm TD~ ACTS OJ' 1935 JJID 1936, BY .ACT LIMI'f.lfiONS Through .&.ugw,t 31, 1936 na:RcmcY RELID' .&PPROPRIJ.TION ACT O'I 1935 J.ll.ooatiou Limitation $4, ooo, ooo, 000 TOliL (.l.) f~j (D (I (Warran-ta J.pJPY.!!.Ct) Highways, roads, 1treet1 and grade cro11ing1 800,000,000 R'lll'al rehabilitation 500, ooo, 000 100, ooo, 000 R'IU'IIJ. olectrifioation Housing 4'50, ooo, 000 A11iatanoo for ecluoational, oto. penou 3001 000,000 Ch1.11an Conaenation Corps 600,000,000 !/_ Loans or ~ t • to States, eto.900,000,000 Sanitation, etc. 350,000,000 Items not included in 1peoific 11.m1tationa y ~ TOliL Bigbays, road1 &Dd ii.Nets Public builcl1ng1 Parks an4 other NONl&tioul. facilities Public utilltie1 Flood control and other 00111flZ'fttion (r) .llai1taqoo for educational, f~! 274,195,250 15,213,074 107,975,-483 108,. 560,692 605,520,251 1,622,064,182 223,-401.,~ 1,205,995,601 RELIEF .&PPROPRIJ.1'ION JCr OJ' 1936 Purpoee iii 500,293,365 Liml tation illooatiou (lruzant, .lJZWYfl!4) $1,425, ooo, 000 $73S,6n,2"6 413,250,000 156,750,000 19,256,560 12,135,343 156,750,000 111.,000,000 9,750,810 9,782,864 128,250,000 39,076,060 746,000 (6 percent). Allocations for Emergency Conservation Work have been made only from funds appropriated under the act or 1936. Funds for the continuation ot this work come from a~ific congresl!lio11al appropriation c£ $308,000,• 000 made in June 1936. A liat of the agencies which have received allocations is shown on pe.ge 102 and further detail is given in Tab le 14 ot A1:>pendix B• The first allocationa of funds ~ppropriated by the ERA Act or 1936 were nade soon after the act became effective, and by the end or December 1936 the bulk of the funds appropriated had been allocated. Prior to August 1935 allocations were principally for the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Emergency Conservation Work, and tho Bureau of Public Roads. Later allocations increased the proportion or WPA funds, the allocations being made chiefly for ll'PA State work programs. Except for tha two limita• tions • (F) and (G) - that have 85,500,000 25,917,733 women•• p-0Jec,t1 been increased by the President 85,500,000 7,585,768 Miaocllaneowi work proJeot1 71,250,000 4,099,258 as shawn in the accompaeying National Youth .l.cbainiatration 71,250,000 13,501,239 table,allocations under the variRural rehabilitation 85,500,000 20,soo,000 'WP.A. proJeot1 appro"t'eCl p-1.or ous limitations of the 1935 Act to tho paasago of tho J.ct 532,920,089 are substantially leas than the Other item not inoludecl in maximum amounts set. Included 1peoific llmit&tiou 44,152,522 under Limitation (G) (Loans and Grants to Sta.tea) are allotments source, u. s. 'l'reaeury D ~ report on 1tatu.■ of fan4a pro-to States, nei;.r ly all or which are Tided in tho Dnergency Relief Appro~tion .A.ct:s of 1935 and 1936, u ot .A.ugu.t 31, 1936. made to the progrtlffl8 of the WPA !/. IncNuo4 to $700,000,000 by J:Dcutin az:.i.- Jfo. 7334. and the Non-Federal Division of !/ Inm-euecl to $1, 100,000,000 by Euoutin Order No. 7186. the PWA. Most of the 1935 Act Progress Administration amounted to $2,081,- allocations under "Itema not included in spe897,000, or 39 percent of the total funds alcific limitations" were for the FERA. Such l ocated from both appropriations. The Fed- allocations !U"8 authorized in the ERA Aot of eral Emsrgency Relief Administration "fflLS allo1936 1rl. thout tbi9 setting of aey speoific limcated $935,006,000, or 17 percent of the total, 1tation. Under the ERA Act of 1936 ~ total for relief' grants to States . Nearly all these of $577,072,611 was allocated fbr "Iteana not grants were made in the period prior to the included in specific limitations." The funds ao allocated are in large part tor the finanfull operation of the Works Program. Other agencies to which large amounts h.ve been cing or those WPA projects which had been allocated are the Emergenoy ConserTation ':brlc, approved by the President under the ERA Act $605,620,000 (11 percent)J the Bureau of Pubof 1935, prior to the passage of the l 9 36 lic Roads of the Departn9nt of Agriculture, Act. J.uthority for such allocations is grant$504,025,000 (9 percent)J the Non-Federal Di• ed in the 1936 Act without specific limitation on the amount that may be used for such vi sion of the PWA, $368, 812,000 (7 peroent)J and the Resettlement ,Administrati on, t 260,purposes. eto. pe!'IODI m 101 ST.A.TUS OF FUNDS UNDER THE EIBRGENCY RELIEF APPROPRIATION .A.CTS ClF 1935 AND 1936, BY AGENCIES As of August 31, 1936 Allocati ons (Wa.rrants Approved) Obligations Expenditures Tota1 Unexpended Balances $58917721687 504,025,069 75, 6C.9, <?oe 10,057,710 $49511041013 J\21,366,982 65,342, 091 8,394, 940 $2391 783.560 180, 005,457 :,2, 4l'.2, 708 7,335,395 $349.989.127 324,019,612 23,247,200 2,722,315 10,061, 944 8 1 453 1 560 8,027,303 2,034, 641 120.624.987 65,447,000 35,999,795 16,770,214 2,407,978 63,.7401448 46,298,731 11,748,340 3,942,?42 1,750,535 33.988.718 20,205,113 9,006,360 3,161,619 1,615,626 8616361269 26,993,435 13,608,595 792,352 l~,455,314 12,939,060 12,874,183 2,581,131 423,000 336,696 239,238 183,762 Navy 24,109,176 18,872,680 17,229,912 6,879,264 Treasury (including revel~ fund of $3,000,000 50, 987, 908 41,262,320 39,108,110 n ,e79, 798 166,15621273 146,020,625 19,377,291 1,164,357 144.528.771 128,942,274 14,563,486 1,023,011 107 1 4151 802 94,002,193 12,399,316 1,014,293 59.146,.471 52,018,432 6,977,975 150,064 190,194 65,486 36,440 153, 754 605,520,251 604,908,725 577,431,020 28,089,231 DDployees' Compensation COl!lllission 26,210,000 2,704,527 2,626,118 23,583 , 882 Fa.rm Credit Administration 20,000,000 13,144,926 13,144,926 6,855,074 Federal Thlergency Relief Administr2tion 935,005,625 932,670,932 931,598,029 3,407,596 Publ ic Works Administration Rousing Non,-Federal 105,585,289 464.3971577 358,812,288 390.053,.C'99 56,145,724 333,907,375 165,.006,.065 22,901,590 142,104,475 299.391.512 82,683,699 216, 707,813 Resettlement Administration 260,746,263 202,044,521 155,250,694 105,495, 569 18,398,760 11,256,354 2,194,457 16,204,303 1,238,350 1,137,395 1,077,467 160,883 2,.001,.896,1967 1,992,496,967 89,400,000 1,.0001 296 1 279 1,719,474,547 so,021,732 l,1626,1094,1995 1,549,688,552 76,406,443 455 1 801 1 972 442,808,415 12,993,557 10.2951351 7 1 582 1387 1,.224,.995 31070.456 $5, 401,896,627 $4,751,102,179 $3,940,351,932 $1,461,544, 695 Agency .A.gricult ure Public floal'.s other Bureaus Administrat ive expenses Col!Dlerce Interior Reclamat i on Puerto Rico Reconstruction AdI:lin. Other Bureaus Administrative expenses Labor Library of Congress War Corps of Engi neers Cuartennaster Corps Administrative expenses Alley Dwelling Authority Dnergency Conservation Work Rural Electrification Administration Veterans• Administration Works Progress .Administration Work projects!/ Administrative expenses Other J.gencies TOTAL Warrant s pending approval Total allocations by the President Unallocated Total available for allocation Souroe: 28.167.232 $5,4.30,063,859 681.359.257 $6,iil, 423,116 u. s. Treasury Department report on status of f unds provided in the »nergenoy Relief Appropriation Acts of 1935 and 1936, as of August 31, 1936. A/ Ino1'14et 102 45,241,887 NY.A pro,rams. .lLI,CX:ATI<:m .AND EXPfflDITORJ!S URDm TBZ 1". .ACTS OJ' 1935 .&ND 1936, BY STil'IS Throqh .August 31, 1936 J.llooatiou State illooatioiu (lfarraata J.pprond) hpend1twea State (Warrant• J.pproftd) hpenditwoa Taut $ 5,"°1,896,627 $ 3,940,351,932 53,280,065 33,665,079 51,133,980 23.-, 505, oe.54,876,02.. 35,943,542 5,145,010 lift' Jsrat17 Rew Mexico !few York North Carolina Worth Dakota Ohio Oklahcaa l-44, 805,.107 43,041,908 683,36.., 720 69,567,079 «>,519,335 Delaw.re 73,.333,208 44,565,626 65,256,460 310,273,905 69,609,034 .a, 218,063 7,691,808 a9,2n,93e 110,354,.-41.7 35,054,848 535,078,141 51,944,938 27,159,637 206,737,906 67,252,3n D1atrlot of Coludi1a nonaa Georgia Idaho n11no1a Indiana Iowa 82,602,637 68,190,570 80,170,328 37,642,245 293,109,276 108,650,104 54,335,924 63,525,205 49,870,677 57,678,81.. 30,883,812 221,812,108 a..,229,267 38,182,887 Oregon Peunayl'ft.Dia Rhode Ialan4 South Carolina South Dakota '!'ens 50,678,802 413,181,882 20,167,557 55, 48!5,311 42,301,672 79,446,379 175,782,927 38,011,117 322,592,9-49 13,538,078 «>,184,841 29,858,196 54,395,100 122,833,399 :c&naaa Xentuoq Louiaiua Maine 66,058,830 70,246,293 64,560,650 30,716,522 59,713,343 187,699,973 164,874,888 52,287,196 50,799,258 49,811,717 24,967,222 39,293,046 147,578,571 125,898,688 Utah Vermont Virginia lfaahington lre■ t Virginia Wbooiu1a lfyoming 32,986,372 17,949,407 69,146,487 97,905,147 74,006,015 127,680,17• 27,288,333 26,803,693 15,269,877 52,288,5"2 75, '5<rl, 957 58,168,337 96,595,798 15,877,18-4 116,865,~ 73,903,115 123,373,022 61,792,6«> 57,905,574 14,158,763 17,309,659 91,719,758 46,830,239 90,375,227 47,!536,!506 38,526,585 10,663,356 13,128,607 4,765,661 10,198,684 100,000 35,430,555 1,258,419 4,536,774 6,963,543 346,013 25,589,626 726,723 268,-455,187 62, 53 .., 391 jlabana l.rizona ab.mu Calilol'Dia Colorado Conneotiout Maryland M&asachw,etta M1oh1gan Minne ■ ota MiHiHipp1 M1saouri Montana Nebraa11:a Mnada Mft' Rampsbi.N So _ ., .. _ m,6n,23• '.rennea ■ ee Alaska Hawaii Canal Zon& Puerto Rioo Virg1a Island• Panama Not allooatecl to State ■ ._.,asury Department report on atatu of fund• proT14ed 1D J:lmrgenoy Relief Appropriation uta -.. t1J1 of .August 31, 1936. Expcnditwcs The ohart on page 100 dealing with allocations, obligation.a incurred, and expenditures relates to funds provided b7 both Emergency Relief Appropriation Aots and shon the status of funds at 10-day intervals. Af'ter allocations have been provided, funds are obligated by the agenoy. later the funds are expended (checks issued). Thus, allooationa, obligations,and expenditures show prog?'essive phases of the financial pro9"ess of the Works Program. Obligations incurred and actual expenditures have g?'own steadily, w1 th obligations approximately $800,000,000 in advance of expenditures since February of this year. Expenditures of all agenoies,from both appropriations through the end or August 1935, amounted to $3,940,361,932, or 73 percent of the amount allocated up to that time. Under the ERA Act of 1936 expenditures totaled $3,667,297,428, or 79 percent of corresponding allocations. Expenditures under the 1936 Aot were $273,054,504, or 19 peroent of the allocations. or the total expended by all agencies !\rough the end of August, the WPA has been charged with $1,626,095,000, or 41 pare e nt, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration with $931,698,000, or 24 percentJ and Emergency Conservation Work with $677,431,000, or 15 percent. FERA expenditures were made chiefly before the Works Program was fully under Y&.y, and have been relatively small in recent months. Other agencies 'Which have expended more than $100,000,000 through August are the Bureau of Public Roads, w1 th a total of $180,006,000J the Resettlement Administration with $166,251,000; and the Non-Federu Division of the PWA with $142,104,000. The total expenditures of each agency through August 1956, and their unexpended balances as of the same date, are shown in the status of funds table on page 102. Tot&l JDOnthly expenditures have declined sinoe April, the month when the peak in ex-- pendituree was reached. During August, expenditures amounted to $23 9, 771 . 00, a dee line of 13 percent from the previous month's total, 103 and a drop of 25 percent from Apri l expenditures. This is shown by the •A'.1.1 agenci es" line on the chart of monthly expenditures. The reduction in expenditures dttring July and August was caused to some extent by the fact that a. large part of the funds for Emergency Conservation Work during these months came from a separate congressional appropri ation, whereas in previous months the entire amount came from Works Program funds. The inclusion of expenditures for Emergency Conservation Work would have raised the July total by about $4,000,000 , and the August total by approximately $23 ,000,000. Monthly expenditures of the WP A a.re likewise shown on the chart. Total WPA monthly expenditures have declined since March 1936 to the sum of $157,422, 000 in AugustJ this amount is 3 percent below the figure for the preceding month and 18 percent be low 1:he March total. Expenditures due to emergency drought conditions have prevented more substantial declines in expenditures in July and August~ Allocations and expendittll"ee by States are shown in the table on the preceding page. MONTHLY EXPENDITURES OF THE WORKS PROCRESS ADMINISTRATION AND OF ALL ACENCIES PARTICIPATINC IN THE WORKS PROCRAM August 1935 - 1--~--1--+---+---I- + -+,,<-+-----J :::+-----'!-,,---,b,-c-l- + --+-------i :__ I Y I I "-" "r--.... i ~ I ' +----+---+---l---+--- + -~~c-+---I - Ir t----+----+--. l,/.__--+------+-- ---<-)-· I -+-+-'/ ...., ....................... . l----+-- - 1 ---+----l-- All AQENCIU ... l----+--t---+-- - 1 -.+·-·.,.._· ··-...,. -,-·_·-······ 0--->---+--1----+···•_........._ _,__ / . N l-----+-- - - , -~•~/ --+-->-~---+--l---__,_------+_ ·······••' ··········· I 1935 ... . ....... _____ ......... ...."'°',.....................,....._ JOO , ... - ...: , . .... ,., . . . , _ - ~ K UI -._..o,o !/ 'fta-c,,qh July 31, 19'6 TJpe of PNJec,t Tar~ B1gir..ya, r*•• ud aw.eta Pulio lnd.l.41nga Bouaing Para ad other reoreatioll&l faollitie1 Conaenation S9'1'ff .,-.t.. an4 otlua- utilltiH 'frazlapcrtatiOJl fao111tie1 Wbite ooll&r Mi1oellaneous projeot1 R1ll'&1 reaettleant u4 Nbal>illtatiOJl Source: $2,610,'1'12,701 100.0 619, 9'0,371 221,987,278 27,921,193 295, 703, ,,. 633,980,1. . 23.7 8.5 1.1 U.3 24'.3 162,313,895 100,1..a.201 6.2 202,907,718 3e9 7.8 230,692,051 8.8 ll'4, 788, <Y'/6 "94 u. s. Treuury Department report on atatu of hn4a pron.dee! in tbe Jaergncy Relief .Appropriation .lOta of 1935 an4 1936, &I of Septsabe.r 20, 1936. A/ Doe• not inolue dmini1tratiTe expen1ee or direot relief extended through the J'EIU.. It may be seen that allocations and expenditures vary in general with population and the oonsequent needs. Au1u11t 1936 - ~-!~ ~- - - ~ - - -- I ~ !- ~~ - ~- - J:IPIRD1'1"CRIS CB PROJ'ICTS CCMDWt.G> OIIDlll DZ WClmS PROGRAM, BY '!'!PIS ot PRWBJl'S 1936 _,__---1--->--~ N Some indication of expenditures by type of project for the entire Works Program may be seen in the table above. This table, based on data through July 31, 1936, excludes expenditures for relief extended under the FERA and the relatively small amounts expended for administra.tion purposes. At the end of July 24.3 percent of the total had been spent on conservation and flood co ntrol • Highway, road, and street projects acoount for expenditures amounting to 23.7 percent of the total.parks and other recreational facilities for 11.3 percent, and public buildings for 8.5 percent. Relief and Relief Before the Works Program 1933 Prior to 1929 the care of destitute persons was almost universally the responsibility of local public officials. Agencies financed with private funds, however, assumed a considerable portion of this burden . State assistance was limited to small appropriations ina few States where provision was ma.de for special classes of dependents such as the aged, the blind, mothers with dependent children, and soldiers and sailors. There was no State administration or supervision of general relief, and no State government appropriated f unds for this purpose. To care for the steadily increasing number of unemployed persons during the winter of 1930-31, four State governments for the first time appropriated funds for general relief and local agencies attempted to expend their relief activities. These efforts, first made in the larger cities where unemployment was most acute, in many instances took the form of expansion of the programs of municipal public works, or of the establishment of work relief programs, both of which formed basic patterns for later developments of State and Federal plans for aid to the unemployed. In some areas, such assistance was strictly limited to persons receiving relief from public and private relief agencies. In others, programs of broader scope were planned to provide work for the unemplo~d in general without regard for need. During the following winter it became evident that many localities were unable to meet the need, and appropriations were made by a few States to supplement local funds. Data compiled by the United States Children's Bureau for 120 urban areas representing 66 percent of the 1930 population of the United States indicate that expenditures for relief were four times as high in 1930-31 as in 1929 and that expenditures in the winter of 1931-32 were twice as great as those in 1930-31. Although it became apparent early in the depression that local public and private funds were inadequate for providing relief, the Federal Government gave no financial assistance until July 1932 when the Reconstruction Finance Corporation was authorized to make loans to State and local governments for emergency relief. A total of $300 1 000,000 was loaned by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation fran July 1932 to May 1933, at which t:iJne approximately 4,700,000 families and single persons were receiving relief. Advances to States were to have been repaid from Federal high~ allotments, but repayment from this source was waived in 1934. Additional Federal provisions for the relief of unemployment were made in 1933 through the first of a series of appropriations for the Civilian Conservation Corps and the :Pablic Works Administration. Re lief Under FERA end CWA The necessity fo~ more extensive Federal aid than that provided in 1932 was recognized when the Federal Emergency Relief Act was passed by Congress in May 1933. The act authorized the establishment of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration for the purpose of making grants of Federal funds to the States to aid them in meeting the unprecedented relief problem. Many States had set up temporary State relief agencies which were administering the disposition, for relief purposes, of State funds and funds loaned by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. By the fall of 1933 State emergency relief administrations were functioning in every State. Local emergency relief administrations were also established, or existing local public agencies were designated, for the purpose of administering the various phases of the Emergency Relief Program with the assistance of Federal funds and such state funds as were appropriated. Coun- 106 ties and municipalities themselves continued to supply funds for emergency relief as well as for in~titutional oare and oategorioal as• siatanoe. Under the early Emergency Relief Program both direct and work relief were provided. In many instances experiences with work relief were not entirely satisfactory. The work performed was ofien of limited social or economic value and the types of projects conducted were usually such that only unskilled jobs could be provided. These emergency employment measures were supplemented during the winter of 1933-34 by the activities of the Civil Works Administration. The Civil Works Program was in part a recovery measure and in part a method of car• ing for persons in need of relief. Approrimately half of the total number of persons employed under this program were taken from re• lief rolls. Although it was a Federal program, the Civil Works Program was administered in most States by these.me persons who were administering the State and local emergency relief administrations. Federal funds were supplemented by funds made available by State and local sponsoring agencies. The peak of employment under the Civil Works Program was reached during the week ending January 18, 1934, at whioh time over 4,000,000 persons were at work. During the entire program, a total of $820 1 000 1 000 from Federal funds was expended on Civil Works projects. State and local funds amo'lmting to $87,000,000 were used in the operation of these projects. Af'ter the curtailment of Civil Works projects in April 1934, work relief was continued through the inauguration of the Emergency Work Relief Program under the State emergency relief administrations. The projects were carried on under the supervision of State and loaa.l emergency relief administrations, although grants to States by the FERA supplied a major portion of the funds expended. Earnings of workers under the Emergency Work Relief Program were determined on a budgetary deficiency bas is, i.e., eaoh worker was permitted to work a sufficient number of hours at prevailing wage rates to provide an amount which, together with any other income received, was equivalent to his minimum budgetary requirements as determined by the 106 sooial service division of the emergenoy relief administrations. Aa a result, workers were employed for a limited and varying number of hours eaoh month. This necessitated employing workers in shirts, with a consequent handicap to the efficient operation of projects. Many of the projects which were initiated under the Civil Works Program were continued and completed under the Emergency Work Relief Program. Continuous effort was made to improve the social usefulness of the projects. The Federal Emergenoy Relief Administration also attempted to improve the Work Relief Program by expanding certain types of projects in order to utilize and preserve the wide range of skills represented on relief rolls. A majority of the projects involved the construction or repair of roads, streets, sewer systems, parks, and public buildings. Although most of the work provided was unskilled, these projects also furnished employment to many skilled construction work• ers. In addition to construction work, projects designed for the employment of women and white collar workers were initiat ed in order to provide jobs more nearly fitted to occupational skills. For this purpose projects ware organized in music, painting, library work, clerical work, sewing, gardening, food preservation, and special statistical surveys. During thia period, however, a majority of relief oases received direct relief and not work relief. In the United States as a whole, the proportion of families and single persons provided with work relief never exceeded 46 percent of all families and single persons aided under the general relief program. In addition to the general reli ef program, the Federal Elllergenoy Relief .Adm.imstration inaugurated oertain speoial programs to meet apeoial needs. The act eatabliahing this agency stated apeoitioally that tranaict pe11sona 'ftre to be aided tram Federal tunda. ilcl. was prorided a'tl shelters and oamp• operated by the apeoi&l tnnaient divisions of the state aergenoy relief adainiatrationa. In order to meet the needs of the thousands of unemployed teachers who were receiving relief, the emergency education program was instituted. Under this program particular emphasis was given to adult literacy classes, workers' eduoation, vocational training and rehabilitation, parent education and nurs ery schools ~ The coll ege student aid program was i nstituted in or der to provide part-time employment f or persons of co llege age who would have been unable t o att end college without financial as sistance . In recognition of the differentiation between the rural and ur ban relief problems, the rural r ehabilitat ion program was estab• li shed. Under t hi s program an att empt was made to a ssi st needy farmers to become s elfs ufficient by suppl ying t hem with necessary tools, equipment, and working capital. Thea• phases of the Emergency Relief Program were oontinued through June 1936. In addition to t he Federal Emer gency Relief aotivit iea, Federal as sistanoe waa given through employment on proj ects of the Public lforka Allministr at ion . Emergency Conservation Work employment was also provided through the operation of CCC oamps. Relief During the Wodes P,o,r.., 1935-36 Wi th the inaugurat ion of the Works Progr am in 1935 t he Federal Government assumed t he re sponsib i lity of giving jobs to the great majo rity of employable persons in need of reli e f. Under t he Social Security Act, in the same year Federa l funds were provided for grants- in- aid to the States for three classes of unemp loyable persons - t he aged, dependent chi ldren, and the blind . The care of all other dependent persons became the responsibility of the Stat es and l ocalities. In the summer of 19351 persona employed on Feder•l Emergency Relief Administration work relief projects and •playable peraona r eeeiving direot relief were oertified ae bei ng eligible for •ployment under the Worb Program. Suoh persona were aaaign&ble ~o work either on Works Progress Administration projects or proj ects of other Federal agencies partic i pating i n the Works Program. Variow, activities of t he Federal Emergency Relief Adrn1n1ctration wer e continued under the D9W' program. The 2,000,000 worker• employed on the Elllergenoy Work Relief Program 1Nre for the moat part transferred to pntjeota of tb.e 'lorks Progress .Admin:iet!"stion. The Re s ettlement Administration assumed responsibility for the rural rehabili tation program. Likewi se, the National Yout h Administration was established t o conduct a work program for youth which i ncluded a continuation of the college student aid program. Educational proj ects wer e established by the WPA to provide f or te achers. The transfer of persons fi"om Federal Emergenoy Relief Programa to Worlca Program projeota began in July and waa substant ially completed by December 1935 when a tot al of 3,5001 000 persons were employed. The number of persons receiving direct relief, as well as the number employed under t he va ri ous relief programs, is shown in the chart on the following page. - Total employment on the Works Program, including WPA, CCC, and other Federal agencies, reached a peak of 3,863,000 in the week ending March 7, 1936. Of this numbe r, 3,025,000 were employed by the Wor ks Progress Administrat ion, 456,000 by the CCC, and 372,000 by other Feder a l agencies• Since March, WcrkB Progrm employment has been reduced in response to employment gains in industry and seasonal activity i n agriculture . During the week ending August 29 the number employed on the Works Program totaled 3 1 400,000, of whom 2,377,000 were WPA workers, 386,000 CCC workers, and 637,000 employed by othe r Federal agencies. Primarily, as t he result of t he operations of the Work■ Program, the number of families and aingle persona r eceiving relief from state and l ocal relief agencies haa declined substantially. The estimated numb.er of families and single persons rec e iving relief through St ate and l oca l r elief agencies numbered 1,450, 000 in July 1936, a s compared with 4,397,000 in July l9i5. During the first seven months of 1936 tbe number decl ined from a total of 2,210,000 in Janua ry 1936 to 1,4501 000 in July 1936. Administrative and financial factors were r es ponsible for part of the decline during the first s even months of 1936. Consideri ng both the persons from relief rolls employed tm.der the Works Program and the number rec eiving relief fr om State and local relief agencies, ther e has been a substantial decline during the past year in the number of persons from relief ro lls receiving public aid. In July 1936 the net total number of relief families and single persons either on local relief rolls or employed on the Works Program in the Continental United States, numbered 3,766,000 as compared with 4,397,000 in July 1936. The number in July 1936, the lowest since 1933, r epresents a decline of almost 20 percent since March 1936 and compares with a peak of 5,316, 000 reached 107 EMERGENCY RELIEF AND WORK PROGRAMS MILLIONS or CASES 6 EMERGENCY RELIEF PROGRA CHART I MILLIONS or CASES 6 I 4 2 2 0 0 CHART II MILLIONS or PERSONS 2 CIVILIAN CONSERV ATION CORPS EMPLOYMENT 11 0 I II 11 I I I MILLIONS or PERSONS 2 ~//, / / , ~ ~ 1933 CCC V /, * I 1934 0 1936 1935 CHART Ill MILLIONS or PERSONS 2 PUBLIC WORKS ADM INISTRATION MILLIONS or PERSONS 2 IIIiI EMPL OYM ENT TOTAL PWA- I 0 MILLIONS or PERSONS 6 CIVIL WORKS A DMINISTRATION ' EMPLOYMENT I 4 0 1936 1934 1933 MILLIONS or PERSONS 6 CHART IV I /, t ~ I~ II, 4 I cwA :;: 2 0 1933 2 1935 19 34 MILLIONS or PERSONS 6 WORKS PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT 0 1936 MILLIONS or PERSONS 6 C HA RT V 4 4 2 2 0 JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJ JA SO ND JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND 1934 1933 * BETWEEN AUG UST 193 ~ AND J ULY 1936 MONTH THERE CC C IN CLUDE D CON TI N UED UNDER T HE W ORKS LA RGELY 1936 1935 A CONSIDERABLE TO MONTH , WH O RECEIVED W ORKS P ROGRAM PAY CHECKS REC EIV ED RELIEF - A OUPLt C ATION RESULTI N G REL I EF ANO TH E WORKS P ROGRAM , ** ARE FROM NUMBER OF P ERSONS , VARYIN G AT SOME TI ME DURIN G TME MONTH , TRANSFERS or T H ESE PERSON S 0 F"ROM AN O WHO ALSO B ETWEEN G ENE RA L P ROG RAM IN CH A RT l[ PWA NON - FEDERAL EMPLOY MENT UNDER *** HERE BUT ARE IN CLUDED IN C HA R T V T HE W ORKS PROGR AM A RE EXC LUD ED WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION 1655 in January 1936. TOTAL OBLIGATIONS INCURRED FOR RELIEF BY SOURCES OF FUNDS* In obtaining :~L~g~~s January 1933 to June 1936 or :~~~": these net figures, 250 250 it is neoessary to go back to the month of July because of the delay 200 1-t---t--,1-t-+-t-t-+-t----l-+-t--+-1--+--+---,-1 in the receipt of reports conoerning the number reoeiving relief through State and looal relief agenoies. During July 1936 an estimated total of 1 1 460,000 families and single received persons through relief local State and relief agenoiee. At this ti.me there were 2,:sas,000 ~ O sons from relief 1933 I 1934 I 1935 l 1936 rolls (exoluding SER\l'ICCS "°". CCC enrollees) emNl.D PCR3C:N5, aMA w..... o.«RGE'<Y ployed in the Conwo,uu ,aoc.aus tinental United States on the enThe decline in relief rolls has thus been tire llorka Program. CCC employment is excluded to obtain comparability b•tween the substantial during the past year and has approximated the proportionate decline in estidata. Assuming that there are no dupllcationa mated unemployment during this period. Aa between the two reporta, a total of 3,836 1 000 persons from relief rolls 'W9re being oared has been true throughout the depression, howfore However, bMauae some persona -..re on ever, there remain a large number of unem_re.lief rolls during a part of July who wwe ployed persons who are not receiving either direot relief or work through Govermnent a.id. later employed on the Works Program and because in some areas earnings on the Worlca State goverr:iments have borne a major Program are supplemented with direot relief portion of the total cost of general relief by local relief a.genoiee, there ie a certain amount of duplioation between the numbers on einoe the disoontinuance of FERA grants. The relief rolls and employment on the Works Proa.mount contributed by States during the first six :months of 1936 was more than 40 percent gram. In July, this duplioa.tion is estimated greater than the amount made available by to involve 70, 000 persons, 110 tha.t the net States for relief purposes during the first total number of families and single persons six months of 1936. The total amount made on looal relief ro lls and persona from relief available for general relief by looal agenrolls employed on the Works Program amounts oiea duri~ the f'lrst half of 1936 was 20 to a total of 3 1 766,00Q, percent leas than during the corresponding Inasmuoh a.a the Worlcs Program was bare ly period of 1936. However, a large portion of looal contributipos during the earlier period under way in July 1936, the figure of 4,397, was made in the form of materials, supplies, 000 for tblt month applies to the number of and equip:nent used on work relief projects. families and single persons recoivillg relief through state and local relief ~enciH under During recent months oontributione of this the program of the FERA. In conneotiou with sort by localities have been made to lrorka ihe comparable total for the :month or July Progress Adm1u1atration projeots1 these are 1936, a deoline of 631,000 in the course of a not inoluded in the relief data ot recent year is indicated. mo:n:tha. The acoampanying chart ahon by ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.........,~~~~~~~~~~~~~ JFNAWJJA50NOJFNANJJASONOJFMANJJA50NOJF"MANJJASOND0 • NClJ.JX5 RE.LU' fXTDC)(J) lNl[R ALL PRDGRAW5, At<> txPCNSC P'0P. 9J'IPLD l4>C ~ . C:, ~ AICI ~ nod.. llAlJ' ft:IR &30 ALL C'.O€RAl RC.L.Ef' AD · UXAL MZNCLS E Tl'E. rQRS rOA PA;tOR YEARS AA£ /IIA£. LMTtD 10 ....sT[fE) 8'I' $t.l.Tt. _..,.., ~ AJ,10 00 NOT COYtA THt VA RI OUS rtO[RAl WORM. PAO~RAM S IMCLUOIMC CWA AMO WPA ADIUNfSntATION I-· 109 montha the total obligationa inourrecl tor the relief programs. broken down by ■ ouro•• ot tunds. Fundamental changes have occurred 1a the administration of relief activitiee in a n'IBber of States since the inauguration or the Thirty-aeven States now have Works Program. legislation providing for State ednmistration In 2S or supervision of general relief. States and the District of Columbia permanent public welfare departments are now superrl.sing or administering general public as ■ i ■ • tance. Nineteen of these departments 8l9 nft'J in the remaining four States responsibility for public assistance has been added to the In three departments already established. States a temporary public welfare department has been set up by executive order of the governor. and in one State a temporary State commission for the allotment of funds wae e ■tablished by legislation. Eleven Sta~• have continued State administration of relief. pending legislative action for a permanent This leaves 11 States 1a whioh progrem. there is yet no State provision for the ad- 110 ministration of public a ■ si■ tance. In rniewing the operations of the past year. it 11 apparent that the plans ma.de and the policies adopted for the relief probl• in l9S6 have been carried through into actual The Works Program ha ■ provided operation. for the great majority of empl~ble job■ With job ■ adapted person■ from relief rolls. aa nearly as pouible to the slcill and training of worker• on relief rolls. the skill• and morale of tbue worker■ are being euatained until. with the revival of busine ■ s. theee persons are reabsorbed in private - ployment. EYery person employed on the Worn Program is expected to register with a public anployment office designated by the United and 1• required to State■ &Rployaent Service accept any reasonable opportunity that arise■ The residual relief for private employment. oases. consi ■ting mostly of unemployables. are provided for by State and local reliet with the aesi ■tance of Federal agencies grants-in-aid for certain types (the aged. dependent children. and the blind) as provided by the Social Security Act. Appen dix A Statuto ry Author ity, Organization, end Procedure The Emergency Relief Appropriatio n Acts of 1935 and 1936 Appropriation Project Limitations Statutory authority and f'unds for the Works Program are contained in two appropriation acts of Congress, (1) The Emergency Re lief Appropriation Aot of 1935, approved by the President on April 8, 1935, appropriated $4,000,000,000 and authorized the transfer of amounts not to exceed $880,000,000 from other funds, in order to provide relief, work relief., and to increase employment by providing for useful projects; (2) the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1936 (which wa~ included in the First Deficiency Appropri~tion Ac t, Fiscal Year 1936, as Title II), approved by the President on June 22, 1936, appropriated an additional $1,425,000,000 for the continuation of the Program provided for in the earlier act and reappropriated the unexpended balances of funds provided under that act. The funds appropriated by these two acts are to remain available until June 30, 1937, and will be used ftin the discretion and under the direction of the President.ft Both acts specified general categories of pr oj ects and placed limits on the amounts to be expended for ea.oh type of project, with the f urther provision that the President might i ncrease ~ category within certain l imits. The 1935 Act e.110W8d an increase in type not exceeding 20 percent of the ~ total appropriation; the 1936 Act allows an i ncrease not exceeding 15 percent of the appr opriation for the type affected. The classes of projects and the amounts specified by the two acts are listed below. The 1936 Act provides that projects approved by the President prior to the passage of the act are exempted from the limitations pr ovided in that act, and also that no Feder al project shall be undertaken or prosecuted unless and until an amount sufficient for i ts completion has been allocated end irrevocably set aside. D!BOPRI.U'ICII LDll'llfftllB SPICu-Llil DI THI IRA JCfS 0, 1935 ilD 1936 m1 g, ffl~ hpe of ProJoo (a) Blgbara, (b) Rwra1 rehabilitatton a'Dll Nlief in nriolmn acri,oul:tural. &NU, and ,iat.- oonaff'fttien, trana•untaia . .~ 41ffNien, irripUon an4 reol.uation.,,. l"Oada, • ~ • . &D4 pcle oroHiq eJ1ndna~ion Ae!Pt (a) taoo,000,000 500,000,000 100,000,000 (4) Bnaing <450,000,000 300,000,000 (f) Ci-rillan Cona411'T&tion Cerpe 600, ooo, 000 (1) Loau or grants, er botll for proJeota of State•, Teft'ltori••• PoHHllona, eto., ar aub41.-ri1iona -\hereof 900,000,000 (ll) SU1tat1on, proqa\ion of aoU erollon, • - - poll•Uoa, • - - erosion. reforeatailon, forutat!.on, flood oontrol, 1"1flN 11114 ll&rbora and nd.aoe~ MOa PN>Jeo\a rou.a, or iMa u4 a\Neta Para an4 other NON&tioul want $413,250,000 156,750,000 faoiUUea 156,750,000 Publio utiUUN, bol.wliag •ewer l)"St-, •ter nipply and parifioation, airport•, an4 other tranaporl&Uon taoll1Ue1 171,000,000 nooa oontrol and ot!Mr ooaaenation 128,250,000 (f) u ailtuoe fff ecluoatiaal, profNllonal., u4 olerloal ,.,..ou 85, !500, 000 85, !500, 000 (t) 1'CD811'1 (h) Kiaoel.lauou worJc pro~• 71,250,000 (1) BaUoul Tftth .umlniatraUon 71, 250,000 proJoota (J) R1lral. nlaabiUtation, lo&D8, ~ 112 (4) (e) Aadatanoe for ecluoational, profHlional., and olerioal persona. Biglaw.ya, id a ProJeot (b ) Publlo buildings (o) (o) Rara1 eleotrifioatioa (e) TYpe of u4 relief to famn-1 u4 UTHtook 1uwww1. ~,000,000 85,!500,000 lfage Policy The general 11hen their atatus is disclosed. wage policy prescribed by the 1936 Act di f fers from that ot the earlier aot in that it requires that the rates ot pq Pro'rlsiona Regarding the FEBJ. ud the PWA for persona employed on the lforks Program shall not be less than the preff.iliDg rates of pay for work ot a sudlar nature. The WP.A., with the approT&l ot the President, de'bermines what conatitut:ea pre'ftiling rate• ot pay. 'l'he 1956 A.at apeoified that the President shall require auoh ratea to be paid aa would accamplish the purposes of the act without affecting adversely or otherwise tending to decrease the going rates ot wage• paid for work of a similar nature. The 1956 ~t provides for the liquidat ion ot the affairs of the Federal &.rgeno7 Relief Administration and f'unds for that purpose are made a'ftil&ble until June SO, 1937. Under the 1956 .tot. the FER.Aw.a oontinued in full foroe ud etfeot until June SO, 1956, or suoh earlier date u the President might .fix. !Ugibility for .&lplo,-t Three proTisiona relating to eligibility tor employment are oontained ill the 1936 ~t. It provides that appllcants tor eaployment who are in aotual need, but whose nuies have not preTiously been placed on relief rolls, shall be accorded. the Nme eligibility for employment as those 11ho baTe appeared on relief rolls. It also proTides that the receipt of adjusted-serTioe bonds or Treasury checlcs in payment of an adjusted-compensation certificate shall not be considered in determining the actual need of applicants for employment. In addition, the agencies supervising projects shall not knowingly employ aliens illegally within the United States, and must discharge such aliens, if employed, 1'he Publio Works .Adw1n:J oitration 1a emponred "b7 the 1936 .Aot to oontinue to aid in financing projeote similar to those fiunoed by it in the put. It 1a authorized to use• upon the direotion ot the President, a aum not to e xoeed $300,000,000 from funds on hand or reoei ftd from the sale of aeouri ties for the making of grants • Suoh a grant muat not exoeed 45 peroent ot the oost ot the project. ud gl'ants may be -.de only far pro jeota 11hiob oan be substantially oampleted by July 1. 1958 , and for 111hich the finanoing of the remaining oost is assured. jdmi.nistration The President is authorized by both a.ota presotibe suoh rules and regulation.au may be neoeseary- to oarry out the purpoaes of the appropriations. Be -.y utilize Goftrnment agenoies and eapow9r them to oarry out the f'unotions delegated to them. to Executive Orders Proceeding under authority vested in him by the two Emergency Relief Appropriation A.ots, the President has issued 44 Executive orders 1'hich determined or influenoed the operations of the Works Prorram. )(any of these orders are or minor signiticance, and others are l imited to amendment ot prior Executive orders. Orders issued under the 1936 A.at were oonti.nued in effect by Exeouti ve Order Ho. 7396, issued under authority granted by the 1936 Aot, •insofar as applicable and except as to rates of pay and eligibility for employment." issued under both aots am be divided roughly into three groups: (a) those creating new organization.a or aocomplishing the transfer of certain functiona previously pe:-formed by other independent agenoies to agencies operating under the Works Program, (b) those pertaining to general pol!o7 conoerning conditions of The orders, l10W' in effect, may 111 employment and :methods ot proaeouting projeots J and (o) those concerned with the operation ot Gowrlllll8nt agenoiea patioipating in the Works Program. tion, flood control, reforestation and related proj8.,_ J and ( c ) to make loans for the purchase or farm lands and equipment. Executive Order No. 7028, April 30, 1935 Administrative 0,91nl&1tlons Exeoutiff Ord.er lio. 7034, !-l 6, 1936 Created the Di~ision of Applications and information and the Advi•Dr7 Committee on Al• lotments. Created the Works Progress Adln1D1$ trat1on as an ad,nin1etrat1'99 organization responsible to the President for the coordinated execution of tl\e Works Prograa. Authorised di Tiaion mulation projeota establiebment within the WPA of a of progress inffstigation, and forof periodic reports of progreaa of and employmnt thereon. Tranaterred property and personnel or the land program of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration to the Resettlement .Administration. Executive Order No. 7041, May' 15, 1936 Transferred property and personnel or the Division of Subsistence Homesteads from the Department of the Interior to the Resettlement Administration. Executive Order No. 7037, May 11, 1935 the Rural Electrification .Adtn.inistration "to initiate, formulate, administer, and supervise a program of approved projects with respect to the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical energy in rural areas," using relief persons so far as practicable. E■tablished Authorized the WPA to prescribe rules and regulations assuring maximum possible employment from relief rolls and governing selection of persons for employment. Provided for prosecution by the WPA of small useful projects designed to assure a maximum or employment in all localities. Executive Order No. 7152, August 21, 1935 Directed the Secretary of the Treasury to provide for disbursement and aooounting or funds, and procurement of materials, supplies, and equipnent. EY.ecutive Order No. 7396, June 22, 1936 Continued for the Program under the 1936 Act the orders issued under authority of the 1935 Aot, insofar as applicable and except as to rates of pay and eligibility for employment. becuitiff Order llo . 7027, April so, 1936, Amended by Executive Order Bo. '1'200, a.ptaaber 26, 1936 Prescribed additional functions and duties f or the Temporary GovePmnBnt of the Virgin Islands authorizing prosecution of projects "for providing relief and work relief and for increasing employment within the Virgin Islands." :g;qoutive Order No. 7057, May 28, 1935 Established the JD.inistration JD.iniater, and projects for lief and for Puerto Rico." Puerto Rioo Reconstruction Ad"to initiate, formulate, adsupervise a program of appz'Oved providing relief and work reincreasing employment within Establiehed the Resettl. .nt Adm1n1stration. EDoutiTe Order No. 7086, June 26, 1935 Authorized the Resettlament Ad-1n1•tration (a) to adllinister approwd projeota inTOlTing rural rehabilitation, relief in atrioken agricultural areas, ud relief ot destitute or lcnr-inoome tamiliee J (b) to proeecute eoil and beach ero ■ion, atrea. pollu• 114. Bstabl1ahed the National Youth .Administration within the WPA, "to initiate and administer a program or approved projects which shall provide relief, work relief, and employment tor persons between the ages or 16 and 25 who are no l onger in attendance at a school requiring full time, and who are not reg- ularly engaged i n remunerative employment." Executive Order No. 7096, July 9, 1935 Appointed member s of the Execut ive Committee of t he National Youth Administrati on. Executive Order No. 7194, September 26, 1935 Established the Prison Industries Reorganization Administration to be governed by the Prison Industries Reorganization Board of five members. Administration to conduct i nves tigationtJ of industrial operations of penal and correctional institutions and t he market s for products of such activities, and to recommend for Presidential approval a program reorganizing existing prison industries systems in order to eliminate competition wi th private industry. Instructed surveys Under the Emergency Re lief Appropriation .Aot of 1935, authorited the PWA to make 1oans or grants , or both, f or projects of nonFederal public bodies, and to carry out project s f or slum clearance or low-oost housing . Authorized the sale of securit ies acquired under Title II of the National I ndust r ial Recovery Act or Emergency Relief Appropriation .Aot of 1935 for making further loans under these acts. Reallocated t o department s and agencie s holding un.obligated balances for uae after June 16, 1935, funds previously made available pursuant t o Title II of the National Industrial Recovery Act. t his and Executive Order No . 7065, June 7, 1935 Created the National Resources Committee to collect data necessary to a planned development and use of national resources; to cooperate with any other public or private planning agency in carrying out its duties; and to serve in an advisory capacity with respect to Federal projects involving the acquisition of land. Executive Order No. 7073, June 13, 1935 Reestab l ished the National Emergency Council to perform previously assigned duties together with such additional functions as might be assigned to it by the President in carrying out t he provisions of the ERA Act of 1935. Executive Order No. 7064, June 7, 1935 Authorized the Federal Emergency Adm1n1~tration of Public Works to continue to perform functions under Title II of the National Industrial Reoo'9'917 Act. Gencr•I Pol ici cs Wage s : Executive Order No. 7046, May 20, 1935 Prescribed a schedule of monthly earnings to appl y to workers on projects. Wages varied as to re gion, population, and skills of workers, and ranged from $19 per month (in Region 4) for unskilled workers in counties the population of the largest municipality of which was less than 5,000, to $95 (in Region 1) for professional and technical workers in counties, the population of the largest municipality of which was over 100,000. Provided that the schedule of monthly earnings thus established should be applicable to workers on all projects financed in whole or in part from the Emergency Relief Appropriation Aot of 1935, except for (a) Emergency Conservation Work, (b) projects under the supervision of the Federal Emergency .Administration of Public Works, (c) highway and grade-crossing elimination work under the supervision of the Bureau of Public Roads and State Highway Departments, (d) permanent buildings for the use of aey executive department of the Government of the United States, (e) such projects, portions of project s or activities as the WPA Administrator shall exempt, (f) supervisory and administrative employees, and (g) State projects pending administration relief transfer to the WOl"k ■ Program. 116 Executi'V9 Order No. 7117, July 29, 1936 Modified Executi'V9 Order No. 7046 b7 providing that: (a) The Works Progress Adm1n1atrator or his repreaentati ves might redefine regions designated in the original order whenever necess&r7 to do so in order to avoid undue inequality among workers accustomed to similarity of wage rates. (b) Monthly earnings applicable to an urban area shall in general apply to contiguous urban areas in 11.djacent counties in the same region. (c) It the territory covered by an.y project involves application of more than one schedule of monthly earnings, the highest schedule shall be used. (d) The Works Progress Administrator or his representatives may adjust rate of earnings of any class of work on an.y project by not more than 10 percent. Executive Order No. 7203, October 1, 1935 .Amended the proneion of Executive Order No. 7046 establishing rates for each county in accordanoe with population of largest munioipality, by giving the Works Progress Administrator and his representativas discretion to use either county or township as the unit to which the schedule of monthly earnings shall be applicable. Clarified the abova provision ot Executiw Order Bo. 7046 b7 specifying that the schedule ot montJ\17 earnings shall be based upon the 1930 population of the largest municipa.lity within the county or township. Executive Order No. 7157, August 23, 1936 Authorized the Works Progress Adm1n1•tr~tor or his representatives to exempt from the schedule ot monthly earnings, projects employing unattached workers who are furnished subsia,-tence in camp•, am to eatab1.ish in lieu of such monthl.7 earnings, wage rates not to exceed t25 per mnth. Executhe Order Bo. 7164, A\lgU!t 29 1 1935, Amended bl Executive Order Ho. '11181 Jiu-oh 11, 1936 ProTided tor superT1sion ot 1twlent aid proj• Rts b7 the JJational Youth .Ad:min11tration. 118 Prescribed amounts of monthly payments as followac high school students - not to exceed ts per monthJ college students awrage of tis per month for the school year, and not to exceed $20 to any student in an.y monthJ graduate students - 11.verage of $30 a month per student, not to exceed $40 to an.y student in an7 month. Executive Order No. 7433, August 18, 1936 Amending Executift Order No. 7164, August 29, 1935 Directed the Works Progreu Adm1n1stration to determine monthly earnings (not to exceed 60 percent ot full security wages for parttime employment) hours of work, and conditions ot employment for 70ung persons eligible for benefits under the National Youth .Administration (other than student aid) and the Works Progreae Administration. Limited monthly earnings applica.ble to parttime employment of such 70ung persons to 60 percent ot the schedule ot monthly earnings • Hours of Work: Executive Order No. 7046, liq 20, 1935 Provided that hours of work of persons to whom the schedule ot monthl7 earnings is applica.ble shall be determined by the Works Progreaa 4cbn1nhtrator, but shall not exceed 8 hours per day and 40 hours per 118ek. Set a maximum of 8 hours per dq and 130 hours per month tor anual workers am 8 hours per dq and 40 hours per nek for clerical and other non-manual employees on projects under the superTision of the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, at the Bureau of Public Roads, and State Highway Departaunts, am on projects eX8Jllpted from the aohedule of monthly earnings by the Works Progreas Administrator. ~ 8 hours per da7 am 40 hours per wek on projects operated as camps or floating plan.ta. Set a :mn:innm Specified that proviaions of the a.ct at llaroh 3, 1931, •hall appl7 to persona employed on perma!len.t buildinga for use of the u. s. GoTerDlllllltnt euoutiTe departaents J and that existing rules and regulation.a shall appl7 to Emergency Conservation Work and local Emergenoy Relief AdnliD1$tration work relief projects. Contract Prorlaionas Executin Order No. 7083, June 24, 1936 Conditions of Emplo~nts ExecutiTe Order No. 7046, Ma, 20, 1935 Prohibited employment of persona under 16 years of age or physically handica.pped, where employment would be dangerous to others and to their own health and sa.fety, and of persons currently serving sentence in penal or correctional institutions. Directed that preference shall be giTen to persons from public relief rolls, and provided that, unless otherwise specifica.lly authorized by the Works Progress Administration, at least 90 percent of all persons ,rorking on work projects shl..11 ban been taken from the public relief rolls. Provided that only one member of a family group may be employed, unless otherwise authorized by the WPA. Preaoribed rule• and regul&tiona applioable to projeots prosecuted by (a) force account, (b ) fixed price contract, ( c) limited fixed price contract, or ( d) management contract. Provided for submission to the Director of ProcUf'ell9nt by the operating agency, of estimates of materials, supplies, and equiPment required, The Director of Procurement shall indicate to the operating agency the part of the materials, supplies, and equiPment the GoTermnent will furnish, together with instructions as to meth<?d of requisition. Provided for incorporation in all contract s of provisions relating to payrolls, purchases, requisitions, conditions of employu ment, etc. ()pcr•tin9 Proccdwc1 Executive Order No. 7161, August 21, 19S6 Prohibited discrimination on any grounds except as specifically provided in the order. Provided that projects shall be conducted in accordance with sa.fe working conditions and that wages may not be pledged or assigned. Eligibility: illooated to the Seore't&J'7 ot the Tre&SUJ"7 ts,000,000, to be uaed as a revolving tU%ld trca which reimbursements would be made to the general 1uppl7 f'und, tor purchases ot material,, auppliH» and equipaent to be uaed 011 work relief projeots, thua facilitating oentrali&ed purchase or ma.teri&le, auppliea, alJd equii:aent. Exeoutin Order No, 7060, June 5, 1936 Provided tor reimbursement to the Work Rel1et Supply Fund b7 agenciee reoeiving material• aupplies, and equii-ent. Required that, to be eligible for employment, persons must register with employment offices designated by the u. s. Employment Service and must haTe been receiving relief in May 1935. Bxecutiff Order No. 714S, .Auguat 19, 1936 Provided for certification of persons who became eligible for relief subsequent to May 1935, when original occupational classes are emauated.J tor -.1.Jltenazioe ot eligibil• ity of persons who receiTe temporary employment elsewhere; and for notification to the Works Progreu .ldainistration by the U. s. Blllployaent Servioe d persons emplo:,ed on the Worka Program 1lbo ho• reoeind other aployaent. A,atbol'iied the Reaettlemnt Adminiatration to -.Jee loana tor tinanoing purohaae ot tana lands and equipnent, and tor other purohaae1, to individual•, approv.d bona-tide agenoies, or cooperatiw auooiationa. .Authorized the ResettleMnt Adainiatrator to tiz intere ■t rate• not greater than 6 per. - t v leH than I peroent. PNaoribed tieraa ot lN.U re~at. <d pro'rldon• tor 117 Executive Order No. 7305, February 28, 1936 Allooated $30,000,000, to the Farm Credit Administration for making loans to farmers during the year 1936. that, except with specific authorizatio n of the REA, at least 90 peroent of all persons working shall be taken from such rolls; and that only persons oertified for assignment by the U• . s. Employment Service, or persons speoifioally authorized by the Rural Eleotrifioation Administrati on, shall be empl oyed. Presoribed regulations limiting loans to any one borrower to $200, requiring borrowers to prove that other souroes are exhausted, fixing the interest rate at 5-1/2 percent, Authorized the .Administrato r to approve and exeoute with the borrowing agency loan oonetc. tracts under which the borrowing agency agrees that the projeot will be proseouted aocording to procedures and specificatio ns Executiv.e Order No. 7130, August 7! 1935 determined or approved by the Rural Eleotrification Administrati on. Provided that funds allocated to the Rural be Eleotrifioat ion Administratio n shall available for loans to private corporations, assooiations , and cooperative as- Executive Order No. 7180, September 6, 1935 sooiations, and to publio agencie s for finanoing projeots included in the program of Authorized the Puerto Rico Reconstructi on Administration to finance the purchase of the Rural Electrificat ion Administrati on. farm lands and equipment for production and of hours preserve.tion of farm and rural community maxim\Dll and s rate Provided that wage neoessary to the effectuation of Elecproducts Rural the by work shall be detennined hours that but rural rehabilitatio n projeots. tr ification Administrati on, day per of' work shall not exceed 8 hours and 40 hours per week except in special Prescribed regulations with respect to eligible borrowers; interest rates, which may be circumstance s. fixed by the Administrato r at not greater than 5 percent, or less than 3 percent; and Directed that preference in employment shall terms of loans. be given to persons from relief rolls; Operatin g Procedures of the Works Progress Administration Works Progress Administrati on has been organized in aooordance with the authority and directions oontained in Aots of Congress and Executive orders. The following paragraphs swmnarize its form and operations. No attempt is made to repeat the provisions of Executive orders noted above, or to indioate any but the broadest outlines of the WPA organizational form and funotions. The Administrati on Works Progress Administrati on was created by an Executive order whioh assigned to it the following funotions: ( l) the operation of useful work projects and the scheduling of such projeots so as to provide maximum continuous employment under the Works ProgramJ (2) the general coordination of the The 118 Program and the determinatio n of policies and reoords with respect to selection of employees, wages,hours, and working conditions, and the investigatio n of irre gularities; (3) the establishmen t of a system of periodio reports for the effective prosecution of the Program; (4) the ooordination of such researoh and statistical aotivities as may be necessary in carrying out the Works Pro gram. The Federal Works Progress Administrato r was appointed by the President and, under the authority granted to him by Exeouti ve orders, has established the organization necessary to carry out the functions delegated to the Works Progress Administrati on. Divisions of the administrativ e office of the Federal Works Progress Administrati on in Washington are organized under the direct supervision of Assistant Administrato rs reporting to the Federal Administrator. The Federal Administration is represented in the field by five Regional Field Representatives who aot as administrative liaison agents of the Federal Representatives are These Administrator. oharged with the responsibility of giving advice and instructions to State and district WPA offices. At the head of each State WPA organization is a State Administrator with various functional divisions working under him. The State Administrator, within the limits of instructions promulgated by the Federal Administrator, is responsible for decisions on all matters of polioy and for the efficient and economical operation of the entire State Administration, including all divisions of the State office and all districts. He is oharged with the general coordination of the Works Pro gram in the State • The district is the basic operating unit of the WPA and the District Director is charged with the direct execution and supervision of projects in the field. He is responsible to the State Administrator for the administration of all WPA activities in his district, except State-wide and Nation-wide Federal projects administered from the State office. Project Approval The success of the WPA program requires an adequate number of work projects located within readily accessible transportation distances and suitable to the numbers and capabilities of persons eligible forworlc on th em. Except for a few projects of a Nation-wide character and projects operating on Federal property, all projects prosecuted by the Wom Progress Administration are proposed by public agencies representing States, Territories, or their political subdivisions, the District of Columbia, and other public bodies. The sponsoring bodies cooperate in the prosecution of projects by financing part of the costs through provision of labor, equipment, materials; the use of land, buildings, and other facilities; transportation of materials and workers; engineering, architectural, or other services; and land purchased specifically for projects. Projeot proposals accompanied by plana, specifications, a working procedure, and other data are submitted to the district offioes After examiilation, of the WPA by sponsors. they are forwarded to State 'WPA offices which transmit them to the Federal WPA in Washington. Proposed projects are reviewed by the Works Progress Administration with respect to their desirability from a social and engineering standpoint, the extent to which they will aid in accomplisning the purpose of the Works Program by putting needy and employable persons to work, the availability of workers in need of relief, and the cost per man-year of employment. If found suitable, they are submitted for clearance to the Bureau of the Budget and then presented to the President for final approval. Projects approved by the President are subjected to review by the Comptroller General to determine whether they come within the purposes of the statute. Certain projects require the approval of the Federal agencies whioh have jurisdiction over the type of work involved. These inolude projects prosecuted on highways forming 1art of the Federal-aid highway system, projects affecting wildfowl refuges, projects for improving rivers, harbors, etc., airport and ainra.y projects, and publio health and colTIIIIUD.ity sanitation projects. For passing upon the technical feasibility of proposed white collar projects of a statistical nature, a committee representing jointly the Central Statistical Board and the WPA has been established. Once projects are chosen for operation, this Coordinating Committee follows developments, giving expert guidance and technical assistance. A sufficient number of desirable projects received from the several States have been approved to insure a reservoir of projects capable of providing the flexibility necessary to meet the varying work relief needs of the different localities. Finance In order to made fUDds available for prosecution of projects whi.oh have been approved, the President from time to time allocates funds for WPA projects itemized as to States and accounts. After approval by the Comptroller General, the Federal Works Progress Administration is notified of the a.mount of the allocation. It, in turn, authorizes each State to incur obligations up to a stated a.mount during the ensuing month. Upon receipt of the monthly budget for his State, the State Administrator makes allotments for the month to ea.oh district and to StateJfdde District offices projects in the State. then make sub-allotments to active projects 119 for the month. The Commissioner of Accounts and Deposits of the Treasury Deparinent is kept currently informed of these actions so that AB delays in disburseioont are minimized. noted in the above section on Executive orders, the Treasury Department makes disbursements for payrolls, etc,, and also is the offioial accounting agenoy for Works Program funds. Procurement of supplies and equipment is consolidated in the Procurement Division of the Treasury Department. Coordinating and Scheduling of Projects State ~"PA Administrators are responsible for coordinating the exeoution of all projects under the program operating within their areas so as to provide a maximum , of useful employment to persons in need of relief. Federal agencies cooperating in the Works Program supply State Administrators of the WPA with statements of their projects. With this information, and records of projects already in operation, State Administrators have full lmowledge of the employment to be given on Works Program projects in each locality. Operations on WPA projects are adjusted to make up the difference between Federal agency employment and total local work relief needs. Primary consideration is given to the skills of available qualified relief persons. Assignment of Workers to Projects In order to be eligible for employment under the Works Program, persons must satisfy the requirements specified in certain Executive and Aoministrative orders. They should be actively registered with a looal employment office designated by the United States Employment Service and must be certified as in need of relief by a public relief agenoy approved by the Works Progress .Administration. Local relief offices supply to the W?A and to the United States Employment Service the work records of all persons eligible for employment. Files containing this information are maintained on a ourrent basis in eaoh WPA district office. all lf'Ork projects operated by the Works Progress Administration, the assignment, reassigmnent, and wage olaesifioa.tion of workers a.re the responsibility of State WPA organizations. Aasigmnent is made on the On 120 basis of the skills required for the sucoess- ful oonduot of a projeot. The WPA endeavors to assure oontinuous employment by reassi{91ing oertified relief lf'Orkers from oompleted projects to aotive projeots. Such non-relief persons as are required for the suooessful proseoution of work projeots are referred to the WPA by the employment offioes designated by the United States Employment Service. Federal agenoies other than WPA that are operating work projeots requisition their relief workers from the WPA, whose responsibility it is to assign all workers oertified as in need of relief, Non-relief workers a.re requisitioned by these agenoies from the employment offices of the Employment Service. These requisitions, however, must receive the approval of the WPA before assignment is made. Preference in employment is given to persons certified as in need of relief and, exce pt with the specific authorization of the Federal Works Progress Administrato~ at least 90 percent of the workers must be such persons. Wages and Hours The basic schedule of monthly earnings was set forth in Executive Order No . 7046 issued May 20, 1935. State Works Progress Administrators have been authorized to exempt from the seourity wage schedule up to 10 percent of the total number of WPA workers employed in their respective States. Administrators have also been authorized to adjust monthly security wages by 10 percent upward or downward for any and all wage c l asses. Hours of work, as set forth in Executive Order No. 7046 with a maximum of 8 hours per day and 40 per week, are limited by Administrative order to a maximum of 140 hours for two consecutive semimonthly pay periods. The monthly maximum may be waived, however, when the 140-hour maximum is not sufficient to enable workers to make up time lost as a result of adverse weather conditions, temporary interruptions in project operations beyond the control of the lf'Orkers, or injuries sustained in the performanoe of duty oausing absenoes of 15 days or less. Emergency work and unusual circumstances suoh as arise in oonneotion with flood or tornado relief also permit waiving the maximum hour limitations. Adrn1n1atrative Order No. 44, issued July 11, 1936, sets forth general regulations relating to the rates of pay, hours of work, monthly earnings, and oonditions of employment based on the Emergenoy Relief Appropriation Aot of 1936. It placed upon the Works Pro~ress Administrator of eaoh State the responsibility of working out hourly 11'8.ge rates for each occupation which shall not be less than local prevailing hourly rates. Monthly earnings schedules remain the same as those established under the ERA Act of 1936. Norm.al hours of work per month are adjusted so that workers employed at the various hourly rates oan earn in the course of a month an amount equal to the monthly seouri ty wage. Payments are now made only for time actually worked. However, workers are afforded every reasonable opportunity to make up time lost because of weather conditions and similar factors beyond their control. 121 Appendix Tables B 'fable Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table 'fable Table 124 !!2,_ Title Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Employment on WPA Projects. &nergenoy Conservation Work. and Projects of Other Agencies. by States - September and December 19351 Jlarch. J,me and August 1936 126 - 127 Relief S'tatua of Persona lmployed on Work Projects. by Agencies Week Ending August 29 • 193p 128 Relief Status of Persona Employed on Work Projects. by Sta~a Week Ending August 29 • 1936 129 Employment on Work Projects of Agencies other than WPA and States - Week Ending August 29 • 1936 ccc. by 130 - 132 Percentage Distribution of Persons &nployed on WPA Projects. by Types of Projects - September and December l935J Jlarch. June and August 1936 133 Number of Persona Employed. Hours and Earnings on WPA Projects. by Types of Projects. Semimonthly Period Ending August 15. 1936 134 Percentage Distribution of Persona Employed on WPA Projecta. by Sta.tea and Major Types of Projects - Semimonthly Period Ending August 16. 1936 136 Number of Persona Employed Under the Works Program on Projects of the WPA and other Federal Agencies. by Assigned Oocupationa.- March 1936 136 Number of Persona Employed an WPA Projects• by States and Wage Classes - lfarch 1936 137 Allocations Under the ERA Acta or 1936 and 1936 tor Work Projects and other Purposes. by Agencies - Through August 31. 1936 138 - 139 Allocations Under the ERA' Act of 1935. by Agencies and by Act Limitations - Through August 31. 1936 140 - 141 Allocations Under the ERA. Aot of 1936 • by Agencies and by Aot L1mi tationa - Through August 31. 1936 142 Status of Funds Under the ERA Aota Through August n. 1936 ot 1935 Statua ot Fw:Jda Under the BRA Acta Through Auguat si. 1936 ot 1936 and 1936. by Agenoiea - and 1936. by states 143 Estimated Total Coat ot Approved PW.A Bon-Federal Projects F1n•noe4 by the ERA Aot ot 1935 • b7 States and Souroea ot Fund.I - Through August 13. 1936 14' - 1'6 146 Explanatory Notes The Works Program employment de.ta recorded in this section relate to persons employed on projects fine.need, in whole or in part, from fund s provided by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts of 1935 e.nd 1936. Qualifying this statement is the exclusion of the following: (a.) administrative employees, (b) workers on HYA projects - usually employed at one-third the scheduled monthly earnings - and persons benefiting through the NYA student aid program, (c) employees me.de availThe PWA able by tho sponsors of projects. is non-Federal employment figure, however, based on total project employment, and thus includes employinent provided through expenditure of PViA loans from revolving funds e.nd of l ocally raised funds, as vrell e.s of grants Employment under from Works Program funds. E::lergency Conservation Work (mainly CCC) is included for the whole period covered, although since a.bout July 1, 1936, this has been financed from funds me.de available by direct appropriation and consequently not provi ded under the ERA Acts. It rnay be not ed that recipients of rural rehabilitation loans and grants of the Resettlement Administration are not included in the employment reported for that administration. The employment date. presented in Tables 1-4 a.re based upon the number of persons who were e.t work during the indicated week. In the ca se of' V{PA , the employment dnte. in st r ictly to the Tah les 1-4, i·el11.te more r.umher of persons under c.ctive assignment to Tables 5 - 9 a.re based upon WPA paywork. r olls ma.de out f or pay periods ending during Such the desi gnated hnlf-month or month. discrepancies e.s arise between WPA employment e.s determined by t he we ekly series e.nd by the payr oll series are chi efly due to (1) the difference in the employment concept used - numbe r under act ive as signment to work vs. number who se names appear on payrolls and (2) the time le.g of payroll date. behind assign• ment de.ta., e . g.,the neJ:1es of persons e.ssi6ned e.t e. given time do not usually appear on payrol l s until several days later. Tables relating to funds refer only to monies provided by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts of 1935 and 1936 (except in the case of Table 15 which includes other funds me.de available forPN.A non-Federal projects). Terms used in thesetables a.re defined e.s follows: 1. "Allocations" represent a.mounts ordered transferred to a.n agency by tne President for which warrants have been issued by The qualification ''Vlarrants the Treasury. approved" means that only those allocations which have been approved by the Comptroller General a.re included. or 2. "Obligations " represent actual contingent liabilities incurred a gainst funds The figures a.re allocated by the President. as well as unpaid cumulative and represent On work performed under paid obligations. contract, the value of tho contract is set up e.s e.n obligation upon signing of the conWhere requisitions for supplies, matra.ct. t erials, or equipment have been subt'litted,the Items amounts are set up as obligations. which are certain to become due in a short period are recorded in advance, e.g., payrolls, rents, travel expenses, etc. a.re obligated one period in advance. 3. "Expenditures" represent checks issued in payment of payrolls and other certified vouchers, and in full or pe.rt payment against contracts. expenditures Neither obligations nor necessarily provide e. wholly accurate reflection of operations, since obligations in pa.rt reflect future operations, while expenditures le.g behind the true current picture due to delays in presenting vouchers for payment e.nd to time consumed by the mechanism of actual The lag in expenditures may be ilpayment. lustrated by such e.~encies e.s the Bureau of Public Roads, where States frequently wait some time before submitting vouchers for reimbursement. 125 126 T A 8 L E EMPLOY MENT ON WP A PROJECT S, EMERGENCY CONSERVATION I ORK, ANO PROJE CTS or OTHER AGENCIES, BY STATES ElcCLUOINO AOfil lt,j 16 TRATI VC Cil PLOYC[I StPTDI IEA AND DtCOf 9£A 1935J IIAACH , J~ t ANO A~t.aT NUlleat or PataoJ.te . .BEil 0,. PD:SONI l.MPLO Yto 0\111 NO ftC K (NOI NQ SEPT[ A[llt 28 1 1936 NIMBDI 0,. PIABONI EMPLOV[D Ota I frilO 1936 IEEK (NOi NO MARCH 28 tantLOY£D Ota I MO ftD( (NDINO DtCDAe[,t 2e, 1935 1935 EIIOIOl:NCY (IIERO[NCY ElltR C.CNCY CONIEJIVAT I ON Llllr CONlt'RVA TI ON 0THCR TOTAL NO. 10 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( ( ( ( 4) 5) 6) GRANO TOTH TOTAL OIITAIBUT[D AU.BAWA ARIZ ONA AR KANIAI CALI n>ftNUi 7) av STAttl COLORADO ( e) CONNECT I CUT ( 9) ( 10 ) 0[:LAIARt FLOR I DA ( 12) 0£0A G I A ( 13) ( 14) ( 15) ( 16) ( 17) I DAHO ( 18 ) ( 19 ) 3, 5 10,670 2 , 7410,070 51P , 928 251,672 3,750,&40 2,871,637 433,770 4-45,433 ( 1) 1.104.682 35, 201 7, 553 30, 752 28 ,924 9, 659 - .01 3 24., 098 552 . ]]] 9 ,645 223.459 5,320 5,915 .. ,~3 15,755 4,427 429.600 7,231 5,280 9,323 7,885 2,91 4 8 ,356 5 ,569 10 , 868 17,596 5 , 219 2.871.637 39,977 12,3 17 2 1, 039 6 , IEO 2, 7<40.070 48,82 1 11,672 41 , 775 125 ,787 «>, 365 3.698. 794 17,28 1 3 1478 1 028 62,4'97 23,156 57 , 146 159 , 138 50, 0 11 514.- 6 , 159 96 . 336 1, 458 1, 394 ]97 .557 , .. , 195 6,375 9,314 29,537 4,807 ( ( ( ( ( ( 9 , 533 2,1 9 3 328 3 , 989 1,,053 19,600 6 ,521 6TT 8 19 96 1,56 1 34,861 679 684 5,448 701) 12 , 296 16,2 15 4, 120 2, 270 55, 345 27 ,466 2,996 6,915 35, 42 8 5,888 2,853 34,9 15 4,359 I 1,286 1 1,82 1 53 ,434 2,n6 10, 482 13,364 1,,J5 9,435 5,023 13,969 !'8,011 68,742 27 , 810 3,071 8,983 32,514 44, 1-42 3 , 917 2, 16] 297 87 1 762 17,378 204,432 9 1, 385 37, e99 10 ,645 172 ,880 80 , 279 26,372 ,,022 54,!27 42, 680 11,880 235,749 90,141 41,311 62,240 509 756 8 1,323 62,591 20,502 60,685 82,795 63,195 11,3~ 50,- I , IOI 7,551 31,469 38,085 IOIU 9,664 IC'Alrrl8AI 9,392 926 23,957 10,€155 6,331 5,244 19,407 5, ◄ 39 ,e,009 919 9 , 180 31, 587 22,504 14, 378 22 ,038 9,334 NteRAB l<A 7,583 NEVADA 1, 011 INOIANA 68,686 kENTUCIC Y LOU !SIANA (22) MA8 8A CHU8UTI (23) (24 ) ( 25) ( 26 ) (27 ) MICH I GAN MtWHC60TA Ml611 1111PPI lhl60UIII lilONU HA (28) (29 ) (30) (3 1) (32 ) 565 4,772 27,232 11, 220 8 ,793 7 ,704 lilAft YUNO 364 7,264 5 7 , 169 3, 500 9,405 371 4,344 16,060 5 ,085 11 , 790 27,536 3, 839 2,448 1,421 5,163 13,123 1,631 1,223 20,931 63,685 153,419 17,460 10,467 12,657 8,545 10,838 15,109 1,624 5 ,821 8,547 2,271 3,780 1,518 59,433 64,638 68,604 4, ◄2 9 15.980 358 1,280 «>,022 67 7 4,238 480 33,635 992 (42 ) SOUTH CAROLINA 115,348 (43 ) (44 ) SOUTH DAl<OTA 6,313 22,151 34,102 6 ,101 5, 74IO 6,373 1,948 639 2,564 VI RG INIA IA8 HINOTO~ ( 50 ) l [BT VIR O!NI A (5 1) (52) IY OIIINC (53) (54) 15,562 18,299 16, 772 22. 763 3,635 I I S COIH!II N 1,520 706 3,717 6,452 1,577 499 AU8 t< A ( 55 ) (56) (57) (58) 460 s, 134 TOTAL 018T A l8UTCO IY TEAR ITOA I ES HAWAII 4,898 3 , 000 9,597 20,370 1, 958 2,209 ( ◄9) 19,972 287,&47 14,642 30,439 16,348 32,530 ORE GON (48 ) 13,474 92,910 30,963 323,764 19,0CX> 51,257 ( 39 ) («>) (41) VERMONT 69,669 15,745 5,763 32 ,416 30,109 8,492 58,683 4,992 TOAi (33) (34) (35) (36) 86, 962 20,067 232,375 16, 940 5,985 32, 773 2,81 2 10,744 OKLAHOMA UTAH 8, 290 10,340 13,503 1, 696 107,934 28, 471 2 74, 196 19,7 19 46 , 47 1 12,627 (38 ) ( ◄5) 9,792 11,no 9,839 5,352 19,245 23,808 10 542 2,047 5,540 222 3,'95 29,468 570 1,596 2, 686 ◄,◄72 990 2,559 626 22,566 62,343 124,267 20,467 8 , 598 11,706 11,000 11,636 14, 273 I, 797 2 , 336 6, 593 1, 419 2,0,e 26 1 58, 426 49,297 64, 554 79,910 8 , 322 4. 38 1 241 !!! 20 .-409 71 0 5,7413 14,182 1, 85 1 1, 356 2,581 203 2,1581 203 258 495 ◄e,390 83,608 14,997 4,927 39,948 32, 205 5 1, 445 61 , 021 5,1 00 2 , 8 15 6,003 352 1,535 5,227 2,641 PANAMA CANAL ZONE PuERTO RICO VIROtN IIUN08 16, 651 23 3 (20) 236,nl 127,389 40,034 11,997 186,358 11,674 173, 170 1, 445 (22) ( 18) ( 19) 25',805 149,499 63,376 19,045 215,357 ◄, ◄]I 5,639 4,827 998 4,58' 5,926 21,983 a,,n 5,482 5,303 (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) 14,584 12,027 17 29,925 4,818 5,502 2,054 1,496 7,831 8,610 12.'°6 53,353 15,843 7,205 ], 179 4,240 12,970 4,637 I, 154 1, €1 19 10 ,709 5, 176 38,298 OM10 10,380 21,"'97 2,525 9,557 92,136 10 ,274 14 1,722 (36 ) (37 ) 6,840 3,1102 6,784 31,636 5,733 12,en 110,676 24,060 2<40,208 2,511 3 , 911 2,233 6,7-11} 2,243 1,396 1,582 5,332 6,369 161,945 55 , 152 18,675 201,563 l ◄ ,222 62,134 ( 13) ( 14) ( 15) ( 16) ( 17) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) 257 ,l ◄e ~ 15,273 15,273 3,129 13,786 e, t62 4,816 8,177 11,434 6,555 5,109 1,086 2,252 13,565 5,890 770 ], 126 22, 1-40 7,586 15,253 11,030 10,215 14,726 3,221 20,'61 2,385 7 , 081 92,457 11,291 169,204 3 1 01 I 12,634 199,823 84,715 30,760 45,076 98,534 60,689 37,854 87 ,777 19,861 Z?,813 4 , 867 10,915 I I t, 354 23,550 186,988 22, 19 5 17,225 6,013 17,456 13,233 ( 9) 121,949 76,535 56,246 113,887 29,637 22,456 NDATM CAROL I HA 8,041 11,367 ( 10) (11) ( 12) 6,231 3,553 2,356 8,636 4,535 590 205 793 4,182 1,639 2,427 18,037 12 . 63 7 I 11 947 17,020 3,807 790 57,600 2,559 141,,19 32 , 1-19 82,-122 14, 114 90,463 2,302 1,805 ( 8) 572 4,7"9 9,913 18,375 120,372 l,4'48 114,731 73 ,790 46 , 452 108,078 27,798 136,702 13,925 4,392 6,791 3,202 6,571 1,558 t, 636 463 1, 788 4 , 571 New YOJIK Cl TY New YORK ST ATC (EXCL. N. Y. C.) (46) (47) 1,879 11,439 35,277 142,5&4 39,033 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 18, 759 8 , 42 1 3,657 &,018 16,163 17,9 14 13 ,122 12,915 18,996 4 , 763 (35 ) TtN NC&ecc 4,080 12,115 7 ,746 1,000 1,254 (33 ) (34 ) IIL.ANO 10,054 18,568 113,968 5,493 1,941 3,615 4,31 5 17,351.l 22 1,386 9,467 998 PCHNI YLYAHIA 50,722 3,711 26,059 9 , 165 7,912 7 , 567 61,403 23,094 53,91-4 186,046 41 , 232 2 ,83 1 907 2 , 048 3,974 28,025 9 , 321 NCW HAIIPSH I"( Ntw la:XICO RHODE 1, 154 6, 203 8 12 1,795 14,376 6,684 NCW J CR6t Y - T H 0Al<OTA No. 113,177 9,053. MAI ht 13 556,717 36,6'-l (21) 12 .e6, 0I] ILLIHOII ( 20 ) LIMC I, 12',907 DIITIIICT OP' COLUMBIA (11) OT>C• AGDICIU Iott IPA II 2,3® 233 14,342 28,253 y 82,7◄ 1 8,922 5,638 (21) 9,754 (37) (38) (39) 26,009 2,519 8,203 9,767 6,093 9,908 1,839 12,61 5 14,779 44,67 1 103,252 12,170 6,697 4,179 10,100 22,348 3,194 2,131 1,973 8 , 9 14 27,899 2,096 1,639 ( 43) 34,581 46,114 56,433 63,179 4,897 10,987 6,673 9,118 13,113 1,455 13,865 I 1,851 3,053 6,449 2,570 (48) ~ 382 35.852 295 2,494 480 31 , 854 729 (53) ( 54) (55) (56) (57) 12,0 24 (59) I, 7 44 1, 781 263 («l) (41) (42) (44) (45 ) (46) (47) ( ◄9) (50 ) (51) (52) (58 ) (59) (59) TOTAL •OT OllntllUTl:O IY y Doti NOT PROY I D(O !I 16, 088 16,091 STATCI OR Tt•RITORIEI I NCLUO[ [IIPLOYW:NT OH PUe L IC ROAD8 PROJEC T& PR[Y I OUIL Y AU TH OII IZ[D UNDE R TH[ ev THC (IICJIQ[NCV RELIC,. A,.•AOF'fUAT I OH AC T I NC LUOC I S OM[ [IIPLOYll[NT IN THC RCST o, 12,233 HA'f'DC....CAAT . . IC.H T ACT , or 1035 . Ne• YORI( S u t t ON HOJ CCU or TK NoH--fc ot• AL DIVl&ION or "·· ( CONCLU~O ON MX T l'AOt ) 12,233 12,024 8UT F" Olf AIIICCO 8Y ltOO,CX>0,000 APPOAT IONEO TO STAT[S OUT or TH( rUNOI lZT l A I L C I ( C11oc.-) C~PLOYIIIJH ON IPA t'RO.lt:CTS, EIIDBCIICY COIIICIIYATIDN - , AIIO t'ROJCOTS or OTHCA AOCIICIES, ev nuo [XQ.UDUeo AO.IN llntAUVE c.,..ovca Sl:PTltllCA ANO DICOIBEA 1P35 S I.ARCH, ,,h,t!C: ANO AUIUIT 1936 NUIIIP 0, PPtll . . E ■ itLOl'ID a,• c.21~! J""• 27, oua, .. LINC or PDIIOle £1HtLO'l'ED 0Ultl NI 5or r..21•! A!i!oua, 29 1 1936 MUMIDI 1- UIOIQINCY CONIPVATION EtUJIQDfCY OTHCA C0UDI/AJION TOIAL ( 2) ( ( ( ( 4) 5) 6) 7) 381,UO 665,155 3,399,596 2,376,565 385,600 637,431 ( 1) ~ 56,680 19,951 49,074 163,867 38,544 ~ 32,398 9,332 29,945 110,548 28,328 ~ 7, ..15 4,038 8,549 12,540 612,770 16,867 6,581 10,5110 3.339.273 55,IJO 18,035 49,435 156,805 2,376.565 30,1170 9,034 30,172 106,783 29,631 m.222 580.808 t,,731 4,990 10,204 38,455 6,327 ( ( ( ( ( ( 011,.ic, or COLUMBIA 33,370 5,056 12,025 3,966 671 2,150 f\..ORIDA 49,386 OtOAIIA 56,055 22,508 2,344 7,546 Z7,124 33,881 20,933 2,118 6,940 26 ,147 36,881 4,012 609 2,275 8,904 12,816 I0.ut0 18,609 2,331 202,929 TOUL 011u1eu,ro IT STATH AUIAIIA Aall•A AalUMeAI CALlrNNU COl..oaADO 11,567 4,0150 6,~14 889 8,079 11 ,232 3,616 12,184 «l,745 59,9116 6,380 2,525 9,704 17,882 6,674 5,245 46,966 30,402 5,599 29,367 16,858 12,022 10,965 6,119 161 ,220 36,675 155, 680 68,287 19,408 17,156 205,®6 01 ,131 37,B88 57,155 ICOfT\ICltY 66,691 4 5,911 10,706 10,074 LOUlaUJIA 50,522 36,510 7,139 51,934 34,652 7,883 9,682 12,162 72,957 47,359 15,I~ 27,9CIZ 118,262 14,32'2 3,812 9,7111 95 , 102 12,45Q 10,101 ( 18) ( 19) (20) (21) (22) 17 , 086 101 ,9G2 73,784 52,760 116,663 30,027 76,195 47,327 • 12,030 17,569 29,777 84,337 18,319 10,949 13,105 3,649 13,737 16,263 12,034 111,221 8,059 (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) 23,468 3,896 754 1 , 590 9,217 t,tB1 2,539 10,512 7,525 (28) (29) (30) (31 j (32) 12,188 31,347 12,301 8,231 20,577 (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) 10,283 (38) (39) lu•.1•011 -·. ht0IANA I- 91,819 17,15o 28,211 7,971 14,606 6,873 2,251 3,1123 WAIIACNIJl,CTTI 129,126 104,557 12,.07 105,086 75,771 71,824 48,083 44,805 26,651 66,602 12,229 9,4,0 10,017 13,129 11,415 16,173 .10,489 2,767 7,772 14, 512 3,926 9,817 WAIN[ ••nu.No (23) Ill CHIQAH (24) MtMNCI0U (25) {26 ) Wiil lHl,.PI liflH0Utll (27) bTAHA (28) (29) NUIIA&KA H(YADA (30) Nt• HAIINMIRE (31) ( '2) Nh JCRl,:Y Np MDICO (33) NU YCNtK CITV (34) (36) NA Y0Ak STATE (EX.CL, N. Y.C.) HOIUM CAII0LI NA NORTH Du:ou (37) OHIO ('8) kLAHOltA (39) (40) Olt00N 95,904 21 , 028 28,255 5,003 12,338 99,515 22 ,310 -,9,891 (46) UTAH (47) VOllllONT (48) (49) VlltQINU 53,350 IAltOilllQTON (50) IIUT v11 a1• u 45,254 56,784 (51) IIIC0NIIN 76,108 (52) WfOMINC 59,964 138,782 16,9126 9,371 9,506 •,n6 222,047 140,ZIO 51,714 54,837 187,270 200,021 97,1 67 30, 024 41,378 150,820 9,838 11,696 9,389 81,312 25,809 296,345 16,066 «1,209 58,357 10,110 8,619 8,399 1$2 , 850 4,524 15,012 7,019 15,126 18,519 5!5,596 14,662 11,460 14,469 235,047 10,888 25,470 3,740 19,998 9,788 27,330 2,359 7,728 11,952 9,400 36,505 79,)IS 6,9911 e,eoo 14,679 '8,9120 27,180 25,941 9,657 5,737 16,!'13 13,569 43,4157 1,2r:n 6,120 48,862 2,789 10,764 1,45Z 16,482 4,371 &£'I 51.,oi 260 35,156 908 3,313 253 46,101 1,347 12,99 8,821 (515) (56) HAWAII 3,361 1,261 (57) PuPIT0 Rtco (58) VIAGIN IILM0I 1,1JO !19,279 20,4n i,•99 1,777 1.1512 260 37 ,95!1 ··- 126,730 16,834 9,651 10,080 4,400 43.m 521 PMAMA CMA L ZGNC 4,254 3,593 AL.AIU TOTAL DIIT.I IUTEI> IY fURITOfllD 10,194 n,994 27,964 SOUTH Duou 2,18' 91,Sn 5-,,5 11 19,942 186.495 (43) (44) (45) 1,610 21,807 10,734 17,501 45,150 9,372 5,037 5,130 11,651 8,888 9,218 26,246 282,375 9,602 10,885 10,816 5,193 9,705 Poo.. VLYAMI .. AHoot IIU.ND 18,907 6,590 5,147 5,281 3,(178 11,580 8, 515 81,718 27 ,9117 40,089~ 8,706 24, IJMl 15,815 1,653 101,698 SOUTH CAROLINA To.u - 68, 726 23,139 2,,069 10,694 10,299 lo, 581 4,214 12,874 1,959 205,490 ("2) lDNOI CC 2,188 1,601 79,811 7,899 6,Q3-4 225,929 139 ,$24 (41 ) (59) 40,008 2,041 2,329 14,183 10, 942 011•.&•AJIE (53) ( 5") 40,779 5,537 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 31.4159 ( 9) {10) {11) {12) (35 ) 4,679 8,429 4,011 9,°'9 6,896 ( 8) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) ••• Z,255 ,998 OAAND TOTAL CONH[CflCUT {13 ) {14) {15) {16 ) (17) LINI 3,302,193 ( \) ( J) OTHEA WPA 7 6 218 2,~ 222 4,.347 3,933 303 2,100 47,785 «1,709 57,609 85,264 10,043 - 1,nl 8,745 13,969 248 , 356 10,538 25,182 5,228 15,873 12,752 3,664 18,708 2,441 8,603 8,176 ( 8) ( 9) ( 10) (11) (t2) (13) ( 14) (15) (16) (17) 29,281 3,087 I 11 424 (40) 7,078 14,537 30,387 3,848 3,729 (43) (44) (48) (41) (42) 37,5150 1,n6 35,036 78,028 10,377 4,187 18,315 2,609 1,735 24,222 26,645 9,396 6,009 42,736 57,047 3,789 7,557 11,004 14,167 13,055 7,316 17,213 1,522 4,7'12 (49) (50) (51) ($2) L.W "7 180Z (53) G,7oe 2oz 1,062 2,164 272 286 2,251 253 43,937 1,075 (45) (46) (47) (5") (55) (56) ( 57) (511) TOTAL NOT DIITRI IUTED IY su,a 01 lUtAITCHIID 12,"8 8,821 ('9) IORICS PAOOR£SS ADIIINIURAIION PAOQR£SS REPORT , oc,oaa, 15, 1930 128 TAIIL[ Z ACLl[f' STATUS Of' 1'£RSONS OIPLOYCI) 0N IORK PAOJ[CTS, IY AIOICIO CxCLUOINt AololNIITltAJIVE r,,,,.LOYl:U IIIE1< &10111• Aueun 211, 1936 l'aleONa CIIITI ,., D Aa Ill LI NE 110, AaENCJY ORAIID TOTAL ( 1) ( Z) IORICS PIIOGAESS ADIi iN IS fllA Tl OIi ( 3) EIIEROEIICY CONSERW,\ TI~ IORK ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) ( 8) ( !I) (10) ( 11) (1Z) ( 1J) (14) (15) CCC CAMPS IN DI All RDEIIVA Tl :Illa T1111t&r01tl a OTHEJI AQOICIES Dtc,.altNENT or AUICULT\1111 AN I UAL INOutTltY 1110\.00l~L SullVEY £NTOMOLOQY AND PLANT QUAltANTl•E f"OltOT SIIIVICE· Pl.ANT INDUITIIY MLIC IIOAoa SOIL C•at11VATIOII SIIIVICE (16) ALLIY OKI.LINO AIITNOIIITY (17) (18) ( 19) (ZO) Dl"Altf_,,T o, ~ C l (21) (22) (Z,) (ZA) DPAltTICIIT o, nll INTIIII M AI.MIIA IIOAo C-U•t Oil BITUMINOUI Co.lL (Z,) (26) (Z7) (28) (Z9) (30) C-•••IM OWICI W EAluc.lrt• IIIOL.NI CAL SU.WI\' OWICI o, 111111.lll ..,,,,., . . NATIONAL PAM SOWi OC l'VIIITO IICO IICOQTIIICTIM UIIIIIUTIIAfl• lecuu n TIIIPOltAll'r OIi Gow_, o, V1•111 1 - NO,-Ro. fU 85.J «>9,292 14,7 ( 1) 114.8 122,92.. 5.2 ( 2) ~ 46,500 .!Li !Id 637,431 308,1.'63 48 . 5 275,685 130. 788 2,033 1,240 1,418 22,SM 18,560 1,467 207,218 16,m 36 72,360 '4,651 14 !I )6 L!!! 17,6 89.3 89,2 47 ... 61-0 96,7 e1.1 110.6 100,0 3-4.9 11., 111.2 95.8 10.e 51.5 ( 7) 144,897 79J 49 ~ Jll , 0 J.3 l 5,182 1,931 18, 7 9.4 8) ( !I) (10) {11) ( 12) 13-4,858 2,084 65 . 1 12.5 (1J) (14) (15) 900 400 !2!. 362 1 J8 ~ 15 1J 162 ~ 1SZ ZL.2 2,- 2,220 201 113.2 19.4 15.9 14,Z45 116 1,118 11,061 41,689 40,295 12,Z 10,J86 761 1,J57 1V 1J. 1 95,5 184 J,184 3,JM 9,0129 34 1,Jall 91.0 T7.6 ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) 12.4 10. 7 (16) 5 &a1 110. 43 w 8.e (17) 4,2 (11) (19) 100.0 (ZO) !!,.2 (21) (22) (2J) (24) 9.0 100.0 6.8 20.6 14. 1 22,4 1.1 16.!I 4.5 (25) (21) (Z7) (a) (29) (30) m 494 E ~ a.1 m 1!54 lia.R MO NAT-IIATIOII 1U 161 •• o 22 12.0 (J1) (12) (JJ) a,1 119 Z2 10.11 (k) 1,m 8.2 (H) .!L.ti 22.i.1. 123,882 75.4 ,., 47.1 (40) • •8 (41) .!!,.! (-42) (43) (44) ~Alt-To, TIIC NAVY l••-TI• - PPCPI 2L.!2! 167 1J LINE •wee 337 .800 127,000 7,500 3,300 27,703 20,~1 Pe!°'!! ee&Pt c-._, latvlCC (35) "'--Deo,ca (39) PWl.1 C . . . . MIii ■ 11 TIIA Tl Oil ltOUallM OIWIHM NOIM°DOU L OIVIHOlt ( 40 ) Racnl.UDI r MIi i ... a TU Tl OIi (41) luML £4.cCTltl,.IOATla. U.t•laTUTIOII (42) (43) DINII-T W TNI Tllut•Y lalTD SfATD c:ea., MIIO (44) (45) lulllAU W I U - L IIIYDUI ,__, (46) (47) l'WLIO !ICM.TN IDVICI SIOIIITAltY •a OWi Cl (41) VUt-• ADtllNIHUTIOlt (49) I.lit DOAltTIIDT COIIN 0, Dlat•lllle (,, l 11&1.lp: STM0- LUMll'f W C-HM (50) 2,900,304 W ~ 373,500 8,400 J,700 f"IIHIIJII D (k) (38) Nm ,, 7511 23 DIPAIITIIDT O, IMOII IIIITD s,ua ( '7} 3,399,'96 CDeua (11) (JZ) (J3) (36) nw•P TOTH, ..... ».o ZA,6 164,217 211,072 751 516 J,119 HO ,,. 1,0,0 545 518 Al !ILi IIZ,5 I0.7 N,3 90.2 485 89.0 W.21 Dal 20,001 4,271 4,478 sz.11 215 2a2Zl o,.,, ... ouu,-,111 c- ~ llRJ2l 18.9 12.1 !li 465 257 67 75 60 1J!I 9,0,0 !Ill 11.z (JS) 67,0 (17) <•) 47.4 7.5 19.J (45) 1,7 (41) 9,8 (47) 11.0 (41) IL! (49) (50) (51 ) 11.1 17.9 m11ta MIIIEU ADIIIIISflUIOII ,-ama 111:POIT, Dcroan 15, 1936 129 T A B LE !I 11n1Er STATUS OF PERSONS EIIPLOYEO OIi IORK PROJECTS, BY STATES Excue1 ■a Aa1•ll'l'IIATl¥t: EIIP'LO"ta:• ft:Dc END I •o AUQUIT 29, 193CI Au. A111t•c:1u LINE STATE I NO. 8RANO TOTAL ( 1) ( 2) ( ,1 TOTAL OIITIIIBUTCO ev SUTU ( 6) ( 7) AL.ABAIIA AIIIIONA AIIKANU8 CALll"OIINIA COLOIIADO I •l CONNl:CTI CUT ( 9) ( 10) 0CLAUIIE DIITAI er Dr COLIMIIIA fLOII IDA 0£0IIGIA ( 4) ( 5) (II) (12) 57,155 ( II) ICl:NTUC:ICY (19) (21) (22) LOUISIANA 11A I NE IIAIIYLAND IIA&SACHUBETTII (23) IIICHIQAH (2<4) (25) (26) (27) MINNESOTA MIUI . . IPP'I (28) ( 29) (30) (31) (32) Nl:IIIIAIIICA (33) (3-4) HEI YOAK CITY IIEI YOIII< STAT[ (ExCL. N.Y.C.) 11011TH CAROL I NA NOIITH DAKOTA OHi D OkLAHDIIA OIIEQON (-41) ( -42) RHODE lkAND SOI/TH CAIIOLIU (<43) ( ) (<45) SOUTH llAlcou TCHIICH[E TEXAI (<46) UTAH (47) VEIIIIOlfT (-48) (<411) (50) YIIIOI NIA IA .. IIIGTO ■ IEIT VIAOl•tA lt8CONBI• ITOll I NO .... (51) (52) (53) PENNaYLYANIA TOTAL 01U~18UT(O 8Y TEAii i TOIi ila (5<4) Auau (55) HAWAII (SCI) PMAMA CANAL ZONE (57) PUDITO RICO (58) YIR. II lkAIIDS ("') TOTAL NOT 01'TRleUTID trr 5TATU otl TERIIITC•IID 122,92'4 ( 1) 2.849.113 .... ,689 W,228 40,734 1!1!1,836 M,889 '4Q0.160 2 9 37Cl 1 5Cl5 30,970 9,034 30 ,172 106,783 2'> ,631 2,253,641 29,901 122,92'4 I ,OCl9 ( 2) ( !I) 8,Cl60 28,568 37<4 ( •l 1,604 101,9!7 28,23-4 '4,8'46 ( 5) ( 6) 1,397 ( 7) ze, 1,0 2,558 9,583 99, 17' 50,708 5,329 1 ,0!58 2,cso1 20,933 2,118 6,940 26 ,147 36 , 881 19, 5'48 1,909 6,323 2'4,917 1,3~ ( 8) l 9) 35,'429 l,'452 6, 11 9 161,220 68,726 23,139 40,989 5,637 150,!73 l 1s) Zl,9&4 39,106 '4112 10,847 3,66'4 1,155 1,883 '49,212 !1<4,080 6,5&4 13,515 93,-424 2,722 572 1,299 807 1,678 ( 18) ( 19) (20) (21) (22) 73,498 2,fB7 2, 1'41 2,299 '4,986 675 (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) 10,.... 1 ,,811 8,701 22,9Cl9 5,119 6,!!Cl9 9,288 cs,098 ,1,eee ('8) (39) («>) 2,253,6'41 31,527 KANSAS ( 35) (36) (37) 2,37CS,565 11,058 ( 16) ( 17) NEVADA NEW HA111'9HIRI: NEI JEAUY No 11n,co '499,292 173,569 75,540 29,5P3 47,985 INOIANA IOWA MISI0'-'11 MONTANA 2,900,304 17, 15CI ( 15) (ZO) 1 me0111 205,096 IDAHO ILLINOIS 6 31339.273 ( 13) 114) 91,131 LINE 5 3,399,596 59,99CI Nolt-fl!:Lll:P' . 3 ,1,,459 ,,616 12,184 '45,"45 AB IN NEED PEIIION8 2 18,03!1 Cl:IIT IP' 11:D PEll ■oNI ~ELll:P' OT RCLIEP' OT 111:LIEP' '49,'4!15 156,80!5 40,008 PIIOGll[H AalNl ■ TIIATI o• TOTAL TOTAL 55,130 IOIIK ■ C01111•0 POl80118 CCIIT IP' I [D Al IN 111:EO 15,591 8,295 9,170 55,062 209 617 1,230 Mo. (10) (II) ( 12) ,. , ( 13) ( ( 115) ( 17) 12,957 '47,359 15,198 27,902 118,282 M,778 8,179 '43,ZM '4,095 12,21'-5 21, '40 110,395 2,993 6,15Z 7,867 51,934 34,652 7,863 14,322 95,102 101,9Cl2 73,784 52,'7150 116,CICl!I 30,027 91,788 Cl1,'479 !19,601 100, 1458 23,~1 10, 17<4 12,30!1 13,069 145,<495 6,37'CI 76 , 195 '47 ,327 'Z<I, 711 84,337 1e,319 -45,186 27,'478 79,351 17 ,6'4'4 36,581 •,2w 12,874 97,f5'77 21,807 ,o, 195 2,e<n 10,-452 a&,"21 11,ocse 6,3116 1,317 2,-422 11,'456 23,46d I, 773 0, 745 77,994 9,506 22,fJ97 1,65-4 7,825 72,322 8,5'47 571 119 920 5,4572 222,047 140,210 199,207 115,152 ,, • 71'4 '8,872 12,1142 5'4,837 187,270 51 ,58CI 170,lXIIZ 3,251 145,2711 20C,OZI 97 , 167 30 ,02-4 '41,378 150,820 186,312 93,117 28,"30 «>,819 1'45,576 13,709 '4,050 1,59'4 !!!9 5,2-44 (33) 25,058 81,392 73,67'4 7,718 19,691 296,3'45 Z61, 717 13,778 6.'18 34,628 Z,288 8,237 56,157 13,262 229,675 10,25'4 '13,911 (,a) (39) (40) 36,972 58,357 13,969 2-4S,356 10,538 25,182 2,200 zs.eo, 37,550 35 ,036 78,028 10,377 -4, 187 2'4,222 26,645 42,736 57,047 3,700 16,066 '45,209 '48,'404 59,279 126,730 16,834 9,651 .... ,11• '47,334 101,12'4 1-4,235 6,782 .. ,?42 22,MO ,,630 11,!Me 2!5,CIOCI Z,599 Z,859 95'} 707 18,681 (30) (31) (32) (3-4) ('5) (36) (37) 28'4 ('41) 1,205 (<42) 36,119 U,297 7'4,!!CII 9,8511 3,252 771 I, 739 ,,'467 519 935 (<43) (-44) 2' , 240 26,121 40,1457 5'4,-457 982 5.!<4 2,569 2,590 3,525 26'4 (-e) (<49 ) (50) (51) (52) (-45) (<4CI) (47) '8,25Z M,8'0 ,1,000 71,MO 6,8'0 9,5Z3 10,879 6,609 13,-42'4 51.502 '488 3,,13 253 '445,101 1,347 '4Cl 1010 1,231 ...,Gil 108 '401 259 9,7M 116 (5') (5<4) (5!1) (51) (57) (!II) 8,821 -4,281 4,540 (.59) '47,'785 -45, 709 57,609 8'5,2M 10,04! 380 z,912 42,387 ,,21, IORKS PIIOORESS AOIIINISTRATION PROGRES6 REPORT, OCTONII 15, 19'6 130 T A 8 L E 4 EIIPLO'fll[NT OIi IORIC PIIO.£CTS Of" AOENC IES OTHER THAN IPA ANO CCC, f1f STATES [XOLUDIN AIIIIINIITIIAT IVIC fMl'\.O'tUe IUK E_,INQ Au41WT 29, 1996 111: ..AATIICJIT cw AaaieuuUM: ENT-LCklY STATE LIIC NO, [1 ( 1) ( Z) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) TOTAL DIITAIIUTEO fLORIOA 0£0AQ IA IOAHO ILLINOIS llfOl.utA IHA KANSAS KDITUCKT LOU181AIIA MAINE JIARYLAIIO MAIUc:HUHTTI lllc:HUAH IIINNCIOTA IIISIIS8 I PPI IIIUOUAI -TANA (32) NCW 11u1eo NEW YORK Cl TY 11[11 YORK (EXCL, N.Y.C.) NORTH CAROLINA NORTH DAKOTA OHIO (38) OlcLAHOMA (39) (40) (41) Oll[QOII (42) SOUTH CAIIOl.t•A (43) SOUTH OAl<OU (44) TUN&Ha TEXM (48) (49) F'EaN8YLV.utlA ~ IILAIICI UTAH YI:_, VIRCIINIA IAIMINCITON (50) (51 } IHT YIIICIINIA (52) ITOIUIICI ll8COll81N (53) (54) (55) (56} (57) (58) TOTAL DIITAIBUTED (59) TOTAL NOT 018TRl8Uff0 H av TEIIIIITOIIIU AUau HA•AI I P.utA»A CANAL ZOC Pul:ltTO RICO VIACIIN Jau,.,. STATD OIi TllltltTOIIIE8 AIID PLANT QuAIIANTIM: fOIIE IT SUYIC:I: M l'WLIC RoADS M !4l 27'5,eB5 27,703 20,491 207,2'18 16,737 !580.&ai 273.537 6,478 21,10~ 20.469 90 206.!505 5,973 1,994 3,'79 7,219 2,44! 15.334 260 333 284 158 335 Z41 10,204 38,4!55 6,327 4,196 4,404 155 1,628 8 433 10,973 1,521 4,199 282 2,075 1,134 6,514 81111 2,969 10,604 10,299 2,179 4'7 188 3,166 5,0!511 780 7 33 8,706 24,969 15,815 9,6CIZ 10,885 8,m1 8 ,OIIZ 9,859 5,870 8,933 11,372 5,037 5,130 11, 7(1! 10,701 2,200 13,737 16,263 12,034 19,Z21 8,0!59 40 210 7 4811 551 3,094 926 4,384 1,0)4 132 100 2,G 7,412 9,534 5,mo 8,642 21 155 85 207 4,0113 257 5 108 798 1186 27 Z4 6 6,419 9,870 4,428 10,8415 4,479 1,436 789 440 439 ge J03 66 1,394 454 533 9,217 1,ee1 2,539 10,512 7,5Z5 6,339 1,491 1,704 5,156 3,900 183 400 788 1JO 289 12,188 31,347 12,301 8,231 20,577 15,31511 7,564 6,155 6,aaJ 4,388 2,803 963 10,283 a, 176 29,281 3,007 11,424 5,7211 4,832 10,094 1,c:na 14,537 30,:987 3,843 3,729 5,243 5,618 17,274 Z,427 2, C}g8 14,167 13,0155 7,316 17,213 4,732 7,120 2,8Cl5 3,527 10,7!8 2,831 47.SQ2 286 Z,251 253 43,937 1,075 m. 8,821 1,413 3!11 4,&90 ... z 3,'90 962 3,0t» 3,2M 1,97'5 871 1, zm 4,521 8,351 3,6(8 8,226 2,960 386 M 4,182 4,120 62 ( 1) ,.536 ~,111 4. 120 ~ ( 2) ( 3) 1101 !11l ( 4) 4 4 5 5 72 34 83 83 ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) 38 151 184 (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) 595 22 (23) (24) 291 629 ( 8) ( 9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) 3 24 27 922 2,530 (25) (26) 2,530 465 e7 (27) 71 40 (28) (29) (JO) (31) (32) 27 781 109 204 U,088 6,«53 402 fl7 3115 233 93 3,524 6,276 1,304 1111 62 4,349 187 1,842 49 140 1,075 403 1,256 '6 99 114 3,507 7, 75/J 309 3,40!5 33 266 150 632 3,107 2 1,001 204 19 19 1,190 121 533 61 15-344 1,426 1,454 5,273 1,3811 Z,714 919 383 453 1,083 456 1,051 286 769 8,m 92 535 1,571 .,, ~ m. ('3) (34) (le) (36) (37} 43 (38) 27 (39) 1,216 1,216 (40) (41) 1,031 257 826 99 572 !al 819 9 400 1 ,44!5 LIIE 3,536 84 5,627 1,361 627 1,737 2,157 4,939 OTt«:11 42 ,,,., m CEN8UI 317 2,1~ 713 Z2 M 1,JIR 4'7 143 2,7., 393 183 388 TOTAL NO, !2l 161 OTICII SEIIVIC:I: 637,431 4,990 D£LAUAE DISTRICT OF° COLlat8lA TOTAL TOTAL 15,731 COIINCCTI CUT (.30) (31) (45) (46) (47) av sun:a AUIAMA ARIZONA ARKANSAS CALl~OAHIA COLORADO NEIIAAlkA IICYADA IICW HAMPSH I AC NEW .JCR80 (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) I 811AIIO TDUL QltAND oc ..UTIEJ<T or C-ACC SOIL CONICAYAT I ON (42) 281 (43) (44) 990 113 JO 4 ,0 (4!5) 4 (46) (47) 10 10 (48) (49) {50) (51) 42 74 133 (!52) l 5 713 Z2 ! 5 {53) (54) (55) (56) (57) (58) 1,413 (59) 151 T A B L E 4 ( CONTI NUEO) EMPLOYIIEIIT ON IORK PROJE CTS or AOEHCIES OTHER THAN IPA ANO CCC, Bl' STATES Exct.uo ni; Ao•tN l8TltAT IW: E11PL.OYU6 IHk EM>INQ AuouaT 29, 1936 l>tPARTWENT or THE INYERIOR TOTAL STATE LINE No. 11 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Of"F"ICC Of" EDUCATION RCCLAIIAT I ON !3l l◄ l 15) 2,382 10,390 14,245 *• 141 TOTAL DlnRIWTCO BY STATCI 28,449 10,302 14.245 474 1,524 182 2.201 3'53 21m 10 10 182 138 50 13 13 AUBAIIA 484 592 AltKAll8A8 CALlrOANIA COLOIIAOO 481 303 C-CTI~ Dl:LAHII£ (10) (11) (12) f"LOAIDA 112 29 0CORGIA 098 99 11 22 IOAHD 1u.., · ro 1a 220 89.5 510 3159 INDIANA 730 366 5 725 359 (23) (24) 21 ICENTUCl<Y LOUISIANA IIAl'li IIARYLANO IIAISA CHUI£ TT a IIICNICAN (26 ) (27 ) (21 ) (29 ) (30) (31) (32) (38) (~) (40) (41) (42) IOWA KAN6A6 . -AAA IIINNUOTA (25 ) (33) (34) (35) (36) (37) DISTRICT or COLl.ll81A . , _, lll881UIPl'I 129 16 46 33 429 1,0'S? 82 1,735 111 22 IEIAHkA 453 . . HA11"411 IIE NO J l:JISCY 13 302 30 481 •vae• ~ lltxlCO 1 12 NoRTN CAROL I NA !174 335 IIDRTH DAKOTA 400 OH10 164 ,. '52 6 6 245 412 101Z 116 1 104 382 11 495 611 429 422 6 1 160 7 422 4 ,sa (41) (4') (50) (51 ) (52) YIIICII . . A 1,174 IA&HIIQTON 5,592 TtNNES8££ Ta:ue IITAH w- IIICOM IN IYOIIIIICI 41 1,212 TOTAL OIITAIIUTQ WY TCIIIIITOIIIH ALAlkA HAWAI I 156) !17) (58) PANUA CANAL ZONE PuraTo Rico (59) TOTAL NOT O IITA IIUT II BY STATU Ott TCIIIIITORIU y y £1 - 111:ST YIRQINIA 44.521 167 i 4 4 43,Ge9 761 YIINI• laLAM>I t 15. 131 6,270 152 31 1,921 109.818 3,108 167 1,977 11,113 1,470 163,548 2,946 167 1,977 1.1, 113 1,470 ( ( ( ( ( ( 3,140 118 16 3,724 118 205 1,122 2,294 (10) (11) (12) 267 13,768 4,148 3,236 1,704 (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) 73 3,147 209 2,889 5,670 (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) 553 331 'S3 5Z5 13,1148 26 4,148 3,236 1,704 1go 314 zo 101 13 !11 24 16 1,820 113 532 3,563 771 126 23 7 24 322 n 318 451 58 511 130 2,126 112 8 8 1 713 10,819 ,. 102 ,,m 1, 1,222 1,735 11,206 1,950 3,087 413 71 2,264 161 1,470 176 80 1,120 43 2,410 146 N5 24 7 5,548 5911 ,.. 35 147 43,GIKI 761 84 V !/ £/ 4,454 3,462 5,732 3,563 631 1,6M 183 '32 2,964 771 (30) (31) (32) (40) (41) 142 2,'45 (42) 504 1 ,or-4 104 3,986 11,107 (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) 2,235 ,. 192 t,373 3,661 2,235 3,192 1,373 2,1e, 50t 226 300 (29) (29) 2,103 1,736 11,206 1,950 724 434 (25) (26) (27) 119 956 11012 467 (23) (24) 7,879 102 1,0113 114 ( 8) ( 9) 1,394 724 ~ 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8 1 4119 10,6Ci3 3,102 679 !509 44.617 157 111 l 224 156 504 5,010 11,211 OIV1610N 386 956 31 1 1,116 110 4,044 3,n6 5,732 3,563 631 15 536 22 478 42 27 26 156 457 211 293 1,431 197 371 m 2,300 2,294 386 2,889 5,939 414 (38) (39) (48) (49) (50) (51) (52) 494 (51! (54) (5!5) 1Z1 (56) (!17) (58) 669 iii 226 188 (33) (34) (35) (36) (37 ) (59) Au•u Roao c-1u1011. Put:RTO RICO llltC0118TRUCTION Aot11 • 11tH TION. Tt:M POIWrt OoVl:RHIKNT OF VIINIM 677 (10) 102 11l8 1,319 5 11 20 16 7 ( 1) 54 SOUTH DAKOTA IIHOOE 181.AND 104,217 3,220 1,713 (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (53) 10 10 13 ,0 SOUTH CAROL I NA (54.J (55) 451 «71 847 173 41 148 f'ENHBYLYA N I A 6,0&4 7 245 1, 11112 467 1,579 197 0.CLAHCIIA Ollc GON 170,901 DIVISION 267 NE• YO<lk CITY NEW YORK (uc1.. N.v.c.) 15,598 t 16 28 22 1 677 1 26 16 LINE No. (9) 29 222 NON-f"EOEAAL (Bl 245 676 HOUI INQ M 145 13 17 TOTAL NA VY 2A 82 21, M7 16 461 271 or THE LA BOR 7 575 , ,500 ( 8) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) !el 73,154 ARIZO... o,- OTHER SERVI CC ( 9) (1S ) (14) (15) (16) (17) Pu8LIC IORl<6 AOIIINIITAATION 0CPAATIIENT 0C PARTIIENT GRANO TOTAL ( 1) ( ( ( ( ( ( !z) l NATIONAL PAAk ••uime. ( CollCWKO OIi U:XT P'AU:) 1S2 J A I L 1£ 4 (Ccaocu•Dl DIPLO'tllOI T CII . , . . PIIOJ[CTS or AQEJICl[S OTHER , _ R ANO CCC, IY STATCI [xCLW IH ADot1•11ffAT1n: C.f'LO'l'UI 1U1c 81111•• ,__, Z9, 1936 IAlt OCMltT-•T OCPA U"°'T 0#' THC TKAllaY [Ll[CTIIIP'ICATION Lllllt RU[TTLCll£NT No 0 ADIIINl8TAAT I ON AOIIIINISTRAl ION ,21 ,,1 ( ( ( ( ( ( 0WAUI► Rl,flAL STAT[ 11 I l•TlMAL RIIVDIUI: Onotlt 14 ! [5l l6 l TOTAL 1l QRAND TOTAL 54,983 75' 6,:111)3 J,436 J,067 2) J) 4) 5) 6) 7) TOTAL UlaTIIIOUT[D BY Sun, ~ 4,771 ~ ~ 12 ~ 11 .L,gs 1 ALAIAIIA 35 J,180 UIIOH ,.,.,....A. ( I) ( 9) (10) (11) (12 l '78 22 10 259 1J CCll•CCTICIIT CELAWA,U J86 296 51 16 8 4 J5 4 11t 33 7Z JO 109 47 282 95 14 15 28 7 15 5 7 22 55 53 2 279 111 77 611 ZOil 1,m 15 169 149 1,163 10 Z14 21, 546 14 14 165 J74 210 142 Dl&Tltl CT (13) (14) (15) (1~) (11 l rw COLW.IA f"L.OIIIDA Gl[OAIIA J,5!9 1,!N9 IOAHO 138 J65 1,038 116 ILLINOII INDU•A 101• KANUI (18) (19) (20) 121 J (22) IQITIICKY LOI/Illa.A 11A1111 .,...,,.....0 . _,. IIICHl~a. , , ,,.,., ...... (2◄) IIINIIUOU (25) (26) (27) IIONTA. . (28) (29) (30) (31 l (32) IIUAAHA (33) NO , _ CITY NH , _ (Exel . N. Y.C.) NORTH CAAOLIIIA 35 m " 7 7Z2 n5 1,235 1,303 249 2,8311 M LIC OT>C'A can No, 1• 0 l L11 l 545 J4,ZJ5 Zll,031 5,204 215 ( 1) 545 II.JIU ll.lRZ ~ 712 m ( ( ( ( ( ( ,. 1J1 9 79 811 J72 11,122 99 1n 11,763 195 ,; 1,446 !Y Nn JIJIH'I NO IIDICO 41 19 ,,ooe ' 1,446 1, 1)4 4J 1, 1M J7 6 e29 566 6' 1Q! 16 15 (14) (15) (16) (17) ZI 7 7 (111) (19) (20) (21) (22) ' 6611 'S1 9111 6611 ... 7Z 7J 111 61 14 57 918 (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) 489 01 7 (28) (29) 1 ◄6 1Z9 5 J1 J,648 265 J13 282 OKLAHOMA DA[QOO, z 26 26 7 375 7 PEPr1N8VLYAN IA 1 , 034 1, 1JJ 1,295 RHooc IILAND JOI (42) SOUTH CAIIOLI NA (43) (44) (45) SOUTII DAICOTA (◄6) UUM (47) 111:hONT (41) (49) loUHINCITON w, ....... IUT YIRHNIA IIICONIIN IYCIIIINI (51 ) ( S!) 668 0..10 TOUL 01n•11uu:o h TCJtltl TOIII D ALAlltA KAIAII ,.,,..,. CAlfAL Z0111t 1,752 ,.,• 16 819 1,994 • 814 9 no 611 m 43 (39) (40) (41) (50 ) • 1,1'9 luetlllU 101 . . 819 (31) (32) 1,984 Z01 16 1,z..a 74 1,167 (J4) (J5) (36) 10 9 ◄1 29 12 (31) (39) 1,Z23 117!1 241 (40) (41) 43 ,n 95 119 1,094 . .9 712 2,szo 120 12 (33) 7◄ (42) 776 J, 111 fd 81 (J?) Z2 Z2 4 66 4 e, 66 101 2 99 ,,• (43) (44) 1!1 793 (◄5) J05 (46) (47) ,. 5J 2 15 23 13 46 ' 1,209 38 46 1,209 ,e ' (41) (49) (50) (51) (S!) J J l!!!l Bl 6H Z5J "' 25J PUIPITO Rico YUIIN IILANOI ( I) ( 9) (10) ( 11) (12) (30) !II 4 NOATH UAKOTA 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) (13) 62 1,QII 5711 709 4,642 77 l8 l ■ AITD N1t1 IWl,....IH (SB) (59) 111 11 i C•N Of' [NQINltCM Nu•o• (34) (35) (36) (» l (56) ('S1) (SJ 22 150 IIA11•-1n1 (23) ( 5') (54) (55) 10 TOTAL 79 CAL IP'-IA COLOIIAOO Jg() VCTDAM• AOW IN IITllATI OM 5 (5') (54) (55) (56) (57) (9) TOTAL NOT OIITIUIUTID H SfATU OIi TPAIT-1111 ~ y ALU:Y IIWLLINQ AUTMCIIIITY. l I ■IIAIIY 0#' CONOlltH. 1,'24 7,124 ftHI Nlaal AlallllTUT 1• NOIIIRI l~T, . . , _ '5• 1911 (!JO) lSS TA 8 LE PDtCENTAQE DISTII IUf lCIN OF PDtlDNS 5 a,um • •,. PROJfflS, n T"'D OF NOJE'Cll EJcCL.UO UIG AN t•IITIIATIC E ■l"l.OYltU SCPTnen AND Drcnan ,m, (SueJECT TO LIi« ND. -..,aan TY i'£ D,- "-Cl.-:CT 11 l ( 1) ( ( ( ( ( ( 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) ( 8) GRAND TOTAL HIGHWAYS, ROAN, MO STA£ETI F'AIIII TO IIAll1CET ANO OTH£11 IIRIDKI llffJ VIADUCTS . . IIIG E:LIIIII IIATICHI !1:! w. 3,2 F'EOEAAL OoVERll_,. T ( INCLUDING MILITA IIY AND IIAYAL) HOUSING o., OT14Dt!f ••• o. 1 0.2 3.8 20.7 13.0 L! 0.7 2.1 o. , ~ 0.3 o.5 4.0 1.0 !:! !d (15) (16) (17) (18) (19 ) CONK9lYA TI• (20) SEWER SY8TU• AND OTHf:R UTILITICI IATtR PUIU,-ICATION ANO SUPPLY f'OAES TATI DN EII08ION CONTROL AIID LANO UTILIZATION IRIIIGATION All) WATER co,eEltYATION OTICR !/ (23) SEWER SYITE• EL£CTRIC UTILITl£1 (24) OTHER!/ (25) (26) (27) AIRPORTS ANO OTHER TRAMPOIITATION (28) (29) (31 ) ~ 0.7 13.2 9.4 .!!a.I PAlltCS ANO 0THEII RECIIIEATIDIIAL f'ACILITIEI ,..1 100.0 16.5 EDUCAT I GIIAL IIAIICN 100. 0 11,6 !/ OTHDI (14 ) (30) 1936 OECl:Nl:11 0.1 PVl&.. IC 8u 1LD I NQ8 (22) 19'!5 o., 8AAD£~ ( t) (10) (11 ) (12 ) (13 ) (21) RCVIIION) ,oo.o t.!5 11.0 I. 7 HCOIDAIIV IIOAOI AUIIUIT 1936 '3} o., STAEtTI AND ALI.EYI •o ,21 34 1 4 HI IHIIAYI MA■CN, J\IIC 4,1 o.z o., 1.6 y 0.1 2.2 6,0 o. 1 ♦• I OA 4.8 y 1. 6 0.6 13. 3 7.e o.5 0,1 15. I !:! ME M Lt• (61 100.0 100.0 34.1 o., ~ 0.6 12.4 7.6 0.7 0.1 14,0 14.7 '"'o.5 11.4 7.4 No. AHWT y ,.1 ( 1) ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 3.2 4,8 3.0 o.e 0.2 5.7 o.8 0,4 5.3 ( 9) (10) (11) (12) (13) 10.5 10.7 10.3 (14) i!! i!! (15) (16 ) (17 ) (18 ) (19 ) 9. 1 ~ 2.7 0.5 0,2 6. 7 o:i o.4 5.1 1.0 !!2 !.:1 0.1 0.3 2.9 o.9 1.9 6.5 o. 1 o.5 1.8 1.9 6.7 0.2 0.4 2.3 0.1 0.3 2.9 0.9 1.8 6.1 0.2 0,4 2., (20) (21 ) (12) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) AIRPOIITI ANO AI . .AYI I.I CT r:; ;:; OTHER!/ 0 ,5 0 0-4 0,4 0.-4 o.4 IHI TE COLLAR L!! 8.4 ~ 2-2 9.2 12:! 1,.1 (32 ) EOUCAT IOtlAL ~. . IONAL AND CLERICAL Ooooe (32) SRINO (33) OTHER !/ 2,0 5.1 CT i:o 1.9 8.7 e.o 4. 0 .h! 1.4 ~ 8,5 1.9 ro:o 2. 1 1.6 ~ II, I 1.7 0,3 6.4 12, 1 11.5 (28) (29) (30) (31) (33) (34 ) SANITATI ON ANO HEALTH 7.1 3.7 3.7 3.1 ,. 1 (34) (35) II IICC.L.ANCOUI 2.0 3. 9 2.3 2.3 2.15 (35) !/ !/ LC.. THAN 0,0!5 l"DCICNT, hlCLUOCI llttOJCCTI CU. . IP'IAILS .,._. - TNH . . fl# TMI NIAii . . . MOWC . IORKS PROGRESS ADIINISTRATION PROBRESS RE PORT, OOTOHII 15, 1"6 154 TABLE 6 NUMBER or PERS ONS EMPLOYED, HOLIIS ANO EARNINGS ON IIPA PROJ ECTS, BY TYPE S or PROJECTS (XCLUOINO AOIIINISTRATIV[ UIPLOYEES SEIIIIIONTHLY F'CRI OO ENOINO Au o ueT 15 , 1936 ( SueJECT TO RE V 11 1ON) AVEAACIE F'CRSON8 UI PLOYEO ~ TYPE or PROJECT LINE No. (I} ( 2) ( 3) F"ARII TO IIARKET AIC> OTHER SECONDARY ROADS STREETS ANO ALLEYS ( 5) S IDEWALKS, CUR88, AND PATHS AoAOSIOE IIIPROVEENTS ( 6) ( 7) ( 9) BIIIOOES ANO "IAOUCTS GAAOE-CIIOIIING ELIIIINATION (10) OTHER ( 8) V PU BLIC llJILOINQI AOIIINIITAATIYE CHARITABL£, 111:0ICAL, Al!O ENTAL l"STITUTIONS (DUCAT IOIIAL (18) SOCIAL AIIO 1111:CREATIONAL tEOCRAL 80WERN-NT (INCLUDING MILITARY ANO NAVAL) IIIPROVEIIENT Of' GROUNDS HOUSINO (19) OTHER (17) (20) (21) (22) (23) V PARKI ANO OTHER RECREATIONAL rACILITIU PLAY~ROUIIOS AND ATHL£T IC ,- l[LD8 PARKS ci-•n• (30) (31) sun (4 ) (5) (6) (7) (BJ 100.0 117 ,8155 100.0 159,648 100,0 817 .836 14,024 281,636 172,517 34,524 85,355 .,5,716 942 213,122 ~ 0.6 12.3 7 .6 1. 5 3. 7 0.7 0. 1 4 1.096 749 14,086 9, 150 1,714 4,514 726 ~ 18. 732 310 5,540 4,546 ~ 3.!l 2,403 0.6 399 54 .!I 9 .3 10,103 8. 6 219.211 24,076 18,240 71,461 34,498 17,700 29,208 8,730 15,298 ~ 1. 0 o.8 3. 1 1.5 10,220 1,180 872 3, 299 ,:0 o.8 8.7 o.8 748 1,434 325 766 233.973 ~ n,871 1.3 0.4 0.7 1,596 5.2 3.4 191.979 40,667 138,305 4,215 8,792 ~ 6.0 0.2 0.4 2 , 006 7 , 085 201 421 ~ 6,188 43,546 2,632 1tl z1141 ~ !/ AIRPORTS AIIO OTICII TRANSPORTATION NAVIQAT ION (37) AIRPORTI ANO AIR9AYI OTHER !/ INITE Cou.AII (40) EDUCATI ONAL (41) f'AoF'UIIONAL ANO CUIIIOAL SEWIIIQ (44) CANNIIIQ (49 ) OTHER !/ SANITATIH ANO HEALTH (48) ELIMINATION o.- ITIIEAII POLLUT ION IIOIQUITO ERADICATION (49) OTHtA (51) MIBCELVJCOUS (52) IPA IORK CAAON !/ J/ £/ 319 1.9 0. 1 Z, 278 144 ~ 14,130 e.- 7.7 45.5 6.430 ~ ( 53.2 55.0 57.4 ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) (10) 1.1 2.8 1.4 0.6 1.2 z, 102 0.3 0.6 201 531 3. 5 1.6 o.8 1.2 0.3 0.9 ?:! 6.661 11 .2 1Z,:! 0,3 0.2 2.7 0.2 0.1 8.2 6.0 o.z 0.3 Z.3 0.3 1.9 0,1 919 476 696 943 1,6 3,156 2,562 5.3 4.3 2,386 145 0.2 46.8 0.3 2,7 0.2 0.6 49.8 53.2 47.5 8,5 52.0 151 1 , 579 143 368 4.0 6) 52.7 52.4 52.7 67.3 ~ 51.9 (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) {31) (32) (33) (34) 5.050 1 , 042 3,687 115 206 ,:ii ru 6.2 0.2 0.3 52,0 57.2 48.9 1,419 203 1,135 81 ~ ~ (35) 0,4 1.9 0.1 63.6 (36) 49.8 56.3 (37) (38) 64.5 (39) 12,0 15.3 z:; 3.4 68-6 8. 7 11,221 9.5 11 . 9 63,5 (41) 290.n7 252,201 2,8111 35,695 B:1 1e 1 212 ;n 13.7 ~ ~ !!a!!!. 11.0 14,249 1.6 1,eoe ,., ls.!. 3,531 117 0.1 o., 155 0.1 ~ 1. 3 1 , 397 1.2 39,053 1.7 Z, 0 17 1.7 1 .518 58 529 931 14,958 0.7 11$! o.e 450 t.8 z , 21 0 1.9 1,084 0.6 731 0.6 232 o., 41,7'4 - DEDUCTI- ,-AOlt THE •AOU OP' •ORICEII I IN WORK C - AIII •AN ,-011 IOAIID AHO LODQOII ANO IIEOI CAL ANO DENTAL CAIIE, l■ ICI (40) 9.5 o., 39.6 (42) (43) 38.B (44) 1.4 47.8 (45) ~ ~ 0.1 0.9 1.5 49.6 (46) (47) 37. 9 (48) 46.2 (49) 0.1 52.8 (50) 49.0 (51) 31.7.i" (52) 0.4 TIC ICAD1•1 HOW:. 11111~ l'tl0,ICCT8 CLMe i,&4111.._ LIN THAii 0.05 PDOIIIT • TIIM - 31 4,599 904 Z,909 2,343 28,487 V 0.3 ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) 1.9 43, 7«1 197,346 00008 ,.a ( Z) 41.4 39.3 49.7 663 ;:, o.~ ~ 0.5 9.3 7.6 1 .5 4.0 0.1 0.1 62.9 71.4 76.0 63. 7 57.6 63.6 48 . 5 61.8 69.3 9. 7"13 5,497 ( 1) 1.4 !:.!. LINE No. 50.6 842 4.818 311 291 3 , 172 Z69 T1'5 15,830 !/ 0.6 12.0 7. 8 1.5 1 .5 5. 1 3.2 1.6 PLANT, CROP, ANO LIVESTOCK CONURVAT ION OTHER (38) (47) (3) (ROBION CONTIIOL ANO LAND UTILIZATION IRRIGATION AND •uai CON81:RVAT I ON OTHER (46) (CENU) ~ 0 .1 0.3 2.9 0.2 ('°') (42) (4 3) PERCENT 96.201 3,068 5,899 65,907 (33) (39) AIIOIMT ( THOUSANOS) 119,709 F"ORE8TATION Snn:• AIID OTHER UTILITI ES IATER PURIF"ICATION A11D IUPPLY SEIICR SYSTDIS ELECTRIC UTILIT IH (39) (36) F'CRCENT 36,393 !/ OTHER (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) {32) ( THOUSANDS) (2) HIQHHTe, AoAOI, ANO STREETS HIQHWAYI ( 4) (11 ) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) F'CRCENT OIIAIIO TOTAL ( 1) HOURLY (&ANINCS EARNINGS Pl-[U A•IIIISTRATIOI ,_OIREH UPOIJ, 0 0 - 15, 1936 156 TABLE PERCENTAQE DISTR I IIUT IDN a, 7 PERSONS UPI.OYl:D ON •PA PRO.ECTS, 1ft STATES ANO MAJOR TYPES SCIIIMONTHLV PtAIOO [NDINO AueueT rYf PRO.EC TS 1 5 , 1936 (SU9Jl:CT TO RtVIIION) SEKA SYBYICIII Arc"t•- Hl~H ■ ...v1, ROADS AHO STA[ETe rAAIII TO TOTAL LINC ROAD& No. (1) UNITED STATES ( 1) (2) (3) 35,B 12.3 1,4 9.7 42,4 5.8 15.9 ( 2) ALAOA ... 30.3 ( 3) ( 4) h•IONA ( 5) ( 6) CALO,ORNIA 37. 1 51,6 12.7 31.4 ( 7) CONNECTICUT ( e) Dnu•ot ( 9) MAAICCT A•••N•A· COLDR•OO DtlTIUCT Or COLUlilBIA 32,8 6.0 16.7 (10) fLORIOA (11) OEOIIOIA 33,0 27,5 (12) IOA•D 11.7 (13) ILLIN016 (14) (15) INOIANA 34.8 45.6 39,8 10 .. 1.2 16,2 ALL[VS BulLDIHGS [DUCA- TOTAL TIONAL (5) (6) 7.6 9.6 3,1 2,5 1.1 5,2 4.7 3,7 12,1 1e.1 e.1 3,6 3.1 2 .7 3, 7 3.0 8.o 6.7 11 .3 3,9 12.0 eel (12) (U) 2. 3 10.6 12., 3,1 2,6 0,3 0,8 2,3 2,5 9,9 6.0 5,2 19.0 7.7 21.2 7,5 13.3 12,5 0,2 1. 6 10. 2 6, 2 5,5 0,9 6.3 0.9 1,3 4,1 12.8 13.8 0,7 9. 0 15 .1 14.6 18,5 12.0 11 .1 6,1 35.0 22,3 3,5 13.0 17,3 20.0 3.5 5.0 0.9 4,5 2. 1 5,9 8,9 e.5 3 ,3 8.7 9.9 9,1 6.1 5,3 4,7 1,1 4.0 0,9 0.9 4.0 15.5 9,B 8.9 8.1 1. 7 31.2 5.6 8,6 3,3 3.0 ,.o 1,9 0.5 16.2 33,9 4,2 7,3 5.6 11 . 7 4 .1 B,3 4. 6 7,2 4,1 0,4 0,9 1 ,4 0,4 0.1 4,5 5. 2 6,8 20 , 3 9.0 o.3 15 .2 4,9 2,9 7.8 8.8 4,9 2.5 3.3 0,6 7, 5 5,7 0.2 12,3 e.o 3. 1 20.6 5,4 15,4 1.4 14.9 ,, ,2 2.2 0.2 2,3 6.2 12,5 15,5 22.2 15.1 6,3 B.3 7,4 3,4 8.2 9,9 9.7 5,2 3.4 2,9 4. 7 1,9 1.8 6.3 17,3 2.3 4,8 8.7 3,3 3.4 11,0 5.5 20.7 3. 1 16.5 6,1 4.0 5,0 4,2 6.9 4,B 1 .7 3.7 3, ◄ o.8 9,2 11,3 0,9 1 5 ,0 1,4 3.0 18,6 9.7 15,2 7.1 24,l 3,2 14.4 B,6 20.7 14,7 16 . 4 12.0 7. 7 2,3 6,5 15. 7 43.8 16.B 10. 1 7.7 2,5 5,5 10.2 18.0 10.0 9.3 7.3 9,2 llA66ACHU6CTTa (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) w1c•1<•• W•••Eoou M•UOURI 34.8 36,2 W. . TAN• 38,4 23.3 17.0 (27) (28) NE••••u NEVADA (29} NEW HAMl"6HIR[ 43. 1 33,6 6.e (30) NEW JER6EY 35.8 8.5 28,5 33,2 (31 ) NEW MEXICO 27,5 (32) N£W Yo•• C 11Y 16,3 (33) (lat) NE• Yoo• (EXCL. N.Y.C.) HORTH C,llllOLl~A 29.4 21,4 (35) (36) 0•10 40,8 (37) O•L••ow• 44,2 1,7 1.7 12.8 3,9 (38) 31 .3 18.3 55,8 25.0 5.7 8.1 (41) SOUTH CAROLINA 19,9 7.3 4.8 14.6 0.6 11.1 6,5 2.8 ( 40) O•E•o• P£""8YLYANIA R•OOE I OL•NO 2,0 14,3 1,5 2.1 4,6 3,7 ( 42) sour• D••ou 56.2 2.e ( 43) (44) (45) (46) TENNEOOEE 43.7 TOAi 37,6 UTA• 20.8 39.1 4.7 7.6 7.4 14.B 5,1 69.4 (47) V1••••1& 27.0 (48) ·•••••·TON (49) (50) (51) WEST V1001•1& lltc00<•1• ....... 31,6 66,0 23,2 19,5 49.5 36.9 25,8 15.0 10,6 1.8 3,4 16,7 15,3 42,8 6.6 11,5 5,e 6.7 10,6 11.3 2.0 4,6 4,4 4,6 10,0 11 .5 3. 7 6.5 5.0 3.1 4,7 4,B 3,0 14,8 25.1 6.3 4,8 4.6 12.3 4,2 1 .2 2.6 4, ◄ 1 ,2 1,6 4,4 9.5 20.1 6.9 1. 9 9,9 7.0 5,4 11,5 3,6 4,5 2.2 6,3 13.4 o. e 2,2 0,6 18,5 3,2 2,6 3.3 4,1 12,7 2.9 7.7 5.8 3,0 3,8 2,9 2.0 4,3 3.7 6.2 12,1 1,4 21,2 6.0 3,1 0.2 0.6 3.0 20,B 3.2 2,4 4,9 4,4 8,1 0.3 1 .1 1.0 8.7 1.0 1.4 o.8 26.6 14,4 25,4 19.1 7.6 13,3 5.6 11.6 7,2 3,8 7.2 7.4 9.1 16.1 3,4 0.9 2.1 13.4 7.4 9.4 9.3 20.3 6.0 9.8 11,7 3.5 10.0 20.e 22.2 15,9 2.9 22,9 11,9 e.1 5,0 7.1 1,3 5,3 3,9 9.1 12.2 2.4 1,9 1,5 4,6 0,7 2,6 MUCtL- IORK UNCOUI c..... ,. 2,8 2.0 1.1 1.1 (14) 0.5 3,8 2,3 6.0 1.8 2,2 4,0 1.4 1,0 7.8 1,8 1.4 5,2 16.0 16,4 19.9 8. 7 10,6 0.7 7,6 2.0 2.0 2,1 2.0 1.9 0.7 2,0 2,5 10.4 1.e 1.7 3,1 7,8 31,2 5,5 10.5 1,3 2,1 1,5 1.0 3,2 14,4 o.8 o. 7 4,6 4.1 17.5 3,0 0.1 9,2 10,6 21,4 13,0 13.2 5,7 2,9 12. ◄ 1,9 2,7 1,0 0,9 e.2 3. 1 3,8 13,9 10,6 3,9 11 .1 15,9 21,5 12,2 10,0 5,3 8,4 o.e 23.7 5,4 9,B 1,1 (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) 0.2 0.2 (17) 0,5 0.4 (20) (18) (19) 2,5 y r21) (22) (2 3 ) (24) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) 13.5 6.4 10 .1 4,5 1,7 0.6 0,2 2.8 2.0 2.1 15,9 20,3 0,3 11,9 0.6 10.3 ( 9) (10) (11) 12.9 1.1 4.0 24,9 ( 7) ( e) 6.2 4.3 0.9 1,3 1,1 10.0 16,4 ( 5) ( 6) 2,2 1.8 1,5 o.8 1,3 1.0 (25) (26) 16,B 18,3 e.1 5,8 ( 3) ( 4) 0.7 1.2 1,0 11.6 6,0 11,5 12.0 4.9 ( 1) ( 2) 1,5 1,5 4,6 2.2 3,5 4.8 2,8 1,5 7,5 (15) 2,9 3,6 2,8 2,7 2,5 3,6 1,6 2.7 13.0 0.1 LINC No. H[Al TH (11) 2.1 1,0 5,3 3,4 TATION ANO ~ATAT ION (10) 4,2 9,9 13,4 8.1 OOODtt (9) 3,5 (2'1) !/ (7) T I EI 1,5 WARYL•NO VERMONT COLLA" ur1 0.7 0.7 (20) (39) IHIH TRANl- 36,9 9.6 5.2 Lou1o••N• ~. l•E D••ou OTHER UT t L I- 59.6 22,5 55,2 32.6 26.~ (17) (18) (19) NORT• OTHtlll VAT I OH 35,0 2,6 SANI- CONlr... e.5 1 ◄•◄ 1.6 8,6 B,5 10.0 4,1 0,7 ANO TIONAL rac1t1- 3. 7 23.1 9,6 K••••• w......... l Pveqc ANO 1,8 14.5 14.5 (16) KENTUC.V STlll(CTI A IJt,,OATI ANO 2,0 3.1 1,1 0.2 0,4 (32) o,6 (33) (34) 0.1 (35) (36) 3,0 0,3 (37) (38) (39) 0,9 (40) (41) 0.5 0,5 3.0 4.0 3.3 1,3 1.e 2.9 LCS6 THAN 0.05 P[RCDfl. •ORKS PROGRESS ADM IN ISTRAT ION PROGRESS REPORT, 0CT00£11 15, 1936 (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50) (51) 136 TA B LE 8 NUIIBER Of' PERSOMS EIPLO'fEO UNDER THE IORKS PROOII AII 011 PROJECT S AND OTHER f"EDEIIAL AGENCIES, 8'f ASSl8NEO OCCUPATION S LINE TOTAL A. . IOICO OCCUl'ATIOII ( 2) ( 3) (4) PROFESSIONAL AND TtCHNICAL IORl([AS ACTORS ARCHITECTS, OAAnSIIEN, ANO T[CHNICAL l[NQIN[EAS AIIT ,an, 8CULPTORS, ANO TEACHERS OF" AIIT ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) Ll8RAAIAN8 ANO LIBRARIANS' AHIITANTI ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) ( 10) IIUIIICIANS AND TEACHERS ( II) IRITERS ANO EDITORS (EXCEPT STAT 18T ICAL. [OITDIII) ( 12) OTHER PROF"EHIONAL ANO ( I3 ) OF IIVIIC NURSES PUYQROUNO ANO R[CREATI ONAL. IOAK[AS TEACHERS (EXCEPT OF" ART AND IIUIIC) ■ IEIIIPII-IOIIAL. -- On' IC[ IORIIEAI ( 14) ( 15) 800KK[EPalS, ACCOUNTANTS, ANO AUOITOIIS PAYROLL. Cl.EAKS AND T IIIEKEEPCIIS ( 16) ( 17) STATISTICAL EOITOIIS AND ENUIIERATOR8 ( 18) STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPIITI ( 19) 0TH[R CURI CAL. AIID Ol'1'1C[ -11:RI CL.ERK& (EXCEPT PAYllOL.L CLERKS ANO T IIIEKEEP[RS) 0 ( 20) (21) ( 22 ) (23) (24) PROJECT SUPCRY I SOAS AND fOA[M[N (25) (26) (27) ( 28) (29) (30) (31) (32) S KILLED IORKERS IN BulLDING ANO CONSTRUCTION (39) (40) ("3 ) ( 44 ) ( 45) (46) (47 ) CON8TRUCTIDII (EXCEPT ltOAo&, aTlll[[TS, AIIO Hens) f OREIIEN - NO....CON8TRUCTIDII PROJECTS 47,624 2 1 ,311 57, 15159 CEMENT nNIS>€RS ELECT R ICIANS CONSTRUCTION [QUl1'11DOT Pu&TERERS PLl.llSER&, ANO GAB, PIPE, AND STEAM r1TTEll8 SHEET MET AL IORICERI STONE CUTTERS, CAAVEIIS, AHO HTTCAS STRUCT~AL IRON ANO &TEEL. IORICl:AS OTHER SKILi.ED IOAKERS IN 8UILOING ANO CONITRUCTIOII SK ILLED IORK[R& NOT IN BulLOINQ ANO CONITRUCTIOII MACHINISTS Ml:CHANICS OTHER 8K I I.LED IOAKER6 ( NOT EL8EIH[AI[ cuaa i , 110) SCIIISKILLED IOAICERI IN Bl/IL.DING AND C-TAUCTION APPIIENTI C£8 BUSTERS HELPERS - CARPENTERS', l!:L[CTIIICIANS', PLIAISERB', nc. 0PERATDA8 OF 8UILDINQ AND CDNITAUCTIOII EQUll'll[NT ( ~) PI PE L.AYl!:RI AND COVER[AS (49 ) (50) RODIIEN . . . C I N I - - (52) (53) (54) (55) ■laWYlll8 10 .9CJi? 1 , 4119 5,094 4, 319 143.037 3,204 4,457 22,Cl57 13,11411 5,509 8,014 ~ 0.2 1.5 2, I 0,3 0.7 0 ,1 2.2 0,7 0 .1 0, 1 hl 1.4 1,4 0.6 1.7 hQ 0.2 0. 9 2. 2 o.3 0.2 0.4 0.9 o. I 0.3 o., 0 .1 0,1 0.2 0.3 y 0.2 o., !r..! 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 .!J ■n 1 • • - - 0TH[II IIDIIIICILLltD IOIIICEIIS (NOT ltLSEl~RE ClABllnO) (57) ~IL.Lll:D IOIIICllla (58) OcCUl'ATIDN NOT S~c,rll[D ( 2) ~ 6,242 46,9tl6 63,662 8,828 19,953 2,1114 63. 154 &uan1aea uo - l:! 5.4 0.2 1.5 i.a 3, 71111 34,353 18,200 ( 1) 15, 8457 0.1 PAINTINQ, n c . 100.0 0,5 2 3,1139 e,au 431,2<n 3,4e0 o.5 OTHER IEalllll l ll[D I OAKl!: R8 IN ■UILDINQ ANO COIIBT•UCTIOII OPERATIVES - y 8,303 100. 0 1.2 0.4 0.1 61,llOB 8UAIIDS AND IATCHMH ~ 2<11.376 6,375 29,791 77,012 9,722 6, 687 13,671 30,337 4,177 9,780 2 ,316 5 ,122 5 , <113 (7) 0,1 o., ( 8) ( 9) 31 (10) 110 1,970 (11) (12) 37.369 2,395 3,334 13,236 14,122 3,210 1,072 !:1 0.6 o.8 ( 13) (14) ( 15) 29.Cl54 5,466 11,100 hl (20) 2,528 9,960 0.6 2.3 il:1 0.3 0.2 0.1 53.811 660 7,038 22,831 1,ee1 1,707 9,161 o.9 2,209 o.5 1153 2,245 <485 0.2 0.2 0 .1 0 .2 484 0, I 2,449 0. 2 2,0QI Z•'" 947 0.2 3,513 3,175 0,1 0.1 3.267 542 1,!581 1,144 ~ 2, 634 3, 1189 15, 222 a,155 4-695 5,651 1:.1. o., 411.739 0. I 4C!8 6,835 !S,194 814 2,363 ZZ,<1111 10,400 145.800 <Cl,7114 36,52~ 18,783 47,699 f54,565 5,715 22,753 54,181 7,841 4,980 4-510 ze,1ze 3,!!24 1,5311 1,831 4,638 2,634 6,295 ff,8 19 131 53' ~ 0.2 0,7 ,.8 o., y 0.5 0. 3 0.2 0.2 1.3 0.4 ls.! o.3 ,.o OoU NOT INCLUDE PEASONI [UPLDVID IN [IIERQl:NCY C-VATION IOAk DA YCIUTIIS Dl'LOYCD AT lfYA RATEi , Dr WHICH 11:IIPLDTl:D UDAE THAN A rltl 1111-ED . . . . _ , ..., _ &WAIi.MU:. ·LEH THAN 0.05 PE•con. 1 ( 19) 0.5 0.3 ( 6) ( 7) 0.2 o. , 10,eoe ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 17) (18) 0. I 0.1 73. I 5,521 69 14 9 24 3, I 3.3 0.7 0 .2 2,529, 077 PC-CENT {6) ~ 0.2 0 ,6 0. 2 0 .2 0. 4 0 .2 0 .6 1,3 0. 1 0.5 ~ Nweu (5) 6,262 16,042 4,778 5,12!1 13,235 4.443 181 6011 40,334 0.2 0.1 0,1 TAACTOII AND TRUCK DllnltH SDll6KILLED IOAIC[AI NOT IN Bu lL.DllfQ ANO CON■ T•ucTIOII (56) 185.214 8,637 50,300 76,898 22,950 23,163 3,266 FOREMEN - CARPENT[RB (S I) !!! "8,260 BRICKLAYERS AND ITONEIIAIONS (41 ) ( 42 ) 136.800 6,262 22,463 4,84? 5,1 39 13, 244 4, <167 18, 616 40,365 3,560 17,8 37 174.854 8UCKSUITHS ( 36) (37) ( 38) 100.0 CONSTRUCTION (ROAD&, 8Tll[ETS, AND 8EIE1tS) PROJECT SUPERVISOR&, MANAQERI, ANO AHIITANTI (33) (34) (35) 3,45! , 220 fOREIIEN - 0PERATOA 8 AND ENGINEERS PAINTERS OT HER fll:OCRAL ,\Ol[NC I U l'DICENT GRAND TOTAL I) IPA I PA (1) ( THE 19'6 IIARCH No, or y ,.2 570 12.995 3,331 13 2 9,649 1.3 2.5 0.2 1,6 5.3 0.4 0.4 2. I o.5 (16) (21) (22) (23) (24) (2!1) (2tl) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) o., (35) (36 ) 0,6 0. 5 (38) 0,1 (37 ) (39) («>) (41) (42) 11.:l (43) 0,1 0.1 (44) 1,6 (46) 1.2 0,2 0.6 5.1 2 ,4 (47) (48) (4D) (S>) 1.,2 (52) o.e y y z.z (4!5) (51) (53) (54) (55) (56) (57) e,m O. I 4,233 1.0 DATA DN l[Yl[RAL OTH[II A91NCIC8 , . ... ,._OS AD91WISTIIATIOII l'IIOIIEIS IEPaT, IIOTOKII 15, 1V:. (!11) T A8 L E 9 IUlllER OF' PERSONS EIIPLO\'EO OIi IPA PROJECTS, IT STATES A•o WAGE CUSSES y Excwo1• ADIIINl8TllATlwt: [_,.LOYaa IIARCM 1936 §11:C!,!!! I TI l!9!C IOA!5!!1 Sun: L1•C No . (1) ( 1) ( ( ( ( ( 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) (10) (11 l TOTAL AU8AIIA AAIZONA ARKAN8A8 CALlf"OIINIA COLORADO CONNCCT I CUT OCUHIII: 018TRICT Of" COLUll81A rLOAIOA GEOIIGIA TOTAL !ill INTO- TOl!I, l!l UNIKl laM'iR ,~1 !l!•A.T l5l &!il!,!,§0 !6l P•orcea I ONAL ANO T!i!i!!Nl£61, 111 ·- SltC\Jll In IA•r l51!Kl!!I L11n: !!I· !Bl 2,952, 1'40 2,819,288 2,205,183 251,DQ 268,242 94,801 132,852 I 1J 42,272 12,207 '40,446 1~,516 38,592 41,252 12,029 38,034 149,851 36,941 32,618 8,649 30,872 105,520 30,382 3,995 1,462 3,258 15,427 3,278 3,333 1,5'50 2,820 19 ,929 2,'407 1,306 368 1,084 1,975 874 1,020 178 2,412 2,e65 1,&51 ( ( ( ( ( 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 27,975 3,333 9,204 35,123 48,282 27,619 3,222 8,825 32,'58 43,220 19,224 2,497 7,297 24,819 34,365 3,202 304 931 3,141 5,539 3,731 320 437 3,205 1,937 1,462 101 160 1,394 1,480 35G 111 379 2,565 5,062 ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) (10) (11 l 13,993 199,576 90,003 10,1112 159,309 65,162 31,410 38,190 1,104 14,040 6,352 2,629 2,049 1,258 13,560 5,B12 1,235 2,134 487 8,036 1,359 265 478 4,632 1,319 1,450 2,902 (12) (13) (14) (15) '.16) 2$! (12) (13) (14) (14) (16) IOWA 36,989 KANSAI 45,643 13,641 194,944 78,685 35,539 42,941 (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) kENTUCl(Y Lou 181 ANA IIAINE IIAAYUINO IIAIIAC><U8£ TT8 61,233 56,415 10,211 19,853 130,340 59,701 55,425 10,068 19 ,6'40 129,730 51,369 45,630 8,122 15,on 91,642 3,474 2,923 725 1,837 16,780 2,599 4,904 917 2,~ 15,501 1,260 1,968 404 !101 4,807 2,532 990 143 213 1,610 (17) (19) (19) (20) (21) (22) Ill CH GAN MINNESOTA Ml6 518S1PPI 99,412 39,401 97,102 17,857 96,550 54,6n 37,649 94,033 16,976 79,304 45,2711 26,662 94,016 13,281 6,749 5,725 5,185 1,422 2,063 8,858 2,730 4,321 3,612 1,432 1,640 946 1,480 1,983 2 ,862 5,258 1,753 3,069 881 (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) 24,953 2,500 B,816 88,614 10,..oe 24,283 2,23B 8,646 83,499 9,552 19,567 1,381 7,133 69,366 7,530 2,305 385 562 6,189 1,965 423 645 5,592 446 805 877 2,352 l40 670 262 170 5,115 (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) 232,430 126,040 41,540 11,708 195,512 200,972 121,040 39,711 11,139 187,672 109,430 (36) IIEW YORK CI TY New YORK (ExcL ••• ,.c.) NORTH CAROLINA IIORTH 0Ak0TA OHIO 31,747 8,053 150,554 18,588 9,5'59 3,941 1,356 19,125 54,678 10,429 2, 7(16 1,088 14,420 18,276 5,654 1,417 642 3,573 31,458 5,000 1,829 569 7,840 (37) OICUHDWA 73,942 21,921 26S,ll20 15,526 34,093 61,589 16,876 223,485 12,047 21,332 4,'408 2,535 17,890 1,376 7,579 6,852 1,775 17,610 1,579 4,271 2,555 396 13,970 52 1,224 (37) (38) (39) (41) OIIEGON PC»IIYLVANIA !!HOO£ IS UNO SOUTH CAROL I U 76,497 22,317 279,890 15,578 35,317 1,093 (38) (39) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) SOI/TH D>l<OTA TtNNC81£C TCXA8 UTA>< ftRMONT 14,769 50,644 110,472 13,514 6,549 14,031 49,711 106,871 13,203 6,529 11,827 40,018 90,310 9,387 4,891 1,178 5,964 9,732 1,830 822 878 148 291 1,813 251 172 738 3,438 5,016 1,735 (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50) (51) YIIIGIKIA IASHl•GTON Ital YlaGINI A ll8CON81N IYOtllNG 36,580 45,733 55,739 63,596 4,611 35,007 44,6S5 51,768 61,447 4,263 26,894 32,136 45,711 44,125 2,923 2,7'0 5,912 2,738 6,680 381 (23) (24) (25) (26) (2, I (28) (29) (30) (31 l (32) (33) (34) (35) (40) IOAHO ILLINOI S INOIANA 111881>. RI IIONTANA 8RAIKA NcvAOA New HAIIP9HI.C No JcAIEV ll£'O IICX I CO y 59,~ IIOT INCLUi.11 IN TMII TMU: Allt O _ _ . . TOll8 Dr !QU1-,n, 0!5,* -PII• Je,9511, AND l'Clll-8 IN - 644 200 49 306 735 6,935 524 911 3,341 5,637 2,042 2,2'4 1,~ 1,417 341 9,225 618 ~ 856 933 3,601 311 20 1,573 1,078 ,,m 2,149 348 (32) (33) (34) (35) (36) (<40) (41) (47) (48) (49) (50) (51) - , _,111• 39,015. IOAKS PIIOOA£SS AOIIINISTAAT ICII PIIOGIIESS AEPOAT, OcT- 15, 19'6 158 T A II L C 10 ALLOCATIONS UIIOER TH£ £RA ACTS or 1935 ANO 111:t6 NI IOIIK PROJECTS AND OTHER ,111P0&ES, IY AO[NCl[I !/ THIIOUQH AUOUIT 31, 1936 Al'PIIOPjll ATl ON LINE No. 3 2 ( 1) ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) (10) ( 11) ( 12) ( 13) ( 14) ( 15) ( 16) ( 17) ORAND TOHL D(PARTIIENT or AOR ICULTlJ!E A•ucul.T,..AL cc-1c• AQQICULTUIIAL (NCINEEAINC ANIIIAL INDU8TAY BIOLOGICAL SURVEY DAIIIY IHOu■ TAY (NTQIIOLOQY ANO PL.ANT QUARANTINE £xTENIION SERVICE fOAHT SERVICE HOtlE ECONOIII :1 PLAHT INOUITAY PUBLIC ROAOI So IL CONSCRVATI ON SEAv I cc IUTHCR BUIIUU IINO (ROI I ON CONTROL GCNCIUL AOll IHI 6TUTI VE DPt:-■ or 1935 ERA ACT AGENCY 589 I 765 I 687 ( 1) 572.245.210 557 1545.4n 533,440 7,151 1,494,0,0 878,0.89 3,000 17,058,431 4,066 111,629,625 687,500 40,493 495, 403,204 21, 7f17, 198 19,224 32,220,216 ( 2) 533,440 7,151 1,494,050 1,293,730 3,000 17,058,431 4,066 30,754,625 687,500 40,493 504,025,069 21,787,198 19,224 2,000,000 10,051,no 40,493 499,621 ,86!5 19,432,198 19,224 2,000,000 9,852,no 17,128 17,128 7,151 1,119,050 693,730 3,000 13,770,098 4,066 25,681,~5 ALLEY DIELLING AUTHORITY 190,194 190, 1114 (20) U. S. CIVIL SERVICE CO~IIISSION 120,000 120,000 (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) DEPARTMENT Of COIAl£RC E 10,061,944 9,355,948 155,966 100,000 20,000 75,000 355,000 8.847.944 8,231,948 155,996 1.,,000 20,000 75,000 265,000 (28) COORDINATOR fOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION 182,650 182,650 (29) EMERGENCY CONSERVATION IORK (30) EIIPLOYEES' COIIPENSATION COIIIIISS I ON 26,210,000 11,210,000 (31) fARII CREDIT ADIIINISTRATION 20,000,000 {32) fEDCRAL EIIERGENCY RELIEF" AOIIINISTIIATIOII { 33) OCNER AL ACCOUNT! NG Off I CE (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) {40) (41) (42) (43) (44) DE PARTIIENT Of THE INTER I OR ALAeKA ROAD CO..IHION BITUIIINOUI COAL C-INION OP'rl CE Of (DUCAT I ON OCOLOO I CAL SUAffY DP'flCC or INOIAN AfP'AIII ■ NATIONAL PARK SCIIVICC PucYITO RICO RCCON8TIIUCTION AclllNl ■ TIIATION RECLAMATION ST. ELI ZA8[TH8 H09PITAL TDIPOAARY Gov• T OP' VIIMIN lll.AIIN 0CtCRAL ADIIINIITAATIVE DPt:. . Q {45) LIQHTHOu■ Ca !/ Y °" 6 tl,392,084, 702 (19) STANDARDI GENERAL AOIIINIITUT IVC CXPCNICI OntDI $4,037,979,157 ADVISO~Y COIIIIITTE£ ON ALLOTIIENTS f tsHER I Cl I NOUI TA I AL ECONOII I Cl IOIIIC Plto.ncra 5 $4,662,215,297 (18) CCNBUI £RA ACT OP' 11136 4 375,000 600,000 3,288,333 5,073,000 687,500 4,403,204 2,325,000 2,000,000 10,057,710 ( 3) ( 4) { 5) ( 6) ( 7) { 8) ( 9) (10) ( 11) (12) ( 1J) (14) (15) (16) (17) 17,121 (18) 415,641 11,125,000 8,621,1165 205,000 (19) 190,194 1.214,000 1 , 124,000 9.706 .944 9,355,948 155,996 100,000 20,000 75,000 120,000 (20) ~ (21) (22) r.15,000 {23) (24) (25) (26) (27) 182,650 (28) 26,210,000 {30) 20,000,000 20,000,000 { ,1) 9'5,005,625 ffl,OCle,125 (92) 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 {n) 120.62◄ .987 115 1m,425 111,m, e 671,500 671,500 ?0,583 1,860,928 90,000 605,984,951 6n,500 70,583 1,860,328 104,91J 1,879,250 11,7'9,587 35,9119,795 65,447,000 9,453 434,600 2,407,978 604, 873,700 70,583 1,860,328 104,913 1,879,250 B,2S!,Cl5 34,868,395 M,447,000 9,453 434,600 2,UZ,1178 9,000,000 3,487,162 1,131,400 5 16J1 1f!J {M) (JS) (J6) {J7) (,a) 482,,00 (JD) {«>) 2,741,015 (41) {42) (43) (44) 104,91J 1,3116,750 11,739,587 33,258,780 65,447,000 9,453 434,600 75,000 WARIIANT■ INUEO "' TH C Tac . . . . .,. BA8C8 RCLIEP", AURAL AIHAIILITATIOH, LAHD -CHAe(, DIPLO'flU' C • - A f l • P'WID, IICVOLVINQ P'UND P'OII -CHAelt fW •ATPIIAIA MD AOII IN I ITIIATI V[ UPCHICI. 2,407,978 ■ U .... Lll:8, ANO •-■L {45) 119 T A 9 L E 10 (CONC\.UOO) A/ ALLOCATIONS UIIOER THE ER A ACTS Of 1935 ANO 1936 f OA ICIR IC PROJECTS ANO OTHER Pl#IPOSES, ll'f AICIICIES AGIIICT ALLOCAT I - 2 ( 1) DEPARTIIENT OF JUST I CE ( 2) OEPARTIIENT Of LABOR ( 3) U,S . E•PLOYa,CNT SERVICE ( 4) I. . IQRATION A1'0 NATURALIZATION LABOR STATISTIC& ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) -01111 I ATl ON TOTAL LINE No SECRETAAY'a t 19. ◄55.314 18,353 , 401 17'5, 7S? 412,500 286,350 227,311 Or,occ GEltOIAL ADMINIITRATIVE DPCNSU ( 8) LIBIIARY Of CONGRESS ( 9) 1,532,309 ERA ACT or 1935 3 I Lt• ERA ACT CW 1936 . .Ilk l'IIOJl:CTI No. 5 4 6 I 1,532,309 12 .492 . 814 11 , 903,401 17'5, 752 1,532,J09 U.97'5,ffl ( 2 l 11.419.959 8Q1. 7(f7 17 , ◄61 ,694 ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) 17'5, 752 412,500 412 , 500 ( 1) 286, J50 227,311 286,J50 ( 6) 227,311 ( 7) ( 8) ◄23,000 251,500 NATIONAL EIIERGENCY COUNCIL 1,946,959 1,946,959 1,946,959 ( 9) ( 10) NAT I ONAL RESOUR CES COIIU I TT EE 1,282,764 1,282, 764 1 ,2112, 764 ( 10) ( 11) ( 12) ( 13) DEPARTMENT Of THE NAVY Y AAD6 AND DOCKS 24,131.176 23,1593,561 437,615 17,365.176 17,1 0 7,561 257 ,615 ~ 4'37 ,615 (11) ( 12) ( 13) ( 14) PR ISON I NOUS TRIES REORGANIZATION A0UIN. 213,541 2 13 ,5◄ 1 213,541 ( 14) (15) (16) (17) PUBLIC IOAKS AOIIINISTRATION (18) RESETTLOIENT Ai.llNISTRATION (19) REVOLVING fUNO fOA PURCHASE Of IIATERIALS ANO SUPPLIES 0CNERAL AOlflNlaTRATI \IC CXPCHIIU Hoce1,..; D1v1110,, Nol.-fEO£RAL D1v1&1DN 464 1 397.5n 464.397.577 105,585,289 358,812,288 105,585,289 358,812,288 290,7◄6,263 225,407, 510 3,000,000 3,000,000 (20) RURAL ELECTRIFICATIOH AOIIINISTRATION 16 , 031 , 976 16,031 , 9 76 (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) OEPARTUOH Of THE TREASURY 47.987.908 4,850,950 4,782,176 543,584 3,031,750 1,079,447 33,700,001 J9 .2411 1 320 4,850,950 3,626,588 543,584 2,721,750 906, 447 26,700,001 (28) VETERANS' AOIIINISTRAT ION 1,238,350 1,238,350 (29) (30) ( 31) (32) UR DEPARTMENT 166,562.273 1 ◄6 ,azo ,625 19,3n,291 1,164,357 145.630.600 129,838,381 14,666,384 1,125 ,835 (33) WORKS PROORESS AOIIINISTRATION U. S. COAST GUARD INTERNAL RcvC'IIUE PROCUR£11£'11T 01 VII I ON PUBLIC HULT!< SERVICC SECRETARY'& Or,icc GCNCIIAL AOMINIITRATIVE O t - U CORPS OF" ENCINEERS QuAAURUIITCR CORPS GENCRAL A•INl8TRATIVE DPCHIIEII ( 3◄) IPA eOAk PROJECTS (35) ll'(A PROQRAIIS (36) GENERAL AO.INISTRATIVI: DPl:IIHa ~ 2,az,zn,m 1,9◄2,718,776 55,832,507 89,400,000 1,e1 1 439 . n ◄2, 3J1 ,268 71,400,000 l!Aeco ON WARRANTS IHUEO . , THC TRcu.-v. !/ Rn,c,, ..... AL 4 1.u,,.,...,.. RCHA ■ ILITATIOII, UNO 1"'9C ... I[, DIPLOY[U' 0-...ATI• ""'°• ◄23,000 171,500 6.766.000 6,1186,000 190,000 23.693.561 23,693,561 1M,397.5n 105,585,289 (15) ( 16) ( 17) '58,812,288 66,619, 7'53 55,338,753 214,126,510 (18) 3,000,000 (19) 15,086,128 9◄5,848 (20) 14.287.907 4,850,950 4,782,171 543,584 3,031,750 1,079,447 33. 100,001 (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) 33,700,001 (27) 1,218,120 20,230 (28) 20.931.673 16,182,244 4,710,907 38,!122 164.912.CMl6 145,53'1,775 19,3TT,291 1 .650.207 485,850 (29) (30) (31) ( 32 ) 636.511.509 605,010,270 13,501,239 18,ooo,ooo 1 .998.551.283 1,1142,718,ntl !5:1,832,507 e, 7.38 1 588 1,155,588 310,000 273,000 7,000,000 ll[VOl,VIIICI F\/IIO n)II P'-'ICNAat (26) 1, 164,'57 89.400.000 89,400,000 cw ( 33) ( 34) ( 35) ( 36 ) •ATPIALS ANO auPPLl[I, ANO Q[ICRAL ADIi i NI STRATI VE DPEHICI. IORICS PROGRESS AOIIINISTR ATION PROGRESS REPORT, OCT- 15, 1936 140 T A B L E ,\,LlOCAT IONS l.NDER TKE ERA ACT or 11 1935, BY AG~ C l[S AND 8'1' ACT lUllTATIONS Y THAOUOH AUGt.&T 31, 1936 ITD18 NOT HIQHWAY8, ROAOS, S1A£CTI:, IIND LINC N0 1 ( 1) 3) •) 5) 6) 7) TOTAL GRAD£ CR066 tNGI 11 l 12) Pl seoo,ooo,oc,o $4,00Cl,OCX>,CX,O ACT ll~IT..,tlON ( 2) ( ( ( { ( Ai.~C'r TOTAL ALLOCU 100S D(PARTMCNT or AGRICUI.TLRE $~,662,215,29"1 $500,293,365 s12i2-1s 1 21c 499 1 6Z.1,e65 INOLliTJl'I' ( NTOMOLOfi.Y AN O PUNT QUl~NT '.NE ( 9) (1C) (11) (12) ( 13 ) ( 14 ) ( 15 ) (16 ) [X TEN610N ScAv l CC roRE6T ScR .... tCC PUJ-lT lNDI.ISTAV PUBLIC ROAD& SOIL ,::0N8F..RVAtJl)J,j SCkWIC~ l(A TH(A 8URCA U l'INO CROSIOl'I CONTROi.. G[N[AAL AO,..,INISTAt,JJ·~ EXPCN6ES $500,0Q),000 $274,195,250 {5) [OUCATIONAL, COfril8CRYA TI ON HOl81NQ ( TC. 1 P£A60frilS COAf! {6! 17) {8! $100,t'OO,OOO $450,000 • 000 $300,(X)0,000 $600,000,000 $13, 192,.990 $107 , 975,483 $110 ,560, 692 ,005,984,951 ( 1) $223,401,483 $1,205,999,601 ( 2) 45,113,823 27 , 509, 522 ( 6) ( 7) ( 8) 4,066 ( 9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) •.- 25,(fl l ,ti':5 40,493 499 1 6Z1,B65 19,432, HlB 19,2?4 2 , COJ,<Y.>O 9,8'52,710 120,000 (20) (21 / (22) (23 ) (24 ) (25) (26) O[PARJ\l['H (27) COORD (28) (M[RU[NCV CONSER\I Af ION zs,cet,625 40,493 499,621, Bte 19, 432,100 19,224 2 , <XlO' CXX) 9,852,710 17,129 17,128 0,047,?44 a 1 406 1?4a 8,231,IJ49 155,996 100,000 e,231,?48 INOI..ETRIAL [CONOUIC8 0ENCAAL AOUINISTA•rl I( CXPE''45E8 ICIIK (29) U. S. ( 30) fAR\I CREDI T ACIA INJSTRAT 100 (31) f(D[RAL (32) GEN Ek AL .t,CCO lNT ING (33l (34 (J,;) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) O[PARH.IE.NT 11r THE' OH ICE At..ASKA ROt. 0 cou.u1i,e J'J'.j 81T'.M IN OU5 COAL co... 1&Sl ~ OF'rlCC Of" (04.K:ATION ,:,K S\$1VCY IN OIAN AF'F'AIAS PvtATO A1co RCC:ON6TR'IJCT ION AOIIIN. ACCU.16ArlON ST. (Ll?A8£TH6 H06PI T'I. 0,,- VI CIQ IN 11,21g,ocx:, 671,500 70,583 ,,o60,3za 104,913 1,079,250 671,'500 18LAH01!1 6ENOtAL ADIUNIS TIU.T IVC [Jtp£Nf;£6 34,068,39'5 65,447,oa:> 9,453 43-4,6CX> 2,332,978 y (iA.8[0 ON W'AAAANT8 166UEO BY Tt£ JA:[~8\.RV~ fl INCRO.SCO (29) 935,000,, 625 (31) s,000,000 (32) 14,696,42:4 (33) (34) (30) 935,CY.>5,~S 671. ~00 ~ 2.200,000 1, 1zz,s32 10,999,979 70 , 583 1,c:!51,949 800,319 994,140 104,913 432,500 1,396,750 2,200,Q)() 60, 447, CXX) 4,?99,600 !5,000,CXO 1!51,200 192,000 TO $700,000,()(X) ev [X.ECUTl'YE OAOER 7334. T) $1,700,<XXl,OOO ev (XEC111'1YE OROCA ne6,. (COt~CLUOCO ON NEX T PAGE ) 994,140 (35) (36) (37) (38) 3,422,7'5 (39) (40) (41) 9,'453 91,400 21332,078 (42) (43) (44) 8,252,425 23,251,?00 (27) 17,210, 000 20,000,000 115 0 ,m, ◄22 (23) (24) (25) (26) (28) e,~,42:5 NA Tl OtMI. PAAK SCA\I I CE oov• T 182,650 5,(Y.)0,000 INTERIOR (22) 605/134,9'51 20,000,0CXl OIE.ROENCV RELIU AOUINISTR~TION 155,996 2Cti 1 000 605,i:.84,9'51 coi.,PENSAT I ON COMM. EMPLOYEES' {20) (21) 75,000 182,650 INOUSTRIAL COOPERAT JON (19) 440,996 20,000 75,000 265,1)()() 5TAII OAA06 120,000 100 ,0JO 20,IXIO LIQHTHOIJSC:S (16) (17) (18) 190,104 or COI.IM[RCE INCRC.,,SCO $1,208,999,601 u,no.098 Cl'lll SERVI(.;[ COMUISSlll'II y $350,(X)(),000 u,no,ooo (19 ) T a&POAAAY pf ( 5) 190,194 OrF'ICC OF' $900,0CX),OOO $1,620,611,482 ... LINE 111) 693,730 3,000 ALL[Y DtiELL INO AUi tOR I TV GCOL OGI !!f SPCCl flC LIMITATION& {10) 693,730 3,000 ( 1~ ) U,A.TOR fOR c,c. ( 3) ( 4) AO\IISORV COUYITTEE Ou ALLOrn(NTS r!SHCAIES SANITATION, M 7,151 (17) CCNS~ GRANTS TO STATE8 1 ETC. 1,119,050 I NOIJSTRV ( 8) "TA I FICA Tl OH i•l INCLI.C>EO IN 7,151 8 IOLOQICAL SURVEY 0 AtRV Rt.RA\. ELCO- 91LITATION CIVILIAH ,, 119,050 AC.R ICU\. TURAL [t.lQlNECA JNQ ,.,.IWAL RIAAL RC*- LOAN6 OR A6616TANC£ FOR 141 T A 8 L C 11 (COHCCUO<D) ALLOOATICINI 1110[11 TM[ cu ACT or,.,,, 1ft AO[NCIU ... 0 SY ACT LIMITATICINI T.. OWH AUIWT ~·- ....., or IICPAIIT-T ( Z) DCl'AIITWDOT or LMOll u. I. C.....o,..., lalw1cc ( ♦) ( 5) t•leMU_, I •I elLttAtt• IUML [UOHIP-IOATI• 4 JllTI cc ( 1) { ,1 MetlJANCIK F• IUIUIL 11...,_ y '1, 19'1 CIYILt . . caieDWATltff C HO..-IN • ..." ,. L-• .......,,. , 891, 70'1 175,152 AM> MATUMLl&UIOJt LIM a,.m,l09 ( 1) ~ ~ 12,-,!!1♦ - INclrtO D IT,531Z.- 11,aa,,.o, ..... ,, INCLMND IN ( Z) 10,911,604 ,,,, 1'52 ( ,1 ( 4) ( 5) ICGltnARv•• ON I ca ao,MO ODCML ADNINtatMT 1ft. Df!OfitO ZZ7,J11 227,'11 I •I 251,,00 251,'!CIO ( 7) or 21111,"50 ( 7) LIIIWIY ( a} MT ICINAI. DOOOICY CO\IIC IL t,M0,9'9 1,940,959 ( 8) ( •> NATI •AL UIOll<CCS CO. ITT CE 1.-,- 1,21112,- ( 11) 17,101,561 157,.,5 11,,.,,1,. 11, 1cn,,01 ZS7,t15 (10) (11} (1Z) 11,,,.1 21J,S41 (U) CO-C$S or (10) (11) (V) OCl'AIITIIDfT (U) NISCIO IIIDl.lTI Its REDR-IUT ICIN .IOI IN, (1♦) PUILIC IOAKS ACIIJNISfRAT 1(11 Tl€ .... YAAOI AND Ooc• --CIIA&..A.IMUJIIITMT l"fS ~ D -,!97,577 10!5,95,Z8fl J!IB ,812 ,2118 ........ o, ........ (1') (16) N__,.GIC1W. 0 IV 11 I • 225,«n,,io (17) IIUCTTLE-T lOIIINISTUTICIN (18) tCYOLY lllll r1110 ro• •t11CMAS[ ••'11l11AU AND I-LIU (1e) RLRAL 0.CCUlrlCAT ION AOllltlllUAT IClf (ZO) (21) (22) (23) (24) (a,) oc,.,.,_T or r>« 11,-.11• TMA&IIIY UfTIJalU. •nDt.a ha.to HIIALTN Sowaca: &<c•u..,•• Orrtcc IIM:Ml AC.INIITU.TIWI. lllN>lliD (Z7) fflEI.MI' A£1UN ISUlAT ION (18) (19) (JO) (31) IAII DCPAIITllOIT (3Z) ('3) (34) ( 35 ) WOAICS PROCACSS AOWINISTRATION IPA 90• ~II0..11:CTI C:...•EM•~ OliMan-..HP CcaN Gotcui.. ACIIINIITMT,wl IQIIDIID ,,._OQRAWI ODtCR.al AOltlNttTRATIW D ~ • n 6/ J!!B,S1Z,zea ttee,M,400 tao,OOD, 110 J,QJO,OCI) eu,,az,980 4,8S>,O,O ,,-.- l,626,'81 3,626,588 16,031,W. J0,450,000 (17) ,,.000,000 ( 18) (19) 2,SJ8,lllt Z6,7Cl>,001 26,700,001 (zo) (21) 122) (23) (M) (ZS) (ZO) ,,ne,"° 1,238,Ji,O (27) 39 1 2«1,320 ,aoeutCKWT Dt..,11•• f<'(A (15) (10) or 1J. S. COMT · - - • (,:,) (1♦) !!!! ,!!U.!!!! 11as,l!Ha! 1as,,a,,2111e 5-43, 584 530,'.18♦ 2, 721,150 1."711,750 IOl,_..7 aoe,447 31,563',751 4,850,9'0 1z,aoo 1«1,-,- 129,!!!!.!!1 129,8Jll,J81 1Ze,SJ8,J81 14,666,S4 1145114)9 I n4 1112, 167,'86 1 , l37 • 7CB • 506 -o,eu,,1e cz,m.zee .uz,1!12a 1 1,147,N0,229 ~ r7,440,Clt9 71,400,000 1,1~,e,, 83 181!6 1 Q30 12,4'45,930 (,2) (33) ,, ,"400,000 (34) (35) . . . . ON • •,unt IUI.CO •• , . . , .......... _ , ,111QIIUI IIIIIINISTUTIOII NOMCII AEPORf, oc,aeo ,,, (Z8) (19) (30) (31) 1-4,666,l84 ,, 125,e.M cz,m,zee ~ 19'J& ... ~ N T A B L E 12 AUOCATIOIIS UIIOER TIIC ERA ACT OF IGJO, BY AQENC l[S MIO BY ACT LIM IUT IONS ... T,__ A-T 3 I, 1936 , .., OTMD TOTAL ~ LI• Lt ■ IT&TIDN ( I) ACT ( I) TOT Al auoc:A JICNIS ( I) IIUMhDIT tlf • AlaltuLTWALl.0-IN ( 9) A■ IIIAL (( •> 7) '( •> 9) ( IO) (II) (11) I I I I 11,c,,000,000 '413,2'1>,000 1156, 75>,000 IM7,848,!162 119,377,798 114,2112, 108 17 121!1477 !1«>31204 m,440 SDIYtCC 4,403,204 Z,ffl,000 205,000 IE'MTIEIT OF Cc.DICC fUI) u. I. r.>LOYal' CIOIPDIUTIOI coatllllOII 9,000,000 (17) (18) ( 19) (ID) lltHIITWll T 0/F THE I IITOI I Ill t,!?!,ai (II) (U) (D) IEPMTEIIT OF' UIOII u. •• Dl"-D--.,cc lMea ITAJIITln (15) (1'7) CC.• DI- ..TI_L , _ . . .,oc ,_.,o RIM llrOO•TIIUl:Tlo■ Aa■ l ■ leftt.lJI .. . . .AL &llllt ■ IITIIATl'fl: - • I I •-11•1 I I ,., ID) IIUAIITEIIT OF TH£ llluautlY 1-LllnC-. l'WL IC HUI.TN lllnl CC Rmff MY •e OWi l:a 11-■AL -l ■ lntlATtff D .....e (M) (IS) IJAI DCl'AITIEIT C.,e Dr 01•1- ID, MB,!110 IIZ,4lkl, 1411 1311, 161,,.,. eze,o 11, 79'5 '!!,31!,333 IIUMTDMITD ~ IDmta&. -l ■ lffUTlff bP-■ (111) WINIU PII08RC&6 ADIi iN IITRAT ION (19) IPA IOIIK l'IID.lll:CT8 NYA ,__RA11e (40) (41) Q~ltAL AIJlltNl8TIUITIVC D"ll:-e J7 ,590, 25!1 11,!IO l ,ZJ!I 18,000,000 l&NI -■ •--■H • - IT TIC ' - - • . , -l ■ left.Ulff 11:X_, J/ ,_ N-ft• -O'fl:D NtOlt TO Ju1C 22, 19N, l ■ TRAT!Ga 11°1 "°"' .... I'll IIDIABIL- 1ur1oa LIIIITATI- 1121 "4,0119,754 l13,!IOl,Z39 I«), 500,000 LI• ( 13 ( I) ( Z) '581,083,611 ~ 87'!1.000 1,220,040 eoo,ooo 3,288,333 4,0'73,000 !100,000 ( 3) ( 4) ( !I) ( 6) ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) ( 10) (II) (12) 500,000 887,!IOO 4,403,204 Z,3'5,000 205,000 I, 11•,000 90,000 ( 13) (14) ( l!I) 9,000,000 (16) ( 17) ( 18) (19) (ID) 110,000 I, 124,000 ~ !2!aE!!2 1!14,000 J!I0,000 1.111111! ,so,000 ,, , ,z, 112 l!I0,000 ~ '75,000 7!5,000 m.,g ~ J92a.!m 227,400 l!I0,000 Z!l,000 7!1,000 !l.L22!? !/ 1,Z!!,000 e,5'0,ooo 412,500 •••• g 4,109,000 •• 100,000 JEa2!!2 !L2!!!! 1411,000 1,828,000 37,500,000 10,8'8,'Jl!D 11!!111!1 la!!","° 137.!IOO 4110, 702 l,915,7'JIO "7,500 1411391892 14,399,M 110fn1138 '7,IICJI',,. l,!S!,IH 11.m.!!! ll,ffl,M4 110,000 1,000,000 J/ (28) 1,299.299 (29) 7,000,000 (IO) (JI) (12) (3') 1 1 e18 1 M 1,818, . . ••• , ••1 '•996.914 !1,986,914 16... , • ..., 16,.1,467 Z."°1ns 7,!D0,2" z1 ZOJ 1970 Z,IDJ,910 1111? 11&2 1122915!!2 ,,000,000 ,. , 38,SZZ (I!!) (Je) (J7) l!l1Z111SII! (JI) !I0,184 1,9211,151 8,'61,41n a.a &II! ~112!1900 4,106,900 (15) (ZI) (27) , • 1'5,!1118 JI0,000 m,000 9.r.?!K (ZI) (ZZ) (ZJ) (N) 111,,00 I, 15!1,!188 110,000 m,000 1,000,000 ,,. '•!!!? .. IO!l,010,Z"IO ,-o.,ci:r• ITDII IIOT IIICL-D I ■ IIPECS,IC RURAL 533,440 a, 738 1 !!!!!! 16,182,244 4,710,907 18,522 IIATIOIIAL YOUTH I I!!&, 7'0, 000 1111,000,000 I I28,250,000 18!1, !500,000 '8!1, 500,000 '71,2'0,000 17 I ,Z!I0,000 185,500,000 5!1,138,ffl l!M!3 1,•71 -- LAIC- '75,000 !, 10e,ooo 6,!186,000 180,000 ~I (19) (IO) (17) I I 6,!150,000 412,!IOO , .... -oocn 111:KTf LOEIIT Au.I 111 ntA Tl OIi (le) EDucATI-L, 1196!12!! 111D' AITIEIIT 0/F TNE lllVY -1 ■ 19TUTlft AIID OTt<lt MIICCL- 171,,00 (1.8) (11) J,4117, 162 I, 131,4Cl0 7!1,000 LI ■ MY OF CONIIIICSI IDmlAL I I Aaa1euNCt: fOR l,& 14,222 ,, 124,000 90,000 ( II) (14) (19) ,. , ,., I I PuaLIC FLCOWTltOl. 6/n,!IOO 1111KC-1c• l'Wl.11 RDAN IOIL~&TI . . . .IOC IUDtA&. -l ■ llft&Yl'fl: h - 1 ~ -l ■ leT■&fl'fl: •cllUTI-L 500.000 1'75,000 eoo,000 J,288,333 !1,073,000 1-TIIY BIOi.Ni CIA&. IIUnCY laY-.OW MD l'UaT OIIU•TIIC r..n PuaLIC I I 1cuu1111 ( 4) RDAN,A■D !/ m,920,01111 Sf (5) (40) 11,!0l ,ZJQ 11,000,000 !/ IIIIIICI l'HIIIEII AmlNISTRATIOII PIIOllRCII IIEl'GIIJ, k T - 1!1, 19Je (41) 143 T A 8 L E 1 3 STA lVS Of FUNDS UIIIER THE ERA ACTS Off 19'5 ANO 1tJ6, IY STATU TNII-M A-Y J1, 1936 •2. ( 1J ( 2) ( J) < •l ERA ACYf AU.0c:ATI- SJATl LINl 11 ( IAIIIIA!I l TITAL AvAILA8LC l'OII AU.0CAYIOII laAl.1.0CAYlD TOTAL AU.DCATIONI ( IIAJIRANTI IHUED) IIARUII YI l'DIOl118 APl'II0VAI. Gl APPROVEPl 2[ 1 ~~ ~ 12H '!!! c-11111 o,..mue .\LL0CAYIOlol UP~ll!JIIII,! •J I A5iY !f 1UI •aeeeG tP•oyco l Ofl.lI;J'°"' LIIIC "''TWURQ !!!1 ( 1) ( 2) t6,111,<423,116 681,3'9,257 5,430,063,8'9 28,167,232 ( , ) ( 4) 15,401,896,627 14,751,102,179 13,940,J51,932 1738,177 ,246 "403,767, 1!16 127J,054,504 ( 5) 73,333,208 44,565,626 65,256,460 310,273,905 69,6011,034 66,428,271 41,423,193 61,520,614 Vl,J!lll,799 62,831,346 53,210,065 3J,665,07t 51,1",980 234,505,084 54,876,024 7,512,159 2,489,450 4,V17 , 907 40,457,766 1,272,IKIIZ 4,975,696 1,541,590 J,323, 127 22,104,727 4,714,663 J,41•,1,084,Jee 2,k5,1i0 14,860,209 3,478,645 ( 6) ( 7) ( I) ( 9) (10) 48,218,063 7,691,808 12,602 ,637 68,190,570 80,170,328 42,169,622 6,798,122 70,466,545 6,1117,454 631,JH 9,048,607 5,730,456 7 ,11911,473 J,661,365 356,187 4,2912,2117 ,,200,2911 4,277,1176 2,741,119 266,904 J,099,408 (11) (12) 2,CIRS.097 66,391,01Z6 J5,94J,'42 5,145,010 6J,S5,205 49,170,677 57,671,114 2,777,226 (14) (15) T1 ,642,245 293, 109,276 108,650,104 54,335,9'24 66,0!58,830 35,612,017 270,794,011 101Z,573,411 50,3,0,247 61, 901 ,652 J0,183,812 221,112, 1(:8 114,229,267 Je,182,187 52,287,196 2,483,'25 42,389,479 15,869,850 5,364,914 7,795,763 1,706,681 29,618,184 11,655,213 2,710,148 4,491,512 1,098,M1 17 ,357 ,IIIO 7,113,919 Z, 122,N3 3,412,411 (16) (17) (18) (19) (20) 70,246,293 64,560,650 J0,716,522 !lt,71J,k3 187,699,973 63,489,247 59,901,916 29,084,9112 55,127,541 170,325,059 50,799,251 49,111,717 24,967,222 39,211J,CM6 147,578,571 1,323,981 7,570,158 2,1J8,386 4,133,821 28, 1175,637 5,124,514 4,610,496 1,272,534 3,'49,723 17,790,443 3,066,328 3,150,540 794,179 1,901,767 14,540,053 (21) (22) (2J) (24) (25) 164,874,888 116,865,875 73,903, 11, 123,173,022 61,79'2,640 151,815,819 107,302,072 66,070,501 108,472,086 !511,538,645 12,,898,688 91,719,7!511 46,eJ0,239 90,T15,227 47,536,506 21,363,709 14,039,352 6,240,154 17,006,516 4,282,325 14,7T1 ,593 1,157,781 3,070,701 10,01Z3,395 2 1 626,m 9,~,386 6,604,661 1,1104,254 6,9111,612 1,442,493 (26) (27) (28) (29) 57,905,574 14,1!18,763 17,309,6'9 144,8015, 107 43,041,908 52,165,277 131 452,W/ 1',ilZ9, ~ 131, 13~ ,6'9 40,752,542 38,526,585 10,66J,"6 ,,, 128,607 110,354,417 35,054,848 ,,211,.., '62,121 1,115,777 24, 103,6'9 2,628,915 2,182,044 210,063 1, 1117,438 17,230,430 1,516,597 1,n,,»4 214,310 720,lil26 11,484,314 1,01Z9,TT4 (31) (32) (33) (36) ID YNIC (37) N0IIYN CAIIO&.IU (38) llollYM IIAIIOU (39) 81110 (40) 0icu- 61J,J64, 720 69,!167 ,079 40,519,115 273,ffl,234 ell,277,938 632,1126,791 62,161,699 J5,268,1:t2 Z47,051,4ZJ 10,566,011 535,071,141 51,944,"8 27,159,637 206,737,toO 67,252,m 104,659,368 5,999,962 6,631,872 70,463, . . 2,715,384 3,344,954 29,0IU,161 5,693, ... 46,119,167 1,681,032 2,210,7:k 20,911,341 J,11J, 124 (36) (37) (,a) (41) DIIHDII (42) (41) (44) 1'81118\'UAIIIA 50,671,IOt .,,, 111 ,eaz 20,167,557 '5.485,311 42,301,672 47,"6,°'8 IM,4'2,ffl .,011,117 122,51112,949 13,538,a78 40,184,841 29,8'8, IN 2,429.... 41,751,495 1,!118,0S7 ,,120,m Z,NS,206 1,ffl,107 J0,44J,716 1,273,363 Z,047,420 2,001,126 (41) (42) 79,446,J79 175,7112,927 32,,.,m 17,1149,407 61,124,554 160,711,417 30,671,668 17,2JJ,JOJ 62,NO,tM 54,395,100 122,131,399 26,IOJ,193 15,210,sn 7, 1611,Zeo 16,465,ffl J, 140,176 1,061,CIR5 6,121,414 •• 1,o,S5 7,11211,104 1,786,467 2,971,228 z.t01,411 5,2• • 10!5 1,251,994 314,534 1,979,738 • • 110,tN . .,111,191 111,. . . . . ......,,, 75,507,957 ,., 168,JJ? 96,595,191 1',S77,1M a,159.2oe 5.2111,m ., • • 057 t,1175,701Z 712,211 , ....,1., J,739,JSZ ••25,,:ur 438.MO 4,706,401 9, 147, 103 m,• Z,064 42,9121 22,1142 1,107,303 6,0IO 121,710 1,...- 51,0IO 1.687 •• OI0,716 2,za,us 1,'91,297 ( 5) TOTAL ( 6) ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) (10) AUUIIA OUOIIA AIIKAIIUI (11) (12) (U) (14) (15) CONNECT I CUT DlLUAlllt DIIYIIICY 0.- COLUNIA FLORI0A Q(OIIQIA i16) (17) (18) (19) (20) IDAMO 11.1.111011 INDIAIIA IMUI c.u.-o•u Col.0H00 '"" ...,.... (21) KENTUCKY (22) ~ (23) (24) (25) ........... IIAINl IIANA~VYI (26) (27) (28) (29) •11•ou•1 (30) IIOIIUNA (31) NUIIAaKA IICVAOA Nb IIMNHIU Nn Jl111a (J2) (33) (34) (J5) IICMIUII IIUEI0YA IIIIIMIP~I I n IDIICO . . _ , Ill.MD (45) leufll CAII0U ■A leufll DMIHA (46) (47) TDAa (41) (49) (50) TDl■ PIU . ,,...,.., ,_, UUII ,. .,"·-·· ... ,., VtHI.. A ........ (51) (52 J . . , (51) ('4) fJ,IOS,W , • • •,c,19 11'7 ,MO, 174 YINl ■ IA n,•.m (9) Al.MU 4•765,M1 10.1•.... 700,000 . ...... .,,_ IIAUII (97) ,..._.. CMa&. Z•1 (,a) (,a) ,_.,. (to) IIT AI.I.ODAUD YI ITAYD OIi ...... TEan•1a 63,51,063 11,IIOll,J14 41,170,412 35,619,403 S,211,'42 .,....,. 11,791,429 1,.za,•11 ttl.741 4.,-,n4 6,ttJ.543 346,013 zs.589,626 ffl,723 ZM,4'5, 117 N,201,711 '2,534,-1 693,SbB 40,NZ,429 10,445,993 4,4117.380 15, t1a,oaz Z,673, 109 5,6!511,319 1. 130,571 ,.oot.9 14,830,138 1,704.421 19,239 u. s. ftlUlao, DIPMYIIDY apaf 1W ITAfUI o, , - _,0111 Ill ---CY I l l . I P ' . _ _ ... " " Aono, 111S - 524,NO ,..., 1916, aa W , . _ , " · 19M. IOlll(I , _ _ . . AllllllllTIUION . . . . . , . , . , , - - 15, 1 - (1J) (30) (34) (35) (J9) (40) (43) (44) (~) (416) (47) (41) (49) (50) (51) (SI) (51) (54) (515) (!11) (57) (51) (SIii) (60) U4 T A8 L E , 4 STAHi& f1F r11111s UM>Elt THE EIIA ACTS f1F 1935 AIIO 1916, IY A8[11C IES Tla-N A-T 31, 19'e DIA Aen • 19" Ae 193' c - 1 - Ex ..lllllTilllLIIIATIONe LIIIC NO. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) I 5) ( 6) ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) (10) (11) I 12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) PDChT ALLOCATI ONI A•IIOT AiloullT ( WAltllAIITI A""eovtol ,21 'II QRAIIO TOTAL ExTUII OIi 51:R'II ct r811t1T SDIVICC HOK [COIIGalC8 l'UIIT I IIDUITRY MLIC Roaoa SolL CONeDIVITIOII SERVICE kA THUi BUIIUU II II) [1108 IOII CONTROL 8r:lltllAL IIMIINIITRITIVC J/ tx-• y t , ALL► MOUIIT ,~1 CATI- A"""'"'ol OIL I IIA Tl 9111 Exl't•lfUIIU 191 t,403, 767, 19& tz'73,054,504 11 1520,m 533,440 5,29616'9 3011,983 2131013416 137,801 375,000 600,000 199,"'7 415,638 83,432 5,on et.2 98.9 !18.4 3,ZBB,333 2,045,117 1,079,SO 5,073,000 &87,500 1, 744,272 174,401 571,998 106,628 4,«13,204 2,35S,OOO 721,284 287,647 zoe,ooo 56,617 38,151 !IIIID 1nz 1&111 533,440 7,151 1,4114,oeC> 1,:,00,730 3,000 17,058,431 4,066 10,754,625 -,,500 40,403 504,025,060 21, 71!7, 198 19,224 2,000,000 10,057,710 4115, 104,013 308,983 7,150 1,224, 121> 741,180 2,990 15,534,«18 4,054 27,014,IIS 174,-401 '9,793 421,366,982 18,325,630 14,414 1,950,000 8,394, 940 ~ 2:99 1793 1!560 !!:.! 17,128 .. 2!1.8 •••, 32·.5 99.7 LIIC '°• 1738, 677, 2-46 72.9 25.4 (WaaaAIITI !Bl 13,140,351,932 137,9111 7,040 1,020,9'5 422,582 2,990 14,015,437 4,CJZI 17,951,861 106,628 1931 111 88.0 57.9. 99. 9 81.9 57.0 99.7 91.1 99.7 87.8 fW ALLOCATI- Ill t,4, 751,102,179 IS,401,111>6,627 OEl'AIITENT Of A8R ICULTIME AuteULTUIIIL ECONc■ IC8 A•IODLTUIIAL [N8Jll[tJIIH AIIIIIAL l•nMTIY BIILOQICIL SulvtY 011 IIY I mu&JIIY ENT-.OOY MID l'UIIT Qu,\IIAIIT I K 0~ ALL► CITIOIII !4l 1,1 DIA AoT l'DICtlfT ( 1) ( ( ( ( ( ( 2) :,) 4) 5) 6) 7) ( 8) ( 9) (10) I II) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) 98.3 83,6 84.1 75.0 97.5 83.5 180,005,-457 16,770,003 13,585 1,950,000 7,335,395 15.5 98.1 :95,7 77,0 10.7 97.5 72.9 17,126 99.9 17,126 99,9 (18) '9,706 (18) AOVISOIIY COlilll TTEE ON ALLOfllENTS (19) AU£V DIEUING AUTHMITY 190,11"4 65,416 34.4 36,439 19.2 (19) (20) U.S. CIVIL SERVICE COIIIISSIOII 120,000 119,814 99.8 116,967 97.5 (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) DEPARTMENT Of COIAIERCE CCNIUI FIIMERIES I NDUIIT ■ IIL [COIIOII I Cl 10,oe, 19-44 9,355,948 1'5,996 100,000 20,000 75,000 355,000 8 14153 1560 7,903,516 121,172 65,117 19,034 ~ 8 1027 1 303 7,534,8117 11:9,565 ~ 80.5 72.B 57.3 9!5. I (25) LI OlfTMOUIEI (26) (27) SUNOAROI IID«RAL -••11T■ •T1vc cx,oeu V e,279 84.5 77.7 65.1 95.2 eo.4 299,442 84.:9 " · 764 Zte,915 1112,6!50 !!8,aKI sz. I 53,932 1015, !520, 25 I '°4,908, 725 99.9 to,000 49,292 22,914 (26) (27) (29) 10.3 2,826,118 10.0 1:9,1 . .,920 65.7 " · 1"'4,926 e.1 (:91) 9'5,00S,112!1 932,67'0,9!2 99.8 931,Sll,0129 99.6 (SZ) 5,000,000 3,571,494 71.4 3,519,592 70.4 (1:9) 120.62412!2 671,500 !!17!!1448 171,500 57,m 9•,1• 41,192 1,427,840 &! 219881717 8!51,6'7 53,6!16 iL! 118,286 :91,919 11 ICl,:956 ZSS,61t (30) Elll'LOYEES' COIIPENSATIOII co•11ssu• 20,210,000 2,704,5216 (:91) r AAII CREO IT ADIi i NI ST RAT I OIi 20,000,000 (32) FEDERAL Cll[RQENCY RELIEF AOIIIII. (33) IENERAL ACCOUNT ING IIFrlCE (:94) (15) ('6) ('7) ('8) OUARTIIEIIT OF THE I NTDI 1111 AueltA ROAD C-118IOII IITWIIIIOUI COAL C-118IOII CIPrl" fW E:DuoArtOII •0t.NICAL Sullvn CIWIOC 0, IIIDIAII AF'P'AIH IIATltllAL , ... SDIVICI "-■ TO RICO RtCON8TRUCTIOII Aoallt. -CUIIATl9N ST. ELIUHTH8 H081'1TAL TmNIIMIY IO'l'T 0, Y1Hia 81:WRAL A•IIIIITIIATI.-: ~ - ,...... (25) 95.4 DIER6EIICY CONSERYAT ION WORIC (415) (24) e.o 7!1.1 (21) (ZZ) (23) 577,Cll,020 (29) (41) (42) (49) (44) .. 1!11651 52,677 (28) COOIID I NA TM FOR I NOUS TR I Al COOl'E'RA T1011 (19) (40) 19,0129 16'1 la!I 119,811 , (28) RI 57,333 1,214,000 ,, 124,000 70,!IU l,NO,Ja 104,91:9 1,879,250 II, 790 ,!187 '5,990,795 e,447,ooo ,,e 414,eoo 2,407,979 100.0 81.2 52.0 e., 97.0 (M) ('5) 76.0 (31) 44.0 (37) :90.4 (38) Sle,786 ..., 11,7.,340 ..., . .,711 '2.6 70.7 20,205, 11:9 '9.4 9,M ,n,1• 99.4 44.1 1,615,6211 67.1 ,, 71.0 .. "·· 254,ai l,7!10,5" 72.7 (C-LWID t,ooe,:9«> OIi IIQT !'AU) (,o) ,,000,000 61.Z 2.2 25.0 412!!3,5412 535.564 2341171 (:99) J,417, 162 I, l:91,40C> 41:9,?N 2fT7,6611 (40) tl,0&4 21,M (41) (42) (49) '°·' (44) 75,000 9,714 5, IOI (45) 146 T A 8 L E 1 4 (CONCLUDED) STATUS Of' fUJIOS UNDER THE ERA ACTS Of 1935 ANO 19!111, BY AOENC I ES J11-,a1 Au._,ST St, 1936 AUNCY LIN •o. ALLOCATIONS (IARRAN TS ERA Acre or 1935 AHO 1936 Cova, NED OIL I IIATI ()fjll ~IID ITUll£11 f'CRCOOT PEACE>IT A-,IIT CW ALLOAIIOUIIT OF" ALLO- ERA ACT OF" 1936 ALLOCATl&i8 (IARAANT8 09LIIIATIDll8 E-OITUIIE8 APPAOW:O Lllltl: NO 2 or ( 1l OEPARTIIENT ( 2) ( 3) ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) DEPARTMENT Of LABOR U. So UIPl.OYIIENT S£RVIC[ l•IORATIOII AND NATURALI ZATIOII LABOR STATIIT ,ca 6i[CRCT AAY' • 0F"f"I C£ GolERAL AIJIIINl8TRATIYE EXl'EH8E8 ( 8) LI IIIIARY Of COii GRESS ( 9) .A.IST ICE $ 1, 532, 309 $ $ ( 1) 829,367 54. 1 12,874,182 12,456,768 148,771 36,513 69,045 163,085 !U:l 87.0 89.7 13.2 24. 1 71 .8 336,696 79.6 239 ,2:11 56.6 1,946 , 959 1,879,679 96.5 1,688,146 86.7 ( 9) 1,282,764 994,516 77.5 916,118 71.4 (10) 24,109,1~ 23,693,561 415,615 18 1872 1 680 18,629,833 242,847 ~ ~ 58.4 17,229,914 16,988,191 241,723 213,541 88,826 41.6 84,647 39.6 (14) 464,397,577 105,$5,289 3$,812,288 J901053,099 56,145,724 ~ 1651006,065 35.5 (17) PUBLIC IORKS AOIIINI STRAT ION H-IIIS DIVlflON N-rEOERAL OI VI II ON (15 ) (16) (17) (18) RESETTLEMENT AOUINISTRATION (19) REVOLV I NO fUjD fOR PURCHASE Of MATERIALS ANO SUPPLIES 852,254 55.6 15.455.314 14,353,401 175,752 412,500 2196,350 227,311 12,9391060 12,494,547 157,727 54,516 69,068 163,202 .il:2. 423,000 NATI OIIAL EIIEROENCY COUP«: IL (10) NAT I OliA L RESOURCES COIIIJ I TT Et (11 l (11?) (1 9) OEPARTIIENT Of TffE NAVY YAA08 AIID DOCKS 8£N£AAL ADIIINI STRATl\'E ~NIEi (14) PRISCJI INDUSTRIES REORGANIZATION AOMIN. (15) ( 4) (1 6) 78.6 86.S 84.6 8.9 24. 1 11.1 $ 21962,500 2,550,000 $11153,129 1,098,613 $ 1I1l0 1 423 1,093,910 412,500 54,516 36,513 ( 5) ( 6) ( 7) 171,:!00 91,535 15,446 ( 8) •1 7'551000 71.7 6,586,000 58.2 169,000 1, 761,3118 1,753,411 7,987 382,864 374,877 7,987 2W 333,907,375 22, 901 , 5'}() 142, 104,475 260,746,263 202,044,521 77.5 155,250,694 59.5 3,000,000 2,500,590 83.4 2,500,590 83.4 (19) (20) y 311.6 35,338,753 4, "46 ,065 3,804,359 18,398, 'leO 11,256,354 61.2 2,194,457 11.9 (21) 47,987,908 4,850,~ 5,861,623 543,584 3,031,750 33,700,001 41,262,320 ~ 36,607,521 ~ !!.&138,$8 3.r.59,880 2,4441934 4,316,603 5,047,3>5 310,271 2,733,124 219,8:15, 117 89.0 86.1 57.1 90.2 85.6 2,026,055 41.S 4,739,792 287,169 80.9 52.S 1,~,588 708,895 481,580 2,!193,511 26,960,894 85.5 310,000 (26) OE~RTUENT Of THE TREASURY U, S. COA8T OuAIII> INTER1-AI. REVDIUE lj PRClcuRDIIOIT Ot VISION PulLIC HEAI.TK SERVICE llDERAI. ADllllll8TRATl\'E Ellf'!NSR 90.o 1,000,000 (27 ) VETERANS' AOlt IN IS TRA Tl ON 1 ,2311 ,3!50 1,1n,395 91.S 1,077,467 87.0 (28) (2P) 166,5621273 146,020,m 19,377,291 1,164,357 144 1 5211 I 771 1219,942,274 14,563,486 1,023,011 ll:.!! 107 141s 1eo2 94,002,193 12,399,316 1,0M,293 ~ (31) IAII DE:PAIITIIDIT C-a ~ UICll ■ EDl8 0uAAT~ITPI C-1 au,EIIAL ADIIIIIIITIIATIYE EXPl:111£• ('2) (U) (34) IOAKS PROGRESS AOIIINISTRAT l(Ji IGll1( "110.1Lcn 8Dlr:RAL -1•1ITIIATtff EIO'f:tlar• 2 1oe1 1896 11167 1,992,496,067 89,400,000 1 1eoo 1296,279 1,719,474,547 80,821,732 ~ 86.3 11626,094,995 1 ,549 ,!5152 76,406,443 lh! (24) (25) (JO) 9/ SOC.CEI Y .!/ y !}/ '§/ f/ 9/ (11 l (12) (13) 53.2 93.1 RURAL EL£CTRlflCATION AOMINISTRATl(Ji (23) ( 3) ( 4) (20) (22) ( 2) 88.3 75.2 87.9 90.4 ,eea 64.4 64.0 87. I 77.S 85.5 (18) (21) (22) (23) (2•) 140,955 2,410,030 76,0]5 1,887,339 (25) (26) (27) 2019311673 16,182,244 4,710,9()7 6671707 667,707 1,634,539 1,634,539 (31) 38,522 61! ,3511193 613,3!11, 193 10,000,000 (28) (211) (!!O) 38511251324 373,538,862 11,586,462 261,1188,581 252,616,711 9,371,820 U. S. TREAIIUlff llcPAIITIIIENT IIO'ORT OIi ITATUI OF nitl08 NOYIDED 111 TKE EIERSDOY RELIEF" APPIIOl'IIIATION AC:H Of' 1935 .v,o 1936, AS flT Au-T 31, 1936. ALLOCATIONII ON THE 8A818 01' UAR.ANTS IHUEO AIOOUNT TO $5,430,063,859, SH TUI.£ 14 hlC:UIOU STATUTORY ALLOCATION CW 1100,000,000 l'IIOYIDED Ill AGIIICULTURI: Al'PROPIIIATIOII ACT CW 1936. IIICLUD<• 1200,000 FOR THE 8uREAU DI' A111 C-RCEo IIIC LUDEI AIIIIIIIIITRATIYI: EXl'INIIE8 OIILV '" SuTn AND lClllltTOIIIII -RE REI.It" WAI AmltllllTDt:0 Dllll:CT\.'r fl FEDERAL AQIJIC:IH. flQUIIE 18 IIOT INCLUDED IN QRANO TOTAL. INC LUDES SECRETARY'S llF"rlCE. INC LUDE& NYA PROQR.-.. IORKS PROGRESS AOIIINISTRATION PROGRESS REPORT, 0CT08ER 15, 1936 (32) (33) (34) T A II L £ 15 EST IIIATEO TOTAL COST Of Al't'IIOVEO ,WA NOll-ft:DEIIAL l'ROJECTS FIIIAIICED IIY TN£ OA ACT If 1935, 11T STATES ANO SOIIICES Of F\NIS T... _H A-T 13, 19'6 ( ( ( ( ( ( 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Ill 13 1 M BRAND TOTAL 1804,6 16,8110 8334,968,HS 41.6 t120,"8,3CP 8021566, 719 9,116,210 9!58,406 6,210,350 56,674,812 I I, 162,557 3S410001745 4,102,346 4211,931 z. 7118,221 25,412,400 5.,.023 • 347 ~ 120,244.8811 ,,014 ,000 !83,000 Z,941, 750 1,067,500 119,000 5,210,520 5'Nl,"469 118,500 4,544,878 4,243,190 e.1 e .o 40.0 31.8 45,0 706,738 TOTAL DIITRIIUTCD BY STATH ALABAMA ARIZONA AIIKANSAS CALIF"ORNIA CDUIIIADO ( 8) ( 9) (10) (II) ( 12) C-tCTICUT DELAWARE DISTRICT tW CDLWIBIA fLOIII DA OEOIIQI A 11,563,817 1,282,202 296,500 14,277,052 9,421,678 { 13) (14) ( 15) ( 16) { 17) IDANO ILLIN018 IND I ANA KANSAI l ,5'Nl,9!!9 52,913,386 16, l ◄Z,057 ,o,«sz,237 6,922,793 { 18) { 19) KElfTUCKY Loul81ANA (ZO) IIIAINE (21) (22) IIARYLAIIO (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) !.f!• Af .._, STATlt 1) ,WA IIIIA!!!I A{_ EITIMATEO TOTAL COIT !21 Lll<I: 1101 IOWA MA88ACtlUIIETT8 . .. IIICHIOA• . , , ,~, IIIIINEIDTA IIIH0\#11 IIONTANA PIA l'DICHT e.o 44.8 44.9 44.8 e.o AllouN1' l5l 49. I 1,6119,000 18.4 3,!553, 166 38,5 (18) (19) 1,985,888 26,914,802 23,125,193 IIP3,8UI IZ, 110,'74 10,429,'62 ◄e.o 39,500 190,000 1.7 0. 7 l,0!18,569 14,614,318 IZ, 7'01,!171 53.9 54,3 54.9 (ZO) 45.0 415.1 35,560,7!!11 12,338,622 38,497,37' 13,934, 1117 3,718,049 14,571 ,847 5,405,466 17,307,181 6,171,610 1,688,611 41.0 49,1 e.o 44.ll 45.4 12,731,000 836, 000 14,66 1,700 35,8 6,8 38.1 23.2 453,200 858,000 ,.2 23, I 8, 257,912 6,CR?, 156 6,528,495 7,l<»,377 I, 17 1,438 38,Z 2,462,357 17.0 672,450 1,2&4, 192 6,374,432 723,3132 9 • 11118 • 000 9,9!12,000 1,463,000 OkLAHOIIA ORtQOII Pl:NIIIYLVANIA RMDDC I ILAIID SouTM CAROLI ■& 9,442,651 9,226,738 40, ..... 770 8,663,756 44,846,621 4,245,633 4, 1!1 1, l ◄Z 18,122,741 3,998,800 3,!507,862 ◄S,0 45.0 44.8 45.0 7.8 2,210,268 10,,ee,2111 !56,3!50,72!5 2,637,!IIS 2,022,777 922,968 4,e28,B!II 20,814,9!51 1, 1ee,21s 910,246 41.7 44.7 36,9 45.1 (47) SOUTH DAKOTA TCMNEHCC Tcxaa UTAH VERIIOIIT 9,529,939 12,996,195 4,342,063 11,968,720 2. 112,"'6 4,278,161 !5,410,9118 11 943,71k1 5,!80,'96 9'°,667 44,9 42.0 44.7 e.o e.o 2 1oso1 111 349,636 1,574,56 131,930 967.640 147,136 708,565 111,999 £a! (4!5) (46) (48) VIRGINIA (49 ) (50 ) IA8Hl•8TOII IUT VIHIIIIA (51 ) (52) IYOIIIN (53) ( 54) (55) (541) IIIC-111 TOTAL DIITIIIIUTCD ay TIPIIIITOllttl ALA8l(A HAIAI I v, .. ,. }/ y IILAIIDI 4) 5) 6) 7) 9,972,Ze!I e.o 44.7 4!5.! 45.1 45.0 (49) {44) { 8) ( 9) (10) ,, 9,224,491 26,610,456 24,571,378 4, 192,'91 l,!514,960 13,471,001 (42) 54.9 55.0 36.4 10.6 51,8 '°· ( { ( { ( 7,202,040 4,656,778 9,093,434 !Ill, 133,926 54,987,518 9,261,828 9,962,586 29,9~,8n (41) ( Z) Zl.9 15.2 7.6 53.J 53.9 ( IS) (14 Nn YOlllt CITY Nto YORK ( £xcL. 11.Y,C.) Na.TM CARDLIIIA 110,m, DAKOTA Dlf ID (,f;)) !1d 35,4 48.7 53,9 54.4 53.9 5,!585,000 271,000 (!18) (39) 348 1!2 I 1 9!:! 1,999,8M 145,~ 472,379 194,912 6,020,ZIO 5!58,IZI 25,750,295 8,598,0 17 5,686,~ 9, 790,8!59 ~-9 «>.7 45.Z 49.5 41.9 (37) ,., { 1) 19,8 7,6 Z. I 1,0 1,4 6,'51,634 !Me, 170 l,0!58,800 9,9!!11,952 1,290,439 (36) 47.5 1.9 43.4 312,100 4,039,855 342, 000 100,000 98,500 14,598,991 1,s,,620 2,3-42, 792 22,917,284 3,079,31!5 {3!5) «>.o .,_.,zao, 116 44,8 45,7 44,6 44,6 44.7 ZJ, 123,236 NE8RA9KA (!3) "• I ,,i ,.z N!:VADA NE1I IWl~&HIRC 11£0 J[R9£Y Nco ikXI CD (34) .u.L 111 LI• II01 J0◄,384 70,000 8,22 1, 300 (28) (31) (!IZ) 1!1.0 .._.,LOCAL fUMOIPDICOIT 6,353,297 705,733 108,000 1,510,874 4,874,104 (29) (30) !!RCUIT 161 6,'8! ,!500 1,065,500 Z3.6 57.6 28.7 k.6 18,0 10.1 1.9 3,416,718 4,144,296 21,562, 029 ... 764,956 7,539,800 16.8 " · 798,959 37.0 44,9 53.J !55.0 75.4 105,500 1,901,000 14,294,100 219,800 4.8 18,!I 2!5.4 8.!I 1,181,800 J,8!8,446 21,241,674 l,229,ell8 '· 112,!531 !53,!I 37,0 37.7 46.6 55.0 51. I 56.9 13,2 55.0 4!1.5 Sal ◄e.o 84.8 ◄.0 144,000 1,827,000 1.1 42. I 244,000 11.!I 4,874,278 7, S◄ l, 197 !571,297 6,!!88,324 917,929 1231500 123,500 !5.9 !al ~ 79,000 &ea,Oll 1 ao,ooo (21) (22) (23) (24) (zsJ (26) (27) (S3) (S4) (!5) {!6) I, 700,llOO 931,300 760,000 ,n,500 ) ( 17) 38.t 37.2 38.9 43.0 46.0 2,710,000 "· n,,876 ,, (28) (29) (30) 22,825,460 20,484,140 3,606,437 1,447,626 400,000 ( IZ) 16.9 42,ll 54,,8 27.8 23,5 16. 4 18.1 1!1.8 11,9 9.0 ◄S.0 42.8 49.4 16.9 52.5 31.5 (II) 21,1 55.0 1!1,2 (!11} (!2 ) (37) (38) {SO) (40) (41) (42) 1•> ..., («!) (46) (47) (48) (411) (,o) (~I) (52) (!53) (5') (!I!!) {!56) F'UIIDI F"ROII ERA AOT o, 193!5, fUIIDe n111■ ,ttcv,_ •~"'°"''"TIONa. IORKS PIIOIIIESS AOIIINISTRU J(II l'ROGRESS REPCIIIT, IOTtall 1'5, 1"'6