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Works Progres s Admini stration
HARRY L. HOPKINS,

Administrato r

REPORT ON PROGRESS OF

THE WORKS PROGRA M

OCTOBER 15, 1936

CORRINGTON GILL,
Assistant Administrator

EMERSON ROSS,
Director, Division of Research,
Statistics, and Records.

FOREWORD

Works Program employees, taken largely from relief rolls
and numbering approximately 3 1 800,000 at the end of February
and 3,400,000 at t he end of August 1936, have found jobs in
all parts of the country on the 100,000 and more projects
prosecuted under the Works Program.
Thie report reviews the
various kinds of projects operated by the Works Progress Administration and outlines the activities carried on by the
other agencies participating in the Works Program.
It discusses the workers and their earnings, and suwnarizes the disposition of the funds provi ded for the Program by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts of 1935 and 1936. In conclusion, the report devotes a brief section to relief before the
inauguration, and during the operation, of the Works Program.
The statutory provisions and the Executive orders pertaining
to the Program as well as the operating procedures adopted by
the Works Progress Administration are summarized in the first
section of the appendix; this is followed by a section covering Works Program employment and finances.
In Executive Order No. 7034, dated May 6, 1935, the
President created the Works Progress Administration and made
it responsible to him for the honest, efficient, speedy, and
coordinated execution of the work relief program as a whole.
Among the responsibilities with which this agency was charged
is that of gathering information such as is presented in this
report. The order made it the duty of the Works Progress.Administration to formulate and require uniform periodic reports of the progress on all projects and to formulate and
administer a system of uniform periodic reports of the employment on projects.
This report is indebted to the records of the Commissioner of Accounts and Deposits of the Treasury Department
for certain financial data, relating chiefly to obligations
incurred and expenditures made under the Works Program.

•

TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE WORKS

• •

PROGRAM IN REVIEW

PROJECTS OF THE WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION
WPA Highway, Road and Street Projects • • • •
• • • • •
Public Buildings Projects of the WPA
WPA Sewer System and Other Utility Projects • •
WPA Conservation Projects • • • • • • • • •
Emergency Flood Relief Under WPA • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • •
Emergency Drought Relief
•
WPA Park and Other Recreational Facility Projects
WPA Airports and Airway Projects • • • • • •
WPA Sanitation and Health Projects • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • •
WP A Goods Projects
WPA White Coll• Projects • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • •
National Youth Administration
THE WORKS

PARTICIPATION OF SPONSORS IN

• • • •
FEDERAL AGENCY PROGRAMS
Emergency Conservation Work • • •
Non-Federal Division of the Public Works
Resettlement Administration • • • •
Housing

•

•

•

•

•

•

War and Navy Departments

•

•

..

•

•

•

WORKERS AND THEIR EARNINGS
WORKS

•

• • • •

-4
9

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

•

•

•

•

37
-4 1

• •

-46

• • •
• • •
• • •
• • •

-49
52

PROGRAM

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

. . . . . . . . . . .
•

•

•

•

•

•

•

. . . . . . . .

.

.

1

• • • • • •
• • • • • •
•
Administration
• • • • • •

of Public Roads
• • • • • • •
. .
. .
Land-Use De velo pme nt
Statistical Clerical and Research Projects • •
Forest, Plant and Game Conservation • • •
Works Program in Territories and Possessions
Other Federal Agency Activities • • • •

Bureau

• •

• • •

• • • •

•
•
•
•

• • • • • •
• • • • • •
.
• • • •
• •
. . .

.

.

• •

• • •

• • • • •

. .

.

•

• •

1!
16

18

! 1
!!
26
29
3!
3 -4

56

59
6!
65
67

69
73

76
79

83

89

•

•

•

•

•

100

• • •

•

•

•

•

105

• • •

•

111

The Emergency Relief Appropiation Acts of 1935 and 1936 • •
Executive Orders • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Operating Procedures of the Works Progress Administration • • •

112

118

• •

123

PROGRAM FUNDS • •

RELIEF AND THE WORKS
APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B

•

•

PROGRAM • • • •

•

Statutory Authority, Organization, and Procedures

Tables

• • • • •

• •

• • •

• •

• • •

113

•

The Works Program

•

'"

Review

With the twofold objective of giving
jobs to some 3.500.000 destitute. employable
persons and utilizing the efforts of these
people in adding to the country's wealth, the
Works Program was initiated during the summer
of 1935.
This report covers the different
aspects of the Programs
the jobs provided,
the work done, the organizational framework
established for the operation of the Program,
and the setting in which the Program was instituted.

Worlcas
At its employment peak, February 1936,
the Works Program provided jobs 'directly to
more than 3 1 800.000 people, more than 90 percent of whom were from relief rolls.
In excess of 3,000.000 of this number were at work
under the Works Progress Administration. the
balance being either enrolled in Emergency
Conservation Work (chiefly in the Civilian
Conservation Corps) or employed on projects
of cooperating Federal agencies including the
Public Works Administration and the Bureau of
Pub lie Roads.
Employment has decreased since February
1936 to about 3,400,000 persons at the end of
August due to curtailment of the Program in
response to improved conditions in private
industry and seasonal employment in agriculture. This decline has been effected chiefly
by restricting WPA employment, although there
has been a drop of 50,000 in the number of
CCC enrollees. The reduction has taken place
despite the provision of 135 1 000 emergency
jobs for drought-stricken farmers (mostly under the WPA) and a 200 1 000 increase in the
employment of Federal agencies other than the
WPA and the CCC.
As of the end of August
1936, the 3,400,000 total was composed of the
following 1 2,377,000 employed under the WPA,
386,000 employed under ECW, and 637,000 en•
gaged on Works Program projects of other Federal agencies.
Tbs youths

who have

benefited

either

through the student aid program of the National Youth Administration or through parttime work on projects of the National Youth
Administration are not included in employment
totals.
Since the turn of the year, these
youths have numbered as many as 400,000 under
the student aid program and between 175,000
and 200,000 at work on NYA projects.
Payment to persons employed on Works
Program jobs has, with certain exceptions,
been made in accordance with a monthly security earnings schedule based on a number of
relevant factors.
The schedule varies for
different sections of the country and is adjusted according to the skills of workers,
the density of population, and costs of living.
Under the established schedule, actual
average monthly earnings of security wage
workers employed on Works Progress Administration projects in March 1936 amounted to
approximately $46.
Work habits have been cultivated through
the jobs provided, a factor which makes employees better able to secure private employment and resume their normal place in the
communities where they live.
This is particularly true of the gre~t number of persons
whQse Works Program jobs either utilize old
skills or develop new ones.
The Program has
attempted to make available the proper kind
of jobs through diversification in the types
of work prosecuted.
Projccb

Considerably over 100,000 projects have
been completed
or are being
prosecuted
throughout the country.
Construction work
has been accorded major emphasis.
This includes building or repair of roads, renovation or construction of public buildings, exte~sion of public utility facilities. and
other improvements to public property (Federal, State, and local). State and local projects have been prosecuted under the WPA and
the NA, the latter through grants and loans

1

by which local and State authorities have
been enabled to undertake substantial construction jobs.
Schools predominate in PilA
projects. The wealth of projects operated by
the WPA constitute the major part of the
Works Program.
New construction and repair
and improvement projects, supplemented
by
white collar projects and projects for women,
have accomplished results of vital significance to the coI!Dllunities where they are prosecuted.
The accomplishments of the CCC,
chiefly in conservation, have likewise been
notable.
Projects for the improvement of
Federal property for the most part have been
carried on by the Federal agencies that normally have jurisdiction
in
the various
fields.
The work of the Forest Service in
the national forests illustrates this point.
When emergencies have developed, every
effort has been made to cope successfully
with them by use of Works Program facilit ies.
In the case of floods, preventive and protective measures have been taken, and where
damage has been done part of the task of reconstruction has been borne by the WPA. During the spring of 1936 emergency flood work
alone involved the transfer of tens of thousands of persons from regular. WPA projects to
emergency flood projects. With the advent of
the droue;ht in the summer of 1936 the WPA,
aided by other Federal agencies cooperating
in the Wor ks Program, provided employment for
drought-stricken farmers.
Jobs of this kind
totaled 135,000 at the end of August 1936 and
the numher was still increasing at that time.

fr1rncwork of the Works Pro9r1m
The Works Program, as inaugurated under
the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of
1935, coordinated the emergency activities of
the Federal a gencies undertaken to provide
security in the form of jobs for the destitute unemployed.
Cooperating in the Works
Program are many of the regular Federal agencies as well as several emergency agencies
which were in existence at the time when the
a-0t became effective (notably the
Public
Works Admi istration and the Civilian Conservation C0rps).
Upon the passage of the act
three new organizations were created by E:xeoutive order, namely, the Works Progress Administration, the Resettlement Administration, and the Rural Electrification Administration.
The Works

2

Progress

Administration

was

given responsibility for the coordinated operation of the entire Works Program.
This
responsibility included the making of regulations concerning eligibility for employmant,
the investigation of wages and working conditions to aid the President in his determination of policies pertaining thereto, and the
setting-up of a reporting system covering the
Works Program.
The WPA was also given responsibility for the review of projects submitted and the equalization of employment
provided under the Program in various commumties.
Tha latter
,ras
aooamplished
through the operation, in conjunction with
projects of other agencies, of a sufficient
number of projects to fill the work relief
requirements of the different communities.
The National Youth Adminis-tration was created
under the Works Progress Administration to
help the needy youth of the Nation either
through a student aid program or by providing part-time jobs on projects.
The Resettlement Administration was assigned the function of aiding the needy rural
population chiefly by making loans or grants
to farmers. This administration also has operated projects, including land utilization
and suburban housing, and has been instrumental in aiding a limited number of farm
families to move from submarginal lands.
The task of transferring persons f'rom
relief to Work& Program jobs was accomplished
with the aid of local relief agencies who
certified employable persons from
relief
rolls to the United states Employment Service.
This agency, in cooperation with the
WPA, assigned workers to Works Program jobs.
Disbursement, accounting, e.nd procurement
of materials and supplies for the Works Program have been carried on by the Treasury Department. The Works Program, as thus roughly
sketahed, encompasses the cooperative efforts
of 40 agencies.
Funds for the Works Program were provided by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts
of 1935 and 1936; i.mder the first an amoux:rb
not to exceed S4,880.000.000 was appropriated
and under the second, .$ 1,425,000 1 000.
The
President has lllll'de allocations of these funds
to the various agencies participating in the
Works Program, amounting, as of August 31,
1936, to $5,430,063,859.
Nearly one billion
dollars was allocated to the Federal Emergency Relief Administration for continuing
its relief aotivities until the new Works
Program was under way.
Allocations to the

WPA totaled a little over two billion dollars
while the CCC, the Bureau of Public Roads,
and the PWA. each have received approximately
one-half billion dollars.
Allooations to
other agencies have been made in smaller
amounts.
As of August 31, 1936, cheoks had
been issued to the amount of $3,940,351,932
against the total Works Program allocations.
Background of

the

Works Program

The genesis of a large scale and diversified work program is found in the relief
developments of the past several years. Outstanding among suoh developments was the
gradual widening of the area of governmental
responsibility for emergency relief aotivities whioh progressed, between 1929 and 1933,
from looal to State and finally to Federal
participation. Another important development
has been the trend toward work relief.
Some
comments upon these developments are neoessary to clarify the objectives and achievements of the Works Program.
Prior to the depression the relief problem centered primarily about the care of unemployables.
The increase in unemployment
which accompanied the business recession beginning in 1929 resulted in widespread demand
for relief of unemployment.
Despite the expansion of local relief and the inauguration
of State unemployment relief measures it was
recognized by the middle of 1932 that neither
State nor local governmental bodies could
cope with the growing relief problem. Federal assumption of part of the relief burden
came in 1932 with provision of $300.000,000

for loans to States and municipalities to be
used for emergency relief.
In May 1933 the
Federal Government expanded its relief activities by creating the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and authorizing grants to
States for relief purposes.
This step was
necessitated by the magnitude of the relief
problem which, as indicated by relief loads,
involved the oare in March 1933 of nearly
5 1 000 1 000 families and single persons, or a
total of 20,500 1 000 persons including dependents.
Subsequent Federal. aid has been provided under the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. the CiTil Works Administration,
and the Works Program.
The FERA at the outset accepted as a
desirable objective the extension of the work
relief movement that was already 1mder way in
many communities as a part of early State and
looal relief activities.
In oonsequence,
State emergency relief administration work
programs, financed largely by FERA grants,
were developed.
These programs recognized
the principles that work relief should be
sufficiently diversified to afford jobs suited to the workers' previous experience and
that relief projects should be genuinely useful to the community.
The operations of the
CWA in the winter ~onths of 1933-34 gave further impetus to a work program.
Employment
during thia period was allo provided under
the CCC and the PKA. HaTing these preoedmta,
the Worke Program was inaugurated in 1936.
With the inception of this program the Federal Government announced its intention of witndrawing fl-om the field of direot relief and
oonoentrating its energies on the problem of
providing work.

Projects of the Works Progress Administration

Certain fundamental factors have governed the selection of projects prosecuted
under the WPA. One primary consideration has
been to create jobs sufficiently diverse to
fit the varied abilities of from two to three
million employable persons in need of relief.
This required selection of projects in the
various communities which were adapted, as
far as possible, to the occupational training
Another factor was
of available la.borer s.
the necessity of using the available manpower on projects genuinely benefiting the
In
co11DUunities where they were sponsored.
some cases the work 1-s taken the form of constructing permanent buildings and other facilstructures
ities or reconditioning existing
and equipment. Although this work was highly
desirable, it could not have been performed
without the aid extended by the WPA. In other
oases projects have provided cultural opportunities to a large number of needy citizens.
Since practically all WPA projects are proposed and sponsored by local authorities, the
WPA undertakings serve both the needs and desires of the coJ1D11unities where they are operated.

ly skilled or technical labor to any oonsidable extent received little emphasis under
Most of the projects sethe WPA program.
lected for operation were necessarily of the
types which provide employment for large
numbers of unskilled workers. For this group
certain types of highway, road, and street
projects, conservation, public utility, sanitation and health, and recreational projects have been found suitable.

Since a large majority of all employable
workers on relief rolls are unskilled laborers, projects requiring the services of high-

Another group was composed of approximately half a million women who are heads of
With the exception of
relief families.

ltlmm

or

Although not nearly so numerous as the
unskilled group, a large number of skilled
and semiskilled workers were certified by
local relief agencies as eligible for emEmployployment under the Works Program.
by
provided
been
ment for these workers has
many of the types of projects listed above,
and more particularly by public buildings
projects.
Professional and technical persons composed another group of unemployed persons in
It is primarily for these
need of relief.
persons that white collar projects have been
instituted.

PlllSOIS JMPWD:D, BCDS, .&Bl> bRRlBG8

(If

WP.A. JIRODL'TS, Br

nn:s or

JIIIDJJL'ft

Saa!monthl.y Perlo4 ED41ng .&.,cut 15, 1936
(Subject to Rnidon)
Type of ProJeot
TOrJL

BiOw,ya, row, a4 atreeta
Pllbllo lnd.141qa

Pub u4 otlaer NOrNtioal faoll1tiea
Couenation

s_.

~

aD11

n11ar aWtt••

Airpffta ua4 "bar tnu,ortatioa

Wbite ool.lat"

Gooc18
SUlta.tln ..a mal.tlk
Mlaoell .-.... I/

v Iaol.111.. wan: cup.
4

Penou 'l3oYe4
ai-oeii
m
'-'--~™

2,282,654

100.0

817,836
219,211
233,973

35.8
9.6

96,201

191,V19
52,366
241.,0Pl.
290,777
69,883

69,337

10.3
<11.2
S.4

2.3
10.6
12.,
3.1
3.0

117,854,694

100.0

4.095,9'71

3<11.P

10,220,m
11,600,150
4»818,292
9,712,986
2,741,280

14,129, 515
16,212,().42
3,5'30,595
3,793,4Jl

S.7

9.8
4.1
a.2
2.3
12.0
13.8
3.0
s.2

~!fe

M#mt#iit
$59,6'e,157 100.0

18,732,282
6,430,163
6,660,889

2,386,217
5,050,267
1,418,728
9,119,760
6,565,550

1,518,04()
1,766.261

3le4
10.e
11.2
4.0
8.5
2.4
15.3
11.0
2.5
2.9

PIROIBUGZ DISTRIBU'l'ION or nm.otMl:NT, uom.s., .&lfD .r.&RHmGS
OR 1'P.l C(lfS1'ROOUON J.ND BON~S•.rRUc-rIUlf PROJJX:'TS

stllllan!tll,- Pllrlocl
(SUJeo~

'?ne •f

b41n, .l-qttat 15, 19'!6

v

Re-di.ion)

'".l!o'.!

'MW,

C'OHSTROCfION

Bew ConaV110tion
Hlfhw.Ta, road.a, an4 atneta
P1abllo buildinga
. , . . ~ an4 othsr utilitiea
s
other DAnr oonatraotion
Repain an4 '.Di44vtWA'h
roacla, &114 atreeta

n~,..,

hbllo nlld1ug11
and other utiliUea
Sner
othft- repair• ud improTwnta

.,..t_

N~IONI/

I/

,.., ..., .....t Bolll'S
100.0

100.0

72.0

69.3

so.,

2t.1

..,:1ne
l:

•

69o2
2806

..,

-m:o

-r.,

~

3.9

3.9

9.7

6.2
t.3

4.4
6.4

41..5

..0.2

10.2
C).6

l6.o

1!::i

'53'

4.9
2.1
8.5

4.6

6.6

2.0

e.z

2.2

28.0

,0.7

8.5

so.a

1936. Eighty-six percent of the
sp~nsors' funds are being spent for
materials-, ~upplies, altd equipment,
and other non-labor costs. Federal
funds are used predominantly ( 7 8
percent) for meeting payrolls. Out
of each $100 made available for WPA
projeots $36 goes for the repair
and construction of highway~ roads,
and streets, $13 for improvement to
parks and other recreational facilities, and $12 for work on public
buildings. Funds for sewer. systems
and other utilities projects, white
collar projects, and goods projects
accounted for $10, $9, and $8, reSmaller
spectively, of the $100.
amounts are being expended for conservation, sanitation and health,
and airport and other transportation projects.

rnolwiea wbite oollu- projeota, goocla projeota, foreat.tion,
health, 41.a~bution of 1-,,J.u OOIID041'1"•

.,.an1tau~ ...

women suited to employment on ,mite oollar
projects, their abilities were not such as
could be utilized to any considerable extent
on the types of projects mentioned above.
Consequently goods projects (for the most part
sewing projects) were initiated for these
workers.
Individual projects of each type included under the WPA program were selected not
only on the basis of their suitability for
providing the proper types of jobs but also
in view of other carefully considered factors.
These factors include the proximity of the
project site to the supply of relief labo~,
the proportion of total costs that sponso~s
were willing to assume, and the proportion or
Federal funds to be expended directly for
wages of persons in need of relief.
There was need also to make certain that
the work involved did not di splaoe regular
employees of local govermnental bodies, that
engineering plans for all oonstruction projects were sound, and that the work on all
projects in each community "Was ao scheduled
as to insure operation of a suffi•iently diverse work program at ,lll seasons of the year.
Local project sponsors and the Federal
Govermnent have provided funds jointly for
Sponsors
the operation of WPA projects.
pledged more than 18 percent of the estimated
cost of projeota selected through April 15 •

The emphasis that is being
placed upon the various types of
projects is indicated by the distributions of employment, hours worked, and earning~ &n WPA projects during the first half of
Au-gust 1936. Highway, road, and street projects account for about a third of the WPA program. A'pproximately 10 percent of total WPA
activity takes place on each of five types of
projects, i.e., public buildings, sewer systems and other utilities, recreational facilities, white oollar projects, and goods projects. The remaining types are substantially
less important.
The majority of the projects operated
under the WPA are of the oonstruotion type
which provided about 70 percent of total WPA
employment during the first half of August.
New oonstruetion acoounted for somewhat less
than half, and the remainder oonsisted of reHighway, road,
pair and improvement work.
and street work predominated among the construction projects, as indicated in the acnon-ooastruo ti on
The
compaJJying table.

ALL WPA PROJECTS
Wages & Salaries

Materials Etc.

WPA
Funds
Sponsors'

Funds

331.

671.

WATER FILTERS

,.

MOSQUITO ERADICATION

CLERICAL WORK

At Work on

HOT LUNCHES FOR
SCHOOL CHILDREN

CHEMICAL RES EA RCH

SEWING PROJECT

STADIUM CONSTRUCTION

FARM -TO -MARKET ROAD

WPA Projects

PUBLIC
BUILDINGS

NEW SIDEWALKS

FLOOD CONTROL

group consists for
the most part of
white collar, forestation, sanitation and health ,
and women's proj ects.

DISTRIBUTI ON OF HOURS WORKED ON WPA PROJECTS
By Types of Projects *

October 1935 to August 1936
POICltNT

PERCENT

100 - - - - - -~

90 -

~~~~

--:rr,.,.~~~---c7..,..,..,.-,---,.,.-:-:--;------:-,.:-:-:----,-,.,.,..,.-""'""'"'-c-c--

... ...

GOODS-MISCCLLAN[OUS--

· --:-:-:-:-: _;;:: ::::::::_

- -100

::::::::::: --:-:-:-:-:~ 90

SANrTATION & HEALTW-

80 -

AIRPORTS & OTN[~
TRANSPORTATION

80

The a ccompanyOTHDI
PARKS
70 AIECRUTIONAUing chart shows how
FACILITICS
the hour s worked
on differ ent t y pes
of WPA projects
SO dist r ibuted
were
40 during the period
: :::::::::-·::=: :::::: : : ::::::-::::::::::::~::::::::::--:[:::::::::~40
from October 1935
30 30
to August 15, 1936.
Not until December
20 20
1935 had the pr o10
10gram expanded to
in
quota levels
0
0-----JUN[
AUG
......
JULY
.....
occ
many states and,
1936
1935
as a result, the
In
credited
houn
of
number
small
relatively
a
Include
Hours
*
early distribution
addition to hours actually wortc.ed during the period.
among
of hours
di f ferent kinda of
highly skilled or technical workers were emprojects was influenced by the types of projWPA workers have
ployed on the projects.
ects given particular emphasis in those areas
during the operahour
per
cents
44
avera ~ed
where t 4e WPA program first got under way.
hourly earnhigher
The
tion o f the program.
One of these areas was New York City, where
on public
and
ing on whit e collar projects
park work has always occupied a leading posibuildin6 s projects (averaging 60 cents and
tio~, hence the early stress on this work in
55 cents, respect ively) may be attributed to
Another factor tendt he country's average.
the fact that large proportions of persons
ing to make early operations of the WPA proemployed on these types of work were skilled,
gram somewhat different from those of later
technical and professional workers and to the
months was the comparative ease vrith which
concentration of these projects in urban cencertain types of projects could be started.
t ers where higher rat es are paid.
Work which required less extensive planning,
and the use of a relatively small amount of
equipment and materials, could be initiated
.l'VEIUGE HOURLY J'.ARNINGS ON WP.l PRonx:TS,
BY T'YPl:S or PROJ'Jt'TS y
Thus, after the drive to provide
promptly.
highon
employment
\'IPA jobs during November,
October l, 1935 to .lU,.t 15, 1936
way , road, and street projects represented a
(SuJec,t to Rrrieion)
greater share of the total WPA program than
Affr'&te
during subsequent months.
&

:

:.:.:::P-1-1- . . .
I I I I
. ·1
I I I I I I
I :I I I ... I I

OCT

NOY

White collar, goods, and publ i c buildin importance
ings projects have increased
since the early months of the program. These
increases have come about mainly as offsets
to the e nrly over-emphasis accorded highway,
road, and street projects and conse rvat ion
work.

8

APA

....

Hourly

Type of Projeot

Earning■

(cent■ l

Higlnaya, roa.41, an4

Publlo

■ tNet■

39.2
55.3

bui14ing■

Pu-a u4 o ~ NCD"a.tional

faoilitie■

Con■ enatiOll

Sewer

■y■ teaa &D4 othar utiliUe■

ilrport■

Average hourly earnings of persons empl oyed on WPA projects varied among the t ypes
of proje cts according to their concentration
i n regi ons of high or low prevailing wage
r at es and according to the extent to whi ch

I I II II
I I I

-----I

an4 otber

tran■ portation

White ooll&r
Gooda

Sanitation and health
Mi ■oellauou

!/ boluahe

of 'llm"k camp■•

51.1
41.6
"'5.4
-16.7
60.2

36.4
36.2
4().5

WPA Highway,

Road and Street Projects

The most important among
the various activities carried out under t~e WPA program is the work being done
to
improve
the co\llltry•s
thoroughfares.
Projects of
this kind, while improving
transportation facilities in all parts of the
country, also serve particularly well in providing suitable jobs for a large number of
persons in need of relief.
Not only because
of their universality and their capacity to
use available relief labor, but also because
of constant demands from the public for improving and extending highways, roads, and
1treets, these proj ects have been stressed to
the extent that they account for well over a
third of the total WPA progr811l. In giving
e,cpression to popular demands, local public
a.dsninistrative bodies entrusted 'with road and
atreet work have sponsored a wealth of projects that are intended to serve local needs.
The projects chosen for operation from this
group are for work on both primary and secondary roads, on streets, alleys, and sidewalks,
and on roadside improvements , bridges end vi•
aducts.

ed by many local governmental bodies because
of inadequate funds.
Roads were of'ten in
poor condition, streets had become rutted and
,rorn, and many bridges were in serious need
of repair.
Through failure to remove sharp
curves and dangerous grade crossings, the
public was subjected to inconvenience and
danger.
Work to alleviate these conditions,
begun under the CWA and carried on under the
FERA, is being continued under the Works fro&ress Administration.
Roadc and streets are
being drained and resurfaced and new macadam
or bituminous surfaced streets are being constructed in sections hitherto served only by
dirt roads.
Markets are being made more accessible to farmers and other rural citizens
through
improvements to secondary roads.
Brush, fallen rook, and earth are being removed from roadsides.
Sidewalks and curbs
are being constructed and bridges and via•
ducts are being reconstructed or replaced by
safe modern 1tructure1.
To a limited extent
grade crossings are being eliminated through
relocation of roads or construction of underpasses or overpasses.

The need for the WPA highway, road, and
street program is in no small measure due to
the fact that during the early years of th$
depression these facilities had been neglect-

The farm-to-market road aspect of tho
program, which comprises about a third of all
the road and etreet work undertaken, involv~s
a variety of improvements to the dirt roads

Ki11ds

of Projects

lllOBWAY
IKPROVDEHT

distribution, as in
the
case of a projBy Counties June 30, 1936
ect in Florida. A
minor portion
of
the secondary road
work is being performed
on gravel
and macadam roads.
In all cases the
activity
is concerned with conditioning and reconditioning roads for
motor travel. Heretofore, automobiles
and
trucks
have
been of
limited
value to farmers in
many localities because the modern,
Counties In which operation of one or more
low-slung motor ve•
STREET & ALLEY prolKto
has bNn unclertak.n
hicle
cannot
be
driven successfully
of the country.
Sometimes this road work
over soft or deeply rutted roads.
consi st s merely in fillin g in hollows which
do not interfere vn.th travel under normal
Street improvement projects account for
about a fourth of the funds being spent on
condit i ons but render roads impassable in
t he entire highway, road, and street program.
rainy weather. In other instances projects
call for grading and leveling to remove ruts
Such projects include the widenine; of streets
and low places and insure better drainage.
to relieve traffic congestion and provide
In this connection, drainage ditches freadded parking space, the removal of abandoned
quently must be dug.
Dangerous curves have
streetcar tracks, and the replacement of
been removed from· IllNlY roads by WPA projects
rough cobblestone paving with even-surfaced
involving excavation and haulin g of earth and
concrete and asphalt. In extending the benestone to other sections of roads which need
fits of paved streets to new or neglected
neighborhoods, the WPA is cooperating with
filling in.
Of'ten r~ad beds are elevated to
sponsoring municipal departments whose reguimprove drainage and raise the level sufficiently to keep the road free from snow in
lar function is to ple.n and carry out these
winter.
On some projects gravel or macadam
improvements.
As a general rule the work is
is added to the surface, while on others the
being coordinated with the activities of
dirt surface is retained but put in
good
o~her city deofl..rtments.
Before a street is
condit ion .
WPA

STREET

PROJECTS

Frequently , excellent materials to provide a hard surface are found near at hand.
On roads being improved near the seacoast,
for example, shells and marl are used. On
inland roa1s, rocks available from nearby
farms are broken up with sledge hamners,
hauled away, and run through crushers to provide cr uP~e d stone for road surfaces.
Workers on some project s are also removing hedges
from rights-01·-way and building fences along
the most dangerous banks.

In some instances the secondary roads
from mines (rather than farms) to mar•
kets, as in certain sections of West Virginia,
or from coastal fishing waters to centers of
lead

lO

.ASPHAI.f SURFACDIO

resurfaced or a new pavement laid, all necessary sanitary and storm sewers a.re put in ~
that the new surface will not have t o be torn
up later. Wherever possible, materials
are
salvaged when streets are torn up to make way
fryr new boulevards. Old concrete pavement is
frequently broken up and used in foundatioM
for macadam surfaces.
Improvement of alleys
in urban residential areas by WPA workers ii
rendering garages more accessible, facilitating deliveries of merchandise, and insuring
more sanitary drainage.

1Iomta .&1ID IAUDICS OJr wP.1 HI<JIUT, ROAD
JJm S'l'RJ:llr PROJ'IL"l'S

J:mlwlln, .14miniatrat1 ff :Dapl.O)'oe1

Ootober 1935 b

3'a:q 1936

(SOJoot to am11oa)

.lwnf;
Ro'IJI'
Monih
TO'llL

~--

Hours
!Thouaancl•l

larnillg1

11t.rn1.ng1

(!houaancla) (Cents)

976,684

$380,1A6

38.9

26,862

38.0
37.7
37.3

1935

Employment and E•nings

For four months last winter more than
11 000,000 men were employed by the WPA on
highway, road, and street projects. About a
third of these worked on fann-to-me..rket roads
and a firth on streets and alleys.
Subsequently employment fell off, with the result
that in July about 776,000 persons were at
work on the combined group of projects,
and roughly the same proportion applied to
the distribution of workers among the different types of projects as ~xisted during the
winter.
During the first half of August the
number increased to nearly 818,000 persons
s ince a large proportion of the emergency
dr ou 6ht cases were furnished employment on
road pro j ects.
The State having the largest number of
WPA workers on highway, road, and street

proj ects during the first half of August was
Pennsylvania, with approximately
143,000.
Nearly 67,000 were employed in Ohio, a little
over 67 1 000 in Illinois, almoat S3,000 in
Michigan, about 31,000 in New York City, and
30,000 in Indiana. With respect to the vari-

NoTelber

61,157

10,208
23,037

DeoSllbG'

116,653

43,1560

1936
January

130,364

48,313
49,033

!7.1.

49,684
42,806

38.6
39.2
40.6
-41.0

February
Mt.l"Qh
April

130,948

June

128,617
109,321
97,172
91,242

Juq

84,348

way,

39,422
37,433
36,6e0

37.4

43.5

ous State WPA programs as a whole, North Dakota and West Virginia were employing the
largest percentage of their workers on highway, road, and street projects. North Dakota's total represented nearly 70 percent of
its aggregate employment>and West Virginia•~
approximately two-thirds.
other States employing more than half of their workers on
the road and street program werea
Kentucky,
Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Maine, and Arkansas.
Farm-to-market road projects were
being stressed in Arkansas , Maine, North Dakota, South Dakota, Tennessee, and West Virginia, all of which gave employment to more
than a third of their workers on this type of
project a, oompared to 12 percent in the
oountry as a whole.
Street and alley projeots were emphasized particularly in Conneoticut, Maryland, and Michigan, which were employing 13.4 peroent, 20.6 peroent, and 16.l
peroent, respectively, of their workers on
street construction and repair work while the
number of persons employed on that type of
project throughout the oountry represented
7.6 percent of all WPA employees.
Average hourly earnings on highway.
road, and street projects ranged from a low
rate of 37 cents during December, January,
and February to a high of 45•6 oents in the
first half of August (see above table and the
table on page 134). The trend has been steadily upward for every month in the present year.
On secondary road projects earnings were lowest, averaging from 30 to 39 cents per hour.
while on street and alley work the rate in-

11

creased fr om 41 cents in December 1935 t o
Workers on
nearly 50 cents in August 1936.
grade-crossing elimination, who repre sented a
very minor portion of the employees on highway, road, and stree t projects, received the
highest hourly pay, avera ging 57.4 cents per
ho ur during the first half of August.
The total e stimated cost of highway,
road, and street projec ts selected for operation in the United States through April 15

Highways Roads & Streets
Wages & Salaries

Materials Etc.

WPA
Funds
Sponsors'

Funds

37Z

631.

was a little over $528,500,000, or 36 percent
of the estimated cost of all WPA proje ct s.
Farm-to-market roads accounted for 32 per~en t
of this tota l; streets and alleys f or 27 per~ent ; roadside i mprovement for ll percent;
sidewalks, curbs, and r~ths for 3 percent;

bridges aI,d viaducts for 3 percent; highways
for 2 percent; grade-crossing elimination for
less than 1 percent; and projects classifiable under more than one of the above headSponsors' funds comings for 22 .percent.
total estimated cost
the
of
percent
22
ised
pr
Sixty-three percent
undertaken.
of the work
was to be expended
sources
of funds from all
ab or and 37 percent for other costs,
for
About 71 pe rcent of the estimated total cost
re present ed re pair s and improvements, and 29
pe r cent re presented new construction.
Expendi ture s for materials, supplies,
and equi pment for use on highway, road, and
s t r eet proj e cts amo unted to about ~\ 71,000,000
apt hro ugh August 1936 . This repres ented
proximate ly one-third of the amount expended
for this purpose on all WPA projects from
both Federa l and sponsors' funds,

In addition to the road and street work
being carried on by the WPA, projects of a
similar nature are be i ng prosecuted throughout the United States and its Territories by
such Federal agencies as the Bureau of Public
Roads, the National Park Service, and the CiThese activities
vilian Conservation Cor ps .
are de s cribed in an ensuing section of t his
r eport.

Public Buildings Projects of the WPA

Of all industrief in the
United States , the building
industry was probab ly most
severely hit by the depresover
Consequently,
sion.
and semi400,000 skilled
skilled workers in the buildfound on relief rolls at
were
ing industry
These inthe beginning of the WPA program.
carbricklayers,
as
cluded such persons
electricians,
penters, cement finishers,
painters, plumbers, truck drivers, and sheet
To provide employment for
metal workers.
this group, an e xtensive program of repairs
and construction of public buildings was inIn addition to misaugurated by the WPA.
cellaneous repairs, painting, and renovating,

12

this program includes more extensive activities s uch as improvements to electrical v.riring systems, elimination of fire hazards,
modernization of water, heating, and sanitation systems, constr uction of schoolhouses,
and additions to existing structures.
administrative
In some communities,
b uildings s uch as the city hall, the courthouse, or the firehouse were in urgent need
of repair, modernization, or replacement. In
one city the number of tubercular patients
requiring care necessitated construction of a
sanitarium for their proper treatment; in
still another the library had grown too small
for the demands placed upon it. School facilities were in s ome instances inadequate for

the increased enrollment.
The erection of
oommunity centers with social and recreational facilities also was reco gnized as a means
of integrating community life and of providing socially desirable activiti es f or y OUIJ?,

sohool only part time or were housed in tempo rary str uctures and condemned buildings beoause of i nadequate faciliti es.
To provide
accommodat ions f or such pupils, as well as to
improve existing equi pnent , extensive school
WPA EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS PROJECTS
building operations
were undertaken by
By Counties
June 30, 1936
the WPA in every
Stat e of the Union,
both in urban centers and in
rural
areas.

----

C--.. Ill wllidt ooeratlon of

■ EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS

OfM Of'

more

projodo

people.
other pr ojects involve the i mprovement of grounds on which public buildings are
located.
Of the several types of public building
work, projects f or the repair and construction of schools have been most frequently requested because of the continual increases in
enrollment an d t he deterioration of existing
school facilities.
It has been estimated
that in 1932 about 2,700,000 pupils attended

Illustrating
one kind of work
being carried
on
under this phase of
the publ ic buildings pr ogram is the
const r uction of a
two-st ory
modern
"little r ed schoolhouse II i n t he eastern part of Maryland to repl ac e a
dilapidated wooden
structure built i n
1876 and long considered unsafe. For 10 years the local comity board of education had sought uns uccessfully to obtain the funds needed to remedy
this situation.

-··~---~- ....

To keep the costs of the school buildings at a minimum the materials used in construction are manufactured, wherever poss i ble, by the WPA workers themselves. In a few
cases bricks were made, but more of'ten native
stone or logs out from adjacent 190odlands
are used as the basic construction material .
In one instance in eastern Colorado material
ca.me from a quarry located nearby from which
chalk-white stone oould readily be out with a
power saw.
Special types of improvements to schools
include the installation of new blackboards,
modern electrical fire alarm systems, refinishing desks and furniture, and covering dilapidated walls with fabricated wallboard.
As a result of these and other major structural improvements. the life and usefulness
of buildings have been prolonged. Modernization of some old buildings and replacement of
others. in addition to providing work for the
lQoal unemployed, have resulted in r aising
educational standards.

WPA GYMNASIUM

In addition

to

grade

and

secondary

schools, the educational buildings program is
improving the physical equipment of schools
for the blind and deaf, as well as of public
colleges, universities, and museums .

Particular emphasis has been placed on
the school buildings program in New Mexico
where nearly 15 percent of the total employment is provided on educational bui ldings as
compared with 3 percent for the
country as a whole. In Kentucky and
Maryland approximately 8 percent of
the workers were employed on educational buildings.

Hours and Earnings

Employment

During the semimonthly period
ending August 15, repairs and construction work on public buildi~gs
10.000.000 man-hours of
provided
employment, of which almost a third
were utilized on educational buildings• About a sixth of the total employment
was devoted to work on social and recreatione.l buildings, over an eighth ix> improvement of
grounds around buildings. and work on administrativ.e buildings accounted for approxiMost of the remainder was
mately a tenth.
spent on oh.aritable, medical, and mental institutions, Federal buildings, and housing
projects.

Work on public buildings has provided
between 7 percent and 10 percent of the employment on all WPA projects since the incepof
The number
tion of the Works Program.
intype
this
of
projects
on
persons employed
creased rapidly during the autumn months of
1935 until almost 200.000 were at work in December. After reaching a peak of nearly
Earnings of WPA workers on all types of
250.000 workers in March 1936, employment debuildings averaged about 63 oents an
publio
The 219,000 workers emolined gradually.
hour during the half month, or 12 cents more
ployed on public buildings projects during
than the average for all WPA projects. This
the first half of August represented 10 perD!P1,0m:NT AHD HOURLY ~GS ON WPJ. PUBLIC BUIU>IROS
cent of all WPA workers.
PROJlrl'S, BY 'l'YPJ:S

or

BUILDINGS

The relative importance of
Zmluding .Aanim.1tratiff 11Dployeo1
work on public buildings in the
Seawnonthly Period lnding J.uguat 151 1936
various State WPA programs has
Although
varied oonsiderably.
(Subject to Re'rls1on}
the number of persons employed on
l'ftftge
building projects during the SEl!liHourly
Bm.liiat
of
Type
monthly period ending August 15
P.-1ou
R•Gi eroeii\ (Cata
represented about 10 percent of
28
as
all WPA workers, as muoh
TO'UL
219,2ll 100.0
62.9
peroent of the employment under
11.0
~1tratiT11
24,076
71.4
New York's WPA program was providChari table• 11111dioal, and
Nearly a
ed on suoh projects.
8.3
mental inst1tutiona
76.0
18•240
6:,.7
32.6
J:d:aoational
71,461
fourth of the workers in New Mexi34,498
15.7
Social and reoreat1onal
57.6
co and 19 percent in Arizona were
J'ederal GoTen111ent ( 1.nemployed on this type of project,
e.1
oluding military and :naff.l)
17,700
63.6
Impronment of ground,
13.3
29,208
48.5
while approximately 16 percent of
Houa:l.q
8,730
4.0
61.8
the workers in Louisiana, .Maryother y
1.0
15,298
69.3
land, Florida, South Carolina• and
At the
uta.h were so occupied.
!/ Iaol.udea projGOta olauitiable under more than oae of the
other extreme, public buildings
h-aiags above.
projects in Oregon and Maine furnished work for less than 3 percent of all
higher wage rate is due principally to the
large proportion of skilled and teohnioal la•
pereons employed on the WPA program in those
States.
bor used on public buildings projeots and the

!J!!c>r" lanli:f•

relativaly high wages prevailing in the con..
struction industry.
Awrage hourly earnings
varied on the different types of buildings
according to the proportion of highly trained
workers employed, and the concentration of
the projects in regions of high or low prevailing we.ge rates. The highest average we.ge,
76 cents per hour, was paid to workers on
buildings for charitable, medical, and mental
institutions, while the workers receiving the
lonst average earnings were those employed
on improT9118nt of grounds around publ i c
buildings.

buildings progrUl.
Sponsors ot these proj•
ects agreed to supply almost 28 peroent of
the required oosts.
A like proportion was
provided by sponsors of buildings tor social
and recreational purposes which, froa a cost
standpoint, comprise about 16 percent of that
of all public buildings.
Administrative
buildings and those for ohari table, medioal,
and
ntal inati tutions are the only other
types that represented more than 10 percent
of the cost ot all public buildings.
Sponsors' funds on all these types averaged nearly 23 peroent.

The estimated cost of the 13,325 lfPA
public buildings projects seleoted for operation as of April 16 amounted to nearly $168,000,000 (roughly 12 percent of the total val-

The publio buildings program not only
provides direot employment but also makes a
substantial oontribution to general industrial reoovery because of the large quantities ot building materials used.
Industries
partioularly benefited are those manufaoturing lumber, bricks, cement, tile, oonorete,
and heating, plumbing, and electrioal equipment. Through August 1936 expenditures for
materials, supplies, and equipment used on
buildings projeots 8lll0unted to nearly $41,000,000, of whioh 68.3 percent oame from Federal and 41.7 peroent from sponaors' funds.
These expenditures represen~d 19 peroent of
total WPA purohases of :ma.terials, supplies,
and equipment.

p u I, I i C
Materials Etc.

;JWPA

Builcl

•
In

9 S

W... &Salaries

Funcll

Sponsors'
Funds

371.

631.

ue of all WPA projeots), or an average oost
per projeot of $12,680. Repair work, amounting to approximately $95,000,000, constituted
57 peroent of the estimated oost.
More than 6,000 of the projects seleoted
were for eduoational buildings, estimated to
cost approximately $60,000,000, or in exoess
of one-third of the oost of the entire publio

Public building acti Ti ties with Works
Program funds have been conducted by a number
of other Federal agencies during the past
year.
These include construction and improvement of public buildings (particularly
school buildings) and housing projects. Detailed discussions of the Works Program operations of these agencies appear in a subsequent section.

A Rn BRICX SCHOOL REPLACBS TBB OLD

l&

WPA Sewer System and Other Utility Projects

past year
During the
~ommunities in all parts of
the country have been enabled
by emergency relief funds to
improve their sewer systems
and other public utilities
and at the same time work has
been provided for the unemployed. Activity
of the WPA in the public utility field has
made possible the correction and replacement
of faulty systems in urban areas and has enabled townships and rural communities to modernize their f acilities. Serious health menaces have been eliminated through some of the
projects; through others, a more ample water
supply for fire protection has been assured
in localities where it has been inadequate.
Hundreds of dollars have been saved taxpayers
through the discovery and repair of leaks in
the main water lines.

to

prevent

the

fl ooding

of

Public utility projects constitute about
a tenth of the entire WPA program. They consist of construotion and improvement of water
purification and supply systems, sewer systems, and electric power generation and distribut1 on facilities.

The replaoement of a 67-year-old sewer
in the center of the business s ection of
Ut ica, New Yo r~, is one of the types of sewer
Since the insystem work done by the WPA.
stallation of the original system in 1869,
many buildings hav~ been erected in the vicinity with their cellars below the l evel of
the old pipe line, necessitating r epl acement
of the line at twice the original depth.
Plans calle , or six weeks' operation, but in
order not to hinder business undul y it was
decided to prosecute the project continuo usly
in three 8-hour shifts by the use o f flares
and electric lights. This procedur~ r es ul t ed
in less than a week's delay to t raff ic in
Six fe et below the
that congested section.
surface. platforms were erected on which to
load dirt temporarily before bringing it to
Pipes were placed, manthe street ~evel.
holes were constructed so that lat era l outlets could be connected, and the trench was
backfi lled carefully in order that the top
dressing could be spread with minimum delay.
The project was completed at a cost o f $3,986,

CONSTRUCTION OF A SEWERAGE DISPOSAL PLANT

FOUNDATION FOR A RESERVOIR

Sewer Systems
Construction and repair of sewer systems
represent about two-thirds of the cost of all
Work on sewer
WPA public util ity projects.
rectificaleaks,
of
systems includes repair
of
clearance
tion of i.rr,proper drainage,
sewer
of
ditches and sto:n:i sewers, extension
lines, installation of manholes t o allow for
more efficient f lushing, and construction of

16

storm sewers
streets.

several hundred dollars less than
estimated.

or iginally

Water Systems
Projects involving construct ion and improvement of water purification and supply
systems represent nearly a fourth of the total estimated oost of WPA public ut ility
projects. The scope of these project s var ie s

from the extension of existing systems to the
design and construction of complete new systems with pipe lines, pumping stations, end
reservoirs.
One small township in West Virginia was
recently faced with the problem of obtaining
a new source of water supply.
A mining company a short distance away had provided water
for the town for many years at the high average rate of $2.50 per 1,000 gallons.
Water
scarcity caused by drought resulted in the
mine's refusal to renew the water contract.
Consequently the town arranged to obtain a
plentiful supply at a nuch lower price from a
neighboring oity which has a large water
plant and a good water supply. Ple.ns are now
under way for the laying of 19,500 feet of 3inoh water mains to connect the town with the
new source of supply.
The townspeople have
raised the fl,850 required in addition to the
$12,547 which the WPA will expend on the
project. Completion of this project will result in a permanent supply of good water and
a large saving on water bills.

work as gas development.
About 6 peroent of
the total estiJ'llated cost of all public utility projects is to be expended on this group.
Employment and Earnings

Although some public utility projects
had been started by the end of August 1936,
this phase of the program did not get well
under way until November.
The peak in employment, totaling about 274,000 persons, was
reached in the early spring of 1936 and has
been followed by a gradual decline.
During
the two weeks ending August 16, approximately
192,000 persons were working on WPA public
utility projects.
Persons working on sewer
systems aooounted for 72 percent of this total; those employed on water purification and
supply systems constituted 21 percent. Electric utility project employees accounted for
only 2 percent and the miscellaneous group
for about 6 percent of this employment.

The 192,000 persons employed on public
utility projects during the first half of
August 1936 represented approximately 8 perOther Utility Projects
cent of the workers on all WPA projects.
Projects of this type were operating in every
Electr~fication projects, representing
State of the Union but their relative impornot quite 2 percent of the total estimated
tance in the various State WPA programs vaoost of all WPA public utility projects, inried ~onsiderably.
In six States - Georgia,
.Maryland, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York (exclusive of
DifPLODo1lm .ill> HOORLY J'.AR~ ON 'WPJ. S!WER SYSTIM
.&HD O'tHm U'.rn.?r'Y JROJJX,"TS, JJ'l TYPES or PROJIX:'l'S
New York City), and Rhode Island
- and in the District of ColwnJ:IDW!Dg .lalninratiTe lblployHa
bia, suoh projects constituted
Smdll»n~ Perio4 Ja41ng .A,agut 151 1936
a much greater portion of the
program than in the country as a
(SubJec,t to Rnbion}
whole, more than 16 peroent of
.ATC1r&ge
the workers being employed on
Hour~
Type ot ProJeol
utility projects
in
eaoh of
Peraou
HIDHr
ero
these States.
In eight other
States - Arizona, Arkansas, Mia!O!&J.
l91,979 100.0
!52.0
siss i ppi, Nevada, New Mexico,
1'ater parifleatioa m4 npp~
21.2
4'0,667
51.9
North
Dakota, Oregon, and Ten..._. .,..tau
138,305
12.1
!52.0
nessee - however, the construcEl.eotrio flilltiea
4,215
z.1
57.2
OtbHY
8,792
tion and improvement of ~ublio
-48.9
•.e
utilities
received relatively
little emphasis, employment of
If bobllea JIID.teol• ola■ ai.t1ab1e Ull4er- more than OM of the
h~••w•
this type amounting to less than
3 percent of the State total.
volve the construction of generating plants
or the ereotion of transmission and distribuA total of $6,060,000 was paid to lfPA
tion lines.
public utility employees for 9,713,000 hours
of 1'0rk during the aemunonthly period ending
Miscellaneous utility projects are ma.de
August 16, resulting in an average hourly
up of combinations of the three ma.in types,
wage rate of 62 cents ae compared to 60.6
but also include isolated instances of
suoh
cents for all WPA workers.
The 1VOrkere on

~13:f rc=f•

lT

electric uti lities were paid the highest av•
erage rate, s lightly more than 67 cents per
hour, due largely to the greater propor tfon
of skilled and technical workers employed.
The table on page 17 shows the average earnings for persons employed on each type of
pl'vject.
The estimated cost of WPA public utility
pro j ects selected for operation through April
or
16 totaled approximately $145,000,000,
projects.
WPA
all
of
cost
the
of
10 percent
respons ibi l i ty for
Sponsors have assumed
nearly one-fourth of the cost of all public
utility projects but have underwritt en a larger proportion of the cost of water pur ification and supply system projects than of the
weal sponsors supply a large
other types.

Sewers & Other Uti lities
Material Etc

Wages & Salaries
Funds
WPA
Sponsors'
Funds

401.

~

•

4

601.

part of the materials, supplies, and equipment necessary for the prosecution of public
utility construction projects, thereby permitti ng the greater proportion of Federal
Through Aufunds t o be expended for labor.
gust 1936 the value of materials, supplies,
and equipment used for WPA public utility
pr oj ects amounted to approximately $34,000,000, or 16 percent of the total of such costs
for a ll WPA projects.
In addition to constituting an important
portion of the WPA program, public utility
projects also form a significant part of the
work under the Non-Federal Division of the
Water system
Public Works Administration.
number, while
in
greatest
projects ar e the
oonstruction projects for sewer systems involve the greatest expenditure among the pubthis
prosecuted by
lic ut i lity projects
agency. That phase of the WPA public utility
work which consists of electric power generat ion and distribution finds some parallel in
the work of the Rural Electrification Adminextend
istration which 1a attempting to
the use ot electrioity in rural areas. (Subreport discuss
sequent sections of this
these PW.A and Rural Electritication activ•
i ties).

WPA Conservation Pro;ects

In keeping with t he general recognition of t he need
for conservation measures , a
group of projects has been
included in the WPA program
whose objective is t hat of
protecting and developing the
national resources as well as preventing, in
some measure at least, the destruction and.
loss so o:f'ten associated with floods and
The need for the latter kind or
drought.
conservation work has been reemphasi zed by
The work
experiences of the current year.
that has been done to alleviate the distre8s
and loss following in the wake of r ecent
floods and drought is noted elsewhere in this
section, in the discussion of emergency flood
The WPA has also insti•
and drought relief.
tuted projects which tend to prevent the re-

18

currence of serious damage. These activities
are included within the conservation group in
addit ion to other work equally constructive
though less dramatic.
The conservation group of WPA projects
constitutes about 5 percent of the entire WPA
diversified
program and covers a fairly
field . Irrigation and water conservation,tol' estation, erosion control, land utilization,
plant. crop, and livestock conservation and
similar activities undertaken by WPA work
projects all contribute generally to the conservation of natural resources and in lllflllY
i nstances are specifically operated as measures for reducing possible future destruction by floods and drought.
In some areas,

control

of

floods

and

prevention of loss from drought are closely
loss of livestock during floods.
The cities
interrelated .
of Indianapolis , IndianaJ Augusta, GeorgiaJ
Dams built in streams to hold
water baok during the spring also provide
and Springfield, OhioJ are being
provided
storage basins.
The water may be used later
with greater protection against floods through
for irrigation or, as is more o..f'ten the case
the construotion or strengthenin g of miles of
in the smaller tmdertakings , it becomes a redikes along the rivers that flow within or
serve water supply for cattle end other aniadjoining their botn1daries.
mals during the dry season. Such a dam, being oonstructed on Valentine Blood Creek in
In addition to this kind of work a misMontana, will impound a sufficient reserve
cellaneous group of projects is being operasupply of water to serve the needs of grazing
ted in various parts of the OO\llltry for the
stook on the surrounding range during dry
conservation of plants, crops, and livestock.
spells.
Crickets, which menace alfalfa and wheat in
The effeot of this type of dam in
maintaining a more nonnal supply of sub-surIdaho, have been exterminated by the spraying
face water is also beneficial.
of fieldo with dust guns. Noxious weeds ha.ve
Trees and
grass are being planted, not only to prevent
been removed in many plaoes. In New Mexioo a
erosion and excessive run-off during
project has been devised to oheck the develrainy
seasons, but also to store
opnent of tent caterpillars,
up moisture as a reserve
a menace to forests.
Digagainst the dry days of
ger wasps
and
trachina
stmrner. This work i s being
flies, whioh are natural
stressed especially in Wisenemies of the tent oau}'.
consin. In addition to the
pillar, are collected
by
plantinb of trees, the work
field workers and propaincludes cutting dead timgated in laboratories . The
ber to reduce fire hazards
offspring will be released
and
improving
banks of
in forests next spring with
streams and lakes to prethe expectation that they
vent erosion.
In many rewill greatly
reduoe the
gions WPA work serves to
number of tent caterpil•
complement the terracing of
lars.
hillsides, the planting of
erosion-resi sting
vegetation, and the making of
Location of Projects
check-dams in creek beds
under the supervision of
PraO'tioally all of
the Soil Conservation Servthe States whioh haTe
a
ice and Emergency Conservalarge proportion of- their
tion Work with funds prototal program in ooDJlena~ CONSERVATIOH
vided
directly to these
tion
projects are looa~ed
II B'ORTH DAKOTA
agencies.
in the West
and Middle
West, where the need for conservation and
Land reclamation is frequently correlat·control of water resouroes
is greatest.
ed with flood control work.
Near Portland,
Washington is spending 17 percent of its
Oregon, for instance, a valuable farming area
f'unds on conservation work. according to H •
recently unused because of inadequate draintimatea of the value of projects selected
age and the ever-present threat of floods, is
for operation through April 16J Idaho and
being reolaimed through the clearing of the
Wiaoonain, 16 percentJ Colorado, 15 percentJ
Columbia River channel and the construction
California, 14 peroentJ and New Mexico, Oreof a levee along its banks.
Similar stream
gon. and Wyoming, 10 percent.
The bulk of
clearance and levee construction work is bethe funds in moat of theae states is being
ing carried on throughout the country.
In
spent on irrigat1on and water oonserva.tion .
Pennsylvania , especially, projects are being
prosecuted for relocation of channels to prevent flooding of large areas at high-water
Employment end E•nin91
periods and for construction of masonry walls
to confine flood waters within the channels.
In the early spring of 1936, when the
In the western States, banks are being ripemergency flood relief program was at its
rapped to prevent damage to fa.rm property and
height, more than 200.000 workers were listed

19

on payrolls of WPA oonservation projects.
Persons previouGly assigned to other types of
projects were transferred to flood relief
work during the emergency.
Since March,
marked reductions have ocourred with the result that in July and August approximately 95,000 persons were working on conservation
projects. The number of persons employed increased slightly to a little over 96,000 in
the first half of August, as indicated in Table
More then two-thirdsa!'
6 in Appendix B.
this number were at work on irrigation and
water conservation projects.
.Among the various States, during the
first half of August, the largest number of
HOURS J.HD liRHINGS OH WPA CXJNSJRVilIOJf PROJJL'TS

conservation projects during the first half
of August . This represented 4 percent of the
total hours on all WPA projects. Persons employed on conservation work averaged 49.5
oents per hour as compared to the 50.6 cents
per hour average on all types of projects.
The total estimated oost of all flood
control and other oonservation projects se-

Conserv ation
Wages & Salaries

Materials Etc.

WPA

Funds
Sponsors'

Funds

Ezolu41ng .umini1trathe !mployeea

2

71Z

Ootober 1935 to J'uly 1936
(SubJeot to Rm11on)

ATVa,W
Hour~
Mi:,nth

TO'liL
1935

~

NoTelllber
Deoember

1936
ianua.ry
February
M&roh

April
May
June
J~

J:arDing1
Houri
(Thouaands} ('l'hou11and1

l

Zand~•
(cent!..

139,283

$57,624

41.,4

3,382

1,112
3,302
6,516

34.6
38.6
40.l

7,373

40el
39.4

e,555

16,252

18,401
19,304
19,063
19,740
13,346
ll,309
9,931

1,6Cfl

7,998
8,432
5,738
4,873
4,618

42.0
42.7
43.0
43.l
46.5

persons, approximate ly 9,000, were employed
on conservation projeots in the State of
Pennsylvania.
California furnished work on
this type of project to more than 8,000 persons, and employment on similar projects in
Missouri, Ohio ,
Illinois,
and Wisconsin
ranged between 5,000 and 8,000.
WPA employees worked 4,818,000 hours

A CHANNEL THAT
PREVENTED
FLOODING IN THE
SPRING OF 1936

20

on

lected for operation in the United States
through April 15 was slightly more than $77,000,000, or 5 percent of the total for all
WPA projects.
Sixty-eight percent of this
amount was to be expended on irrigation and
water conservation projects, 10 percent for
erosion control and land utilization, 4 percent on forestation work, 3 percent for plant.
crop, and livestock conservation, and 15 percent for miscellaneous projects some of which
are classifiable under more than one of these
headings. Fifteen percent of the total estimated cost of all projects was to be paid for
by funds supplied by sponsors. Nearly 71 percent of the cost was to go for direct labor
payments, and a little over 29 percent for
other purposes.
Funds actually expended for
materials,
supplies, and equipment on flood control and
other conservation projects through August
1936 amounted to approximately $8,500,000, or
roughly 4 percent of the total expenditures
for these purposes on all WPA projects
throughout the country.

Emergency Flood Relief Under the WPA

In addition to operating
projeots speoti'ioally dl,signed
to preYent flood oonditions
or to oonserve water supplies.
the WPA has been active in
emergency flood relief work.
WPA funds have been used to
aid stricken communities in cases where unforeseen emergencies have arisen as a result
of flood damage. The services of WPA employees were utilized during peri ods of immediate
danger from floods, and thes e workers also assumed a large share of the burden of clearing debris and repairing damage after the
floods had subsidede

built.
Roads were cleared, regraded, resurfaced, and opened for traffic.

In the early summer of 1935, shortly after the WPA program had be en approved, the
first necessity for emergency flood activities arose.
On July 31, 1935, the President
allocated $5,000,000 t o the WPA for repair of
damage caused by the 1935 floods, and almost
befor e the flood waters had ebbed VlPA workers were busy clearing debris from homes,

During 1936 the activities of the WPA in
oonnection with emergenoy flood conditions
were even more extensive.
Preparations had
been made in advance of actual floods so that
the WPA was ready to act promptly when emergency situations arose.

EMERGENCY FLOOD RELIEF
public b"uildings, streets, and r oads. Dikes,
levees, and dams were strengthened and repaired.
In Jefferson and Arkansas Counties
in Arkansas, for example, 160,000 cubio yards
of earth were move d in restoring 3,600 linear
feet of leve e breaks. Bridges that had been
wrecked by floods wer& repaired wherever
practicab l e or replaoed if to o ba dly d~ed.
In Colorado 309 br i dges with a t otal length
of 26,600 linear feet were repaired or re-

In the stricken area of New York State
during the first days fo.llowing the floods,
roads were so impassable that local authorities had difficulty in reaching WPA offices
to submit applications for projects for repairing flood damages.
Water systems and
sewer systems required cleaning and repairing.
Debris had to be cleared away and immediate action was necessary to prevent development of unsanitary conditions and to
avoid the possibility of epidemics of contagious diseases.

In anticipation of flood conditions, imminent because of the unusually early thaw
following a severe winter, the WPA durini:; the
latter part of February 1936 requested its
State Administrators
to submit emergency
flood work projects wherever there was danger
of overflow. The President approved approximately $18,000,000 worth of the se projects on
February 29, 1936.
Such authorization did
not allocate new funds to the States, but
merely permitted the State Administrators to
use previously allocated funds for the prosecution of emergency flood control work should
this become necessary.
As flood conditions became serious in
the New England States, in Pennsylvania, and
in the Ohio valley, crews of WPA workers went
into action ~romptly and were engaged in a
wide variety of activities during the height
of the danger.
The first steps adopted by the WPA in
meeting the emergency conditions were: to
warn persons li vingin the path of the waters,
to move families,furniture,and valuables from
danger zones; and to cable and rope down
houses and small buildings to prevent the current from washing them away. In some localities WPA workers were sworn in as special police to aid in protecting life and property
and in directing traffic.
Dikes, sandbag

21

barricades,
end abutments were built or
strengthened to check the flood waters.
At
grave personal risk many relief workers took
a prominent and heroic part in rescue activities to save persons endangered or marooned
by the waters.
Food, bedding, and olothing have been
distributed to refugees through WPA surplus
commodity projects.
In the Ohio flood area
8,000 blankets and 6,000 mattresses were distributed in addition to thousands of pounds
of food .

In numerous other communities WPA workers were engaged in strengthening dikes and
dams, weighting down bridges with sandbags,
and related activities. By these efforts the
water was often prevented from reaching towns
and cities which otherwise would have suffered. In Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, as
many as 30,000 WPA workers were rushed into
the flooded areas, strengthening dams and
dikes, patrolling roads, and protqcting life
and property.
Even before many of the unfortunate residents could return to their homes, WPA workers proved themselves indispensable in clearing roads and streets of debris.
Then crune
the task of cleaning out public buildings and
homes. Wells and other sources of water sup-

Emergency

Drought

:in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, which had
been severely affected, 6,000 WPA employees
were set to work to clean up the city.
More
than 20 miles of streets were cleared of debris, nearly 100 tons of hydrated lime were
spread, and water we.a pumped from a great
number of cellars.
These measures successfully prevented the outbreak of post-flood
contagious diseases.
About t600,000 was
spent in Johnstown by the WPA in the removal
of waste.
As the waters receded throughout the
Northeast, tens of thousands of WPA workers
began reconstruction and rehabilitation work.
This work we.a confined to the reconditionin•g
and reconstruction of public property.
The total cost of emergency flood relief
operations through July 31, 1936, was slightly over 112,000,000.
Approximately $3,500,000 of this total was spent for emergency relief work following the flood of 1935. About
$5,250,000 was used for preparatory work and
emergency activities in the spring of 1936,
and $3,250,000 went for reconstruction activities following damage caused by floods in
the spring of 1936.

Relief

The flexibility of the
WPA in meeting emergency conditions and cooperating with
other agencies is further exemplified by the manner in
which the Federal
Government's forces were mobilized
to meet the situation engendered by the
drought of 1936. Continuous heat and lack of
rainfall were destroying crops at a constantly accelerating pace, and ravages of insect
pests such as the grasshopper and the Mormon
cricket contribut ed further to the general
crop destruction.
Thousands of farmers in

22

ply and sewers were reconditioned, end chloride of lime was used in order to make the
flooded areas sanitary and habitable.

the Great Plains
and starvation.

area were faced

with ruin

In response to this emergency the President formed the Inter-Departmental Drought
Committee, composed of representatives of the
Department of Agriculture, the Resettlement
Administration, the Works Progress Administration, and other interested agencies.
This
col!Dllittee was charged with the function of
coordinating and integrating the activities
of the various Federal agencies operating in
the drought area. The Department of .Agriculture Drought COlllllittee was established. Un-

der its immediate supervision the Department
of Agrioulture Drought Committee was given
the function of officially designating emergenoy drought counties, based on reports and
EMERGENCY DROUGHT

■

COUNTIES

COUN TI ES OES16Nt.TED BY DEPT.
Of t.OR ICULTURE DROUGH T CO M MI TTEE t.S EMER&(NCY OROU &HT
t.R[t.S .

S OU RC E - U 5 OEF'T OF t.G RI CU LT U RE

recommendations of direotors of State agricultural servioes and of representatives of
the Bureau of Agricultural Eoonomios.
The
determining faotor in making suoh designations was the need for emergenoy drought assistanoe on the part of a large proportion of
the farmers of a county. These designations
served as a guide to all governmental agencies providing aid to farmers in regions affected by the drought. By September 15, 1936,
a total of 1,149 oounties in 24 States had
been officially designated
as
emergency
drought counties.

Those persons too needy to be aided by
Resettlement Administration loans or grants
were oertified, generally by local relief authorities. for WPA employment. Speoial prooedures were devised to faoilitate this oertifioation and the
subsequent employment of emergenoy drought relief oases on
WPA projects. On August 1. less
than a month after the first
emergency drought oounties were
officially designated, nearly
38,000 oertified arought relief
oases were employed and working
on WPA projects.
By September 12, less than
three months after the first
county was designated,
over
170,000 certified drought relief cases T.rere being oared for
in the drought-stricken
areas
througn employment on all types of WPA projects, North Dakota and South Dakota re porting more than 30,000 drought oases each.
Victims of

Week b4illC September 12, 1936

(Sul>Jeot '\o Rmaion)

Taut

.Anauu
Colorado
Georgia

y

Illlno1 ■

Ion

:r.auu

rentuoq!f

Minnesota
Miaaouri
liloDtau

The WPA and the Resettlement Adrn1niatration cooperated in providing financial aid,
through direct relief or work relief, to
farmers in the emergency drought areas.
Local relief authorities in conjunction with
representatives of the WPA and the Resettlement Administration determined: (1) the need
of the persons affeoted by drought oonditiona,
and (2) whether the needy person oould best
be aided by Resettlement Administration loans
or grants, or by work provided on WPA projeots.

were as-

lmOOGR:i' AIPLODmff

State

The Department of .Agrioulture Drought
Committee also completed arrangements with
four large western railroads to reduc..o rates
on the shipnent of hay and other fodder into
the drought area.a. The reduoed rate on he.Y is
two-thirds of the nonu.l rate and the rate on
ooarse types of roughage one-half of the normal rate. These reduotions have been authorized by the Interstate Commerce Commission.

drought conditions

lrebruJr:a
HorihDabta

0111uma
South Carolha
South Dabta
Tonne ■ 11eo

'l'au

Vlrgin1a
11'boou1n

w,.s.ngy

tyi.u..w.nUnc
ror weJc

Total
ill

Agencies

llP.1.

188,34'8

170,~

3,803
2,353
3,300
2,803
4,218

7,Cl02
9,743

6,4'32
21,129
8,900

7,373
35,028
15,879

,.~
2,305
l,!580
2,803

4,187
7,002
9,267
6,24'2

19,355
7,707

Total
Mher

J.IODDiea

17,905

rn

43

l, 720
31
"81
190
l,T14
1,193

2,593
36,"'5

31,272
1-4,6-13
l, 736
3-4,UO

-476
3,756
1,236
8'57
2,~

320
82

37
12

283

2,.016
16,&46
1,818

6,897

2<2!/

16,-489

1,001

1,81-4 !/
357

817

SepteaiNr 11, 1936.

25

signed to projects which were already in operation or to new projects initiated with the
twofold purpose of providing additional employment in drought areas and of carrying on
work that would alleviate the effects of
Fann-to-market road projects, bedrought.
cause of their widespread distribut i on in rural areas and the fact that relatively unskilled labor could be used, offered a ready
means ot employing the largest proportion of
Thousands o f f ~
drnught-stricken fannera.
erG are being employed with their teams and
tractor s on f arm-to-market roads and conservation pro j ects.
EMERGENCY DROUGHT EMPLOYMENT
ON WPA PROJECTS

.... -

WNldy IIIWYllls,

JulJ 18, -

lept•1 .... 12, 1936

-

-

,, V

IN

V

-IN

V

v~
,/

100

.
•

~

.

1111.Y

!..-- i.---

-

.

19341

-

a

I

la

•

Approximately 70 percent of the certified drought relief oases empl oyed in Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin during the half month ending Augu st 31,
1936 , were working on farm-to-market roads.
About 15 percent were working on other high•
way, road, and street projects and 8 peroent
This distribution
on c onservation projects.
of workers varied somewhat among the differFor example, in South Dakota as
ent States.
many as 12.6 percent of the certified and employed drought relief caaea were wor king on
conservation projects.
Special emphasis, both in the operation
of previously approved projects and in the
init iation of new projects, has been placed
on water conservation work of all types. WPA
workers are busy building dams along streams,
constructing reservoirs, digging oammunity
wells, and carrying out other water conservation projects which were planned f or the
drought area following surveys made i n these
States.
When forest fires broke out in Wyoming
and other drought states , the WPA relie f laborer played a significant part in helping to

save both lives and property.
Besides prosecuting previously approved
pro j ects the WPA program was expanded by the
institution .o f new and useful water conservaFrom June 30, 1936, through
tion projects.
September 4, 1936, applications for 585 projects totaling $25,280,250 in Federal f'unda
were received by the WPA for the construction
of small oonorete dams, reservoirs, irrigation ditches, and other water conservation
undertakings in the emergency drought counOf the projects sul:mitted, 463 carrytie s.
ing a total Federal oost of $19,143,029 bad
been approved through September 4 , 1936.
These projects are part of a long-range water
conservation program which will dot the
drought area with small lakes and r eservoirs,
thus preventing water run-offs leading to
flood conditions, and stabilizing the water
supply in the dry seasons of' the year. Numerous weU. a.re also being dug to a i d in proOne himdred and
vidi ng an adequate supply.
five water conservation projects have been
submitted from North Dakota and mve been approved by the President since June 30, 193~
and 77 such projects have been approved for
operation in Oklahoma •

In addition to these water conservation
projects, 788 other applications have been
received for projects -suitable to the employment of farm labor in the drought counties.
The cost in Federal funds for these projects
Approval by the President
is $30,106,146.
has been given to 419 of these applications,
The
having a Federal cost of $13,899,501.
fact that approval has been given to less
than 60 peroent of these applications as compared with approval of more than 76 percent
of the water conservation projeots is indicative of the empha&is placed on water conservation in the drought area.
The first consideration of this program,
as in other emergency activities, has been
the preservation of health and the protection
of life and property. Food and clothing have
been furnished through the surplus commodity
projects of the WPA. Water has been supplied
by wells dug under WPA auspices and somet:imes
by truck into the
has even been carried
strioken area ■ •
Through September 16 the Resettlement
Administration had designated a total oftl4,296,436 for making loans and grants to farmer, who oould beat be aided in this manner.
By this date s.742 loans totaling $1,638,660

had been made for livestook, feed or for
quiol!Mliaturing forage crop seeds, and 96,216
grants for subsistence needs amounting to
$1,406,924 had been arranged.
The Resettle•
ment Administration he.s also provided for a
year's moratorium on all previous rehabilitation loans to individuals in the offioially
designated drought oounties, on evidenoe furnished by the borrower of a laok of oash resources.
Finally, the long-range land-use
adjustment program of the Resettlement Administration has been amplified in the drought
areas by projeots involving the purchase of
about four million acres of land at a cost of
almost $14,000,000.
The Agricultural Adjustment Administra•
tion cooperated in the drought areas by modifying the agricultural oonservation
program
so as to increase the production of food and
forage crops and to enable farmers in the
drought area to take advantage of the crop
income insurance features of the agricultural
conservation program.
This Administration was allotted $5,000,•
000 for the purchase of cattle at market
prices.
Purchases were restricted to cattle
originating in the drought area.
The cattle
were to be processed by private packing concerns under contract, and the meat was to be
turned over to the Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation for distribution to families
on relief rolls.
In contrast to the 1934
drought progr8lll special benefit payments were
not made to livestock growers.
This year's
program was designed to prevent demoraliza-

tion of cattle prices by the forced liquidation of livestock holdings in the emergency
drought area.

In cooperation with the Interstate Commerce CoDU11ission the AAA secured reductions
on freight rates for livestock shipped from
the drought areas to good pastures.
On an
outgoing shipment the rate was set at 85 percent of the normal rate and on the return
shipment at 15 percent of the normal rate.
This permits cattlemen to ship their cattle
to good pastures during the drought emergency
and have them returned with a 50 percent reduction in transportation costs.
Since early June the Federal Surplus
Commodities Corporation has purchased from
growers approximately 1,600 carloads of surplus food and feed for distribution to the
needy in the drought-stricken States.
The
Corporation also underwrote and supervised
the purchase of 7 to 9 million bushels of
small grains for seed purposes. This was accomplished with an advance to the Farmers National Grain Corporation of $10,000,000 by
the Farm Credit Administration.
A number of other Federal agencies operating projects under the Works Program in
the emergency drought areas expanded their
programs in these regions in order to employ
certified drought cases.
The Federal agencies employing the greatest number of drought
oases include the Soil Conservation Service,
the Forest Service, and the Btn"eau of Public
Roads.

J'OLY 29, 1936

IN THE DROUGHT AREA

26

WPA

Park

and Other

Recreation al

In order to improve recreational facilities of local
and State governments, the
WPA has entered upon an extensive program of developing
public parks, playgrounds,and
athletic fields and providing
swimming pools, bandshells, and similar physApproximately 11 percent of
ical equipment.
the total work done on all WPA programs has
been on projects of this kind. In some measure the recreational facility program represents an extension of work previously carried
on under the Civil Works Administration and
the Federal Emergency Relief Administration.
Projects initiated under these antecedent
agencies have, in certain instances, been
completed under WPA.

Kinds

of Projccb

Projects for the landscaping of parks end
the development of play areas are pertioularly
suited to WPA operation because of the low
Some
expenditures for materials required.
dethe
involve
which
projects
recreational
a
accomplish
areas
velopment of lakes in dry
twofold result since in addition to their recreational value they also are of importance
in the preservat1on of migratory bird life.
Besides projects of this kind, the heavier

•

26

CounliN In wtaldl operation of one or
more PARK pro)eeh
llu bMn undertak.n

Facility Projects

swimming
providing
construction projects
pools. bathhouses, stadia, and auditoriums
have been initiated when sponsors furnished a
substantial part of the materials necessary
to ·c onstruction.
A be.ndshell and outdoor amphitheatre
have recently been completed by the Works
Progress Administration in Toledo, Ohio, as
part of a general development program of the
Toledo Zoological Park which was started under the CWA and continued under the State
The bandshell was constructed entirely
ERA.
Among the other
of salvaged materials.
natural history
the
is
phases of this project
In
Park.
Zoological
the
work being done in
SooieZoological
Toledo
cooperation with the
ty, the VIPA assigned a staff of artists and
naturalists to construct 50 habitat groups of
natural' history subjects with appropriate
photographic or painted backgrounds and accessories. Each exhibit, the size of a small
traveling bag, will be complete with a glass
Infront for display and a table support.
teriors will be arranged to duplicate exactly
It will be
the environment of the subject.
possible to transport the entire display to
schools and museums for exhibitions.

Improvements are under way in Des Moines,
Iowa, for the elimination of the city dump
which covered a 26-acre tract and for the diversion of sewage
PROJECTS
PARK
WPA
which has been empBy Counties June 30, 1936
tying into the Des
Moines River within
limits.
the city
conditions
1'he se
have been a serious ·
public
menace to
Under the
health.
dumping
the
WPA
being
is
ground
transformed into a
with lawns,
park
flower gardens,bridle paths, a baseball diamond, tenboat
nis courts,
landing, and many
other recreational
facilities. Retaining walls are being
along
constructed

the river, and a dam will form a lake adjoining the park.
A tract of 90 acres located one mile
from Greenville, Illinois, at the intersection of two importan"t; highways, is being made
into a municipal park.
About 40 acres will
be lert in its present wild state except for
footpaths leading to picnic areas. Trees ~d
shrubs will be set along the shore line of a
lake, and driveways, parking spaces, tennis
courts, and an athletic field are to be added.

playground will include a girls' play area
containing two tennis courts, a basketball
court, a volleyball court, and roller skating
spac·e. For the boys there will be eight handball courts, three tennis courts, and areas
for basketball, volleyball, horseshoe pitching, and roller skating.
An enclosed area
for smaller children will be provided with a
wading pool, sand boxes, and play equipment.
A novel project was completed recently
by the WPA at the Indiana State School for
the Blind at Indianapolis. This is a rollerskating rink for the blind with an oval track
about one-firth of a mile in length and about
one-sixteenth of a mile wide.
The skating
surface is of concrete and is .about six feet
wide. Banked curves make it possible for the
skaters to detect the direction of the skating lane.
A majority of the students take
advantage of this recreational facility.
BOORS JJID ~ 01' 111'.1 P.&RI: JJID C7!BER
RJX:RD.TIOHAL 1 ~ PROJECTS

l:IDllllling .&aainietrat1Te Jmployee1
October

m, 1;o

~

1936

(SubJeot to Rm1ion)

Houn

Earnbg,

('?hou1an4; (Thoupmda}
TOUT,

292,572

$1-48,746

50.8

7,235

!51.9

193!5

STADIUM CONSTRUCTIONREINFORCEMENTS FOR SUPPORTING BE~

~
li>Tmtber
Deomtber

21,939
36,24'5

i!1rr
J'•brual'1

36,723
34,862

13,949

Maroh
.A.pr.1.1

34,551.
31,006

May

29,874
27,31A
26,109

J\me
~

11,083

50.!S

17,229

47-5

17,8&4
17,209
17,397
1!5,782

.WA
50.4

l!S,726

14,417
14,784

48.7
50.9
52.6
52.8
56e6

Employment end E•nin31
A swimming pool

36 feet by 81 feet has
been completed at the grammar school
in
Bowie, Arizona, by the WPA.
Two adobe briok
dressing rooms have been finished and a 700foot well has been dril led to supply water to
the pool as well as to irrigate the school
grounds.
The total cost was approximately
$12,000, of which the Federal allotment constituted slightly more than one half.
On an old reservoir site at Buffalo, New
York, a project for the construction of a
playground has been started by the WPA. The

Since the inception of the WPA program,
projects for recreational facilities
have
supplied over 10 percent of the total WPA employment. In September 1935 about 21 percent
of all WPA workers were employed on this type
of project.
The proportion decreased to 13
percent at the end of the year, and since
March slightly more than 10 percent of all
11PA workers have been employed on recreational projects.
By the

end of October more than 109,000

17

persons were working on recreat ional projects .
This total was more than doubled bt the end
of November and more than tripled when the
peak employment of 352,000 persons was reachBy the end of
ed at the end of the year.
this type of
on
d
April the number employe
mately 281,approxi
to
project had decreas ed
ed through continu
The decline
000 _persons .
16 the
August
by
out subsequ ent weeks until
ional
recreat
on
number of persons working
.
234,000
to
faciliti es had been reduced
During the semimon thly period ending August 15, 1936, New York City' had the largest
program of recreat ion4l project s with 47,510
persons working . Illinoi s was employi ng more
than 25, 000 pers ons and Ohio more than 20,000
Pennsyl vania had
on chis kind of project .
more than 18, 000 people working on its recreational program . New Jersey employe d slightly less t han 13,000 persons , while Louisia na
and Wiscons in were the only other States
which had more than 10,000 persons working on
recreat ional projeot s.
Four areas are outstan ding in their snphasis c~ recrea~ ional work under the WPA.
During the first half of August Louisia na employed 31 percent of all its workers on this
phase of its program ; New York City md more
than 25 percent of its \'lPA employe es workin6
on the recreat ional program ; and Wiscons in
and Nevada both provide d similar employment
Perfor about 21 percent of their workers .
in
ed
present
are
states
all
for
s
centage
B.
x
Appendi
in
7
Table
Average hourly earning s on recreat ion
project s have shown a fairly constan t increase since December 1935. With the exception of two months, Deoember 1935 and January
1936, when workers average d 47.5 and 48.7
cents per hour, average hourly earning s on
recreat ional project s were in excess of 50

28

cents during the entire period from October
1935 to August 1936. Recent increas es may be
explain ed by adjustm ents to prevail ing wage
rates underta ken on all WPA project s in conformity with the requirem ents of the Emergenc;r Approp riation Act of 1936.
The first project s for the constru ction
of recreati onal faciliti es got under way in
the fall of 1935 and by April 15, 1936, 6,722
recreat ional facility project s had been se•
lected for operatio n at a tota l estimat ed
cost of $182,00 0,000. Of this amo\lllt approximately $162,00 0,000 came from Federal funds,
the remaini ng $20,000 ,000 having been pledged
by local sponsor s.

Parlcs & Recreational Facilities
Mnuials Etc.

301.

Wages & S.lariu

701.

end of August purohas ee and contribut i ona of materia ls, suppl ies, and equipment for use on recreat ional project s amotmted to about t2e,ooo .ooo, or 13.3 peroent of
the total value of materia ls , aupplie s, ud
equipme nt prooure d for all WPA project s.
By the

Another importam ; aspeot of recreat ion
work under the Works Program is the reoreational facility work prosecu ted by the Civil•
ian Conserv ation Corps. This agency' s actiTities are describ ed in a followi ng section .

W PA Airports and Airway Projects

Although airport and airway projects operated tmder
the WPA form only a small
proportion of the entire program, they are relatively of
muoh greater importance than
their dollar va lue would i ndicate . In addition to the significant contrib ution which they are making t o the national program of airport and airway deve l opment, these projeots provide an example of

close cooperation between the
interested Federal agencies.

WPA and other

Early in the development of the WPA program the Division of Airways and Airports was
created to cooperate with interested agencies
of the Federal Government as well a s with
State and local governmental bodies in the
planning and administration of a comprehensive national program of airport and airway
development on publioly owned land.
The De-

BEFORE

AF'l'Ell

29

partmenta of Comnerce, War, Navy, Post Offioe
and Treasury were consulted for teohnical advioe and information as to the manner in
which their respective needs could best be
Plans worked out by State organizaserved.
tions were utilized in developing the proAll projects, however, originated in
gram.
the localities and were sponsored by local
communities and organizations.
The Bureau of Air COtmllerce plays an important part in the supervision of the airport program, since the Bureau must give
written approval of technical aeronautioal
features such as suitability of site, size
and arrangement of runways, and design of
buildings before any project is actually selected for operation by a State Administrator.
In addition to its cooperation in the approval of plans and specifications prior to construction, the Bureau gives technical aeronautical advice to sponsors of projects and
to the WPA during construction and is responsible for final inspeotion when projects are
completed, discontinued, or suspended.

Types of Work Under Wey
The WPA airport program which has developed through this system of cooperation embraces a wide variety of work, including airway marking, construction of emergency (intermediate) landing fields, and conditioning
of local airports throughout the cotmtry, as
well as improvements to major metropolitan
It should be borne in mind
air terminals.
that the Federal airway system developed from
the flow of traffic between major centers of
While improvement of landing
population.
fields and airports along these airways benefits the public which uses the airlines for
travel, it likewise benefits and contributes
greatly to the safety of the non-scheduled
and miscellaneous flying which also tends to
Airbe concentrated between such centers.
port development under the WPA has not been
confined to work along the airways, however,
but has followed the requests of local sponsors whenever the projects submitted have
come within the limitations plaoed upon Works
Program activities and have provided landing
fields useful to the Federal network.
Extensive improvements are bein« made at
terminal airports in 10 of the 12 oities
which supply the bulk of passenger traffic.
Newark, the world's busiest air terminal. is
the site of major developments, including the

30

extension of the field and runways and the
construction of a large hangar. Improvements
are likewise being made at Boston, Chicago,
Cleveland, Detroit, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh,
Minneapolis, San Francisco, and St. Paul.
Illustrative of the work being done
along the airways between major stations are
severa projects in Pennsylvania, a State
which is crossed by five of the most heavily
traveled air lanes of the country, including
airmail
all four of the transcontinental
at one
facilities
ground
Inadequate
routes.
netairway
•s
State
the
important junction of
discontinuance
the
forced
work (Harrisburg)
Under the WPA
of airline operations there.
Three hardrebuilt.
being
is
this airport
to more
extended
being
are
surfaced runways
and for
length,
than double their previous
of bitypes
different
test purposes several
Construcused.
being
are
ttuninous surfacings
tion of a new airport at Connellsville may
eventual~ make it possible to storten and
straighten the air route between Pittsburgh
Engineers report that the
and Washington.
speed e.nd quality of the work being done on
this project equals that on e.ny similar priConstruction of new runvate undertaking.
ways, extension and grading of old rtmways,
and the installation of lighting systems are
improving facilities of a ntunber of other important airports in the State.
Airport construction in Florida provides
e.n example of what may be done in sections of
the cotmtry where there is only a limited
ntunber of open fields of sufficient size to
The state
permit safe emergency landings.
for a
need
the
Aviation Commission recognized
east
areas
landing spot in the heavily wooded
acquired
The town of Milton
of Pensacola.
the site selected by the Commission and initiated the work of clearing it under a previous work relief program. Under the WPA the
clearing has been completed and two adequate
runways have been sodded. The local plan anticipates the development of an airpark at
-t his site with a combination hangar and recreation building, but this is not included in
However, the provision
the present project.
of an adequate landing field in this locality
is an important contribution to the State
airway system.
At another site (Lakeland,
Florida)
work
earlier
under
commenced
was
where work
paved
been
have
runways
two
relief programs,
under the WPA, leveling and sodding of additional areas has provided two more runways,

and considerable other grading has been completed to increase the size end make a reote.ngular, all-way field.
A hangar has been
built and a concrete floor and aprons are now
under construct ion.
In addition a seaplane
ramp is to be installed in the lake bordering
on the field.
The combining of airports with recreational facilities is another type of development included under the airport program,
These 11 airparks" provide a double incentiv(
for the adequate maintenance of the land o~
which they are situated and are pe.rticularl;y
well s uited for corranunities where heavy air
traff ic has not yet developed. Recreational
facilities are also being provided where land
is available on active airports.
Illustrative of this tendency is a small project at
Shushan Airport in New Orleans. A large reservoir was necessary for the fire sprinkler
system in the hangars and terminal building
and also as a cooling pond f or the condensers
of the terminal's air-conditioning system.
Both these purposes are being served by a
swimming pool built entirely by WPA labor,
with the city furnishing the materials. The
revenue from the pool will provide for its
maintenance, nnd the waste water is used to
irrigate the park surrounding the airport.
Also included under the ~'PA airport and
airway program of 30 of the States is the
ai:nna.rking of towns and cities. The work
consists largely of painting
directional
signs on highways or roofs. These signs show
the name of the town and indicate the names,
distances, and directions of the nearest _airports.
They are of particular assistance to
privately flown planes and others not carrying radio equipment and therefore unable to
take advantage of the radio directional beams
followed by COllllllercial airliners.
In all t ypes of airport and airway work
efforts are now being directed toward too completion of projects now tmder construction.
This may involve either entire projects as
originally approved or useful tmits of the
projects.
New projects are being started
only where there is specific evidence of the
availability of certi fied relief labor and
adequate funds for the completion of the work.

Employment

Employment

on airport

and airway proj-

ects has been relatively stable since January
1936, when the airport program first attained
full de,relopment af'ter its initiation in September 1935.
More than 40,000 persons have
been engaged in this work since the beginning
of the year, with the maximum of approximately 45,000 workers reached during the last

CONSTRUCTING A RUNWAY
half of March. About 44,000 persons were employed during the first half of August, the
latest period for which data are available.
During the period of operation from September
1935 through August 15, 1936,almost 41,000,000 man-hours of work have been provided on
these projects.
Project workers have received in excess of $18,000,000 in earnings,
which represents compensation at en average
rate of about 44 cents per hour. This average is the same as that applying to all WPA
projects in operation during this period.
Projects being conducted under several
other Federal agencies involve airport improvement~ or constructi on work. The Quartermaster Corps of the War Department has received allocations of over $2 ,000,000 and the
Bureau of Yards and Docks of the Navy Department almost $2.000,000 for the improvement of
runways and grounds and the construction and
repair of buildings at Aney and Navy airports.
About $750,000 has been allocated to the NonFederal Division of the Pi'lA for four similar
projects.
Emergency
Conservation
Work
through the activities of the CCC camps, has
resulted in the construction of 16 complete
landing fields and the maintenance of 17
others.

51

WPA Sanitation and Health

Projects

Through its sanitation
and health program the Works
is
Progress Administration
of
control
the
in
assisting
contribthat
ntmlerous factors
ute to ill health and disease. Projects included in
the sanitation and health classification are
those dealing with the elimination of stream
pollution, mosquito eradication, and a large
miscellaneous group consisting for the most
part of sanitary toilet construction and mine
sealing. These sanitation operations promote
the elimination of, or protection against,
such diseases as malaria, hookworm, and tyMine-sealing projects aid materially
phoid.
in the prevention of stream pollution in coal
mining regions.

food nor shel t er was avai lab l e for wildli f e,
and the pools provided breeding plac e s for
Under a WPA mosqui t o cont ro l
mosquit oes .
project miles o f ditches were cut ac r oss this
As a
area i n order to drain the low spots .
result the section is now dry, t he mosquitobreeding pools no longer exist, and the removal of t he salt water has permitted t he
growth of beach grass, provid ing a suitab le
In addition t o proj habitat f or wild f owl .
ects for t he drainage of swrunp areas , such as
the one ju st described, the mosquito control
work inc l udes the killing of mosquito larvae
by spraying oil on the s ur face of sta gnant
pools.

A proj ect in Winston-Sal em, North Caroline., f ot t he elimination of stream pollution
is typica l of this phase of the WPA program.
through
A nwnber of creek channels running
waste
of
dtmlping
the
the c ity were choked by
Kinds of Projects
unnumerous
and
Stagnant pools
materials.
desir able deposits all along the creek beds
Drainage of the Masury Marsh, a stretch
presented a constant menace. These pools now
of several hundred acres of salt marsh on the
are being drained by WPA employees, who are
north shore of Great South Bay, Long Island,
als o shaping the creek channels and banks to
is an example of the mosquito elimination
prevent f uture obWPA SANITATION AND HEALTH PROJECTS
st ruction.
June 30, 1936
By Counties
Less familiar
to the general public as a source of
stream pollution is
from
the seepage
coal
abandoned
sulThe
mines.
phuric acid formed
by the combination
seepage water
of
with the sulphide
such
compound in
frequently
mines
finds its way into
streams•
nearby
the
contaminating
public water s up.,
plies and causing
.._
SANITATION AND HEALTH prejecta
•
of
deterioration
culverts, bridges,
- - - - ....
The impairment of the
dams, and vessels.
work. Prior to the operations of the WPA in
recreat ional value of streams for camping,
this area, large pools of stagnant salt water
swimming, and fishing is no leas seri ous from
deposited by unusually h:Lgh tides ooverodwide
public viewpoint. In 1914 Army offici als
the
Neithtr
uowth.
plant
stretchea, preventing

_
__
_____
___

32

estimated that mine seepage oost the Pittsbw-gh district 9,000,000 a year.
The health and sanitation program of the
WPA is devoting oonsiderable attention to
Numerous projeots are being
this problem.
operated to air-seal abandoned mines, thus
effeotively preventing the formation of suoh
destructive acid solutions. In Weat Virginia
alone 345 abandoned mines have been airsealed and it is estimated that as a consequence $1,000,QOO will be saved annually in
that State.

of sewer systems and drainage facilities, for
the purification of water supplies, and for
flood control.

Funcl,
The amotmt of money being spent on sanitation and health work is SII18.ll in comparison
with the total WPA costs, amounting to about
$44,000,000, or 3 percent of the total cost
operation
of WPA projects selected for
Of this amotmt 36
through April 15, 1936.

OB A

MALARIA
CONTROL
PROJECT

The purpose of the sanitary toilet construction program is to check the spread of
such diseases as typhoid fever, dysentery,
and hookworm by eliminating the sources of
infection. WPA projects are replacing thousands of unsanitary toilets with fly-proof
structures approved by the United States PubThis type of project is
lic Health Service.
one of the few involving improvement of private property which may be operated under the
Works Program. The exception is ma.de because
the work is essentially for the protection of
public health.

In addition

to projects included under
the sanitation and health classification, the
WPA is conducting operations classified under
other headings which have important, though
inoidental, public health features. Foremost
8lJIOng these are projects for the construotion

percent is being spent for mosquito eradioation and 2 percent on projects for the elimThe remaining
ination of stream pollution.
62 percent is being spent for a miscella.tleous
group, which is composed chiefly of projects
for the construction of sanitary toilets ,and
More than two-thirds
the se~ling of mines.
of the aggregate cost is designated for laOf the total funds 26 percent is being
bor.
provided by sponsors, a figure materially
higher than that reported for the entire WPA
pro gram ( 18 peroent),
Through April 15 New York State had selected for operation 22 sanitation and health
projeots at a total oost of approximately '
$6,400,000, or 14 percent of the cost of all
projects of this type, New York City alone
accounting for more than 85 percent of these
ftmds. For Indiana the cost of 96 sanitation

33

and health projects was estimated at about
t3,200,000.
These t1ro States, together with
Ohio,. Oklahoma, and Illinois,. accounted for
40 peroent of the estimated total cost of
this group of projects in the United States.
The importance of sanitation and health projects to the WPA programs of Delaware,. South

& Health

Sanitation

by the initiation of other types of projects
which had required more planning and the use
of more equipment and materials•
During the
first half of August 1936 the 70,000 persons
employed on sanitation projects constituted
only 3 percent of the total WPA employment.
The employment peak on these projects,. coincident with that of the entire program, oo•
curred in February and March, l'lhen over 110,000 persons were employed.

Wases & Salaries

Materials Ek.
WPA
Funds
SPOl'!sors'

Funds

321.

681.

Carolina, Tennessee, and Ubah is evidenced by
the fact that in these States such projects
amounted to more than 10 percent of the State
total as compared with 3 percent for the entire country.
Employment and E•nings

Sanitation and health projects got tmder
way more quickly than many other undertaking&
of the WPA program.
During September 19S5
the number of persons working on this type of
project represented 7.5 percent of the total
number employed on all WPA projects.
Subse~
quently this proportion was gradually reduoed

During the semimonthly period ending
August 16,. 1936,. persons employed on sanitation and health projects received $1,.518,000
in payment for 3,.531,000 hours of work, or an
average of 43 cents per hour. This figure is
somewhat higher than averages during earlier
periods due to the recent adjustments in
hourly wage rates and required hours of work,.
to bring WPA earnings into line with the pre•
vailing wage rates as required by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1936.
At
all timea during the operation of the program
the average hourly earnings on sanitation and
health projects have been less than the general average for all types of projects. Tb11
may be explained ohiefly by the tact that
sanitation and health project• typically require 1119.ller proportion.a of laborers and
persona with teohnioal training than other
type• of projects. It is also true that mod
eanitation and health projects operate in rural areas where low 1eourity wage r a t • •
prevail.

WPA Goods Proiects
Sewing,. canning and gar•
dening, and the renovating or
shoes,. clothing, and turnit1119
are the chief activities carried on under the goods projects classification. Work of
this kind is recognized aa
particulm-1y well adapted to the llPA program
since it not only furnishes jobs to unemployed persons but also supplies clothing,. household articles, and foodstuffs for distribution to persona in need of relief.
In addition to projects designed to provide neceasi•
ties for the needy there e.re also a limited
number of projects set up for making me.teri-

ala and equipment,. whioh are in.eluded in the
general goods olaasifioation. Thia equipment
11 used on other WP.A. projeots.
Goods projects, particularly the sewing
projects, haTe proved the most appropriate
and effective means of providing employment
for large ntm1bers of women whose training and
work experience are relatively limited. Deepite the recent development of a more dinraified program of women's work, suoh projects
still constitute the principal medium of proTiding employment to women under the WPA.
Relationahips with

sponsoring and ooop-

erating agencies determine in large part the
aotual service rendered by goods projects to
the communities. A few of these projects are
approved as state-wide projects and adminiaMtMBIR or Mm .ARD lfCldlN IMPUJnl> OB llPA
GOODS PRO~, BY TYPIS or PROJETS

~llllli.ng Aamlm.lt.r&tiff DD:plo,-..a
S-5lllonth~ Perio4 J:n41ng .a.quat 15, 1936

(SUbjeat ~ Rmd.on}
Typeof
ProJeat

Total Persona

NUDber Jeroeni Men

rout

290,777

Sfflllg
Canning

252,201
2,881
35,695

Other!/

y

Women L

Percent
lfamen of Total

35,877 254,900

87.7

7,625 244,576
86.7
2,246
635
1.0
8,078
12.3 27,617

97.0
78.0
22.6

100.0

Includes projects olasa:U1able 'Clllller both of
the hea4iq11 M>O"nle

tered at selected points within the State under supervision of a State director; but by
far the greater number are sponsored by local
relief administrations or by the county or
city governing bodies in the jurisdictions
where the projects are operating.
Upon the initiation of every project an
arrangement is made for (1) a definite system
of securing the materials, (2) a recognized
procedure for determining beneficiaries, and
(3) a method of distributing the products.
Materials for canning, such as fruit and vegetables, which must be secured near the place
of operations because of their perishable nature, are for the most part provided through
the project sponsors.
Cotton textiles for
all sewing projects throughout the -,ountry
are purchased through the Procurement Division of the Treasury. Sponsors make periodic
requisitions for such clothing and similar
goods as are needed by relief clients.
In
moat states the goods are stored and distributed through the commodities
distribution
projects of the Works Progress Administration.
The significance of goods projects is
indicated by their n'.llllber and cost, by the
number of persons employed, the quantity and
quality of production, and by the number of
needy persons benefiting from the distribution of goods.
Of the 90,695 projects selected for operation under the Works Progress Administration through April 15, 1936, more than 6 1 000,
or 7 percent, were goods projects.
They represented 8 percent of the total estimated

cost of all WPA projects. For the semimonthly period ending August 15, 1936, goods projects employed 290,777 persons, or about 13
percent of the total number employed on all
projects operated by the WPA.
As indicated
in the accompanying table, 87 percent were at
work on sewing projects.
Women constituted
88 percent of the number of persons working
on goods projects, and the women so employed
constituted two-thirds of the total number of
women employed on all WPA projects.
Earnings on goods projects amounted to
$6,565,550 in payment for about 16,000,000
man-hours of work durill{; the first half of
August.
These earnings represented 11 percent of the total earnings for all WPA workers.
The amount earned per hour on goods
projects averaged 40.5 cents, as compar5d
with an average of 50.6 cents an hour for all
WPA workers.
Data on hours and earnings for
the various kinds of goods projects, along
with similar information for other types of
projects for the semimonthly period ending
August 15, 1936, are presented in Table 6 in
Appendix B.

G o o d s

Projects

w.,.. &

Materials Etc.

Salaries

WPA
Funds
,

SDOnsor,•
F'unds

301.

101.

Scwin9

The bulk of the goods production program
is carried on in sewing rooms.
A special
analysis of the goods projects in operation
during the semimonthly period ending April
15, 1936, indicated there were 3,873 sewing
projects operating in the United states. The
number ranged from 1 each in the District of
Columbia and Wyoming. 3 in Delaware, and 4 in
New York City to 277 in Massachusetts and 293
in Texas.
In most States county-wide projects were divided into units located in the
towns and villages of the area, with the number of such units varying from 2 to 45.
The
average number of relief workers per sewing
project for the United States was 72; the average number per unit was 31.
Work on sewing projects consists chiefly
in making cotton garments such as infants'

56

wear, boys' and men's shirts, pajamas, underwear, and overalls; women I s and girls I dresses, sleeping garments, slips, aprons, blouses,
and underwear; and simple household articles,
including sheets, pillow oases, towels, quilt
Comforttops, blankets, rugs and curtains.
considerand
ers are made on some projects,
able efficiency bas been attained in a number
of sewing centers in spinning and weaving.
Toys and incidental household articles are
fashioned from lert-over materials.
During the year July 1, 1935, to June 30,
1936, cotton textiles allotted to all sewing

The total
rooms totaled 142,878,304 yards.
cost amounted to about $15,000,000, with an
By purchasaverage of 10.6 cents per yard.
ing in large quantities the Procurement Division of the Treasury Department is able to
.Agencies such as
secure favorable prices.
the United States Bureau of standards) the
Bureau of Home Economics, the Cotton Textile
Institute, and the New York Association of
Cotton Textile Merchants are consulted with
Inspection of maregard to specifications.
Quartermaster
.Army
by
mills
the
at
terials
specificawith
inspectors insures conformity
tions.
In virtually all sewing projects throughout the country, standards have been established cover tng working procedures and conditions, organization of activities, and proIn many States and in the majority
duction.
of tho larger urban sewing tmits using electric machines, uniform work rules have been
adopted. They include qualifications and duties of supervisors, directions for adequate
governing
record-keeping, and regulations
safety, health, sanitation, space, heating,
lighting, ventilation, and equipment.

A large majority of the women on these
projects are assigned to the unskilled wage
class group. Of the 288,328 women working 1n
sewing rooms during the first half of April,
78 percent were classified as unskilled and
the remaining 22 percent as intermediate and
skilled.
WPA SEAMSTRESSES MENDING CLOTHF.S

AT A CHILDREN'S HOME

DISTRIBUTING CLO.rRING FROM
WPA SEWING ROC!m TO RELIEF CLIEN'l'S

S6

Dressmakers have been assigned to the
sewing rooms, as well as a number of persons
formerly employed in textile and clothing industries. Some of the women have had li.nrl.ted
experienc, in sewing in their own homes and a
few have received previous training. Because
of the great diversity among processes in all
the sewing units, however, most of the workpreers are receiving training which they
viously lacked, not only in the use of sewing
machines but also in designing, cutting,
tailoring and finishing.
The number of articles produced on WPA
1936,
sewing projects through April 15,
amounted to more than 27,000 1 000. During the
months of May, June, and July, 1936, exclusive of some distribution through local sponsoring agencies, the Federal Surplus Commodities Corporation distributed 10,300 1 000 articles of clothing and 5,600,000 household articles produced by the sewing and supplementThe number of persons
ary repair projects.

served by sewing projects in 14 mid-western
states during June 1936 is est-imated at about
On this basis the country-wide
4 1 000 1 000.
service would reach considerably more than
12,000,000 persons.
Canning and

Other Goods

Projccb

Of the total value of goods projects selected for operation through April 16, 1936,
canning projects represented one percent.
Such projects were reported to have been in
operation since June 1936 in the following

California, Colorado, Idaho1 IlliStates,
nois, Indiana, Massachusetts, Ohio, Texas,
other goods
Utah, Vermont, and Virginia.
projects, including gardening, shoe repair,
furniture renovation, equipment construction,
and those projects which combine activities
classifiable under more than one of the above
headings, were operating in 33 States, New
In
York City, and the District of Columbia.
the State of Idaho, in which there is a relatively large canning program, July production
reached a reported total of 18,672 cans of
vegetables, fruits, jellies and jams, and
soups.

WPA White Collar Projects

The problems involved in
providing work for the large
group of persons normally employed in white collar activities have proved considerably more complex than those
involved in employing manual
The need, however, for such work is
labor.
evident from an analysis of previous occupations of persons eligible for Works Program
According to
employment in January 1936.
this inventory white collar workers represented 12 percent of all persons having employment priority as the economic heads of
families.
Employment encl E•nings

Despite the desirability of providing
white collar employment from the very start,
WPA projects designed for white collar workers were comparatively slow in getting under
way. In October 1935 only 6.4 percent of the
persons employed on WPA projects were working
In November, due
on white collar projects.
to the concentrated effort to get large numbers placed on construction projects, the
proportion on white collar projects dropped
Thereaf'ter the relative imto 4.5 percent.
portance of white collar projects in the WPA
program increased steadily until July 16 when
white collar workers constituted 11.6 percent
of all WPA workers. Thia proportion declined

slightly b_y August 31 when 242,000, or 10.5
percent of all persons employed on WPA projects, were white collar workers.
Vihite collar wrk is given particular
emphasis in areas having large urban populaIn New York City 23 percent of the
tions.
WPA workers were employed on this kind of
project during the seoond half of August, and
in California, the District of Columbia, and
Massachusetts, between 16 and 20 pe~cent of
the WPA workers were so employed.
During the semimonthly period ending
August 31, women accounted for 40 percent of
the employment on white collar projects. In
the aggregate, these projects employed 97,000
women, or 26 percent of the total women employed by the WPA, and 145,000 men, or 8 peroent of the total men employed. Earnings on
white collar projects during the half-month
amounted to $9,123,000, or 14. 5 percent or
the $62,897,000 earned on all WPA projects.
Average hourly earnings on white collar projects were 64 8 cents, as compared with an average of 50.7 cents on all WPA projects.
0

The total estimated cost in Federal
funds of those white collar projects selected
for operation by April 16, 1936, amounted to
$117,600,000, or nearly 10 percent of the total estimated WPA expenditure for all projIn addition sponsors had pledged more
ects.
As
than t12,ooo,ooo for these projects.

37

might be expected, direct l abo r costs represent a greater proportion of t he expenditure
on white collar projects than on any other
type of WPA project. Out of every $100 spent
on white collar projects , $88 . 50 i s used f or
t he payment of wages to pro j ect workers, in
compar ison with an aver age of ts6 .90 f or direct labo r cos t s on all WPA proj e ct s.

White Co ll ar Projects
Wages & Salaries

Materials Etc.

WPA
Funds
Sponsors'

~ Funds

121.

881.

Not all white collar workers employ ed
under the Works Program are on white collar
Approximat ely 35,000 architects,
project s .
aooountants, a uditors, draftsmen, engineers ,
stenographer s, typists, payroll clerks, and
timeke epers a r e workin g on other than white
col lar pr oject s o f the Works Progress AdminAnother group of white collar
istration.
workers are employed on projects of Federal
agencies such as the se of the Department of
the Treasury and the Department of Agriculture. On the other hand, more t han 36,000 of
the 242,000 persons employed on white collar
projects, among them maintenance men on re creation projects, charwomen and cleaners on
theatre projects, and janitors and caretakers
on education projects, are unskilled manual
workers rather than white col lar worke rs .

Types of W orlc
White collar projects are of wide variEducational proj ects al one (literacy
ety.
classes, general adult education class es,
nursery schools, vocational instr uction, voeducation,
cational rehabilitation, parent
and worker s ' education) account ed f or 41,100
workers during the second half of Au gust.
About 38,000 persons we re employed on
the Federal art, music, theatre , and writers'
The nature and s cope of these Naprojects.
tion-wide projects are indicated under a fol.Anot her 6,000 pr ofessional
lowing caption.
workers have found j obs on the Nation-wide
surveys of Historic Rec or ds, Feder al Ar chi ve~
Historic American Buildings, and Historic
American Merchant Marine .

38

Planning projects employed 6,000 persons,
a third of whom were furnishi ng professional,
t echnical, and clerical assist ance to State
and regional plann ing boards in their efforts
to collect, compile, and analyze information
re l ative to t he physical, economic, and social develo pment of t he various Stat es.
Nurs ing and public healt h projects, operating in 39 Stat es , New York City, and the
Distri ct of Columbia, f urnished employment to
12,500 per sons, of whom 6 1 000 are trained
Clini cs have been established in
nurse s .
many Stat es f or t he exami nation of children
for communicab le diseas es and opt i cal, denCorrective
t al, and other physical de~ect s.
and
measures are t a ken whenever possib le
children are immuniz ed agains t typho i d, small
pox, whooping cough and dipht heria.
Nearly 46, 000 per son s were at wor k on
research and statistical surveys , making re al
population
property invent or i e s , st udying
shi ft s, wages and income data, surveyi ng
t ra ff ic condi t ions, and doing simi lar reOne of t hese r esearch projects
s earch work.
carried on i n Texas provides f or tracing the
title t o eve ry parc el of l and , card indexing
the inf ormati on, and suppl ying county assessors with the data necessary for making comThe
plete and accurat e assessme nt rolls.
work is r esulting in t he taxation of many
acres of l and which have not pr evi ously been

on the rolls .
Pr ojects i nvolving the renovating and
recopying of publi c records, codifying , indexing, and f iling , prov ided employment f or
26,000 pe r sons of cleri cal t raining .
Housekeeping aid pro j ect s employ 5,000
women t o give a ss i st ance in housework and
child care in homes where the housewife is
ill or otherwise i ncapacitated. This service
has helped to keep many needy families toAnother
gethe r during a diff icult period.
thousand women are at work preparing hot
lunches f or unddrnourished school chi ldren.
Rec r eation projects employed 37,000 workhave been
Twe l ve thousand persons
ers.
working on library projects, preparing loan
reading
exhibits , supervising children's
rooms, and repai ring millions of volumes that
would ot herwise have been withdrawn from cirThrough t he Braille transcription
culation.
work s and textbooks are
technical
projects,
College
being made availab l e to the blind.
t extbooks are in partic ular demand among the

~ 01'

MEN AND lfCMm n.!PLOYID Am> AVJ:RA.Gt: HOURLY r.ARNINGS

ON lVPA WHITE COLLAR JROJrorS, BY TYPES OJ' ffl.OJEC'l'S

Emluding Adm1n111trat1 ve Jmployeo11
Semimonthly Period Ending Auguat 31, 1936
(Subject to Revision)

Type

of Project

TOTAL
Profess! onal and Technical

Medical and dental
Library

Museum

Planning
Other!/
.lrt, Literary, and Recreat ional
.1rt
writing

Persona DDployed
Total
Humber l;!ex'Q!mt
M!D

A..-erage

Hourly
JllmliDgs

Women (~~n~11l

241,778 100.0

144,649

97,129

15.7

21,~1
3,
3,324
1,127
4,718
8,270

16.492
a;658
8,419
1,oe0
888
1,439
25,058
1,434
3,746
3_.,368
2,395
13,304
811

37.893
0,626
ll,743
2,215
5,606
9,709

376
4.9
0.9
2.3
4.0

33.5

64.8
62.3

~

55.5
65.8

12.1
69.0
69.8

14,777
37,345
2,802

6.1
15.3
1.2

561010
3,777
5,114
8,705
12,382
24,041
1,991

l:duoation&l

41,101

11.0

16,545

24,556

67.6

Research md Statistical

45,689

18.9

31,595

14,094

59.8

Clerical

25,574

10.6

12,499

13,075

58.1

Theater
MUaic
Recreational
Other!/

81,068

5,211 '"T.2"
0.,a60
3.7
s.o
12,073

88.2°
65.3
84.2
92.2

57.3
59.2

the WPA.
Adult
eduoation
classes in such subjects as
history, mathematics.,
economics, sociology, and English
were taught by 15,000 needy
teachers and were attended by
nearly 800.,000 persons.
Enrollment in literacy classes
exceeded 266,000 persons, and
the enrollment for vocational
instruction exceeded 260,000.
A total of 88,000 persons
participated in parent education courses, i.e., courses
dealing with homemaking, child
guide.nee, the purchase and
preparation of food, and related topics.
Workers' education classes benefited almost 61,000 men and women who
had little formal education
but were seriously interested
in social and industrial problems.
Nursery schools for
underprivileged
pre-school
children had an enrollment of
52,500 during the month of
May.

Recreation projects offer splendid
opporttmitiee
for assisting persons back to
!/ Includoa projects ola1sifiable under more t:tan one of the beadings
normal employment. With conabcrve.
tinued reduction in working
hours and increasing amounts of leisure time,
blind students taking graduate courses. Fifty workers on a Boston project have tr!Ulthere is reason to look forward to a steady
soribed books in Lat i n, Fr ench, Italian, and
demand for the trained leisure-time leaders
German, as well as in English. On all these
now employed as WPA instructors in handiprojects blind persons act as proofreaders.
crafts, dramatics, and music as playground
In Tennessee and Kentucky, packhorse library
supervisors, swimming instructors, lifeguards,
pro j ects are f urnishi ng reading material to
and camp counselors.
In New York City, more
the inhabitants of remot e mountain areas.
than 200 of the workers formerly attending
The carriers, after coll ecting their books
and manning reoreational facilities operated
and other literature f rom headquarters, travby the WPA are now pennanently employed by
el into the mountains, appearing regularly at
the New York City Department of Parks.
designated sub-oenters - churches.,
country
stores, or cros sroads - to distribute
and
In Indiana during Jtme 1936, over 1,100,collect books.
As many as 32 mountaineers
000 persons participated actively in 59 rechave been f ound wa i ting at a sub-oenter for
reation proj ects whioh employed 2,000 persons
the packhorse carr ier.
In one county alone
paid from WPA f'unds.
In addition 1,200,000
about 800 families are avai ling themselves of
spectators witnessed the games and competithe packhorse library service .
tions carried on by the participants.
other

101 453

4.3

6,599

Accoaplisluncnts

During May 1936, a typioal month, more
than 1,825,000 persons were enrolled for instruction under t he e ducational program of

3,854

66.0

During the first half of August, 700,000
persons in Minnesota participated in organized athletios , hobby clubs, arts and handicrafts, dramatics, and music, and an equal
number came into contact with the program as
speotators.

39

Feder•I A rt, Music, Theatre,

•nd W riters• Projects

Nation- wide cultural programs for white
collar workers are being carried on under
recogniz ed experts who head the Federal art,
music, theatre, and writers' projects. These
programs are discussed in some detail in the
following paragraphs due to the interest in
this phase of the white collar program.
The Federal art program employs painters, sculptors, graphic artists, craf'tsmen,
art teachers, art lecturers, museum workers,
and photographers. The objective of the program is to provide employment to persons of
these occupations in need, to educate the
public to a higher appreciation of art and to
encourage activities which lead to a greater
use and enjoyment of the visual arts by the
community at large.
The art work produced
either remains the property of the Federal
Government or is allocated to States and municipalities or institutions supported in
whole or in part by tax funds.
More than 51 000 artists are now employed, half of whom work on murals, sculpture,
easel paintings, and graphics.
A quarter of
the artists are engaged in. making posters,
desi gning stage sets, doing arts and craf'ts
work, or illustrating the Index of American
Design, a source-record showing the rise and
development of American decorative and ap·•
plied art.
others teach art classes. engage
in art research, or work in WPA art oenters
and galleries.
Nearly 200,000 different wrks were produced under the Federal art project between
October 1935 and August 1, 1936. These include more than 3,000 easel paintings, about
300 murals, 600 pieces of sculpture, 50,000
posters, 50,000 photographs, and 3 1 000 maps
and drawings.
The balance are primarily
prints of ori~inal cuts. Attendance at exhibitions and lectures in the 18 art oentars and
experimental galleries opened between December 1935 and August 1, 1936 in seven southern
States totaled nearly 300,000 persons.
The Federal music project employs about
15,000 instrumentalists, singers, music teaoh•
ers, and other workers in the field of music.
Each applicant is examined by audition boards
of established musicians in his COJIDllunity, to
determine whether he should be aided as a musician or given assistance on another type of
project. These tests determine also the kind

40

of project to which the applicant is assigned.
At t he end of June 1936 about 5,700
of the 15,000 WPA mus i cians were enrolled in
141 symphony and conoert orchestras; 2,800
persons in 77 symphonic, military, and ooncert bands ; 2. 000 pe rsons in 81 dance, theatre, end nove lty orche stras (i ncluding Tipica, Gypsy, Hungar ian, Hawai ian, and Cuban
marimba groups ); and the remainder in music
ensembles and chor uses or on teachi ng project s, and proj ect s for copyists, ar rangers ,
librar i a~s . and b i nder s .

WHITE COLLAR WORK

Since last October audiences totaling
well over 20, 000, 000 pers on s have heard the
30, 000 concerts and performances by units of
the Federal mus i c pro j eot.
In addition hundreds of r adi o concerts have been broadcast
and one hundred transcription records have
been produced for di stribution to smaller
stat ions.

A number of t he country' s best known conducto r s and concert artists have given their
servi ces t o t he Fede r al mus i c project. Unanticipated talent has been developed among
some of t he younger unemployed artists and
conductors hithe rto almost unknown in the music wor ld.
The Federal theatre pr oject employs 12,000 actors, playwrights , vaudeville and variety art i st s, circus entertainers, marion•
ette manipulators, stage technicians, and
other workers i n t he pr o f essional theatre and
allied f ields . In additi on to the production

of many kinds of theatrioal entertainment,
projeot workers oonduct research of value to
the .American theatre and give professional
instruction in the produotion and appreciation of drama for educational and reoreational purposes.
Through June 30, 1936, attendance at the 20,000 performances given in 30
states totaled
nearly 8,500,000 persons.
Since June 30, attendance throughout
the
United states has inoreased to an average of
more than 500,000 persons per week.
The type of play seleoted for presentation has varied with local demands, local
traditions , and available personnel. Raoial
and language groups are presenting plays based on their own life and literature. Vaudeville units have played to large audienoes,
chiefly in CCC and work camps, in public
parks, and in State and munioipal institutions.
In New York more than 400,000 children attended the WPA oirous projeot, a
single matinee attracting over 14,000 children.
The Federal writers' projeot has ooncentrated most of ite efforts upon the production of a comprehensive .American Guide which,
in addition to material concerning physical
facilities of interest to the traveler, will
include brief oomment on the historical background, landmarks, historical figures, oustoms, fclklore, scenery, climate, industrial
and agricultural developments, art museums,
sports, educational facilities, and other institutions of the community. The preparation
of the material needed for the Guide has required the services not only of writers, editors~ and historians, but also of &rchitects
to describe architectural landmarks, geologists to describe geological characteristics

of different regions, photographers to ta.ke
pictures of noteworthy montunents, and oartographers and draftsmen to make maps
and
oharts.
Guide writers have received the cooperation of local clubs and of uni.:versitiea
and oolleges, the latter helping particularly
to insure the accuracy of the information
presented in the Guide.
Employment on
the writers' project
reached its peak during Maroh and April 1936,
when more than 6,000 persons were engaged in
covering every county in the United States.
It is expeoted that by late December of the
current year approximately 160 separate books
of various kinds will have been produced by
the writers' project.
The first volume oi'
the American Guide, the section covering the
southeastern region, is at the present time
nearly ready in rough copy form. A number of
district and local guides for various parts
of the · country have already been published.
In Ohio a condensed book of tours is to appear during October and will be followed later by the Cleveland City Guide.
In New York
City 30,000 copies of a small pamphlet entitled "Your New York" have already been distributed.
Somewhat related to the writers' project
are two other Nation-wide projects, the Survey of state and Local Historical Records and
the Survey of Federal Archives.
These projects, which together employ 6,000 persons,
have brought to light many documents long
packed away in attics, vaults, and storage
warehouses.
Some of these forgotten doouments bear the signatures of George Washington, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas
Jefferson,
John Jay,
James Madison,
and
Andrew Jackson.

National Youth Administration

The impact of the depres sion was particularly hard
on young people.
During the
period of deolining employment it was natural for employers to release employees
with short work records and
those without dependents. The application of
this polioy on a large scale, together with

the inabi 11 ty of hundreds <:L thousands ot youths
to find steady employment after leaving school.
resulted in wide-spread unemployment among
the younger age groups in the population.
Prior to the establishment of the National Youth Administration, programs for the
benefit of unemployed young persons were undertaken by the Civilian Conservation Corps

,1

Federal E)nergency Relief Administra-

The four major objectives of the National Youth Administration are as follows:

The Emergency Conservation Work program,
initiated in 1933, provided employment in
Civilian Conservation Corps camps fo r unmarried young men whose families were i n need.
Youths enrolled i n the camps were pd.id at the
rate of $30 a month with the provision that
$25 of t his sum be sent to an "allottee" who
was, in most instances, one of the parents or
a dependent .

1. To provide ftmds for the part-time
employment . of needy • school, college, and
graduate students between 16 and 25 years of
age so that they can continue their education.

and the
tion.

In the f all of 1933 t he Federal Emergency Relief Admini stration supplied $60,000
on a dollar for dollar matching basis to the
University of Minnesota, to be used in assistThe suooess of
ing needy college student s.
this experimental program l ed t o its expansion and application on a Nation- wide scale
during the last half of the school year 193334 when 65,000 undergraduate students received aid. During t he academic year 1934-35 assiste.noe was r endered to 95, 000 undergraduate
coll ege students at a total cost of approximate l y $13 ,500,000.
Passage of the Emergency Relief Appropr i ation Act of 1935 made possible an expansion of those activities designed to assist
Under this act the National
young persons.
Youth Administration was established on June
26, 1935, by Executive order, to provide employment and educational opportunities for
The new organization was to
young people.
function as a divisio~ of the Works Progress
Administration.

2. To provide funds fbr the part-time
employment on work projects of young persons
between 18 and 25 years of age, chiefly from
relief famil i es , the projects being designed
not only to give these young people valuable
work experience, but to benefit youth generally and the local communities in which they
live.

s. To ea.tablish and enoourage the es•
tablishment of job training, counseling, and
placement services for youth.
4. To encourage the development and e~
tension·of constructive leisure-time activities.
Student

Aid

During the 1935-36 school year the National Youth Administration, which had taken
oveT the supervision o f student aid developed
under the FERA, extended the program to inolude high-school and graduate college students in addition to college undergraduates.

The NYA has aoted primarily as an administrative agency, supplying f'tmds and supervision where necessary for student aid and
work relief activities that have been initiated by local interests throughout the country . Work relief projects in practically all
ins tances were planned by local agencies and
submitted for approval and subsequent operation by t he National Youth Administration.
The Washington staff of the NYA has been
assisted by an executive committee of six
members and by a national advisory committee
of 35 members, all appointed by t he Pres i dent.
The NYA state Directors have been a ssisted in
their administrative work by State advisory
committees and by more than 1 1 600 local advi sory committees. The msnbers of these state
and local committees are appointed by NYA
state Directors to advise them on the various
aspects of the program.

42

LABORATC!lY WORK

The college student aid program operated
in all cases on a work project bas-i~, that is,
the performance of work was required for all
The selection of
money paid to students.
work to be done was lef't to the administering
officials of the cooperating schools. The
rate of pay for undergrad.ue..te students was
set at an average of $15 a month, with $20 a

month a s the ma.xi.mum for any one student.
For student s i n th~ first year of graduate
work t he same rates applied, with the additional provision thl.t this amount might be
s upplemented by not more than $10 a month
For
from funds all ocated for graduate aid.
advanced graduate students, the rate was set
at an average of $30 a month, with a maximtm1
of $40 a month to any one student.
The work covered a broad range of activity. st udents performed clerical and manual
The college program may
work of all kinds .
be illust r ated by Morton Junior College, Mort on Grove, Illinois, where 42 yount: women and
70 young men we re employed in a wide variety
Half of the \\Omen and about 20 of
of work.
Sixthe men had clerical and office jobs.
teen of t he group worked in the library and
wuseum, and 11 others were laboratory assist ants. others were engaged on researoh work.
Six young women v.o rked as junior counselors
Another
in t he offic e of the dean of girls.
group of g irls operated a lost-and-found department, and a ntm1ber worlred at reconditioning some 4,000 articles of clothing which
Eleven
were distr i buted to needy students.
men working on a shop project constructed approximately 1,000 toys for distribution among
needy chi ld r en.
Evanston,
At Northwestern University,
Illinois , students employed on the NYA pr.Ogram as si sted in an e laborate program of r esearch in t he natura l and social s ciences . At
Amherst College, in Massachusetts, students
catalogued t hree nearby museums, prepared
gr ound and floor plans of the campus and all
buildings b elonging to the school, and r eclaimed and landscaped 10 acres of ground
which were added to the campus.
The work perf ormed by the student s employed in the high-schoo l student aid program
students
embrace s many types of p1·ojects.
of
preparation
the
in
teachers
have as s isted
study courses an d bibliographies, and have
worked as library, gymnasium, and laboratory
aides. Secretarial and st enographic servic es
have been provided fo r t eachers and princiIn addition to work which is closely
pals.
connect ed with the operati on of the school,
students in many instances have perfonned
valuable work in commtmity projects in music,
art, drama, and museum exhibits.
The accompanying table shows the numb er
of the three respect i ve classes of students
who received aid during each month of the

The number under the
1935-36 school year.
program reached a peak in April when 404,000
students were receiving aid.
NtMBlR or STUDtm'S JUX;E1YIN1.> J.ID UNDJ:R THE STIJI>Dff
J.ID PROGRAM OJ' THI NilIONAL YOUTB .&DMINIS~ICI{

September 1935 to .Tune 1936
(Subject to Rnieion)

Total

Month

Mgii School

l!offete

26,163
75,033
118,273
157,766

104,969
111,500
118,415

61
3,592
4,677
5,220

188,216
226,535
256,123
'Z74,677
265,504
125,786

112,541.
118,575
116,970
122,635
125,625
80,507

4,804
5,041.
6,102
6,720
6,300
6,550

Stw!ente

1935
-reptCllllber

34,92'4

October

183,594
234,450
281,G.

HOfflllbe:r
Deoemher

~

.T..-aary
rebrua.ry

March
J.pril
May
.Tune

v

305,561
350,151
379,195
-404,032
397,4129

212,643

Graduate

j,/ Studenta Studnte
8,700

Inol'CIAe• a aa1l n\llllber of el.eaaltazy

eobool nll4nt••

Work Projects

Allocations of funds to the National
Youth Administration fbr work projects were
(1) community developmade fbr four types:
ment and recreational leadership, (2) rural
youth development, (3) public service training, and (4) research projects.
The National Youth Administration work
program was s omewhat delayed in order to enable the administration to center its attention on the initiation of the student aid
program. In December some 10,000 youths were
assigned to work on regular WPA projects at
the NYA wage s cale of approximate~ one-third
The
of the regular WPA hours and earnings.
number of persons employed on NYA work projects increased rapidly from abou.t 16,000 in
January of this year to a maximum number of
The table on the following
182,000 in June.
page shows the trend of employment on NYA
work projects from January through August 1936.
The general regulations governing employAs on
ment on NYA work projects are simple.
WPA projects, at least 90 percent of all persons employed must be members of families
The salacertified as eligible for relief.
ries paid and the hours worked were set at
WPA
approximately one-third tre standard
hours and wages applying in a given community
for a given occupation, with the additional
provision that the wage paid shall in no case

exceed $25
ployment.

per month

for the

part-time em-

NUMBER or PERSONS DIPLOYZD ON 1'U
1'0RX PRO.TmrS, BY SEX

W

Januazoy to J.U4tlllt 1936
(Su,1eot to Rma1on)

Month

Total

Jamiar;y

Male

leaale
6,142
30,137
66,167
75,124
76,479
82,654
83,324
72,323

15,681

9,539

1•~

416,531

Ma.rob
J.prll
May

76,668
165,347
180,353
174,367

June

182,477

Jul)'
J.ug'llst

II
!V

!V

179,936
154,241

99,180
105,229
97,888
99,823
96,612
81,918

Inolu4es adults employed in supenisory
an4 ■killed oapaoitiea
Pre~

Work projects represented such varied
activities as the extension and wider us e
of existing recreational facilities; landscaping of school grounds; roadside beautification; extension of social services to
youth by means of youth community centers;
assistance in the performance of clerical and
stenographic work in the local offices of
welfare agencies o.nd bureaus; historlcftl, municipal, archeological, health, and delinquency studies; sewing and nursery proje cts;
and toy projects involving the conditioning
and distribution of toys to children in needy
families.
A concrete illustration of one type of
project operating under the NYA is the establishment of youth centers in comnuni ties
where no meeting rooms wer e avai lable to the
These youth
young persons of the community.
the
throughout
instituted
been
centers have
alone,
country. In the State of Pennsylvania
for example, 191 youth center s were set up
af'ter surveys of the recreat ional situation
in many communities reve aled the need for
such centers. The youth centers are run on a
cooperative basis, with the building, lighting, and equipment donated by the connnunity .
They are usually in continuous daily operation, with youths employe d as recreational
Gymnasium inattendants and instructors.
struction is given to young persons in the
neighborhood and classes of various kinds ar e
conducted.

In Philadelphia, in a crowded Hegro res idential area entirely lacking in recreation-

44

al facilities for Negro youths, the parish
house was donated by St. Simon's Episcopal
The
Church to be used as a youth center.
project itself employs approximately 30 young
Negro men and women, and approximately 300
Negro youths use the center daily.
Illustrative of the types of projects
operating in smaller communities is one being
where
Colorado,
conducted in Fort Morgan,
52 youths are employed in building an outdoor
swimming pool. The area was first drained of
The
stagnant water and thoroughly cleaned.
new pool is now filled with warm water coming
Sand beaches tofrom the city power plant.
gether with diving boards end towers have
Adjoining the swimming
been constructed.
pool are several acres of picnic grounds
which have been thoroughly cleaned and provided with picnic tables and park equipment
constructed by the youths employed on the
Several acres of recreational faproject.
including
cilities ,have also been provided,
two double cement tennis courts, a soft-ball
diamond with lights for night playing, and
wading pools for children. This recreational
area is in constant use by hundreds of boys
and girls.
Extension of library facilities has been
an NYA activity of Nation-wide importance and
has given employment to the youth of every
The project has involved establishState.
ment of book-rack libraries in rural communities where library facilities are alnost nonexistent; collection, repair, and distribution of books in rural areas where no reading
facilities were available; expansion of in•
adequate staffs in public libraries to keep
libraries open for more hours per day; and
establishment of small circulating libraries.
Thus, in Atlanta, Georgia, through the
cooperation of civic clubs, church clubs, and
and
interested individuals, 14,000 books
Thirty-one
30,000 magazines were collected.
girls were employed under the supervision of
a competent librarian to repair and bind
books and magazines, and to ship them to various sponsors in nearly 100 rural communities as nuclei for small circulating libraIn each of these communities a small
ries.
nwnber of youths were employed by the National Youth Administration to operate the projeab.
Job Placement

To assist young persons

in finding jobs

in industry, registration with the \Jnited
states Employment Service was J11ELde oompulsory
~r persons employed on the program, excluding only those reoeiving student aid.
Many
of the State Youth Directors have appointed
State vocational oouneelora to cooperate with
the vocational counsel services of such private organization s as the YMCA and YWCA.
In
38 oities in 14 States the NYA established
Junior Plaoement Offices by plaoing vocational youth oounselors in the offices of the

STUDENT LIBRA.llY WORKERS
United Stateb Employment "Service and the National Reemployment Service.
The
Junior
Placement Offices had placed 11,652 young
persons in jobs in industry by October 1,
1936, the September total alone amounting to
3,132 persons.
NYA employment
counselors

visited 10,966 private employers
jobs for young people.

to solicit

Apprentice Tr•inin9

The objeotive of preparing youth for
placement in industry has been carried out by
stimulating apprentioe training through the
Federal COlllll.ittee on Apprentioe Training.
This OOlllllittee, which had been established as
part of the National Recovery Administrati on.
by Executive order in June 1934, became a
part of the National Youth Administrati on
and its activities were financed by a grant
of $53,000 from NYA f\mds.
The work of the
committee has been primarily in the field of
coordinating the activities of existing public and private apprentioe-t raining bodies
and in stimulating the fonnation of new organizations devcted to this purpose. A close
working relationship has been maintained with
a number.of craft unions that have sponsored
apprenticesh ip programs.

!rhe National Youth Administrati on received net allocations
$42,331,268 from
funds of the ERA Aot of 1935 to carry on its
program.
Of this amount $25,106,268 was set
aside for student aid and $17,225,000 was
allooated for youth work projects. By August
31, 1936, the President had allocated more
than $13,500,000 for the NYA from the ERA Act
of 1936.
This sum inc1.ud~d 13,000,000 for
student a.id and tlo, 501,239 for work projeots.

of

Participation of Sponsors in the Works Program

The great bulk of the projects prosecuted under the Works Program a.re cooperative
undertakings in which local and State authorIn particular
ities play an essential role.
the projects of the WPA and the Non-Federal
Division of PWA have been devised and put into operation by combined Federal and looal authorities. These projects have been initiated and supported by public bodies in the localities in which they operate - a procedure
which insures selection of projects in keeping with local needs and preferences. Local
sponsors have provided a considerable portion
of the project costs either in the fonn of
cash, materials and equipment. or supervisory
personnel. Successful operation of the works program would be next to impossible without the oooperation,advice, critici sm,
and material support of
thousands of local sponsors.

:,iSpDa_:,ns ol WPA Proiccts
Any governmental authority, such as a State.
county, city, village, or
township, may act as sponsor for a WPA project.Nongovernmental groups such
as boards of trade, clubs,
societies, churches, orphanages, veterans' organizations or other private,
sectarian, oivic or similar organizations may not serve as sponsors,
though the cooperation of these latter groups
is frequently enlisted in preparing projeot proposals and in advising with sponsors
and WPA officials as the work on a project
progresses.
Ci ties, villages, boroughs and towns
WPA projeota.
sponsor more than half the
State govermnents sponsor about 12 peroent of
all projects, oounties about a fourth, and

46

townships about a tenth. The remaining proj•
ects a.re sponsored by various special bodies,
such as school districts and sanitary disState and local departments of pubtricts .
lic lliOrks, highway commissions, boards of education, boards of health. welfare departments. park boards• and recreation committees
are representative agenoiea whioh frequently
have sponsored projects.
Before any WPA project can be started.
cor.ipl~te plans for its operation must be prepared by the sponsor in cooperation with the
officials of the nearest district WPA office.
It is the responsibility of the sponsor to
supply detailed outlines,
blueprints a n d specifications if these are required for the satisfactory operation of the proI n most
posed project.
cases the sponsors a.re also expected to supply a
substantial she.re of the
material~ supplies, hquipm&n:t, and tools that may
be necessary. If any purchase of land is required,
this must be undertaken by
the sponsor. As the project progresses, the sponsor is expected to provide
whatever technical supervision and advice are required. If travel is necessary from the homes o f
workers to projects located in isolated areas, transportation is usually provided by sponsors'
trucks.
Prior to the final approval <£every project. each ot the following requirements is
The project must be
carefully considered.
to the combenefit
genuine
of
and
useful
funds
Federal
of
she.re
predominant
A
munity.
must go for wages of relief persons. The nature of the work must be suited to the capabilities of available relief workers in the

corranunity.
Projects must be planned with
respect to the number, a ge, sex, and occupational characteristios of relief persons in
the locality where the proposed project is to
be executed.
Such information is available
at the district offices of the Works Progress
Administration.

SPONSORS' P'UHDS JS PmC!N'r OJ' TOUL ESTIMATJ!D COST
OJ' WP.l PROJECTS SELECTED 10R OPJ:RATION,
'J!f T!P&s 01' FROJJL'TS

y

Type of Projeot

.u

Spon10r1 • !\mda
Peroent of Tota1
Eatimat ed Co st

TO'l'.U.

Higblaya, roads, and atreeta
Public builcllng1
Parb and other recreational

faoilltiea

Conaerntion
S•er aystmia and other utill ties
.Airport• and other transportation
lfhite oollar
Good1
Sanitation and health
Miaoell.a.Deoua

y

21.9

22.e

u.1

15.3
23. 7
l4e6
9.4
8.5

zs.s

17 e9

Baaed on data for projeota 1ele0ted for operation
through .lpril 151 1936.

No project can be approved which involves: work for which local funds are normally appropriated; work which is generally
included in the governmental operations of
sponsoring agencies (this does not include
expansion of physical facilities); or work
which would r-esul t in displacing regular employees.
Tabulations of the estimated costs of
WPA projects selected for operation by State
Administrators indicate that sponsors have
pledged over 18 percent of the total costs of
all projects.
The percentage of sponsors•
funds is by no means uniform, however, for
the different types of projects. The highest
proportions of sponsors• funds are for construction projects involving work on highways, roads, and streets, public buildings,
and sewer systems and other public utilities.
More than a fifth of all costs of construction projects are met by sponsors, in contrast with approximately a tenth of all costs
of white collar projects, goods projects, and
others of a non-construction nature. Almost
88 percent of all funds pledged by sponsors
were designated for expenditures on construction projects.
The preceding table indicate, the proportion ot total oosta accounted

for by sponsors' funds for eaoh main type of
project selected for operation.
Construction projects a.re also the kind
upon which large expenditures are re quired
for supplies and materials.
Sponsors have
undertnken to provide a large share of these
non-labor expenses.
Over 47 percent of all
non-labor project costs involved in the entire WPA program will be met from sponsors'
funds.
Federal funds are consequently left
free chiefly for expenditures on direct labor
costs, with the result that about four-fifths
of all Federal funds spent on WPA projects go
for wages.
Through Ju"iy 31, 1936, re ports had been
received for 13,462 projects on which work
had been physically completed or work had
been ended after completion of some useful
pa.rt of the job originally undertaken. Generally speaking, these projects are small
ones which were started and completed quickly
during the early days of the program.
As the following table indicates, sponsors have borne over 21 percent of the total
costs of all projects reported as completed
or discontinued through July 31, 1936.
J:XPERDITtm:s ON 13,462 COMPLl!TED OR mscxn«nrom
WP.l PROJJX:TS, 1!f SOURCI'-' 01' 1'Ull)S

y

Souroe

.b>UJrt

Percent

$66,350,999

100.0

52,273,821

78.8

14,077,178

21.2

Federal tandl
Sponllor1 • tund1

!/ Based

on reports reoehed through J'Uly 31, 1936.
Data for M&11achuett1 and. for Nn York az-e not
inolwled in thi1 tabulation.

Sponsors of

PWA

Projects

The Non-Federal Division of the Public
Works Administration was authorized by the
Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts to make
loans and grants for projects sponsored and
operated by States, counties, cities, Territories and Possessions. Under the provisions
of this program, grants of Federal funds may
be made to oover not more than 45 percentof
the total costs of any project proposed by
a local sponsor and approved by the NonFederal Division of the Public Works Adminis-

47

tration.
The r emaining 66 percent must be
provided by the loo a 1 or State govermnente.l
body sponsoring the project. A loan to aid
in f i nancing the remaining 55 percent, however, may be made by the PWA from funds provided by previous appropriations. Actually,
however, most of such funds have been raised
locally.
PWA non-Federal projects differ
dis t inctly from WPA projects in that prosecution of PWA pro jects is in the hands of the

looal sponsoring bodies - subject
only to
general r egulations and limitations of PWA
intended t o i nsure fair treatment of labor,
sound engineering oonstruction, aad similar
nece s sary elements.
Details in regard to t he financing of
projects operated. by the PWA, && reported
t hrough August 13, 1936, are included in Table
16 in Appendix B.

HIGH SCHOOL BUILT BY WPA

48

Federal Agency Programs

respective roles played by Federal
agencies, other than the Works Progress Administration, that are cooperating in the
prosecution of the Works Program are set
forth in the following pages and the worlc
performed by eaoh of the agencies is discussed in some detail. Although the activities of the Works Progress Adrn1n1gtration are
generally known to be part of the Works Program, it is perhaps not so generally understood that many perm.anent and other emergency
agencies of the Federal Gover?J1Dent a.re also
participating in the Works Program.
The

Kinds

of Activities

The projects appro-ved for prosecution by
the permanent departments have almost invariably involved extension of their normal activities • .As a coneequenoe the work of the
bureaus or departanents has• in many instances•
been advanced several yea.rs. This is particularly true of those agencies llhose work is
connected with conservation and reclamation.
While attaining this end • the Federal agencies have also provided jobs to persons in
need of relief in keeping with the fundamental objectives of the Works Program.

The Federal agencies (other than WPA)
pa.rtioipe.ting in the 11'01.•ks Program fall into
two clas3es: those prosecuting work projects
and those performing administrati11e, advisory,
or service duties. or the 10 Cabinet departments• all but the Post Office Depar'bnent have
bureaus or services engaged in operating work
projects. Many of the so-called "independent" depar'Qllents of the Federal Govermnent
a.re sim1.l arly engaged. The funotions of accounting, disbursement, and procurement of
materials, supplies,a.nd equipnent are handled
by the Treasury Department. Many bureaus act
in an advisory capacity under the Program.
Thus, the Corps of Engineers of the War Depa.r1zent is f'urnishing a conaiderable amount
of engineering serTice. The Unit.ed States
Employment Service• under the ~ r genoy Re-

lief Appropriation Act of 1935 has served as
the employment agency for the Works Program,
Emergency Relief Appropriation Act
of 1936 • in general. continued the work provided for in the 1936 Act. Certain changes.
however• are signifioant. The work of the
Civilian Conservation Corps 11a.s removed from
the emergency work relief program and placed
within the regular budget. The Public Works
Administration was furnished with approximately $300,000,000 of additiona.l funds by- a
provision in the 1936 Act which will enable
it, upon such direotion by the President, to
make grants to local governments for work
projeot• b-om funds hitherto used for loans.
The

The types of projects conducted by the
Federal departments of the Govermnent under
the Works Program are somewhat similar to
those previously discussed under the Works
Ea.oh cooperating
Progress Administration.
agency naturally- tends to emphasize certain
types of work. Certain agencies• however•
such a.a t;he Housing Division of the PWA and
the Resettlement Adrn1n1stration, prosecute
projects whioh have no counterpart in the WPA
Program. The 1'ollowing table which lists
wmxl!3 PR<Xm.W EXPmDl'l'URES 01' J'!DERil JGDCIJ:S
EXCLUSIVJ: or llP.A. .ill) rna, Fri TYPES OJ' PROJJmS

bDlwllng .A.amln11trsti-.e Expenditure,

Through June 30c 1936

Type of Pro Jec,t
TOTAL

Amount

Pft'oent

100.0

134,403,930
Highway., row, •4 1treet1
Publ1o bull41ng1
87,699,239
19,897,569
Bouaint
Para md other recreational
fao111ties
10.1
112,544,064
Conae:z"ft tion
46.6
516,445,846
Sewer 1yst111111 and otbar
37, 097, 833
ut1llt1•
Tranaportatlon fao:l 11tie 1
64,934,777
White collar
14,876, 951.
14, -109, 410
Mi ■oellaneoua proJeot1
R'lll'al resettlement and
9.6
1061 813 1 3-G
rehabilitation
'?reu'm"7 Dept. report on at&tu of &L
Souroea
pr-on.dod in the ERA ~t of 1935, u of .r,me 30, 1936,

49

wtRIS PROGRAJl DPJ!fWlfORIS OF J'mlRAL
DCLDSIVZ or llP.A. J1ID nu_ BY <B.JrrS or _DP__,_..u.,lltl__,

Inoldq .A.ild.Jdnr&tiTII bpen41t111'98
Through .Tune 30, 1936

Object of bpe1141 i:ve
'l'OUL

Personal 1em.001 (J'e4e:ral payroll)
Suppllee and ma.teriala
Red (building, a4 eqiiipDelllt )
Conat.raotion, aahtaanoe, aD4
repa.11' oontnot1
crant, to 1nc11naua.1.,
Grant• to statH
Contnotual 1e:M'ioee (transportation,
oonmrn5oation, heat, light, etc.)
Parobaae of equipDl!llt
Pwohaae of laD4
LoaDa

lllllployeea• oompeuaUon

__,
$1,189,040,588

448,172,723
190,802,928
9,582,188
74,633,053
1!5,378,310
232,549,172
55,490,552
38,"62,150
23,068,758
99,.337,2-46
1,562,808

Souroes Tnaeury D-,t. ftpari n natua of flm4I
p-n14e4 ill the m.l .Ao'\ of 1Sl35, • of .Tana 30, 19'30.

expenditures by types or projeota tor Federal
agencies through June 30, 1936, i s roughly
indicative of the importanoe of the Tarioua
typesJ but since these expenditures total
only one-half of the allocations to these
agencies, the proportions may be expeot.ed to
change somewhat as the full sum is expended.

Fund,

gust 31, 19381 and against these obligations
checka amounting to $1,38S.OOO,OOO had been
iaaued in paymnt. The distributions of these
sums among the agencies are shown in Table 14
of Appendix B.

tl,100,000,000
By June SO, 1938 1 over
had been iaaued in checks by the Treasury De•
partment or its authori~ed representatives in
p&:1m9nt of Worlca Program obligations incurred
by agencies other than FERA and WPA. 'Ibis haa
been anal7&ed by the Treasury Department into
i ta components or payrolls, mat.eriala and supTwo or the item.a listed do not
plies, eto.
permit a breakdown into suoh classifications.
These are paym,ants made again.at construotion,
maintenance, and repair contracts and grants
made to Stat.es or public bodies for projects.
The latter item arises through the operations
or both the Bureau of Publio Roads and the
Non-Federal Di vision of the PWA, which make
Paj11118nts are
grants to looal publio bodies.
and therefore
made directly to the sponsor
cannot be segregated by the Treasury Departobjeot or expenditure.
ment acoording to
Expenditures aooording to the sewral olassifioations are list.ed in the aooaapanying t.Qle.

E..,loyacnt and Earnin91
At the inauguratlon of the Works Progr8.J'll
the CCC was a full-fledged organisation . . .

By August 31, 1936, the President had
allocat.ed t2,385,000,000 to Tarious Federal
depar-taenta, not including the FERA and the
11PA. F.mrgenoy Conse?"fation Work with over
$600,000,000, the Department or Agriculture
with about $590,000,000, and the Public Works
Administration with t464,000,000 received the

other agencies receivlargest allocations.
ing allocations or more than $100,000,000
eaoh were the War Department, the Interior
Department, and the Resettlement Administration.
In addition to Federal funds thus allooat.ed, looal public bodies prosecuting PWA.
projeota had pledged their own fl.Dlds to ti.
amount or $t70,000,000 b7 August 15, 1936.
or thil total they ha4 borrowd $120,000,•
main000 from a speoial reTOlving tund
tained by the PWA. tor this purpoH, financed
by appropria.tions made prior to the Elnergeno7
Relief Appropriation Aot of 193&.

or the total ot $2,386,000,000 allooated, $2,018,000,000 bad been obligated by Au•

50

CCC KRECTillG A LOOKOUT TOWER

reau of Public Roads, and the
Resettlement Administration.
As shown in the accompanying
table four other agenoies were
employing over 20,000 persons
during the last week of August.

•

!::IDluding ~ , t r a t h e
lfulc b4hg .lutut 29, 1936

Total

f eel
Penans Ce
J.a in He.a
Of P ~"ief

Persona

TO:W.. ( Gelucling lfP.A.)

87.6

385,600

337,800

275.685

130.788

W-3"

20,491
207,218

22,521

18,560
72,360

90.6
34.9

16,737
3,536

14.653
2,694

87.5

4,182

3.781

90.4

fr,l3s
4'3,689

11,661

10,386

1,357

4.834

4.383

15,598

14,325

PUbllc lfera .Admini1tration
Bouaing Din1ion
Hon-Federal Din• o"

170.901

42,541

164,217

40,335

Reaettlmient .ldmni1tration

54,983

29, 072

Depar1aent of the TreuWy

6,503

5,579

Deparaent ofjgrioultwe
Entomology and Plant c.rantine
rocre■ t Sa-nee
P,-',llo Roa41

Soil CouerTation SerTioe
O\her Bureau
Depu"'tmlmt of Commmoe
Depar-tant •f the IAterior

National. Parle Senice
Puerto Rioo Reoonatraotion .A.tlmin.
Reclaatien
O\her Bureau
Ha-.y Departn,nt (Yards a.ad Doolal )

lfar Dep&Mlllllat
Cerpa of J:ng1neer1
Qaartca1ter Corp•
O\her .lgencie1

Z7, 703

6,684

34,235

47.4

76.2

57.096

40,~

91.8

2,206

24,272

52.9

10.9

29,031

20,ooi

~

s.204

4,271

82.1

2,190

1,409

ploying about 400,000 enrolled men and over
50,000 "non-enrollees, 11 that is, persona in
supervisory and administrative capacities,
many of them frcan the regular Army. At the
same time ( July 1935), however, the other
Federal agencies had fewer than 50,000 perEmployment under the CCC, afsons at work.
ter rising to a peak of 556.000 persona in
October 1935, has consistently declined until
at the end of August 1936 the total stood at
In the meantime the other Federal
386,000.
de'partments had increased their personnel
steadily from month to month so that sinoe

March more persons have been working on other
Federal ~gency projects than have been eaployed by CCC. At the end of August 1936 the
total number employed by the other Federal
agencies was 637.000 persona.
Federal agencies shoring the large1t current employment are the Civilian Conservation
Corps. the Publio 'Works Adminiatratio~ the Ba.-

It has not been possible
for the Government agenoies
as a whale to maintain a proportion of 90 percent of relief employees on their projects. Although it is true
that most of the agenoiea
whose work was done on force
account 1'8re able to Jll&inta.in
a high ratio of relief labor,
nevertheless large employers
such as the Public Works Administration, the Bureau of
Public Roads, and the Corps
of Engineers, whose work ,re.a
prosecuted primarily through
contracts, had a high non-reDuring the
lief percentage.
past three months the number
of relief employees from relief rolls employed on Feder8.1 agency projeots (other than
CCC) has been approximately
equal to the number of those
from non-relief sources. The
accompanying table present•
these data by major e..ge n cies
for the week ending August 29,
1936.

Under the ER.A Aot of 1936 the security
wage schedule has applied in general to Federal agencies,as has the provision that working hours were not to be in excess of eight
Conhours per day and 40 hours per week.
tract work, however, suoh as that done by the
Public Works Administration and the Bureau of
Publio Roads, was exempted from the monthly
These two agenoies
aeouri ty wage aohedule.
have also set a monthly maximum. of 130 hours
of work per month. Certain projects of other
Federal agencies, involving the oonstruction
of public buildings for the use of the Gowmment of the United States, paid prevailing
wages in aocorda.nce with the Baoon-Davis Aot.
Sinoe the passage of the ERA Act of 1936,
hourly nge rates not lower than prevailing
rates have been pa.id under the entire Works
Program so that at the present time all workers on Federal agenoy projeota receive oompensation at the going hourly rate of wages in
the oommunity in which the work is performed.

61

Emergency Conservation Work

Emergency Conservation Work we.s authorized by Act of Congress, Maroh 31, 1933, and
was put into operation almost immediately
(April 5) UILder Executive Order No. 6101 .
This Exeoutive order appointed a Direotor of
Elnergen&y Conservation Work and provided for
the transfer to the .new agency of f unds
amounting to $10,000,000 from the unallooated
balance of an appropriation approved July 21 ,
1932.
During the ensuing two years, additional funds were made available from various
sources with the result that by March 30,
1935, just prior to the passing of the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1936, a total of $763,077,515 had been provided.
Subsequently this work was financed entirely
from funds made available under the ERA Act
of 1935 from April 8, 1935, to June 30, 1936,
and thus became a part of the Works Program.
The activities of this agency may be di vided into three major groups: work carr i ed
on by the Civilian Conservation Corps, emer genoy conservation work performed by Indians
on reservations, and emergency conservation
work in the Territories. AB may be seen from
the table on page 55 the Civilian Conservation Corps is by far the largest of these,
providing almost 97 peroent of the total employment.
The agency's program is unique in the
sense that it is primarily a young men's program.
In order to be enrolled as a member
of the Civilian Conservation Corps, a man
(unless he belonga to one ot the excepted
groups described later in t hi s para graph )
must be between the ages of 17 and 28 inclusiff, a United States oitizen, unmarried, unemployed, physically fit, and a member of a
famil1 on the public relief rolls.
War vet•
ere.ns are permitted to enroll in the CCC
without regard to age or marital status.
A
third type of enrollee is composed of local
experienced men who are selected by the tech-.al experts at the camps without regard to
age or marital status.
Enrollees are paid a basic rate of J30
per mont h.
Of this amo\lllt, junior enrollees
are required to allot to their dependents a
substantial proportion - usually $22 to $25 a
month - and enrolled veterans having dependeats are required to allot them a substan-

62

tia l propor t i on of their pay. In a number of
instance s enrollees have re ceived promotions
t o positi ons requiring a gr eater degree of
skill and paying higher salaries.
In these
case s the status of the enrollees is changed
to that of non-enrolled personnel.
Emer gency Conservation Work activities
are under the guidance of a Director who is
a ssi sted by an Advisory Council in Washington
composed of representatives of the Department s of War, Interior, Agriculture, and IAbor .
These four departments also cooperate
i n conduoting the Corps' program.
The War
Department provides for the construction, organization, and administration of camps and
looks after the general welfare of the men,
supplying such necessities as f ood and clothing.
In a few instances technical supervision of work projects is an Anny function.
The Department of Labor is responsible for
the selection of enrollees and determination
of their qualifications. The Veterans' Bureau
makes selections of eligible veterans.
The
Department of Agriculture, through the Forest
Service , the Biological Survey, and t he Soil
Conservation Service, is responsible for selecti ng, planning, and s upervising the work
of the Corps in each of their res pective
fi e lds.
The National Park Service, the Bur eau of Reclamation, and the Office of Indian
Affair s of the Interior Department plan and
super vise the work undertaken in their respective fields.

CCC Work
In planning and conduoting the work of
the Corps, emphasis has been placed upon the
oompletion of projects lVhich improve the Nation's f orests and parks and protect against
losses due to fires and the ravages of insects and diseases.
Other major objectives
include the control of soil erosion on valuable agricultural and timber land, the develofllll8nt of more adequate reoreational areas
in parks and forests, the prosecution of
f lood control operations, and the conservation of wildlife.
Whi le the particular type of work done
varies from section to section , there is oonsider ab le similarity in the work carried on

THE ROAD
WAS BUIL'l'

BY 'l'BE CCC

in States in the same general region. However, forestry and recreational facility activities, as well as road and trail construction, have been prosecuted in all the States.
The following brief descriptions of CCC activities in selected States are considered typical of the programs of major regions.
In Ohio e.nd the neighboring territory
speeial emphasis has been placed on the rehabilitation of existing drainage systems and
other programs providing for the protection
of agricultural lands against erosion.
In New Jersey, typical of another section, the most important projects carried on
by the CCC have involved the restoration of
northern New Jersey's pine barrens to forest
productivity and the develoi:ment of State
park areas for recreational use.
In Virginia, where 83 CCC camps are operating, the work consists chiefly of forest
protection and culture and extensive development of both natianal and State parks.

In the State of Oregon, the principal
objective of the work of these camps has been
the protection of the valuable forested areas
against the attacks of fire•
predatory insects, and diseases. Also, as 1n the oase of
Virginia, enrollees have made extensive 1 mprovements to the national forest and park
recreation areas in the State.
The majority of Kaine's 15 CCC camps
have been carrying out proteoti ve and im-

provement operations on forest lands. The
work on these forests is under the supervision of the Maine Forestry Connnission in cooperation with the Federal Forest Service.
Emphasis has been placed on strengthening
fire, insect and tree disease protection systems, improvement of valuable forest stands,
and development of better recreational facilities through the construction of roads and
trails.
Wildlife conservation activities
have also formed part of the program.
Of
partiaular interest to hikers is the work
done in the Maine link of the famous Appalachian Trail.
This section cuts aoross the
White Mountain National Forest as 1'911 as
State forests and park lands, extending about
200 miles from Mount Katahdin in Maine to
Grafton on the New Hampshire border.
In the opinion of conservation authorities, the work of the Civilian Conservation
Corps has advanced the program in this country from 15 to 25 years. Nearly 75,000 miles
of truck trails and minor roads have been
constructed through timbered areas, approximately 45,000 miles of telephone lines have
been built, about 3,000 fire-lookout and observation towers have been erected, and nearly 50,000 miles of fire breaks ha Te been
built.
This means that Federal, State, and
private forests can be protected from fire
much more efficiently than before.
The forest stands on over 2,225,000 acres have been
improved and approximately 600,000,000 seedlings have been planted in connection with
the reforestation of out-over, burned, and
eroded lands.

In connecti on with soil conservation.
about 2, 000,000 soi l erosion dams have been
construct ed, nearly 3,500 miles of farm terraces bui lt, and - over 20,500,000 linear feet
of drainage ditohes cleaned and improved.
Through the construction of over 3,500
fi sh-reari ng ponds, the development and impr ovement of 5,000 miles of stream, and the
improvement of lakes and ponds, the CCC has
made avai lab le great numbers of fish for
stocking and has improved the condition of
streams and lakes for the propagati on of
f ish.

A good illustration of the work done by
CCC men in connection w1 th the conservation
of wildlife is the project at Tule lake.
This project is operated Ullder the supervision of the Bi ological Survey which makes the
following statement regarding the work:
1tFor more than a year young men i n a CCC
camp at Tule Lake on the Ore gon-California
State line have been improving a migrat ory
waterfowl refuge under the direction of t he
U. s. Biological Survey.
Dykes are b e ing
constr ucted ar ound ve.st pools of shall o w
water.
In t hem is being planted the aquatic
vegetation on which waterfowl live. The &.rea
is on the Pacific _flyway on which wild ducks
and geese mi grate yearly to their Alaska
nesting gr ounds . Civilian Conservation Corps
men are building roads over the wide area,
throwing up ne sting islands in Tule IAke and
covering them with shrubbery, and have es-

CCC

Mn FlCJBTllG FOREST FIB.BS

tablished a nursery in which 15,000 trees are
growing for further wildlife cover. A favorable enviro:mnent for many wild species is
being created.
The CCC men do most of the
work, receiv:i ng instructions from experts as
to the necessity for each step as it is made.
To carry on the job they have designed and
built their own boats, and invented a metal
sea sled which will break the ice on Tule
lAke in winter.•
Flood oontrol activities have been carried on in several States . The project in the
Winooski Valley of Vermont is a.n outstandi-o.g
one. This work was done by companies of War
veterans working under the technical supervision of the Corps of Engineers of the Army.
In 1927, 55 lives were lost due to floods in
the Winooski Valley and the property damage
The destruction of
amounted t o $13,500,000.
cattle was extensive.
During the flood condi t i on s i n the spring of 1936, which were
estimated to be as seve r e as those of 1927,
t here was no widespread destruction in the
Winooski Valley. Barre and Montpelier, which
are , exce pt for Burlington, the most densely
populated sections of the State, escaped
practically unscathed.
The contribution of
the dams t o the protection of the Winooski
Valley has been widely acknowledged.
It has
been demonstrated that these dams have already paid for themselves through the deRt ruotion they have prevented.
The reclamation 110rk of the Civilian
Conservat i on Corps has consisted largely of
cleaning e.nd clearing approxiJl\8.tely 29,000,000 square yards
of brush and trees that interfered with the mechanioal removal of silt from canals, reconstructing irrigation watercontrol structures, man ufacturing and placing concrete
pipe, r i prapping canal banks,
and clearing areas for reservoirs .
In addition to the CCC
work, ECW activities include
the operat ion of project a
on Indian reservations. This
work has been
similar i n
character to that done elsewhereby t he Corps. The Indians
often live at home instead of
in camps .
In many instances
whole f amilies of Indians have
moved their tents near work

projects, making a •tamily camp.• lilmergene y
Conservation Work has alao been carried on
in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands,
and Alaska.

following table shows
Augast 29 total.
!MPJmMliH'l'

the

(Jf ~

breakdown of the

COJl'SERVAf Jllf W0J«

Week btiq J.U,Ut 29, 1936

CCC Camp Life
Life and work in the camp• baa been beneficial to the members of the CCC camp• in
several ways.
In the first pla-oe, it ha a
strengthelled the morale of the men.
Sinoe
over 50 percent of the jtmior enrollees are
between the ages of 17 and 18 and only 17
percent are over 21, 1llaJlY had never been employed.
Some of them had recently graduated
from high sohools and a few from colleges and
all had looked forward to seouring positions
whioh failed to materiali~e.
Being seleoted
for membership in the CCC gave them definite
jobs on worthwhile projeots.
Seoondly, camp life has benefited the mell
physioally. Steady work, regular and well
balanoed meals, a regulated program of recreation, exeroise, and sleep, and sanitary living quarters, have produoed a marked improvement in their physical condition.
Thirdly,the eduoational and vocational
benefits have been oonsiderable.
Sllloe APproximately 2.5 peroent of the men are 11•
literate when they enroll, elimination of illiteracy has been considered one of the primary objectives of the eduoationa.l program.
The various CCC oamps employ about 2,100 educational advisors who teaoh aoademio subjects in addition to g1. ving instruotion in
vocational training.
A most important phase
of the educational program is the practical
training of enrollees "on the job" by the
teohnical supervisors under wham the enrol•
ees work.
Approximately 40,000 e nrolleea
have been taught to read and write. Although
it is not mandatory, a majority of the enrollees take advantage of the edu ca tiona.l
opportunities.
The methods used in training
these boys are adapted to individual needs
and the desire to learn is stimulated by an
appeal to future employment posaibilitiea.

Employment
At the end or Augast 1936 employment
totaled 386,600 persona, or al.mot~ exactly
equal to the naber for 11&7 1916, when BCW
first 'began to operate under ER.A tunda.
'fbe

Ji.,._

I!!!:!.
flG!A

occ oamps
bi1aa l'M.....Uou
~G'l'ltori••

I/ 'feobldoal
~

Zm-ollNlbl-elle•I/

385,600

337,800

47.,800

,n,500

327,000

46,500

,.100

,,_,oo

«)()

8,400

7,SOO

9C)O

..,. •• lwta a\an, elcUl.. aolum1o••

A peak of employment had been reached in
August 1935, when 594,000 were employed on
Emergency Conservation Work. It is estimated
tha-b from April 1933 1;o August 1936 emplo~lllent was given to over
1,700,000 men,
inoluding 1,426,000 young men and veterans, in addition to meohanios., adn.aer•• r••
serve officers, and Indians.

A number of enrollees have been honorably discharged from the camps to aooept employment.
From June l, 1935, to July 31,
19~6, there were 169 1 778 who left for this
reuon.
The number or per sons leaving the camps
during July 1936 was distributed as follona
To aocapt employment
Physical disability
Expiration or term or enrollment and other cauaea

14,322

Total

26,462

11,400
730

Fund,
Total allocations by the President for
Emergency Conservation Work under the ERA Aot
ot 1936 amounted to tS06,520,25l or which
te04 1 908 1 725 had been obligated by August 31,
1936. ot this em t577,431,000 had been expended, leavi~ 128,089,231 as the unexpended
balance on tbat date.
Beginning July l, 1936, Emergency Coneern:tion Work baa operated with tunds provided by a apeoific appropriation or tS08 1 000,000 contained in the First Defioienoy Ap•
propriation Act, fisoal year 1937. Thia aPpropriation provide• funds for o p e r a t 10111
through Karch 31, 193'7, when the present au-

thori ty tor the existence of tbe CCC expire s .
The appropriat ion ot t:sos,000,000 will be
uaed to operate 2,109 CCC camps - unless the
work of some of these camps is completed pri•

or to March 51 , 1937 • and to finance Emergency Conser vation Work operations on In•
dian reaervati ona and in Alaska, Puerto Rico,
Hawaii, and the Virgin Islands.

Non-Federal Division of the Pub lic W orks Administration

The Public Works Administration was created "to provide for the construction of cer•
tain useful public works, to reduce a.nd relieve unemployment, to improve standards of
la.bor, and otherwise to rehabilitate industry
and to conserve national resources." The Ad•
ministrat i on's program of Federal a.nd nonFederal projects has been designed to stimulate r ecovery by creating direct a.nd indirect
employment through the construction of public
works and the production a.nd transportation
of materials and supplies.

Federal projects are those conducted by
Federal agencies on Federal property, as distinguished from the nonFederal projects operated
by local pub 11 0 bodie s
(St ates, cities, counties)
usin g Federal funds in com•
bination with local funds.
The former include such
Federa l activities as const ruction of ves se ls by the
Navy, Army housing, work by
Army er,gineere on r i vers mi
harbors, and Federal-aid
hi ghways.
Non- Fe d e r al
projects involve the construction of needed public
buildings i'cr l o cal governments and include schools,
water system.a, e.nd bridges.

the exception of a few large projects. Both
Federal and non- Federa l projects were includ•
ed in this program, as all as p-ojeots involTing railroad improvement.

With fund s provided by the ERA Act of
enabled to continue the
non- Federal type of work started under the
f irst pr ogram.
The projects conducted under
this second program cover a wide range of
activities and include such works as the construction of school and college buildings,
athletic stadia, recreati onal fac ili ties,
courthouses and jails , nurses' homes, municipal buildings, sewage disposal plants, power
plant s, str eets and highways .
These projects are
widely distributed throughout the entire Uuite d
States.
1935, the PWA was

With the passage ot
the Emergency Relief Appropriation Aot of 1936,
the PWA was aut horized to
use up to $300 , 000,000 for
the making of grants from
fund s hitherto used for
loa.na . These funds for tie
third program bad been p-ovided by previous oongresaional appropriations.

Fund,
The PWA's first public works program, started
i n 1933 from funds pr ovided by the National Industrial Recovery Act, i a
practically complete, with

66

Plf.A CO!TSTRUCTS A POWER PLAIT

Projects of the NonFedera l Division are finanoed i n part throu g h
grant s trom ERA Aot funds
and i n part through PWA
loans of funds from earli•
er appropriationsJ the re-

SUTtJS a, Aff'RO\'ID 1n ~ PROJJaS l'lN.llllCID Br TD lb. AC! or 193, Al

.u

of Septaber 10, 1936

:rfll:IMr of

Loau

ptoJeot•
TC1UL

couu,11,uoa oampletel
Un4el' oout n 0Uo1a
nrd oontnot nari.a
:Earll• 1tatu

$370,765,510

4,600

576
3,286- .,,,,

73 !,

565 ] /

21,880, 180
7121 389, 72Z
10,515,267
1139, 7461 157

9,784,784
Jl2, 7831 365

l,Z!ll5, 7'4
97, 122,700

4:1, 796,-428

201 1071 055

4,400,m

iJ Only gnnta are • • fl-am mA J.ot of 1935 fmlda. The i--iii!er oi the total ooa\ OOll91
Pa 1oua f.toom priw &ppt"Op'iaU.ou ar tro111 apouar■• tua1.
!/ The gr.tar pcrtion of t baH p-oJeota haw 'been allottecl tuna. a1no• J'Uly 21, 1936.
mainder is supplied by the local bodi es sponsoring the projeota. I n eaoh case the oommunity to be benefited selected the work in
light of knowledge of its own needs and backed its choice with an offer to prorlde more
than halt or the tinanoes r equir ed. More precisely, the regulati ons pr ovide that the PWA
may make grants tor not more than 45 percent
of the total cost of the project. Honver,t.he
sponsor may borro,r some or all of its contr 1,.
bution from the PlrA's revolving tund.
i'hi 1
fund, provided by appropriations prior to the
ERA Act of 1935,is in excess of $250,000,000,
and is kept liquid by sale of seouritiea to
the Reoonstruotion Finanoe Corpor ation.
Through September 16, 1936, the President had allooated a total of $371,816,288 to
the Bon-Federt.1 Division trom ERA Act funds,
By September 10, PWA had approved gT&nts for
$370,765,610. Local sponsors are contributing
$513,766,825 toward the total cost of the program; of this mount PlfA ia lending them
$124,883,489
trom funds received in earlier
appropriations.
Funds trcn all
souroes,
therefore, aggregate $884,631,336.
Allot September 10, a total of 4,600
projeots were approved and in various stages
of construction or operation.
Of these,
4,583 were looated 1n the Continental United
States. and 17 in Territories and Possessions.
'l'he acoom~g table indicates the statua
of the projeots.
The ,,soo projeots can be roughly classified with respeot to type ot work as fol-

lan1 projects for t he constiTuot ion ot edu•
oational buildings 1uch as 1ohooll and auditoriums, 5S peroentJ construct ion ot other
buildings auoh as oourthouaea and siailar
JllWUOipal 1tructure1, 11 peroent, 1ewerage
project• or di1poaal plant. and aystem.e, 8

5,sge, ooo

either

&om

peroent J -...ter systems, 14 peroentJ
othel."
municipa l projeota, 4 peroentJ and streets
and hi ~ • , engineering atructurea, reo~
ational taoilitiee, and all other projeot s,
about 10 percent.

Completed Projects

By September 10, 1936 , there had alNady
been completed 576 of the PWA projeots initiated under the WoPks PrOgJ"Ule These included
buildings tor educational purposes {ranging
from .-.11, one-story rural schoolhouses to
extenaive, multi-story high-sohool and ool•
lege buildings), hospitals, municipal buildings, auditorium.e, recreational buildings,
sewerage projects and water systems, engineering projeots, street and highway projects ,
recreational projects , aids to navigation,
and reclamation projecta . The se118rage pro j•
eot, involved, 1n many oa1es, not only the
l&ying of' mains and laterals but also the
conatruotion ot pumping stations and treatment plants providing for modern 89ftg9 disposal.
The completed projects 1hOW' an awrage
estimated oost ot slight ly leis than tSB,000
per project.
The total oost ot 1-MH 676
projecrta Utounts to allllost 122,000,000, ot:
which al.Jloat tl0,000,000 came tr• Federal
grants and about $2,000,000 wu adn.noed u
loam.
'fbe balan.oe ot the oost waa s uppli ed
by looal bodies 1ponsoring the project••

PWA Schools
One ot the aost iaportant activit i H undertaken by the PIO. baa been i ta 1ohool oonatruction progTam.
Mor• 'than 60 peroent ot
the pro~ects to-: whi oh ERA Act funds h&ff

67

been allotted involve echool oonatruotion or
improwment. This type ot conatruction work
was started under the Non-Federal Division ot
the PW'A in 1935 and bas been oontinued 'bJ'
The
funds 1upplied by the ER.A A.ct of 1936.
figures in the following paragraphe appl7 on•
ly to that portion of the progr:-• which baa
been tinanoed with funds pro'ri.ded by the ERA
A.at or 1956.
The 2,890 new buildings financed in part
by PWA non-Federal grants and loana will have
Improvements
facilities tor 766,990 pupil■•
to more than 761 existing buildings (increa•ing facilities and providing safer, more IUl•
i tary, and generally improved con di t ions )
will provide for additional thousands ot etudents. These improvements range from etruotural repair on un1afe buildings to remodelingot ob1olne struoture,.

Funds expended on the school program to
date have created more than 500,000mm-month a
ot direct labor at the conatruotion sites,
which does not take into account the extensive indirect employment in the industries
supplying materials and equipment.
New York leads in PWA school bui ldi n g
activity with a program estimated to oost
$45,945,4301 California ranks second with a
program estimated to cost $33, 776,4711 Pennsylvania, thil"d, with $31,148,5731 Texas,
fourth, with $15,116,2711 and Illinois,fitth,
with a $13,076,568 program.
In California, PW.A. assistance has made
possible a greatly needed school improvement
program, plana for which ftl'e
made following the earthquake
of 1933 which destroyed many
The situaschool buildings.
tion in Los Angeles and Long
Beaoh, where earthquakes i n
the past had done the mo st
Under
damage, was serious.
the State PWA program, schools
are being replaced or remodeled to make them tremor-proof.
To guard against e a rthquakes
provision i a made for i ncreaaed reinforcement and the
introduction of stronger cro1a
wall• to accOJ11110date lateral
stresses in emergencies.
Many of the school projects launched throughout the
country with the aid of the PWA

68

••rw

u the nuoln• ot
are dHigud to
ooutruoted atirebe
gr:-oupa or builclings to
l;y out ot leoal tad.a in tu tuture.

Better taoilitiea tor rural 11..-mtltiea
aleo ban been made afti.lable thro11g)l the alt
ot the P'fl(A. The oonsolidation ot rural sohool
districts ba1 made pouible the oonstruotion
ot eeoonda?'J' schools whioh 1'0\lld not have
been feasible tor aJI¥ one of the indi'fidual
Suoh ecabinaticms ot diltriota.
district..
joined in c01111110n eupport of oentral 1chool1,
also have meant a greater amoun-t, or proper't7
pledged in support et PWA lMJLS.
The •dioal building now under oonstruotion for the Jer1e;y City Medical Center ii
typioal ot those PWA -.iTitiH that are helping to euppl;y badly naeded ho1pi tal faciliPlan.a for th11
ties in ~ t'IC'Gffl!Jnj ties.
building provide eetbaok1 tor eaoh floor.
forming open-air solaria with aouthern. exposures so that patients may have the benefit
ER.A Act funda in
of fresh air and sunshine.
been Wied 1.1
haft
$2,046.454
of
the amount
loans and
th
w1
together
grants bj" the PWA,
this
possible
make
locally raised fund ■ to
$4,545,454 projeot.

Eaployacnt

Employment from ERA Act funds on projects
operated by the Non-Federal Divieion of the
PWA has increased continuously, with noteworthy gain■ within the last four months.
During May the P'fl(A reported an increase in
employment from 132,365 to 1•6,883 persons.

REMOIJELIIG AID llIBPOllCIIG A SCIIOOL

In the tolln:l.Jlg Mllth•. expauioJl OOD.~
until in August emplo,:mnt reaobed a peak ~
169,616 workers. With the ooming of ooltler
weather, it ia anticipated tb&t employmDt
naturally will ahow SOiie deorea••.

,s

Approxiaately
peroent of all workers
employed on PWA non-Federal projects are••
alcilled worlmr•. Skilled -,mra ill building
and ooutruotion trades aooount tor app:roxi-

tel7 28 percent s saillkillecl worJmr, aaount
to 11 pereen projeot npe"11•r• and toNllell
repre1eat aboat 9 i,.re...ta 1-.ilkilled wran
JaOt- ill building or oon,truot ion vau, total
leas tban 2 peroent1clerioal al2d ot t ioe worker e, leu tbam 2 perwas profeaaio:nal ud
wohnioal worker•• 1l1ghtl7 O'ftr l peroeatJ
and 1ldllecl wrbrs not ill buil41ng u4 eoa•truotion trade•, les • than 1 peroen.t-. 'tbeN
tigun• oonreaplOJ11911.tcm project site, OJUT•

Resettlement Administration

t.rge mmbers of farm fudU... had be•
reoipient• ot cU.reot relief 4ur1ag tbe
,-u• ot the depru.aien. and at one time or
anothet- had been dependent on varioua types
of looal, State, or Federal aid. In order to
provide aid oondstent with the particular
needs ot these destitute Mmbera of the fara
population the Resettlement Adminiatratio n
was Htabliahed on April SO, 1935.
To the
new t.dld.niatration wre tnmate rred the aoti vi ties ot four gonrmnental agenciH whioh
had previously been dealing w1 th auoh various
aapeota of the tanners' problem u the uneconomic tanning ot submarginal land ,
the exploitation and exhaustion of natural resources• and the over-farming and owr- gruing of
land.
OCllle

Under the Resettlement
Adm1ni 111tration
three oloaely related types ot activity are
being carried 01u rural nhabili ta.tion. rural Gd suburban reaettleant • and l and utilization.
For theae purpose& the Acbn1u1~tration had reoehed $290.67'.292 frClll Eller•
genoy Relief Appropriation J.ot fund• through
August Sl, 19S6.
ot this amount $29.928,029
was made anilable from WPA allooat ion••
In
acld.ition &lmoat t2s.ooo,ooo -. prorlcled
froa other aouroea, bringing t.be to·bl. anil•
able to the Reeettlemnt Adai.n11trat1on up

tranaf'erred to the Reaettl emellt .Adll1n1 • tr&t1on on .,.une IO• 1936.
Thia marked the en4
or FERA grants to States tor rural rehabilitation.
A program was planned tor the euuing year to inolude individual farm loan.a to
200,000 farm fami lies a t an a-.erage ot $450
each, as well as a community and oooperati-.e
service program involving an estimated tot a 1
cost of about $4,600, 000.

Thia rural rehabilitation phase ot the
Adminiatration•s activities ft.I designed particularly to asaiat the need1' tann families
whose land 1a or ta.ir or good quality, but
has not produced an income sufficient to provide an adequate atandard of .living.
Four
methods are ueed in aiding
tam111eaa
(1) loans tor the p ~ s e o£ capital gooda
such as li-.eatook. fa.rm equipnent, repairs,
teed, and eeedJ (2) grants tor 1ubaistenoe

the••

to $Sl6,472,696.

Rural LW.ilatiori
!he :aun.1 Rehabilitation D1'1.a1on ot the
Federal 1fmergenoy Relief An1D1•trat1oa wu

c01Bm1Jcno• Ar .l
BISlft'!UIIBft PR-0.Def

needs; (3) loans f or community and cooperative services; and (4) ne gotiations f or the
adjustment of farm debts .
The bulk of r ehabilitation activities
are conducted under the first two methods.
LOANS .AND GRANTS MADE Ff RJ:SE'l'TLDENT JDMINISTIW.'ICfi
UNDER THE mA J.C'l'S or 1935 AND 1936

Through September 11, 1936

AmOunt of
Payments

Type of
Loan or Grant

Number of Init1al.

TOT.AL

730,868

$104,361,819

324,401
9,307

80,186,501
735,858

7,906

1,465,241

10,184

4,852,975
15,778,177

Payment ■

Rehabilitation loana
Feed and orop lollllB
D:ne:rgenoy drought feed
and crop loans

Corporation authol'ization loans!/
Rehabilitation grants

Certified

326,862

Dnergency drought

1,343,067
52,20e
tram funds originally allotted to State
Rehabilitation Corporations by FERA and later
transferred to the Re1ettleimnt ~dministration.

grants

!f Made

As shown in the accompanying table, loans and

grants to individuals had amotmted to about
Funds
$104,000,000 by September 11, 1936.
made available by the ERA Aots of 1535 and
1936 were utilized for the grants and for all
l oans except those made from funds transferred
to the Resettlement Administration from the
State rural rehabilitation corporatioriS which
had been set up through the FERA.
Serious drought conditions during the
summer of 1936 necessitated substantial allocations for emergency relief to farmers in
For this purpose $20,the stricken areas.
000,000 had been allocated as of August 31,
As of September 4, 1936, more than
1936.
44,000 initial emergency drought grants totaling $1,096,318 had been made from these ftmds.
In many cases families r eceiving assistance under the rural rehabilitation program
also participate in other activities of the
than 7
Resettlement Administration • More
percent of the persons employed on land-utilization projects have re ceived either loans
or grants, or both, while about 5 percent of
those employed on hous ing ~~ejec t s operated
under the resettlement program have rec~ i ved
Persons to wh om
either loans or grants.
loans have been made predominate in bot,.
groups.
Community and cooperative service loans
are made primarily to provide supplemental

60

aid to destitute and low-income .farm families.
The community type of ]J)an, an extension of
the individual fa..""!11-loan plan, ~ssists groups
of familie s i n making purchases of such items
and
a s farm and home supplies, equipment,
other e ssentials for profitable farm operation. The loans are usually made to cover
agricultural cooperative activities concerned
with p o uci ng, proces s ing, and marketing,
and are made either to cooperative associations or to individuals participating in suoh
As of August 31, 1936, allotassociations.
ments to cooperative associations m1der the
Resettlement Administration totaled $1,964,•
950, all of which has been expended.
The farm debt adjustment phase of the
rural rehabilitation program assists debtburdened farmers by securing agreements with
their creditors for the adjustment of finanThrough this program it
cial obligations.
has been· possible to reduce the number of
families in need of rehabilitation loans or
grants. A fund of $2,000,000 was allocate d
to the Resettlement Administration for the
administrative expenses of this service.
During the period between September 1, 1935,
and August 31, 1936, a total of 75,381 cases
August
Through
were under consideration.
1936 a total of 38,728 oases had been benefited by this service, and their indebtedness, originally amounting to $118,940,410,
had been reduced by $30,446,610 through such
adjustments.

Lscttlcae11t

Thia phase of the Resettlement Administration's activities may be divided roughly
into two perts i rural resettlement and suburban development. As of August :n, 1936"
$60,456,700 from ERA Aot funds had been allocated to the Resettlement .Administration for
land acquisition and developnent in these
phases of its work. or the total ERA Act
funds, $34,456,700 (including $9,581,000 for
subsistence homesteads) was allocated for rural resettlement work and $26,000,000 was
designated for suburban housing. An additional $2,478,508 was transferred to the Resettlement Administration from the Department
of the In~rior for subsistence homesteads,
Plans for rural resettlement work as of
August 31, 1936, called for the completion of
39 subsistence homesteads begun under the
Subsistence Homesteads Division of the De-

par-talent or the Interior and SO rural resettlement projeot1 •tarted under the FERAJ
the initiation of 79 new rural resettlement
projects ; and the opel'Wtioa or an Indian
project and 2 Forest Senioe projeot1. Aa ot
August 29, 1916, a total ot t,l9S
workers
wre eaployed on
projects, o~ 4,000
ot 1'hom bad been taken trom relief rolls.

the••

SUbwban reHttlement projeota •re ff•
ligned to demonstrate, through ett'ioient land
and town pJ•nn1:ng, the feuibillty ot pron4•
ing lcnr-inoome 110rlatra W'l:t.h lcnr-ND't&l banes
in bealthrul, oouni.1'7 •urroundinp. Opera•
tiou are mider -... tor 'the dewlopnent of
..._ 1uburban housing projects, one at lal'wyn , Maryland (near Washington, D, c. )J one at
Jlilwaukee, 'll'iaoonainJ and one at Cincinnati,
Ohio. A teurth project, at Boundbrook, New
Jersey, baa l»ea. auapemed beoaun of legal
oomplioatieaa.
Thea• 1uburban oOllllllUnities
haw been oall•d "greenbelt" towna, becauM
eaoh 1e surrounded by an area of farm and garden land . Thia greenbelt serves a double purpoH in that it preffnts o-n,rorowding and interferenoe by undesirable building developunta, and alao giTes ea.oh ftcmrn,m,i ty aooeH
to agricultural land a.nd enables it to control land whioh may be needed for ~ture expansion. Part of the greenbelt area will be
used by full-time farmers. Other land will
be reserved for allotment garden.a where members ot the oommuni ty mq raise trui t and
vegetables . Acreage will alao ~ aet aside
for perks and playgrounds. In the projeota
near Wuhington, D. c., and Cincinnati, Ohio, part of the greenbelt
,rill be u sed by Gowrmnent a.genoie ■
tor demonstrations in toreatrr and
soil oonserntion. JJ ot August 29,
1936, a total of 7 ,SM worker•, 4,983
ot wham were trom relief rolls, wre
employed on t hese suburban projeota.

.-d tor aohoola aml roada in iapoftr1abed
land areas. For adm1n1atrat1ve purpoaH thi1
program has been d1Tided into two partaa land
a.oquiaition and land defflopnent.
Through
August 31, 1956, the Resettlement Mm1n1~tn.tion'a land program bad involved the purohaae
ot 9,287,406 aorea ot ,ubmarginal land in"
Sta-tea. atan acquisition coat ot approxiaat.ely '"·000 ,000 •
)(any ot the tamiliea liTing on the lu.d
puroha.aed by the Government a.re being resettled elsewhere with the aid ot the Reaettle•
ment Adm1ohtrationJ others a.re moving without auoh &id. >. f~, remaining on the land,
are employed in i ta development and maintenanoe. By the end of August 300 tamil1e1
had been mOTed with the help of the Adm1nh•
tration. In maDy oases land now being oropped unproti tably is to be put to more remunerati n u,e~, auoh a.a grazing and forestation.
In other inatanou the land 1a being developed into perk•, recreational areas, wildlife
aanotuariea, and Indian reserva.tione. The
allooationa, apeoitio ty'pes or developnent,
and employment under this phase or the program are dbouaaed in a. following section of
the report entitled •r.nd-Uae Developnent."

Employment
Faplo,mnt on a 11 Resettlement Adainia•
tration projeota aa ot August 29, 1936, totaled 64,98S peraou, of wham 62 peroent •re
1ltleDt 01' PIRSOlfS IMPIDm> (If Rnm'tamll'.&IJKINlSTRm OB PROGRillS, BY 11EL7EF SU'l'tE
Week Zlla!.Jag .&.qut 29, 1936

Penou c....
tlfl.•4 ~
'l'crtal

1n•e.a

ot a-.u,t

]Ion-

Relief

hnou

TO'fA.L
!5,\983
29,072
2',911
Further disoussion of the rural
Lan4 ir,elopmnt
11,m
39,236
19,ffl
resettlement and auburban denlopment R'aral naettl-11\
4,364
8,193
3,129
Sub'Cll'ban re.ettlement
projects conducted by the Resettle4,,e,
2,m
7,S!k
ment Administra.tion ia included in
ta.ken from relief rolls. The distribution ot
the section entitled "B.ouaillg,• on page t2.
thia total among land utilization, rural reHttlement, and auburban reaettleJDBnt projeota
ii ahO'llll in the aocOllpa.Jlying table. ReL...d-U.
cipients ot rural rehabilitation or e-rgenoy
drou~t loe.na and grants are not included in
'!'be land-use program wa.s planned to oonaene land reaourcea, to aid tamillea in JDOT• the aployment tigurea ot the ReaettlemeJlt
iag to 110re nitable lu4, and to reduce the .Adw1 n1atration.

81

Housing

The inadequaoy of housing faoilities for

low-income families, both urban and rural,
has only reoently been recognized as a major
The Federal Government,
national problem.
during the laat three years, has undertaken
to deal with this problem through suoh Federal agencies as the Housing Division of the
Public Works Administration, the Resettlement
Administration, and to a smaller degree,
through the Alley Dwelling Authority.

PW A Housing Division

The housing problem falls into two main
In an endeavor
divisions - urban and rural.
to cope with the urban housing problem, the
Housing Division of the Public Works Administration is proseouting 27 projects for clearing and rebuilding slum areas, and 23 lowrent housing projects in urban areas which
were formerly vacant - a total of 50 projeots
in all, situated in 35 American cities and
the Possessions of Puerto Rico and the Virgin
Islands.

Of these projects, 40 are financed from
funds supplied by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 and the remaining 10 are
financed from funds supplied by an earlier
appropr iation.
Foundations have been completed or are
nearing completion on 23 of the 40 projects
Ten pro jeots
financed from ERA Act funds.
are in the superstructure stage. General contracts have been let for the entire job on 5
projects which are,on the average, more than
30 percent complete. Of the 2 remaining projects, the one located in the Virgin Islands
(comprising 3 developments on as many different sites) is well past the foundation stage,
and the other involves land purchase only.
In eaoh area the projects are designed
to satisfy local architectural needs, and to
fit in with prevailing architectural traditions. In Boston, for e:xamplei the housing
project is known as Old Harbor Village and
oalls for three-story apartments and twostory gro~p houses of a modified colonial

ARCH I '!'EC 1'' S DlUWillG OP .&. JIOUSIIG PB0.110!

62

type of architecture.
Thi• project ra.n.,k s
second largest in the entire national hous ing
program being oonduoted by the PWA..
The
buildings provide a.ttractive, sanitary homes,
modern in every detail. The project known as
Durkeeville , located at Jacksonville,Florida,
has been de si gned in an architectural style
typical of the Southeastern States, 'and is
reminiaoent of the early colonial dwelling••

The group of housing projects being oon•
ducted by the PWA will provide home• ot stand-

The entire low-cost housing and al ua
clearanoe pro gr . . of the PWA Housing D1Tis1on.
including those projeots ot the limited dividend corporation type, involves total Federal
allocations of $142,749,228. Of this. t1os,686,289 has been a l l ocated by the President
from funds made available by the ERA .Aot ot
1935 and $37,163,939 from N1lU. funds of 1933.
Of this latter amonnt $10,971,600 1111.s .u-+ed for the apecifio purpose of paying the entire cost of the limited dividend corporation
pro j ects.

IEED FOR mE HOUSING PROGIW( - ODE OF mE IIAllY lLLUS'l'JU.!IORS

ard, fireproof oonstruction for approximately
100,000 persons of the lower income group, at
rentals within their means.
PW .A housing
standards call for inatallation of modern
sanitation facilities, electrio lighting, and
mechanical refrigeration wherever mass purchase of utility services permits rates sufficiently low to make their use economically
feasible.
Architectural plane provide for
cross-ventilation by limiting the depth of
each dwelling to two rooma. Buildings wi:11
be so oriented that oocupants 11111 reoei ve
full benef'i t from preTailing b re H H • w1 th
atruot\I?'e s in almost • "lery cue oo.ering lH s
than one-fourth ot the projeot area. The rema.ining grounds will be landaoaped and oonverted into play oentera.

The rural housing problem is largely in
the hands of the Reset t l 8JD9nt Admini strat ion
and may be separated into two main di rl s i ona
- suburban developments and rura l resettl ement projects.
Under t he former , l ow-ooat
suburban oommuni ties are bei ng deTe l oped in
the vioinitiea of ae l e oted l arge ci ties. The
rural resettlement developments are of five
kinds: (1) the oloaed oollllllllnit;y type, where
the land is all located in one blook and oommunity facilities are providedJ (2 ) the in•
filtration type. in whi.oh the ta.rm uni t a to
be established are interspersed among existing farms J ( 3) the tenant security type• in
whioh tM farm uni ta purohaaed are those nmr

.

tenanted by families who are to receiw aidJ
(4) garden homes for indust r ial and agricultural workers; and (5) camps for migratory
farm laborers.

families now unable to attain even a minimum
All of its 142 units
standard of living.
and a.t least
completed,
been
recently
hava
persona.
2,117
by
occupied
52 are already

Of the three suburban towns under devel-

The land on each of these farmsteads has
been cleared and shrubbery and lawna haw
Each f..rmstead contains a.
been planted.
house, barn, hoghouse, chicken house, and
Provision of livestock and equippumphouse.
ment prepares ea.oh farmstead unit for operaA complete system of roads ha.a been
tion.
constructed, leading from ea.ch house to the
community center. The one-story, fo~ five-,
and six-room dwellings are of frame drop-siding construction. Every house has a complete
modern bathroom, electrical equipment, hot
water tank, fireplace, and screen porch.

opment, one, the Greenbelt pr oject near WashffAffS a, falrLT MXCllml!ICIIS CII
SUBOIBAJ' 1mm'fLDIDI! Jlll()J'EfS

u

d

s.---

!,750

'MUI,

Bcmt1111rook.

Bel'wJD. ....

15, 1096 J/

If. J.

!/

lllhube, WS.IO.
CinoimlaU, OJaio

7S)

1,290
750

1,000

1,538

..
7«>

m

J/t1p to Septat,er 15,

lfie IIO f ~ _,_4&Uou
W bea o-,inea.
!/ Thl• ir•"9ot le at Jr•--' ••1 aid OldJIC to
1ap1

prooeeau,..

With
ington, D. c., is nearing completion.
740 units of the proposed 1,250 under construction it is anticipated that this model
town will be occupied by 1,000 families soon
after the first of the year. More than 5,000
persons are reported to have made application
for tenancy in Greenbelt. Tentative requirements for acceptance specify that familyheads
earn between $1,400 and tz.ooo annually, be
steadily employed, and have good character
records.

The Resettlement Administration received
the following allotments for housing projects
from ERA Act funds of 1935s $26,500,000 for
suburban developments and $33,038,215 for ruAn additional $2,478,508
ral resettlements.
was transferred from the Department of the
Interior for the completion of subsistence
homestead projects that had been initiated by
that Department.

Alley Dwdi.., Allthority
In addition to the housing programs discussed thus far, the Alley Dwelling Authorit)'
of Washington, D. c., has an allotment or
$190,194 for the removal of certain alley slums
and for the construction of low-oost d we 11ings. This sum is all from ERA Act funds am

Most of the houses in this suburban community are two-story, six-room dwellings with
gabled roofs. A few are of the bungalow type.
All are roomy, well ventilated, insulated,
soundproof, fitted with modern equipment, and
Each block will be
attractively landscaped.
heated by a central plant located usually in
the basement of the end house (the only one
Space for parks c;,r comhaving a basement).
mons has bee n allowed on each block• and all
houses are within walking diata.noe o£ parks,
recreation centers, stores, and the 'P()at office. Traffic at busy crossings is diverted
by underpasses.
The Resettlement Administration has at
present 208 active rural re settlement projects of which 28 have been completed and are
The Penderlea Homenow partially occupied.
steads project in North Carolina i• typical
of the rural resettlements developed tor farm

SU!SISfJslCB HOMESruD

supplements an a.dditional $600,000 which
was a. direct appropriation from Congress.

Combined

Federal

funds,

covering all

housing projects mentioned ab o v •• to ta l
$205,477,637.
About 80 percent of this total, or $166,313,698, is from funds made
available under the ERA Acts of 1936 and
1936.

War and Navy Departments

Under the Works Program, the We.r Department and the Navy Department are prosecuting
work projects through three of their bureaus
or divisions. The Corps of Engineers and the
Que.rtenna.ster Corps are carrying on the work
for the We.r Department, while the Bureau of
Yards and Docks is conducting Works Program
projects for the Navy Department. Since projects of the Quartermaster Corps a.nd the Bureau of Yards and Docks a.re similar in many
respects, it is convenient to consider these
two agencies together.
Discussion of
the
work of the Corps of Engineers is undertaken
separately.
Ouarta...tcr

ments of waterfront structures; and the remaining 12 for foundation and map surveys.
By the same date the Quartermaster Corps
had ooapleted 162 of its 247 approved projects.
These included 6 projects for the improvement of airportsJ 68 for construction,
reconstruction, and repair of buildingsJ 3
for the repair of boatsJ 58 for improvements
to cemeteries; 2 for improvement of grounds
at umy postsJ 3 for improvement of utilities;
15 for the improvement of National Guard
camps; and 7 for repair of storm damage at
,arious umy posts.

Corps •ncl Bwc.u of Y.,els .nd Doclcs

The ~rojects of the

Quartermaster Corps
a.nd the Bureau of Yards and Docks are similar
in that they a.re generally devisedfbr repair,
reconditioning, and improvement of certain
physical equipment and facilities of the two
agencies.
This work is prosecuted at ~
posts and airports, national cemeteries, Navy
yards, nava.1 bases and air fields throughout
the United States and its Territories and
Possessions. In the main, it consists of con.tnotion a.nd repair ot buildinga, water,
sewer, and lighting systems, railroads, roads
and walks, and general improvement ot grounds.
By the end of August 1936 the Bureau of
Yards and Docks had completed 145 of its 228
approved projects. Of' these, 36 projects related to the reconstruction, repair, and im•
provement of buildin~st 33 were for improvement and repair of diatrlbutiq 119t.u1 am
12 for improvement and repair ot tools, equii-ment, and physical a.ppa.ra.tus.
Four projects
involved improvements to air tislds; 13 ,rere
for repair and improvement of railroa.dsJ 42
for im_provements to grounds; 4 for improve-

IRIC'l'IIG J. LIGllT STAID.ARD At J. WAVY mD

Because the type of work done by both
the Quartermaster Corps and the Bureau ot
Yards and Docks is such that few s peciall.1'
skilled workers are required, both of the"
agencies have been able to prosecute their
projects with pi-e.otioally no exemptions fro,i
the general Works Program requirement that at
least 90 percent of the workers be taken from
relief rolls.
M'IDDtDlr OS PIO~ a, TB 1Wl .111D
avr l>RO'ND"'tl, n ULDr ftaus

w.ek.U..,a,utZ9,1.SN

!OUL

C..,. ofl>IC1nMn
Gmz•w.ta- Cor,e
hrend'Dl.r4eulhob

,.w

.lab. ....

•,m

31,9117

11,m

IO,OCll

S,204

11\"8

~

eflal1d

.e.m

14.325

Cor p1 of Engineers

The Corps of Engineers, on the
other
hand, is carrying on work of a quite different nature designed to improve river and harbor facilities through dredging, brea.kwater
and jetty construction, stream clearance, and
flood control.
Through August 1936, $130,000,000 from the funds made available by the
ERA Act of 1935 and an additional $16,000,000
from the ERA Act of 1936 funds had been allocated to the Corps to carry on this pa.rt of
the Works Program. While the majority of the
78 approTed projects (because of the more
specialized type of work being prosecuted)
show a fairly high percentage of non-relief
la.bor,the Engineers are also prosecuting sev-

eral projects on which 90 peroent of the employees are from relief sources.
The most
outstanding projects of this latter type is
the Los Angeles Flood Control Projeot.
This project has as its purpose the provision of more adequate control of the flood
waters of the Los Angeles, Rio Hondo, and San
Gabriel Rivers or Los Angeles County.
Practically dry the largest part of the
year, the stree.ms nevertheless are
subject to serious flooding during
the sea.son of heavy rains (December
to April) when 78 percent of the
••
Pa11ef
Penau
annual rainfall may be expected.
The mountainous sections of the
river basins are sparsely covered
11,a&
with chaparral and have been burned
over periodically.
As the result
t,aso
tl3
of the periodic and heavy precipi~ffl
tation and the condition of the
steep, denuded mountains at the
headwaters, great discharges of water debouch
from the canyons, carrying debris and boul d ers, and causing severe floods.
The problem
has been rendered more a.cute by recent gains
in population in Los Angeles, Pasadena., and
nearby towns, with the a. ttenda.nt increase in
construction of buildings and highways. JJJ a
result of this factor, the proportion of the
area which is unable to absorb rainfall has
been enlarged; this, in turn, has increased
the amount of water that must be taken care
of, and unless it is efficiently carried off,
floods will be higher and the damage to property will be greater tha.n,. before.
The Los Angeles Flood Control District
was formed by specia.l aot of the State I.egis-

S!'tllll null
LOS .&IGBLBS

FLOOD COftROL PROJBCT

lature and beoame effeotive in 1916.
The
District has prepared a oomprehensi ve p 1 an
for the regulation and control of all the
streams in Los Angeles County, and up to
April 3, 1936, had expended (or authorizedfor
expenditure ) $62,449,370.
The Los Angeles
Flood Control projeot is sponsored jointly by
the Flood Control District and the Corps of
Enginee r s. The '10,269,000 allocated to this
project under the ERA Act of 1936 has been
supplemented by the District ' s appropriation

of funds amounting to $3,500,000.
These funds are being used for the buildin~ or da.tJie, conduits, diversion ditcb9s, a.:ad
both open and closed drains to control the
flood waters, as well as for the exoavation
of basins to collect sediment and thus prevent the clogging of the drains; and for the
alteration and reoonstruction of bridges so
that these bridges will not aerva to reduoe
channel capacities for flood discharges.

Bureau of Public Roads

During the past six years Federal appropriations for highway construction have been
substantially increased, primarily as a means
of stimulating employment.
The regular appropriations increased from $75,000,000 in
1930 to $125,000,000 in 1931, 1932, and 1933.
In 1931 there was also an additional special
appropriation of $80,000,000 and in 1932 a
similar appropriation of $120,000,000. Beginning in 1933 about $1,000,000,000 has been
provided by emergency aots for highway 1f0rk.
Allotment of $400,000,000 was made from funds
provided by the National Industrial Recovery
Act of 19S3, and $200,000,000 was authorized
by the Hayden-Cartwright Aot of 1934. Of the
latter $100,000,000 was appropriated from
funds made available by the Emergency Relief
Appropriation Aot of 1935, from which the
President allocated an additional 1400,000,ooo. or the Presidential allocation $200,000,000 was provided for the elimination of
hazards at grade crossings and $200,000,000
for highwlt,y work.
Prior to the Emergenoy Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 a considerable amount of
farm-to-market and feeder road construction
and repair was accomplished through the work
relief activities of the Federal Emergency
Relief Administration and the Civil Works Administration.
Work of the same type is now
being done on locally sponsored 1'PA projects.
The following discussion is confined to the
operations of the Bureau of Public Roads, the
major part of whioh is now being oarried on
with funds from the Emergenoy Rellef Appropriation Act of 1935.

Gr.de Crossings Elimination
As of August 31, 1936, a total of 296
grade orossings had been eliminated and protected in 40 States, at a total cost of $11,407,438, of whioh the Federal Government contributed $11,314,074. or these completed improvements 250 were newly oonstruoted grade
separating bridges, 34 involved reconstruction
of existing structures, and 12 provided signals, gates, or safety devices for the proteotion of life at grade oroasings.
In process
of construotion were 1,279 p~ojeots located
in all states, the Distr~t of Columbia, and
Hawaii, involving expenditures of $108,271.920
9UmS Cl 1UID JIRClGIW( ~ D I C ELDaJIATmf
PRo.JIX:."n or 1n BURl&.U a, 1UBLIC aaam

u

of the bl et tile Meath

Bnaber 1935

~

Aqut 1936

88

185

~:6..-,

2

311

llaftlh

10

April

l3

31M
519
680

.,..

2•

1'e'bruary'

May

Jllly
Augut

•

n

158
296

829

1,122
1,233

1,279

67

of Federal funds. or these, 1,093 involved
new oonstruotion,
153 were reoonstruotion
projects and 33 were to provide safety devices.
Besides these projects completed and
under construction there 1f8re at the end or
August 931 projects, including
~umber ot
eaoh type, approved and ready for oonstruotion. The ta.ble on the preceding page ahon
the progress or the program as of the end of
ea.oh month from November 30, 1935 through August 31, 1936.
The grade-crossing elimination program,
finanoed with relief a.ppropriatfon funds, WU
inaugurated in August 1935.
During the week
ending August 29, 1936, it was giving employment to 41,322 persons of whom 14,305 were
drawn from relief rolls and of whom 34,455,
including the relief personnel, were obtained
through the United Sta.tea Employment Servioe.

The remaining $200,000,000 waa allocated

by the President from the 1935 Works Program
funds for highway conatruotion purposes. ot
the whole sum allooa.ted, it was required that
not less than 25 peroent be expended for the
construction of secondary or
feeder roads
outside of munioipalities and not included in
the State or Federal-aid highway systems. An•
other pa.rt, amounting to not leas than 25
percent was to be spent on projects within
munioipa.lities, and the balance, of not more
than 50 peroent was made available for proj•
ects on the Federal-aid highway system outside of municipalities.
Since the primary purpose or the 'lrorlca
Program was to provide a maxi.nnDn of employment with funds available, the rules governing the Works Program highway allooa.tion at
first limited the Sta.tea to an expenditure of
not more than $1,400 for ea.oh man-year of employment. When it was found that this restriction would make it difficult to carry
out needed intermediate and high type road
oonstruotion, an al terne.te plan was developed.
Under thia plan the State agreed for eaok
$1,400 or ita apportiomnent to provide one
man-year of employment for persona aeourecl
through the United States Employant Service,
gtving pref'er.noeto relief labor. The State 1a
then pend tted to use auoh indi viduala on any
work being done under i ta direction. including
State maintenanoe and repair work as wll aa
State oonatruction pi-ojeota ,Federal-aid proj•
eots and Worka Program higbny projeota. Thia

88

procedure insures the provision of one manyear of employment for eaoh $1,400 of the
State's apportionment.
AIJ of August 31, 1936, a tota.l of 4,260
miles of high~. roads , and streets had
been oonatruoted with Works Program highway
funds in 43 States, the District of Columbia,
and Hawaii, with an estimated value of $42,•
662,969 ($41,109 ,218 of Federal funds and the
remainder from other sources).
In addition
6,898 miles were under oo natruotion and
projeota inTOlTillg l,21S JRiles 1191'9 •Pproved and ready for contraota to be awarded,
representing projeota valued a.t $115, 097,943
and $19,637,112 reapeotively.

By August 29 over 41,600,000 man-hours
of employment had been provided for relief
labor out of a total of about 87,000,000 manhours worked by all olasaea of labor on Works
Program. highway projects.
The employment on
this class of work reached a peak of nearly
115,000 pers ona in July 1936 and by August 29
had dropped to 89,3M persons of whom 84,032
were obtained through the United States Eaployment Service , including 39,087 drawn trom
relief rolls.

'!'he aooam.~ng table indicates the
month by month statua,from November 30, 1935,
to August 31, 1936, of the progress made on
Work• Program highway projects in terms of
the number or miles of road completed a.Dd
the number of miles of road under oonatruotion.
S'll1'US <1l' 1'CR1S PROGIW( BIGBnT PROJl'Cl'S
OJ' TD BURU.U OJ' PtJBLIC B0ADS

.u

of the J:D4 of the Month

NOTlllber 1935

~

J.qut 1936

)Alea of Roa4

Month

C9l.etecl

M!.le1 of Boa4
Unaer Cout.rw,tion

~
Ncrnaber

Deoeb_.

25.0
110.1

1.,471.3
2,535.1

173.6
255.o
283.1

3,751.6

~
J'IID'll&l')'

J'•'braary
Maroh

-

J.pril

J ue

530.a
938.4
1,948.2

.1"11:,

2,994.2

A11C'J■ t

4_,259.6

4,234.5
5.,l-46.3
6.,209.7

7,303.0
7.,803.2
7,42:7.4

6.,arn.1

Pul,lic Worlcs Highw•y •

Nearly all of the projects included in
this program W8re under contraot or nre approved tor construction by July 1, 1936. The
appropriation of the second ll00,000,000 fts
in the nature of a continuing provision for
work already authorized and begun. The status
on that date or the whole $200,000,000 au1horized by the Hayden•Cartwright Act we.a as fol•
lows, $30,071,390 had been spent on completed
projects, work Talued at $U8,520,398 was under construction, and plima and apecificationa for projects to coat $23.166,829 had
been approved and wre ready for aftrd c'L contract. During the ensuing year, up to August
Sl, 1936, about $140.ooo,ooo worth or additional construction was completed, bringing
the total value of completed pro j e e t • to
$170,096,534.
On August 31. 1936, projects
und.er eonatruotion involved costs of $20.949,344 and others estimated to coat IS,259,987
wre approved for construction.leaving a bal•
anoe or 15,694,136 ava.U.abl• tor new projeota.

In addition to the $200,000,000 authorized as an outright Federal grant for highway
conatruction by the Hayden-Cartwright Aot of
1934, there was a further authorization of
$12.6,000,000 to be appropriated for each of'
the fisoal years 1936 and 1937 f<r expenditure
with matching State funds. in accordance with
the requirements or the Federal Highway Aot.
These funds are available only tor the oonatruction of roads included in the Federal•
aid highway system and, in general, must be
matohed by at least equal amounts of Stat.e
money. a rule to whioh exception is made, how•
e"f8r. in the ••tern Stat.ea which contain
large percentages or publid. lands. The tirst
of the funds ao authorized became available
for expenditure at the beginning of the fiscal year 1936. During the week ending August
29. a total of 57.971 persona nre employed
on such projects.or whom 51,468 nre referred
by the United States Employment Service, including 13.098 drawn from relief rolls. Peak
employment on this phase of the highway work
has not yet been reached but up to the end ot
August employment had been g1nn in the amount
of 47,670,523 man-hours of 4irect labor, ot
which nearly 39,000,000 were performed by
labor referred by the United States Employment Servioe and more than 10.000.000 by relief workers.

Employment on thi ■ phase or the h i ~
program was at it. peak in July and August
1936 when owr 120,000 Mn 119re employed.
Employment declined to about 6,000 workers in
February 1936, and thereafter increased
t o
about 1•,soo persona in June, after 11hioh
tbe rapid oQlllpletion of project. oauaed a
turthet" reduction to 8,645 persona by Augu,t 29.

In addition to the man-hours of labor
utilized on Federal-aid and Works Prograa
highwl.y projecta, oreditecf to States under
the alternate plan, there bad been provided
on State oonatruotion 11114 -inteDULce 110rk,
up to August 29, a total or lt,730,874 manhours ot labor referred by the 'United States
Employment Service of whioh s.11e.101 manhours wre provided from relief' roll••

The Department

ot J.grioulture Appropriation Aot of 1936. approved
~ 17 • 19 S 6,
specifically appropriated (as the aeoond halt
of the $200,000,000 authorized by the HaydenCartwright J.ct of 1954) $100,000.000 to be
drawn troa the Emergency Relief Appropriation
of 1936.

Land-Use

Development

Under the Works Program, the broad term
•1and-uae denlopment" has oome to cover maey
di nrae aoti vi ties which haft the common purpose of preaer'llkag and increasing the value
et the land NIOVCH ot the »ation. 1'he reclamation ot arid and semiarid lands of the

West through the construction or irrigatioa
dams and canals, the retirement from. produotion or aubu.rginal fana lama and their
transformation into parka aDd tore at a,, aD4
the establiabment er 4eaonatration eeuters
where farmers om obaen. proper D1thod1 ot

69

erosion-preventing cultivation - all these
are grouped under the general title of landuse development.
The la-nd-use development phase of the
Works Program, carried on by Federal agencies
with f'unds provided tmder the Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts, is concentrated in
three agencies I the Soil Conservation Service, the Bureau of Reclamation, and the ReThe work of the
settlement Administration.
is described in
connection
this
in
agencies
the following paragraphs.

Soil Con•rvetion Service
Cognizant of the extent to which the Nation's land resources were being depleted
through erosion, drying up of streams, and
dust storms, Congress created the Soil Erosion Service in September 1933, placing it in
the Department of the Interior. During April
1935 the designation was changed to Soil Conservation Service and the agency was transOn
ferred to the Department of Agriculture.
August 3, 1935, having rec~ived an allocation
of ERA Act ftmds, the agency issued its first
instructions for operations under its new
arotmd
five-year program, which centered
demonstrainvolving
activities
three major
tion, research, and nursery projects.
At the time the allocation of ERA Aot
ftmds was received the Service was prosecuting 40 erosion control demonstration projThe Works Program provided for 94 new
ects.
erosion control dffllonstration projects in 13
additional States. By the end of October all
The
of the new projects were in operation.

demonstration program has now been extended
The number of
to 158 areas in 43 States.
nearly 17,000
reached
farmers cooperating has
This
and the list is continuing to grow.
approximately
group of farmers operates
2,500,000 acres, not including the Federallyowned grazing lends in the West.
Demonstration projects are conducted either on private lands, with the cooperation
of the farmer, or on Federally-owned property. About 15 percent of all demonstration
Aooamwork is on privately-owned farms.
plishments under this phase of the Service 'a
program during the period July 1,. 1935• to
April 30, 1936, are attested by the following
partial list of activitiesa
Soil Treatment
Acres strip-cropped
Acres contour-tilled
Acres o~ crops properly rotated
Acres contour-furrowed
Acres taken out of cultivation
Acres protected by terraces
Area of gullies controlled (aerea)

53,682
114.454

116.688
62,538
31,451
108,023
447,638

Construction Work
Temporary and permanent terrace
outlet structtll'es built
Temporary and permanent dams constructed for gully control
Rods of fence erected

46,603
570,574
290,919

Moreover, numerous areas of severely
washed land and land susceptible to destructive washing have been retired from cultivaOn these, trees or permanent grasses
tion.
have been planted. Rapidly expanding gullies
have been controlled, covered over, and seedravines,
ed to stabilize vegetationJ and
which had drained away subsoil moisture to
such an extent that the productivity of the
rich top-soil had greatly deteriorated, have
been closed up.
The Soil Conservation Service is engaged
in a diversified program of research projects
designed to study the various aspects of soil
erosion and to develop preventive and remedial
methods of coping with the problem.

EROSION CHECK DAIIS

70

Nursery projects are a necessary part of
the Soil Conservation Service program. particularly in developing soil binders aJld erosionIt 1a planned that a
resistant vegetation.
few nurseries shall be especially oooupied

PLACING STEEL SIPHON FOR THE OWYHEE PROJECT
with assembling, propagating, and testing a
good many species of plants.
The Service is
also making a determined effort to meet the
need for immediately covering a portion of the
dry regions of the West with permanent sod,
through the use of native grasses now fOlmd in
the various regions.
In this connection it
is hoped to enlist the a.id of farmers who may
harvest the grass seed as a source of income
and thus advance the erosion-control program
in a ffm years far beyond what the Soil Conservation Service might hope to accomplish by
itself.
Allocations of ERA Act funds to the Service as of August 31, 1936, were $21,787,198.
Approximately 70 percent of expenditures already made ar.e reported as having gone for la.bor. An average man-year cost of 1865 was reported by the agency up to June 15, 1936.
One month after the agency's program was

inaugurated, approximately 4,700 persons had
been taken from relief rolls and given employment. During the next two months about 2,200
persons were added per week, and by November
1935 the agency had reached its me.xi.mum employment of 32,000 workers.
From this point
on employment declined.
Total employment as
of August 29, 1936, was 16,737, with about 88
percent taken from relief rolls.
Bwau

of

creation of irrigation facilities.
Through
the conservation and utilization of available
water supplies throughout the western part ot
the United States, this agenoy is making possible the economic development of low-production territory whioh presents every natural advantage except that of an adequate •ter
supply.
It is estimated tbl.t the ERA Act allocations of $64,697,000 (all of which is recoverable under the Reclamation law which provides 100 percent repayment on all irrigation
work) for 23 projects will provide for the
construction of 266 miles of canals, 1,430
canal structures, 13 miles of canal lining,
30,984 feet of tumiel excavation, seven dam
spillways, and three dems and for increasing
the height of another dam.
Chief among the operating projects (both
in terms of amount of construotion end employment) are the Grand Coulee Dam which has received an allocation of t20,ooo,ooo, the AllAmerioan Canal with 111,600,000, and the Casper-Aloova project wit h an allocation
of
15,300,000.
During the week ending August
29, employment on the Grand Coulee project
totaled 5,187 persons, or nearly 60 peroent
of the Bureau's aggregate of 10,386, while
the All-Amerioan Canal and Casper-Aloova projects reported employment of 1,238, and 816
persons respeotively.

Rcclemetion

The Bureau of Reclamation of the Department of the Interior is engaged in bringing
into use land of potentially high fertility,
cultivation of which 1• made po Hi ble by the

The Grand Coulee Dam (only pa rtially financed by ERA Aot funds), one of the ma.jor
projects in the Bureau's program for the development of the resources of t he Nation, ii
the cardinal phase of a progr&Ju to equalize

Tl

the flow of the Columbia River, to develop
its power potentialities, and to reclaim by
irrigation 1 1 200,000 acres of land in north
Towering 500 feet above
central Washington.
bed rock, the completed dam will be the
It will
world's largest masonry structure.
form a lake in the Columbia River extending
upstream 151 miles to the Canadian border and
will contain more th.an 5,000,000 acre-feet of
useful storage.
The dam, with a hydroelectric installation of 1,890,000 kilowatt capacity, is one
of a series of 10 designed t~ utilize 92 percent of the fall below the International
Boundary in meeting the increasing demand for
power in the Northwest.
in
located
The All-American Canal,
conthree
of
southern California, is one
struction features authorized under the Boulder Canyon Project Act, approved December 21,
1928. By diversion of waters of the Colorado
River, the Canal will provide an adequate
supply of water for the fertile Imperial and
Coachella Valleys. It will make possible the
year-round production of alfalfa, cantaloupe~
lettuce, barley, corn, mile-maize, and small
fruits, and thus facilitate the development
of a prosperous agricultural district.
The Casper-Alcova project in Wyoming, as
the first unit of a 66 1 000-acre project, will
provide irrigation from the Seminole Reservoir for 35,000 acres of agricultural land.
It is intended to devote this land largely to
alfalfa in order to meet the imperative need
for winter feed for range livestock in an important grazing area of which the CasperAlcova district is the center.
CONTOUR FURROWS

Resettlement Adminl1tretlon

Three chief objectives are involved in
land-use
the Resettlement Administration's

72

program: (1) to conserve the land resources
of the country and to utilize land to the
best possible advantage; (2) to aid families
stranded on poor agricultural lands to move
elsewhere and attain a higher standard of
living; and (3) to reduce the costs of local
government by retiring submarginal land from
habitation and thus reduce the requirements
for roads and schools in such areas.
lt is pertinent to note that a study cf
the many thousands of families occupying the
10,000,000 acres of land optioned by the Resettlement Administration revealed that their
gross income in 1934 averaged $289, including
$72 received from relief and other ''outside"
payments. Average net family income was only
$88, clearly indicating the urgent need for
land improvement or resettlement on better
soil.
There are 203 development projects in
program.
the Administration's $22,275,000
development
These include 94 agricultural
projects, 46 recreational projects, 31 Indian
migratory-waterfo wl
land projects, and 32
The Indian and waterfowl projects
projects.
are being turned over to the Department of
the Interior and to the Department of AgriThe
culture, respectively, for development.
placed
recently
were
recreational projects
under the supervision of the National Park
Service.
The major portion of the development
work centers around agricultural demonstration activities, involving an area of 6,d74,113 acres, about 10 percent of which has alThe projects, carried
ready been purchased.
on in 41 States, consist principally of
planting trees, building fire towers, cutting
fire lanes, constructing check dams, terracing to prevent erosion, constructing reservoirs for recreational purposes or for the
conservation of wildlife, improving streams,
building roads, restoriil{; range grasses, and
constructing recreational and administrative
buildings.
The recreational projects, consisting of
wayside areas located on or near highways,
accessible to
are mostly in areas readily
They involve
large centers of population.
the purchase of 428,429 acres, 15 percent of
which has already been purchased. The Indi8ll
projects, intended to make available to the
Indians a more ample supply of land upon
which to maintain themselves, involve the acquisition of 1,260,039 aores, nearly 42 per-

cent of which has been purchased. The migra•
tory-waterfowl project• inTolve the aoquidtion of 7!8,389 aoN•~ 57 percent of which
has been acquired.

Statistical, Clerical, and

Research

It has been recognieed from the beginning of the Works Program that a. comprehensive work relief program must provide a range
of work opportunities appropriate to the particular skills of persons needing assistance.
In the metropolitan areas of' the Nation a
comparatively large number of' the unemployed
population on relief rolls are white collar
As of January 15, 1936, approxiworkers.
mately l out of 12 of the total employable
relief population throughout the United
States belonged to the professional, technical, and clerical group.
The problem of planning worthwhile projects upon which these persons could be employed to the best advantage was solved in
part by white collar projects of the Works
Progress Administration, and in part by the
·proposals of the several Federal agencies
whose interests involved suitable operations
A white collar program sponof' this type.
sored by Federal agencies was approved, and
operations were begun in the late summer of
1935.

Kinds ol Projects
The several projects included in the
program may be segregated generally into four
classifications, namely, (1) the oolleotion
and tabulation of statistical data, (2) investigation, (3) education, and (4) research.
Ee.oh olaasifioation is hereinafter treated
separately.

Colcction of D1t1
Tne table on the f'ollowing page outlines
the Works Program activities of Federal agencies that involve the collection of diversified statistical data and the tabulation of'
already available data.

Employment on land-utilization projects
as of September 4, 1936, amounted to 36,362
persons, of lfhom approximate ly- 57 per cent
came from relief roll••

Projects

The Bureau of the Census is conducting
two projects, one of which is statistical and
They are, rethe other clerical in nature.
spectively, the Census of Business Enterprise
and Retail Trade in 1935, and the Alphabetical Index of the Population Census of 1900.
The Census of Business Enterprise and
Retail Trade includes collection of pertinent
data concerning employment, operating costs,
sales or receipts, and problems of distribution for e~tablishments in all phases of bueiness and in every State in the Union. Tabulations of thes~ data will present basic information and, when combined with that regularly obtained by Federal Agencies, will make
possible a fairly well rounded picture of
preliminary
Twenty-four
business in 1935.
reports, covering four industries in several
States, had been made public by September 1,
1936. The final report for the United states
will probably be released in June 1937.
The Alphabetical Index project, located
in St. Louis, Missouri, is employing ab6ut
2,500 persons in transcribing the re<:ords of
the Population Census of 1900 to a oarcl index. This work was undertaken as a 1·e s ult of
a survey to determine the most reliable
source of information concerning the age and
birth date of p9rsons applyinb for pensions
under the Social Security and Railroad ReThis information is indistirement Acts.
pensable to the individuals affected by the
Since the cost of searching for this
acts.
informat ion through the mass of unindexed
census records averaged about $3 for each individual search, it was felt that an alphabetical ca.rd index, which would reduce the cost
to a f~w cents in each instance, would introduce substantial economies. It is intended eventually to transfer the card record to
film so as to further reduce the cost of
searches and increase the utility of the reoor,:l.

~ I O R S JOR SUTIS'fICAL .lllD CL!UCAL 1W>JSC1'8 WIWOC'fD BY nnRAL ~CZNCIIS
llll>lll TB ll>RIS PR:>GRJM

II

Tbroagh Septaber l, UH

~ooatiODS

PNP"
Blll"eau of CtmllU

of B'aslneH llaterpriae
C•••
aa lloWl Tn4e in 1~5

~,000

BaNn of Cena,a

ilpbabn1oal bdu of Popai...
tiOD C..._ Of 1900

51-4,000

42,,00)
687,,00)

B'llr'9a11 ot :&.bor Statia-Uoa) .-.. of COd'CmtJ'a' Parolaeee
hreau of Home bnaal.oa ) 1 •-.1

U.S.DltlOJlllffl I ~
B--.u of J.trical1m-al

loollomioa

P.-pewal bfta~ flt

5415,,00

Unelllplo,men'\

533,4'10

hrm Mortg-,. Surw7

Offioo of J:d111:,aUen

S....,. of Looal 8ohoe1 Unite

328,6,S

Oftioe et U'IIOatio a

Veoati ou.l. Scl1Dat1e D •4
Gaiclanoe for R•INN

Z:'1,359

Offioe of

s~,

m,ooo

Treuury Depa--.. t

U

bll:uiTe of lilt'A•
fud1 alloH.a 11)- 11PA ia US,.

!/ Opeft,.d 11Ub

These projects are examples of the statistical and clerical phases of the white colOther agencies, as outlined in
lar probre.m.
the table above, are conductin& studies which
serve the double purpose of providing employment to persons of the white collar class and
of supplying valuable information on a variThe Study of Consumers'
ety of subjects.
Purchases, being conducted jointly by the
Bureau of Labor statistics and the Bureau of
Home Economics, will make available for the
first time comparatively complete data concerning consumers' habits and the relative
magnitudes of the purchases of various commodities by fami lies of dif ferent income le?The Perpetual Inventory project, conels .
duct ed by the United States Employment Service, has be8ll undertaken in order to provide
a centralized source where statistical information will be available currently as to
persons registered for placement by the Employment Service, and will permit periodic
summaries of these registrants by geographical area, age, sex, veterans' status, and other classifications.

ternal Revenue is conducti ng three tax i nvestigations involving the inspection of the
books and records of persons paying income ,
alcohol, and miscellaneous excise taxes, in
order to detect delinquencies and evasions in
payments. The progran was conceived with t he
idea of determining the advisability of extending investigations under regular approThe
priations to include all taxpayers.
three projects have demonstrated that the i ncreased activity would be self-supporting as
a regular function and would tend to decreas e
A
the frequenoy of delinquency and evasion.
measure of the material success attained is
found in the statement of recovered f unds .
During the 12 months of operation, a ssess•
ments amounting to about $20,555,000 wer e
made against delinquent taxpayers, of whi oh
about $7,600,000 has been collected and the
balance of approximately $13,000,000 is expected to be about 70 peroent colleot ible.
When compared with approximately $4,000 1 000
obligat ed against the projects, it is evident
that more than $6 has been assessed !Ind nearly
$2 collected for every dollar spent on the
pros ecution of the projects.
Ed.c.tio11

The second classification of the white
collar program includes projects of the BuThe Bureau of Inreau of Internal Revenue.

74

The projects included in the education
classification are under the sponsorship of

the Offioe of Education.
They are of two
kinds, namel y , t he Radio Eduoational Proj eot,
involving periodic broadoast s (f rom Wlshing•
ton) of 15-nrl.nute pro gr ams over stations of
the two major broadoa sting oompani es , and a
Publio Forum proj eot devot ed to t he establ i sh•
ment of civio eduoation center s in 10 communities in as many St ates.
The Radio Educational Pr oject is des i gned to promote the use of educational programs
in radio broadcasting by demonstrating the
possibilities of present i ng entertaining programs which will also be of educational value.
In the sever al months in which this work has
been in full swing, f i ve programs have been
presented weekly and have been reoeived with
considerable ent husiasm by the public .
Public forums were designed to promote a
better underst anding and a more general discussion of current pr oblEl!ls in government and
world affairs.
The 10 units in operation on
September 1, 1936, have been reoeived with enthusiasm by the communities where they are
located.
A library service has been established in connection with each unit of the
project, and a measure of the stimulation of
interest occasio~ed by the for\1118 is the demand for the publioations offered by the li•
brary service.

Rcsarch
Research projects are being conducted by
the Bureau of standards, the Office of Eduoa•
tion, the Bituminous Coal Commission, and the
United States Employment Service. An example
of this phase of the program is the Occupational Research project of the United States
Employment Service, which is devoted to the
development of specifications or descriptions
of jobs in all types of industries.
Results
of the research will be of considerable value
to the United state11 Employment Service and
to private organizations in facilitating the
placement of applicants.
Also, it will permit the placement of applicants in industries
in which the individuals have never been employed, but which call for skills similar to
those required on their previous positions.
Up to September 1, over 28,000 job descriptions had been secured from a number of establishments in each industry, and nearly
1,600 standardized job descriptions had been
prepared. Approximately 25 percent of the total 9.lllOunt of work contemplated had been aocomplished by September 1.

The Bure11u of standarlis is condtteting a
st udy of t he permanency of building material s which ar e used in lc,.,..cost house construct i on and the results are expected to be
of great value to t he Federal agencies conducting (or planning to conduct) housiDg
programs .
The Office of Education is sponsoring
200 separate st ud ies i n 57 universit i es and
colleges throughout the country.
.Among t he
projects undertaken are t he f ol l owing studies :
local and indi vi dual a rt unit s, student mo rtality i n i nst i tut i ons of higher educat ion,
and correlation of high-school a pti tudes and
interest with success in college.
The survey being conducted with Emergency Relief Appropriat ion Act funds by the
Bituminous Coal Commission i s designed to determine the available supply of bituminous
coal in this country, and the ease with which
it may be extracted; new uses and markets for
the supply; the amount of bituminous coal extracted from the several fields in operation
during the past few years, and the disposition thereof; and the effect of importation
on the industry. The work has been undertaken
in the hope of developing means to relieve unemployment among miners end to aid in solving
the various problems now faced in the bituminous coal industry. The survey is purely the
work of compilation, tabulation, and analysis
of data already available and does not contemplate any engineering surveys under the
present scheme.
The Public Health Service has finished
the work of collecting data for the Health
Inventory, a study of the standards of publio health throughout the Nation, a study of
oooupational morbidity and mortality, and
oommunicable and chronic diseases in impor•
tant cities of the United States.
Analysis
of these data, when finished in July 1937,
will furnish information on t-he health of the
Nation never before available in comprehensive form.

Since the first white oollar projeot was
started in August 1935, projects of this type
prosecuted by the several Federal agencies
have provided employment for an average of
about 16,000 persons daily, the peak being
reaohed about February 15, 1936, when 21,861
·persons were at work .

78

For est, Plant and Game Conservation

Needless devastation of forests and wildlife has been depleting these national re souroes to the extent of millions of dollars
The abundanoe of these n a tural
annually
resources in the early stages of" the Nation Is development permitted the population
to use and to abuse them almost without restriction. Interest in conservation has been
growing, however, for a generation or more,
and during the past few years has been greatly advanced by the steps which the Federal
Govermnent has taken in promoting the conservation of forest, plant, and game r esources.
O

In order that the Federal Government
might oontinue its conservation activities on
President approved
an expanded scale, the
$41,415,499 of funds made available by the
ERA Act of 1935, and $9,336,333 of ERA funds
of 1936 to be expended by four Bureaus of the
Department of Agriculture (Forest Service,
Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Animal Industry, Biological Survey) and the Bureau of
Fisheries of the Department of Commerce. The
allocations by agencies are shown in Table 10
of Appendix B•
By means of these allocations the Government was able to advance its forest,plant,
and game conservation programs by at least
six years. Aprpoximately 37,781 man-years of
employment, at an average cost of $767 per
man-year, were used in this work.

Bureau of Animal Industry

The passage of the ERA Act of 1936 provided funds which allowed the Bureau of Animal Industry to carry on extensive a.otivities
in the eradication of the cattle fever tick
prevalent in Florida, Texas, and Louisiana.
This species of tick disseminates the ca.ttle
disease, splenetic or tick fever, which has
profitable
prevented the development of a
Alloareas.
cattle industry in the infested
cations of $1,127,100 allowed the Bureau to
utilize 1,096 man-years of labor in inspecting or dipping 1,291,633 cattle and 143,442
horses and mules. This treat'm.ent oonsiderably reduces the danger of spreading the infestation to other sections of the country.
Because of these preventive measures, the Bureau has been able to permit the free movement of cattle from these areas and has made
safe the introduction of pure bred cattle.
Furthermore, such activities have assisted
generally in diversifying the farming activities of the section through facilitating livestock growing.
Another activity of the Bureau is the
control of the liver fluke disease whioh has
become serious in Washington, Utah, Oregon,
and Idaho. With the funds available, the Bureau has been able to conduct 25 demonstration projects in as many counties. The purpose of these projects is to inform the cattlemen how to control this usually fatal dis-

CAftIB DIPPIIO VATS

76

ease whioh attaoks the livers of oatt le.
As a result of t he benefi ts derived by
the oattle industry f r om the Bureau's work.
additional demonstrati on projeots have been
established by a number of States in the te rritory affeoted.

Biological Survey

One of the most important measures for
the preservati on of wildlife is the extension
of the system of public wildlife refuges f or
waterfowl and upland game. In recognition of
this fact. the Bureau of Biologioal Survey

proseouted by the Bureau of Entomology and
Plant Quarantine in oooperatioD with publio
and private agencie s.
The Bureau's control
and eradication aotivities affect species of
insects and plants injurious to trees as wall
as to vegetative plants. J.. total of $17.058,431 has been made available to the Bureau
from ERA funds of 1935 and 1936 to expand 12
of its regular activities.
Six of these invol ve disease control work; five relate to
control of species of insects de structive to
trees and plants ; and the r emaining aoti vi ty •
of minor impor tance, involves t he construction of field inseotaries and other facilities.

DUTCH Ell(
DISEASE ERADICATIOB
has undertake~ the construction of 70 small
wildlife refuges in nine States. principally
in the Dakotas.
These projeots are selected
and designed to cheek water flow a.nd prevent
soil erosion, as well as to provide refuges
for wildlife. During the recent drought the
small reservoirs provided by these projects
proved to be a Taluable source of water supply. In addition, the wildlife that has been
conserved is of incalculable value in destroying insects which attack crops and trees.
Work was done on 57,932 acres (27,323 of
which nre submerged) and involved the construction of 27 dams and 7 diversion ditohes.
An island and a few miles of tre.il were e.lso
oonstructed to make these refuges more accessible.
Bwcau

of

Entomology end Plant Ouarantine

Work necessary to oontrol or
inseot pests and plant di1ea1e1

ere.dioate
ii being

Through the disease control projects of
the Bureau, work is carried on to control the
Dutch elm, white pine blister rust, ci trus
oanker, phony peaoh, pee.oh mosaic. and bl ack
stem rust diseases. Seventy-nine projects involving such activities were in operation in
41 States on August 31, 1936. Easily the most
important of these projects are tlB white pine
blister rust control and Dutch elm disee.se
control. Both of these diseases are taking a
hea..-y toll of white pine and elm tree s.
0n
the Dutch elm disease control projeot to de.te,
over a.000,000 elm trees ha"9'9 been inspected,
over 6, 700 di aeased and 843,000 dead and ~ g
trees have been removed. and over 336,000 have
been marked for remoTal. Under the white pine
blister-rust disease control prograJII, e.pproximately 2,S00,000 e.ores of white pine l ands
he.ve been cleared and more than 110,000,000
currant and gooaeberry bu1hea(whioh are ho1t1
for e. fungus that lins e.lternatel7 on the•
am on white pine treea)and S7,000 white pine
trees he.ff been treated to elilli.nate the ruat

These accomplisbments are estiinfection.
mated by the Bureau to have advanced the control of these diseases byat least five years.
been
In addition, encouraging progress has
made on each of the other four disease-control
projects.

a capacity of 800,000 fingerling trout, and
The Bureau estimates
1,250, 000 pond fish.
that the value of the fish that will be reproduced by these hatcheries will greatly exceed the funds expended for their construction.

Of the insect-control activities, projects for the extermination of the gypsy moth
Large damage
are by far the most important.

In Alaska, in contrast to the States,
the Bureau has regulatory authority over all
aquatic life. For the improvement of the salmon-spawning streams and grounds in southeastern and central Alaska., Works Program activity has belilll devoted to the completion of several buildings and ponds, as described in the
following section of this report.
Forest Service

RAilIBOW TROUT POND
to fruit, shade, and forest trees by defoliation is brought about each year by the gypsy
moth. As of August 31, over 3,000,000 acres
of land and 12,000 miles of road had been
scouted in determining the extent of the
areas suffering from this insect. Additional
work directed against the brown-tail moth,
the thurberia weevil, and the pink boll-worm,
and a comprehensive survey of the Euro;>ean
corn borer are being conducted.

Bureau of

Fisherics

Under the Works Program, allocations
a.mounting to $45,996 were provided to the
Bureau of Fisheries for the improvement of
This is
salmon-spawning streams in Alaska.
predadestrc,yiJ!g
by
partly
being accomplished
tory enemies in Bristol Bay and partly by the
hatcheries.
construction of necessary fish
Other operations of the Bureau are carried on
in Texas, New Mexico, and North Carolina.
the Bureau has no regulatory p o1'8r
over aquatic life in the States, its activity
within States is limited to replenishing the
Under
supply of fish in streams and rivers.
i■
construction
tll0,000,
an a.llocation of
nearing completion on three hatcheries, with
As

78

One of the most immediate considerations
which faces the Forest Service in preserving
the forests is the protection of existing
forest areas against the ravages of fire, insects, and diseases which are respons i ble for
the annual loss of forest stands worth milAllocations a.mounting to
lions of dollars.
018, 647,625 were provided for the construction of lookout houses from which fires may
be quickly discovered, telephone lines over
which reports may be transmitted, and roads
and trails over which firefighters may be
readily transported. Man-power has been fur-

WORK IN 'fflE NATIONAL FORESTS
nished for spraying chemicals on diseased
trees and insects and for other eradication
In the establishmeut of these
activities.
facilitie s, the Forest Service has planned 49
projects located in 46 States, 2 Territories,
This work inand the District of Columbia.
strip
forest
and
cludes research in forestry

planting whioh prevents erosion. In addition,
the Servioe received $12,125,000 for the acquisition of land for national forests.
To
date this allocation has enabled the Servioe
to aoquire options for the purchase of 2,891,918 acres, at a oost of $11,598,336.
The Service's projects have been planned
and executed not only to protect the forests
against fire, insects, and diseases, but also
to improve existing timber stands by thinning
and other cultural treatment, to develop nurseries and reestablish forest stands by the
planting of deforested areas, to reduoe or
oontrol soil erosion as a means of flood control, and to create more favorable oonditiona
for wildlife. Operations have been completed
on about 80 percent of the jobs contemplated
under the allocation for work projects.
A true evaluation

of the benefits derived from the Service's projects must take
into aocount not only the millions of dollars
in timber stands that have been saved,
but
also the importance of forests stands as a
regulator of stream flow, a preventer of aoil
erosion, a habitat for wildlife, and as a
recreational facility.

Emplo yme nt

Works Program operations in the field of
fore st, plant , and game conservation got under way by June 30, 1935, when a total of
2,076 persons were reported as employed by
the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine.
Employment expanded during subsequent months
and by October 30, 1935,the total had reached
37,757. Of this number, 19,383 persons were
employed by the Forest Service and 17,559
by the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine.
After this date, inclement wea.tl'P
er forced these two 1118.jor Bureaus to curtail
their operations so that employment dropped
to 28,616 persons at the end of January.
Ea.ch succeeding month showed a moderate increase in employment until on April 25, 1936,
a total of 36,245 persons were at work.
More favorable weather conditibns permitted a
sharp inerease in employment to 51,764 persons by the end of August.
Of this number,
the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine
employed Z'T,703 persons, and the Forest Service, 20,491.
The Bureaus expect employment
on their projects will show little change unt il the latter part of December 1936 when
unfavorable weather will force curtailment.

Works Prosram in Territories and Possessions

Works Program rehabilitation and work
relief in Possessions and Territories is being carried on largely through the activities
of the following Federal agencies: the Puerto
Rico Reconstruction Administration, the Temporary Govermnent of the Virgin Islands, the
Public Works Administration, the Alaska Road
Commission, the Quartermaster Corps, the Bureau of Yards and Dooks, the Forest Service,
the Treasury Procurement Division, and the
Office of Education. The work of these agencies is all pa.rt of a closely integrated program having as its ohief objectives:
better
housing, more extensive eleotrifica.tion, im•
proved roads, and a general improvement in
standards of living.

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico is predominantly agricultural. For years, however, heavy tropical rains
have eroded the land and driven large numbers
of those dependent upon the soil into congested urban centers.
A comprehensive reoonstruction program, both rural and urban,
has therefore become essential to the ia•
land's economic existence.
Since Puerto Rico was unable to finance
this reconstruction program alone,
Federal
aid has been extended for that purpose.
The
Puerto Rico Reconstruction .Administration was
oreated May 28, 1.935, and assigned to carry

'19

tion of the coffee industry and the i mpairAB a r e sult many
ment of tobaooo farming .
persons have migrated to San Juan, Puerto
Rico's capital. This influx has not only increased poverty there, but has also endangered the well-being of the i nhabi te.nt s by creating unsanitary living condit i ons . Kany
Housing pro j ects are
houses are fire traps.
therefore essential to the welfare of the islands. To this end $2,200,000 was allotted
for slum clearance and low-cost housing construction, which was started October 15,
1935.

A REW BUIU>ING

FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO
out a program for the islands which covers:
(a)· rural rehllbilitation, (b) rural electrification, (o) slum clearance and low-cost
housing~ (d) university building oonstruo•
tion, (e) reforestation , forestation and prevention of soil erosion , (f) the construction
of a cement plant, and (g) other work relief
projects. These seven major divisions encompass some 62 projects and involved a total
allocation up to August 31, 1936 of $33,240 ,395 from ERA Act funds of 1935. An additional allocation of $1,106,400 has been m a de
from 1936 ERA Act funds for several new types
of projects. At the end of August 1936 total
employment on all projects amounted to 43,790
persons.

Another major part of the r econstruction
program has to do with the construction of
various buildings, laboratorie s , roads, and
sidewalks in conjunction with the University
This institution supplies
of Puerto Rico.
the islands with technically skil led men to
develop their agricultural resource s and to
protect public health .
The Housing Division of t he Public Works
Administration has two pro jects in Puerto
These projects are entirely distinct
Rico.
of the Puerto Rico Recons truction
those
from
Ad.ministration and are being developed under
One is in San
an allocation of $775,000.
Juan, Puerto Rico's capital, and the ot her is
in Caguas, an ialand city of Puerto Rico.

About $23,500 ,000 was allocated for the
These funds
rural rehabilitation program.
farmers for
to
loans
of
covered the financing
the purchase of
purchase of farm lands;
75,760 a.or e s of public land; the construotion
of 13 , 073 houses, 2,250 animal sheds, 10 central service farms, and 45 workers ' re construct i on camps; and the purchase of equiPAll of this
ment, f erti l izers, and fences.
work is well under way.
program emThe rural eleotrifioation
brace s primarily the development of fi"V9 hydroelectr i c projects, three of which are for
transmission and distribution lines. These
projects, nearly one-half completed, wi 11
furnish the eleotrioity urgently needed for
lighting and other household purposes, and
for the oper ation of coffee milla in the rural areas.
Soil erosion and disturbed natural irrigation have brought about wideapread destruo-

80

BEW ROADBED 111 HAWAII

These new communities will provide low-rent
houses of simplified, one-story, re infor ced
con.c rete construction with practical provision against the rigors of hurricanes a n d
The privilege of gardening in
earthquakes.
the rear of the houses will alleviate one of
the problems confronting the Puerto Ri can -

1'0X CULVERT - CilAL ZOU

COTTAGE DEVBU>PIIEBT • VIRGIB ISLA.RDS
that of obtaining home-grown foodstuffs.
An allocation of $7,000 has financed the
work of the Forest Service in Puerto Rico.
This has consisted wholly of land acquisition
surveys, mapping, and examinations of proposed additions to the Toro Negro Purchase
Unit which has been establisheA on the island.

The Emergency Conservation Work (CCC)
employs 1,752 persons and has nine caJ&ps in
Puerto Rico: four in the Caribbean National
Forest, three in insular forests and two in
The work, which is
military reservations.
similar to that done in the States, involves
principally the improvement of national parks
and forests; the increase of recreational facilities by oonstruotion of roads, bridges,
trails, picnic grounds, and sbeltersJ and the
construction of firebreaks, telephone lines,
and observation towers, as a more efficient
means of preventing forest fires.

Virgin Islands
The Virgin Islands also have suffered
In an
from the depression in recent years.
effort to improve conditions an allocation of
$434,600 for a work relief program waa -.de
on November 23, 1935, to the Temporary GovUnder th i •
ermnent of the Virgin Islands.
program 761 persona were employed during the
week ending Auguat 29 1 1986.
The program 1a planned largely- to ef'tect

permanent improvement in the economic conditions of the Islands and to establish tourist
facilities. It involves three major effortsi
(a) the construction of roads, (b) community
develoJBDBnt, and (c) hotel and cottage construction.
Road construction and resurfacing work
has progressed rapidly during the past six
To date nearly 21 miles of road and
months.
12 miles of scenic trails have been completThe rural rehabilitation program is deed.
voted chiefly to the establishment, maintenance and operation of six community projIn addition, a group of small holders
ects.
is acquiring, under an easy amortization
plan, plots of land averaging six acres, with
a small comfortablA house on each plot. The
homesteaders will be able to raise food for
subsistence and enough in excess to augment
their small incomes. There are already indications or the success of the program. To
date over 90 percent of the homesteaders, who
are payint for their land and buildings under
the terms of a 20-year contract, have made
payments to the Government on the due date •
Some adva.noe payments have also been made.
Sino• l9S2 a total. of S,639 &ores or
land have been purchased for homestead projOf this land,
ects in the Virgin Island• •
were transferred to the Navy De216
Of the remaining
part.nt for airports.
S,42, aor••• 1,569 are already under cultivation by 268 homesteaders and approximately
1,166 acres (including 1,005 purchased with
Bli.t. Act funds) are now being cleared for

aor••

81

early allotment to 105 additional homesteaders. Sixty-four new or rebuilt houses (146
rooms) of stone or concrete have been completed, and 47 additional houses are being
constructed.
Castle
The Federally-owned Bluebeard
Hotel, located on a hill in St. Thomas, was
constructed in 1934-35 from an appropriation
It is part of the
of Public Works funds.
program to develop the tourist and winter
resident trade in St. Thomas. Bluebeard Castle Hotel has operated at capacity thr oughFunds are now being
out the winter season.
used to improve and extend the hotel's facilities by constructing three or four additional cottages and a multiple cottage unit
of 15 rooms, which will considerably increase
its ca-paci ty.

The Public Works Administration has two
classes of work under ,vay in the Virgin Islands: first, municipal and civic improvement
projects, and second, low-cost housing and
There has been an
slum clearance projects.
allotment for the first type of project of
$40,000 which is being used for street improvement on St. Thomas and St. John Islands.
These projects are being pushed towards completion. A $91,939 project for nrunicipal improvements is making satisfactory pr ogress.
The ~64 ,892 low-cost housing project on St.
Croix Island is 45 percent completed; and the
projects on St. Thomas Island, costing $109, A third
140, are about 40 percent complete.
housing project, to cost $41,800, on S t.
Croix Island, is still in the hands of the
architects.
employed
Emergency Conservation Work
221 men in two CCC camps in the Virgin Islands during the last week of August 1936.
As of August 31, the Procurement Division reports one project operating in the Virgin Islands, with a total of five artists engaged
in easel painting.

Alaska
The Alaska Road Commission has received
allocations of $671,6001 $426,500 for construction of a road from Anchorage to Matanuska, $120,000 for the construction of local
public roads in the 14atanuska ValleyJ and
$126,000 for the Palmer•.Anohorage road project.
During the summer of 1936

82

employment on

the Conunission's projects reached a peak of
After the inevitable reabout 250 workers.
dua:tions in operations during the following
winter some increase in employment occurred
in the spring of 1936. During the subsequent
months the number employed totaled somewhat
less than 100 persons.
Allocations amounting to $45.996 ~re
made to the Bureau of Fisheries for the improvement of salmon-spawning streams in Alaska. This was partially accomplished by destroying predatory enemies in Bristol Bay.
This activity created 126 man-years of employment in constructing 10 buildings, a
p1.llllphouse, 70 ponds, and about a mile of road.
Under e.n allocation of $58,670 the Forest Service is making land acquisition surNa veys and maps of the Tongas and Chugah
tional Forests of Alaska.
The Non-Federal Division of the PWA has
six projects under way in Alaska, involving
the construction of a waterworks and sewer
system in Douglas, schools at Juneau and in
Valdez, a city hall at Anchorage, municipal
improvements at Cardova, and street improvements at Petersburg. The total cost of these
projects exceeds $270,000.
On August 29, 1936,approxiroately 160 CCC
enrollees in Alaska were engaged in activities similar to those in the United States.

Hawaii
The Territory of Hawaii has received
$1,379,736 of the Works Program highway and
grade-crossing funds. Of this $926,033 is to
be spent on highways, roads, and streets, -and
$453,703 on grade-crossing elimination projEmployment provided by these projects
ects.
rose from 20 persons on January 1, 1936, to a
total of 331 persons on August 16. 1936.
The Bureau of Yards and Dooks has three
projects approved and started in Hawaii under
an allotment of $65,000 from 1936 ERA Aot
funds. These projects involve the repair and
roa.ds, wa 1 ks,
construction of buildings,
utilities,
public
transportation facilities,
and the repair of waterfront structures. As
of August 29, 1936, a total of 467 workers
were employed on these projects.
The Quartermaster Corps has six proj•ote
in the Territory of Hawaii, for which an

allocation of $1,733,170 has been made. There
were 633 persons employed on these projects
on August 31, 1936. The Hawaiian projects are
of three distinct types: (1) the reconstruction and repair of buildings and other im,provements at various forts (four of these
projects have been completed); (2) construction at Schofield Barracks, including the improvement of buildings, electric and sewerage
systems, and grounds, and provisi on for an
adequate wate r supply; (3) the construction
of highways, including the Kole Pass Highway
( to provide adequate communication be tween
Schofield Barracks and Lualualei Naval Reservation) and the 21-mile Wahaiwa-Pupakia Trail
Highway. Blasting has begun on the former
project preparatory to building the road.
On the
latter project six miles have been
paved.
The Public Works Administration has four
projects in Hawaii, involving the constru c tion of waterworks at Honolulu, Kauai, and

Hilo.
These will cost $661,818, $19,040 and
$328,160, respectively. A hospital at Keokee.
will cost J505,578.
Erner gency Conservation Work (CCC) on
August 29 had 1,062 employees in Hawaii. This
work, similar to that in the States, is under
the jurisdiction of the National Park Service.
Canal Zone

The Quartermaster Corps is operating two
projects in the Canal Zone, under an allocation of $700,000.
During the last week of
August 253 persons were employed.
One project, concerned with the construction of army
barracks, includes work on buildings, sewer
mains, and water connections; the other has
to do with the construction of highways to
connect military reservations in the Zone.
This work, proceeding rapidly, is about 70
percent complete.

Other Federal Agency Activities

To complete discussion of activities of
Federal agencies participating in the Wor ka
Program, attention must be directed to three
groups of agencies that have not been dealt
with thus far. These groups consist of agencies prosecuting projects for the improvement
of Federal property, agencies oarrying OD
special rural programs and e.genoies with certain miscelle.neous programs. Generally speaking, the 15 e.gencies oompr1a1ng the three
groups are carrying on programs more limited
in scope than those of the e.gencies alree.dy
discussed.
Total f111ll.ds alloce.ted for their
work, e.s of August 31, 1936, amountedto$38,105,447.

could be included in the Works Program, a.
number of divisions of Federal departments,
with sce.ttered field ste.tions and other properties, found portions of their facilities
in need of repair, reoonditioning, painting,
or landsce.ping.
The e.gencies had insuff i cient appropriations to prosecute this work.
Much of the necessary work fitted in well
with the requirements of the Works Program:
it would bring lasting benefits in the form
of improved public fe.cilities which would not
be developed otherwiseJ it would be of such a
nature that it could be initiated and brought
to completion quicklyJ the major portion of
oontemplated expenditures would go for payrolls of workers available from relief rolls.

Improvements to Federal Properties

Allocations totaling $6,977,482 had been
e.pproved by the end of August for 91 projects
involving improvements, repairs, reoondi tioning and oon.etruction on properties operated
by 11 Govermnent agencies, namely, the Extension Servioe and Bureaus of Agricultural En-

At the inception of the Works Program,
when established Govermnent departments ftre
requested to survey their aotivities with a
view to the developnent ot projeots whioh

83

gineering, Dairy Industry, and Plant Industry
of the Department of Agriculture, the Bureau
of Lighthouses of the Department ot Co1!11118rce,
the Geological Survey and St. Elizabeths Hospital of the Department of the Interior, the
Bureau of Immi.gratioii and Naturalization of
the Department of Labor. the United S ta te s
Coast Guard and Procurement Division of the
Treasury Department. and the Veterans Administration.

for 15 projects involving the rebuilding, repair, and modernization of telephone line~
which comprise the communication system between Coast Guard stations, and the dredging
ot a channel leading to the Coast Guard station on Governors Island in New York harbor;
25 projects devoted to the reconstruction
and reconditioning of shore facilities, modernizing and rebuilding 127 Coast Guard stations, and miscellaneous work on station
buildings; and 8 projects for the construction of patrol boats, picket boats, harbor
craft, crash boats, life boats, and other
craft to replace obsolete equipment and to
make possible more effective operations. AA
of August 31, 1936, the Bureau reported that
about 49 boats had been constructed, about l25
miles of transmission lines laid, about 82
stations repaired, and that dredging operations were nearing completion.
Veterans' Administration
Allocations to the Veterans' Adm1Jlistration were approved for the repair am improvement of 16 hospital buildings and surrounding
grounds.
Five of these projeots have been
completed and the remainder are nearing completion.
Procurement Division

COAST GU.ARD LIFEBOAT BUILT WITH ERA P'UBDS
SELF BAILING Al."'ID SELF RIGHTING
The major projects in terms
of
the
e.nount;s of money involved were those sponsored by the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, the Coast Guard, the Veterans
Administration, and the Procurement Division
of the Treasury.

Bureau of Imnigration and Naturalization
Four projects approved for operation by
the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization
involve removal of debris, cleaning of walls
and floors, landscape grading, repairs to
furniture and equipment. and similar work at
irmnigration statidna at Ellis Island, New
York, Gloucester City, New Jersey, Boston,
Massachusetts, and the district headquarters
building in Detroit.
The repair work at
Boston has been oompleted and the remaining
projects are approaching completion.
Coast Guard
The Coast

Guard reoeived allocationa

Allocations to the Procurement Divieion
of the Treasury are making possible the decoration of Govermnent buildings tbl'oughcut the
Unit-4 States with mural.a and sculpture requested by various department• or agencies of
the Federal Govermnent. A group of. artiste ie
also working on eaeel painting• which are clietributed on request to Federal agenciee. By
September 10 of this year 4,712 eaeel painting• had been complete4, 101 additional
sketches approved, and 14 mural• eoulpture,
and poster projeota oampl•ted.
Other Agenoiee
other projeot1 tor 1mprOY411lent to Federal propertr have been operated by the 1:1'teneion Servioe, the Bureaua or Agrioultural
Engineering, Dairy Indu'try, and JJ.ghthnee1·,

and st. Bllaa'b.-the Boepital. .lll projeoi1e ot
theH agenoiH were oampleted by Jae 10,
l9S8.
The nature ot the work clone by the
agenciee d.ieoueeed in thi1 eeotion that have
proeecutecl projeote tor impro"'911eut or Ped•n.1 property ie eunaari&ecl in the table on
the following page.

JlllO.Jm'.rS !'OR 1!11 lMPROvn.ml.r 01' l'EDE!W. PROP!RI'Y'

y

.A.a of .A:agust 31, 1936

Nlmlber
of

PJ:ojeota

Not

TO'liL

91

Dopartmont of ~oulture
J.#1.oultural Engineering

2

7,151

D&iJT Indus try

1

3,000

Elctenaion Sorrl.oe

1

4,066

13

40,493

Departmet of Comntroe
Lighthouea

l

20,000

Department of the Interior
GeologS.oal. Suney

2

104,913

St. Elisabetha Roapital

1

9,453

4

175,752

Plant Induatrr

DelOrlption of ProJoot •

♦J Jgn:i.tiona

Landaoapi.ng pa't'ing eto.J oonstruotioa of
loading plaifonu at two oper!aental atationa.
'1'el"l'&Oing, fenoiag, and rop&\ r work at apei-imeatal station.
Rso4eling and improTe111Snt of Dep't• of Aerlolll.t'12N cat.ibita.
Reoonditioning and bnpro-nmets at agriolll.tur&l atationa and sxpor1mental fama.
Repair &Dd oonrii,iotion of roach on lighthouee reaorntiona.
Rso'Tillg tire hazard• and improdng equipnml't
at Na'ftl. Petrol811D Reaa"ff; repair o r ~
plaoeent of ati-01111 gt.uging atationa damagecl
~ cleatro;rea in 1936 floods.
lmpro.....,nt of groun4a and buildings.

DepaMmmt of Labor

Imnigt-ation and !latur&llsatio:a.

"•f

Dcp::1
tlae ~
Coast Guard.
C«-ajoatio:a. Program

Station Mo4ern1zation
Boat Coutr1x>tion

Proo~

RoooDdi tio~J, painting, laDdaoaping, :r.pain to lJail.cU.ngs and fllrnitun, eto., at
four Dmd.gt-ation Station••

4.850.950

m,1ze

25
8

l,926,7'58

2

543,584

Rebuilding, repair, and modernintion of
telephone liua; dredging.
Reooastrmtlng and rooonditiolling shore f.,.
oilitieaJ modernizing an.cl rebuildillg Coan
Guard Stathna.
CoutruoUon of 11 patrol boah, 1B pio~
boats, 2 harbor craft, 5 oraah boats, life
boats and othor craft, with equipnent.
Decoration of Federal buildings with pain"-

ta,■

VO'tenu • .A.am. Di st ration

y

16

1,2ia.120

a4 e o ~ , l'Ulag ae lnd.W..,.

Repair and impro-nment of buildiaga and land.a
on hospital proportiu.

Jlot bol1141:a.t aim:1.lar p1'0Jeoh of agaoiH "whoae aoti't'itiH are 4houuod separate~ in this

Special Rural Programs

In addition to the Resettlement Administration, the Soil Conservation Service, and
other agencies previously mentioned. the Rural
Electrification Administration and the Extension Service of the Depari:3Dent of Agriculture
have received allocationa under the ERA .»t of
1935 for the prosecution of special activities
.:.n rural areas.
Rural Electrification Administration
The Adw1n1111tration engages in aotiTitiN
designed to acquaint the farm population with
the poesible uees of eleotrioity on fann.1 and
to advise loca.l ft.na and buaineae groupa r.,.
gard~ the constnotion of rural eleotrio

re,en.

transmission and distribution lines and ays'\ems. Through loans to private corporation,,
oooperative associations end State and publlo
bodies, it finances the construction of rural
distribution line••
Through August 31, 1936,allocations had
been approved totaling $15,086,128.
Five
projects had been oompleted involving allocations of $741,542 and providing 715 miles of
electric lines to serve 3,025 customers.
Seventy-six projeots,
with allocationa of
il4,314,686 representing 12,923 miles of line
and serving 48,696 customers, were under construction or in the stage of preliminary negotiations.
One allocation of $30,000 had
been made for the purpose of financing the
wiring of customers' premises. Loan contracts

86

had been executed on 61 of the distribution
line projects and 19 were actually under construction.
On May 20, 1936~ the President approved
the Rural Electrification Aot of 1936 which
continued the Rural Electrification Administration for 10 years. Under this act, moneys
to be loaned by the REA during too fisoal yeeJ.'
ending July 30, 193~ will be made available
by the Reoonstruotion Fina.nee Corporation.
Projects for which allocations from 1935 ERA
Act funds have been made will be completed
with these funds,

liminary survey and · oonstruction work for the
Natchez-Trace Parkway from Natchez to Tupelo,
Mississippi. Of this amount $160,000 is being used for the preliminary survey and the
remainder ,has been reserved for the construction phase of the project. Work is to be conducted by the Bureau of Public Roads and finanoed by monthly reimbursement
vouchers.
The survey portion of the project is in progress but constructi on has been held up pending the outcome of a ruling by the Attorney
General of Mississippi that counties must
match State funds which are provided to aid
in financing the project.
Allocations for land purchase tot a 1 in g
$922,750 have been ma.de to the National Park
Service, and $77,240 has been provided for
the repair of flood-damaged Federal property
in the District of Columbia.
In addition,
$6,750,000 has been approved for the Jefferson Memorial project in st. Louis, Missouri.
Pending the outcome of injunction suits on
this project, work preparatory to land acquisition is being continued.

Extension Service
An allocation of $2,000,000 was made to
the Extension Service, pursuant to the provisions of the Soil Conservation and Domestic
Allotment Act approved February 29, 1936, for
"allocation and payment to the States in the
Southern Great Plains area or to farmers
therein for wind eros ion control."
The primary purpose is to make funds available for
grants to farmers in the "Dust Bowl" area for
the purchase of gaso line and oil to operate
tractors with which they are able to furrow or
otherwise treat the land to reduce loss from
soil blowing.

The National Park Service is cooperating
with the Resettleioont Administration in the
development of a program for the utilization
of le.nds,purchased under the I.e.nd Utilization
Division of the Resettlement Administration,
which are adaptable to use for recreational
purposes.
In line with its policy of establishing a system of accessible outdoor recreational areas distributed over the country in
such manner as to meet the urgent and immediate needs of people in various sections of
the country,
the National Ps.rk Service has

As of July 1, 1936, grants totaling
$1,394,065 had been approved, covering 39,864
applications for fund s for the protection of
over 8,750,000 acres of land.
Other Activities

National Park Service

The National Park Service hu reoeived
allocations totaling $1,426,186 for the pre-

86

DITERIOR OF A mAILSIDE SHELTER

set up 46 projects in demonstration of the
reoreational uses to which the.se lands might
be put.
These projeots are operated by the
National Park Service personnel with tun.de
allocated to the Resettlement Administration.
On August 1, 1936, the full respond bi 1 i ty
for their operation was placed upon the
National Park Servioe and allocation• total ing $3,487,162 1f8re approved tor proeeoution
of work projeote involving the oonstruotion
and improvement of reoreational and related
facilities, and for the operation of 34
transient oamps and a beaoh erosion oontrol
projeot 'Which had previously baen operated
by the Works Progress Administration.
Office of Indian Affairs
Practically the entire Indian population
of 332,000 persons is in need of material•sistance. In an effort to relieve the poverty of these persons, the President provided
the Offioe of Indian Affairs with $1,879,250
to conduct a program of rehabilitation involving direct relief grants, oonmnmity impr~nts, and self-help projects.
Of the
allocation, $482,500 was earmarked for direct
relief and the remaining $1,596,750 is being
used largely for loans and grants to individuals or tribes for the construction and repair of homes, barns, out-buildings and rootcellars; for the development of wells and
springsJ and for the clearing and improvement
of lands for small farms and gardens. Social
standards have been raised considerably by
better and more sanitary housing facilities
whioh are bei~g constructed under this rehabilitation program. Root-cellars and canning
kitohens are helping the Indians to conserve
their food supply and aro thus helping to
solve the problem of undernouri sbme.nt. Sewing, woodworking, rug weaving, and other haldicraft shops are enabling the Indians to provide more adequa:te furnishings for their homas
and to gain a small income through au-tside
sales.
Since February the program has advanoed
steadily.
Conatruotion is 110re than 90 perceat oomplete on 664 new houaea, 661 new outbuildings• and 380 buildings to house selfhelp enterprises suoh as oanning lei tohens,
woodworking shops, grist mills, arts
an d
orafts projects, and similar undertakings. In
addition, 749 hou.• have been repaired.
Library of Congress

In Tin ot the taot that blind.Den 1a be-

ASSEMBLING TALKING BOOK MACHINES

coming an affliction of old age to an increasing extent and that older persons generally do not readily learn the Braille system
the need for a device to aid this handicapped
group is growing greater.
To assist blind
persons (who number about 115,000)allooations
totaling $423,000 were made by the President
to the Library of Congress for assembling
11,000 talking book machines which are to be
dist~ibuted among the States according to
population. The machines, a specially adapted
type of phonograph contained in a single portable unit, are then made available to
the
blind o~ a loan basis.
Special book-length
sets of records also are provided. Of the JD&•
chines to be oonstructed, 1,000 are t1> be
spring-driven in order to provide for those
not having a.ocese to electrical ~nergy. The
other 10,000 machines are electrically operated. About 4,830 of the latt er are completed and have been distributed.

Employment

Operations on the projeota involved in
the three activities included iD this eeotion
began during the wek ending August Sl, 1935,

87

when a total. of 50 persons 1f8re employed.
From this date there wa.s a steady increase in
employment until December 21, when a total of
2,841 persons were a.t work. Until February
29, 1936, each succeeding wek showed a decrea.se in emploJD19nt, with minor fluctua.tions
due to sea.sona.l influences a.nd the completion
of projects conducted by the Burea.u of Dairy
Industry, the Burea.u of Agrioultura.l En19--neering, the Extension Service, the Bureau
of Lighthouses, a.nd St. Eliza.beth& Hospital.
largely because of more favorable fta.ther

88

conditions, beginning with the spring months,
there was a ateady increase in the total number of persona employed until June 27, 1936,
when a pea.k: of ·6,671 persons was reported.
Subsequently the trend of emplo,ment under
the group, excluding the National Park Service, ha.s been dowmni.rd. During August the
National Park Service took over projects
llhich had been prosecuted previously by WP.A
and the Resettlement Adm1o1,tra.tion with a
resulting marked increa.se in employment b7
this agency.

Workers and Their Earning•

Nu111bcr

o# W orlccn

During the months following the initiation of the Works Program, employment was
neoessarily delayed while thousands of proj eots submitted by sponsors of WPA projects
and by Federal agencies were being examined
and a.pproved.
By the end ot November 1935 a
large reservoir of projects had been approved
and those actually under 1111.y nre sufficient
to treble employment during the month and
virtually achieve the goal of putting 3,600,000 persons to work.
During the next three
nths employment continued to increase, although at a reduoed rate. By the end of February, 3,860,000 persons had Works Program
jobs.
Subsequently, with the improvement in
industry e.nd the seasonal piok-up in agriculture, employment was reduced.
In July the
occurrence of a new emergency, the widespread drought, necessitated an expansion of
employment to provide aid for farmers in the
moat seriously stricken States.

early in 1933 but became part of the Works
Program in A.Pril 1935 through the provisions
of the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of
1935.
The 487,000 men engaged in this work
at the end of July 1935 represented 85 percent of the total Works Program employment
and the 594,000 working at the end of August
(the all-t:ilne peak for Emergency Conservation
Work) constituted about 65 percent of the total for the Pro gram.
By the end of the next
month (September 28, 1935) the WPA program
was under way, and EClf, al though still showing the largest employment figure, represented less than half the total of all agencies.
Thereafter the general trend of nployment on
Emergency Conservation Work was downward,
with some fluctuation at the beginning of new
enrollment periods.
By the end of August
1936 less than 400,000 men were working under
this agency.

WP.A projects have provided the bulk ot
Works Program employment since the end of Ootober 1935.
More than 2,740,000 persona,
The respective roles played by the difconstituting about 78 pex-oent of the total.
ferent agenoie~ participating in the Works
nre working on these projects by the end ot
Program have changed materially in the course
the year.
At the peak of Works Program emof the past year. At the beginning, the bulk
ployment in February, when the number of perot employment was provided \Ulder Emergency sons on WPA payrolls exceeded 3,000,000, the
Conservation Work which had been initiated
proportion was slightly higher.
From that
time until the end of June WPA
WORKS PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT
employment was curtailed in aoThroush Aua:uat 29, 1936
cordance with the policy ot
MILLIONS
MILUONS
OF ,DSONS
OF PIDtSONa
transferring
all possible work•
4,---,----,----,--y-~~---,---,----,----,--y-~~--~4
ers to projects of other Federal
agencies and to private industry.

2 t--+---+--+-----+

With the continued expansion of other agenoy projeota
and the increased aotivitiea in
agriculture and private industry
there was a decline in the number employed on WPA projeota.
By the end of June slightly more
than 2,260,000 persons, or about
68 peroent ot the Worn Program
total, •re empl019d on
projeota.
Thia downward trend
oontinued in July at whioh time

the••

et

WORKS PROGRAM EMPLOYMENT
BY AGENCIES
August 29, 1936.

MAJOR AGENCIES
uoo

WPA

CCC
OTHER AGENCIES

OTHER AGENCIES ( EXCLUDING
THOUSAIIIDI Of P SO
O

WPA AND CCC)

100

150

2IOO

250

AGPJCUtnlRE
ENTOMOLOGY, PLANT CIUAIIANTINE

,ORUT SERVICE
PUIIUC IIOADS
SOIL CONHRVATIDN

OTH[R

COMMERCE
PUERTO RICO

INTERIOR

RECLAMATION
{

ar.-R

LABOR
NAVY

pwA

YAADS • DOC1C5

_fttDUSING

LNON- f!D&RAL

RESETTLEMENT ADM.
RURAL El.ECTRFICATION

TREASURr
VETERANS ADM.

WAR

_jiNGIMRRS

L C&IAlm!IIMASTEII

AU.OTHER

WOIIKS l'IIOGIIUS ADMINIST11ATION

I J 4.

WPA employment had declined more than 25 percent from its February peak.
During July
drout;ht conditions in the Middle West reached
emergency proportions and expansion of employment was authorized in States where a
large percentage of the counties had been
designated by the Department of Agriculture
Drought Committee as emergency drought areas.
With the addition of certified drought cases
to proj~cts in these States WPA employment
increased to a total af over 2,370,000 by the
end of August.
At that time almost 136,000
drought cuses {see the table on page 92),
about 6 percent of the WPA total, bad bee:a
given employment on water oonservation and
highway work in the drought areas.
Employment under Federal agencies other
than the CCC and the WPA expanded at a relatively slow rate during the early months of

the Works Program.
This may be attributed
partly to the fact that much of the work was
to be done under contract,
necessarily involving some delay, and partly to the difficulties inherent m operating larger construction jobs during winter weather.
By the end
of 1935 more than 250,000 persons were working on projects of these other agencies, but
they represented only 7 percent of the Works
Program total.
With the approach of more
favorable weather, however,
employment on
these projects increased more rapidly, and at
the end of June more than 665,000 persons
were at work, constituting about 20 percent
of the total employed on Works Program jobs.
Subsequent employment by other agencies has
been relatively stable, although the completion or approaching completion of projects
and the exhaustion of funds allocated under
the ERA Act of 1935 have resulted in some

WORXS PROGRAM DAPLOYME!iT, BY MA.TOR AGENCIES
Emluding Administrative Employees

July_ 1935 to August 1936

(Th~a of Employees)
other Agencies

Week
Ending

Grand
Total

WPA

Emer-

Ag:ri-

genoy

culture

Total
Conser- Other
va.tion Agencies
Work

(E:mlo

Navy

Public
Roe.de

P\'lA

Public

Resettlement
Adminis- War
tration

y

Roo.ds)

All
Other

~

70
253
456

487
594
557

777.

31
31
September 28

915
1,126

26
30
28

1,505
3,272
3,511

2,740

25
29
28

3,724
3,850
3,751

25
30
27

3,516
3,373

July

August

October
November
December

573

16
68

oy

7

l
8

113

35
51

11

555
544
519

173
244
252

60
62
61

15
16
17

31
74
53

2,926
3,036
2,872

486

312
355
445

58
60

18
17
15

2,570
2,340
2,256

391

555

409

65
72

381

624
665

390
400
408
404

649
657

2,484

g/

2

fl

4

6
16
31
48

13

15

5
6
17

55
54

27
35

66
68
107

34
41
77

32
47
60

55
56

49
68
69

71

17
15
10

161
199
232

119
152
168

70
63
65

55
54
50

68
69
69

639

66

10

64

9

167
170

59
62

171
171

61
64
63
64

43

10
10

221
230
236
239

46

61+1

68
67
67
68

57
56

10
12

175
175

64
54

219

176
174

55
54

207

171

55

ow.
1y
w

£1
1
1
4

3

6

8

~

January
February
Mzrch

.A.pril

May
Jtme

J'uly

4

11
18
25
.A.ugust

l
8

15
22
29

3,302

3,269
3,280
3,296
3,309

2,248

3,303
3,325
3,364
3,384
3,400

2,263
2,200
2,323
2,351
2,377

2,240
2,233
2,239

459
434

403
400

637

61

60

389

645
646
644

13

63

386

637

68

15
16

395

223
226
224

54

43

43
42
42
36
34
34

66
80
82

85
86

V Does
Y

fl

not illclude rural rehabilitation oases.
Does not inolude employment on Publio Roads projcots previously authorized under the Haydon-Cartwright
Act, but financed by $1001 0001 000 apportioned to States out of the funds provided by the Dne:rg8%101 Relief
J.ppropriation Act of 1935.
Leas than 500 persons.

91

or

fflJMBIR

CIRTIFIJ:D DROUGHr CASES ill> TO'f.lL 1ltlmlR
Da'LOY12> Cl{ 1'P.A. PROJJX:TS
Weeb

~ ~

lB '\o

.Aacuat

or

PERSONS

29, 1936

(Subject to Rm.lion)

Total

Caaea

Other

18
25

2,238,974
2,248,113

23,891
30,790

2,215,077
2,217,323

1.1
1.4

1

2,262,761
2,279,612
2,322,594

37,900 2,224,861
50,392 2,229,220
93,208 2,229,386
2,350,750 114,53]!/ 2,236,219
2,376,565 135,834 2,2«>,731

1.7
2.2
4.0
4.9

1936

.bgust

8

15
22
29

y

caae, u Peroent

Drought

Zndblg

liiiy

Certified Dro'Qgllt

Certified

Weelc

Jmplo:,meut during nek ending ugu.a-t 21.

reduction in the numbers of persons working.
Among Federal agencies (other than the
CCC and WPA) operating projects under the
Works Program, the Bureau of Public Roads a.nd
the Public Works Administration are of outstanding importance in regard to numbers of
The programs of these a.genciee,
employees.
however, were not well under way during the
In September
early months of the 'Program.
1935 the Bureau of Entomology and Pla.nt Quarantine, the Forest Service, the Corps of En•
gineers, the Quartermaster Corps, and the
Bureau of Yards and Docks provided most of
the other agency employment. By the end of
March 1936 the Bureau of Public Roads was employing almost a quarter of the 445,000 persons working on the projects of other agenoiee.
The Public Works and Resettlement .Adminis:t;ra•
tions were employing about 17 percent and 13
J.t the end of .Allgust
percent, respectively.
almost a third of the Works Program employ•
ment provided on projects of agencies other
than the CCC and 'IPA was report(,d by the BuMore than a quarter
reau of Public Roads.
was provided on PW! projects. No other agency
provided half as many Works Program jobe as
either of these agencies.
The State-by-State distribution of persons working on projects of the 11PJ., CCC,
and other Federal agencies is ehown for .t.ugust 29,. JUDl9 27, and preceding three-month
For the
intervals in the table on page 128.
week ending .t.ugust 29, 1936., New York (including New York City) reported the largeet total.
followed by PemiaylTaDi& and Illinois. the
only other Ste.tea in whioh more than 200,000
persons nre employed. ~out a fourth ot all

92

of Total

persons employed under the Works
Program were located in these three
More than 100,000 perSta.tea.
sons had Works Program jobs in
ea.oh of six othel- Sta.tee - California, Massachusetts, Miohiga.n,
Missouri, Ohio, a.nd Texas.

Persons from Relief Rolls

The major objective of the
Works Progr.am has been to provide
work for employable persons who
5.7
would otherwise be on the rolls of
In order
public relief agencies.
to achieve this purpose it was
specified by Executive order at
the initiation of the Program that
preference in emplo7JDent be given to persons
from relief rolls and that other persona be
employed only when workers w1 th the necessary
skills were not available from relief ~roes.
Employment of such non-relief persons was
limited to 10 percent of the total number of
workers except in oases where specific exemption was secured.

To iuure the tultilbllent of this require•nt local publio Nliet agenoi•• made
certitioaticm ae to the reliet 1tuding ot
worbre reterred to the United state, BlllplOJ•
ment Senioe tor auignment to Worke Prograa
Aeaigmnent or wornrs ade prior to
jobe.
June 30, 1936, and referral• tor Worlce ProgrU1 employment since that date, have been
made by the USES whether worker• c.- trom
e xempe
The
relief rolls or other sources.
tione to thie policy were usually ocoaaioned
by the ab1enoe ot local employment offices.
Throughout the operation of the Works
Progress Administration program about 95 percent of the persons employed have been certified as in need of relief. Relief employment
on Emergenoy Coneervation Work has been al•
moat as couietent, but at a level 1amewha.t
below that on WPA projects, with the proportion ot persotut trom Nlief sourcee running
aroum 88 percent during the past 12 month■•
On projects or other Federal agenoie1 the
proportion ot worker'a absorbed tram re lief
not only among agenoiee
roll■ ff.l'iea widely,
but also under the same ~genoy from. month to
month. 'l'be tiret type of variation 1a a direot reaultot the dheraity in types ot proj•
eot. in operation, ageno1ee prosecuting
11&j0l" ccmatr~otion projeot. llDl!er oontrao-t

find it neoessary to seoure a much larger
proportion of their workers from non-relief
souroes than do agencies doing repair and i.mprov81118nt jobs and other work requiring less
highly skilled workers. An important factor
in the Tariation under a single agenoy over
a period of time is the usual neoessity of
employing supervisory a.nd skilled persons almost exclusively at the initiation and also
at the completion of a project; the bulk of
the employment of unskilled and other worker ■
obtained from relief rolls oomes during the
f'ull operating stages.
Thus. the proportion
of workers from relief rolls often Taries
with the stage of operation of the agency's
projeots.

number of other agencies with relatively small
employment whioh have reported more than 90
peroent of their workers taken from relief
rolls.
Occupations

The oocupa.tions at which workers on these
projects were given jobs are shown in the
accompaeying tabulation.
The table covers
all persons employed under the Works Program
exoept those engaged in Emergency Conservation Work. youths employed on NYA and WPA.
projects, and persons working on projects of
a few other Federal agencies fbr which reports
ware not submitted but which in no instance
Three major agencies other than WPA re- employ more than a few hundred persons.
The
ported more than 90 peroent of their total
3.462.000 persons included in the tabulation
employment at the end of August as oomprising have been classified according to a.bout 50
oertified relief persons.
These agencies specific types of jobs grouped under 5 major
the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration, occupational classes in addition to the unthe Forest Service. and the Bureau of Yards
skilled 111,nd unknown groups. Almost 88 percent
and Docks - had generally
maintained this
of the workers. or about 3,051.000 persons.
level throughout their operation,
although were employed under the WPA,while the remainthe number of relief persons employed under
ing 431,000 were working on projects of other
each of these agencies had droppe d slightly Federal agencies,notably the Bureau of Publio
below the 00 percent level during some months.
Roads and the Public Works Administration.
Two other agencies. the Bureau of Entomology
and Plant Quarantine and the Quartermaster
Four peroent of all persons employed
Corps, ha.cl employed large numbers of persons
under the Works Program are assigned as profrom the relief rolls, running to more than fessional and technica.l workers, suoh as
90 percent of their total employment during
teachers, technical engineers, draftsmen, muearlier months.
By the end of August. howsicians, and playground workers. More than 5
ever. the proportions had dropped to a little
percent are employed as office workera_ohiefmore than 80 percent. The decline in the rely clerks. stenographers and typists. and
lative number of persons from relief ro! ls
stat istical editors and enumerators. A slightwho had jobs on Quartermaster Corps projects
ly smaller proportion are engaged in a supercoincided with the general decline in employvis r ry capacity as project supervisors o~
ment following the completion or approaching
foreIDen.
Persons working as skilled and
completion of projects.
The major cause of
semiskilled laborers, employed
largely on
the drop in proportion or workers from relief
rolls on projects of the Bureau of Entomology
and Plant Quarantine was the progress of work
on the Dutch elm disease and white pine blister rust projects. Most of the work of eradicating the plants which are hosts to these
diseases has been completed and the traatment
of trees has begun. Since the treatment work
requires relatively skilled workers who often
are not available from relief rolls, the proportion of total workers secured from relief
rolls has dropped. There are, in additio~. a

y

y

Information regarding occupations, JDOD'thl.y
wage rates, and actual earning• is derived
from a study of persons whose name-a appelllW
on the Works Program payroll• ending cluring

Maroh l9S6.

SDIISIILIBD AID UliSIILIED •ORDRB

lltl.!Bm or Mni

jlU) 1ftMDI

II

DdPLOYID on THE 110mra PllOGRA4, BY .t.SSICNIO OCCUP.ATiam

llaToh 1936

Aaaiped OooupaUon

Profeelional and Teohnioal lforlmra
.&Qtal"a
~ teota,

lln.ftllDltD, aD4 teobnioal. ngineen
l,rtuta, eoul.ptors, -4 teacher ■ of art
Libral-1.ul -4 l.11,rariana' aa1iat1111t ■
Muaici&u am teacher■ of auaio

Men

3,"62,220

2,991,339

1361800
6,262
22,4163

8418ll
,,2.(0
22,228
3,701

4',847

5k989
013

791

235
1,146
4,348

ll,241

2,003

275

4,192
6,407

5,139
13,244
4,4&7
18,616
«>,365
3,560
17,837

12,209
15,282
2,523
12,312

25,083

Office lrorbn
Bookkeepers, aacoun-.it1, and &\1diton
~ l l cl.era &n4 timekeepers
Clerb ( acept iayroll olcrlla .a t uebepen)
Statistical. eclltor■ and en\Dllll"a'tcra
Stenogr&ph.-s I.DA t-ypiab
other o.1.erical. &n4 offtce -.,rbra

1851214'

1281888

56.326

50,300
76,898
22,950
23,163
3,266

4'6,726
51,415
18,825
3,271
1,642

3,574
25,483
4,125

Project S12perrisor1 an4 roramn
rcreaeD - 00111tniotion (roab, 1treeta, &n4 aft!ISN)
J'Ol"allllll - 00111 tnction (ncept rcaa., a'tireet1, &n4 1811'11Z'1)
roremen - non-ao111tnction Jrojeot1
Project auperri1or1, manager■ , and uaiatanta

1741854

1531114'

211740

47,624
21,311
57,659

47,624'
12,126
45,104

l2,!n5

Skilled Workers in Building

2081376

2081376
6,375
29,791.
11,012
9,722
6,687
13,671
30,337
4,171
9,780
2,316
5,122
5,083
8,303

Nrsea

Plarground a4 recreational ,...kers
Teaohc'a (uoept of arl &n4 maio)

Writer■ 1114 e41ton

(uoept 1tatiatioal. eclltor■)
other Jrofe111onal a4 aaziJrofe11ional persona

and ConatnacUOD
Bl.aoklll111:h1
Brioklayen &n4 1to11maao•

Eleotriciau

Open.ton

&114

eng1Jleer1 - oonatnaction

eq,d.pneat

Painter■

Plaate:rer1
Pl'211i>er1, and gu, pipe,. u4

Sheet IIB'tal

■ tea fitter■

-,rbr1

Stone cutter ■, om Ht 1, •4 1ettera
stnactural. 1roD aa 1tee'l •rlmr1
Other ■Jdlle4 'IRlll'Dra in lndlding •4 oonai;r,iotion
Sk11le4 lrorlcer1 not in Bu1141n, u4 Coutnaction
Maoh1n11t1
Meohanioa

Other 11d.llc4 -mrbn (not ellnheN al&111fie4)
Sead1Jdlled Workerl 1n Building &n4 ConatnactioD
J.pprenticea

Bl&aten
Helper■ - carpenter••, eleotriola1', pl181bere', eto.
Operator ■

of builaug an4 00111-tracticm eq,diaas

Pipe layers &n4

OOYeNl'I
Ro4mim an4 oh&~ - ~
Traotcr aocl track ariTer■

Other 1emd.11dll.ocl ..-bra 1n b111141ng u4 OOlll'tiraotin
Sead11d.lled lrorklen not in Bid.laing &n4 Coutncr\ion
G1laria aD4 watduDe

Open.U~ea - priJltiJlt, eto.
Seana-tr.Hee, an4 other 1mng NIOa •nan
Other amd.1ldlle4 worbra (not al1nhere oluaifie4)
Uuld.lle4 lrorlmra

Ooc1lpat1on not apeoit1e4

j/ Dou not 1nolu4e &Cbnlniriratiw employeea, persona
ployed at NY.l ratea.

are not aT&ilable,

e,637

48,260

6,375

Carpenter•
Cenent ftnhhen

94

Total

29,791
n,012
9,722
6,687
13,671
30,337
4',171

9,780
2,316
5,122
5,083
8,303
1~·=
,
5,094
4,319

7,003

48,260

5,094
4'1 071

4,4'57
22,<157

4,457
22,057
13,949
5,509
8,014
61,908
23,939

5,509

8,014
61,908
23,939

19,886

1,624

9,185

1,480

143.037

13,949

1,634

10.660

1431037

3,204

1,037
5,525

242

3,204

631154
6,B33
3,768
34,353
18,200

24.567
6,822
1,133
880

2,635
33,.473

15,732

2,468

2,529,071

2,228,276

300,801

10,806

9,610

1,196

381587

ti

employed in Dnergenoy Conaenation lrcr~ or youtha Data on 1evwal ageno1H, non• of which empl07'-' more 1han a f.., lnm4re4 person■,

SKILLED WORKERS

PROFESSIONAL
building and construction projects, make up
more than 12 percent of the total employment.
The remaining 73 percent are working e.t unskilled jobs involving both the heavy manual
work and the light.er tasks that require little
skill or experience.
Skilled s..nd semiskilled workers, largely
employed on building and construonon ?')jects, made up a much larger proportion of
the workers on projects of other Federal agencies than on WPA projects.
However, with
respect to actual numbers WPA projects employed about three times as many skilled and
more than twice as many semiskilled workers.
Carpenters, painters,and bricklayers were the
most important of the groups represented among
skilled workers on WPA projects, and carpenters and operators of construction equipment were outstanding on those of other agen-

cies. Oft~ semiskilled workers on both WPA
and other agency projects, tractor and truok
drivers 'fmre most numerous, but they represent.ed a much larger proportion of the total
workers on other agency projects than on WPA
projects.
Office workers also made up a
great.er proportion of the employees under the
other agencies than under WPA.chiefly beoause
of the large numbers of statistical editors
and enumerators, and clerks working on projects of the Bureau of the Census.
On the
other hand. professional and technical workers
constituted more than twice as large a proportion of WPA than of other agency employment.
Three-quarters of the WP.A. workers were engaged
in unskilled work as compared with 54 peroent
of the persons employed on projects of other
Federal agencies.

Monthly Wage Rates and Earnings
PJ:RCIMJ.GJ: DISTRmJ'l'ION or WORXmS IN F.ACR MA.JOR OCCUPJnONAL GROOP JMPLOYJ:D BY WPJ. aD O'l'Hl'R J.GJ'lCIJ:S
Ma.rob 1936

oth.-

Ooou;eational Gro:!!,J?
TO'liL

Tota1

WPJ.

~enoiH

100.0 100.0

100.0

4.3
4.9

1.e

4.8
5.3

6.7

Pn>tesaional & technical.
Office wrlmrs
for
Plo Jeot supervisors
SJd.lled ,c rlmra
In bldg. & con11t:-w..rtio
Jllot 1n bldg. & o on.3tno'Uon
8md.11d.lled 110rker11
In bldg. & oonstructio:n
Jllot in bldg. & oonatruction
'!llaJd.l.le4 110rllllr1
Ooouiation not 1pooified

4.0
5.-4
5.0
6e3

~

0.3

5.9

Z!
1.e

73.l
0.3

a.1

13.3

~

1r.!

4.8

14.l

o.z

o.e

r.t

!r.t

0.1

54.-4
1.0

1.1
75.e

3e0

A policy adopted at the initiation of
the Works Program was the provision of an assured monthly security wage.
By
E:xecuti ve
order a monthly earnings schedule was establishea to apply to all workers except those
employed under Emergency Conservation Work,
the Public Works Administration, and the Bureau of Public Roads. Subsequently exemptions
were provided in the oase of persons employed
on projects prosecuted under contract as well
as for a small percentage of WPA project employees.

Under the monthly earnings schedule the
country was divided into four wage rate regions according to general levels of wages
and costs of living. Within each region, wage
rates were varied according to the four di.f-

96

the variations of both average monthly wage
rates and earnings from one wage n.te region

to another . The highest wage rates. averaging $60 . 35, W9re reported for Region I where
the highe st re.tea in the earnings aobedule
apply and where a relatively large proportion
more
of the workers wre assigned in the
highly paid wage classes. llonthly age re.tea
in Region II averaged $40.99 as compared with
130.28 in Region III and $28.68 in Region IV
where the lowest rates specified in the samdThe ama.ll difference beule are in effect.
tnen the averages for Regions III and IV is
a result chiefly of the larger proportion or
workers i n Region IV who 118re assigned in the
more highly paid wage claases on jobs requirSubing more highly skilled types of work.
sequent to Karch the different i ation in wage
rates between these two regions was eliminated. Region I II being r edef i ned to _include Region IV.
PIIClllbGI lrl&tiU.BOflCa JJ, W. Mi111iB,
Br 1bGI CLISSIB .&IID WAGI an la:!CE
~

UN

IBTERMEDIATE OR SEMISKILLED
terent c l a s ses of work at which workers might
be a ssi gned (unskilled• intermediate• skilled.
and pr ofessional and technical) and according
to f ive different population groups t or the
countie s in which the projects might be operThe highest wage rates 1n each region
e.ted .
are paid in counties where the 1930 population
of the -largest municipe.lity exceeded 100,000,
-.bile the lowest rates apply to counties in
whi ch the largest urban center contained less
than 5,000 persona.

Security Wage Workers
The 2, 819,000 persons who nre employed
on WPA pr ojects at security wage rates in
March W8re assigned at an average wage rate
Their actual earnof $52.03 for the month.
ings during the month averaged $45.91 per
worker • or slightly more than 88 percent of
Persona newly asthe full as s igned rate.
signed to pr ojects as well as those who leave
the program during the month receive only
pro-rated compenaationJ this tends to reduce
the general average of earnings below the asDeductions of pay- made
signed wage scale.
because of illness or other lost time alao
tend to reduce the average.
The differentials ineorporated in the
monthly e arnings schedule are reflected in

-...t•

Cl.us

llld.'\ei
___lY_
_ _DI
Hat.a _I___II

torAL

leowtty - , . 1fwwa
V.ld.ll.ef.
te
~
Dtll el
Prot•aloal ...

..,,.,.,-1

...

J.Z

3.6

1..9

L4

Zel

..,

._ ,waltyYaC•

Similar variations occurred in averag,e
frGm State t o Ste.te w1 thin the
These result in part
same wage rate region.
from differencesim the proportion ot counties
located i n the higher population groups where
higher wage re.tea apply. and in part to variations i n the proportions of workers assigned
to the hi gher wage classes. Difference• in
the Jl&gni tude and scope of wage adjustment•
authori&ed by State .Administrators also contribute to the 'ftrlations among the States.

wage rate s

J,. special study made for Karch 1936 in•
dicates roughly to what extent wor kers earned
leaa than t he full wage rate through personal,
as contrasted to project,factors. Limited to
persons under oontinuoua assignment - persona
who could have worlmd throughout the entire
month and earned the tull monthly wage at
whioh they wre assigned - th11 study reveal•

that workers an WPA projects lost about 5 percent of their potential monthly earnings
through absences due to illness and other
causes not connected with project operations.
It was also found that the larger the amount
the worker could have earned, the smaller the
pr()f-ortion which he voluntarily lost. For instance, workers in the most highly paid wage
class (professional and technical) lost only
2 percent of their potential earnings as compared with almost 6 percent lost by worker s
(unskilled) in the lowest paid wage class .
Even within th,3 unskilled wage class, workers
who were assigned at the higher rates (those
applying to the larger population centers ) i n
general lost a smaller proportion of t heir
pote.LLtial earnings voluntarily than the uns~illed pe~sons assigned at lower rates .
This tendency of losses to diminish as potential earnings rise was observed among both
men and women, and among workers from re lief
rolls and non-relief workers alike.
It a lso
held true in all but seven States, in only
one of which was the tendency definitely reversed.

Special Croups of WPA Workers
Distinct differences in the charact eris tics of certain (!;TOUps of WPA workers have
necessitated their employment on bases somewhat different from that governing the employment of most WP.A workers.
These groups are
composed of persons employed in supervisory
and technical capacities at wage rates other
than the established monthly earnings schedule,persons working on WPA projects operating
their own equipment, persons employed at WPA
work camps,and young persons between the ages
of 16 and 25.
An administrative order provides that up
to 10 percent of the project employees may be
exempted from payment in accord with thesecurity earnings schedule. In March 1936, exemptions of this kind were made for less than
5 percent of all persons working on WPA Jroj,ects.
Most of these persons, who are paid
in aooord with wage rates prevailing looa111,
are employed in supervisory capacities as
project managers or foremen, clerks (particularly payroll clerks or timekeepersi or technical engineers.

For the prosecution of maey WPA projects
various type&. of equipment, parti cular l y
trucks, tractors, or drays, are essential.
This equipment is obtained in many instances
from persons who operate their own equipment .

The amounts paid to owner-operators include
compensation for the rental of the equipnent
as well as for the personal services of 1,he
owner. Their earnings therefore are not comparable to those of regular employees on WPA
projects whose wages represent oOlllpeusation
for personal services only.
In March 1936, when WPA employment was
practically at its pee.k;almost 39,000 persons
were listed on WPA payrolls as operators of
their own equipment. Almost all (97 percent)
of the persons employed on this basis were
from relief rolls. More than 22,000 of them,
or about 57 percent of the total,were tractor
or truck drivers, and a third were teamsters
or draymen.
Employment has been provided at VfPA work
camps for persons non-resident to the communities in which they sought aid. These persons., typically men without families, have be6n
supplied subsistence,including food, lodging,
and other service s, in addi t ion to wages set
at the rates of $15, $20, and $25 for unskilled, eciskilled, and skilled work 1 respectively. In March 1936 nearly 40,000 pers ona tm1ploy-ed in about 190 different os.mpa
were working on flood oontrcl, pub lic buildings, roads, and other projects located in 41
States.

97

Since l4aroh 1936 the number of person,
This 119 du
at work oemps 'p,a.s deolined.
largely to the •dn1n1•trative decision to
discontinue work ClaJaPS as a distinct phase ot
WPA aoti vi ty and to give the lff)rk oaap pei-•
sonnel the same treatment as that accorded
other llPA workers. In this way non-residents
are better enabled to enter into the life of
the communities in which they are being aided.

National Youth Administration
In addition to ita Student Aid Program
which assists needy young persons to continue
in school, the National tout& Administration
is charged with providing employment on projects for young persons from relief families
who are not in full-time attendance at school.
Youths employed in this manner work approximately one-third the normal WPA hours and receive approximately one-third the security
wages specified in the established schedule of
monthly earnings. Such employment of a young
person from a relie1' fsmily is not prevented
by another member of the family havingall'orks
Pro gram job.
ltlGIIR 01' PIBSCIIS IIIPLODI> CII In. PllOnC!S,
Br 1W3 CLASSJ:S , /

YOUTH AT WORK
the rate at which regular s8i>urity wage work•
era ware aasi&M.d to WPA projects during the
Besides the youths employed
same period.
part-tillle, about 4,800 full-time workers were
engaged on NYA projects to fill positions for
which the available young persons did not ha"'98
the necessary skill or experience.

Hourly Earnings

liuu 10'36
...,. Clul
TOOL

ftl ...,. 1fo.rlmn
VuJdlle4
Ia'--41at.

!/

811Ul.N

JTofudoml u4 ~ o a l
• • howl~ 'l'age WOl'bn

I/

WWWol
p.,....

Plll'Oat

169,165

l.00.0

165.WI

ti
30.!5

ioo,Wl

!11, 702
12,171
1,4'92
3,208

1.2
0.9

1.,

Iaol.1114u 4,8!0 hllA1me WGaba • ef w!aa 1,622
wae u ~ at N1 aeowlty -C• ftta aa1

3,tae at .....ecnr1t,-,. rate..

p/ 1-l1115ea tlle J..622 ,-,.ou aad.p.4 •~ fall
Nnl'l~ -.ge rat.a.
Al though

expansion of NYA work projects

was delayed until a.f'ter the student aid program

was in full swing, by March 1936 more than
164,000 youths were employed on NYA projects.
(About 9,000 youths in addition 118re working
on WPA projects at NYA hours and wages pending
Of these youths
transfer to NYA projects.)
almost 40 percent were young women, and all
but 2 percent were members ofrelief families.
Tb& a.verage mottthly- wage rate at which these
was
young persons nre &saigned to NYA jobs
tl5.90, a figure equali'11.g about 31 percent of

During the period from August 1, 1935,
to June 30, 1936, persons eu,ployed on WPA projects earned an average of 43 cents per hour.
The ve.rioua States and other administrative
areas exhibit oons1dera.ble variation, with
highest average earnings of 67 cents in New
York City. Elsewhere averages range dowmva.ro.
reflecting the application of the security
earnings schedule, as modified. The lowest
average hourly rate, 21 cents, was found in
Arkansas.
In the latter part of June 1936, when
hourly earnings were determined in accordanoe
with prevailing rates in keeping with provisions of the Emergency Relief Act of 1936,
there was a distinct change in the level of
the hourly payment figure. This is evidenced
by the rise from approximately 46 oents for
the May-June period to a little over 50 oents
for the last half of July and first half ot
August. The acoomp~g table or uerage
hourly earnings obscures the exaot time at
This is due
which the transition was made.
to the faot that the table 111 based upon p&y•
rolls ending during the stated semimonthly
periods.

BOORS jRI) URlfINGS O'r PDSOBS DIPLOYZD
OBWPI.PROllL'TS

b>l.uding l.4miniau-.Uw lq,loyeea

saidaouthl!'b~oda b41.q J:aguat 15, 1935
.lu,tmt 15, 1936
(Sult.J!sl to Rniaion)

Sal-

.l-nrat•

IIIOnthly

Hoarly

b4hlg

(Tbouga}

krninga
(Tbouaanhl

TOr.U,

2,806,586

$1,229.,872

Period

1935
l,itt1at

Hom-a

=:r
43.8

15
31

z,m

81 356

1,a..e

"6.0

s ~ 15

14,660
21,740

6,45P

.-...1

9,658

.......

October

30,394
4,667

13,700
18, 72'1

44.9

61.,110
le.,128

25,777

-12.2

39,082

4.1

136,331
154.,378

55,552
63,218

<40.7

160,Ul
166,572

65,165
68,4'61

.c..1

Pem-aary l5

166.,381

29

168,751

68, 7Zl
70,"20

4.3
41..7

1!5
31

172.,911
172,.51.7

74,051
74,813

-12.s

l5
30

160,gn
151,716

70,175
67,'SJ7

Ila)'

15
31

1"'5,~
139,317

65,283
63.,852

...-.9

J'\me

15
30

136,115
133,185

62.,173
61,298

45.7
4'6.0

n

l5

124,&oe
123,226

!58,527
62,538

4'6.9
!50.8

15

117,855

'9,648

!50.6

30

15
31

lfOftlll,ff

15
30

Deocber 15
31

1,191

"6."4

45.1

41..0

1~
Yeu.ry

l5
31

Mu-oh
.April

July

.l-a,tuat

City.
As the WPA programs in the
various
States expanded to quota levels,by the end of
December 1935 or before, the undue effect of
the higher earnings in New York City on the
Nation-wide average was eliminated. Beginning
with January, average hourly earnings for the
entire United States closely paralleled those
for the United States exclusive of New York
City.
The trend since that time has been
steadily upward, with the average rising from
40.6 cents per hour for the first half of January to 60.6 cents per hour for the last half
of August.

40.6

43 . ..

.ca.cs
...-.!5

«s.B

Other changes in average hourly earnings
from August 1, 1935., through August 15, 1936.,
may be seen in the accompanying table.
The
declining rate of average hourly earnings• during the fall and early winter is tile result of
a. combination of factors.
The highest rates
of pay for work on WPA projects were applicable in New York City., and these rates were
heavily weighted in the early months because
of the relatively large employment in New York

The increase in hourly earnings reflects
the effects of several factors. Upward revisions of the original earnings schedules 8.lld
adjustments in the standard number <£ hours to
be worked per month were made in certain areas
in order to bring WPA hourly rates more nearzy
into conformity with local prevailing hourly
rates for the various types of work.
There
was also some reclassification of workers,
from the unskilled to the intermediate
wage
class or from the intermediate to the skilled,
for exe.mple, when their demonstrated capabilities and the need for workers of higher
skill made such reclassification
advisable.
Another factor which contributed to the upward
trend in average hourly earnings was the inoreased importance, in proportion to the total, of employment in large cities and on certain types of projects needing highly skilled
or professionally trained workers.
Educational, professional, and clerical
projects and public buildings projects, on
whioh the highest rates were paid, gradually
incz~ased their proportionate contlJl'i.bution to
the total number of hours worked.
The faot
that emp loyment on these types of pro jects was
somewhat concentrated in urban centers, where
higher rates are paid., acce ntuated their importance in contributing to the upward trend
in average hourly earnings.
On
the other
hand, employment on highway, road, and street
projects (among the lower average hourly ea.m.inga group) became proportionately less im portant as the pro gram developed, al though
these projects still accounted for the greatest ntJlllber of houra of any one major type of
project olaeeifioation.

99

Works Progra m funds

Approprietions

Under the Emer gency Relief Appropriation
Acts of 1935 and 1936 a total of $6,111,423 ,116 had been made available by August 31.1936,
The
for the operation of the Works Program.
a.ct of 1935 specifically appropriated $4,000,000,000 and provided for tht- transfer of funds,
not to exceed $880,000,000 , from the unexpended
balances of certain prior appropriations. ~y
August 31, 1936, there had been transferred
from these balance s to the Works Program account a total of $686,423,116,a::sshown in the
table below. The ERA Act of 1936 provided a
new appropriation of $1,425,000,000 for the
continuation of the Works Program.
The funds appropriated under botb acts
were to .,e used 11 to provide re lief', work reiief, a.nd to increas& employment by providing
for useful projects, 11 in the discretion and
under +.he direction of the President, subject
to limitations on ea.ch class of expenditure.
These classes and the fund limitations for
ea.ch are shown in the 11 Limita.tion" '.! olumn of
't'he President
tha table on trui next page.
has raised the limi te.tions on funds a.va.i lab le

tor two classes of projects under the authority granted in the a.ct of 1935 to increase
any limi ta.ti on of that act by an amount not
exceeding 20 percent of the total appropriation. The 1936 Act authorized the President
to increase any of the limi ta.tions ~ an amount
not to exceed 15 percent of the limitation
being increased.
ALLOCATIONS, OBLIGATIONS INCURRED AND EXPENDITURES,
llNDER THE WORKS PROGRAM
Cumulative by Ten-Day Period•

October 1935-Aucuot 1936
••LLKINI

en.UONI

or ooUAJt•

o, DOU....•

• ,-,,-----.-,-,-,.----r,--,-,...,...,.--r~-~~,--~~~~-~~ •

5

5
......... ,.••

ALLOCATIONS-,

... •·

2

2

OCT

HOV

1935

DCC

JAN

re•

MAIi

APR

MAY

JUN[

JUL

y

AUC

strT

1936

Allocettons

The Emergency Relie~ Appropriation Acts
designated the general character
of the progr am to be inaugurated.
TRAN'SJ.l'ERS nl.CM PRIOR ~'mGENCY .lPPROPRI.ll'IONS
Subject to these conditions the
TO 'JEE WORXS PROGRAM ACCOW?
President has allocated funds to
Through August 31, 1936
many agencies to enable them to
participate in the Works Program.
lmount
or the $5,401,896,627 that hH.d
Transf'errod
Appropriation
been allocated to various agenc i es
TarAL
through August 31, 1936, a. total
$4,663,219,381 oame from funds
of
500,000,000
Rooon11t~t1on Fil)anoe Corporation .lot
made available by the 1935 Act
Dnergenoy Appropriation A.ct, nsott.l Yoar 1935
and l 738,677,246 from funds of
26,455,000
Funds f'or roliof in strloken agrloultural areas
1936 Act. By the end of Authe
42,193,500
Funds tor emergenoy reliot and publlo 110rb
gust, 99.5 percent of the funds
78,026,000
FolD"th Detiaienoy J.at ( ~ appropnatiOJL)
a.ppropria.ted• oy the 1935 Act and
52 percent of the 1936 Act funds
7.300,000
nnergsnc,y Relief' and Ci-dl Works A.ct
The amounts
had been allocated.
19,527,114
lot to relieTe ,m511plo,i:nent, approftd March 31, 1933
allocated Ullder ea.oh of the a.ct
limitations of both of the acts
12,921,503
A.grioultural AdJuatmont A.ct of May 12, 1933
a.re shown in the table on the following page.
of tunda proSource:

100

u. s.

Treasury Departm,nt report on status
vided in the Dnergenoy Relief Appropriation Aot11 of 1935
aDll 1936, as of August 31, 1936.

illoc a.ti ons

to

the

Works

.ilLcx:ATIONS tJRDm TD~ ACTS OJ' 1935 JJID 1936,
BY .ACT LIMI'f.lfiONS
Through .&.ugw,t 31, 1936

na:RcmcY RELID' .&PPROPRIJ.TION ACT O'I 1935

J.ll.ooatiou
Limitation
$4, ooo, ooo, 000

TOliL

(.l.)

f~j

(D

(I

(Warran-ta J.pJPY.!!.Ct)

Highways, roads, 1treet1
and grade cro11ing1
800,000,000
R'lll'al rehabilitation
500, ooo, 000
100, ooo, 000
R'IU'IIJ. olectrifioation
Housing
4'50, ooo, 000
A11iatanoo for ecluoational,
oto. penou
3001 000,000
Ch1.11an Conaenation Corps
600,000,000 !/_
Loans or ~ t • to States, eto.900,000,000
Sanitation, etc.
350,000,000
Items not included in 1peoific
11.m1tationa

y

~

TOliL

Bigbays, road1 &Dd ii.Nets
Public builcl1ng1
Parks an4 other NONl&tioul.
facilities
Public utilltie1
Flood control and other
00111flZ'fttion
(r) .llai1taqoo for educational,

f~!

274,195,250
15,213,074
107,975,-483

108,. 560,692
605,520,251
1,622,064,182
223,-401.,~

1,205,995,601

RELIEF .&PPROPRIJ.1'ION JCr OJ' 1936

Purpoee

iii

500,293,365

Liml tation

illooatiou
(lruzant, .lJZWYfl!4)

$1,425, ooo, 000

$73S,6n,2"6

413,250,000
156,750,000

19,256,560
12,135,343

156,750,000
111.,000,000

9,750,810
9,782,864

128,250,000

39,076,060

746,000 (6 percent). Allocations
for Emergency Conservation Work
have been made only from funds appropriated under the act or 1936.
Funds for the continuation ot this
work come from a~ific congresl!lio11al appropriation c£ $308,000,•
000 made in June 1936. A liat of
the agencies which have received
allocations is shown on pe.ge 102
and further detail is given in
Tab le 14 ot A1:>pendix B•
The first allocationa
of
funds ~ppropriated by the ERA Act
or 1936 were nade soon after the
act became effective, and by the
end or December 1936 the bulk of
the funds appropriated had been
allocated.
Prior to August 1935
allocations were principally for
the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Emergency Conservation Work, and tho Bureau of Public Roads. Later allocations increased the proportion or WPA
funds, the allocations being made
chiefly for ll'PA State work programs.

Except for tha two limita•
tions
• (F) and (G) - that have
85,500,000
25,917,733
women•• p-0Jec,t1
been increased by the President
85,500,000
7,585,768
Miaocllaneowi work proJeot1
71,250,000
4,099,258
as shawn in the
accompaeying
National Youth .l.cbainiatration 71,250,000
13,501,239
table,allocations
under
the variRural rehabilitation
85,500,000
20,soo,000
'WP.A. proJeot1 appro"t'eCl p-1.or
ous limitations of the 1935 Act
to tho paasago of tho J.ct
532,920,089
are substantially leas than the
Other item not inoludecl in
maximum
amounts set.
Included
1peoific llmit&tiou
44,152,522
under Limitation (G) (Loans and
Grants to Sta.tea) are allotments
source, u. s. 'l'reaeury D ~ report on 1tatu.■ of fan4a pro-to States, nei;.r ly all or which are
Tided in tho Dnergency Relief Appro~tion .A.ct:s of 1935
and 1936, u ot .A.ugu.t 31, 1936.
made to the progrtlffl8 of the WPA
!/. IncNuo4 to $700,000,000 by J:Dcutin az:.i.- Jfo. 7334.
and the Non-Federal Division of
!/ Inm-euecl to $1, 100,000,000 by Euoutin Order No. 7186.
the PWA.
Most of the 1935 Act
Progress Administration amounted to $2,081,- allocations under "Itema not included in spe897,000, or 39 percent of the total funds alcific limitations" were for the FERA.
Such
l ocated from both appropriations.
The Fed- allocations !U"8 authorized in the ERA Aot of
eral Emsrgency Relief Administration "fflLS allo1936 1rl. thout tbi9 setting of aey speoific limcated $935,006,000, or 17 percent of the total,
1tation. Under the ERA Act of 1936 ~ total
for relief' grants to States . Nearly all these
of $577,072,611 was allocated fbr "Iteana not
grants were made in the period prior to the
included in specific limitations." The funds
ao allocated are in large part tor the finanfull operation of the Works Program.
Other
agencies to which large amounts h.ve been cing or those WPA projects which had been
allocated are the Emergenoy ConserTation ':brlc, approved by the President under the ERA Act
$605,620,000 (11 percent)J the Bureau of Pubof 1935, prior to the passage of the l 9 36
lic Roads of the Departn9nt of Agriculture,
Act. J.uthority for such allocations is grant$504,025,000 (9 percent)J the Non-Federal Di•
ed in the 1936 Act without
specific limitation on the amount that may be used for such
vi sion of the PWA, $368, 812,000 (7 peroent)J
and the Resettlement ,Administrati on, t 260,purposes.
eto.

pe!'IODI

m

101

ST.A.TUS

OF FUNDS UNDER THE EIBRGENCY RELIEF APPROPRIATION
.A.CTS ClF 1935 AND 1936, BY AGENCIES
As of August 31, 1936

Allocati ons
(Wa.rrants Approved)

Obligations

Expenditures

Tota1
Unexpended
Balances

$58917721687
504,025,069
75, 6C.9, <?oe
10,057,710

$49511041013
J\21,366,982
65,342, 091
8,394, 940

$2391 783.560
180, 005,457
:,2, 4l'.2, 708
7,335,395

$349.989.127
324,019,612
23,247,200
2,722,315

10,061, 944

8 1 453 1 560

8,027,303

2,034, 641

120.624.987
65,447,000
35,999,795
16,770,214
2,407,978

63,.7401448
46,298,731
11,748,340
3,942,?42
1,750,535

33.988.718
20,205,113
9,006,360
3,161,619
1,615,626

8616361269

26,993,435
13,608,595
792,352

l~,455,314

12,939,060

12,874,183

2,581,131

423,000

336,696

239,238

183,762

Navy

24,109,176

18,872,680

17,229,912

6,879,264

Treasury (including revel~
fund of $3,000,000

50, 987, 908

41,262,320

39,108,110

n ,e79, 798

166,15621273
146,020,625
19,377,291
1,164,357

144.528.771
128,942,274
14,563,486
1,023,011

107 1 4151 802
94,002,193
12,399,316
1,014,293

59.146,.471
52,018,432
6,977,975
150,064

190,194

65,486

36,440

153, 754

605,520,251

604,908,725

577,431,020

28,089,231

DDployees' Compensation COl!lllission

26,210,000

2,704,527

2,626,118

23,583 , 882

Fa.rm Credit Administration

20,000,000

13,144,926

13,144,926

6,855,074

Federal Thlergency Relief Administr2tion

935,005,625

932,670,932

931,598,029

3,407,596

Publ ic Works Administration
Rousing
Non,-Federal

105,585,289

464.3971577

358,812,288

390.053,.C'99
56,145,724
333,907,375

165,.006,.065
22,901,590
142,104,475

299.391.512
82,683,699
216, 707,813

Resettlement Administration

260,746,263

202,044,521

155,250,694

105,495, 569

18,398,760

11,256,354

2,194,457

16,204,303

1,238,350

1,137,395

1,077,467

160,883

2,.001,.896,1967
1,992,496,967
89,400,000

1,.0001 296 1 279
1,719,474,547
so,021,732

l,1626,1094,1995
1,549,688,552
76,406,443

455 1 801 1 972
442,808,415
12,993,557

10.2951351

7 1 582 1387

1,.224,.995

31070.456

$5, 401,896,627

$4,751,102,179

$3,940,351,932

$1,461,544, 695

Agency

.A.gricult ure
Public floal'.s
other Bureaus
Administrat ive expenses

Col!Dlerce
Interior
Reclamat i on
Puerto Rico Reconstruction AdI:lin.
Other Bureaus
Administrative expenses
Labor
Library of Congress

War
Corps of Engi neers
Cuartennaster Corps
Administrative expenses
Alley Dwelling Authority
Dnergency Conservation Work

Rural Electrification Administration
Veterans• Administration
Works Progress .Administration
Work projects!/
Administrative expenses
Other J.gencies
TOTAL
Warrant s pending approval
Total allocations by the President
Unallocated
Total available for allocation
Souroe:

28.167.232
$5,4.30,063,859
681.359.257
$6,iil, 423,116

u. s. Treasury Department report on status of f unds provided in the »nergenoy Relief Appropriation
Acts of 1935 and 1936, as of August 31, 1936.

A/ Ino1'14et

102

45,241,887

NY.A pro,rams.

.lLI,CX:ATI<:m .AND EXPfflDITORJ!S URDm TBZ 1". .ACTS OJ' 1935 .&ND 1936, BY STil'IS

Throqh .August 31,

1936

J.llooatiou
State

illooatioiu
(lfarraata J.pprond) hpend1twea

State

(Warrant• J.pproftd)

hpenditwoa

Taut

$ 5,"°1,896,627

$ 3,940,351,932

53,280,065
33,665,079
51,133,980
23.-, 505, oe.54,876,02..
35,943,542
5,145,010

lift' Jsrat17
Rew Mexico
!few York
North Carolina
Worth Dakota
Ohio
Oklahcaa

l-44, 805,.107
43,041,908
683,36.., 720
69,567,079
«>,519,335

Delaw.re

73,.333,208
44,565,626
65,256,460
310,273,905
69,609,034
.a, 218,063
7,691,808

a9,2n,93e

110,354,.-41.7
35,054,848
535,078,141
51,944,938
27,159,637
206,737,906
67,252,3n

D1atrlot of Coludi1a
nonaa
Georgia
Idaho
n11no1a
Indiana
Iowa

82,602,637
68,190,570
80,170,328
37,642,245
293,109,276
108,650,104
54,335,924

63,525,205
49,870,677
57,678,81..
30,883,812
221,812,108
a..,229,267
38,182,887

Oregon
Peunayl'ft.Dia
Rhode Ialan4
South Carolina
South Dakota

'!'ens

50,678,802
413,181,882
20,167,557
55, 48!5,311
42,301,672
79,446,379
175,782,927

38,011,117
322,592,9-49
13,538,078
«>,184,841
29,858,196
54,395,100
122,833,399

:c&naaa
Xentuoq
Louiaiua
Maine

66,058,830
70,246,293
64,560,650
30,716,522
59,713,343
187,699,973
164,874,888

52,287,196
50,799,258
49,811,717
24,967,222
39,293,046
147,578,571
125,898,688

Utah
Vermont
Virginia
lfaahington
lre■ t Virginia
Wbooiu1a
lfyoming

32,986,372
17,949,407
69,146,487
97,905,147
74,006,015
127,680,17•
27,288,333

26,803,693
15,269,877
52,288,5"2
75, '5<rl, 957
58,168,337
96,595,798
15,877,18-4

116,865,~
73,903,115
123,373,022
61,792,6«>
57,905,574
14,158,763
17,309,659

91,719,758
46,830,239
90,375,227
47,!536,!506
38,526,585
10,663,356
13,128,607

4,765,661
10,198,684
100,000
35,430,555
1,258,419

4,536,774
6,963,543
346,013
25,589,626
726,723

268,-455,187

62, 53 .., 391

jlabana
l.rizona

ab.mu
Calilol'Dia
Colorado
Conneotiout

Maryland

M&asachw,etta
M1oh1gan
Minne ■ ota

MiHiHipp1
M1saouri
Montana
Nebraa11:a
Mnada
Mft' Rampsbi.N
So _

., .. _

m,6n,23•

'.rennea ■ ee

Alaska
Hawaii

Canal Zon&
Puerto Rioo
Virg1a Island•
Panama

Not allooatecl to

State ■

._.,asury Department report on atatu of fund• proT14ed 1D J:lmrgenoy Relief Appropriation uta
-..
t1J1 of .August 31, 1936.

Expcnditwcs
The ohart on page 100 dealing with allocations, obligation.a incurred, and expenditures relates to funds provided b7 both Emergency Relief Appropriation Aots and shon the
status of funds at 10-day intervals.
Af'ter
allocations have been provided, funds are obligated by the agenoy.
later the funds are
expended (checks issued). Thus, allooationa,
obligations,and expenditures show prog?'essive
phases of the financial pro9"ess of the Works
Program. Obligations incurred and actual expenditures have g?'own steadily, w1 th obligations approximately $800,000,000 in advance
of expenditures since February of this year.
Expenditures of all agenoies,from both appropriations through the end or August 1935,
amounted to $3,940,361,932, or 73 percent of
the amount allocated up to that time. Under
the ERA Act of 1936 expenditures totaled
$3,667,297,428, or 79 percent of corresponding
allocations. Expenditures under the 1936 Aot
were $273,054,504, or 19 peroent of the allocations.

or the total expended by all agencies
!\rough the end of August, the WPA has been
charged with $1,626,095,000, or 41 pare e nt,
the Federal Emergency Relief Administration
with $931,698,000, or 24 percentJ and Emergency Conservation Work with $677,431,000, or
15 percent.
FERA expenditures were made
chiefly before the Works Program was fully
under Y&.y, and have been relatively small in
recent months. Other agencies 'Which have expended more than $100,000,000 through August
are the Bureau of Public Roads, w1 th a total
of $180,006,000J the Resettlement Administration with $166,251,000; and the Non-Federu
Division of the PWA with $142,104,000. The
total expenditures of each agency through August 1956, and their unexpended balances as
of the same date, are shown in the status of
funds table on page 102.
Tot&l JDOnthly expenditures have declined
sinoe April, the month when the peak in ex--

pendituree was reached.
During August, expenditures amounted to $23 9, 771 . 00, a dee line
of 13 percent from the previous month's total,

103

and a drop of 25 percent from Apri l expenditures. This is shown by the •A'.1.1 agenci es"
line on the chart of monthly expenditures.
The reduction in expenditures dttring July and
August was caused to some extent by the fact
that a. large part of the funds for Emergency
Conservation Work during these months came
from a separate congressional appropri ation,
whereas in previous months the entire amount
came from Works Program funds. The inclusion
of expenditures for Emergency
Conservation
Work would have raised the July total by about
$4,000,000 , and the August total by approximately $23 ,000,000.
Monthly expenditures of the WP A a.re likewise shown on the chart.
Total WPA monthly
expenditures have declined since March 1936
to the sum of $157,422, 000 in AugustJ
this
amount is 3 percent below the figure for the
preceding month and 18 percent be low 1:he March
total. Expenditures due to emergency drought
conditions have prevented more substantial declines in expenditures in July and August~
Allocations and expendittll"ee by States
are shown in the table on the preceding page.
MONTHLY EXPENDITURES OF THE WORKS PROCRESS ADMINISTRATION
AND OF ALL ACENCIES PARTICIPATINC IN THE WORKS PROCRAM
August 1935 -

1--~--1--+---+---I-

+ -+,,<-+-----J
:::+-----'!-,,---,b,-c-l- + --+-------i

:__ I Y I I "-" "r--....
i ~
I '
+----+---+---l---+--- + -~~c-+---I -

Ir
t----+----+--.
l,/.__--+------+-- ---<-)-·
I
-+-+-'/
...., ....................... .

l----+-- - 1 ---+----l--

All AQENCIU

... l----+--t---+-- - 1 -.+·-·.,.._·
··-...,.
-,-·_·-······ 0--->---+--1----+···•_........._

_,__

/

.

N l-----+-- - - , -~•~/ --+-->-~---+--l---__,_------+_

·······••'

···········
I

1935

... . ....... _____ ......... ...."'°',.....................,....._
JOO , ... -

...: , . .... ,., . . . , _ -

~ K UI

-._..o,o

!/

'fta-c,,qh July 31, 19'6

TJpe of PNJec,t

Tar~
B1gir..ya, r*•• ud aw.eta
Pulio lnd.l.41nga

Bouaing
Para ad other reoreatioll&l

faollitie1

Conaenation
S9'1'ff

.,-.t.. an4 otlua-

utilltiH

'frazlapcrtatiOJl fao111tie1
Wbite ooll&r
Mi1oellaneous projeot1
R1ll'&1 reaettleant u4
Nbal>illtatiOJl
Source:

$2,610,'1'12,701 100.0
619, 9'0,371

221,987,278
27,921,193
295, 703, ,,.
633,980,1. .

23.7
8.5

1.1
U.3
24'.3

162,313,895
100,1..a.201

6.2

202,907,718

3e9
7.8

230,692,051

8.8

ll'4, 788, <Y'/6

"94

u. s.

Treuury Department report on atatu
of hn4a pron.dee! in tbe Jaergncy Relief
.Appropriation .lOta of 1935 an4 1936, &I of
Septsabe.r 20, 1936.

A/

Doe• not inolue dmini1tratiTe expen1ee or
direot relief extended through the J'EIU..

It may be seen that allocations and expenditures vary in general with population and the
oonsequent needs.

Au1u11t 1936

- ~-!~ ~- - - ~ - - -- I ~ !- ~~ - ~- -

J:IPIRD1'1"CRIS CB PROJ'ICTS CCMDWt.G> OIIDlll DZ
WClmS PROGRAM, BY '!'!PIS ot PRWBJl'S

1936

_,__---1--->--~ N

Some indication of expenditures by type
of project for the entire Works Program may
be seen in the table above.
This table,
based on data through July 31, 1936, excludes
expenditures for relief extended under the
FERA and the relatively small amounts expended for administra.tion purposes.
At the end
of July 24.3 percent of the total had been
spent on conservation and flood co ntrol •
Highway, road, and street projects acoount
for expenditures amounting to 23.7 percent of
the total.parks and other recreational facilities for 11.3 percent, and public buildings
for 8.5 percent.

Relief and

Relief Before

the Works Program

1933

Prior to 1929 the care of destitute persons was almost universally the responsibility
of local public officials. Agencies financed
with private funds, however, assumed a considerable portion of this burden .
State assistance was limited to small appropriations ina
few States where provision was ma.de for special classes of dependents such as the aged,
the blind, mothers with dependent children,
and soldiers and sailors. There was no State
administration or supervision of general relief, and no State government appropriated
f unds for this purpose.
To care for the steadily increasing number of unemployed persons during the winter
of 1930-31, four State governments for the
first time appropriated funds for general relief and local agencies attempted to expend
their relief activities.
These efforts,
first made in the larger cities where unemployment was most acute, in many instances
took the form of expansion of the programs of
municipal public works, or of the establishment of work relief programs, both of which
formed basic patterns for later developments
of State and Federal plans for aid to the unemployed. In some areas, such assistance was
strictly limited to persons receiving relief
from public and private relief agencies.
In
others, programs of broader scope were planned
to provide work for the unemplo~d in general without regard for need.
During the following winter it became
evident that many localities were unable to
meet the need, and appropriations were made
by a few States to supplement local funds.
Data compiled by the United States Children's
Bureau for 120 urban areas representing 66
percent of the 1930 population of the United
States indicate that expenditures for relief
were four times as high in 1930-31 as in 1929
and that expenditures in the winter of 1931-32
were twice as great as those in 1930-31.

Although it became apparent early in the
depression that local public and private funds
were inadequate for providing relief, the Federal Government gave no financial assistance
until July 1932 when the Reconstruction Finance Corporation was authorized to make loans
to State and local governments for emergency
relief.
A total of $300 1 000,000 was loaned
by the Reconstruction Finance Corporation fran
July 1932 to May 1933, at which t:iJne approximately 4,700,000 families and single persons
were receiving relief.
Advances to States
were to have been repaid from Federal high~
allotments, but repayment from this source
was waived in 1934.
Additional Federal provisions for the
relief of unemployment were made in 1933
through the first of a series of appropriations for the Civilian Conservation Corps and
the :Pablic Works Administration.

Re lief Under FERA end CWA
The necessity fo~ more extensive Federal
aid than that provided in 1932 was recognized
when the Federal Emergency Relief Act was
passed by Congress in May 1933.
The act authorized the establishment of the Federal
Emergency Relief Administration for the purpose of making grants of Federal funds to the
States to aid them in meeting the unprecedented relief problem.
Many States had set up temporary State
relief agencies which were administering the
disposition, for relief purposes, of State
funds and funds loaned by the Reconstruction
Finance Corporation.
By the fall of 1933
State emergency relief administrations were
functioning in every State.
Local emergency
relief administrations were also established,
or existing local public agencies were designated, for the purpose of administering the
various phases of the Emergency Relief Program with the assistance of Federal funds and
such state funds as were appropriated. Coun-

106

ties and municipalities themselves continued
to supply funds for emergency relief as well
as for in~titutional oare and oategorioal as•
siatanoe.
Under the early Emergency Relief Program
both direct and work relief were provided.
In many instances experiences with work relief were not entirely satisfactory. The work
performed was ofien of limited social or economic value and the types of projects conducted were usually such that only unskilled
jobs could be provided.
These emergency employment measures were
supplemented during the winter of 1933-34 by
the activities of the Civil Works Administration.
The Civil Works Program was in part a
recovery measure and in part a method of car•
ing for persons in need of relief.
Approrimately half of the total number of persons employed under this program were taken from re•
lief rolls.
Although it was a Federal program, the Civil Works Program was administered in most States by these.me persons who
were administering the State and local emergency relief administrations.
Federal funds
were supplemented by funds made available by
State and local sponsoring agencies.
The peak of employment under the Civil
Works Program was reached during the week
ending January 18, 1934, at whioh time over
4,000,000 persons were at work.
During the
entire program, a total of $820 1 000 1 000 from
Federal funds was expended on Civil Works
projects. State and local funds amo'lmting to
$87,000,000 were used in the operation of
these projects.
Af'ter the curtailment of Civil Works
projects in April 1934, work relief was continued through the inauguration of the Emergency Work Relief Program under the State
emergency relief administrations.
The projects were carried on under the supervision of
State and loaa.l emergency relief administrations, although grants to States by the FERA
supplied a major portion of the funds expended.
Earnings of workers under the Emergency
Work Relief Program were determined on a
budgetary deficiency bas is, i.e., eaoh worker
was permitted to work a sufficient number of
hours at prevailing wage rates to provide an
amount which, together with any other income
received, was equivalent
to his minimum
budgetary requirements as determined by the

106

sooial service division of the emergenoy relief administrations.
Aa a result, workers
were employed for a limited and varying number of hours eaoh month.
This necessitated
employing workers in shirts, with a consequent handicap to the efficient operation of
projects.
Many of the projects which were initiated
under the Civil Works Program were continued
and completed under the Emergency Work Relief
Program.
Continuous effort was made to improve the social usefulness of the projects.
The Federal Emergenoy Relief Administration
also attempted to improve the Work Relief Program by expanding certain types of projects
in order to utilize and preserve the wide
range of skills represented on relief rolls.
A majority of the projects involved the construction or repair of roads, streets, sewer
systems, parks, and public buildings.
Although most of the work provided was unskilled, these projects also furnished employment to many skilled construction work•
ers. In addition to construction work, projects designed for the employment of women
and white collar workers were initiat ed in
order to provide jobs more nearly fitted to
occupational skills.
For this purpose projects ware organized in music, painting, library work, clerical work, sewing, gardening,
food preservation, and special statistical
surveys.
During thia period, however, a majority
of relief oases received direct relief and not
work relief. In the United States as a whole,
the proportion of families and single persons
provided with work relief never exceeded 46
percent of all families and single persons
aided under the general relief program.

In addition to the

general reli ef program, the Federal Elllergenoy Relief .Adm.imstration inaugurated oertain speoial programs to
meet apeoial needs. The act eatabliahing this
agency stated apeoitioally that tranaict pe11sona 'ftre to be aided tram Federal tunda.
ilcl. was prorided a'tl shelters and oamp• operated by the apeoi&l tnnaient divisions of
the state aergenoy relief adainiatrationa.

In order to meet the needs of the thousands of unemployed teachers who were receiving relief, the emergency education program
was instituted.
Under this program particular emphasis was given to adult literacy
classes,
workers'
eduoation,
vocational
training and rehabilitation, parent education

and nurs ery schools ~ The coll ege student aid
program was i nstituted in or der to provide
part-time employment f or persons of co llege
age who would have been unable t o att end college without financial as sistance .

In recognition of the differentiation
between the rural and ur ban relief problems,
the rural r ehabilitat ion program was estab•
li shed.
Under t hi s program an att empt was
made to a ssi st needy farmers to become s elfs ufficient by suppl ying t hem with necessary
tools, equipment, and working capital.
Thea• phases of the Emergency Relief
Program were oontinued through June 1936. In
addition to t he Federal Emer gency Relief aotivit iea, Federal as sistanoe waa given through
employment on proj ects of the Public lforka Allministr at ion .
Emergency Conservation Work
employment was also provided through the operation of CCC oamps.

Relief During the Wodes P,o,r..,

1935-36

Wi th the inaugurat ion of the Works Progr am in 1935 t he Federal Government assumed
t he re sponsib i lity of giving jobs to the
great majo rity of employable persons in need
of reli e f. Under t he Social Security Act, in
the same year Federa l funds were provided for
grants- in- aid to the States for three classes
of unemp loyable persons - t he aged, dependent
chi ldren, and the blind .
The care of all
other dependent persons became the responsibility of the Stat es and l ocalities.
In the summer of 19351 persona employed
on Feder•l Emergency Relief Administration
work relief projects and •playable peraona
r eeeiving direot relief were oertified ae bei ng eligible for •ployment under the Worb
Program.
Suoh persona were aaaign&ble ~o
work either on Works Progress Administration
projects or proj ects of other Federal agencies partic i pating i n the Works Program.

Variow, activities of t he Federal Emergency Relief Adrn1n1ctration wer e continued
under the D9W' program. The 2,000,000 worker•
employed on the Elllergenoy Work Relief Program
1Nre for the moat part transferred to pntjeota
of tb.e 'lorks Progress .Admin:iet!"stion.
The
Re s ettlement Administration assumed responsibility for the rural rehabili tation program.
Likewi se, the National Yout h Administration
was established t o conduct a work program for
youth which i ncluded a continuation of the

college student aid program.
Educational
proj ects wer e established by the WPA to provide f or te achers.
The transfer of persons
fi"om Federal Emergenoy Relief Programa to
Worlca Program projeota began in July and waa
substant ially completed by December 1935 when
a tot al of 3,5001 000 persons were employed.
The number of persons receiving direct relief, as well as the number employed under
t he va ri ous relief programs, is shown in the
chart on the following page.

-

Total employment on the Works Program,
including WPA, CCC, and other Federal
agencies, reached a peak of 3,863,000 in the week
ending March 7, 1936. Of this numbe r, 3,025,000 were employed by the Wor ks Progress Administrat ion, 456,000 by the CCC, and 372,000
by other Feder a l agencies• Since March, WcrkB
Progrm employment has been reduced in response to employment gains in industry and
seasonal activity i n agriculture . During the
week ending August 29 the number employed on
the Works Program totaled 3 1 400,000, of whom
2,377,000 were WPA workers, 386,000 CCC workers, and 637,000 employed by othe r Federal
agencies.
Primarily, as t he result of t he operations of the Work■ Program, the number of
families and aingle persona r eceiving relief
from state and l ocal relief agencies haa declined substantially.
The estimated numb.er
of families and single persons rec e iving relief through St ate and l oca l r elief agencies
numbered 1,450, 000 in July 1936, a s compared
with 4,397,000 in July l9i5. During the first
seven months of 1936 tbe number decl ined from
a total of 2,210,000 in Janua ry 1936 to
1,4501 000 in July 1936.
Administrative and
financial factors were r es ponsible for part
of the decline during the first s even months
of 1936.
Consideri ng both the persons from relief
rolls employed tm.der the Works Program and
the number rec eiving relief fr om State and
local relief agencies, ther e has been a substantial decline during the past year in the
number of persons from relief ro lls receiving
public aid.
In July 1936 the net total number of relief families and single persons either on local relief rolls or employed on
the Works Program in the Continental United
States, numbered 3,766,000 as compared with
4,397,000 in July 1936.
The number in July
1936, the lowest since 1933, r epresents a decline of almost 20 percent since March 1936
and compares with a peak of 5,316, 000 reached

107

EMERGENCY RELIEF AND
WORK PROGRAMS
MILLIONS or CASES
6
EMERGENCY RELIEF PROGRA

CHART I

MILLIONS or CASES
6

I

4

2

2

0

0

CHART II

MILLIONS or PERSONS
2
CIVILIAN CONSERV ATION CORPS
EMPLOYMENT
11

0

I

II

11 I I I

MILLIONS or PERSONS
2

~//, / / , ~ ~

1933

CCC

V /,

*

I

1934

0

1936

1935

CHART Ill

MILLIONS or PERSONS
2
PUBLIC WORKS ADM INISTRATION

MILLIONS or PERSONS
2

IIIiI

EMPL OYM ENT
TOTAL PWA-

I

0

MILLIONS or PERSONS
6
CIVIL WORKS A DMINISTRATION
' EMPLOYMENT

I

4

0

1936

1934

1933

MILLIONS or PERSONS
6

CHART IV

I

/,

t

~

I~
II,

4

I

cwA :;:

2

0

1933

2

1935

19 34

MILLIONS or PERSONS
6
WORKS PROGRAM
EMPLOYMENT

0

1936

MILLIONS or PERSONS
6

C HA RT V

4

4

2

2

0

JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJ JA SO ND JFMAMJJASONDJFMAMJJASOND

1934

1933
*

BETWEEN AUG UST 193 ~ AND J ULY 1936

MONTH

THERE

CC C

IN CLUDE D

CON TI N UED

UNDER T HE W ORKS

LA RGELY

1936

1935
A CONSIDERABLE

TO MONTH , WH O RECEIVED W ORKS P ROGRAM PAY CHECKS

REC EIV ED RELIEF - A OUPLt C ATION RESULTI N G
REL I EF ANO TH E WORKS P ROGRAM ,

**

ARE

FROM

NUMBER

OF P ERSONS , VARYIN G

AT SOME TI ME DURIN G TME MONTH ,

TRANSFERS

or

T H ESE

PERSON S

0

F"ROM

AN O WHO ALSO

B ETWEEN

G ENE RA L

P ROG RAM IN CH A RT l[

PWA NON - FEDERAL EMPLOY MENT UNDER
*** HERE
BUT ARE IN CLUDED IN C HA R T V

T HE

W ORKS

PROGR AM

A RE

EXC LUD ED

WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION

1655

in January 1936.

TOTAL OBLIGATIONS INCURRED FOR RELIEF
BY SOURCES OF FUNDS*

In obtaining
:~L~g~~s
January 1933 to June 1936
or :~~~":
these net figures,
250
250
it is neoessary to
go back to the
month of July because of the delay
200 1-t---t--,1-t-+-t-t-+-t----l-+-t--+-1--+--+---,-1
in the receipt of
reports conoerning
the number reoeiving relief through
State and
looal
relief
agenoies.
During July 1936
an estimated total
of 1 1 460,000 families and
single
received
persons
through
relief
local
State and
relief
agenoiee.
At this ti.me there
were 2,:sas,000 ~
O
sons from relief
1933
I
1934
I
1935
l
1936
rolls
(exoluding
SER\l'ICCS
"°".
CCC enrollees) emNl.D PCR3C:N5,
aMA
w.....
o.«RGE'<Y
ployed in the Conwo,uu ,aoc.aus
tinental
United
States on the enThe decline in relief rolls has thus been
tire llorka Program.
CCC employment is excluded to obtain comparability b•tween the substantial during the past year and has approximated the proportionate decline in estidata. Assuming that there are no dupllcationa
mated
unemployment during this period.
Aa
between the two reporta, a total of 3,836 1 000
persons from relief rolls 'W9re being oared has been true throughout the depression, howfore
However, bMauae some persona -..re on ever, there remain a large number of unem_re.lief rolls during a part of July who wwe ployed persons who are not receiving either
direot relief or work through Govermnent a.id.
later employed on the Works Program and because in some areas earnings on the Worlca
State goverr:iments have borne a major
Program are supplemented with direot relief
portion of the total cost of general relief
by local relief a.genoiee, there ie a certain
amount of duplioation between the numbers on
einoe the disoontinuance of FERA grants. The
relief rolls and employment on the Works Proa.mount contributed by States during the first
six :months of 1936 was more than 40 percent
gram. In July, this duplioa.tion is estimated
greater
than the amount made available by
to involve 70, 000 persons, 110 tha.t the net
States for relief purposes during the first
total number of families and single persons
six months of 1936.
The total amount made
on looal relief ro lls and persona from relief
available for general relief by looal agenrolls employed on the Works Program amounts
oiea duri~ the f'lrst half of 1936 was 20
to a total of 3 1 766,00Q,
percent leas than during the corresponding
Inasmuoh a.a the Worlcs Program was bare ly period of 1936.
However, a large portion of
looal contributipos during the earlier period
under way in July 1936, the figure of 4,397, was made in the form of materials, supplies,
000 for tblt month applies to the number of
and equip:nent used on work relief projects.
families and single persons recoivillg relief
through state and local relief ~enciH under
During recent months oontributione of this
the program of the FERA.
In conneotiou with
sort by localities have been made to lrorka
ihe comparable total for the :month or July Progress Adm1u1atration projeots1 these are
1936, a deoline of 631,000 in the course of a not inoluded in the relief data ot recent
year is indicated.
mo:n:tha.
The acoampanying chart ahon by
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.........,~~~~~~~~~~~~~

JFNAWJJA50NOJFNANJJASONOJFMANJJA50NOJF"MANJJASOND0

•

NClJ.JX5 RE.LU' fXTDC)(J) lNl[R ALL PRDGRAW5, At<> txPCNSC P'0P. 9J'IPLD l4>C ~
.
C:,
~ AICI ~ nod..
llAlJ' ft:IR &30
ALL C'.O€RAl RC.L.Ef' AD ·
UXAL MZNCLS
E Tl'E. rQRS rOA PA;tOR YEARS AA£ /IIA£. LMTtD 10

....sT[fE) 8'I' $t.l.Tt. _..,..,

~

AJ,10 00 NOT COYtA THt VA RI OUS rtO[RAl WORM. PAO~RAM S IMCLUOIMC CWA AMO WPA

ADIUNfSntATION

I-·

109

montha the total obligationa inourrecl tor
the relief programs. broken down by ■ ouro••
ot tunds.
Fundamental changes have occurred 1a the
administration of relief activitiee in a n'IBber of States since the inauguration or the
Thirty-aeven States now have
Works Program.
legislation providing for State ednmistration
In 2S
or supervision of general relief.
States and the District of Columbia permanent
public welfare departments are now superrl.sing or administering general public as ■ i ■ •
tance. Nineteen of these departments 8l9 nft'J
in the remaining four States responsibility
for public assistance has been added to the
In three
departments already established.
States a temporary public welfare department
has been set up by executive order of the
governor. and in one State a temporary State
commission for the allotment of funds wae e ■tablished by legislation. Eleven Sta~• have
continued State administration of relief.
pending legislative action for a permanent
This leaves 11 States 1a whioh
progrem.
there is yet no State provision for the ad-

110

ministration of public

a ■ si■ tance.

In rniewing the operations of the past
year. it 11 apparent that the plans ma.de and
the policies adopted for the relief probl•
in l9S6 have been carried through into actual
The Works Program ha ■ provided
operation.
for the great majority of empl~ble
job■
With job ■ adapted
person■ from relief rolls.
aa nearly as pouible to the slcill and training of worker• on relief rolls. the skill•
and morale of tbue worker■ are being euatained until. with the revival of busine ■ s.
theee persons are reabsorbed in private - ployment. EYery person employed on the Worn
Program is expected to register with a public
anployment office designated by the United
and 1• required to
State■ &Rployaent Service
accept any reasonable opportunity that arise■
The residual relief
for private employment.
oases. consi ■ting mostly of unemployables.
are provided for by State and local reliet
with the aesi ■tance of Federal
agencies
grants-in-aid for certain types (the aged.
dependent children. and the blind) as provided by the Social Security Act.

Appen dix

A

Statuto ry Author ity, Organization, end Procedure

The Emergency Relief Appropriatio n Acts of 1935 and 1936

Appropriation

Project Limitations

Statutory authority and f'unds for the
Works Program are contained in two appropriation acts of Congress, (1) The Emergency
Re lief Appropriation Aot of 1935, approved by
the President on April 8, 1935, appropriated
$4,000,000,000 and authorized the transfer of
amounts not to exceed $880,000,000 from other
funds, in order to provide relief, work relief., and to increase employment by providing
for useful projects; (2) the Emergency Relief
Appropriation Act of 1936 (which wa~ included
in the First Deficiency Appropri~tion Ac t,
Fiscal Year 1936, as Title II), approved by
the President on June 22, 1936, appropriated
an additional $1,425,000,000 for the continuation of the Program provided for in the
earlier act and reappropriated the unexpended balances of funds provided under that act.
The funds appropriated by these two acts are
to remain available until June 30, 1937, and
will be used ftin the discretion and under the
direction of the President.ft

Both acts specified general categories
of pr oj ects and placed limits on the amounts
to be expended for ea.oh type of project, with
the f urther provision that the President
might i ncrease ~ category within certain
l imits. The 1935 Act e.110W8d an increase in
type not exceeding 20 percent of the
~
total appropriation; the 1936 Act allows an
i ncrease not exceeding 15 percent of the appr opriation for the type affected.
The classes of projects and the amounts
specified by the two acts are listed below.
The 1936 Act provides that projects approved by the President prior to the passage
of the act are exempted from the limitations
pr ovided in that act, and also that no Feder al project shall be undertaken or prosecuted unless and until an amount sufficient for
i ts completion has been allocated end irrevocably set aside.

D!BOPRI.U'ICII LDll'llfftllB SPICu-Llil DI THI IRA JCfS 0, 1935 ilD 1936

m1 g, ffl~

hpe of ProJoo

(a)

Blgbara,

(b)

Rwra1 rehabilitatton a'Dll Nlief
in nriolmn acri,oul:tural. &NU,
and ,iat.- oonaff'fttien, trana•untaia . .~ 41ffNien, irripUon an4 reol.uation.,,.

l"Oada, • ~ • . &D4
pcle oroHiq eJ1ndna~ion

Ae!Pt
(a)

taoo,000,000

500,000,000
100,000,000

(4) Bnaing

<450,000,000

300,000,000

(f)

Ci-rillan Cona411'T&tion Cerpe

600, ooo, 000

(1)

Loau or grants, er botll for

proJeota of State•, Teft'ltori•••
PoHHllona, eto., ar aub41.-ri1iona -\hereof

900,000,000

(ll) SU1tat1on, proqa\ion of aoU
erollon, • - - poll•Uoa, • - -

erosion. reforeatailon,
forutat!.on, flood oontrol, 1"1flN 11114 ll&rbora and nd.aoe~
MOa PN>Jeo\a

rou.a,

or iMa

u4 a\Neta

Para an4 other NON&tioul

want
$413,250,000
156,750,000

faoiUUea

156,750,000

Publio utiUUN, bol.wliag
•ewer l)"St-, •ter nipply
and parifioation, airport•,
an4 other tranaporl&Uon
taoll1Ue1

171,000,000

nooa oontrol and ot!Mr ooaaenation

128,250,000

(f) u ailtuoe fff ecluoatiaal,
profNllonal., u4 olerloal

,.,..ou

85, !500, 000
85, !500, 000

(t)

1'CD811'1

(h)

Kiaoel.lauou worJc pro~•

71,250,000

(1)

BaUoul Tftth .umlniatraUon

71, 250,000

proJoota

(J) R1lral. nlaabiUtation, lo&D8,

~

112

(4)

(e)

Aadatanoe for ecluoational,
profHlional., and olerioal
persona.

Biglaw.ya,

id a
ProJeot

(b ) Publlo buildings

(o)

(o) Rara1 eleotrifioatioa

(e)

TYpe of

u4 relief to famn-1 u4

UTHtook 1uwww1.

~,000,000

85,!500,000

lfage Policy
The

general

11hen their atatus is disclosed.
wage

policy prescribed by

the 1936 Act di f fers from that ot the earlier
aot in that it requires that the rates ot pq

Pro'rlsiona Regarding the FEBJ. ud the PWA

for persona employed on the lforks Program
shall not be less than the preff.iliDg rates
of pay for work ot a sudlar nature. The WP.A.,
with the approT&l ot the President, de'bermines what conatitut:ea pre'ftiling rate• ot
pay. 'l'he 1956 A.at apeoified that the President shall require auoh ratea to be paid aa
would accamplish the purposes of the act
without affecting adversely or
otherwise
tending to decrease the going rates ot wage•
paid for work of a similar nature.

The 1956 ~t provides for the liquidat ion ot the affairs of the Federal &.rgeno7
Relief Administration and f'unds for that purpose are made a'ftil&ble until June SO, 1937.
Under the 1956 .tot. the FER.Aw.a oontinued in
full foroe ud etfeot until June SO, 1956, or
suoh earlier date u the President might .fix.

!Ugibility for .&lplo,-t
Three proTisiona relating to eligibility
tor employment are oontained ill the 1936 ~t.
It provides that appllcants tor eaployment
who are in aotual need, but whose nuies have
not preTiously been placed on relief rolls,
shall be accorded. the Nme eligibility for
employment as those 11ho baTe appeared on relief rolls. It also proTides that the receipt of adjusted-serTioe bonds or Treasury
checlcs in payment of an adjusted-compensation
certificate shall not be considered in determining the actual need of applicants for employment. In addition, the agencies supervising projects shall not knowingly employ
aliens illegally within the United States,
and must discharge such aliens, if employed,

1'he Publio Works .Adw1n:J oitration 1a emponred "b7 the 1936 .Aot to oontinue to aid in
financing projeote similar to those fiunoed
by it in the put. It 1a authorized to use•
upon the direotion ot the President, a aum
not to e xoeed $300,000,000 from funds on hand
or reoei ftd from the sale of aeouri ties for
the making of grants • Suoh a grant muat not
exoeed 45 peroent ot the oost ot the project.
ud gl'ants may be -.de only far pro jeota
11hiob oan be
substantially oampleted by
July 1. 1958 , and for 111hich the finanoing of
the remaining oost is assured.

jdmi.nistration
The President is authorized by both a.ota
presotibe suoh rules and regulation.au
may be neoeseary- to oarry out the purpoaes of
the appropriations. Be -.y utilize Goftrnment agenoies and eapow9r them to oarry out
the f'unotions delegated to them.

to

Executive Orders

Proceeding under authority vested in
him by the two Emergency Relief Appropriation
A.ots, the President has issued 44 Executive
orders 1'hich determined or influenoed the
operations of the Works Prorram.
)(any of
these orders are or minor signiticance, and
others are l imited to amendment ot prior Executive orders. Orders issued under the 1936
A.at were oonti.nued in effect by Exeouti ve Order Ho. 7396, issued under authority granted
by the 1936 Aot, •insofar as applicable and

except as to rates of pay and eligibility for
employment."
issued under both aots am
be divided roughly into
three groups: (a) those creating new organization.a or aocomplishing the transfer of certain functiona previously pe:-formed by other
independent agenoies to agencies operating
under the Works Program, (b) those pertaining
to general pol!o7 conoerning conditions of
The orders,

l10W'

in effect, may

111

employment and :methods ot proaeouting projeots J and (o) those concerned with the operation ot Gowrlllll8nt agenoiea patioipating in
the Works Program.

tion, flood control, reforestation and related proj8.,_ J and ( c ) to make loans for
the purchase or farm lands and equipment.
Executive Order No. 7028, April 30, 1935

Administrative 0,91nl&1tlons

Exeoutiff Ord.er lio. 7034,

!-l

6, 1936

Created the Di~ision of Applications and information and the Advi•Dr7 Committee on Al•
lotments.
Created the Works Progress Adln1D1$ trat1on as
an ad,nin1etrat1'99 organization responsible
to the President for the coordinated execution of tl\e Works Prograa.

Authorised
di Tiaion
mulation
projeota

establiebment within the WPA of a
of progress inffstigation, and forof periodic reports of progreaa of
and employmnt thereon.

Tranaterred property and personnel or the
land program of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration to the Resettlement .Administration.

Executive Order No. 7041, May' 15, 1936
Transferred property and personnel or the Division of Subsistence Homesteads from the
Department of the Interior to the Resettlement Administration.
Executive Order No. 7037,

May

11, 1935

the Rural Electrification .Adtn.inistration "to initiate, formulate, administer, and supervise a program of approved projects with respect to the generation, transmission, and distribution of
electrical energy in rural areas," using
relief persons so far as practicable.

E■tablished

Authorized the WPA to prescribe rules and regulations assuring maximum possible employment from relief rolls and governing selection of persons for employment.
Provided for prosecution by the WPA of small
useful projects designed to assure a maximum or employment in all localities.

Executive Order No. 7152, August 21, 1935
Directed the Secretary of the Treasury to
provide for disbursement and aooounting or
funds, and procurement of materials, supplies, and equipnent.
EY.ecutive Order No. 7396, June 22, 1936
Continued for the Program under the 1936 Act
the orders issued under authority of the 1935
Aot, insofar as applicable and except as to
rates of pay and eligibility for employment.
becuitiff Order llo . 7027, April so, 1936,
Amended by Executive Order Bo. '1'200, a.ptaaber 26, 1936

Prescribed additional functions and duties
f or the Temporary GovePmnBnt of the Virgin
Islands authorizing prosecution of projects
"for providing relief and work relief and
for increasing employment within the Virgin
Islands."
:g;qoutive Order No. 7057, May 28, 1935
Established the
JD.inistration
JD.iniater, and
projects for
lief and for
Puerto Rico."

Puerto Rioo Reconstruction Ad"to initiate, formulate, adsupervise a program of appz'Oved
providing relief and work reincreasing employment within

Establiehed the Resettl. .nt Adm1n1stration.
EDoutiTe Order No. 7086, June 26, 1935

Authorized the Resettlament Ad-1n1•tration
(a) to adllinister approwd projeota inTOlTing rural rehabilitation, relief in atrioken agricultural areas, ud relief ot destitute or lcnr-inoome tamiliee J (b) to proeecute eoil and beach ero ■ion, atrea. pollu•

114.

Bstabl1ahed the National Youth .Administration
within the WPA, "to initiate and administer
a program or approved projects which shall
provide relief, work relief, and employment
tor persons between the ages or 16 and 25

who are no l onger in attendance at a school
requiring full time, and who are not reg-

ularly engaged i n remunerative employment."

Executive Order No. 7096, July 9, 1935
Appointed member s of the Execut ive Committee
of t he National Youth Administrati on.
Executive Order No. 7194, September 26, 1935
Established the Prison Industries Reorganization Administration to be governed by the
Prison Industries Reorganization Board of
five members.
Administration to conduct
i nves tigationtJ of industrial
operations of penal and correctional institutions and t he market s for products of
such activities, and to recommend for Presidential approval a program reorganizing
existing prison industries systems in order to eliminate competition wi th private
industry.

Instructed
surveys

Under the Emergency Re lief Appropriation .Aot
of 1935, authorited the PWA to make 1oans
or grants , or both, f or projects of nonFederal public bodies, and to carry out
project s f or slum clearance or low-oost
housing .
Authorized the sale of securit ies acquired
under Title II of the National I ndust r ial
Recovery Act or Emergency Relief Appropriation .Aot of 1935 for making further loans
under these acts.
Reallocated t o department s and agencie s holding un.obligated balances for uae after
June 16, 1935, funds previously made available pursuant t o Title II of the National
Industrial Recovery Act.

t his

and

Executive Order No . 7065, June 7, 1935
Created the National Resources Committee to
collect data necessary to a planned development and use of national resources; to
cooperate with any other public or private
planning agency in carrying out its duties;
and to serve in an advisory capacity with
respect to Federal projects involving the
acquisition of land.

Executive Order No. 7073, June 13, 1935
Reestab l ished the National Emergency Council
to perform previously assigned duties together with such additional functions as
might be assigned to it by the President in
carrying out t he provisions of the ERA Act
of 1935.

Executive Order No. 7064, June 7, 1935
Authorized the Federal Emergency Adm1n1~tration of Public Works to continue to perform
functions under Title II of the National
Industrial Reoo'9'917 Act.

Gencr•I Pol ici cs
Wage s :

Executive Order No. 7046,

May

20, 1935

Prescribed a schedule of monthly earnings to
appl y to workers on projects. Wages varied
as to re gion, population, and skills of
workers, and ranged from $19 per month (in
Region 4) for unskilled workers in counties
the population of the largest municipality
of which was less than 5,000, to $95 (in
Region 1) for professional and technical
workers in counties, the population of the
largest municipality of which was over
100,000.
Provided that the schedule of monthly earnings thus established should be applicable
to workers on all projects financed in
whole or in part from the Emergency Relief
Appropriation Aot of 1935, except for (a)
Emergency Conservation Work, (b) projects
under the supervision of the Federal Emergency .Administration of Public Works, (c)
highway and grade-crossing elimination work
under the supervision of the Bureau of Public Roads and State Highway Departments,
(d) permanent buildings for the use of aey
executive department of the Government of
the United States, (e) such projects, portions of project s or activities as the WPA
Administrator shall exempt, (f) supervisory
and administrative employees, and (g) State
projects pending
administration
relief
transfer to the WOl"k ■ Program.

116

Executi'V9 Order No. 7117, July 29, 1936
Modified Executi'V9 Order No. 7046 b7 providing that:
(a) The Works Progress Adm1n1atrator or
his repreaentati ves might redefine regions
designated in the original order whenever
necess&r7 to do so in order to avoid undue
inequality among workers accustomed to
similarity of wage rates.
(b) Monthly earnings applicable to an urban area shall in general apply to contiguous urban areas in 11.djacent counties in the
same region.
(c) It the territory covered by an.y project involves application of more than one
schedule of monthly earnings, the highest
schedule shall be used.
(d) The Works Progress Administrator or
his representatives may adjust rate of
earnings of any class of work on an.y project by not more than 10 percent.
Executive Order No. 7203, October 1, 1935
.Amended the proneion of Executive Order No.
7046 establishing rates for each county in
accordanoe with population of largest munioipality, by giving the Works Progress Administrator and his representativas discretion to use either county or township as
the unit to which the schedule of monthly
earnings shall be applicable.
Clarified the abova provision ot Executiw
Order Bo. 7046 b7 specifying that the
schedule ot montJ\17 earnings shall be based
upon the 1930 population of the largest municipa.lity within the county or township.
Executive Order No. 7157, August 23, 1936
Authorized the Works Progress Adm1n1•tr~tor
or his representatives to exempt from the
schedule ot monthly earnings, projects employing unattached workers who are furnished subsia,-tence in camp•, am to eatab1.ish in lieu of such monthl.7 earnings, wage
rates not to exceed t25 per mnth.
Executhe Order Bo. 7164, A\lgU!t 29 1 1935,
Amended bl Executive Order Ho. '11181 Jiu-oh 11,
1936
ProTided tor superT1sion ot 1twlent aid proj•
Rts b7 the JJational Youth .Ad:min11tration.

118

Prescribed amounts of monthly payments as
followac high school students - not to exceed ts per monthJ college students awrage of tis per month for the school
year, and not to exceed $20 to any student
in an.y monthJ graduate students - 11.verage
of $30 a month per student, not to exceed
$40 to an.y student in an7 month.
Executive Order No. 7433, August 18, 1936
Amending Executift Order No. 7164, August 29,
1935
Directed the Works Progreu Adm1n1stration to
determine monthly earnings (not to exceed
60 percent ot full security wages for parttime employment) hours of work, and conditions ot employment for 70ung persons eligible for benefits under the National Youth
.Administration (other than student aid) and
the Works Progreae Administration.
Limited monthly earnings applica.ble to parttime employment of such 70ung persons to
60 percent ot the schedule ot monthly earnings •
Hours of Work:
Executive Order No. 7046, liq 20, 1935
Provided that hours of work of persons to
whom the schedule ot monthl7 earnings is
applica.ble shall be determined by the Works
Progreaa 4cbn1nhtrator, but shall not exceed 8 hours per day and 40 hours per 118ek.
Set a maximum of 8 hours per dq and 130 hours
per month tor anual workers am 8 hours
per dq and 40 hours per nek for clerical
and other non-manual employees on projects
under the superTision of the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, at the
Bureau of Public Roads, and State Highway
Departaunts, am on projects eX8Jllpted from
the aohedule of monthly earnings by the
Works Progreas Administrator.
~ 8 hours per da7 am 40 hours
per wek on projects operated as camps or
floating plan.ta.

Set a :mn:innm

Specified that proviaions of the a.ct at llaroh
3, 1931, •hall appl7 to persona employed on
perma!len.t buildinga for use of the u. s.

GoTerDlllllltnt euoutiTe departaents J and that
existing rules and regulation.a shall appl7

to Emergency Conservation Work and local
Emergenoy Relief AdnliD1$tration work relief
projects.

Contract Prorlaionas
Executin Order No. 7083, June 24, 1936

Conditions of Emplo~nts
ExecutiTe Order No. 7046, Ma, 20, 1935
Prohibited employment of persona under 16
years of age or physically handica.pped,
where employment would be dangerous to
others and to their own health and sa.fety,
and of persons currently serving sentence
in penal or correctional institutions.
Directed that preference shall be giTen to
persons from public relief rolls, and provided that, unless otherwise specifica.lly
authorized by the Works Progress Administration, at least 90 percent of all persons ,rorking on work projects shl..11 ban
been taken from the public relief rolls.
Provided that only one member of a family
group may be employed, unless otherwise
authorized by the WPA.

Preaoribed rule• and regul&tiona applioable
to projeots prosecuted by (a) force account, (b ) fixed price contract, ( c) limited fixed price contract, or ( d) management
contract.

Provided for submission to the Director of
ProcUf'ell9nt by the operating agency, of estimates of materials, supplies, and equiPment required, The Director of Procurement
shall indicate to the operating agency the
part of the materials, supplies, and equiPment the GoTermnent will furnish, together
with instructions as to meth<?d of requisition.
Provided for incorporation in all contract s
of provisions relating to payrolls, purchases, requisitions, conditions of employu
ment, etc.
()pcr•tin9 Proccdwc1
Executive Order No. 7161, August 21, 19S6

Prohibited discrimination on any grounds except as specifically provided in the order.
Provided that projects shall be conducted in
accordance with sa.fe working conditions and
that wages may not be pledged or assigned.
Eligibility:

illooated to the Seore't&J'7 ot the Tre&SUJ"7
ts,000,000, to be uaed as a revolving tU%ld
trca which reimbursements would be made to
the general 1uppl7 f'und, tor purchases ot
material,, auppliH» and equipaent to be
uaed 011 work relief projeots, thua facilitating oentrali&ed purchase or ma.teri&le,
auppliea, alJd equii:aent.

Exeoutin Order No, 7060, June 5, 1936

Provided tor reimbursement to the Work Rel1et
Supply Fund b7 agenciee reoeiving material•
aupplies, and equii-ent.

Required that, to be eligible for employment,
persons must register with employment offices designated by the u. s. Employment
Service and must haTe been receiving relief in May 1935.

Bxecutiff Order No. 714S, .Auguat 19, 1936

Provided for certification of persons who became eligible for relief subsequent to May
1935, when original occupational classes
are emauated.J tor -.1.Jltenazioe ot eligibil•
ity of persons who receiTe temporary employment elsewhere; and for notification to
the Works Progreu .ldainistration by the
U. s. Blllployaent Servioe d persons emplo:,ed
on the Worka Program 1lbo ho• reoeind other
aployaent.

A,atbol'iied the Reaettlemnt Adminiatration to
-.Jee loana tor tinanoing purohaae ot tana
lands and equipnent, and tor other purohaae1, to individual•, approv.d bona-tide
agenoies, or cooperatiw auooiationa.
.Authorized the ResettleMnt Adainiatrator to
tiz intere ■t rate• not greater than 6 per. - t v leH than I peroent.
PNaoribed tieraa ot lN.U
re~at.

&ltd pro'rldon• tor

117

Executive Order No. 7305, February 28, 1936
Allooated $30,000,000, to the Farm Credit Administration for making loans to farmers
during the year 1936.

that, except with specific authorizatio n of
the REA, at least 90 peroent of all persons
working shall be taken from such rolls; and
that only persons oertified for assignment
by the U• . s. Employment Service, or persons
speoifioally authorized by the Rural Eleotrifioation Administrati on, shall be empl oyed.

Presoribed regulations limiting loans to any
one borrower to $200, requiring borrowers
to prove that other souroes are exhausted,
fixing the interest rate at 5-1/2 percent, Authorized the .Administrato r to approve and
exeoute with the borrowing agency loan oonetc.
tracts under which the borrowing agency
agrees that the projeot will be proseouted
aocording to procedures and specificatio ns
Executiv.e Order No. 7130, August 7! 1935
determined or approved by the Rural Eleotrification Administrati on.
Provided that funds allocated to the Rural
be
Eleotrifioat ion Administratio n shall
available for loans to private corporations, assooiations , and cooperative as- Executive Order No. 7180, September 6, 1935
sooiations, and to publio agencie s for finanoing projeots included in the program of Authorized the Puerto Rico Reconstructi on Administration to finance the purchase of
the Rural Electrificat ion Administrati on.
farm lands and equipment for production and
of
hours
preserve.tion of farm and rural community
maxim\Dll
and
s
rate
Provided that wage
neoessary to the effectuation of
Elecproducts
Rural
the
by
work shall be detennined
hours
that
but
rural rehabilitatio n projeots.
tr ification Administrati on,
day
per
of' work shall not exceed 8 hours
and 40 hours per week except in special Prescribed regulations with respect to eligible borrowers; interest rates, which may be
circumstance s.
fixed by the Administrato r at not greater
than 5 percent, or less than 3 percent; and
Directed that preference in employment shall
terms of loans.
be given to persons from relief rolls;

Operatin g Procedures of the Works Progress Administration

Works Progress Administrati on has
been organized in aooordance with the authority and directions oontained in Aots of Congress and Executive orders. The following
paragraphs swmnarize its form and operations.
No attempt is made to repeat the provisions of
Executive orders noted above, or to indioate
any but the broadest outlines of the WPA organizational form and funotions.
The

Administrati on
Works Progress Administrati on was
created by an Executive order whioh assigned
to it the following funotions: ( l) the operation of useful work projects and the scheduling of such projeots so as to provide maximum continuous employment under the Works
ProgramJ (2) the general coordination of the
The

118

Program and the determinatio n of policies and
reoords with respect to selection of employees, wages,hours, and working conditions, and
the investigatio n of irre gularities; (3) the
establishmen t of a system of periodio reports
for the effective prosecution of the Program;
(4) the ooordination of such researoh and
statistical aotivities as may be necessary in
carrying out the Works Pro gram.
The Federal Works Progress Administrato r
was appointed by the President and, under the
authority granted to him by Exeouti ve orders,
has established the organization necessary to
carry out the functions delegated to the
Works Progress Administrati on. Divisions of
the administrativ e office of the Federal
Works Progress Administrati on in Washington
are organized under the direct supervision of
Assistant Administrato rs reporting to the

Federal Administrator. The Federal Administration is represented in the field by five
Regional Field Representatives who aot as administrative liaison agents of the Federal
Representatives are
These
Administrator.
oharged with the responsibility of giving advice and instructions to State and district
WPA offices.
At the head of each State WPA organization is a State Administrator with various
functional divisions working under him. The
State Administrator, within the limits of instructions promulgated by the Federal Administrator, is responsible for decisions on all
matters of polioy and for the efficient and
economical operation of the entire State Administration, including all divisions of the
State office and all districts. He is oharged
with the general coordination of the Works
Pro gram in the State •
The district is the basic operating unit
of the WPA and the District Director is
charged with the direct execution and supervision of projects in the field. He is responsible to the State Administrator for the
administration of all WPA activities in his
district, except State-wide and Nation-wide
Federal projects administered from the State
office.

Project Approval
The success of the WPA program requires
an adequate number of work projects located
within readily accessible transportation distances and suitable to the numbers and capabilities of persons eligible forworlc on th em.
Except for a few projects of a Nation-wide
character and projects operating on Federal
property, all projects prosecuted by the Wom
Progress Administration are proposed by public agencies representing States, Territories,
or their political subdivisions, the District
of Columbia, and other public bodies. The
sponsoring bodies cooperate in the prosecution of projects by financing part of the
costs through provision of labor, equipment,
materials; the use of land, buildings, and
other facilities; transportation of materials
and workers; engineering, architectural, or
other services; and land purchased specifically for projects.
Projeot proposals accompanied by plana,
specifications, a working procedure, and other data are submitted to the district offioes
After examiilation,
of the WPA by sponsors.
they are forwarded to State 'WPA offices which

transmit them to the Federal WPA in Washington. Proposed projects are reviewed by the
Works Progress Administration with respect to
their desirability from a social and engineering standpoint, the extent to which they
will aid in accomplisning the purpose of the
Works Program by putting needy and employable
persons to work, the availability of workers
in need of relief, and the cost per man-year
of employment. If found suitable, they are
submitted for clearance to the Bureau of the
Budget and then presented to the President
for final approval. Projects approved by the
President are subjected to review by the
Comptroller General to determine whether they
come within the purposes of the statute.
Certain projects require the approval
of the Federal agencies whioh have jurisdiction over the type of work involved. These
inolude projects prosecuted on highways forming 1art of the Federal-aid highway system,
projects affecting wildfowl refuges, projects
for improving rivers, harbors, etc., airport
and ainra.y projects, and publio health and
colTIIIIUD.ity sanitation projects.
For passing upon the technical feasibility of proposed white collar projects of a
statistical nature, a committee representing
jointly the Central Statistical Board and the
WPA has been established. Once projects are
chosen for operation, this Coordinating Committee follows developments, giving expert
guidance and technical assistance.
A sufficient number of desirable projects received from the several States have
been approved to insure a reservoir of projects capable of providing the flexibility
necessary to meet the varying work relief
needs of the different localities.

Finance
In order to made fUDds available for
prosecution of projects whi.oh have been approved, the President from time to time allocates funds for WPA projects itemized as to
States and accounts. After approval by the
Comptroller General, the Federal Works Progress Administration is notified of the a.mount
of the allocation. It, in turn, authorizes
each State to incur obligations up to a
stated a.mount during the ensuing month. Upon
receipt of the monthly budget for his State,
the State Administrator makes allotments for
the month to ea.oh district and to StateJfdde
District offices
projects in the State.
then make sub-allotments to active projects
119

for the month.
The Commissioner of Accounts and Deposits of the Treasury Deparinent is kept
currently informed of these actions so that
AB
delays in disburseioont are minimized.
noted in the above section on Executive orders, the Treasury Department makes disbursements for payrolls, etc,, and also is the offioial accounting agenoy for Works Program
funds. Procurement of supplies and equipment
is consolidated in the Procurement Division
of the Treasury Department.
Coordinating and Scheduling of Projects
State ~"PA Administrators are responsible
for coordinating the exeoution of all projects under the program operating within their
areas so as to provide a maximum , of useful
employment to persons in need of relief.
Federal agencies cooperating in the Works
Program supply State Administrators of the
WPA with statements of their projects. With
this information, and records of projects
already in operation, State Administrators
have full lmowledge of the employment to be
given on Works Program projects in each locality. Operations on WPA projects are adjusted to make up the difference between Federal agency employment and total local work
relief needs. Primary consideration is given
to the skills of available qualified relief
persons.

Assignment of Workers to Projects
In order to be eligible for employment
under the Works Program, persons must satisfy
the requirements specified in certain Executive and Aoministrative orders. They should
be actively registered with a looal employment office designated by the United States
Employment Service and must be certified as
in need of relief by a public relief agenoy
approved by the Works Progress .Administration.
Local relief offices supply to the W?A and to
the United States Employment Service the work
records of all persons eligible for employment. Files containing this information are
maintained on a ourrent basis in eaoh WPA
district office.
all lf'Ork projects operated by the
Works Progress Administration, the assignment,
reassigmnent, and wage olaesifioa.tion of
workers a.re the responsibility of State WPA
organizations. Aasigmnent is made on the
On

120

basis of the skills required for the sucoess-

ful oonduot of a projeot. The WPA endeavors
to assure oontinuous employment by reassi{91ing oertified relief lf'Orkers from oompleted
projects to aotive projeots. Such non-relief
persons as are required for the suooessful
proseoution of work projeots are referred to
the WPA by the employment offioes designated
by the United States Employment Service.
Federal agenoies other than WPA that are
operating work projeots requisition their relief workers from the WPA, whose responsibility it is to assign all workers oertified as
in need of relief, Non-relief workers a.re
requisitioned by these agenoies from the employment offices of the Employment Service.
These requisitions, however, must receive the
approval of the WPA before assignment is made.
Preference in employment is given to
persons certified as in need of relief and,
exce pt with the specific authorization of the
Federal Works Progress Administrato~ at least
90 percent of the workers must be such persons.

Wages and Hours
The basic schedule of monthly earnings
was set forth in Executive Order No . 7046 issued May 20, 1935. State Works Progress Administrators have been authorized to exempt
from the seourity wage schedule up to 10 percent of the total number of WPA workers employed in their respective States. Administrators have also been authorized to adjust
monthly security wages by 10 percent upward
or downward for any and all wage c l asses.
Hours of work, as set forth in Executive
Order No. 7046 with a maximum of 8 hours per
day and 40 per week, are limited by Administrative order to a maximum of 140 hours for
two consecutive semimonthly pay periods. The
monthly maximum may be waived, however, when
the 140-hour maximum is not sufficient to
enable workers to make up time lost as a result of adverse weather conditions, temporary
interruptions in project operations beyond
the control of the lf'Orkers, or injuries sustained in the performanoe of duty oausing
absenoes of 15 days or less. Emergency work
and unusual circumstances suoh as arise in
oonneotion with flood or tornado relief also permit waiving the maximum hour limitations.
Adrn1n1atrative Order No. 44, issued July

11, 1936, sets forth general regulations
relating to the rates of pay, hours of work,
monthly earnings, and oonditions of employment based on the Emergenoy Relief Appropriation Aot of 1936. It placed upon the Works
Pro~ress Administrator of eaoh State the
responsibility of working out hourly 11'8.ge
rates for each occupation which shall not be
less than local prevailing hourly rates.
Monthly earnings schedules remain the same as

those established under the ERA Act of 1936.
Norm.al hours of work per month are adjusted
so that workers employed at the various hourly rates oan earn in the course of a month an
amount equal to the monthly seouri ty wage.
Payments are now made only for time actually
worked. However, workers are afforded every
reasonable opportunity to make up time lost
because of weather conditions and similar
factors beyond their control.

121

Appendix

Tables

B

'fable

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

Table

'fable

Table

124

!!2,_

Title

Number
1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Employment on WPA Projects. &nergenoy Conservation Work. and Projects
of Other Agencies. by States - September and December 19351 Jlarch.
J,me and August 1936

126 - 127

Relief S'tatua of Persona lmployed on Work Projects. by Agencies Week Ending August 29 • 193p

128

Relief Status of Persona Employed on Work Projects. by Sta~a Week Ending August 29 • 1936

129

Employment on Work Projects of Agencies other than WPA and
States - Week Ending August 29 • 1936

ccc.

by
130 - 132

Percentage Distribution of Persons &nployed on WPA Projects. by Types
of Projects - September and December l935J Jlarch. June and August 1936

133

Number of Persona Employed. Hours and Earnings on WPA Projects. by
Types of Projects. Semimonthly Period Ending August 15. 1936

134

Percentage Distribution of Persona Employed on WPA Projecta. by Sta.tea
and Major Types of Projects - Semimonthly Period Ending August 16. 1936

136

Number of Persona Employed Under the Works Program on Projects of the
WPA and other Federal Agencies. by Assigned Oocupationa.- March 1936

136

Number of Persona Employed an WPA Projects• by States and Wage
Classes - lfarch 1936

137

Allocations Under the ERA Acta or 1936 and 1936 tor Work Projects and
other Purposes. by Agencies - Through August 31. 1936

138 - 139

Allocations Under the ERA' Act of 1935. by Agencies and by Act
Limitations - Through August 31. 1936

140 - 141

Allocations Under the ERA. Aot of 1936 • by Agencies and by Aot
L1mi tationa - Through August 31. 1936

142

Status of Funds Under the ERA Aota
Through August n. 1936

ot 1935

Statua ot Fw:Jda Under the BRA Acta
Through Auguat si. 1936

ot 1936 and 1936. by Agenoiea -

and 1936. by

states 143

Estimated Total Coat ot Approved PW.A Bon-Federal Projects F1n•noe4
by the ERA Aot ot 1935 • b7 States and Souroea ot Fund.I - Through
August 13. 1936

14' - 1'6

146

Explanatory Notes

The Works Program employment de.ta recorded in this section relate to persons employed on projects fine.need, in whole or in
part, from fund s provided by the Emergency
Relief Appropriation Acts of 1935 e.nd 1936.
Qualifying this statement is the exclusion of
the following: (a.) administrative employees,
(b) workers on HYA projects - usually employed at one-third the scheduled monthly earnings - and persons benefiting through the NYA
student aid program, (c) employees me.de availThe PWA
able by tho sponsors of projects.
is
non-Federal employment figure, however,
based on total project employment, and thus
includes employinent provided through expenditure of PViA loans from revolving funds e.nd of
l ocally raised funds, as vrell e.s of grants
Employment under
from Works Program funds.
E::lergency Conservation Work (mainly CCC) is
included for the whole period covered, although since a.bout July 1, 1936, this has
been financed from funds me.de available by
direct appropriation and consequently not
provi ded under the ERA Acts. It rnay be not ed
that recipients of rural rehabilitation loans
and grants of the Resettlement Administration
are not included in the employment reported
for that administration.
The employment date. presented in Tables
1-4 a.re based upon the number of persons
who were e.t work during the indicated week.
In the ca se of' V{PA , the employment dnte. in
st r ictly to the
Tah les 1-4, i·el11.te more
r.umher of persons under c.ctive assignment to
Tables 5 - 9 a.re based upon WPA paywork.
r olls ma.de out f or pay periods ending during
Such
the desi gnated hnlf-month or month.
discrepancies e.s arise between WPA employment
e.s determined by t he we ekly series e.nd by the
payr oll series are chi efly due to (1) the difference in the employment concept used - numbe r under act ive as signment to work vs. number who se names appear on payrolls and (2)
the time le.g of payroll date. behind assign•
ment de.ta., e . g.,the neJ:1es of persons e.ssi6ned
e.t e. given time do not usually appear on payrol l s until several days later.

Tables relating to funds refer only to
monies provided by the Emergency Relief Appropriation Acts of 1935 and 1936 (except
in the case of Table 15 which includes other
funds me.de available forPN.A non-Federal projects). Terms used in thesetables a.re defined
e.s follows:
1. "Allocations" represent a.mounts ordered transferred to a.n agency by tne President for which warrants have been issued by
The qualification ''Vlarrants
the Treasury.
approved" means that only those allocations
which have been approved by the Comptroller
General a.re included.
or
2. "Obligations " represent actual
contingent liabilities incurred a gainst funds
The figures a.re
allocated by the President.
as well as unpaid
cumulative and represent
On work performed under
paid obligations.
contract, the value of tho contract is set up
e.s e.n obligation upon signing of the conWhere requisitions for supplies, matra.ct.
t erials, or equipment have been subt'litted,the
Items
amounts are set up as obligations.
which are certain to become due in a short
period are recorded in advance, e.g., payrolls, rents, travel expenses, etc. a.re obligated one period in advance.
3. "Expenditures" represent checks issued in payment of payrolls and other certified vouchers, and in full or pe.rt payment
against contracts.
expenditures
Neither obligations nor
necessarily provide e. wholly accurate reflection of operations, since obligations in pa.rt
reflect future operations, while expenditures
le.g behind the true current picture due to
delays in presenting vouchers for payment e.nd
to time consumed by the mechanism of actual
The lag in expenditures may be ilpayment.
lustrated by such e.~encies e.s the Bureau of
Public Roads, where States frequently wait
some time before submitting vouchers for reimbursement.

125

126

T A 8 L E
EMPLOY MENT ON WP A PROJECT S, EMERGENCY CONSERVATION I ORK, ANO PROJE CTS

or

OTHER AGENCIES, BY STATES

ElcCLUOINO AOfil lt,j 16 TRATI VC Cil PLOYC[I
StPTDI IEA AND DtCOf 9£A 1935J IIAACH , J~ t ANO A~t.aT

NUlleat

or

PataoJ.te

. .BEil 0,.

PD:SONI l.MPLO Yto 0\111 NO

ftC K (NOI NQ SEPT[ A[llt 28 1

1936
NIMBDI 0,. PIABONI EMPLOV[D Ota I frilO
1936
IEEK (NOi NO MARCH 28

tantLOY£D Ota I MO

ftD( (NDINO DtCDAe[,t 2e,

1935

1935

EIIOIOl:NCY

(IIERO[NCY

ElltR C.CNCY

CONIEJIVAT I ON

Llllr

CONlt'RVA TI ON

0THCR

TOTAL

NO.

10

( 1)
( 2)

( 3)
(
(
(
(

4)
5)
6)

GRANO TOTH
TOTAL OIITAIBUT[D
AU.BAWA
ARIZ ONA
AR KANIAI
CALI n>ftNUi

7)

av STAttl

COLORADO

( e)

CONNECT I CUT

( 9)
( 10 )

0[:LAIARt
FLOR I DA

( 12)

0£0A G I A

( 13)
( 14)
( 15)
( 16)
( 17)

I DAHO

( 18 )
( 19 )

3, 5 10,670

2 , 7410,070

51P , 928

251,672

3,750,&40

2,871,637

433,770

4-45,433

( 1)

1.104.682
35, 201
7, 553
30, 752
28 ,924
9, 659

- .01 3
24., 098

552 . ]]]
9 ,645

223.459
5,320
5,915
.. ,~3
15,755
4,427

429.600
7,231
5,280
9,323

7,885
2,91 4

8 ,356
5 ,569
10 , 868
17,596
5 , 219

2.871.637
39,977

12,3 17
2 1, 039
6 , IEO

2, 7<40.070
48,82 1
11,672
41 , 775
125 ,787
«>, 365

3.698. 794

17,28 1

3 1478 1 028
62,4'97
23,156
57 , 146
159 , 138
50, 0 11

514.-

6 , 159

96 . 336
1, 458
1, 394

]97 .557
, .. , 195
6,375
9,314
29,537
4,807

(
(
(
(
(
(

9 , 533

2,1 9 3
328
3 , 989
1,,053
19,600

6 ,521
6TT

8 19
96

1,56 1

34,861

679

684

5,448

701)

12 , 296
16,2 15

4, 120
2, 270

55, 345

27 ,466
2,996
6,915
35, 42 8

5,888

2,853

34,9 15
4,359
I 1,286

1 1,82 1

53 ,434

2,n6
10, 482
13,364

1,,J5
9,435
5,023

13,969
!'8,011
68,742

27 , 810
3,071
8,983
32,514
44, 1-42

3 , 917
2, 16]
297
87 1
762

17,378
204,432
9 1, 385
37, e99

10 ,645
172 ,880
80 , 279
26,372

,,022

54,!27

42, 680

11,880
235,749
90,141
41,311
62,240

509
756

8 1,323
62,591
20,502

60,685

82,795
63,195
11,3~

50,-

I , IOI

7,551
31,469
38,085

IOIU

9,664

IC'Alrrl8AI

9,392

926

23,957
10,€155
6,331
5,244
19,407

5, ◄ 39

,e,009

919

9 , 180

31, 587
22,504
14, 378
22 ,038
9,334

NteRAB l<A

7,583

NEVADA

1, 011

INOIANA

68,686

kENTUCIC Y
LOU !SIANA

(22)

MA8 8A CHU8UTI

(23)
(24 )
( 25)
( 26 )
(27 )

MICH I GAN
MtWHC60TA
Ml611 1111PPI
lhl60UIII
lilONU HA

(28)
(29 )
(30)
(3 1)
(32 )

565

4,772
27,232
11, 220
8 ,793
7 ,704

lilAft YUNO

364
7,264
5 7 , 169

3, 500

9,405
371
4,344

16,060

5 ,085
11 , 790
27,536
3, 839
2,448

1,421
5,163
13,123
1,631
1,223

20,931
63,685
153,419
17,460
10,467

12,657
8,545
10,838
15,109
1,624

5 ,821
8,547
2,271
3,780
1,518

59,433
64,638
68,604

4, ◄2 9

15.980
358
1,280

«>,022
67 7
4,238
480
33,635
992

(42 )

SOUTH CAROLINA

115,348

(43 )
(44 )

SOUTH DAl<OTA

6,313
22,151
34,102
6 ,101
5, 74IO

6,373
1,948
639
2,564

VI RG INIA
IA8 HINOTO~

( 50 )

l [BT VIR O!NI A

(5 1)
(52)

IY OIIINC

(53)
(54)

15,562
18,299
16, 772
22. 763
3,635

I I S COIH!II N

1,520
706
3,717
6,452

1,577

499

AU8 t< A

( 55 )
(56)
(57)
(58)

460

s, 134

TOTAL 018T A l8UTCO IY TEAR ITOA I ES
HAWAII

4,898

3 , 000
9,597

20,370
1, 958
2,209

( ◄9)

19,972
287,&47
14,642
30,439

16,348
32,530

ORE GON

(48 )

13,474

92,910
30,963
323,764
19,0CX>
51,257

( 39 )
(«>)
(41)

VERMONT

69,669

15,745
5,763
32 ,416

30,109
8,492
58,683
4,992

TOAi

(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)

86, 962
20,067
232,375

16, 940
5,985
32, 773
2,81 2
10,744

OKLAHOMA

UTAH

8, 290
10,340
13,503
1, 696

107,934
28, 471
2 74, 196
19,7 19
46 , 47 1

12,627

(38 )

( ◄5)

9,792
11,no
9,839
5,352
19,245

23,808

10

542

2,047
5,540
222
3,'95

29,468

570
1,596
2, 686

◄,◄72

990

2,559

626

22,566
62,343
124,267
20,467
8 , 598

11,706
11,000
11,636
14, 273
I, 797

2 , 336
6, 593
1, 419
2,0,e
26 1

58, 426
49,297
64, 554
79,910
8 , 322

4. 38 1
241

!!!

20 .-409
71 0

5,7413
14,182

1, 85 1

1, 356

2,581
203

2,1581
203

258
495

◄e,390

83,608
14,997
4,927
39,948
32, 205
5 1, 445
61 , 021
5,1 00

2 , 8 15

6,003

352
1,535

5,227
2,641

PANAMA CANAL ZONE
PuERTO RICO
VIROtN IIUN08

16, 651

23 3

(20)

236,nl
127,389
40,034
11,997
186,358

11,674
173, 170

1, 445

(22)

( 18)
( 19)

25',805
149,499
63,376
19,045
215,357

◄, ◄]I

5,639
4,827
998
4,58'

5,926
21,983

a,,n

5,482
5,303

(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)

14,584
12,027

17
29,925

4,818

5,502
2,054
1,496
7,831
8,610

12.'°6

53,353

15,843
7,205
], 179
4,240
12,970

4,637
I, 154
1, €1 19
10 ,709
5, 176

38,298

OM10

10,380

21,"'97
2,525
9,557
92,136
10 ,274

14 1,722

(36 )
(37 )

6,840
3,1102

6,784

31,636
5,733
12,en
110,676
24,060

2<40,208

2,511
3 , 911
2,233

6,7-11}

2,243
1,396
1,582
5,332
6,369

161,945
55 , 152
18,675
201,563

l ◄ ,222

62,134

( 13)
( 14)
( 15)
( 16)
( 17)

(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)

257 ,l ◄e ~

15,273
15,273

3,129
13,786

e, t62
4,816
8,177
11,434
6,555

5,109
1,086
2,252
13,565
5,890

770

], 126
22, 1-40
7,586

15,253
11,030
10,215
14,726
3,221

20,'61
2,385
7 , 081
92,457
11,291

169,204
3 1 01 I

12,634
199,823
84,715
30,760
45,076

98,534
60,689
37,854
87 ,777
19,861

Z?,813
4 , 867
10,915
I I t, 354
23,550

186,988
22, 19 5
17,225
6,013

17,456
13,233

( 9)

121,949
76,535
56,246
113,887
29,637

22,456

NDATM CAROL I HA

8,041
11,367

( 10)
(11)
( 12)

6,231
3,553
2,356
8,636
4,535

590

205
793
4,182
1,639

2,427

18,037
12 . 63 7
I 11 947
17,020
3,807

790

57,600

2,559

141,,19

32 , 1-19
82,-122
14, 114

90,463

2,302
1,805

( 8)

572

4,7"9

9,913
18,375
120,372

l,4'48

114,731
73 ,790
46 , 452
108,078

27,798
136,702

13,925
4,392

6,791
3,202
6,571

1,558
t, 636
463
1, 788
4 , 571

New YOJIK Cl TY
New YORK ST ATC (EXCL. N. Y. C.)

(46)
(47)

1,879

11,439
35,277
142,5&4
39,033

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

18, 759
8 , 42 1
3,657
&,018
16,163

17,9 14
13 ,122
12,915
18,996
4 , 763

(35 )

TtN NC&ecc

4,080

12,115
7 ,746
1,000
1,254

(33 )
(34 )

IIL.ANO

10,054
18,568
113,968

5,493
1,941
3,615

4,31 5
17,351.l

22

1,386
9,467
998

PCHNI YLYAHIA

50,722

3,711
26,059
9 , 165
7,912
7 , 567

61,403
23,094
53,91-4
186,046
41 , 232

2 ,83 1
907
2 , 048

3,974
28,025
9 , 321

NCW HAIIPSH I"(
Ntw la:XICO

RHODE

1, 154

6, 203
8 12
1,795
14,376
6,684

NCW J CR6t Y

- T H 0Al<OTA

No.

113,177

9,053.

MAI ht

13

556,717

36,6'-l

(21)

12

.e6, 0I]

ILLIHOII

( 20 )

LIMC

I, 12',907

DIITIIICT OP' COLUMBIA

(11)

OT>C•
AGDICIU

Iott

IPA
II

2,3®
233

14,342

28,253

y

82,7◄ 1

8,922

5,638

(21)

9,754

(37)
(38)
(39)

26,009
2,519
8,203

9,767
6,093
9,908
1,839
12,61 5

14,779
44,67 1
103,252
12,170
6,697

4,179
10,100
22,348
3,194
2,131

1,973
8 , 9 14
27,899
2,096
1,639

( 43)

34,581
46,114
56,433
63,179
4,897

10,987
6,673
9,118
13,113
1,455

13,865
I 1,851
3,053
6,449
2,570

(48)

~
382

35.852
295
2,494
480
31 , 854
729

(53)
( 54)
(55)
(56)
(57)

12,0 24

(59)

I, 7 44

1, 781
263

(«l)
(41)

(42)

(44)
(45 )
(46)
(47)

( ◄9)

(50 )
(51)
(52)

(58 )

(59)
(59)

TOTAL •OT OllntllUTl:O IY

y

Doti

NOT

PROY I D(O

!I

16, 088

16,091

STATCI OR Tt•RITORIEI

I NCLUO[ [IIPLOYW:NT OH PUe L IC ROAD8 PROJEC T& PR[Y I OUIL Y AU TH OII IZ[D UNDE R TH[

ev THC (IICJIQ[NCV RELIC,. A,.•AOF'fUAT I OH AC T

I NC LUOC I S OM[ [IIPLOYll[NT

IN THC RCST

o,

12,233
HA'f'DC....CAAT . . IC.H T ACT ,

or 1035 .

Ne• YORI( S u t t ON HOJ CCU or TK

NoH--fc ot• AL DIVl&ION

or "··

( CONCLU~O ON MX T l'AOt )

12,233

12,024

8UT F" Olf AIIICCO 8Y ltOO,CX>0,000 APPOAT IONEO TO STAT[S OUT

or

TH( rUNOI

lZT

l A I L C

I ( C11oc.-)

C~PLOYIIIJH ON IPA t'RO.lt:CTS, EIIDBCIICY COIIICIIYATIDN - , AIIO t'ROJCOTS

or

OTHCA AOCIICIES,

ev nuo

[XQ.UDUeo AO.IN llntAUVE c.,..ovca
Sl:PTltllCA ANO DICOIBEA 1P35 S I.ARCH, ,,h,t!C: ANO AUIUIT 1936
NUIIIP 0,

PPtll . .

E ■ itLOl'ID

a,• c.21~! J""• 27,

oua, ..

LINC

or PDIIOle £1HtLO'l'ED 0Ultl NI
5or r..21•! A!i!oua, 29 1 1936

MUMIDI

1-

UIOIQINCY
CONIPVATION

EtUJIQDfCY

OTHCA

C0UDI/AJION
TOIAL

( 2)
(
(
(
(

4)
5)
6)
7)

381,UO

665,155

3,399,596

2,376,565

385,600

637,431

( 1)

~
56,680
19,951
49,074
163,867
38,544

~
32,398
9,332
29,945
110,548
28,328

~
7, ..15
4,038
8,549
12,540

612,770
16,867
6,581
10,5110

3.339.273
55,IJO
18,035
49,435
156,805

2,376.565
30,1170
9,034
30,172
106,783
29,631

m.222

580.808
t,,731
4,990
10,204
38,455
6,327

(
(
(
(
(
(

011,.ic, or COLUMBIA

33,370
5,056
12,025

3,966
671
2,150

f\..ORIDA

49,386

OtOAIIA

56,055

22,508
2,344
7,546
Z7,124
33,881

20,933
2,118
6,940
26 ,147
36,881

4,012
609
2,275
8,904
12,816

I0.ut0

18,609

2,331

202,929

TOUL 011u1eu,ro IT STATH
AUIAIIA

Aall•A
AalUMeAI
CALlrNNU
COl..oaADO

11,567

4,0150

6,~14
889

8,079
11 ,232

3,616
12,184
«l,745
59,9116

6,380

2,525

9,704

17,882
6,674
5,245

46,966

30,402

5,599

29,367
16,858
12,022
10,965

6,119
161 ,220

36,675

155, 680
68,287
19,408

17,156
205,®6
01 ,131
37,B88
57,155

ICOfT\ICltY

66,691

4 5,911

10,706

10,074

LOUlaUJIA

50,522

36,510

7,139

51,934
34,652
7,883

9,682
12,162

72,957
47,359
15,I~
27,9CIZ
118,262

14,32'2

3,812

9,7111

95 , 102

12,45Q

10,101

( 18)
( 19)
(20)
(21)
(22)

17 , 086

101 ,9G2

73,784
52,760
116,663
30,027

76,195
47,327 •

12,030

17,569

29,777
84,337
18,319

10,949
13,105
3,649

13,737
16,263
12,034
111,221
8,059

(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)

23,468

3,896
754
1 , 590

9,217
t,tB1
2,539
10,512
7,525

(28)
(29)
(30)
(31 j
(32)

12,188
31,347
12,301
8,231
20,577

(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)

10,283

(38)
(39)

lu•.1•011

-·.

ht0IANA

I-

91,819

17,15o
28,211

7,971
14,606

6,873
2,251
3,1123

WAIIACNIJl,CTTI

129,126

104,557

12,.07

105,086

75,771

71,824
48,083

44,805
26,651
66,602

12,229
9,4,0
10,017
13,129

11,415
16,173

.10,489

2,767

7,772

14, 512

3,926

9,817

WAIN[

••nu.No

(23)

Ill CHIQAH

(24)

MtMNCI0U

(25)
{26 )

Wiil lHl,.PI
liflH0Utll

(27)

bTAHA

(28)
(29)

NUIIA&KA
H(YADA

(30)

Nt• HAIINMIRE

(31)
( '2)

Nh JCRl,:Y
Np MDICO

(33)

NU YCNtK CITV

(34)
(36)

NA Y0Ak STATE (EX.CL, N. Y.C.)
HOIUM CAII0LI NA
NORTH Du:ou

(37)

OHIO

('8)

kLAHOltA

(39)
(40)

Olt00N

95,904
21 , 028

28,255
5,003
12,338
99,515
22 ,310

-,9,891

(46)

UTAH

(47)

VOllllONT

(48)
(49)

VlltQINU

53,350

IAltOilllQTON

(50)

IIUT v11 a1• u

45,254
56,784

(51)

IIIC0NIIN

76,108

(52)

WfOMINC

59,964
138,782
16,9126

9,371

9,506

•,n6

222,047
140,ZIO
51,714
54,837
187,270

200,021
97,1 67
30, 024
41,378
150,820

9,838
11,696
9,389

81,312
25,809
296,345
16,066
«1,209

58,357

10,110

8,619

8,399
1$2 , 850

4,524

15,012
7,019

15,126

18,519

5!5,596

14,662

11,460

14,469
235,047
10,888
25,470

3,740
19,998

9,788
27,330

2,359
7,728

11,952

9,400
36,505
79,)IS

6,9911

e,eoo

14,679
'8,9120

27,180
25,941

9,657
5,737

16,!'13
13,569

43,4157

1,2r:n

6,120

48,862
2,789

10,764
1,45Z

16,482
4,371

&£'I

51.,oi

260
35,156
908

3,313
253
46,101
1,347

12,99

8,821

(515)
(56)

HAWAII

3,361

1,261

(57)

PuPIT0 Rtco

(58)

VIAGIN IILM0I

1,1JO

!19,279

20,4n
i,•99
1,777

1.1512

260
37 ,95!1

··-

126,730
16,834
9,651

10,080
4,400

43.m
521

PMAMA CMA L ZGNC

4,254

3,593

AL.AIU

TOTAL DIIT.I IUTEI> IY fURITOfllD

10,194

n,994

27,964

SOUTH Duou

2,18'

91,Sn

5-,,5 11
19,942
186.495

(43)
(44)
(45)

1,610

21,807

10,734

17,501
45,150

9,372
5,037
5,130

11,651

8,888
9,218

26,246

282,375

9,602
10,885

10,816
5,193

9,705

Poo.. VLYAMI ..
AHoot IIU.ND

18,907
6,590
5,147
5,281

3,(178

11,580
8, 515

81,718
27 ,9117

40,089~

8,706
24, IJMl
15,815

1,653

101,698

SOUTH CAROLINA

To.u

-

68, 726

23,139

2,,069
10,694
10,299

lo, 581
4,214
12,874

1,959

205,490

("2)

lDNOI CC

2,188
1,601
79,811
7,899

6,Q3-4

225,929
139 ,$24

(41 )

(59)

40,008

2,041
2,329
14,183
10, 942

011•.&•AJIE

(53)
( 5")

40,779
5,537

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

31.4159

( 9)
{10)
{11)
{12)

(35 )

4,679

8,429
4,011
9,°'9

6,896

( 8)

(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)

•••

Z,255 ,998

OAAND TOTAL

CONH[CflCUT

{13 )
{14)
{15)
{16 )
(17)

LINI

3,302,193

( \)

( J)

OTHEA

WPA

7

6

218

2,~
222

4,.347

3,933

303
2,100

47,785
«1,709
57,609
85,264
10,043

-

1,nl

8,745

13,969
248 , 356
10,538
25,182

5,228
15,873
12,752
3,664
18,708
2,441

8,603

8,176

( 8)
( 9)
( 10)
(11)

(t2)
(13)
( 14)
(15)
(16)
(17)

29,281
3,087
I 11 424

(40)

7,078
14,537
30,387
3,848
3,729

(43)
(44)

(48)

(41)
(42)

37,5150

1,n6

35,036
78,028
10,377
4,187

18,315
2,609
1,735

24,222
26,645

9,396
6,009

42,736
57,047
3,789

7,557
11,004

14,167
13,055
7,316
17,213

1,522

4,7'12

(49)
(50)
(51)
($2)

L.W

"7 180Z

(53)

G,7oe

2oz
1,062

2,164
272

286

2,251
253
43,937
1,075

(45)

(46)
(47)

(5")
(55)
(56)
( 57)

(511)

TOTAL NOT DIITRI IUTED IY

su,a

01 lUtAITCHIID

12,"8

8,821

('9)

IORICS PAOOR£SS ADIIINIURAIION
PAOQR£SS REPORT , oc,oaa, 15, 1930

128

TAIIL[

Z

ACLl[f' STATUS Of' 1'£RSONS OIPLOYCI) 0N IORK PAOJ[CTS, IY AIOICIO
CxCLUOINt AololNIITltAJIVE r,,,,.LOYl:U

IIIE1< &10111• Aueun 211, 1936

l'aleONa CIIITI ,., D Aa Ill
LI NE
110,

AaENCJY
ORAIID TOTAL

( 1)

( Z)

IORICS PIIOGAESS ADIi iN IS fllA Tl OIi

( 3)

EIIEROEIICY CONSERW,\ TI~ IORK

( 4)
( 5)

( 6)
( 7)
( 8)
( !I)
(10)
( 11)
(1Z)

( 1J)
(14)
(15)

CCC CAMPS
IN DI All RDEIIVA Tl :Illa
T1111t&r01tl a

OTHEJI AQOICIES

Dtc,.altNENT or AUICULT\1111
AN I UAL INOutTltY
1110\.00l~L SullVEY
£NTOMOLOQY AND PLANT QUAltANTl•E
f"OltOT SIIIVICE·
Pl.ANT INDUITIIY
MLIC IIOAoa
SOIL C•at11VATIOII SIIIVICE

(16)

ALLIY OKI.LINO AIITNOIIITY

(17)
(18)
( 19)
(ZO)

Dl"Altf_,,T o, ~ C l

(21)
(22)
(Z,)
(ZA)

DPAltTICIIT o, nll INTIIII M
AI.MIIA IIOAo C-U•t Oil
BITUMINOUI Co.lL

(Z,)
(26)
(Z7)
(28)
(Z9)
(30)

C-•••IM

OWICI W EAluc.lrt•
IIIOL.NI CAL SU.WI\'
OWICI o, 111111.lll ..,,,,., . .
NATIONAL PAM SOWi OC
l'VIIITO IICO IICOQTIIICTIM UIIIIIUTIIAfl•

lecuu n
TIIIPOltAll'r

OIi

Gow_, o, V1•111 1 -

NO,-Ro. fU

85.J

«>9,292

14,7

( 1)

114.8

122,92..

5.2

( 2)

~
46,500

.!Li

!Id

637,431

308,1.'63

48 . 5

275,685

130. 788

2,033

1,240
1,418
22,SM
18,560

1,467

207,218
16,m

36
72,360
'4,651

14

!I

)6

L!!!

17,6
89.3
89,2

47 ...

61-0
96,7
e1.1
110.6
100,0
3-4.9

11.,

111.2

95.8

10.e

51.5

( 7)

144,897
79J
49

~
Jll , 0
J.3

l

5,182
1,931

18, 7
9.4

8)
( !I)
(10)
{11)
( 12)

13-4,858
2,084

65 . 1
12.5

(1J)
(14)
(15)

900
400

!2!.
362

1
J8

~
15
1J
162

~
1SZ

ZL.2

2,-

2,220

201

113.2
19.4
15.9

14,Z45

116
1,118
11,061

41,689

40,295

12,Z

10,J86
761

1,J57
1V

1J. 1
95,5

184
J,184
3,JM
9,0129
34

1,Jall

91.0

T7.6

( 3)

( 4)
( 5)
( 6)

12.4
10. 7

(16)

5

&a1

110.

43

w
8.e

(17)

4,2

(11)
(19)

100.0

(ZO)

!!,.2

(21)
(22)
(2J)
(24)

9.0
100.0
6.8
20.6
14. 1
22,4
1.1

16.!I
4.5

(25)

(21)
(Z7)
(a)
(29)
(30)

m
494

E

~
a.1

m
1!54

lia.R

MO

NAT-IIATIOII

1U

161

•• o

22

12.0

(J1)
(12)
(JJ)

a,1

119

Z2

10.11

(k)

1,m

8.2

(H)

.!L.ti

22.i.1.

123,882

75.4

,.,

47.1

(40)

• •8

(41)

.!!,.!

(-42)
(43)
(44)

~Alt-To, TIIC NAVY

l••-TI• -

PPCPI

2L.!2!
167
1J

LINE

•wee

337 .800
127,000
7,500
3,300

27,703
20,~1

Pe!°'!!

ee&Pt

c-._, latvlCC

(35)

"'--Deo,ca

(39)

PWl.1 C . . . . MIii ■ 11 TIIA Tl Oil
ltOUallM OIWIHM
NOIM°DOU L OIVIHOlt

( 40 )

Racnl.UDI r MIi i ... a TU Tl OIi

(41)

luML £4.cCTltl,.IOATla. U.t•laTUTIOII

(42)
(43)

DINII-T W TNI Tllut•Y
lalTD SfATD c:ea., MIIO

(44)
(45)

lulllAU W I U - L IIIYDUI
,__,

(46)
(47)

l'WLIO !ICM.TN IDVICI
SIOIIITAltY •a OWi Cl

(41)

VUt-• ADtllNIHUTIOlt

(49)

I.lit DOAltTIIDT
COIIN 0, Dlat•lllle

(,, l

11&1.lp:

STM0-

LUMll'f W C-HM

(50)

2,900,304

W

~
373,500
8,400
J,700

f"IIHIIJII D

(k)

(38)

Nm

,, 7511
23

DIPAIITIIDT O, IMOII
IIIITD s,ua

( '7}

3,399,'96

CDeua

(11)
(JZ)
(J3)

(36)

nw•P

TOTH,

.....

».o

ZA,6

164,217

211,072
751

516
J,119

HO

,,.

1,0,0

545

518

Al
!ILi

IIZ,5
I0.7
N,3

90.2

485

89.0

W.21

Dal

20,001
4,271

4,478

sz.11

215

2a2Zl

o,.,, ...

ouu,-,111 c-

~

llRJ2l

18.9

12.1

!li
465
257
67
75
60

1J!I
9,0,0
!Ill

11.z

(JS)

67,0

(17)

<•)

47.4
7.5
19.J

(45)

1,7

(41)

9,8

(47)

11.0

(41)

IL!

(49)
(50)
(51 )

11.1
17.9

m11ta MIIIEU ADIIIIISflUIOII
,-ama 111:POIT, Dcroan 15, 1936

129

T A B LE

!I

11n1Er STATUS OF PERSONS EIIPLOYEO OIi IORK PROJECTS, BY STATES
Excue1 ■a Aa1•ll'l'IIATl¥t: EIIP'LO"ta:•

ft:Dc END I •o AUQUIT 29, 193CI

Au. A111t•c:1u
LINE
STATE
I

NO.

8RANO TOTAL

( 1)
( 2)

( ,1

TOTAL OIITIIIBUTCO ev SUTU

( 6)
( 7)

AL.ABAIIA
AIIIIONA
AIIKANU8
CALll"OIINIA
COLOIIADO

I •l

CONNl:CTI CUT

( 9)
( 10)

0CLAUIIE
DIITAI er Dr COLIMIIIA
fLOII IDA
0£0IIGIA

( 4)
( 5)

(II)
(12)

57,155

( II)

ICl:NTUC:ICY

(19)
(21)
(22)

LOUISIANA
11A I NE
IIAIIYLAND
IIA&SACHUBETTII

(23)

IIICHIQAH

(2<4)
(25)
(26)
(27)

MINNESOTA
MIUI . . IPP'I

(28)
( 29)
(30)
(31)
(32)

Nl:IIIIAIIICA

(33)
(3-4)

HEI YOAK CITY
IIEI YOIII< STAT[ (ExCL. N.Y.C.)
11011TH CAROL I NA
NOIITH DAKOTA
OHi D
OkLAHDIIA
OIIEQON

(-41)

( -42)

RHODE lkAND
SOI/TH CAIIOLIU

(<43)
( )
(<45)

SOUTH llAlcou
TCHIICH[E
TEXAI

(<46)

UTAH

(47)

VEIIIIOlfT

(-48)
(<411)
(50)

YIIIOI NIA
IA .. IIIGTO ■
IEIT VIAOl•tA
lt8CONBI•
ITOll I NO

....

(51)

(52)
(53)

PENNaYLYANIA

TOTAL 01U~18UT(O 8Y TEAii i TOIi ila

(5<4)

Auau

(55)

HAWAII

(SCI)

PMAMA CANAL ZONE

(57)

PUDITO RICO

(58)

YIR. II lkAIIDS

("')

TOTAL NOT 01'TRleUTID trr
5TATU otl TERIIITC•IID

122,92'4

( 1)

2.849.113
.... ,689
W,228
40,734
1!1!1,836
M,889

'4Q0.160

2 9 37Cl 1 5Cl5
30,970
9,034
30 ,172
106,783
2'> ,631

2,253,641
29,901

122,92'4
I ,OCl9

( 2)
( !I)

8,Cl60
28,568

37<4

( •l

1,604

101,9!7
28,23-4

'4,8'46

( 5)
( 6)

1,397

( 7)

ze, 1,0
2,558
9,583
99, 17'
50,708

5,329
1 ,0!58
2,cso1

20,933
2,118
6,940
26 ,147
36 , 881

19, 5'48
1,909
6,323
2'4,917

1,3~

( 8)
l 9)

35,'429

l,'452

6, 11 9
161,220
68,726
23,139
40,989

5,637
150,!73

l 1s)

Zl,9&4
39,106

'4112
10,847
3,66'4
1,155
1,883

'49,212
!1<4,080
6,5&4
13,515
93,-424

2,722
572
1,299
807
1,678

( 18)
( 19)
(20)
(21)
(22)

73,498

2,fB7
2, 1'41
2,299
'4,986
675

(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)

10,.... 1
,,811
8,701

22,9Cl9
5,119

6,!!Cl9

9,288

cs,098

,1,eee

('8)
(39)
(«>)

2,253,6'41

31,527

KANSAS

( 35)
(36)
(37)

2,37CS,565

11,058

( 16)
( 17)

NEVADA
NEW HA111'9HIRI:
NEI JEAUY
No 11n,co

'499,292

173,569
75,540
29,5P3
47,985

INOIANA
IOWA

MISI0'-'11
MONTANA

2,900,304

17, 15CI

( 15)

(ZO)

1

me0111

205,096

IDAHO

ILLINOIS

6

31339.273

( 13)
114)

91,131

LINE

5

3,399,596

59,99CI

Nolt-fl!:Lll:P'

.

3

,1,,459
,,616
12,184
'45,"45

AB IN NEED

PEIIION8

2

18,03!1

Cl:IIT IP' 11:D

PEll ■oNI

~ELll:P'

OT RCLIEP'

OT 111:LIEP'

'49,'4!15
156,80!5
40,008

PIIOGll[H AalNl ■ TIIATI o•

TOTAL

TOTAL

55,130

IOIIK ■

C01111•0

POl80118 CCIIT IP' I [D
Al IN 111:EO

15,591
8,295
9,170

55,062

209

617
1,230

Mo.

(10)
(II)
( 12)

,. ,

( 13)
(

( 115)
( 17)

12,957
'47,359
15,198
27,902
118,282

M,778

8,179

'43,ZM

'4,095

12,21'-5
21, '40
110,395

2,993
6,15Z
7,867

51,934
34,652
7,863
14,322
95,102

101,9Cl2
73,784
52,'7150
116,CICl!I
30,027

91,788
Cl1,'479
!19,601
100, 1458
23,~1

10, 17<4
12,30!1
13,069
145,<495
6,37'CI

76 , 195
'47 ,327
'Z<I, 711
84,337
1e,319

-45,186
27,'478
79,351
17 ,6'4'4

36,581
•,2w
12,874
97,f5'77
21,807

,o, 195
2,e<n
10,-452
a&,"21
11,ocse

6,3116
1,317
2,-422
11,'456

23,46d
I, 773
0, 745
77,994
9,506

22,fJ97
1,65-4
7,825
72,322
8,5'47

571
119
920
5,4572

222,047
140,210

199,207
115,152

,, • 71'4

'8,872

12,1142

5'4,837
187,270

51 ,58CI
170,lXIIZ

3,251
145,2711

20C,OZI
97 , 167
30 ,02-4
'41,378
150,820

186,312
93,117
28,"30
«>,819
1'45,576

13,709
'4,050
1,59'4
!!!9
5,2-44

(33)

25,058

81,392

73,67'4

7,718

19,691

296,3'45

Z61, 717
13,778

6.'18
34,628
Z,288
8,237

56,157
13,262
229,675
10,25'4
'13,911

(,a)
(39)
(40)

36,972

58,357
13,969
2-4S,356
10,538
25,182

2,200

zs.eo,

37,550
35 ,036
78,028
10,377
-4, 187
2'4,222
26,645
42,736
57,047
3,700

16,066
'45,209

'48,'404
59,279
126,730
16,834
9,651

.... ,11•
'47,334
101,12'4
1-4,235
6,782

.. ,?42
22,MO

,,630
11,!Me
2!5,CIOCI
Z,599

Z,859

95'}

707
18,681

(30)
(31)
(32)

(3-4)
('5)
(36)
(37)

28'4

('41)

1,205

(<42)

36,119
U,297
7'4,!!CII
9,8511
3,252

771
I, 739
,,'467
519
935

(<43)
(-44)

2' , 240
26,121
40,1457
5'4,-457

982
5.!<4
2,569
2,590

3,525

26'4

(-e)
(<49 )
(50)
(51)
(52)

(-45)

(<4CI)
(47)

'8,25Z
M,8'0
,1,000
71,MO
6,8'0

9,5Z3
10,879
6,609
13,-42'4

51.502
'488
3,,13
253
'445,101
1,347

'4Cl 1010

1,231

...,Gil
108
'401
259
9,7M
116

(5')
(5<4)
(5!1)
(51)
(57)
(!II)

8,821

-4,281

4,540

(.59)

'47,'785
-45, 709
57,609
8'5,2M
10,04!

380

z,912

42,387

,,21,

IORKS PIIOORESS AOIIINISTRATION
PROGRES6 REPORT, OCTONII 15, 19'6

130

T A 8 L E

4

EIIPLO'fll[NT OIi IORIC PIIO.£CTS Of" AOENC IES OTHER THAN IPA ANO CCC, f1f STATES

[XOLUDIN AIIIIINIITIIAT IVIC fMl'\.O'tUe

IUK E_,INQ Au41WT 29, 1996

111: ..AATIICJIT

cw

AaaieuuUM:

ENT-LCklY
STATE

LIIC

NO,

[1
( 1)
( Z)
( 3)
( 4)

( 5)
( 6)
( 7)

( 8)
( 9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)

(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)

TOTAL DIITAIIUTEO

fLORIOA
0£0AQ IA
IOAHO
ILLINOIS
llfOl.utA
IHA

KANSAS
KDITUCKT
LOU181AIIA

MAINE
JIARYLAIIO
MAIUc:HUHTTI
lllc:HUAH
IIINNCIOTA
IIISIIS8 I PPI

IIIUOUAI
-TANA

(32)

NCW 11u1eo

NEW YORK Cl TY
11[11 YORK

(EXCL, N.Y.C.)
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA

OHIO

(38)

OlcLAHOMA

(39)
(40)
(41)

Oll[QOII

(42)

SOUTH CAIIOl.t•A

(43)

SOUTH OAl<OU

(44)

TUN&Ha
TEXM

(48)
(49)

F'EaN8YLV.utlA
~

IILAIICI

UTAH

YI:_,

VIRCIINIA
IAIMINCITON

(50)
(51 }

IHT YIIICIINIA

(52)

ITOIUIICI

ll8COll81N

(53)
(54)
(55)
(56}
(57)
(58)

TOTAL DIITAIBUTED

(59)

TOTAL NOT 018TRl8Uff0 H

av

TEIIIIITOIIIU

AUau
HA•AI I
P.utA»A CANAL ZOC
Pul:ltTO RICO
VIACIIN

Jau,.,.

STATD OIi TllltltTOIIIE8

AIID PLANT
QuAIIANTIM:

fOIIE IT
SUYIC:I:

M

l'WLIC
RoADS

M

!4l

27'5,eB5

27,703

20,491

207,2'18

16,737

!580.&ai

273.537
6,478

21,10~

20.469

90

206.!505
5,973
1,994
3,'79
7,219
2,44!

15.334
260
333
284
158
335

Z41

10,204
38,4!55
6,327

4,196
4,404

155
1,628

8

433

10,973

1,521

4,199

282

2,075
1,134

6,514
81111
2,969
10,604
10,299

2,179
4'7
188
3,166
5,0!511

780

7

33

8,706
24,969
15,815
9,6CIZ
10,885

8,m1
8 ,OIIZ
9,859
5,870
8,933

11,372
5,037
5,130
11, 7(1!
10,701

2,200

13,737
16,263
12,034
19,Z21
8,0!59

40
210

7

4811

551

3,094

926

4,384

1,0)4
132
100

2,G
7,412
9,534
5,mo
8,642

21
155

85

207

4,0113

257

5

108

798

1186

27
Z4
6

6,419
9,870
4,428
10,8415
4,479

1,436
789

440
439

ge

J03

66
1,394

454

533

9,217
1,ee1
2,539
10,512
7,5Z5

6,339
1,491
1,704
5,156
3,900

183

400

788

1JO
289

12,188
31,347
12,301
8,231
20,577

15,31511
7,564
6,155
6,aaJ

4,388

2,803
963

10,283
a, 176
29,281
3,007
11,424

5,7211
4,832
10,094

1,c:na
14,537
30,:987
3,843
3,729

5,243
5,618
17,274
Z,427
2, C}g8

14,167
13,0155
7,316
17,213
4,732

7,120
2,8Cl5
3,527
10,7!8
2,831

47.SQ2
286
Z,251
253
43,937
1,075

m.

8,821

1,413

3!11
4,&90

...

z

3,'90

962

3,0t»
3,2M
1,97'5
871
1, zm
4,521
8,351
3,6(8
8,226
2,960

386

M
4,182

4,120

62

( 1)

,.536

~,111

4. 120

~

( 2)
( 3)

1101

!11l

( 4)
4

4

5

5

72

34

83

83

( 5)
( 6)
( 7)

38

151

184

(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)

595

22

(23)
(24)

291
629

( 8)
( 9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)

3
24

27

922

2,530

(25)
(26)

2,530

465

e7

(27)

71

40

(28)
(29)
(JO)
(31)
(32)

27
781

109

204
U,088
6,«53

402

fl7
3115

233
93

3,524
6,276

1,304
1111

62

4,349

187
1,842
49
140

1,075
403

1,256
'6
99

114

3,507
7, 75/J
309
3,40!5

33
266
150

632

3,107

2
1,001

204

19

19

1,190
121
533
61

15-344
1,426
1,454
5,273
1,3811
Z,714

919

383
453
1,083

456
1,051
286
769

8,m

92

535

1,571

.,,

~

m.

('3)
(34)
(le)
(36)
(37}

43

(38)

27

(39)
1,216

1,216

(40)
(41)

1,031

257
826
99

572

!al

819

9
400

1 ,44!5

LIIE

3,536

84

5,627
1,361
627
1,737
2,157

4,939

OTt«:11

42

,,,.,

m

CEN8UI

317

2,1~

713
Z2

M

1,JIR
4'7
143
2,7.,

393
183
388

TOTAL

NO,

!2l

161

OTICII

SEIIVIC:I:

637,431

4,990

D£LAUAE
DISTRICT OF° COLlat8lA

TOTAL

TOTAL

15,731

COIINCCTI CUT

(.30)
(31)

(45)
(46)
(47)

av sun:a

AUIAMA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALl~OAHIA
COLORADO

NEIIAAlkA
IICYADA
IICW HAMPSH I AC
NEW .JCR80

(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)

I

811AIIO TDUL

QltAND

oc ..UTIEJ<T or C-ACC

SOIL
CONICAYAT I ON

(42)
281

(43)

(44)
990

113

JO
4

,0

(4!5)

4

(46)
(47)

10

10

(48)
(49)
{50)
(51)

42
74

133

(!52)

l

5

713

Z2

!

5

{53)

(54)
(55)
(56)
(57)
(58)

1,413

(59)

151

T A B L E

4

( CONTI NUEO)

EMPLOYIIEIIT ON IORK PROJE CTS or AOEHCIES OTHER THAN IPA ANO CCC, Bl' STATES
Exct.uo ni; Ao•tN l8TltAT IW: E11PL.OYU6

IHk EM>INQ AuouaT 29, 1936

l>tPARTWENT or THE INYERIOR
TOTAL

STATE

LINE
No.

11

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Of"F"ICC Of"
EDUCATION

RCCLAIIAT I ON

!3l

l◄ l

15)

2,382

10,390

14,245

*• 141

TOTAL DlnRIWTCO BY STATCI

28,449

10,302

14.245
474

1,524

182
2.201
3'53

21m
10
10
182
138
50

13

13

AUBAIIA

484
592

AltKAll8A8

CALlrOANIA
COLOIIAOO

481
303

C-CTI~

Dl:LAHII£

(10)
(11)
(12)

f"LOAIDA

112
29

0CORGIA

098

99
11
22

IOAHD
1u.., · ro 1a

220
89.5

510

3159

INDIANA

730
366

5

725
359

(23)
(24)

21

ICENTUCl<Y
LOUISIANA

IIAl'li
IIARYLANO
IIAISA CHUI£ TT a
IIICNICAN

(26 )
(27 )

(21 )
(29 )
(30)
(31)
(32)

(38)
(~)
(40)
(41)
(42)

IOWA
KAN6A6

.
-AAA

IIINNUOTA

(25 )

(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)

DISTRICT or COLl.ll81A

. , _,

lll881UIPl'I

129
16

46

33

429
1,0'S?
82
1,735
111

22

IEIAHkA

453

. . HA11"411 IIE
NO J l:JISCY

13
302
30
481

•vae•

~ lltxlCO

1
12

NoRTN CAROL I NA

!174
335

IIDRTH DAKOTA

400

OH10

164

,.

'52
6
6

245
412

101Z
116
1
104

382

11

495
611
429
422
6

1
160
7

422

4

,sa

(41)
(4')
(50)
(51 )
(52)

YIIICII . . A

1,174

IA&HIIQTON

5,592

TtNNES8££
Ta:ue

IITAH

w-

IIICOM IN
IYOIIIIICI

41
1,212

TOTAL OIITAIIUTQ WY TCIIIIITOIIIH
ALAlkA
HAWAI I

156)
!17)
(58)

PANUA CANAL ZONE
PuraTo Rico

(59)

TOTAL NOT O IITA IIUT II BY
STATU Ott TCIIIIITORIU

y
y
£1

-

111:ST YIRQINIA

44.521
167

i

4

4

43,Ge9
761

YIINI• laLAM>I

t

15. 131

6,270
152

31

1,921

109.818
3,108
167
1,977
11,113
1,470

163,548
2,946
167
1,977
1.1, 113
1,470

(
(
(
(
(
(

3,140
118

16

3,724
118
205
1,122
2,294

(10)
(11)
(12)

267
13,768
4,148
3,236
1,704

(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)

73

3,147

209

2,889
5,670

(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)

553
331

'S3

5Z5

13,1148

26

4,148
3,236
1,704

1go
314

zo
101
13
!11
24
16

1,820
113
532
3,563
771

126

23
7
24

322

n

318
451

58

511

130

2,126
112

8

8 1 713
10,819
,. 102

,,m

1,

1,222
1,735
11,206
1,950
3,087

413
71

2,264
161
1,470

176

80

1,120

43

2,410
146

N5

24
7

5,548

5911

,..

35

147

43,GIKI

761

84

V

!/
£/

4,454
3,462
5,732
3,563
631
1,6M
183
'32
2,964
771

(30)
(31)
(32)

(40)
(41)

142

2,'45

(42)

504

1 ,or-4
104

3,986
11,107

(43)
(44)
(45)
(46)
(47)

2,235
,. 192
t,373
3,661

2,235
3,192
1,373
2,1e,
50t

226
300

(29)

(29)

2,103
1,736
11,206
1,950

724

434

(25)
(26)
(27)

119

956

11012

467

(23)
(24)

7,879

102

1,0113
114

( 8)
( 9)

1,394

724

~

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

8 1 4119
10,6Ci3
3,102

679

!509
44.617
157

111 l

224
156

504

5,010
11,211

OIV1610N

386

956

31

1

1,116

110

4,044
3,n6
5,732
3,563
631

15

536

22
478

42
27

26

156

457
211

293
1,431
197
371

m
2,300
2,294

386
2,889
5,939

414

(38)
(39)

(48)
(49)
(50)
(51)

(52)

494

(51!
(54)
(5!5)

1Z1

(56)
(!17)
(58)

669

iii
226
188

(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37 )

(59)

Au•u Roao c-1u1011.
Put:RTO RICO llltC0118TRUCTION Aot11 • 11tH TION.
Tt:M POIWrt OoVl:RHIKNT OF VIINIM

677

(10)

102
11l8
1,319

5
11
20
16
7

( 1)

54

SOUTH DAKOTA

IIHOOE 181.AND

104,217

3,220

1,713

(43)
(44)
(45)
(46)
(47)

(53)

10
10
13

,0

SOUTH CAROL I NA

(54.J
(55)

451

«71
847

173
41
148

f'ENHBYLYA N I A

6,0&4

7

245

1, 11112
467
1,579
197

0.CLAHCIIA
Ollc GON

170,901

DIVISION

267

NE• YO<lk CITY

NEW YORK (uc1.. N.v.c.)

15,598

t

16

28
22
1

677

1
26

16

LINE
No.

(9)

29

222

NON-f"EOEAAL

(Bl

245

676

HOUI INQ

M

145

13
17

TOTAL

NA VY

2A

82

21,

M7
16
461
271

or THE

LA BOR

7

575

, ,500

( 8)

(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)

!el

73,154

ARIZO...

o,-

OTHER

SERVI CC

( 9)

(1S )
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)

Pu8LIC IORl<6 AOIIINIITAATION
0CPAATIIENT 0C PARTIIENT

GRANO TOTAL

( 1)
(
(
(
(
(
(

!z)

l

NATIONAL
PAAk

••uime.
( CollCWKO OIi U:XT P'AU:)

1S2

J A I L 1£

4 (Ccaocu•Dl

DIPLO'tllOI T CII . , . . PIIOJ[CTS or AQEJICl[S OTHER , _ R

ANO CCC, IY

STATCI

[xCLW IH ADot1•11ffAT1n: C.f'LO'l'UI

1U1c 81111•• ,__, Z9, 1936
IAlt OCMltT-•T

OCPA U"°'T 0#' THC TKAllaY
[Ll[CTIIIP'ICATION

Lllllt

RU[TTLCll£NT

No 0

ADIIINl8TAAT I ON

AOIIIINISTRAl ION

,21

,,1

(
(
(
(
(
(

0WAUI►

Rl,flAL

STAT[

11 I

l•TlMAL
RIIVDIUI:

Onotlt

14 !

[5l

l6 l

TOTAL

1l

QRAND TOTAL

54,983

75'

6,:111)3

J,436

J,067

2)
J)
4)
5)
6)
7)

TOTAL UlaTIIIOUT[D BY Sun,

~
4,771

~

~
12

~
11

.L,gs
1

ALAIAIIA

35
J,180

UIIOH

,.,.,....A.

( I)
( 9)
(10)
(11)
(12 l

'78

22

10
259
1J

CCll•CCTICIIT
CELAWA,U

J86
296

51

16

8

4

J5
4

11t

33
7Z
JO

109
47

282

95

14
15

28
7
15

5
7

22
55

53

2

279

111
77

611
ZOil

1,m
15

169
149

1,163
10

Z14

21,

546

14

14

165
J74

210

142

Dl&Tltl CT

(13)
(14)
(15)
(1~)
(11 l

rw COLW.IA

f"L.OIIIDA
Gl[OAIIA

J,5!9
1,!N9

IOAHO

138
J65
1,038
116

ILLINOII
INDU•A

101•
KANUI

(18)
(19)
(20)
121 J
(22)

IQITIICKY

LOI/Illa.A
11A1111

.,...,,.....0

. _,.

IIICHl~a.

, , ,,.,.,
......

(2◄)

IIINIIUOU

(25)
(26)
(27)

IIONTA. .

(28)
(29)
(30)
(31 l
(32)

IIUAAHA

(33)

NO , _ CITY
NH , _ (Exel . N. Y.C.)
NORTH CAAOLIIIA

35

m

"
7

7Z2

n5
1,235
1,303
249
2,8311

M

LIC

OT>C'A

can

No,

1• 0 l

L11 l

545

J4,ZJ5

Zll,031

5,204

215

( 1)

545

II.JIU

ll.lRZ

~
712

m

(
(
(
(
(
(

,.

1J1
9

79

811

J72
11,122

99

1n
11,763

195

,;

1,446

!Y

Nn JIJIH'I
NO IIDICO

41

19

,,ooe

'

1,446
1, 1)4
4J

1, 1M
J7

6

e29

566

6'

1Q!

16

15

(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)

ZI

7

7

(111)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)

'

6611
'S1
9111

6611

...

7Z

7J

111

61

14

57
918

(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)

489

01

7

(28)
(29)

1 ◄6

1Z9
5
J1

J,648

265

J13

282

OKLAHOMA
DA[QOO,

z

26

26
7
375
7

PEPr1N8VLYAN IA

1 , 034
1, 1JJ
1,295

RHooc IILAND

JOI

(42)

SOUTH CAIIOLI NA

(43)
(44)
(45)

SOUTII DAICOTA

(◄6)

UUM

(47)

111:hONT

(41)
(49)

loUHINCITON

w, .......
IUT YIRHNIA
IIICONIIN
IYCIIIINI

(51 )
( S!)

668

0..10

TOUL 01n•11uu:o h TCJtltl TOIII D
ALAlltA
KAIAII
,.,,..,. CAlfAL Z0111t

1,752

,.,•
16

819
1,994

•

814

9

no

611

m
43

(39)
(40)
(41)

(50 )

•

1,1'9

luetlllU
101 . .

819

(31)

(32)

1,984

Z01
16

1,z..a
74

1,167

(J4)
(J5)
(36)

10
9

◄1

29

12

(31)
(39)

1,Z23

117!1

241

(40)
(41)

43

,n

95

119

1,094
. .9
712
2,szo
120

12

(33)

7◄

(42)

776

J, 111

fd

81

(J?)

Z2

Z2

4

66
4

e,

66

101
2
99

,,•

(43)
(44)
1!1

793

(◄5)

J05

(46)
(47)

,.
5J

2

15

23

13

46

'

1,209
38

46

1,209
,e

'

(41)
(49)
(50)
(51)

(S!)

J

J

l!!!l

Bl

6H
Z5J

"'
25J

PUIPITO Rico

YUIIN IILANOI

( I)
( 9)
(10)
( 11)
(12)

(30)

!II
4

NOATH UAKOTA

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

(13)

62

1,QII
5711
709
4,642

77

l8 l

■ AITD

N1t1 IWl,....IH

(SB)

(59)

111

11 i

C•N Of'
[NQINltCM

Nu•o•

(34)
(35)
(36)
(» l

(56)
('S1)
(SJ

22
150

IIA11•-1n1

(23)

( 5')
(54)
(55)

10

TOTAL

79

CAL IP'-IA
COLOIIAOO

Jg()

VCTDAM•
AOW IN IITllATI OM

5

(5')

(54)
(55)
(56)
(57)
(9)

TOTAL NOT OIITIUIUTID H
SfATU OIi TPAIT-1111

~

y

ALU:Y IIWLLINQ AUTMCIIIITY.
l I ■IIAIIY 0#' CONOlltH.

1,'24

7,124

ftHI Nlaal AlallllTUT 1•
NOIIIRI l~T, . . , _ '5• 1911

(!JO)

lSS

TA 8 LE
PDtCENTAQE

DISTII IUf lCIN OF PDtlDNS

5

a,um • •,.

PROJfflS,

n

T"'D OF NOJE'Cll

EJcCL.UO UIG AN t•IITIIATIC E ■l"l.OYltU
SCPTnen AND

Drcnan

,m,

(SueJECT TO

LIi«
ND.

-..,aan

TY i'£ D,- "-Cl.-:CT

11 l
( 1)
(
(
(
(
(
(

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

( 8)

GRAND TOTAL
HIGHWAYS,

ROAN, MO STA£ETI

F'AIIII TO IIAll1CET ANO OTH£11

IIRIDKI llffJ VIADUCTS
. . IIIG E:LIIIII IIATICHI

!1:!

w.
3,2

F'EOEAAL OoVERll_,. T ( INCLUDING MILITA IIY AND IIAYAL)
HOUSING

o.,

OT14Dt!f

•••

o. 1
0.2
3.8

20.7

13.0

L!
0.7
2.1
o. ,

~
0.3
o.5
4.0
1.0

!:!

!d

(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19 )

CONK9lYA TI•

(20)

SEWER SY8TU• AND OTHf:R UTILITICI
IATtR PUIU,-ICATION ANO SUPPLY

f'OAES TATI DN
EII08ION CONTROL AIID LANO UTILIZATION
IRIIIGATION All) WATER co,eEltYATION
OTICR

!/

(23)

SEWER SYITE•
EL£CTRIC UTILITl£1

(24)

OTHER!/

(25)
(26)
(27)

AIRPORTS ANO OTHER TRAMPOIITATION

(28)
(29)

(31 )

~
0.7
13.2
9.4

.!!a.I

PAlltCS ANO 0THEII RECIIIEATIDIIAL f'ACILITIEI

,..1

100.0

16.5

EDUCAT I GIIAL

IIAIICN

100. 0

11,6

!/

OTHDI

(14 )

(30)

1936
OECl:Nl:11

0.1

PVl&.. IC 8u 1LD I NQ8

(22)

19'!5

o.,

8AAD£~

( t)
(10)
(11 )
(12 )
(13 )

(21)

RCVIIION)

,oo.o
t.!5
11.0
I. 7

HCOIDAIIV IIOAOI

AUIIUIT 1936

'3}

o.,

STAEtTI AND ALI.EYI

•o

,21

34 1 4

HI IHIIAYI

MA■CN, J\IIC

4,1
o.z

o.,

1.6

y

0.1

2.2
6,0
o. 1

♦• I

OA

4.8

y

1. 6

0.6
13. 3
7.e
o.5
0,1
15. I

!:!

ME

M

Lt•

(61

100.0

100.0

34.1

o.,

~
0.6
12.4
7.6
0.7

0.1
14,0

14.7

'"'o.5
11.4
7.4

No.

AHWT

y

,.1

( 1)
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

3.2

4,8

3.0
o.e
0.2
5.7

o.8
0,4
5.3

( 9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)

10.5

10.7

10.3

(14)

i!!

i!!

(15)
(16 )
(17 )
(18 )
(19 )

9. 1

~

2.7
0.5
0,2

6. 7

o:i
o.4
5.1
1.0

!!2

!.:1

0.1
0.3
2.9
o.9

1.9
6.5
o. 1
o.5

1.8

1.9

6.7
0.2
0.4

2.3

0.1
0.3
2.9
0.9

1.8
6.1
0.2
0,4

2.,

(20)

(21 )
(12)

(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)

AIRPOIITI ANO AI . .AYI

I.I

CT

r:;

;:;

OTHER!/

0 ,5

0

0-4

0,4

0.-4

o.4

IHI TE COLLAR

L!!

8.4

~
2-2
9.2

12:!

1,.1

(32 )

EOUCAT IOtlAL
~. . IONAL AND CLERICAL

Ooooe

(32)

SRINO

(33)

OTHER !/

2,0

5.1

CT

i:o

1.9
8.7

e.o

4. 0

.h!
1.4

~
8,5
1.9

ro:o
2. 1

1.6

~
II, I
1.7

0,3

6.4

12, 1

11.5

(28)
(29)
(30)

(31)
(33)

(34 )

SANITATI ON ANO HEALTH

7.1

3.7

3.7

3.1

,. 1

(34)

(35)

II IICC.L.ANCOUI

2.0

3. 9

2.3

2.3

2.15

(35)

!/
!/

LC.. THAN 0,0!5 l"DCICNT,
hlCLUOCI llttOJCCTI CU. . IP'IAILS .,._. -

TNH . . fl# TMI NIAii . . . MOWC .

IORKS PROGRESS ADIINISTRATION
PROBRESS RE PORT, OOTOHII 15, 1"6

154

TABLE

6

NUMBER or PERS ONS EMPLOYED, HOLIIS ANO EARNINGS ON IIPA PROJ ECTS, BY TYPE S or PROJECTS
(XCLUOINO AOIIINISTRATIV[ UIPLOYEES
SEIIIIIONTHLY F'CRI OO ENOINO Au o ueT 15 ,

1936

( SueJECT TO RE V 11 1ON)
AVEAACIE
F'CRSON8 UI PLOYEO
~

TYPE or PROJECT

LINE
No.

(I}

( 2)

( 3)

F"ARII TO IIARKET AIC> OTHER SECONDARY ROADS
STREETS ANO ALLEYS

( 5)

S IDEWALKS, CUR88, AND PATHS
AoAOSIOE IIIPROVEENTS

( 6)
( 7)
( 9)

BIIIOOES ANO "IAOUCTS
GAAOE-CIIOIIING ELIIIINATION

(10)

OTHER

( 8)

V

PU BLIC llJILOINQI
AOIIINIITAATIYE
CHARITABL£, 111:0ICAL, Al!O ENTAL l"STITUTIONS
(DUCAT IOIIAL

(18)

SOCIAL AIIO 1111:CREATIONAL
tEOCRAL 80WERN-NT (INCLUDING MILITARY ANO NAVAL)
IIIPROVEIIENT Of' GROUNDS
HOUSINO

(19)

OTHER

(17)

(20)

(21)
(22)
(23)

V

PARKI ANO OTHER RECREATIONAL rACILITIU
PLAY~ROUIIOS AND ATHL£T IC ,- l[LD8
PARKS

ci-•n•

(30)
(31)

sun

(4 )

(5)

(6)

(7)

(BJ

100.0

117 ,8155

100.0

159,648

100,0

817 .836
14,024
281,636
172,517
34,524
85,355
.,5,716
942
213,122

~
0.6
12.3
7 .6
1. 5
3. 7
0.7
0. 1

4 1.096
749
14,086
9, 150
1,714
4,514
726

~

18. 732
310
5,540
4,546

~

3.!l

2,403

0.6

399

54

.!I

9 .3

10,103

8. 6

219.211
24,076
18,240
71,461
34,498
17,700
29,208
8,730
15,298

~
1. 0
o.8
3. 1
1.5

10,220
1,180
872
3, 299

,:0
o.8

8.7

o.8

748
1,434
325
766

233.973

~

n,871

1.3

0.4
0.7

1,596

5.2
3.4

191.979
40,667
138,305
4,215
8,792

~
6.0
0.2
0.4

2 , 006
7 , 085
201
421

~
6,188
43,546
2,632

1tl

z1141

~

!/

AIRPORTS AIIO OTICII TRANSPORTATION
NAVIQAT ION

(37)

AIRPORTI ANO AIR9AYI
OTHER

!/

INITE Cou.AII

(40)

EDUCATI ONAL

(41)

f'AoF'UIIONAL ANO CUIIIOAL

SEWIIIQ

(44)

CANNIIIQ

(49 )

OTHER

!/

SANITATIH ANO HEALTH

(48)

ELIMINATION o.- ITIIEAII POLLUT ION
IIOIQUITO ERADICATION

(49)

OTHtA

(51)

MIBCELVJCOUS

(52)

IPA IORK CAAON

!/
J/
£/

319

1.9

0. 1

Z, 278
144

~

14,130

e.-

7.7

45.5

6.430

~

(

53.2
55.0
57.4

( 7)
( 8)
( 9)
(10)

1.1

2.8
1.4
0.6
1.2

z, 102

0.3
0.6

201
531

3. 5
1.6
o.8
1.2
0.3
0.9

?:!

6.661

11 .2

1Z,:!

0,3
0.2
2.7
0.2
0.1

8.2

6.0

o.z
0.3

Z.3

0.3
1.9

0,1

919

476
696

943

1,6

3,156
2,562

5.3
4.3

2,386
145

0.2

46.8

0.3
2,7
0.2
0.6

49.8
53.2
47.5

8,5

52.0

151
1 , 579

143
368

4.0

6)

52.7

52.4
52.7

67.3
~
51.9

(11)

(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)

(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
{31)
(32)
(33)
(34)

5.050
1 , 042
3,687
115
206

,:ii

ru

6.2
0.2
0.3

52,0
57.2
48.9

1,419
203
1,135
81

~

~

(35)

0,4
1.9
0.1

63.6

(36)

49.8

56.3

(37)
(38)

64.5

(39)

12,0

15.3

z:;

3.4

68-6

8. 7

11,221

9.5

11 . 9

63,5

(41)

290.n7
252,201
2,8111
35,695

B:1

1e 1 212

;n

13.7

~

~

!!a!!!.

11.0

14,249

1.6

1,eoe

,.,

ls.!.

3,531
117

0.1

o.,

155

0.1

~

1. 3

1 , 397

1.2

39,053

1.7

Z, 0 17

1.7

1 .518
58
529
931

14,958

0.7

11$!

o.e

450

t.8

z , 21 0

1.9

1,084

0.6

731

0.6

232

o.,

41,7'4

-

DEDUCTI- ,-AOlt THE •AOU OP' •ORICEII I

IN WORK C - AIII •AN ,-011 IOAIID AHO LODQOII ANO IIEOI CAL ANO DENTAL CAIIE,

l■ ICI

(40)

9.5

o.,

39.6

(42)
(43)

38.B

(44)

1.4

47.8

(45)

~

~

0.1
0.9
1.5

49.6

(46)
(47)

37. 9

(48)

46.2

(49)

0.1

52.8

(50)

49.0

(51)

31.7.i"

(52)

0.4

TIC ICAD1•1 HOW:.

11111~ l'tl0,ICCT8 CLMe i,&4111.._ LIN THAii 0.05 PDOIIIT •

TIIM -

31
4,599

904

Z,909

2,343
28,487

V

0.3

( 3)
( 4)
( 5)

1.9

43, 7«1
197,346

00008

,.a

( Z)

41.4
39.3
49.7

663

;:,

o.~

~

0.5
9.3
7.6
1 .5
4.0
0.1
0.1

62.9
71.4
76.0
63. 7
57.6
63.6
48 . 5
61.8
69.3

9. 7"13

5,497

( 1)

1.4

!:.!.

LINE
No.

50.6

842

4.818
311
291
3 , 172
Z69
T1'5

15,830

!/

0.6
12.0
7. 8
1.5

1 .5
5. 1
3.2

1.6

PLANT, CROP, ANO LIVESTOCK CONURVAT ION
OTHER

(38)

(47)

(3)

(ROBION CONTIIOL ANO LAND UTILIZATION
IRRIGATION AND •uai CON81:RVAT I ON

OTHER

(46)

(CENU)

~
0 .1
0.3
2.9
0.2

('°')

(42)
(4 3)

PERCENT

96.201
3,068
5,899
65,907

(33)

(39)

AIIOIMT
( THOUSANOS)

119,709

F"ORE8TATION

Snn:• AIID OTHER UTILITI ES
IATER PURIF"ICATION A11D IUPPLY
SEIICR SYSTDIS
ELECTRIC UTILIT IH

(39)
(36)

F'CRCENT

36,393

!/

OTHER

(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)

{32)

( THOUSANDS)

(2)

HIQHHTe, AoAOI, ANO STREETS
HIQHWAYI

( 4)

(11 )
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)

F'CRCENT

OIIAIIO TOTAL

( 1)

HOURLY
(&ANINCS

EARNINGS

Pl-[U A•IIIISTRATIOI
,_OIREH UPOIJ, 0 0 - 15, 1936

156

TABLE
PERCENTAQE DISTR I IIUT IDN

a,

7

PERSONS UPI.OYl:D ON •PA PRO.ECTS, 1ft STATES ANO MAJOR TYPES
SCIIIMONTHLV PtAIOO [NDINO

AueueT

rYf

PRO.EC TS

1 5 , 1936

(SU9Jl:CT TO RtVIIION)

SEKA
SYBYICIII

Arc"t•-

Hl~H ■ ...v1, ROADS AHO STA[ETe

rAAIII TO

TOTAL

LINC

ROAD&

No.
(1)

UNITED STATES

( 1)

(2)

(3)

35,B

12.3
1,4
9.7
42,4
5.8
15.9

( 2)

ALAOA ...

30.3

( 3)
( 4)

h•IONA

( 5)
( 6)

CALO,ORNIA

37. 1
51,6
12.7
31.4

( 7)

CONNECTICUT

( e)

Dnu•ot

( 9)

MAAICCT

A•••N•A·
COLDR•OO

DtlTIUCT Or COLUlilBIA

32,8
6.0
16.7

(10)

fLORIOA

(11)

OEOIIOIA

33,0
27,5

(12)

IOA•D

11.7

(13)

ILLIN016

(14)
(15)

INOIANA

34.8
45.6
39,8

10 ..

1.2
16,2

ALL[VS

BulLDIHGS
[DUCA-

TOTAL

TIONAL

(5)

(6)

7.6

9.6

3,1

2,5
1.1
5,2
4.7
3,7

12,1
1e.1
e.1

3,6
3.1
2 .7
3, 7
3.0

8.o
6.7
11 .3
3,9
12.0

eel

(12)

(U)

2. 3

10.6

12.,

3,1

2,6
0,3
0,8
2,3
2,5

9,9
6.0
5,2
19.0
7.7

21.2

7,5
13.3

12,5
0,2
1. 6
10. 2
6, 2

5,5
0,9
6.3
0.9
1,3

4,1

12.8

13.8

0,7

9. 0
15 .1

14.6
18,5
12.0
11 .1

6,1
35.0
22,3

3,5
13.0

17,3
20.0

3.5
5.0

0.9

4,5

2. 1

5,9
8,9
e.5

3 ,3

8.7
9.9
9,1
6.1
5,3

4,7
1,1
4.0
0,9
0.9

4.0
15.5
9,B
8.9

8.1

1. 7
31.2
5.6
8,6

3,3
3.0

,.o

1,9
0.5

16.2

33,9
4,2
7,3
5.6
11 . 7

4 .1
B,3
4. 6
7,2
4,1

0,4
0,9
1 ,4

0,4
0.1

4,5
5. 2
6,8
20 , 3
9.0

o.3

15 .2
4,9
2,9
7.8
8.8

4,9
2.5
3.3
0,6

7, 5

5,7
0.2

12,3

e.o

3. 1
20.6
5,4

15,4
1.4
14.9
,, ,2

2.2
0.2
2,3

6.2

12,5
15,5
22.2

15.1
6,3
B.3
7,4
3,4

8.2
9,9
9.7
5,2

3.4
2,9
4. 7
1,9
1.8

6.3
17,3
2.3
4,8
8.7

3,3
3.4
11,0
5.5

20.7
3. 1
16.5
6,1

4.0
5,0
4,2

6.9
4,B

1 .7
3.7

3, ◄

o.8

9,2

11,3

0,9
1 5 ,0
1,4
3.0

18,6
9.7

15,2

7.1

24,l

3,2
14.4

B,6
20.7
14,7
16 . 4

12.0

7. 7

2,3

6,5
15. 7
43.8
16.B

10. 1
7.7
2,5
5,5
10.2

18.0
10.0
9.3
7.3
9,2

llA66ACHU6CTTa

(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)

w1c•1<••
W•••Eoou
M•UOURI

34.8
36,2

W. . TAN•

38,4

23.3
17.0

(27)
(28)

NE••••u
NEVADA

(29}

NEW HAMl"6HIR[

43. 1

33,6

6.e

(30)

NEW

JER6EY

35.8
8.5
28,5
33,2

(31 )

NEW MEXICO

27,5

(32)

N£W Yo•• C 11Y

16,3

(33)
(lat)

NE• Yoo• (EXCL. N.Y.C.)
HORTH C,llllOLl~A

29.4
21,4

(35)
(36)

0•10

40,8

(37)

O•L••ow•

44,2

1,7

1.7

12.8

3,9

(38)

31 .3

18.3

55,8
25.0

5.7
8.1

(41)

SOUTH CAROLINA

19,9

7.3
4.8
14.6

0.6
11.1
6,5

2.8

( 40)

O•E•o•
P£""8YLYANIA
R•OOE I OL•NO

2,0

14,3

1,5
2.1
4,6
3,7

( 42)

sour• D••ou

56.2

2.e

( 43)
(44)
(45)
(46)

TENNEOOEE

43.7

TOAi

37,6

UTA•

20.8
39.1

4.7
7.6
7.4
14.B
5,1

69.4

(47)

V1••••1&

27.0

(48)

·•••••·TON

(49)
(50)
(51)

WEST V1001•1&
lltc00<•1•
.......

31,6
66,0

23,2
19,5

49.5
36.9
25,8
15.0
10,6

1.8
3,4

16,7
15,3
42,8
6.6
11,5

5,e

6.7

10,6
11.3
2.0
4,6

4,4
4,6
10,0
11 .5

3. 7
6.5

5.0
3.1
4,7
4,B
3,0

14,8

25.1
6.3
4,8
4.6
12.3

4,2

1 .2
2.6
4, ◄

1 ,2

1,6
4,4

9.5
20.1
6.9
1. 9
9,9

7.0

5,4
11,5
3,6

4,5
2.2
6,3

13.4

o. e

2,2

0,6

18,5
3,2

2,6
3.3
4,1

12,7

2.9
7.7

5.8
3,0
3,8
2,9
2.0
4,3

3.7

6.2
12,1
1,4
21,2
6.0

3,1

0.2

0.6

3.0
20,B

3.2
2,4
4,9
4,4
8,1

0.3
1 .1

1.0
8.7
1.0
1.4

o.8

26.6
14,4
25,4
19.1

7.6
13,3
5.6
11.6
7,2

3,8
7.2
7.4
9.1
16.1

3,4

0.9
2.1
13.4
7.4
9.4
9.3

20.3
6.0
9.8

11,7
3.5
10.0

20.e
22.2
15,9

2.9

22,9
11,9
e.1
5,0

7.1

1,3

5,3
3,9

9.1
12.2

2.4

1,9
1,5
4,6
0,7
2,6

MUCtL-

IORK

UNCOUI

c..... ,.

2,8

2.0
1.1
1.1

(14)

0.5

3,8
2,3

6.0
1.8
2,2
4,0
1.4
1,0
7.8
1,8
1.4

5,2

16.0
16,4
19.9
8. 7
10,6

0.7

7,6

2.0
2.0
2,1

2.0

1.9
0.7

2,0
2,5

10.4
1.e
1.7

3,1

7,8

31,2
5,5
10.5

1,3

2,1
1,5

1.0

3,2

14,4

o.8

o. 7

4,6

4.1

17.5

3,0

0.1

9,2
10,6
21,4

13,0

13.2
5,7
2,9

12. ◄

1,9
2,7
1,0
0,9

e.2

3. 1

3,8

13,9
10,6
3,9
11 .1
15,9

21,5
12,2
10,0

5,3

8,4

o.e

23.7

5,4

9,B
1,1

(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)

0.2
0.2

(17)

0,5
0.4

(20)

(18)
(19)

2,5

y

r21)

(22)
(2 3 )
(24)

(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)

13.5

6.4
10 .1
4,5

1,7
0.6
0,2
2.8
2.0

2.1

15,9
20,3

0,3
11,9
0.6
10.3

( 9)
(10)
(11)

12.9
1.1

4.0

24,9

( 7)
( e)

6.2

4.3
0.9
1,3
1,1
10.0

16,4

( 5)
( 6)

2,2

1.8
1,5

o.8

1,3
1.0

(25)
(26)

16,B
18,3
e.1

5,8

( 3)
( 4)

0.7
1.2

1,0
11.6
6,0
11,5
12.0

4.9

( 1)

( 2)

1,5
1,5
4,6
2.2
3,5

4.8
2,8

1,5
7,5

(15)

2,9
3,6
2,8

2,7
2,5
3,6
1,6
2.7

13.0

0.1

LINC

No.

H[Al TH

(11)

2.1

1,0
5,3
3,4

TATION
ANO

~ATAT ION

(10)

4,2

9,9
13,4
8.1

OOODtt

(9)

3,5

(2'1)

!/

(7)

T I EI

1,5

WARYL•NO

VERMONT

COLLA"

ur1

0.7
0.7

(20)

(39)

IHIH

TRANl-

36,9
9.6
5.2

Lou1o••N•
~. l•E

D••ou

OTHER

UT t L I-

59.6
22,5
55,2
32.6
26.~

(17)
(18)
(19)

NORT•

OTHtlll

VAT I OH

35,0

2,6

SANI-

CONlr...

e.5

1 ◄•◄

1.6
8,6
B,5
10.0

4,1

0,7

ANO

TIONAL

rac1t1-

3. 7
23.1
9,6

K•••••

w......... l

Pveqc

ANO

1,8
14.5
14.5

(16)

KENTUC.V

STlll(CTI

A IJt,,OATI

ANO

2,0
3.1
1,1

0.2

0,4

(32)

o,6

(33)
(34)

0.1

(35)
(36)

3,0
0,3

(37)
(38)
(39)

0,9

(40)
(41)

0.5
0,5
3.0

4.0
3.3
1,3
1.e
2.9

LCS6 THAN 0.05 P[RCDfl.

•ORKS PROGRESS ADM IN ISTRAT ION
PROGRESS REPORT, 0CT00£11 15, 1936

(42)
(43)
(44)
(45)

(46)
(47)
(48)
(49)

(50)
(51)

136

TA B LE

8

NUIIBER Of' PERSOMS EIPLO'fEO UNDER THE IORKS PROOII AII 011 PROJECT S
AND OTHER f"EDEIIAL AGENCIES, 8'f ASSl8NEO OCCUPATION S

LINE

TOTAL

A. . IOICO OCCUl'ATIOII

( 2)
( 3)

(4)

PROFESSIONAL AND TtCHNICAL IORl([AS
ACTORS
ARCHITECTS, OAAnSIIEN, ANO T[CHNICAL l[NQIN[EAS
AIIT ,an, 8CULPTORS, ANO TEACHERS OF" AIIT

( 4)

( 5)

( 6)

Ll8RAAIAN8 ANO LIBRARIANS' AHIITANTI

( 7)
( 8)
( 9)
( 10)

IIUIIICIANS AND TEACHERS

( II)

IRITERS ANO EDITORS (EXCEPT STAT 18T ICAL. [OITDIII)

( 12)

OTHER PROF"EHIONAL ANO

( I3 )

OF IIVIIC

NURSES
PUYQROUNO ANO R[CREATI ONAL. IOAK[AS
TEACHERS (EXCEPT OF" ART AND IIUIIC)

■ IEIIIPII-IOIIAL.

--

On' IC[ IORIIEAI

( 14)
( 15)

800KK[EPalS, ACCOUNTANTS, ANO AUOITOIIS
PAYROLL. Cl.EAKS AND T IIIEKEEPCIIS

( 16)
( 17)

STATISTICAL EOITOIIS AND ENUIIERATOR8

( 18)

STENOGRAPHERS AND TYPIITI

( 19)

0TH[R CURI CAL. AIID Ol'1'1C[ -11:RI

CL.ERK& (EXCEPT PAYllOL.L CLERKS ANO T IIIEKEEP[RS)
0

( 20)
(21)
( 22 )
(23)
(24)

PROJECT SUPCRY I SOAS AND fOA[M[N

(25)
(26)
(27)
( 28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)

S KILLED IORKERS IN BulLDING ANO CONSTRUCTION

(39)
(40)

("3 )
( 44 )
( 45)
(46)
(47 )

CON8TRUCTIDII (EXCEPT ltOAo&, aTlll[[TS, AIIO Hens)

f OREIIEN -

NO....CON8TRUCTIDII PROJECTS

47,624
2 1 ,311
57, 15159

CEMENT nNIS>€RS
ELECT R ICIANS
CONSTRUCTION [QUl1'11DOT

Pu&TERERS
PLl.llSER&, ANO GAB, PIPE, AND STEAM r1TTEll8
SHEET MET AL IORICERI
STONE CUTTERS, CAAVEIIS, AHO HTTCAS
STRUCT~AL IRON ANO &TEEL. IORICl:AS
OTHER SKILi.ED IOAKERS IN 8UILOING ANO CONITRUCTIOII
SK ILLED IORK[R& NOT

IN BulLOINQ ANO CONITRUCTIOII

MACHINISTS
Ml:CHANICS
OTHER 8K I I.LED IOAKER6 ( NOT EL8EIH[AI[

cuaa i , 110)

SCIIISKILLED IOAICERI IN Bl/IL.DING AND C-TAUCTION
APPIIENTI C£8
BUSTERS
HELPERS -

CARPENTERS', l!:L[CTIIICIANS', PLIAISERB', nc.

0PERATDA8

OF 8UILDINQ AND CDNITAUCTIOII EQUll'll[NT

( ~)

PI PE L.AYl!:RI AND COVER[AS

(49 )
(50)

RODIIEN . . . C I N I - -

(52)
(53)
(54)
(55)

■laWYlll8

10 .9CJi?
1 , 4119
5,094
4, 319

143.037
3,204
4,457
22,Cl57
13,11411
5,509
8,014

~
0.2
1.5
2, I
0,3
0.7
0 ,1

2.2
0,7
0 .1
0, 1

hl
1.4
1,4

0.6

1.7

hQ
0.2
0. 9

2. 2

o.3
0.2
0.4
0.9
o. I
0.3

o.,
0 .1

0,1
0.2

0.3

y
0.2
o.,

!r..!
0.1
0.1

0.6
0.4

0.2
0.2

.!J

■n 1 • • - -

0TH[II IIDIIIICILLltD IOIIICEIIS (NOT ltLSEl~RE ClABllnO)

(57)

~IL.Lll:D IOIIICllla

(58)

OcCUl'ATIDN NOT S~c,rll[D

( 2)

~
6,242
46,9tl6
63,662
8,828
19,953
2,1114

63. 154

&uan1aea uo -

l:!

5.4
0.2
1.5

i.a

3, 71111
34,353
18,200

( 1)

15, 8457

0.1

PAINTINQ, n c .

100.0

0,5

2 3,1139

e,au

431,2<n

3,4e0

o.5

OTHER IEalllll l ll[D I OAKl!: R8 IN ■UILDINQ ANO COIIBT•UCTIOII

OPERATIVES -

y

8,303

100. 0

1.2

0.4
0.1

61,llOB

8UAIIDS AND IATCHMH

~

2<11.376
6,375
29,791
77,012
9,722
6, 687
13,671
30,337
4,177
9,780
2 ,316
5 ,122
5 , <113

(7)

0,1

o.,

( 8)
( 9)

31

(10)

110
1,970

(11)
(12)

37.369
2,395
3,334
13,236
14,122
3,210
1,072

!:1
0.6

o.8

( 13)
(14)
( 15)

29.Cl54
5,466
11,100

hl

(20)

2,528
9,960

0.6
2.3

il:1

0.3
0.2
0.1

53.811
660
7,038
22,831
1,ee1
1,707
9,161

o.9

2,209

o.5

1153
2,245
<485

0.2

0.2
0 .1

0 .2

484

0, I

2,449

0. 2

2,0QI

Z•'"
947

0.2

3,513
3,175

0,1
0.1

3.267
542
1,!581
1,144

~
2, 634
3, 1189
15, 222
a,155
4-695
5,651

1:.1.

o.,

411.739

0. I

4C!8
6,835
!S,194
814
2,363
ZZ,<1111
10,400

145.800
<Cl,7114
36,52~
18,783
47,699

f54,565
5,715
22,753
54,181
7,841
4,980
4-510

ze,1ze
3,!!24
1,5311
1,831
4,638
2,634
6,295

ff,8 19
131 53'

~
0.2
0,7

,.8

o.,

y

0.5
0. 3
0.2
0.2
1.3
0.4

ls.!
o.3

,.o

OoU NOT INCLUDE PEASONI [UPLDVID IN [IIERQl:NCY C-VATION IOAk DA YCIUTIIS Dl'LOYCD AT lfYA RATEi ,
Dr WHICH 11:IIPLDTl:D UDAE THAN A rltl 1111-ED . . . . _ , ..., _ &WAIi.MU:.
·LEH THAN 0.05 PE•con.

1

( 19)

0.5

0.3

( 6)
( 7)

0.2

o. ,

10,eoe

( 3)
( 4)
( 5)

( 17)
(18)

0. I
0.1

73. I

5,521
69
14
9
24

3, I
3.3
0.7

0 .2

2,529, 077

PC-CENT

{6)

~
0.2
0 ,6
0. 2
0 .2
0. 4
0 .2
0 .6
1,3
0. 1
0.5

~

Nweu

(5)

6,262
16,042
4,778
5,12!1
13,235
4.443
181 6011
40,334

0.2
0.1
0,1

TAACTOII AND TRUCK DllnltH

SDll6KILLED IOAIC[AI NOT IN Bu lL.DllfQ ANO CON■ T•ucTIOII

(56)

185.214
8,637
50,300
76,898
22,950
23,163
3,266

FOREMEN -

CARPENT[RB

(S I)

!!!

"8,260

BRICKLAYERS AND ITONEIIAIONS

(41 )
( 42 )

136.800
6,262
22,463
4,84?
5,1 39
13, 244
4, <167
18, 616
40,365
3,560
17,8 37

174.854

8UCKSUITHS

( 36)
(37)
( 38)

100.0

CONSTRUCTION (ROAD&, 8Tll[ETS, AND 8EIE1tS)

PROJECT SUPERVISOR&, MANAQERI, ANO AHIITANTI

(33)
(34)
(35)

3,45! , 220

fOREIIEN -

0PERATOA 8 AND ENGINEERS PAINTERS

OT HER fll:OCRAL ,\Ol[NC I U
l'DICENT

GRAND TOTAL

I)

IPA

I PA

(1)
(

THE

19'6

IIARCH

No,

or

y

,.2

570

12.995
3,331
13
2
9,649

1.3
2.5

0.2
1,6
5.3
0.4
0.4
2. I

o.5

(16)

(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)

(2!1)

(2tl)
(27)
(28)
(29)

(30)
(31)
(32)
(33)
(34)

o.,

(35)
(36 )

0,6
0. 5

(38)

0,1

(37 )

(39)
(«>)
(41)
(42)

11.:l

(43)

0,1
0.1

(44)

1,6

(46)

1.2
0,2
0.6
5.1
2 ,4

(47)
(48)
(4D)
(S>)

1.,2

(52)

o.e

y
y

z.z

(4!5)

(51)

(53)
(54)
(55)
(56)

(57)

e,m

O. I

4,233

1.0

DATA DN l[Yl[RAL OTH[II A91NCIC8 ,

. ... ,._OS AD91WISTIIATIOII
l'IIOIIEIS IEPaT, IIOTOKII 15, 1V:.

(!11)

T A8 L E 9
IUlllER OF' PERSONS EIIPLO\'EO OIi IPA PROJECTS, IT STATES A•o WAGE CUSSES

y

Excwo1• ADIIINl8TllATlwt: [_,.LOYaa
IIARCM 1936

§11:C!,!!! I TI l!9!C IOA!5!!1

Sun:

L1•C
No .

(1)
( 1)
(
(
(
(
(

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

( 7)
( 8)
( 9)
(10)
(11 l

TOTAL
AU8AIIA

AAIZONA
ARKAN8A8
CALlf"OIINIA
COLORADO
CONNCCT I CUT
OCUHIII:

018TRICT Of" COLUll81A
rLOAIOA
GEOIIGIA

TOTAL
!ill

INTO-

TOl!I,
l!l

UNIKl laM'iR

,~1

!l!•A.T
l5l

&!il!,!,§0
!6l

P•orcea I ONAL
ANO
T!i!i!!Nl£61,

111

·-

SltC\Jll In

IA•r
l51!Kl!!I

L11n:

!!I·

!Bl

2,952, 1'40

2,819,288

2,205,183

251,DQ

268,242

94,801

132,852

I

1J

42,272
12,207
'40,446
1~,516
38,592

41,252
12,029
38,034
149,851
36,941

32,618
8,649
30,872
105,520
30,382

3,995
1,462
3,258
15,427
3,278

3,333
1,5'50
2,820
19 ,929
2,'407

1,306
368
1,084
1,975
874

1,020
178
2,412
2,e65
1,&51

(
(
(
(
(

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

27,975
3,333
9,204
35,123
48,282

27,619
3,222
8,825
32,'58
43,220

19,224
2,497
7,297
24,819
34,365

3,202
304
931
3,141
5,539

3,731
320
437
3,205
1,937

1,462
101
160
1,394
1,480

35G
111
379
2,565

5,062

( 7)
( 8)
( 9)
(10)
(11 l

13,993
199,576
90,003

10,1112
159,309
65,162
31,410
38,190

1,104
14,040
6,352
2,629
2,049

1,258
13,560
5,B12
1,235
2,134

487
8,036
1,359
265
478

4,632
1,319
1,450
2,902

(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
'.16)

2$!

(12)
(13)
(14)
(14)
(16)

IOWA

36,989

KANSAI

45,643

13,641
194,944
78,685
35,539
42,941

(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)

kENTUCl(Y
Lou 181 ANA
IIAINE
IIAAYUINO
IIAIIAC><U8£ TT8

61,233
56,415
10,211
19,853
130,340

59,701
55,425
10,068
19 ,6'40
129,730

51,369
45,630
8,122
15,on
91,642

3,474
2,923
725
1,837
16,780

2,599
4,904
917
2,~
15,501

1,260
1,968
404
!101
4,807

2,532
990
143
213
1,610

(17)
(19)
(19)
(20)
(21)

(22)

Ill CH GAN
MINNESOTA
Ml6 518S1PPI

99,412
39,401
97,102
17,857

96,550
54,6n
37,649
94,033
16,976

79,304
45,2711
26,662
94,016
13,281

6,749
5,725
5,185
1,422
2,063

8,858
2,730
4,321
3,612
1,432

1,640
946
1,480
1,983

2 ,862
5,258
1,753
3,069
881

(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)

24,953
2,500
B,816
88,614
10,..oe

24,283
2,23B
8,646
83,499
9,552

19,567
1,381
7,133
69,366
7,530

2,305
385
562
6,189

1,965
423
645
5,592

446

805

877

2,352
l40

670
262
170
5,115

(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)

232,430
126,040
41,540
11,708
195,512

200,972
121,040
39,711
11,139
187,672

109,430

(36)

IIEW YORK CI TY
New YORK (ExcL ••• ,.c.)
NORTH CAROLINA
IIORTH 0Ak0TA
OHIO

31,747
8,053
150,554

18,588
9,5'59
3,941
1,356
19,125

54,678
10,429
2, 7(16
1,088
14,420

18,276
5,654
1,417
642
3,573

31,458
5,000
1,829
569
7,840

(37)

OICUHDWA

73,942
21,921
26S,ll20
15,526

34,093

61,589
16,876
223,485
12,047
21,332

4,'408
2,535
17,890
1,376
7,579

6,852
1,775
17,610
1,579
4,271

2,555
396
13,970
52
1,224

(37)
(38)
(39)

(41)

OIIEGON
PC»IIYLVANIA
!!HOO£ IS UNO
SOUTH CAROL I U

76,497
22,317
279,890
15,578
35,317

1,093

(38)
(39)

(42)
(43)
(44)
(45)
(46)

SOI/TH D>l<OTA
TtNNC81£C
TCXA8
UTA><
ftRMONT

14,769
50,644
110,472
13,514
6,549

14,031
49,711
106,871
13,203
6,529

11,827
40,018
90,310
9,387
4,891

1,178
5,964
9,732
1,830
822

878

148
291
1,813
251
172

738

3,438
5,016
1,735

(42)
(43)
(44)
(45)
(46)

(47)
(48)
(49)
(50)
(51)

YIIIGIKIA
IASHl•GTON
Ital YlaGINI A
ll8CON81N
IYOtllNG

36,580
45,733
55,739
63,596
4,611

35,007
44,6S5
51,768
61,447
4,263

26,894
32,136
45,711
44,125
2,923

2,7'0
5,912
2,738
6,680
381

(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(2, I
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31 l
(32)
(33)

(34)
(35)

(40)

IOAHO
ILLINOI S
INOIANA

111881>. RI

IIONTANA
8RAIKA

NcvAOA
New HAIIP9HI.C
No JcAIEV
ll£'O IICX I CO

y

59,~

IIOT INCLUi.11 IN TMII TMU: Allt O _ _ . . TOll8 Dr !QU1-,n,

0!5,*

-PII•

Je,9511, AND l'Clll-8 IN -

644

200

49
306

735

6,935
524
911

3,341
5,637

2,042

2,2'4

1,~
1,417
341

9,225
618

~

856

933
3,601
311
20
1,573
1,078

,,m

2,149
348

(32)
(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)

(<40)
(41)

(47)
(48)
(49)
(50)
(51)

- , _,111• 39,015.

IOAKS PIIOOA£SS AOIIINISTAAT ICII
PIIOGIIESS AEPOAT, OcT- 15, 19'6

158

T A II L C 10
ALLOCATIONS UIIOER TH£ £RA ACTS

or

1935 ANO 111:t6 NI IOIIK PROJECTS AND OTHER ,111P0&ES, IY AO[NCl[I

!/

THIIOUQH AUOUIT 31, 1936

Al'PIIOPjll ATl ON

LINE
No.

3

2

( 1)

(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)

(10)
( 11)
( 12)
( 13)
( 14)
( 15)
( 16)
( 17)

ORAND TOHL
D(PARTIIENT

or

AOR ICULTlJ!E

A•ucul.T,..AL cc-1c•
AQQICULTUIIAL (NCINEEAINC
ANIIIAL INDU8TAY
BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
DAIIIY IHOu■ TAY
(NTQIIOLOQY ANO PL.ANT QUARANTINE
£xTENIION SERVICE
fOAHT SERVICE
HOtlE ECONOIII :1
PLAHT INOUITAY
PUBLIC ROAOI
So IL CONSCRVATI ON SEAv I cc
IUTHCR BUIIUU
IINO (ROI I ON CONTROL
GCNCIUL AOll IHI 6TUTI VE DPt:-■

or 1935

ERA ACT

AGENCY

589 I 765 I 687

( 1)

572.245.210

557 1545.4n
533,440
7,151
1,494,0,0
878,0.89
3,000
17,058,431
4,066
111,629,625
687,500
40,493
495, 403,204
21, 7f17, 198
19,224

32,220,216

( 2)

533,440
7,151
1,494,050
1,293,730
3,000
17,058,431
4,066
30,754,625
687,500
40,493
504,025,069
21,787,198
19,224
2,000,000
10,051,no

40,493
499,621 ,86!5
19,432,198
19,224
2,000,000
9,852,no

17,128

17,128

7,151
1,119,050
693,730
3,000
13,770,098
4,066
25,681,~5

ALLEY DIELLING AUTHORITY

190,194

190, 1114

(20)

U. S. CIVIL SERVICE CO~IIISSION

120,000

120,000

(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)

DEPARTMENT Of COIAl£RC E

10,061,944
9,355,948
155,966
100,000
20,000
75,000
355,000

8.847.944
8,231,948
155,996
1.,,000
20,000
75,000
265,000

(28)

COORDINATOR fOR INDUSTRIAL COOPERATION

182,650

182,650

(29)

EMERGENCY CONSERVATION IORK

(30)

EIIPLOYEES' COIIPENSATION COIIIIISS I ON

26,210,000

11,210,000

(31)

fARII CREDIT ADIIINISTRATION

20,000,000

{32)

fEDCRAL EIIERGENCY RELIEF" AOIIINISTIIATIOII

{ 33)

OCNER AL ACCOUNT! NG Off I CE

(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)
(38)
(39)
{40)
(41)
(42)
(43)
(44)

DE PARTIIENT Of THE INTER I OR
ALAeKA ROAD CO..IHION
BITUIIINOUI COAL C-INION
OP'rl CE Of (DUCAT I ON
OCOLOO I CAL SUAffY
DP'flCC or INOIAN AfP'AIII ■
NATIONAL PARK SCIIVICC
PucYITO RICO RCCON8TIIUCTION AclllNl ■ TIIATION
RECLAMATION
ST. ELI ZA8[TH8 H09PITAL
TDIPOAARY Gov• T OP' VIIMIN lll.AIIN
0CtCRAL ADIIINIITAATIVE DPt:. . Q

{45)

LIQHTHOu■ Ca

!/
Y

°"

6

tl,392,084, 702

(19)

STANDARDI
GENERAL AOIIINIITUT IVC CXPCNICI

OntDI

$4,037,979,157

ADVISO~Y COIIIIITTE£ ON ALLOTIIENTS

f tsHER I Cl
I NOUI TA I AL ECONOII I Cl

IOIIIC Plto.ncra
5

$4,662,215,297

(18)

CCNBUI

£RA ACT OP' 11136
4

375,000
600,000
3,288,333
5,073,000
687,500
4,403,204
2,325,000

2,000,000
10,057,710

( 3)
( 4)
{ 5)
( 6)
( 7)
{ 8)
( 9)
(10)
( 11)
(12)
( 1J)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)

17,121

(18)

415,641

11,125,000

8,621,1165

205,000

(19)

190,194

1.214,000
1 , 124,000

9.706 .944
9,355,948
155,996
100,000
20,000
75,000

120,000

(20)

~

(21)
(22)

r.15,000

{23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)

182,650

(28)

26,210,000

{30)

20,000,000

20,000,000

{ ,1)

9'5,005,625

ffl,OCle,125

(92)

5,000,000

5,000,000

5,000,000

{n)

120.62◄ .987

115 1m,425

111,m, e

671,500

671,500
?0,583
1,860,928

90,000

605,984,951

6n,500
70,583
1,860,328
104,91J
1,879,250
11,7'9,587
35,9119,795
65,447,000
9,453
434,600
2,407,978

604, 873,700

70,583
1,860,328
104,913
1,879,250
B,2S!,Cl5
34,868,395
M,447,000
9,453
434,600
2,UZ,1178

9,000,000

3,487,162
1,131,400

5 16J1 1f!J

{M)
(JS)
(J6)
{J7)
(,a)
482,,00 (JD)
{«>)
2,741,015 (41)
{42)
(43)
(44)

104,91J
1,3116,750
11,739,587
33,258,780
65,447,000
9,453
434,600

75,000

WARIIANT■ INUEO "' TH C Tac . . . . .,.
BA8C8
RCLIEP", AURAL AIHAIILITATIOH, LAHD -CHAe(, DIPLO'flU' C • - A f l • P'WID, IICVOLVINQ P'UND P'OII -CHAelt fW •ATPIIAIA MD
AOII IN I ITIIATI V[ UPCHICI.

2,407,978

■ U .... Lll:8,

ANO

•-■L

{45)

119

T A 9 L E

10 (CONC\.UOO)

A/

ALLOCATIONS UIIOER THE ER A ACTS Of 1935 ANO 1936 f OA ICIR IC PROJECTS ANO OTHER Pl#IPOSES, ll'f AICIICIES

AGIIICT

ALLOCAT I -

2
( 1)

DEPARTIIENT OF JUST I CE

( 2)

OEPARTIIENT Of LABOR

( 3)

U,S . E•PLOYa,CNT SERVICE

( 4)

I. . IQRATION A1'0 NATURALIZATION
LABOR STATISTIC&

( 5)

( 6)
( 7)

-01111 I ATl ON

TOTAL

LINE
No

SECRETAAY'a

t

19. ◄55.314

18,353 , 401
17'5, 7S?
412,500
286,350
227,311

Or,occ

GEltOIAL ADMINIITRATIVE DPCNSU

( 8)

LIBIIARY Of CONGRESS

( 9)

1,532,309

ERA ACT or 1935
3

I

Lt•

ERA ACT CW 1936

. .Ilk l'IIOJl:CTI

No.

5

4

6

I

1,532,309
12 .492 . 814
11 , 903,401
17'5, 752

1,532,J09

U.97'5,ffl ( 2 l

11.419.959
8Q1. 7(f7

17 , ◄61 ,694

( 3)

( 4)
( 5)

17'5, 752
412,500

412 , 500

( 1)

286, J50
227,311

286,J50

( 6)

227,311

( 7)

( 8)

◄23,000

251,500

NATIONAL EIIERGENCY COUNCIL

1,946,959

1,946,959

1,946,959

( 9)

( 10)

NAT I ONAL RESOUR CES COIIU I TT EE

1,282,764

1,282, 764

1 ,2112, 764

( 10)

( 11)
( 12)
( 13)

DEPARTMENT Of THE NAVY
Y AAD6 AND DOCKS

24,131.176
23,1593,561
437,615

17,365.176
17,1 0 7,561
257 ,615

~

4'37 ,615

(11)
( 12)
( 13)

( 14)

PR ISON I NOUS TRIES REORGANIZATION A0UIN.

213,541

2 13 ,5◄ 1

213,541

( 14)

(15)
(16)
(17)

PUBLIC IOAKS AOIIINISTRATION

(18)

RESETTLOIENT Ai.llNISTRATION

(19)

REVOLVING fUNO fOA PURCHASE Of IIATERIALS
ANO SUPPLIES

0CNERAL AOlflNlaTRATI \IC CXPCHIIU

Hoce1,..; D1v1110,,
Nol.-fEO£RAL D1v1&1DN

464 1 397.5n

464.397.577

105,585,289
358,812,288

105,585,289
358,812,288

290,7◄6,263

225,407, 510

3,000,000

3,000,000

(20)

RURAL ELECTRIFICATIOH AOIIINISTRATION

16 , 031 , 976

16,031 , 9 76

(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)

OEPARTUOH Of THE TREASURY

47.987.908
4,850,950
4,782,176
543,584
3,031,750
1,079,447
33,700,001

J9 .2411 1 320
4,850,950
3,626,588
543,584
2,721,750
906, 447
26,700,001

(28)

VETERANS' AOIIINISTRAT ION

1,238,350

1,238,350

(29)
(30)
( 31)
(32)

UR DEPARTMENT

166,562.273
1 ◄6 ,azo ,625
19,3n,291
1,164,357

145.630.600
129,838,381
14,666,384
1,125 ,835

(33)

WORKS PROORESS AOIIINISTRATION

U. S. COAST GUARD

INTERNAL RcvC'IIUE

PROCUR£11£'11T 01 VII I ON
PUBLIC HULT!< SERVICC
SECRETARY'&

Or,icc

GCNCIIAL AOMINIITRATIVE O t - U

CORPS

OF" ENCINEERS

QuAAURUIITCR CORPS
GENCRAL A•INl8TRATIVE DPCHIIEII

( 3◄)

IPA eOAk PROJECTS

(35)

ll'(A PROQRAIIS

(36)

GENERAL AO.INISTRATIVI: DPl:IIHa

~

2,az,zn,m
1,9◄2,718,776

55,832,507
89,400,000

1,e1 1 439 . n
◄2, 3J1

,268
71,400,000

l!Aeco ON WARRANTS IHUEO . , THC TRcu.-v.

!/ Rn,c,, ..... AL

4

1.u,,.,...,..

RCHA ■ ILITATIOII, UNO 1"'9C ... I[, DIPLOY[U' 0-...ATI•

""'°•

◄23,000

171,500

6.766.000
6,1186,000
190,000

23.693.561
23,693,561

1M,397.5n
105,585,289

(15)
( 16)
( 17)

'58,812,288
66,619, 7'53

55,338,753

214,126,510

(18)

3,000,000

(19)

15,086,128

9◄5,848

(20)

14.287.907
4,850,950
4,782,171
543,584
3,031,750
1,079,447

33. 100,001

(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)

33,700,001

(27)

1,218,120

20,230

(28)

20.931.673
16,182,244
4,710,907
38,!122

164.912.CMl6
145,53'1,775
19,3TT,291

1 .650.207
485,850

(29)
(30)
(31)
( 32 )

636.511.509
605,010,270
13,501,239
18,ooo,ooo

1 .998.551.283
1,1142,718,ntl
!5:1,832,507

e, 7.38 1 588
1,155,588
310,000
273,000
7,000,000

ll[VOl,VIIICI F\/IIO n)II P'-'ICNAat

(26)

1, 164,'57
89.400.000

89,400,000

cw

( 33)

( 34)
( 35)
( 36 )

•ATPIALS ANO auPPLl[I, ANO Q[ICRAL

ADIi i NI STRATI VE DPEHICI.

IORICS PROGRESS AOIIINISTR ATION
PROGRESS REPORT, OCT- 15, 1936

140

T A B L E
,\,LlOCAT IONS l.NDER TKE ERA ACT

or

11

1935, BY AG~ C l[S AND 8'1' ACT lUllTATIONS

Y

THAOUOH AUGt.&T 31, 1936

ITD18 NOT

HIQHWAY8, ROAOS,
S1A£CTI:, IIND

LINC
N0 1

( 1)

3)
•)
5)
6)
7)

TOTAL

GRAD£ CR066 tNGI

11 l

12)

Pl
seoo,ooo,oc,o

$4,00Cl,OCX>,CX,O

ACT ll~IT..,tlON

( 2)
(
(
(
{
(

Ai.~C'r

TOTAL ALLOCU 100S

D(PARTMCNT

or

AGRICUI.TLRE

$~,662,215,29"1

$500,293,365

s12i2-1s 1 21c

499 1 6Z.1,e65

INOLliTJl'I'

( NTOMOLOfi.Y AN O PUNT QUl~NT '.NE

( 9)
(1C)
(11)
(12)
( 13 )
( 14 )
( 15 )
(16 )

[X TEN610N ScAv l CC
roRE6T ScR .... tCC
PUJ-lT

lNDI.ISTAV

PUBLIC ROAD&
SOIL ,::0N8F..RVAtJl)J,j SCkWIC~
l(A TH(A 8URCA U
l'INO CROSIOl'I CONTROi..
G[N[AAL AO,..,INISTAt,JJ·~ EXPCN6ES

$500,0Q),000
$274,195,250

{5)

[OUCATIONAL,

COfril8CRYA TI ON

HOl81NQ

( TC. 1 P£A60frilS

COAf!

{6!

17)

{8!

$100,t'OO,OOO

$450,000 • 000

$300,(X)0,000

$600,000,000

$13, 192,.990

$107 , 975,483

$110 ,560, 692

,005,984,951

( 1)

$223,401,483

$1,205,999,601

( 2)

45,113,823

27 , 509, 522

( 6)
( 7)

( 8)

4,066

( 9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)

•.-

25,(fl l ,ti':5
40,493
499 1 6Z1,B65
19,432, HlB
19,2?4
2 , COJ,<Y.>O
9,8'52,710

120,000

(20)
(21 /
(22)
(23 )
(24 )
(25)
(26)

O[PARJ\l['H

(27)

COORD

(28)

(M[RU[NCV CONSER\I Af ION

zs,cet,625
40,493
499,621, Bte
19, 432,100

19,224
2 , <XlO' CXX)
9,852,710

17,129

17,128

0,047,?44

a 1 406 1?4a

8,231,IJ49
155,996
100,000

e,231,?48

INOI..ETRIAL [CONOUIC8

0ENCAAL AOUINISTA•rl I( CXPE''45E8

ICIIK

(29)

U. S.

( 30)

fAR\I CREDI T ACIA INJSTRAT 100

(31)

f(D[RAL

(32)

GEN Ek AL .t,CCO lNT ING

(33l
(34
(J,;)
(36)
(37)
(38)
(39)
(40)
(41)
(42)
(43)
(44)

O[PARH.IE.NT

11r THE'

OH ICE

At..ASKA ROt. 0 cou.u1i,e J'J'.j
81T'.M IN OU5 COAL co... 1&Sl ~
OF'rlCC Of" (04.K:ATION

,:,K S\$1VCY
IN OIAN AF'F'AIAS

PvtATO A1co RCC:ON6TR'IJCT ION AOIIIN.
ACCU.16ArlON
ST. (Ll?A8£TH6 H06PI T'I.
0,,- VI CIQ IN

11,21g,ocx:,

671,500
70,583
,,o60,3za
104,913
1,079,250

671,'500

18LAH01!1

6ENOtAL ADIUNIS TIU.T IVC [Jtp£Nf;£6

34,068,39'5
65,447,oa:>
9,453
43-4,6CX>
2,332,978

y

(iA.8[0 ON W'AAAANT8 166UEO BY Tt£ JA:[~8\.RV~

fl

INCRO.SCO

(29)

935,000,, 625

(31)

s,000,000

(32)

14,696,42:4

(33)
(34)

(30)

935,CY.>5,~S

671. ~00

~

2.200,000

1, 1zz,s32

10,999,979

70 , 583
1,c:!51,949

800,319

994,140

104,913
432,500

1,396,750
2,200,Q)()

60, 447, CXX)

4,?99,600
!5,000,CXO

1!51,200

192,000

TO $700,000,()(X) ev [X.ECUTl'YE OAOER 7334.
T) $1,700,<XXl,OOO ev (XEC111'1YE OROCA ne6,.
(COt~CLUOCO ON NEX T PAGE )

994,140

(35)
(36)
(37)

(38)

3,422,7'5

(39)
(40)
(41)

9,'453
91,400
21332,078

(42)
(43)
(44)

8,252,425
23,251,?00

(27)

17,210, 000

20,000,000

115 0 ,m, ◄22

(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)

(28)

e,~,42:5

NA Tl OtMI. PAAK SCA\I I CE

oov• T

182,650

5,(Y.)0,000

INTERIOR

(22)

605/134,9'51

20,000,0CXl

OIE.ROENCV RELIU AOUINISTR~TION

155,996

2Cti 1 000

605,i:.84,9'51

coi.,PENSAT I ON COMM.

EMPLOYEES'

{20)
(21)

75,000

182,650

INOUSTRIAL COOPERAT JON

(19)

440,996

20,000

75,000
265,1)()()

5TAII OAA06

120,000

100 ,0JO

20,IXIO

LIQHTHOIJSC:S

(16)
(17)

(18)

190,104

or COI.IM[RCE

INCRC.,,SCO

$1,208,999,601

u,no.098

Cl'lll SERVI(.;[ COMUISSlll'II

y

$350,(X)(),000

u,no,ooo

(19 )

T a&POAAAY

pf

( 5)

190,194

OrF'ICC OF'

$900,0CX),OOO

$1,620,611,482

...

LINE

111)

693,730
3,000

ALL[Y DtiELL INO AUi tOR I TV

GCOL OGI

!!f

SPCCl flC
LIMITATION&

{10)

693,730
3,000

( 1~ )

U,A.TOR fOR

c,c.

( 3)
( 4)

AO\IISORV COUYITTEE Ou ALLOrn(NTS

r!SHCAIES

SANITATION,

M

7,151

(17)

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GRANTS TO

STATE8 1 ETC.

1,119,050

I NOIJSTRV

( 8)

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i•l

INCLI.C>EO IN

7,151

8 IOLOQICAL SURVEY
0 AtRV

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CIVILIAH

,, 119,050

AC.R ICU\. TURAL [t.lQlNECA JNQ
,.,.IWAL

RIAAL RC*-

LOAN6 OR

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141

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( 5)

t•leMU_,

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10,911,604
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1,21112,-

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17,101,561
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(11}
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21J,S41

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or

(10)
(11)
(V)

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PUILIC IOAKS ACIIJNISfRAT 1(11

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10!5,95,Z8fl
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(1')
(16)

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225,«n,,io

(17)

IIUCTTLE-T lOIIINISTUTICIN

(18)

tCYOLY lllll r1110 ro• •t11CMAS[
••'11l11AU AND I-LIU

(1e)

RLRAL 0.CCUlrlCAT ION AOllltlllUAT IClf

(ZO)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(a,)

oc,.,.,_T

or r>«

11,-.11•

TMA&IIIY

UfTIJalU. •nDt.a

ha.to HIIALTN Sowaca:
&<c•u..,•• Orrtcc
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(Z7)

fflEI.MI' A£1UN ISUlAT ION

(18)
(19)
(JO)
(31)

IAII DCPAIITllOIT

(3Z)
('3)
(34)
( 35 )

WOAICS PROCACSS AOWINISTRATION
IPA 90• ~II0..11:CTI

C:...•EM•~
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Gotcui.. ACIIINIITMT,wl IQIIDIID

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J!!B,S1Z,zea

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4,8S>,O,O

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l,626,'81

3,626,588

16,031,W.

J0,450,000

(17)

,,.000,000

( 18)

(19)

2,SJ8,lllt

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26,700,001

(zo)
(21)
122)
(23)
(M)
(ZS)
(ZO)

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1,238,Ji,O

(27)

39 1 2«1,320

,aoeutCKWT Dt..,11••

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(15)
(10)

or

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1as,,a,,2111e

5-43, 584

530,'.18♦

2, 721,150

1."711,750
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aoe,447

31,563',751

4,850,9'0

1z,aoo

1«1,-,-

129,!!!!.!!1
129,8Jll,J81

1Ze,SJ8,J81
14,666,S4

1145114)9 I n4

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1 , l37 • 7CB • 506

-o,eu,,1e

cz,m.zee

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1
1,147,N0,229

~
r7,440,Clt9

71,400,000

1,1~,e,,
83 181!6 1 Q30
12,4'45,930

(,2)
(33)

,, ,"400,000

(34)
(35)

. . . . ON • •,unt IUI.CO •• , . . , ..........

_ , ,111QIIUI IIIIIINISTUTIOII
NOMCII AEPORf,

oc,aeo ,,,

(Z8)

(19)
(30)
(31)

1-4,666,l84

,, 125,e.M

cz,m,zee

~

19'J&

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~

N

T A B L E 12
AUOCATIOIIS UIIOER TIIC ERA ACT OF IGJO, BY AQENC l[S MIO BY ACT LIM IUT IONS

...

T,__ A-T 3 I, 1936

, ..,
OTMD

TOTAL

~

LI•

Lt ■ IT&TIDN

( I)

ACT

( I)

TOT Al auoc:A JICNIS

( I)

IIUMhDIT tlf •

AlaltuLTWALl.0-IN

( 9)

A■ IIIAL

(( •>
7)

'( •>
9)
( IO)
(II)
(11)

I I

I I

11,c,,000,000

'413,2'1>,000

1156, 75>,000

IM7,848,!162

119,377,798

114,2112, 108

17 121!1477

!1«>31204

m,440

SDIYtCC

4,403,204
Z,ffl,000
205,000

IE'MTIEIT OF Cc.DICC

fUI)

u. I. r.>LOYal' CIOIPDIUTIOI coatllllOII

9,000,000

(17)
(18)
( 19)
(ID)

lltHIITWll T 0/F THE I IITOI I Ill

t,!?!,ai

(II)
(U)
(D)

IEPMTEIIT OF' UIOII
u. •• Dl"-D--.,cc
lMea ITAJIITln

(15)
(1'7)

CC.•
DI-

..TI_L , _ . . .,oc
,_.,o RIM llrOO•TIIUl:Tlo■ Aa■ l ■ leftt.lJI ..
. . .AL &llllt ■ IITIIATl'fl: - •

I I

•-11•1

I I

,.,
ID)

IIUAIITEIIT OF TH£ llluautlY
1-LllnC-.
l'WL IC HUI.TN lllnl CC
Rmff MY •e OWi l:a
11-■AL -l ■ lntlATtff D .....e

(M)
(IS)

IJAI DCl'AITIEIT
C.,e Dr 01•1-

ID, MB,!110

IIZ,4lkl, 1411

1311, 161,,.,. eze,o 11, 79'5
'!!,31!,333

IIUMTDMITD ~
IDmta&. -l ■ lffUTlff bP-■

(111) WINIU PII08RC&6 ADIi iN IITRAT ION
(19)
IPA IOIIK l'IID.lll:CT8
NYA ,__RA11e
(40)
(41)
Q~ltAL AIJlltNl8TIUITIVC D"ll:-e

J7 ,590, 25!1

11,!IO l ,ZJ!I

18,000,000

l&NI -■ •--■H • - IT TIC ' - - •
. , -l ■ left.Ulff 11:X_,
J/ ,_ N-ft• -O'fl:D NtOlt TO Ju1C 22, 19N,

l ■ TRAT!Ga

11°1

"°"' ....
I'll

IIDIABIL-

1ur1oa

LIIIITATI-

1121

"4,0119,754 l13,!IOl,Z39

I«), 500,000

LI•

( 13
( I)

( Z)

'581,083,611

~

87'!1.000

1,220,040

eoo,ooo
3,288,333
4,0'73,000

!100,000

( 3)

( 4)
( !I)

( 6)
( 7)
( 8)
( 9)
( 10)
(II)
(12)

500,000
887,!IOO

4,403,204
Z,3'5,000
205,000

I, 11•,000

90,000

( 13)
(14)
( l!I)

9,000,000

(16)
( 17)
( 18)
(19)
(ID)

110,000

I, 124,000

~

!2!aE!!2

1!14,000

J!I0,000

1.111111!

,so,000

,, , ,z, 112

l!I0,000

~
'75,000
7!5,000

m.,g

~

J92a.!m

227,400

l!I0,000

Z!l,000
7!1,000

!l.L22!?

!/

1,Z!!,000

e,5'0,ooo

412,500

•••• g

4,109,000
•• 100,000

JEa2!!2

!L2!!!!
1411,000

1,828,000

37,500,000

10,8'8,'Jl!D

11!!111!1

la!!","°

137.!IOO

4110, 702

l,915,7'JIO

"7,500

1411391892
14,399,M

110fn1138

'7,IICJI',,.

l,!S!,IH

11.m.!!!
ll,ffl,M4

110,000

1,000,000 J/

(28)

1,299.299

(29)

7,000,000

(IO)
(JI)
(12)
(3')

1 1 e18 1 M

1,818, . .

••• , ••1

'•996.914
!1,986,914

16... , • ...,
16,.1,467

Z."°1ns

7,!D0,2"

z1 ZOJ 1970
Z,IDJ,910

1111? 11&2

1122915!!2
,,000,000

,. ,

38,SZZ

(I!!)
(Je)
(J7)

l!l1Z111SII!

(JI)

!I0,184

1,9211,151

8,'61,41n

a.a

&II!

~112!1900
4,106,900

(15)
(ZI)
(27)

, • 1'5,!1118
JI0,000
m,000

9.r.?!K

(ZI)
(ZZ)
(ZJ)
(N)

111,,00

I, 15!1,!188
110,000
m,000
1,000,000

,,. '•!!!?
..
IO!l,010,Z"IO

,-o.,ci:r•

ITDII IIOT
IIICL-D I ■
IIPECS,IC

RURAL

533,440

a, 738 1 !!!!!!

16,182,244
4,710,907
18,522

IIATIOIIAL
YOUTH

I I!!&, 7'0, 000 1111,000,000 I I28,250,000 18!1, !500,000 '8!1, 500,000 '71,2'0,000 17 I ,Z!I0,000 185,500,000

5!1,138,ffl

l!M!3 1,•71

--

LAIC-

'75,000

!, 10e,ooo
6,!186,000
180,000

~I

(19)
(IO)

(17)

I I

6,!150,000
412,!IOO

, .... -oocn

111:KTf LOEIIT Au.I 111 ntA Tl OIi

(le)

EDucATI-L,

1196!12!!

111D' AITIEIIT 0/F TNE lllVY
-1 ■ 19TUTlft

AIID OTt<lt

MIICCL-

171,,00

(1.8)

(11)

J,4117, 162
I, 131,4Cl0
7!1,000

LI ■ MY OF CONIIIICSI

IDmlAL

I I

Aaa1euNCt:
fOR

l,& 14,222
,, 124,000
90,000

( II)
(14)
(19)

,. ,
,.,

I I

PuaLIC

FLCOWTltOl.

6/n,!IOO

1111KC-1c•
l'Wl.11 RDAN
IOIL~&TI . . . .IOC
IUDtA&. -l ■ llft&Yl'fl: h - 1

~ -l ■ leT■&fl'fl:

•cllUTI-L

500.000

1'75,000
eoo,000
J,288,333
!1,073,000

1-TIIY
BIOi.Ni CIA&. IIUnCY
laY-.OW MD l'UaT OIIU•TIIC

r..n

PuaLIC

I I

1cuu1111

( 4)

RDAN,A■D

!/

m,920,01111 Sf

(5)
(40)

11,!0l ,ZJQ
11,000,000

!/

IIIIIICI l'HIIIEII AmlNISTRATIOII
PIIOllRCII IIEl'GIIJ, k T - 1!1, 19Je

(41)

143

T A 8 L E

1 3

STA lVS Of FUNDS UIIIER THE ERA ACTS Off 19'5 ANO

1tJ6, IY STATU

TNII-M A-Y J1, 1936

•2.

( 1J
( 2)

( J)
<

•l

ERA ACYf
AU.0c:ATI-

SJATl

LINl

11

( IAIIIIA!I

l

TITAL AvAILA8LC l'OII AU.0CAYIOII
laAl.1.0CAYlD
TOTAL AU.DCATIONI ( IIAJIRANTI IHUED)
IIARUII YI l'DIOl118 APl'II0VAI.

Gl

APPROVEPl

2[

1 ~~

~ 12H

'!!!

c-11111

o,..mue

.\LL0CAYIOlol

UP~ll!JIIII,!

•J

I

A5iY

!f 1UI

•aeeeG tP•oyco l Ofl.lI;J'°"'

LIIIC

"''TWURQ

!!!1
( 1)
( 2)

t6,111,<423,116
681,3'9,257
5,430,063,8'9
28,167,232

(

,

)

( 4)

15,401,896,627

14,751,102,179

13,940,J51,932

1738,177 ,246

"403,767, 1!16

127J,054,504

( 5)

73,333,208
44,565,626
65,256,460
310,273,905
69,6011,034

66,428,271
41,423,193
61,520,614
Vl,J!lll,799
62,831,346

53,210,065
3J,665,07t
51,1",980
234,505,084
54,876,024

7,512,159
2,489,450
4,V17 , 907
40,457,766
1,272,IKIIZ

4,975,696
1,541,590
J,323, 127
22,104,727
4,714,663

J,41•,1,084,Jee
2,k5,1i0
14,860,209
3,478,645

( 6)
( 7)
( I)
( 9)
(10)

48,218,063
7,691,808
12,602 ,637
68,190,570
80,170,328

42,169,622
6,798,122
70,466,545

6,1117,454
631,JH
9,048,607
5,730,456
7 ,11911,473

J,661,365
356,187
4,2912,2117
,,200,2911
4,277,1176

2,741,119
266,904
J,099,408

(11)
(12)

2,CIRS.097

66,391,01Z6

J5,94J,'42
5,145,010
6J,S5,205
49,170,677
57,671,114

2,777,226

(14)
(15)

T1 ,642,245
293, 109,276
108,650,104
54,335,9'24
66,0!58,830

35,612,017
270,794,011
101Z,573,411
50,3,0,247
61, 901 ,652

J0,183,812
221,112, 1(:8
114,229,267
Je,182,187
52,287,196

2,483,'25
42,389,479
15,869,850
5,364,914
7,795,763

1,706,681
29,618,184
11,655,213
2,710,148
4,491,512

1,098,M1
17 ,357 ,IIIO
7,113,919
Z, 122,N3
3,412,411

(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)

70,246,293
64,560,650
J0,716,522
!lt,71J,k3
187,699,973

63,489,247
59,901,916
29,084,9112
55,127,541
170,325,059

50,799,251
49,111,717
24,967,222
39,211J,CM6
147,578,571

1,323,981
7,570,158
2,1J8,386
4,133,821
28, 1175,637

5,124,514
4,610,496
1,272,534
3,'49,723
17,790,443

3,066,328
3,150,540
794,179
1,901,767
14,540,053

(21)
(22)
(2J)
(24)
(25)

164,874,888
116,865,875
73,903, 11,
123,173,022
61,79'2,640

151,815,819
107,302,072
66,070,501
108,472,086
!511,538,645

12,,898,688
91,719,7!511
46,eJ0,239
90,T15,227
47,536,506

21,363,709
14,039,352
6,240,154
17,006,516
4,282,325

14,7T1 ,593
1,157,781
3,070,701
10,01Z3,395
2 1 626,m

9,~,386
6,604,661
1,1104,254
6,9111,612
1,442,493

(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)

57,905,574
14,1!18,763
17,309,6'9
144,8015, 107
43,041,908

52,165,277
131 452,W/
1',ilZ9, ~
131, 13~ ,6'9
40,752,542

38,526,585
10,66J,"6
,,, 128,607
110,354,417
35,054,848

,,211,..,
'62,121
1,115,777
24, 103,6'9
2,628,915

2,182,044
210,063
1, 1117,438
17,230,430
1,516,597

1,n,,»4
214,310
720,lil26
11,484,314
1,01Z9,TT4

(31)
(32)
(33)

(36) ID YNIC
(37) N0IIYN CAIIO&.IU
(38) llollYM IIAIIOU
(39) 81110
(40) 0icu-

61J,J64, 720
69,!167 ,079
40,519,115
273,ffl,234
ell,277,938

632,1126,791
62,161,699
J5,268,1:t2
Z47,051,4ZJ
10,566,011

535,071,141
51,944,"8
27,159,637
206,737,toO
67,252,m

104,659,368
5,999,962
6,631,872

70,463, . .
2,715,384
3,344,954
29,0IU,161
5,693, ...

46,119,167
1,681,032
2,210,7:k
20,911,341
J,11J, 124

(36)
(37)
(,a)

(41)

DIIHDII

(42)
(41)
(44)

1'81118\'UAIIIA

50,671,IOt
.,,, 111 ,eaz
20,167,557
'5.485,311
42,301,672

47,"6,°'8
IM,4'2,ffl

.,011,117
122,51112,949
13,538,a78
40,184,841
29,8'8, IN

2,429....
41,751,495
1,!118,0S7
,,120,m
Z,NS,206

1,ffl,107
J0,44J,716
1,273,363
Z,047,420
2,001,126

(41)
(42)

79,446,J79
175,7112,927
32,,.,m
17,1149,407

61,124,554
160,711,417
30,671,668
17,2JJ,JOJ
62,NO,tM

54,395,100
122,131,399
26,IOJ,193
15,210,sn

7, 1611,Zeo
16,465,ffl
J, 140,176
1,061,CIR5
6,121,414

•• 1,o,S5
7,11211,104
1,786,467
2,971,228

z.t01,411
5,2• • 10!5
1,251,994
314,534
1,979,738

• • 110,tN
. .,111,191
111,. . . . .

......,,,

75,507,957
,., 168,JJ?
96,595,191
1',S77,1M

a,159.2oe

5.2111,m
., • • 057
t,1175,701Z
712,211

, ....,1.,
J,739,JSZ
••25,,:ur
438.MO

4,706,401
9, 147, 103

m,•

Z,064
42,9121

22,1142

1,107,303
6,0IO

121,710
1,...-

51,0IO
1.687

•• OI0,716

2,za,us

1,'91,297

( 5)

TOTAL

( 6)
( 7)
( 8)
( 9)
(10)

AUUIIA
OUOIIA
AIIKAIIUI

(11)
(12)
(U)
(14)
(15)

CONNECT I CUT
DlLUAlllt
DIIYIIICY 0.- COLUNIA
FLORI0A
Q(OIIQIA

i16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)

IDAMO
11.1.111011
INDIAIIA
IMUI

c.u.-o•u
Col.0H00

'""

...,....

(21)

KENTUCKY

(22)

~

(23)
(24)
(25)

...........
IIAINl

IIANA~VYI

(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)

•11•ou•1

(30)

IIOIIUNA

(31)

NUIIAaKA
IICVAOA
Nb IIMNHIU
Nn Jl111a

(J2)
(33)
(34)
(J5)

IICMIUII
IIUEI0YA
IIIIIMIP~I

I n IDIICO

. . _ , Ill.MD

(45)

leufll CAII0U ■A
leufll DMIHA

(46)
(47)

TDAa

(41)
(49)
(50)

TDl■ PIU

. ,,...,..,

,_,
UUII

,.
.,"·-··
...
,.,
VtHI.. A

........

(51)
(52 J . . ,
(51)
('4)

fJ,IOS,W
, • • •,c,19
11'7 ,MO, 174

YINl ■ IA

n,•.m

(9) Al.MU

4•765,M1
10.1•....
700,000

.
...... .,,_

IIAUII

(97) ,..._.. CMa&. Z•1
(,a)
(,a)

,_.,.

(to)

IIT AI.I.ODAUD YI ITAYD OIi

......

TEan•1a

63,51,063

11,IIOll,J14

41,170,412
35,619,403

S,211,'42

.,....,.

11,791,429

1,.za,•11

ttl.741

4.,-,n4
6,ttJ.543
346,013
zs.589,626
ffl,723

ZM,4'5, 117

N,201,711

'2,534,-1

693,SbB

40,NZ,429
10,445,993

4,4117.380

15, t1a,oaz
Z,673, 109

5,6!511,319
1. 130,571

,.oot.9
14,830,138
1,704.421
19,239

u. s. ftlUlao, DIPMYIIDY apaf 1W ITAfUI o, , - _,0111 Ill ---CY I l l . I P ' . _ _ ... " " Aono, 111S -

524,NO

,...,

1916, aa W , . _ , " · 19M.

IOlll(I , _ _ . . AllllllllTIUION

. . . . . , . , . , , - - 15, 1 -

(1J)

(30)

(34)
(35)

(J9)
(40)

(43)
(44)
(~)

(416)
(47)

(41)
(49)

(50)
(51)

(SI)
(51)
(54)

(515)
(!11)
(57)
(51)

(SIii)
(60)

U4

T A8 L E

, 4

STAHi& f1F r11111s UM>Elt THE EIIA ACTS f1F 1935 AIIO 1916, IY A8[11C IES
Tla-N A-T 31, 19'e
DIA Aen • 19" Ae 193' c - 1 - Ex ..lllllTilllLIIIATIONe
LIIIC
NO.

( 1)
( 2)
( 3)
( 4)
I 5)
( 6)
( 7)

( 8)
( 9)
(10)
(11)
I 12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)

PDChT

ALLOCATI ONI

A•IIOT

AiloullT

( WAltllAIITI

A""eovtol
,21

'II

QRAIIO TOTAL

ExTUII OIi 51:R'II ct
r811t1T SDIVICC
HOK [COIIGalC8

l'UIIT I IIDUITRY
MLIC Roaoa
SolL CONeDIVITIOII SERVICE
kA THUi BUIIUU
II II) [1108 IOII CONTROL
8r:lltllAL IIMIINIITRITIVC

J/

tx-•

y

t , ALL►

MOUIIT

,~1

CATI-

A"""'"'ol

OIL I IIA Tl 9111

Exl't•lfUIIU
191

t,403, 767, 19&

tz'73,054,504

11 1520,m
533,440

5,29616'9
3011,983

2131013416
137,801

375,000
600,000

199,"'7
415,638

83,432
5,on

et.2
98.9
!18.4

3,ZBB,333

2,045,117

1,079,SO

5,073,000

&87,500

1, 744,272
174,401

571,998
106,628

4,«13,204
2,35S,OOO

721,284

287,647

zoe,ooo

56,617

38,151

!IIIID 1nz 1&111
533,440
7,151
1,4114,oeC>
1,:,00,730
3,000
17,058,431
4,066
10,754,625
-,,500
40,403
504,025,060
21, 71!7, 198
19,224
2,000,000
10,057,710

4115, 104,013
308,983
7,150
1,224, 121>
741,180
2,990
15,534,«18
4,054
27,014,IIS
174,-401
'9,793
421,366,982
18,325,630
14,414
1,950,000
8,394, 940

~

2:99 1793 1!560

!!:.!

17,128

..

2!1.8

•••,
32·.5
99.7

LIIC

'°•

1738, 677, 2-46

72.9

25.4

(WaaaAIITI

!Bl

13,140,351,932

137,9111
7,040
1,020,9'5
422,582
2,990
14,015,437
4,CJZI
17,951,861
106,628

1931

111

88.0

57.9.
99. 9
81.9
57.0
99.7
91.1
99.7
87.8

fW

ALLOCATI-

Ill

t,4, 751,102,179

IS,401,111>6,627

OEl'AIITENT Of A8R ICULTIME
AuteULTUIIIL ECONc■ IC8
A•IODLTUIIAL [N8Jll[tJIIH
AIIIIIAL l•nMTIY
BIILOQICIL SulvtY
011 IIY I mu&JIIY
ENT-.OOY MID l'UIIT Qu,\IIAIIT I K

0~ ALL►
CITIOIII
!4l

1,1

DIA AoT

l'DICtlfT

( 1)
(
(
(
(
(
(

2)

:,)
4)
5)
6)
7)

( 8)
( 9)
(10)
I II)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)

98.3
83,6
84.1
75.0
97.5
83.5

180,005,-457
16,770,003
13,585
1,950,000
7,335,395

15.5
98.1
:95,7
77,0
10.7
97.5
72.9

17,126

99.9

17,126

99,9

(18)

'9,706

(18)

AOVISOIIY COlilll TTEE ON ALLOfllENTS

(19)

AU£V DIEUING AUTHMITY

190,11"4

65,416

34.4

36,439

19.2

(19)

(20)

U.S. CIVIL SERVICE COIIIISSIOII

120,000

119,814

99.8

116,967

97.5

(20)

(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)

DEPARTMENT Of COIAIERCE
CCNIUI
FIIMERIES
I NDUIIT ■ IIL [COIIOII I Cl

10,oe, 19-44
9,355,948
1'5,996
100,000
20,000
75,000
355,000

8 14153 1560
7,903,516
121,172
65,117
19,034

~

8 1027 1 303
7,534,8117
11:9,565

~
80.5
72.B
57.3
9!5. I

(25)

LI OlfTMOUIEI

(26)
(27)

SUNOAROI
IID«RAL -••11T■ •T1vc

cx,oeu V

e,279

84.5
77.7
65.1
95.2
eo.4

299,442

84.:9

" · 764
Zte,915

1112,6!50

!!8,aKI

sz. I

53,932

1015, !520, 25 I

'°4,908, 725

99.9

to,000

49,292

22,914

(26)
(27)

(29)

10.3

2,826,118

10.0

1:9,1 . .,920

65.7

" · 1"'4,926

e.1

(:91)

9'5,00S,112!1

932,67'0,9!2

99.8

931,Sll,0129

99.6

(SZ)

5,000,000

3,571,494

71.4

3,519,592

70.4

(1:9)

120.62412!2
671,500

!!17!!1448
171,500
57,m
9•,1•
41,192
1,427,840

&!

219881717
8!51,6'7
53,6!16

iL!

118,286
:91,919
11 ICl,:956
ZSS,61t

(30)

Elll'LOYEES' COIIPENSATIOII co•11ssu•

20,210,000

2,704,5216

(:91)

r AAII CREO IT ADIi i NI ST RAT I OIi

20,000,000

(32)

FEDERAL Cll[RQENCY RELIEF AOIIIII.

(33)

IENERAL ACCOUNT ING IIFrlCE

(:94)
(15)
('6)
('7)
('8)

OUARTIIEIIT OF THE I NTDI 1111
AueltA ROAD C-118IOII
IITWIIIIOUI COAL C-118IOII
CIPrl" fW E:DuoArtOII
•0t.NICAL Sullvn
CIWIOC 0, IIIDIAII AF'P'AIH
IIATltllAL , ... SDIVICI
"-■ TO RICO RtCON8TRUCTIOII Aoallt.
-CUIIATl9N
ST. ELIUHTH8 H081'1TAL
TmNIIMIY IO'l'T 0, Y1Hia
81:WRAL A•IIIIITIIATI.-: ~ -

,......

(25)

95.4

DIER6EIICY CONSERYAT ION WORIC

(415)

(24)

e.o

7!1.1

(21)

(ZZ)
(23)

577,Cll,020

(29)

(41)
(42)
(49)
(44)

..

1!11651
52,677

(28)

COOIID I NA TM FOR I NOUS TR I Al COOl'E'RA T1011

(19)
(40)

19,0129

16'1 la!I
119,811

,

(28)

RI

57,333

1,214,000
,, 124,000

70,!IU
l,NO,Ja
104,91:9
1,879,250
II, 790 ,!187

'5,990,795

e,447,ooo
,,e

414,eoo
2,407,979

100.0
81.2
52.0

e.,

97.0

(M)
('5)

76.0

(31)

44.0

(37)

:90.4

(38)

Sle,786

...,

11,7.,340
..., . .,711

'2.6
70.7

20,205, 11:9

'9.4

9,M

,n,1•

99.4
44.1

1,615,6211

67.1

,,

71.0

.. "··

254,ai
l,7!10,5"

72.7

(C-LWID

t,ooe,:9«>

OIi IIQT

!'AU)

(,o)

,,000,000

61.Z
2.2
25.0

412!!3,5412

535.564

2341171

(:99)
J,417, 162
I, l:91,40C>

41:9,?N

2fT7,6611

(40)

tl,0&4

21,M

(41)

(42)
(49)

'°·'

(44)
75,000

9,714

5, IOI

(45)

146

T A 8 L E

1 4 (CONCLUDED)

STATUS Of' fUJIOS UNDER THE ERA ACTS Of 1935 ANO 19!111, BY AOENC I ES
J11-,a1 Au._,ST St, 1936

AUNCY
LIN

•o.

ALLOCATIONS
(IARRAN TS

ERA Acre or 1935 AHO 1936 Cova, NED
OIL I IIATI ()fjll
~IID ITUll£11
f'CRCOOT
PEACE>IT
A-,IIT
CW ALLOAIIOUIIT
OF" ALLO-

ERA ACT OF" 1936
ALLOCATl&i8
(IARAANT8

09LIIIATIDll8

E-OITUIIE8

APPAOW:O

Lllltl:
NO

2

or

( 1l

OEPARTIIENT

( 2)
( 3)
( 5)
( 6)
( 7)

DEPARTMENT Of LABOR
U. So UIPl.OYIIENT S£RVIC[
l•IORATIOII AND NATURALI ZATIOII
LABOR STATIIT ,ca
6i[CRCT AAY' • 0F"f"I C£
GolERAL AIJIIINl8TRATIYE EXl'EH8E8

( 8)

LI IIIIARY Of COii GRESS

( 9)

.A.IST ICE

$ 1, 532, 309

$

$

( 1)

829,367

54. 1

12,874,182
12,456,768
148,771
36,513
69,045
163,085

!U:l

87.0
89.7
13.2
24. 1
71 .8

336,696

79.6

239 ,2:11

56.6

1,946 , 959

1,879,679

96.5

1,688,146

86.7

( 9)

1,282,764

994,516

77.5

916,118

71.4

(10)

24,109,1~
23,693,561
415,615

18 1872 1 680
18,629,833
242,847

~

~

58.4

17,229,914
16,988,191
241,723

213,541

88,826

41.6

84,647

39.6

(14)

464,397,577
105,$5,289
3$,812,288

J901053,099
56,145,724

~

1651006,065

35.5

(17)

PUBLIC IORKS AOIIINI STRAT ION
H-IIIS DIVlflON
N-rEOERAL OI VI II ON

(15 )
(16)
(17)

(18)

RESETTLEMENT AOUINISTRATION

(19)

REVOLV I NO fUjD fOR PURCHASE Of
MATERIALS ANO SUPPLIES

852,254

55.6

15.455.314
14,353,401
175,752
412,500
2196,350
227,311

12,9391060
12,494,547
157,727
54,516
69,068
163,202

.il:2.

423,000

NATI OIIAL EIIEROENCY COUP«: IL

(10)

NAT I OliA L RESOURCES COIIIJ I TT Et

(11 l
(11?)
(1 9)

OEPARTIIENT Of TffE NAVY
YAA08 AIID DOCKS
8£N£AAL ADIIINI STRATl\'E ~NIEi

(14)

PRISCJI INDUSTRIES REORGANIZATION AOMIN.

(15)

( 4)

(1 6)

78.6

86.S
84.6
8.9
24. 1
11.1

$ 21962,500
2,550,000

$11153,129
1,098,613

$ 1I1l0 1 423

1,093,910

412,500

54,516

36,513

( 5)
( 6)
( 7)

171,:!00

91,535

15,446

( 8)

•1 7'551000

71.7

6,586,000

58.2

169,000

1, 761,3118
1,753,411
7,987

382,864
374,877
7,987

2W

333,907,375

22, 901 , 5'}()
142, 104,475

260,746,263

202,044,521

77.5

155,250,694

59.5

3,000,000

2,500,590

83.4

2,500,590

83.4

(19)

(20)

y

311.6
35,338,753

4, "46 ,065

3,804,359

18,398, 'leO

11,256,354

61.2

2,194,457

11.9

(21)

47,987,908
4,850,~
5,861,623
543,584
3,031,750
33,700,001

41,262,320

~

36,607,521

~

!!.&138,$8

3.r.59,880

2,4441934

4,316,603
5,047,3>5
310,271
2,733,124
219,8:15, 117

89.0
86.1
57.1
90.2
85.6

2,026,055

41.S

4,739,792
287,169

80.9
52.S

1,~,588

708,895

481,580

2,!193,511
26,960,894

85.5

310,000

(26)

OE~RTUENT Of THE TREASURY
U, S. COA8T OuAIII>
INTER1-AI. REVDIUE lj
PRClcuRDIIOIT Ot VISION
PulLIC HEAI.TK SERVICE
llDERAI. ADllllll8TRATl\'E Ellf'!NSR

90.o

1,000,000

(27 )

VETERANS' AOlt IN IS TRA Tl ON

1 ,2311 ,3!50

1,1n,395

91.S

1,077,467

87.0

(28)
(2P)

166,5621273
146,020,m
19,377,291
1,164,357

144 1 5211 I 771
1219,942,274
14,563,486
1,023,011

ll:.!!

107 141s 1eo2
94,002,193
12,399,316
1,0M,293

~

(31)

IAII DE:PAIITIIDIT
C-a ~ UICll ■ EDl8
0uAAT~ITPI C-1
au,EIIAL ADIIIIIIITIIATIYE EXPl:111£•

('2)
(U)
(34)

IOAKS PROGRESS AOIIINISTRAT l(Ji
IGll1( "110.1Lcn
8Dlr:RAL -1•1ITIIATtff EIO'f:tlar•

2 1oe1 1896 11167
1,992,496,067
89,400,000

1 1eoo 1296,279
1,719,474,547
80,821,732

~
86.3

11626,094,995
1 ,549
,!5152
76,406,443

lh!

(24)

(25)

(JO)

9/

SOC.CEI

Y
.!/

y

!}/
'§/

f/

9/

(11 l
(12)
(13)

53.2
93.1

RURAL EL£CTRlflCATION AOMINISTRATl(Ji

(23)

( 3)

( 4)

(20)

(22)

( 2)

88.3
75.2
87.9

90.4

,eea

64.4

64.0
87. I

77.S
85.5

(18)

(21)
(22)

(23)
(2•)

140,955
2,410,030

76,0]5
1,887,339

(25)
(26)
(27)

2019311673
16,182,244
4,710,9()7

6671707
667,707

1,634,539
1,634,539

(31)

38,522
61! ,3511193
613,3!11, 193
10,000,000

(28)
(211)
(!!O)

38511251324
373,538,862
11,586,462

261,1188,581
252,616,711
9,371,820

U. S. TREAIIUlff llcPAIITIIIENT IIO'ORT OIi ITATUI OF nitl08 NOYIDED 111 TKE EIERSDOY RELIEF" APPIIOl'IIIATION AC:H Of' 1935 .v,o 1936, AS flT Au-T 31, 1936.

ALLOCATIONII ON THE 8A818 01' UAR.ANTS IHUEO AIOOUNT TO $5,430,063,859, SH TUI.£ 14
hlC:UIOU STATUTORY ALLOCATION CW 1100,000,000 l'IIOYIDED Ill AGIIICULTURI: Al'PROPIIIATIOII ACT CW 1936.
IIICLUD<• 1200,000 FOR THE 8uREAU DI' A111 C-RCEo
IIIC LUDEI AIIIIIIIIITRATIYI: EXl'INIIE8 OIILV '" SuTn AND lClllltTOIIIII -RE REI.It" WAI AmltllllTDt:0 Dllll:CT\.'r fl FEDERAL AQIJIC:IH.
flQUIIE 18 IIOT INCLUDED IN QRANO TOTAL.
INC LUDES SECRETARY'S llF"rlCE.
INC LUDE& NYA PROQR.-..
IORKS PROGRESS AOIIINISTRATION
PROGRESS REPORT, 0CT08ER 15, 1936

(32)

(33)
(34)

T A II L £

15

EST IIIATEO TOTAL COST Of Al't'IIOVEO ,WA NOll-ft:DEIIAL l'ROJECTS FIIIAIICED IIY TN£ OA ACT If 1935,
11T STATES ANO SOIIICES Of F\NIS
T... _H A-T 13, 19'6

(
(
(
(
(
(

2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)

Ill

13 1

M

BRAND TOTAL

1804,6 16,8110

8334,968,HS

41.6

t120,"8,3CP

8021566, 719
9,116,210
9!58,406
6,210,350
56,674,812
I I, 162,557

3S410001745
4,102,346
4211,931
z. 7118,221
25,412,400
5.,.023 • 347

~

120,244.8811
,,014 ,000
!83,000
Z,941, 750
1,067,500
119,000

5,210,520
5'Nl,"469
118,500
4,544,878
4,243,190

e.1
e .o
40.0
31.8
45,0

706,738

TOTAL DIITRIIUTCD BY STATH
ALABAMA
ARIZONA
AIIKANSAS
CALIF"ORNIA
CDUIIIADO

( 8)
( 9)
(10)
(II)
( 12)

C-tCTICUT
DELAWARE
DISTRICT tW CDLWIBIA
fLOIII DA
OEOIIQI A

11,563,817
1,282,202
296,500
14,277,052
9,421,678

{ 13)
(14)
( 15)
( 16)
{ 17)

IDANO
ILLIN018
IND I ANA
KANSAI

l ,5'Nl,9!!9
52,913,386
16, l ◄Z,057
,o,«sz,237
6,922,793

{ 18)
{ 19)

KElfTUCKY
Loul81ANA

(ZO)

IIIAINE

(21)
(22)

IIARYLAIIO

(23)
(24)

(25)
(26)

(27)

!.f!• Af

.._,

STATlt

1)

,WA IIIIA!!!I A{_

EITIMATEO
TOTAL COIT
!21

Lll<I:
1101

IOWA

MA88ACtlUIIETT8

. ..

IIICHIOA•

. , , ,~,
IIIIINEIDTA

IIIH0\#11
IIONTANA

PIA

l'DICHT

e.o
44.8
44.9
44.8
e.o

AllouN1'
l5l

49. I

1,6119,000

18.4

3,!553, 166

38,5

(18)
(19)

1,985,888
26,914,802
23,125,193

IIP3,8UI
IZ, 110,'74
10,429,'62

◄e.o

39,500
190,000

1.7
0. 7

l,0!18,569
14,614,318
IZ, 7'01,!171

53.9
54,3
54.9

(ZO)

45.0
415.1

35,560,7!!11
12,338,622
38,497,37'
13,934, 1117
3,718,049

14,571 ,847
5,405,466
17,307,181
6,171,610
1,688,611

41.0
49,1
e.o
44.ll
45.4

12,731,000
836, 000
14,66 1,700

35,8
6,8
38.1

23.2

453,200
858,000

,.2
23, I

8, 257,912
6,CR?, 156
6,528,495
7,l<»,377
I, 17 1,438

38,Z

2,462,357

17.0

672,450
1,2&4, 192
6,374,432
723,3132

9 • 11118 • 000
9,9!12,000
1,463,000

OkLAHOIIA
ORtQOII
Pl:NIIIYLVANIA
RMDDC I ILAIID
SouTM CAROLI ■&

9,442,651
9,226,738
40, ..... 770
8,663,756
44,846,621

4,245,633
4, 1!1 1, l ◄Z
18,122,741
3,998,800
3,!507,862

◄S,0

45.0
44.8
45.0
7.8

2,210,268
10,,ee,2111
!56,3!50,72!5
2,637,!IIS
2,022,777

922,968
4,e28,B!II
20,814,9!51
1, 1ee,21s
910,246

41.7
44.7
36,9
45.1

(47)

SOUTH DAKOTA
TCMNEHCC
Tcxaa
UTAH
VERIIOIIT

9,529,939
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