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Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm
Technical information: (202) 606-6392 USDL 99-46

Media contact:

606-5902

For release: 10:00 A.M. EST
Friday, February 26, 1999

STATE AND REGIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT, 1998 ANNUAL AVERAGES

Unemployment rates decreased in 38 states from 1997 to 1998, the Bureau
of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. All
four of the nation's regions and eight of the nine geographic divisions
experienced rate declines as well. The national jobless rate decreased
from 4.9 percent to 4.5 percent over this period.
The national unemployment rate reached its lowest point since 1969, and
13 states posted their lowest annual average rates since the beginning of
their series (usually the mid-1970s)--Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Idaho,
Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, South Carolina,
Virginia, and Wisconsin. Unemployment rates were lower in 1998 than in the
prior year in 38 states, higher in 8 states and the District of Columbia,
and unchanged in 4 states. Five states recorded drops of a full percentage
point or more: Alaska (-2.1 percentage points), Connecticut (-1.7 points),
Tennessee (-1.2 points), Virginia (-1.1 points), and Maine (-1.0 point).
No state experienced a rate increase of a full percentage point or more,
though the following registered increases of at least one-half percentage
point: the District of Columbia (0.9 point), North Dakota and Utah (0.7
point each), and Colorado (0.5 point).
Among the states, Minnesota recorded the lowest 1998 annual average
unemployment rate, 2.5 percent, followed by Nebraska, 2.7 percent.
Nebraska has had the lowest or second-lowest rate for the past 9 years.
The other states with rates below 3.0 percent were Iowa (2.8 percent) and
New Hampshire, South Dakota, and Virginia (each 2.9 percent). Seven of the
12 states with rates below 3.5 percent were in the Midwest, and 4 were in
New England. West Virginia posted the highest unemployment rate for 1998
(6.6 percent), followed by Hawaii and New Mexico (6.2 percent each). The
District of Columbia's rate was 8.8 percent. Of the 12 states with rates
at or above 5 percent, 7 were in the West and 4 were in the South. Twentyeight states registered unemployment rates below the national average,
while 20 states had higher rates.
At the regional level, the Midwest maintained the lowest jobless rate in
1998 (3.7 percent) for the eighth year in a row, as every state in that
region had a rate of 4.5 percent or less. The West region, where only

Colorado and Utah had rates below 4.0 percent, reported the highest
regional unemployment rate (5.4 percent) for the seventh straight year.
Both the Midwest and South reported their lowest annual rates since the
beginning of their series (1978), while the Northeast and West achieved
their lowest annual rates since 1989. The Northeast and South reported the
largest declines over the year, -0.7 percentage point and -0.5 point,
respectively.
Among the nation's nine geographic divisions, the West North Central had
the lowest unemployment rate (3.3 percent), as it has for the last 9 years.
For the seventh consecutive year, the Pacific division posted the highest
- 2 jobless rate (5.7 percent). The unemployment rate fell in each division
from 1997 to 1998, except the Mountain division, where the rate was
essentially unchanged. The largest declines were in New England and the
East South Central division (-0.9 percentage point each). Four divisions-the East North Central, West North Central, East South Central, and South
Atlantic--reported new annual lows.
Estimates in this release were derived from the Current Population
Survey, a sample survey of about 50,000 households conducted monthly for
the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census. (The table
includes estimates for Puerto Rico based on a monthly household survey
similar to the Current Population Survey, conducted by the Puerto Rico
Department of Labor and Human Resources.) A description of the survey and
information about the reliability of the state estimates appear in
Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment, 1996, Bulletin 2498.
The length of the annual series varies by state and ranges from 23 to 29
years.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone:
202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-326-2577.
Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years of age and over by region, division, and
state, 1997-98 annual averages
(Numbers in thousands)

Population
Region, division,
and state
1997

1998

Civilian labor
force

1997

1998

Employed

1997

1998

Unemployed

1997

1998

Unemployment
rate

1997

1998

Error range
of rate,
1998(1)

United
States(2)........

203,133

205,220

136,297

137,673

129,558

131,463

6,739

6,210

4.9

4.5

4.4

-

4.6

Northeast...........
New England.......
Connecticut.....
Maine...........
Massachusetts...
New Hampshire...
Rhode Island....
Vermont.........

39,793
10,328
2,523
973
4,726
899
750
457

39,941
10,382
2,530
980
4,750
910
751
461

26,129
7,118
1,723
659
3,260
646
502
327

26,076
7,114
1,709
651
3,273
652
498
330

24,723
6,804
1,635
624
3,129
625
476
314

24,861
6,865
1,652
622
3,164
633
474
319

1,407
314
88
36
131
20
27
13

1,215
250
57
29
109
19
24
11

5.4
4.4
5.1
5.4
4.0
3.1
5.3
4.0

4.7
3.5
3.4
4.4
3.3
2.9
4.9
3.4

4.6
3.3
2.9
3.8
3.0
2.4
4.3
2.9

-

4.8
3.7
3.9
5.0
3.6
3.4
5.5
3.9

Middle Atlantic...
New Jersey......
New York........
Pennsylvania....

29,465
6,197
13,993
9,275

29,559
6,248
14,037
9,274

19,011
4,198
8,835
5,979

18,962
4,155
8,870
5,936

17,919
3,982
8,269
5,668

17,997
3,963
8,372
5,661

1,093
216
566
311

965
192
498
275

5.7
5.1
6.4
5.2

5.1
4.6
5.6
4.6

4.9
4.2
5.3
4.3

-

5.3
5.0
5.9
4.9

Midwest.............
East North Central
Illinois........
Indiana.........
Michigan........
Ohio............
Wisconsin.......

47,386
33,408
9,039
4,456
7,428
8,539
3,946

47,629
33,553
9,082
4,481
7,461
8,561
3,968

33,008
22,900
6,196
3,086
4,962
5,707
2,949

33,152
22,971
6,223
3,088
5,029
5,678
2,952

31,674
21,921
5,904
2,978
4,753
5,445
2,841

31,912
22,063
5,946
2,993
4,835
5,437
2,853

1,335
979
291
108
209
262
108

1,240
908
277
96
194
242
99

4.0
4.3
4.7
3.5
4.2
4.6
3.7

3.7
4.0
4.5
3.1
3.9
4.3
3.4

3.6
3.8
4.2
2.6
3.6
4.0
2.9

-

3.8
4.2
4.8
3.6
4.2
4.6
3.9

West North Central
Iowa............
Kansas..........
Minnesota.......
Missouri........
Nebraska........
North Dakota....
South Dakota....

13,978
2,173
1,941
3,523
4,080
1,236
479
546

14,076
2,181
1,962
3,556
4,109
1,241
480
547

10,109
1,579
1,368
2,625
2,893
906
348
390

10,181
1,570
1,411
2,682
2,857
916
347
398

9,753
1,528
1,317
2,539
2,770
883
339
378

9,849
1,526
1,357
2,613
2,738
892
336
386

356
51
52
86
123
24
9
12

332
43
54
68
119
25
11
11

3.5
3.3
3.8
3.3
4.2
2.6
2.5
3.1

3.3
2.8
3.8
2.5
4.2
2.7
3.2
2.9

3.1
2.4
3.3
2.1
3.7
2.3
2.7
2.5

-

3.5
3.2
4.3
2.9
4.7
3.1
3.7
3.4

South...............
South Atlantic....
Delaware........
District of
Columbia.........
Florida.........
Georgia.........
Maryland........
North Carolina..
South Carolina..

71,491
37,011
567

72,524
37,530
574

47,176
24,441
382

47,834
24,706
392

44,851
23,331
366

45,722
23,702
377

2,325
1,110
15

2,113
1,004
15

4.9
4.5
4.0

4.4
4.1
3.8

4.3
3.9
3.3

-

4.5
4.3
4.3

418
11,425
5,637
3,905
5,605
2,897

414
11,610
5,758
3,941
5,680
2,942

258
7,119
3,907
2,784
3,844
1,931

267
7,228
4,021
2,756
3,794
1,959

238
6,781
3,730
2,642
3,705
1,843

244
6,918
3,852
2,631
3,663
1,884

20
339
177
141
139
87

24
310
169
125
131
75

7.9
4.8
4.5
5.1
3.6
4.5

8.8
4.3
4.2
4.6
3.5
3.8

8.0
4.0
3.7
4.0
3.1
3.3

-

9.6
4.6
4.7
5.2
3.9
4.3

Virginia........
West Virginia...

5,108
1,449

5,159
1,452

3,413
803

3,488
800

3,278
748

3,386
747

135
55

102
53

4.0
6.9

2.9
6.6

2.5
5.9

-

3.3
7.3

East South Central
Alabama.........
Kentucky........
Mississippi.....
Tennessee.......

12,526
3,329
3,002
2,037
4,158

12,647
3,356
3,020
2,059
4,212

8,056
2,168
1,917
1,262
2,708

8,105
2,153
1,924
1,269
2,760

7,624
2,058
1,814
1,190
2,562

7,741
2,062
1,835
1,200
2,644

432
110
103
72
146

364
91
89
68
116

5.4
5.1
5.4
5.7
5.4

4.5
4.2
4.6
5.4
4.2

4.2
3.7
4.0
4.8
3.7

-

4.8
4.7
5.2
6.0
4.7

West South Central
Arkansas........
Louisiana.......
Oklahoma........
Texas...........

21,954
1,923
3,243
2,494
14,294

22,347
1,941
3,274
2,521
14,611

14,679
1,214
2,014
1,601
9,850

15,024
1,215
2,063
1,627
10,118

13,896
1,150
1,891
1,535
9,320

14,279
1,148
1,945
1,554
9,631

783
64
123
66
530

745
67
118
74
487

5.3
5.3
6.1
4.1
5.4

5.0
5.5
5.7
4.5
4.8

4.8
4.9
5.1
3.9
4.5

-

5.2
6.1
6.3
5.1
5.1

West................
Mountain..........
Arizona.........
Colorado........
Idaho...........
Montana.........
Nevada..........
New Mexico......
Utah............
Wyoming.........

44,469
12,322
3,426
2,955
897
677
1,271
1,282
1,450
364

45,345
12,598
3,525
3,016
917
682
1,319
1,295
1,477
367

29,984
8,414
2,185
2,152
633
455
883
815
1,040
251

30,755
8,710
2,272
2,246
653
468
920
831
1,063
258

28,311
8,052
2,083
2,081
599
431
847
764
1,008
239

29,105
8,328
2,178
2,159
620
442
880
780
1,023
246

1,673
362
102
70
34
24
36
51
32
13

1,650
383
94
86
33
26
40
51
40
12

5.6
4.3
4.6
3.3
5.3
5.4
4.1
6.2
3.1
5.1

5.4
4.4
4.1
3.8
5.0
5.6
4.3
6.2
3.8
4.8

5.2
4.2
3.6
3.3
4.4
5.0
3.8
5.5
3.3
4.2

-

5.6
4.6
4.6
4.3
5.6
6.2
4.8
6.9
4.3
5.4

Pacific...........
Alaska..........
California......
Hawaii..........
Oregon..........
Washington......

32,147
425
24,064
880
2,519
4,259

32,747
427
24,559
886
2,550
4,325

21,570
315
15,941
597
1,728
2,989

22,045
317
16,329
597
1,762
3,039

20,259
290
14,937
559
1,627
2,847

20,777
299
15,361
560
1,664
2,895

1,310
25
1,004
38
101
142

1,267
18
969
37
98
145

6.1
7.9
6.3
6.4
5.8
4.8

5.7
5.8
5.9
6.2
5.6
4.8

5.5
5.2
5.6
5.5
5.0
4.2

-

5.9
6.4
6.2
6.9
6.2
5.4

Puerto Rico(3)......

2,722

2,760

1,308

1,311

1,132

1,136

176

175

13.5

13.3

(4)

1 Error ranges are shown at the 90-percent confidence level.
2 Because of separate processing and weighting procedures, totals for the United States differ from the results obtained
by aggregating the data for regions, divisions, or states.
3 The source of these data is the Puerto Rico Department of Labor and Human Resources.
4 Not available.
NOTE: Region and division data are derived from summing the component states. Sub-national data incorporate updated
1990 census-based population controls. Historical data have been revised.