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RW.A. * and INDUSTRY A F O U R - Y E A R S T U D Y OF REGENERATIVE EMPLOYMENT UNITED STATES DEP ART M EN T O F L A B O R Frances Perkins, Secretary B U R E A U O F L A B O R S T A T IS T IC S Isador Lubin, Commissioner F o r s a le b y t h e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . - P r ic e 10 c e n t s MEN AND ROCK AT GRAND COULEE I NT RODUCI NG A STUDY * --------------------- c o n s tr u c tio n o f p u b lic a g a in s t u n e m p lo y m e n t in e ffe c tiv e n e s s o f a n y w o r k s h a s lo n g p e r io d s program o f severe been a fir s t lin e o f d e fe n s e d e p r e s s io n . o f p u b lic w o rk s m e n t, s e v e ra l g r o u p s o f w o r k e rs m u s t b e c o n s id e r e d . m en w h o w ork on sto n e d itc h m asons, s k ille d , th e re s e m is k ille d , a re th e m en th e jo b its e lf. d ig g e r s , and in T hey cem en t u n s k ille d th e fa c to r ie s fin is h e r s , w ho w h ic h lu m b e r , o r s te e l t o b e u s e d o n th e j o b . lo g g e r s , a n d o th e r s w h o s u p p ly are th e m en ju d g in g th e F ir s t, th e r e a re th e c a r p e n te r s , b r ic k la y e r s , and w ork th e w ith p r o v id e B a ck o f th em th e ra w In as a m ea n s fo r r e e m p lo y host th em . th e b r ic k , of o th er S econ d , cem en t, a re t h e m in e r s , t h e m a te r ia ls f o r th e fa c t o r ie s ; and la s t , th e r e a re th e m e n o n t r a n s p o r t a t io n s y s te m s w h ic h c a r r y th e m a te r ia ls t o th e fa c t o r y a n d , la te r , t o th e jo b . E m p l o y m e n t o f t h e s e s e c o n d a r y g r o u p s o f w o r k e r s is j u s t a s i m p o r t a n t in any r e e m p lo y m e n t o f c o n s tr u c tio n . and p rogra m F or m any tr a n s p o r ta tio n m en as ty p e s th e e m p lo y m e n t o f m en on th e s it e o f p u b lic w o r k s th e m a te r ia ls -m a k e r s a re n u m e r ic a lly m ore im p o r ta n t th a n th e m en o n th e jo b . N o tw ith s ta n d in g t r a n s p o r ta tio n m easu re w ith th e r e c o g n iz e d e m p lo y e e s , any accu racy it has th e im p o r ta n c e been am ount and im p o s s ib le , u n til r e c e n t ly , to o f in d ir e c t la b o r p r o v id e d by p u b lic w o r k s p r o je c t s in t h e U n it e d S ta te s . or a new o f m a te r ia ls -m a k e r s W h e n a n e w r o a d o r b r id g e s c h o o l b u ild in g w a s p r o p o s e d , e v e r y o n e k n e w th a t cem en t and b r ic k a n d s te e l a n d lu m b e r w o u ld b e n e e d e d , b u t n o o n e k n e w h o w m a n y m en w o u ld b e e m p lo y e d in fa c t o r ie s t o r a ilr o a d s o r s te a m s h ip lin e s t o s h ip t h e m 3 m ake th e s e m a te r ia ls o r o n to m a rk et. th e T h e im p o r ta n c e o f su ch in fo r m a tio n , n o w and in th e in a p p r a is in g a p r o p o s e d p r o g r a m fu tu r e , t o th e D ep a rtm en t o f p u b lic w o rk s fr o m of Labor th e s ta n d p o in t o f r e e m p lo y m e n t , a n d t o t h e F e d e r a l a g e n c ie s w h ic h a re e n g a g e d in s u p e r v is in g a n d o p e r a t in g p u b lic w o r k s p r o g r a m s , c a n h a r d ly b e o v e r e m p h a s iz e d . F o r th a t rea son , th e B u rea u of L abor S ta tis tic s w e lc o m e d th e o p p o r t u n it y p r o v id e d b y th e p r o g r a m o f th e F e d e r a l E m e r g e n c y A d m in is tr a tio n of P u b lic W ork s in 1933, to b e g in ^ b e h in d -th e -lin e s e m p lo y m e n t ” th e fir s t c o m p r e h e n s iv e stu d y of o n p u b lic w o rk s jo b s . E v e r y c o n t r a c t o r o r G o v e r n m e n t e m p lo y e e in c h a r g e o f a p r o je c t w a s r e q u ir e d b y w h ic h th e A d m in is tr a to r o f P u b lic W o r k s t o k e e p p a y -r o ll re c o rd s show ed num ber of th e n u m b e r o f m en h ou rs th ey w orked, e m p lo y e d and th e on ea ch am ount P . W . A . jo b , th e of pay th ey ea rn ed . S u m m a r ie s o f th e s e r e c o r d s w e r e s e n t e a c h m o n t h t o t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s E ach to g iv e a r u n n in g record of d ir e c t c o n t r a c t o r o r b u ild e r a ls o n o t ifie d v a lu e o f m a te r ia ls w h ic h h e o r d e r e d . th e e m p lo y m e n t B u reau at o f th e th e s it e . am ount and T h is p r o v id e d a r e c o r d o f th e t o ta l v a lu e o f m a te r ia ls u s e d in r e la tio n t o t h e c o s t o f th e j o b a s a w h o le a n d t o t h e s iz e o f t h e p a y fa c t u r e r o f th e ro ll. T he m a te r ia ls to B u rea u w hom a th en s e n t in q u ir ie s t o co n tra ct h a d been th e m a n u le t a s k in g how m a n y m a n -h o u r s o f la b o r w o u ld b e r e q u ir e d in th e p r o c e s s o f fa b r ic a t io n . T h is g a v e a m e a s u r e o f th e a m o u n t o f la b o r r e q u ir e d b y th e m a n u fa c tu r e r o r d e a le r w h o s o ld t h e m a t e r ia ls , t h u s m e a s u r in g t h e fir s t s ta g e o f in d ir e c t e m p lo y m e n t . T h is file o f record s has been m a in ta in e d th rou g h ou t th e life o f th e p u b l i c w o r k s p r o g r a m , f o r m o r e t h a n 4 y e a r s , a n d is b e i n g b u i l t u p e v e r y day. T h e s t u d y h a s h a d th e g e n e r o u s c o o p e r a t io n a n d a s s is ta n c e o f th e F e d e ra l E m e r g e n c y A d m in is tr a tio n o f P u b lic W o r k s , a n d o f th e th o u s a n d s o f co n tra cto rs and G overn m en t c o n s tr u c tio n a g e n ts w ho have been in c h a r g e o f a c t u a l c o n s t r u c t io n j o b s ; o f th e m a k e r s o f s te e l, o f c e m e n t , o f b r ic k , a n d o f th e m a n y o t h e r p r o d u c t s u s e d in th e p r o g r a m . E v e n th e s e r e c o r d s d id n o t t e ll t h e fu ll s t o r y a s t o th e a m o u n t o f la b o r w h ic h h a d fa c tu r e r o r ig in a lly w ho s o ld it g o n e in to th e p r o d u c t b e fo re it re a ch e d to th e P. W . A. co n tra cto r. F or th e m a n u s te e l, cem en t, lu m b e r , b r ic k , a n d p lu m b in g a n d h e a t in g s u p p lie s t h e r e c o r d w a s t r a c e d fa r b a c k a lo n g t h e lin e t o th e o r ig in a l s u p p lie s o f raw m a te r ia ls , t o th e r a ilr o a d s , in t o t h e f a c t o r y fo r fa b r ic a t io n a n d a g a in a lo n g t r a n s p o r t a t io n 4 c a l c u l a t io n s : in search of labor f ig u r e s sy ste m s lin e s to th e opened P . W . A . jo b . th e ir record s M in e s , ra ilr o a d s , fa c t o r ie s , a n d fo r th e p e r s o n a l in s p e c t io n of s h ip p in g a g en ts o f th e B u r e a u , s o t h a t th e s e fa c t s c o u ld b e o b ta in e d . In 1 9 3 3 it w a s n o t p o s s ib le t o g a g e a c c u r a t e ly w h a t w o u ld h a p p e n a s a r e s u lt o f a n e x p e n d it u r e o f a w o r k s f u n d o f $ 3 ,3 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 . jo b le s s a n d in d u s t r y id le , th e p r o g r a m W it h m illio n s h a d th e g e n e r a l a im o f p u t t in g t o w o r k a s m a n y m e n as p o s s ib le , a n d r e v iv in g in d u s t r y as w id e ly as p o s s ib le . B u t n o m e a s u r e d , s p e c ific , s h a r p ly d e fin e d o b je c t iv e , in te r m s o f a d e fin ite n u m b e r o f p e o p le t o b e a id e d in d e s ig n a te d a re a s o r p a r t ic u la r s e c t o r s o f b u s in e s s , w a s p o s s ib le , f o r n o f a c t u a l b a s is e x is t e d w it h w h ic h t o m e a s u r e . The s tu d ie s th e b e n e fits o f p u b lic w ere e re cte d , and of w a terw ork s tra ced and d ir e c t th e w hen and L abor S ta tis tic s have e m p lo y m e n t a r is in g fr o m c o n s tr u c tio n . w hen T hey m easured B u rea u in d u s tr y w orks m a c h in e s w ork s. o f th e to T hey and ord ers show sew ers r e c la m a t io n in d ir e c t la b o r w hat happened w ere w h ic h now ch osen r e s u lte d p r o je c ts crea ted w ere m a jo r ty p e to m en and as d e s ir a b le p u b lic w hen w hen seg reg a ted ea ch p u b lic b u ild in g s u n d e rta k e n . r a ilr o a d T hey c o n s tr u c tio n w a s a u th o r iz e d . W it h th e m a te r ia l fr o m t h e s e s u r v e y s , i t is p o s s i b l e t o f o r e c a s t w i t h a r e a s o n a b le d e g r e e o f a c c u r a c y t h e r e s u lts w h ic h m ig h t b e e x p e c t e d fr o m new w orks p o s s ib le ta k e n to program s a ls o t o b r in g s h o u ld ch oose a id t o ty p e s th ey be deem ed o f needed a s p e c ifie d area d e s ir a b le . p r o je c ts o f th e w h ic h cou n try b r a n c h o f in d u s t r y w h ic h m a y b e s u ffe r in g fr o m It c o u ld or to s h o u ld be be u n d er a p a r t ic u la r la c k o f a c t iv ity . T h u s, k n o w le d g e o f h o w t h e e r e c tio n o f p u b lic b u ild in g s o r o f w a t e r w o r k s a ffe c ts th e b u ild in g in d u s tr y , tra d es, th e p r o v id e s m ore m a te r ia l a n d exact p r o g r a m t h a n w e r e a v a ila b le in 1 9 3 3 . c o n s tr u c tio n -s u p p ly p roced u res 6 fo r any new c o m p a n ie s in p u b lic w orks P U B LIC W O R K S P R O G R A M 1 9 3 3 -3 7 * ----------------------------------------------- T h E n e e d f o r e m p l o y m e n t in in d u s tr ie s e n la r g e d w h ic h s u p p ly p u b lic w orks its th e c o n s tr u c tio n m a te r ia ls p rogra m w as o f th e in d u s tr y g rea test F ed eral in and a ll o f t h e 1933, G overn m en t w hen w as th e s e t in m o t io n b y th e N a tio n a l I n d u s tr ia l R e c o v e r y A c t o f 1 9 3 3 , w h ic h P r e s id e n t R o o s e v e lt s ig n e d o n J u n e 1 6 o f t h a t y e a r . v ir tu a lly n o n e w tio n s . p u b lic b u ild in g c o n s tr u c tio n as in c o n s tr u c tio n A lt h o u g h th e to in w ork had been G overn m en t h ad som e th e ex ten t, w as th e c o n s tr u c tio n . th e fir s t 6 m o n t h s th e c o r r e s p o n d in g p e r io d a c tiv ity D u r in g t h e fir s t h a lf o f 1 9 3 3 c u lm in a t io n to ta l v o lu m e o f 1933 w as o f 1929. of done b y 5 p r iv a te o r g a n iz a a lr e a d y in c r e a s e d its p r o g r a m o f co n tra cts o n ly of new 1 4 p e r c e n t a s la r g e T h is e x tr e m e ly yea rs fo r of d r a s tic lo w v o lu m e r e d u c tio n s in of new C o n t r a c t o r s a n d b u ild e r s , w o r k e r s in t h e b u ild in g tr a d e s , a n d e m p lo y e e s n o r m a lly a t w o r k in fa c t o r ie s fa b r ic a t in g b u ild in g m a te r ia ls w ere w id e ly u n e m p lo y e d . C o n s tr u c tio n w as th a n a n y o t h e r m a jo r A m e r ic a n in d u s t r y . m a k in g m an y m en cem en t d u r a b le a s in m ills 44 goods p e rce n t, In o f a ll k in d s 1 9 2 9 , lu m b e r m ills h a d and ste e l s e v e r e ly d ep ressed A s a n in e v it a b le c o n s e q u e n c e , t h e h e a v y in d u s tr ie s w e r e a ls o d e p r e s s e d . to r ie s m ore t h e fir s t h a l f o f 1 9 3 3 f a c e m p lo y e d o n ly 44 percen t as 4 5 p e r c e n t o f th e ir 1 9 2 9 cr e w s , m ills 54 p e rce n t. M any of th e se w o r k e r s th e m s e lv e s w e r e o n s h o r t t im e . The o r ig in a l a c t p r o v id e d w h ic h a to ta l fu n d e s ta b lis h e d th e o f $ 3 ,3 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 P u b lic to o f p u b lic w o r k s a n d p u b lic r e lie f p r o je c t s . and ex ten d ed th e life of th e o r g a n iz a t io n June 1937 P . W . A . has h ad n o n ew be W ork s a llo t e d A d m in is tr a tio n fo r v a r io u s k in d s L a te r a c ts e n la r g e d th e fu n d s th rou gh June 1939. S in c e fu n d s , b u t h a s fin a n c e d c e r ta in p r e - 7 v io u s ly a p p r o v e d t y p e s o f p r o je c t s u s in g its r e m a in in g u n e x p e n d e d fu n d s a n d p ro ce e d s fr o m The P u b lic t h e s a le o f s e c u r it ie s . W ork s th re e m a jo r d iv is io n s : th e P rogra m w h ic h P r o je c ts began in 1933 to be con d u cted F e d e ra l G o v e r n m e n t, p r o je c ts to be w as u n d e rta k e n d ir e c t ly u n d e rta k e n by by in a g e n c ie s o f S ta te a n d lo c a l a u t h o r it ie s o r o t h e r n o n -F e d e r a l b o d ie s , a n d lo a n s t o in d u s t r y o n a c o m m e r c ia l b a s is fo r s u c h p u r p o s e s as t h e d e v e lo p m e n t a n d im p r o v e m e n t o f th e r a ilr o a d s o r o t h e r p r iv a t e c o n s t r u c t io n a c t iv itie s . S ta te a n d lo c a l a u t h o r it ie s w h ic h o p e r a t e d u n d e r t h e p r o g r a m p r o v id e d m o s t o f th e fu n d s f o r th e ir p r o je c t s , b u t P . W . A . w a s a u t h o r iz e d in it ia lly t o m a k e d ir e c t g r a n ts fr o m th e F e d e r a l T r e a s u r y a m o u n tin g t o 3 0 p e r c e n t o f th e c o s t o f la b o r a n d m a te r ia ls t o b e u s e d o n th e p r o je c t s . m a x im u m lo ca l gran t w as agency fin a n c e d r a is e d th e to 45 percen t r e m a in in g 70 o f to ta l cost. or 55 p e rce n t. L a te r th e The In S ta te som e P . W . A . p r o v id e d n e c e s s a r y fu n d s fo r lo c a l p r o je c t s in th e fo r m A ll p u b lic w o r k s p r o je c t s , in ord er to be or ca ses, o f lo a n s . a p p r o v e d , w e r e r e q u ir e d to h a v e s p e c ific s o c ia l v a lu e a n d t o b e c o n d u c t e d in s u c h a w a y a s t o re lie v e u n e m p lo y m e n t in a re a s w h e r e th e lo c a l e m p lo y m e n t s it u a t io n h a d b e c o m e s e r io u s . R u le s v a ilin g w ages g o v e r n in g in th e a g a in s t " k ic k - b a c k s .” th e lo c a lit y w ork and p r o v id e d fo r th e fo r th e p r o te c tio n paym ent of pay o f p re e n v e lo p e s M o s t o f th e h ir in g w a s d o n e e ith e r t h r o u g h tr a d e - u n io n s , w h e r e c o n t r a c t o r s h a d a n a g r e e m e n t w it h a u n io n , o r t h r o u g h th e o ffic e s o f t h e U n it e d S ta te s E m p lo y m e n t S e r v ic e . T o assu re th e p u b lic w ork s, p la n n e d and P. w id e s t p o s s ib le W . A. use re q u ir e d co n stru cte d . M ost p r o je c t s , w ith th e e x c e p tio n o f th e th a t of a p p r o p r ia tio n s fo r every th e p r o je c t w ork on be th ese fin a n c in g e c o n o m ic a lly p u b lic w orks o f so m e F e d e ra l p r o je c t s , w a s d o n e b y tr a c ts a w a rd e d t o p r iv a te c o n tr a c to r s . A ll w o r k con w as u n d er th e gen eral s u p e r v is io n o f P . W . A . e n g in e e r s a n d in s p e c t o r s . F rom its b e g in n in g in J u ly 1933 t o th e e n d o f 1 9 3 7 , th e P u b lic W o rk s A d m in is t r a t io n fin a n c e d t h e c o n s t r u c t io n o f n e a r ly 1 6 ,0 0 0 F e d e r a l p u b lic w o rk s p r o je c ts a n d a g e n c ie s . p e r io d fr o m B u rea u 1 0 ,5 0 0 p u b l i c w o r k s f o r S t a t e , lo c a l, a n d c o m m e r c ia l T h e v a lu e o f c o n t r a c t s a w a r d e d f o r c o n s t r u c t io n in t h e s h o r te r J u ly of L abor 1 9 3 3 t o J u n e 1 9 3 7 , c o v e r e d b y th e s p e c ia l s tu d y o f th e S ta tis tic s , t o t a le d n e a r ly $ 3 ,7 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 , a s u b s t a n t ia l s h a re o f w h ic h w a s p r o v id e d b y S ta te a n d lo c a l a g e n c ie s . VALUE OF R W. A. CONSTRUCTION AWARDS BY TYPE OF PROJECT JU N E O B U IL D I N G too 1 9 3 3 -J U L Y 1937 200 300 400 MILLIONS OF DOLLARS 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 C O N S T R U C T IO N P U B L IC ROADS W ATER a SEW ER SYSTEM S R IV E R , H A R B O R , a F L O O D C O N T R O L NAVAL VE S S E LS R E C L A M A T IO N R A IL R O A D STR EETS C O N S T R U C T IO N a ROADS FOR ESTR Y M IS C E L L A N E O U S U S BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS M any gram . d iffe r e n t k in d s o f p u b lic w o r k s w e r e u n d e r ta k e n u n d e r th e p r o T h e m o s t p o p u la r t y p e w a s p u b lic b u ild in g s , c o n s t r u c t e d b y S ta te a n d lo c a l a u th o r itie s . T hey b u ilt s c h o o lh o u s e s , c o u r th o u s e s , c it y h a lls , h o s p ita ls , a n d m a n y o t h e r n e e d e d p u b lic b u ild in g s , v a lu e d a t m o r e t h a n $ 1 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 . R oads and and R o a d w o r k u n d e rta k e n b y th e F e d e ra l B u re a u o f P u b lic oth er sew era ge F e d e r a l a g e n c ie s sy ste m s fo r lo c a l c o s t n e a r ly use over $ 7 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 , a n d $ 4 5 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 . F ed eral w a ter arm y e n g in e e r s a n d o t h e r F e d e r a l a g e n c ie s s p e n t $ 3 6 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 o n f l o o d c o n t r o l a lo n g t h e M is s is s ip p i, M is s o u r i, O h io , a n d o t h e r r iv e r s , a n d in d e e p e n in g r iv e r c h a n n e ls a n d h a r b o r s . The v a lu e F ed eral an d T hese o f d iffe r e n t k in d s o f p u b lic w o r k s n o n - F e d e r a l a g e n c ie s is s h o w n a re th e p r o je c t s fo r w h ic h m e n in p r o je c ts th e u n d e rta k e n a c c o m p a n y in g by ch a rt. a n d m a te r ia ls w e r e r e q u ir e d . T h e p r o g r a m g o t u n d e r w a y in 1 9 3 3 , fir s t o n r o a d w o r k f o r w h ic h p r o je c t p la n s w e r e a lr e a d y c o m p le t e d , a n d la te r o n th e la r g e r a n d m o r e c o m p le x e n g in e e r in g j o b s w h ic h r e q u ir e d t io n p r o je c ts , sew erage and a lo n g e r t im e t o p la n , s u c h as r e c la m a w a ter B y th e s p r in g o f 1 9 3 4 t h e p r o g r a m 1 9 3 4 a c t iv it y r e a c h e d its p e a k . th e B u reau of Labor P . W . A . p r o je c ts . sy ste m s, and lo c a l p u b lic b u ild in g s . w a s e x p a n d in g r a p id ly a n d in A u g u s t A t t h a t tim e , a c c o r d in g t o th e r e c o r d s o f S ta tis tic s , th ere w ere 6 3 0 ,0 0 0 m en engaged on I n th is 1 p e a k m o n t h o f A u g u s t 1 9 3 4 t h e r e w e r e m o r e 9 t h a n 6 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 m a n - h o u r s w o r k e d a t t h e s it e o n t h e s e c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o je c t s . P a y r o lls w e n t u p w it h c o r r e s p o n d in g r a p id it y . I n t h e b e g in n in g o f 1 9 3 4 m o n t h l y p a y e n v e l o p e s f o r w o r k e r s a t t h e s it e t o t a l e d $ 1 2 ,8 0 0 ,0 0 0 a m on th and a t th e h e ig h t o f th e p r o g r a m in A u g u s t $ 3 5 ,3 0 0 ,0 0 0 . F r o m t h e p e a k o f a c t iv it y in A u g u s t 1 9 3 4 , as s h o w n o n t h e c h a r t , th e r e w a s a s e a s o n a l d e c l i n e t h r o u g h o u t t h e a u t u m n a n d w i n t e r a s is a l w a y s t h e c a s e o n o u t d o o r c o n s t r u c t i o n w h e r e b a d w e a t h e r s lo w s u p w o r k . a n d 1 9 3 6 e m p lo y m e n t o n th e p r o g r a m A t th e s e a s o n a l h e ig h t o f a c t iv it y In 1935 w a s s o m e w h a t lo w e r t h a n in 1 9 3 4 . in th e s u m m e r o f 1 9 3 5 , 4 5 0 ,0 0 0 m e n w e r e e m p lo y e d , a n d in t h e s u m m e r o f 1 9 3 6 a b o u t 4 0 0 ,0 0 0 . T h ey w orked a p p r o x im a t e ly 4 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 m a n -h o u r s a m o n t h a t t h e p e a k s e a s o n a n d h a d peak m o n th ly p a y r o lls o f $ 2 7 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 T h e p rogra m 1937. in 1 9 3 5 and s la c k e n e d g r a d u a lly t h r o u g h th e P r iv a t e e m p lo y m e n t w a s in c r e a s in g fa c t u r in g in d u s tr ie s , a n d in c e r ta in ty p e s $ 2 9 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 in 1 9 3 6 . la tte r p a r t o f 1 9 3 6 a n d r a p id ly in o f p r iv a te th e h e a v y m a n u c o n s tr u c tio n . The F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t a ls o u n d e r t o o k o t h e r t y p e s o f p r o je c t s f o r t h e r e lie f o f u n e m p lo y e d o f m a n -h o u r s fr o m J u ly but e m p lo y a b le o f la b o r and 1933 th rou g h w ork ers. m o n th ly June 1937 pay is The r o lls show n m o n th -b y -m o n th on on th e th e record P . W . A . p rogram ch a rt. A ll o f th e d e t a ile d fig u r e s a re g iv e n in t a b le 4 o f t h e a p p e n d ix t o t h is b u lle t in . T h r o u g h o u t th e 4 -y e a r p e r io d to th e e n d o f June m a n -h o u r s o f d ir e c t la b o r w e re w o r k e d o n jo b 10 s it e s . 1 9 3 7 , 1 ,4 2 3 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 O f t h is t o t a l 8 6 7 ,- 0 0 0 ,0 0 0 w e r e p u t in o n F e d e r a l j o b s a n d 5 5 6 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 o n n o n - F e d e r a l w o r k . P a y r o lls f o r m e n o n t h e j o b t o t a l e d $ 9 6 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 f o r t h e e n t ir e p r o g r a m . F iv e h u n d r e d t h ir t y -fo u r m illio n d o lla r s o f t h is w e n t in t o p a y e n v e lo p e s o n F e d e r a l p r o j e c t s a n d o v e r $ 4 2 6 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 o n n o n - F e d e r a l p r o j e c t s . T h is m easu res b r ic k la y e r s , sto n e o n ly th e m asons, w ork on th e jo b — th e e m p lo y m e n t ca r p e n te r s , p lu m b e r s , tr u c k g iv e n to d r iv e r s , c e m e n t fin is h e r s , d a y la b o r e r s o n t h e r o a d s , a n d m a n y o t h e r s k ills w h ic h t h e p u b l i c w orks p rogram STEEL c a lle d in t o a c t io n . m il l : P. W . A . ORDERS MEAN EM PLOYM ENT HERE T h e c r e a t io n o f p a y r o lls b e c a u s e o f t h is d ir e c t e m p lo y m e n t h a d o b v io u s secon d ary b e n e fits . W ork ers p r e v io u s ly w it h o u t jo b s ca n d ev ote c h e c k s t o t h e p u r c h a s e o f n e c e s s it ie s h it h e r t o d e n ie d t h e ir fa m ilie s . pay N ew c l o t h i n g is p u r c h a s e d , f u r n it u r e a n d h o u s e h o l d e q u i p m e n t b o u g h t , m e d ic a l c a r e p r e v i o u s l y p o s t p o n e d is o b t a i n e d . board. T h is has w ork ers. put on goods If a d ir e c t th e ir e ffe c t b u s in e s s a d d it io n a l h e lp . m ust p ic tu r e . m en t, F a m ilie s c a n e n jo y a m o r e a m p le B u y i n g p o w e r is p u t i n t o a c t io n . be on m e rch a n ts im p r o v e s w ho s e ll m e a s u r a b ly , to A s t h e ir s h e lv e s a re c le a r e d s u p p lie d . H ere con su m ers’ goods th e th ey r e e m p lo y e d a re o f o ld e n a b le d to sto ck s, n ew in d u s t r ie s en ter th e W it h re n e w e d o r d e r s , t h e y m a y h a v e t o a u g m e n t th e ir e m p lo y h e ld dow n d u r in g le a n yea rs. A n e n la r g e d dem and fo r ra w m a t e r i a l s is f e l t . I t is o b v i o u s l y i m p o s s i b l e t o c a l c u l a t e t h e e n t i r e e f f e c t s o f t h e s t i m u l u s g iv e n b y e m p lo y m e n t c r e a te d o n a p r o je c t . H o w e v e r , s e c o n d a r y b e n e fits d o e x is t, a n d t h e y a d d th e ir fo r c e t o w a r d g e n e r a l e c o n o m ic s tim u la tio n . 12 F A C T O R Y W H E E LS TU R N * A* f l o p la n s w e r e c o m p le t e d a n d g r o u n d b r o k e n fo r p r o je c t s , o r d e r s w e n t fo r w a r d t o fa c to r ie s fr o m th e c o n tr a c to r s , fo r m a c h in e r y t o d o th e w o r k a n d fo r m a te r ia ls fo r th e j o b . F a c t o r ie s c a lle d m e n b a c k t o w o r k a n d , in t h e ir t u r n , o r d e r e d r a w m a t e r ia ls o r p a r t ly f a b r ic a t e d s u p p lie s w h ic h t h e y n e e d e d fr o m m ills . m in e s , q u a r r ie s , c o t t o n w a r e h o u s e s , lu m b e r c a m p s , a n d s te e l R a il, t r u c k , a n d w a t e r tr a ffic in c r e a s e d a s th e s e m a te r ia ls m o v e d t o fa c t o r ie s , a n d fin is h e d s te e l, p lu m b in g , o r c e m e n t m o v e d on w h ic h th ey w ere to to th e jo b s be used. EXPENDITURES I n a lm o s t a ll k in d s o f p u b l i c w orks th e cost of m a te r ia ls MATERIALS, FOR AND DIRECT OTHER LA BO R, ITEMS 1 9 3 4 -1 9 3 5 e x ce e d e d th e a m ou n t o f m on ey p a id out s k ille d in engaged The th e re la tiv e of th e ch art cost and ord ers fo r th e m en c o n s tr u c tio n s it e . s it e to u n s k ille d in th e th e w ages and at show s o f la b o r th e v a lu e m a te r ia ls p r in c ip a l fo r at of each typ es of p u b lic w o rk s u n d e rta k e n by th e p ro g ra m . O n n o n -F e d e ra l b u ild in g la b o r c o n s tr u c tio n a t th e p ercen t of s it e th e jo b s r e c e iv e d to ta l 28 o u tla y , CONSTRUCTION m a te r ia ls 55 oth er expen ses p e rce n t. p e rce n t, and p r o fit and I IH H H 17 O n stre e t a n d r o a d ON COMPLETED NON-FEDERAL PW.A. PROJECTS a ROADS SEWER SYSTEMS Other Expenses Q Profits M aterials Labor at Site U S . BUREAU OF LABOR ST A TIS TIC S ____________________________ 13 Pereent D IS T R I A S t u d y i n t h e s ; IR O N S STEEL PRODU CTS V a lu e o f M a te r ia ls ~ M a n -H o u rs ~ ~ ~ $ 1 5 0 ,0 0 0 2 0 1 ,9 0 0 LUMBER 5 M IL L W O R K V a lu e o f M a t e r i a l s M a n -H o u rs ^ ** ~ ** $ 5 3 ,0 0 0 5 1 ,0 0 0 B RIC K l H O L L O W V a lu e o f M a t e r ia ls ^ M a n -H o u r s ~ ~ ~ T IL E $ 4 2 ,0 0 0 3 7 ,8 0 0 Pay Rolls at Man-Hours a C j h e ERECTION OF A #1,000,000 AT ITS SITE BUT SPREADS EM PLOYM ENT TIMES AS MUCH INDIRECT L A B O R A S 1 7 ,0 0 0 .0 0 0 T 0 N -A t3 U T I O N • R EAD O F B E N E F I T S CEM ENT V a lu e o f M a te r ia ls ^ M a n -H o u rs ** ** HEATIN G S V E N T IL A T IN G V a l u e o f M a t e r ia ls ^ M a n -H o u r s ^ ^ ^ P L U M B IN G M A T E P IA L S $ 2 9 3 ,0 0 0 3 4 4 ,0 0 0 V a lu e o f M a t e r i a l s ~ $ 2 8 ,0 0 0 M a n -H o u r s ~ 2 1 ,9 0 0 ~ ~ PUBLIC BUILDING N O T ONLY GIVES WORK IN INDUSTRIES CREATING TWOANDAHALF VAS USED IN ACTUAL C O N S T R U C T IO N . OF F R E I G H T $ 3 6 ,0 0 0 2 8 ,8 0 0 * $ 3 9 ,0 0 0 2 5 ,6 0 0 p r o je c ts u n d e rta k e n percen t to by m a te r ia ls , lo c a lit ie s , and 24 26 p ercen t p ercen t fo r oth er W a t e r a n d s e w e r a g e p r o je c t s a ls o e x p e n d e d 55 p ercen t fo r m a te r ia ls , and 19 and w ere expended lo c o m o tiv e s , a lo n e p a id p r o je c ts out th a n la n d a n d fo r and m ore fo r m a k in g p a rts 25 p ercen t fo r th e m a te r ia ls . t r a ils shop and and fo r d ir e c t T h is cam p of w ork s it e to and exp en ses. 75 b u ild la b o r . m en la b o r , la b o r , H ig h e s t p e rce n t o f th e and r e p a ir F orestry engaged c o n s is ts 50 p r o fits . p e rce n t fo r w h ere m a te r ia ls s a la r ie s 26 oth er w ork, to expen ses about p e rce n t fo r m a t e r ia l c o s t o f a ll w a s o n r a ilr o a d fu n d s w ent cars p r o je c t s d ir e c tly la r g e ly of on c le a r in g s it e s , a n d r e q u ir e s c o m p a r a t i v e ly fe w s u p p lie s . O rd e rs p la c e d $ 1 ,7 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 w ent to fo r in m a te r ia ls on 4 years fro m p r a c t ic a lly every lin e P. J u ly W . A . p r o je c ts 1933 o f in d u s tr y to June in th e to ta le d 1937. m ore T hese cou n try . s h o w s t h e k in d o f m a t e r ia ls P . W . A . d o lla r s b o u g h t . The th a n orders ta b le C e m e n t a n d s te e l, f o u n d r y a n d m a c h in e -s h o p p r o d u c t s , a n d p r o d u c t s o f lu m b e r le a d t h e lis t . F o r s o m e h e a v y in d u s tr ie s th e s e o r d e r s w e r e s tr o n g c o n t r ib u t in g fa c t o r s fo r s ta b ilit y in th e e a r ly yea rs o f th e program b e fo re p r iv a te in d u s tr y 72 p e r c e n t o f t h e e n tir e d o m e s tic a g a in b e g a n t o u s e h e a v y m a te r ia ls . C e m e n t ord e rs fro m c e m e n t o u t p u t in 1 9 3 4 . T able P . W . A . took A s g e n e r a l b u s in e s s r e v i v e d , t h e s e o r d e r s b e c a m e 1.— M aterials Ordered f o r P . W . A . Jobs , J u ly 1 9 3 3 —J u n e 1 93 7 [Millions of dollars] Stone, clay, and glass__________ 495 Machinery_______________________ 292 Cement______________ 185 Sand and gravel______ 98 Concrete, etc_________ 54 Brick, tile, etc_________ 52 Other__________________ 106 Foundry and machineshop products__________ 150 Electrical machinery and supplies_______________ 74 Other___________________ 68 Iron and steel products_______ 466 Lum ber_________________________ 104 Structural and rein forcing steel__________ 172 Cast-iron pipe________ 51 Heating and ventila tion equipment_____ 43 Other__________________200 Miscellaneous___________________ 235 Transportation equipm ent___ Petroleum products_____ Plumbing supplies______ Electric wiring and fix tures__________________ Paving materials________ Nonferrous metals_______ Textiles_________________ Other___________________ 90 Railway freight ca rs ... 39 Locomotives___________ 18 Other_________________ 33 16 46 31 33 24 12 2 87 r e la t iv e ly le s s im p o r t a n t , a lt h o u g h in 1 9 3 5 t h e y a c c o u n t e d f o r 3 7 p e r c e n t o f th e to ta l. B y 1 9 3 6 th e y h a d d r o p p e d t o 17 p e r c e n t o f d o m e s tic o u tp u t. P . W . A . o r d e r s f o r b r ic k a n d h o llo w b u ild in g t ile in c r e a s e d e a c h y e a r fr o m 1934 to 1936. In 1 9 3 4 , th e y a m o u n te d t o a b o u t o n e -fo u r th o f th e e s t im a t e d v a lu e o f a ll s h ip m e n t s , in 1 9 3 5 t o 2 7 p e r c e n t , a n d in 1 9 3 6 t o 4 3 p e rce n t. S t e e l r a il m ills b e n e fit e d a lm o s t a s m u c h a s c e m e n t a n d b r i c k . In 1934, th e r a ilr o a d s w h ic h w e r e g r a n te d P . W . A . lo a n s t o m a k e r e p a ir s t o th e ir r o a d b e d s o r t o e x t e n d t h e ir lin e s , p la c e d o r d e r s a c c o u n t in g fo r 4 8 p e r c e n t o f t h e v a lu e o f a ll r a ils p r o d u c e d in t h a t y e a r . c o n s id e r a b ly d u r in g th e n e x t 2 y e a r s . T h e se ord ers ta p ered o ff In 1935 th e y a m ou n ted to 9 p ercen t o f th e v a lu e o f th e N a t io n ’ s p u r c h a s e s a n d in 1 9 3 6 t o 6 p e r c e n t. I n t h e lu m b e r in d u s t r y P . W . A . o r d e r s in t h e 3 y z y e a r s fr o m J u ly 1 9 3 3 t h r o u g h D e c e m b e r 1 9 3 6 t o t a l e d 3 ,3 7 5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 b o a r d fe e t . M a n y o f th e o t h e r h e a v y in d u s tr ie s , s e v e r e ly d e p r e s s e d in 1 9 3 3 a n d 1 9 3 4 , w ere g iv e n a n in it ia l im p e t u s in 1934 and 1935 fro m P. W . A . b u y in g . T h e y c o n t in u e d t o p r o v id e m a te r ia ls fo r th e P u b lic W o r k s P r o g r a m in 1 9 3 6 an d 1937. D u r i n g a ll o f t h is p e r i o d e m p lo y m e n t in t h e h e a v y in d u s t r ie s r e c o v e r e d r a p i d ly , a s is i n d i c a t e d o n t h e c h a r t . I t is c le a r t h a t i n som e in d u s tr ie s , P . W . A . o r d e r s p la y e d a v it a l p a r t in in c r e a s in g e m p lo y m e n t . 17 T h e a m o u n t o f e m p lo y m e n t a c t u a lly g iv e n t o fa c t o r y la b o r as a r e s u lt o f th e s e o r d e r s fo r m a te r ia ls w a s s h o w n b y m o n t h ly r e p o r ts s u b m it te d b y n e a r ly 4 0 ,0 0 0 c o n t r a c t o r s w h o p la c e d h u n d r e d s o f t h o u s a n d s o f c o n t r a c t s , a n d b y th e fa c to r ie s fr o m In w h ic h th e m a te r ia ls w e r e o r d e r e d . fiv e o f th e m a jo r in d u s tr ie s w h ic h s u p p lie d th e p r in c ip a l m a te r ia ls f o r p u b lic w o r k s , th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta t is t ic s m a d e in t e n s iv e s tu d ie s o f th e a ccou n ts k e p t b y in d iv id u a l c o m p a n ie s t o d e t e r m in e as p r e c is e ly p o s s i b le t h e a m o u n t o f l a b o r g e n e r a t e d a ll a lo n g t h e lin e — f r o m as t h e m in e t h a t s u p p lie d th e o r e , o r th e lo g g in g c a m p in w h ic h t h e o r ig in a l tr e e s w e r e fe lle d to fa cto ry . m ake th e T hese lu m b e r , p ro d u cts th ro u g h w ere th e s te e l, tr a n s p o r ta tio n cem en t, c l a y p r o d u c t s , a n d p l u m b i n g s u p p lie s . lu m b e r , sy ste m b r ic k to and th e oth er T r a n s p o r t a t io n a g e n c ie s w e r e a ls o s tu d ie d in d e ta il. T hese a n a ly s e s in d ic a te d th a t fo r every hour o f la b o r crea ted on a p u b l i c w o r k s p r o j e c t u n d e r t a k e n b y a n o n - F e d e r a l a g e n c y , 2 .5 h o u r s w e r e s p e n t b y e m p lo y e e s e n g a g e d in s u p p ly in g a n d t r a n s p o r t in g t h e m a te r ia ls fo r th e p r o je c t. m a n -h o u r s of O n t h is b a s is i t is e s t i m a t e d t h a t m o r e t h a n 1 ,4 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 la b o r w ere re q u ir e d in m in e s , fo r e s ts , fa c to r ie s , and on t r a n s p o r ta t io n s y s te m s t o s u p p ly th e n e c e s s a r y m a te r ia ls a n d t a k e th e m t o n o n - F e d e r a l P . W . A . j o b s , a n d in a d m in is t r a t io n . W h e n t h is is c o m b in e d w it h t h e 5 5 6 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 m a n -h o u r s o f d ir e c t e m p lo y m e n t a t t h e s it e , it a p p e a r s t h a t th e n o n -F e d e r a l P . W . A . c o n s t r u c t io n p r o g r a m crea ted 1 ,9 5 6 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 m a n -h o u r s o f w o r k . e m p lo y m e n t of 9 8 0 ,0 0 0 m en fo r one yea r, r e p r e s e n t a n o r m a l y e a r o f fu ll e m p lo y m e n t . p le te d o f p r o je c ts on th e a s a w h o le T h i s is t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f t h e a s s u m in g th a t 2 ,0 0 0 h ou rs A n a ly s is h a s n o t b e e n c o m F e d e r a l p r o g r a m , w h ic h in th e a gg rega te p r o v i d e d m o r e l a b o r a t t h e s it e t h a n t h e n o n - F e d e r a l p r o g r a m . T h e r e w a s c o n s id e r a b le d iffe r e n c e in t h e a m o u n t o f in d ir e c t la b o r n e e d e d to s u p p ly m a te r ia ls fo r d iffe r e n t ty p es o f p r o je c ts . F or e x a m p le , c o n s t r u c t i o n o f w a t e r s u p p ly s y s t e m s i n v o l v e d m u c h le s s i n d i r e c t l a b o r t h a n lig h t a n d p o w e r p la n ts , w h ic h re q u ir e f o r e s t r y p r o j e c t s r e q u i r e d l e a s t o f a ll. 18 e x p e n s iv e heavy m a c h in e r y , a n d FO R FUTURE USE * a lo o k t o t h e fu t u r e , t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta t is t ic s s in g le d o u t fo r s p e c ia l stu d y th re e P . W . A . p rogra m ty p es fr o m o f p r o je c t s 1933 th rou g h s e w e r a g e p r o je c t s , a n d r e c la m a t io n w ith h u n d red s d e v e lo p e d o f m illio n s fu n d a m e n ta l p r o je c ts . o f d o lla r s r a t io s w h ic h fo r fig u r e d h e a v ily in th e 1 9 3 7 — p u b lic b u ild in g s , w a t e r a n d w o rth O n t h e b a s is o f e x p e r ie n c e o f c o n s tr u c tio n , th e d e t e r m in in g p lo y m e n t b e n e fits w h ic h w o u ld r e s u lt fr o m th e in d u s tr ia l B u reau and em a n e x p e n d it u r e o f $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 o n e a ch ty p e o f p r o je c t. The in d ir e c t la b o r crea ted by every $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 o f co n tra cts aw ard ed f o r p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s is i l l u s t r a t e d b y t h e c h a r t o n t h e c e n t e r p a g e s o f t h i s book. A b o u t 3 4 4 ,0 0 0 m a n -h o u r s F o r th e m in in g a n d p r o d u c t io n o f la b o r w o u ld o f raw be crea ted a t th e s it e . m a te r ia ls , tr a n s p o r ta t io n , m a n u f a c t u r e , a n d d is t r ib u t io n n e c e s s a r y t o s u p p ly t h e n e e d s o f t h e $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 c o n t r a c t , 7 4 0 , 0 0 0 m a n - h o u r s o f i n d i r e c t o r ffb e h i n d - t h e - l i n e s ” l a b o r w o u l d b e r e q u ir e d . a to ta l of T h u s , f o r t h e e x p e n d it u r e o f $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 o n a p u b l i c b u ild in g , 1 ,0 8 4 ,0 0 0 th e to ta l, o n ly b e in g raw spread th ro u g h m a te r ia ls , sh ow n in th e m a n -h o u r s a p o r tio n and ch a rt. of w o u ld e m p lo y m e n t appear d ir e c tly w o u ld be at th e crea ted . m a n u fa c tu r in g , tr a n s p o r ta tio n , a n d p r o d u c tio n in a d m in is tr a tio n T h u s , th e and e x p a n d in g overhead w ave O f s it e , t h e b a la n c e on th e p r o je c t , of as o f e m p lo y m e n t w o u ld m o v e o u t t o m a n y p o in t s in th e in d u s tr ia l s y s te m . S ix m a j o r t y p e s o f b u i l d in g m a t e r ia ls w e r e f o u n d t o b e n e f i t c h ie f l y f r o m th e c o n s tr u c tio n o f p u b lic b u ild in g s . If a $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 co n tra ct w ere to b e a w a r d e d f o r a p u b lic b u ild in g u n d e r t h e s a m e c o n d it io n s a s t h o s e w h ic h p r e v a ile d v o lu m e ty p e s d u r in g o f ord ers th e h e ig h t o f th e in d ic a te d o f m a te r ia ls . in M a n -h o u r s P. ta b le W . A . p ro g ra m , th e 2 be e x p e cte d o f e m p lo y m e n t r e q u ir e d m a te r ia ls a re a ls o s h o w n . m ig h t 19 to a p p r o x im a te fo r th e se s ix m a k e th ese T a b l e 2 . — V alue o f Specified T yp es o f M aterials Purchased p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 o f Contracts A w ard ed f o r P . W . A . B uilding Construction Projects Estimated man hours created in mining, trans porting, and manufacturing materials Estimated value of orders placed Type of material i Iron and steel products, n. e. c Lumber and millwork ____ _______________________________ _____ Brick and hollow tile . _ ___ ______________________ . Cement Heating and ventilating materials___ ... .. . _ _______________ Plumbing materials________ .. . _____________ On w a ter a n d o n -s ite s e w e ra g e p r o je c t s e m p lo y m e n t m ay be $150, 000 53, 000 42,000 39, 000 36, 000 28, 000 201, 900 51, 000 37, 800 25, 600 28, 800 21, 900 a s o m e w h a t la r g e r v o lu m e ex p e cte d . F or $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 of of d ir e c t co n tra cts a w a r d e d , i t is e s t i m a t e d t h a t 3 8 7 ,0 0 0 m a n - h o u r s o f s it e e m p l o y m e n t w o u ld r e s u lt. T o s u p p ly m a n -h o u r s b e h in d b u tio n ya rd s, on th e m a te r ia ls fo r th e p r o je c t s w a ter and ra ilr o a d s and tru ck sew erage p r o je c ts , lin e s h a n d lin g 7 6 0 ,0 0 0 tr a n s p o r ta tio n , F o r a $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 a w a r d in c o n t r a c t s th e re fo re , a to ta l m a n -h o u r s o f d ir e c t a n d in d ir e c t la b o r w o u ld b e A r e q u ir e t h e lin e s in t h e m in e s , fo r e s t s , m ills , f a c t o r i e s , d is t r i th e a n d o th e r e x p e n se s o n th e p r o je c t. fo r w o u ld of about 1 ,1 4 7 ,0 0 0 a n tic ip a te d . w i d e v a r i e t y o f m a t e r i a l s is r e q u i r e d f o r p r o j e c t s o f t h i s t y p e . orders to be e x p e cte d by in d u s tr y fr o m th is k in d of The u n d e r ta k in g are s h o w n in t a b le 3. T able 3 . — Value o f Specified T yp es o f M aterials Purchased p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 o f Contracts A w arded f o r P . W . A . W ater and Sewerage Projects Estimated value of orders placed Type of material All materials______ ____ ____________ ________ $520, 000 Iron and steel products, n. e. c Cast iron pipe and fittings _____ _ ___ __ ____________ ______ . ___ ________ Foundry and machine shop products, n. e. c Concrete pipe, premixed concrete, etc______ ._ _ ________ _________ ____ _________ C e m e n t._____ _______________ __________ . . . 112 , 0 0 0 88, 000 Sand, gravel, and crushed stone______ ____ . . . . _. ______________ _____ ___ __ . . . Terra-cotta pipe, and other clay products ______ ______________ ___________ _ Lumber and timber products ______ ___ . . . ___ _______________ . . _____________ Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies____________ . . . ____ _____ __ ________ Other m aterials... _____ __ . . . ____ __ . . . . . _________ . . . . _____ . _______ 29, 000 26, 0 0 0 R e c la m a t io n b ilit ie s . _ __ . . . . _ _ ... d e v e lo p m e n ts w e re n e x t a n a ly z e d fo r th e ir fu tu r e 82,000 50, 000 39.000 2 1 .0 0 0 18, 0 0 0 55, 000 p o s s i I n t h is c a s e it w a s f o u n d t h a t f o r e v e r y $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 o f c o n t r a c t s , 20 S O C IA L L Y U SEFU L P R O J E C T S , S E R V IN G A D E F IN IT E PU RPOSE 4 0 2 ,0 0 0 m a n -h o u r s o f d ir e c t e m p lo y m e n t w o u ld b e c r e a t e d . T h is w o u ld m ean r e q u ir e d in tu rn "u n seen ” id e a th e th a t c lo s e e m p lo y m e n t t o o f th e ty p e a m ou n ts to 6 9 1 ,0 0 0 m a n -h o u r s o f m a te r ia ls n e c e s s a r y o f each w o u ld s u p p ly th e n e e d s o f th e m e n k in d is p r o v i d e d by be in o n t h e lin e . ta b le o f m a te r ia l n e c e s s a r y fo r e v e r y An 4 , s h o w in g $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 of co n tra cts a w a rd ed . T able 4 .— Value o f Specified T yp es o f M aterials Purchased p e r $ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 o f Contracts A w arded f o r P . TV. A . Reclamation Projects Estimated value of orders placed Type of material A ll materials. $480, 000 Iron and steel products, n. e. c _______________ Cement______________________________________ Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies. Foundry and machine shop products, n. e. c_ _ 108,000 106,000 82,000 58,000 Engines, turbines, etc_______ Lumber and timber products. Sand and gravel_____________ Other materials_____________ 30, 000 23, 000 13, 000 60, 000 A c r o s s -s e c t io n o f th e e x p e n d it u r e s o f p u b lic w o r k s fu n d s o n th e s e th r e e ty p es o f program s is P . W . A . p rogram T able g iv e n in th e a n a ly s is o f c o n s tr u c tio n on th e 5 .—-A n a lysis o f Construction Costs on the P . TV. A . Program Building construc tion Item Man-hours of site labor created per $1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 Average hourly earnings at the site___ . Relative cost of: Labor . . . __ _ _______ . Material. . . . __ ________ . Other expenses and profit ... A n a ly s is costs in t a b le 5. o f cost on m ore of contracts awarded.. _ .. _ 344,000 $0. 854 Percent . ____ one th ou sa n d Reclama tion proj ects 387, 000 $0. 749 Percent 29.3 54. 1 16. 6 . . . __ th a n Water and sewerage systems c o m p le te d 402, 000 $0. 673 Percent 29.0 52.0 19. 0 27.0 48.0 25.0 n o n -F e d e r a l P . W . A . p r o je c t s in d ic a te s t h a t th e e q u iv a le n t o f th e e m p lo y m e n t o f o n e m a n fo r by th e 1 m on th in la b o r a t th e e x p e n d it u r e s it e a n d o n o f a p p r o x im a te ly $136. m a te r ia ls c a n h e p r o v id e d O f t h is a m ou n t, about $61 o r 4 5 p e r c e n t w a s p r o v id e d b y th e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t d u r in g th e la tt e r p a r t o f th e P . W . A . p r o g r a m , a n d $ 7 5 w a s p a id b y th e c o m m u n it y w h ic h u n d e rto o k th e p r o je c t . T h is c o m p o s ite 22 m a n -m o n th o f la b o r w o u ld be w orked a t th e c o n s tr u c tio n tr a n s p o r ta tio n th e p r o je c t . s it e a n d d is t r ib u t io n In m a k in g th is o r in a m in e , fo r e s t o r f a c t o r y , in o f m a te r ia ls , o r in th e a d m in is tr a t io n e s tim a te , th e B u reau based its fig u r e s th e of on w a g e s a n d w o r k in g c o n d it io n s p r e v a ilin g in 1 9 3 7 in th e c o n s t r u c t io n i n d u s tr y a n d in o t h e r in d u s tr ia l e n te r p r is e s . T h u s , t h e e s t im a t e is u p - t o - d a te w it h r e fe r e n c e t o w a g e le v e ls a n d o t h e r c o s t s , a lth o u g h m u c h o f th e in fo r m a tio n on w h ic h th e stu d y is b a s e d w as o b ta in e d fro m P. W . A . p r o je c t s b e g u n in 1 9 3 4 a n d 1 9 3 5 . T h u s , t h r o u g h m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e r e s u lt s o f t h e p u b lic w o r k s p r o g r a m in a c t u a l o p e r a t io n , y a r d s t ic k s h a v e b e e n e v o lv e d b y w h ic h t h e e ffe c t s o f fu t u r e p r o g r a m s c a n b e e v a lu a t e d in a d v a n c e . S h o u ld a n e w p u b lic w o r k s p r o g r a m b e u n d e r ta k e n a t s o m e fu t u r e t im e , th e fa c ts p r o v id e d by t h is stu d y w ill e n a b le t o a p p r a is e p r o p o s e d p r o j e c t s w it h a v i e w th o se w ho a re p la n n in g it t o p r o v id in g t h e w is e s t d is t r i b u t io n o f e m p lo y m e n t a n d th e m o s t e ffe c t iv e u se o f la b o r . M A C H IN E R Y AT REST A P P E N D IX * ----------------------- T, HE f o l l o w i n g ta b le s c o n ta in th e s ta t is t ic a l s u m m a r ie s w ork ed out by t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s d u r in g its s u r v e y o f t h e 4 -y e a r r e c o r d o f th e P u b lic W o r k s A d m in is tr a tio n . T able 1.— Value o f Contracts A w ard ed and F orce-A ccou n t W ork Started on P . W . A . Construction P rojects , J u ly 1 9 3 3 to J u n e 1 9 3 7 [Subject to revision] Type of project All types----- ---------------- Total -------------------------------- Building construction________ _ _ _ . _ ___ Forestry. ___________ . . . . . . . _ _ ____ __ _ N aval vessels_____ __ _ _______ _________ P ublic roads2_____ __ __________ __ Railroad construction and repair. __ _______ _ _ Reclamation___ _ __ _ ____ _____ _ _ River, harbor, and flood control___ ___ ------------Streets and road s3 _ ___ ----------- ---------------------Water and sewerage systems-------------------------------Miscellaneous _ _________ _ ____ __ _ _ _ _ 1 Includes 2 Includes 3 Includes T able Federal Non-Federal i $3, 674, 243, 875 $1, 705, 796, 600 i $1, 968, 447, 275 i 1,197,183, 257 16, 083, 745 247,053,184 699, 232, 574 209, 972, 738 222,112, 579 362, 345, 299 146, 175, 370 460,040, 458 114, 044, 671 186, 273,197 16, 083, 745 247,053,184 600, 313, 217 11,010. 910, 060 201, 378, 782 355,817, 456 41,324, 684 6, 595, 360 50, 956, 975 98,919, 357 209, 972, 738 20, 733, 797 6, 527, 843 104, 850, 686 453, 445, 098 63, 087, 696 $88,602,456 low-cost housing projects (Housing Division, P. W . A .). data for which contracts were awarded b y the Bureau of Public Roads. data other than those for which contracts were awarded b y the Bureau of Public Roads. 2 . — P a y -R o ll Disbursem ents W ork ed at Site , on P . and M a n -H o u r s W. A. Projects b y T y p e o f P roject , J u ly 1 9 3 3 to J u n e 1 9 3 7 [Subject to revision] Pay-roll disbursements T ype of project Total All types_________________ Number of man-hours worked NonFederal Federal Total NonFederal $959, 897, 748 $533, 655, 845 i$426, 241, 903 1,423,183,090 866,976,153 1556, 206, 937 Building construction___ _ 280, 070, 877 52, 285, 296 1 227, 785, 581 10, 322, 965 10,322, 965 Forestry. _ _______ ____ 97,175, 330 97,175, 330 Naval vessels ___ 189, 738, 304 189, 738, 304 Public roa d s 2_________ (3) 21,667, 922 21,667,922 Railroad construction. _ _ Railroad shops, operated b y 16, 724,789 16, 724, 789 railroads _ _ __ _ ____ __ 56,491,685 56, 491,685 R eclam a tion ___ River, harbor, and flood control 8 8 , 717, 398 8 8 , 717,398 56,848,656 16, 276, 066 40, 572, 590 Streets and roads 4_ ___ W ater and sewerage sys 1, 780, 432 105,064,153 tems. _____ __ _______ 106, 844, 585 35, 295, 237 20,868,369 14,426,868 Miscellaneous____________ 1 Includes data for low-cost housing projects (Housing Division, 2 Under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Public Roads. 3 Data for non-Federal public roads included under “ streets and 4 Other than those reported b y the Bureau of Public Roads. Federal 24 332, 759, 215 69, 387,334 1263, 371,881 16,920, 816 16,920, 816 118, 734,157 118, 734,157 379,805, 751 379,805, 751 (3) 40, 531,839 40, 531, 839 25, 967, 243 84, 300, 486 25, 967, 243 84, 300,486 130, 276,076 130, 276,076 94,392, 399 29, 969,626 143, 531, 667 55, 963,441 P. W . A .). roads.” 64,422, 773 2, 920,040 140, 611,627 34,661, 867 21, 301, 574 T a b l e 3 . —P a y -R o ll Disbursem ents and Value o f M ateria l Orders Placed , on P . TV. A P rojects , b y T y p e o f P roject, J u ly 1 9 3 3 to J u n e 1 9 3 7 [Subject to revision] Pay-roll disbursements Value of material orders placed T ype of project Total A ll types NonFederal Federal Total Federal NonFederal $959, 897, 748 $533, 655, 845 i $426, 241,903 $1, 708,685, 535 $816,174,530 1$892, 511,005 _ __ Building construction___ Forestry __ _ Naval vessels. Public roa d s2. . . _ _ Railroad construction___ Railroad shops, operated b y railroads . .. Reclamation _ River, harbor, and Rood control Streets and roads 4 _____ W a te r and sew era ge systems___ M iscellaneous... ._ . 280, 070, 877 10, 322,965 97,175, 330 189, 738, 304 21, 667, 922 52, 285, 296 i 227, 785, 581 10, 322,965 97,175, 330 189, 738, 304 ( 3) 21, 667,922 16, 724, 789 16, 724, 789 56, 491, 685 56, 491, 685 8 8 , 717, 8 8 , 717, 398 56,848, 656 106,844, 585 35, 295, 237 524,689, 557 92, 845, 848 i 431,843, 709 4,952, 266 4, 952, 266 108, 621,882 108, 621,882 316, 612,154 316, 612,154 ( 3) 45, 564, 592 45, 564, 592 50, 802,876 101,458, 910 101, 458,910 50, 802, 876 398 16, 276,066 40, 572, 590 130, 581, 707 130, 581, 707 83,730, 668 12,443, 541 71, 287,127 1, 780,432 20, 8 6 8 , 369 105,064,153 14, 426, 868 194,163,160 147, 507, 763 2, 772, 309 45, 885,913 191, 390, 851 3 101, 621, 850 1 Includes data for low-cost housing projects (Housing Division, P. W . A .). 2 Under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Public Roads. 3 Data for non-Federal public roads included under “ streets and roads.” 4 Other than those reported b y the Bureau of Public Roads. 5 Includes orders placed b y railroads for new equipment ($62,715,301). T a b l e 4 . — E m p lo ym en t and P a y R olls , J u ly 1 9 3 3 to J u n e 1 9 3 7 , Inclusive , on Projects Financed F rom P u blic W orks Adm inistra tion F unds [Subject to revision] Maximum num ber employed Year and month July 1933 to June 1937, inclusive Pay-roll dis bursements Number of man hours worked $959,897, 748 1,423,183, 090 267 4, 848 48,177 146, 747 255, 512 300, 758 26, 433 133, 955 2, 085, 709 6, 353,835 11, 552, 547 13,091, 587 35, 217 210,064 3, 783, 656 12,029, 751 21, 759, 245 24, 391, 546 298, 259 310, 992 306, 079 380, 714 501, 640 602, 227 630,807 618, 341 565, 318 518, 608 495, 331 402, 238 12, 789, 566 14, 318, 493 14, 024,138 18, 663, 297 25, 578, 001 32, 976, 636 33, 646, 557 35, 347, 983 31,901, 539 29,451,008 29,936,060 22, 954, 456 23, 632, 952 26, 478, 853 25, 342, 244 32, 692, 707 45, 367, 508 58, 437, 049 58, 697,169 60,014, 561 52,042,176 46,625, 988 47, 798,180 35,117,118 324, 259 281, 548 295,820 361, 527 421, 646 449,055 19,191,932 16,905,427 17,892,117 22, 359,160 25, 243, 625 26, 782, 555 28, 257, 570 24,840, 503 26,352, 787 33,023,874 37,956, 223 40, 461, 556 _. ________ . 193 3 J u ly_____________________________________________ August _ _ ____ _ _____ . . . . . . . . .. September . _ ______ ______ ______ .. October. _ ._ . _ _____________________ _____ November ___ __ ._ . . . ______ ______ _ December ____ _ ... . _ 1934 January __ . . _. _ ___________ ____ . _. .. February _ . . . . . __ _____ . . . ____________ M a rch .. ____ . . . . . ______ . ._ April. _ . . . . . M a y ____ ____ _______________________________ . . J u n e ________ ______ . . _______ J u ly_____________________________________________ August. _ ____________________________________ Septem ber.._ _ . . . _____ . .. ___ October____ ___ _ _ __ . . N o v e m b e r____ ___________________________ . . December _____________________________________ 193 5 January ___ . . . ____ _ . . . . . __ . F e b r u a r y .___ _ - - - - - - M arch_________ . . __________ ____________ . . . April__________ ... . . .. .. .. M a y______________ _____________________________ June_____ _______________ - - -- --- 25 T a b l e 4 . — E m p lo ym en t and P a y R olls , J u ly 1 9 3 3 to J u n e 1 9 3 7 , In clu siv e , o n P rojects F in a n ced F ro m P u b lic W ork s A dm inistration F u n d s — Continued [Subject to revision] Maximum num ber employed Year and month Ju ly_____________________________________________ August. ________ September. _ __ _______ _______ __ _____ _ October . ____ _ ___ Novem ber____ _ _ ... _ _ _ ____ December _ __ __ ___ __ ______ _____________ Pay-roll dis bursements Number of man hours worked 436,873 425,853 369, 384 335, 280 287,954 242, 537 $26, 216,922 26, 752, 570 23, 708, 368 22, 946, 402 20,080,187 16, 511, 274 39, 307,151 38, 934, 639 33, 606,096 31,890,006 26,950, 580 21,848, 366 220, 858 201 , 218 246, 933 310, 282 364, 565 399, 302 386, 698 379, 718 359, 243 327, 076 301, 742 262,094 14, 972, 514 13, 664, 760 15, 745,842 21, 571, 609 25, 565,929 28,941, 224 27,801, 505 27,879,471 26, 759, 495 24,883, 489 22,841,926 19, 733, 777 20,088,051 18,117, 548 20, 826, 799 28,945, 769 34, 289, 525 40, 598,174 36, 262, 924 36,196, 768 34,131, 952 31, 397, 657 28, 529, 977 24, 658, 500 202,175 174,990 173, 574 192, 201 206,019 204,098 15, 439, 981 13, 796, 390 13,353, 904 15,242, 390 15,850, 554 16, 430, 649 18, 768, 676 16, 580, 393 16, 341, 250 19,068, 352 19, 984, 975 20, 510, 465 1 93 6 January ______________ ______________________ February. . _. _ _. __ ___ __ . . . . M arch___________________ ______________________ A pril. _________________________________________ M a y _______ _ ____ _________________________ June____ . . . . ______ . . . ______________________ July___ ________________________________________ August. _______ _______ ______ _____________ September October ... _ ... __ . _ _ N ovem ber. . ___ . ___ _ December ________ _________________________ . 193 7 J a n u a r y ___ _____ ___ ___________ _________ F ebruary.. _____ . __ __ _. .. _ M arch____ _ . _______ . . . _________ _______ A pril. ----------------------------------------------M a y _____ _____ ____ . . . _____ __ ______________ June____ _____ . . --------------------------------- T able 5 . — Value o f M aterial Orders P laced on P . W . A . Construction P rojects , b y T y p e o f M ateria l , J u ly 1 9 3 3 to J u n e 1 9 3 7 1 [Subject to revision] T yp e of material All types of material Value of material orders placed $1, 708, 685, 535 Textiles and their products________________________ Awnings, tents, canvas, etc___________________ Carpets and rugs______________________________ Cordage and tw ine____________________________ Cotton goods_________________________________ Felt goods-------------------------------------------------------Jute goods-------------------------------------------------------Linoleum _____________________________________ Sacks and bags________________________________ Upholstering materials, not elsewhere classified. Waste________________________________________ Forest products_________________________________________ Cork products_______________________________________ Lum ber and tim ber products, not elsewhere classified. Planing-mill products_______________________________ W indow and door screens and weatherstrip__________ 2, 385, 280, 128, 325, 171, 212, 101, 924, 68, 143, 27, 018 859 548 393 939 837 383 415 502 373 769 103,853, 392, 82, 830, 20, 324, 305, 435 794 783 005 853 14, 738, 044 1,186, 217 473, 731 449,738 6, 585, 292 6,043, 066 Chemicals and allied products________ Am m unition and related products. Chemicals, miscellaneous_________ Compressed and liquefied gases. _. Explosives_______________________ Paints and varnishes-------------------- 1 This table includes certain items which are not actually construction materials, i. e., fuel, transportation equipment, tools, furniture, etc. 26 T able 5 . — Value o f M ateria l Orders Placed on P . W . A . Construction P rojects , b y T y p e o f M a teria l , J u ly 1 9 3 3 to J u n e 1 9 3 7 — Continued [Subject to revision] Type of material Stone, clay, and glass products_____________________________________ Asbestos products, not elsewhere classified_ ______ _________ B rick, hollow tile, and other clay products_______ _______ C em ent______________________________ ________ _ ___ Concrete products___________________________________ ____ Crushed stone_____________________________ ________ ______ Glass__________________________________ ___________ ______ L im e___________________________________________ ___ ________ M arble, granite, slate, and other stone p ro d u c ts ___ ___ Minerals and earths, ground or otherwise treated __ Sand and gravel________________________________ __ Tiling, floor and wall, and terrazzo_____________ .. _ ___ _ W all plaster, wall board, insulating board, and floor composition Value of material orders placed $494, 506, 215 294, 453 52, 224, 717 184, 573, 417 53, 671, 731 51,377,104 3,361, 478 550, 845 32,477,155 222, 654 97,992, 814 6, 739,340 11,020,507 Iron and steel and their products, not including machinery ___________ Bolts, nuts, washers, etc___________________________________________ Cast-iron pipe and fittings_________________________________________ Doors, shutters, window sash and frames, molding, and trim (metal) Firearms___________________________________________________________ Forgings, iron and steel____________________________________________ Hardware, miscellaneous______________ ______________________ Heating and ventilating equipment _.. _.. ___________________ N ails and spikes_____________________ ____________ ___ R ail fastenings, excluding spikes___ ______________ Rails, steel___________________________________________________ Springs, steel_______________________________________________________ Steel-works and rolling-mill products, not elsewhere classified _ ____ Stoves and ranges, other than electric______________________________ Structural and reinforcing steel______________________________ ______ Switches, railway____________________ ____________________________ T ools, other than machine tools____________________________ W ire products, not elsewhere classified______________ ____________ W rought pipe_________________________________ _____ ___________ 465, 552, 370 5, 256,431 50, 659, 530 18,589, 855 813,468 7,447, 642 15,217, 688 43, 293,846 2, 280,486 6,747,133 22,864, 574 629,141 92, 254, 582 794,326 172, 096, 054 1,000,818 6,072, 593 9, 273,027 10, 261,176 Nonferrous metals and their products___________________________ ___ Aluminum manufactures__________________________________________ Copper products__________________________________________________ Lead products_____________________________________________________ Ncnferrous-metal alloys and products, not elsewhere classified______ Sheet-metal w ork__________________________________________________ Zinc products_____________________________________________________ 11,600,465 561,951 1,414, 243 604, 220 2, 212, 227 6, 739, 481 68, 343 M achinery, not including transportation equipment____________ Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies______________ Elevators and elevator equipment__________________________ Engines, turbines, tractors, and waterwheels________________ F oun d ry and machine-shop products, not elsewhere classified M achine tools______________________________________________ M eters (gas, water, etc.) and gas generators_________________ Pum ps and pumping equipment___________________________ Refrigerators and refrigerating and ice-making apparatus____ Transportation equipment, air, land, and water. Aircraft (new )_____________________________ Airplane parts_____________________________ B oats, steel and wooden (small)____________ Carriages and wagons_________________ ___ Locom otives, other than steam____________ Locom otives, steam__________________ ___ M otorcycles and parts________________ __. M otor vehicles, passenger_____________ ___ M otor vehicles, trucks_______________ ___ Railw ay cars, freight______________________ R ailway cars, m ail and express_____________ R ailway cars, passenger_______________ ___ 90, 032, 332 6, 036,370 5, 086, 400 1, 413, 875 61, 874 11,830,133 6,841,170 274,395 561,036 9, 764,368 38,839,968 429, 443 8,893, 300 Miscellaneous_________________ Belting, miscellaneous_____ Coal______________________ Creosote__________________ Electric wiring and fixtures. 291, 537, 827 73, 986, 356 7, 202, 389 26, 984, 936 150,187, 660 7, 950, 094 1, 398, 420 20, 720, 713 3,107, 259 234,479,829 47, 013 2,071,311 548, 206 32,512,199 27 T able 5 . — Value o f M ateria l Orders P la ced on P . W . A . Construction P rojects, by T y p e o f M ateria l, J u ly 1 9 3 3 to J u n e 1 9 3 7 — C on tin u ed [Subject to revision] Value of material orders placed T yp e of material Miscellaneous—C ontinued. Furniture, including store and office fixtures__________________ Instruments, professional and scientific_______________________ Mattresses and bedsprings____________________________________ Models and patterns__________________________________________ Paper products________________________________________________ Paving materials and mixtures, not elsewhere classified________ Petroleum products___________________________________________ Photographic apparatus and materials_________________________ Plum bing supplies, not elsewhere classified____________________ Radio apparatus and supplies_________________________________ Roofing materials, not elsewhere classified_____________________ Rubber goods_________________________________________________ Steam and other packing, pipe and boiler covering, and gaskets. Theatrical scenery and stage equipm ent_______________________ W indow shades and fixtures___________________________________ Other materials_______________________________________________ $13,915, 839 2,152, 435 139,010 40, 895 153, 568 23, 871, 835 45, 603, 780 282, 039 30, 521, 159 982, 321 9, 369, 474 900, 941 2, 324, 278 322, 012 452, 733 68, 268, 781 T a b l e 6 . — Relative Cost o f Labor, M ateria l, and Overhead and P rofit on 2 ,7 9 5 C om pleted N on -F ed era l P . f t . A . P rojects, b y T y p e o f P roject Number of projects Type of project Building construction__ _ Streets and roads. _ Water and sewerage. __ _ _ __ __ _ Percentage o f contract prices chargeable to— Value of contracts awarded 1,161 490 1,144 Labor at site $140, 951, 767 46, 314, 915 88, 320, 677 Material 28. 5 25. 6 25. 6 54. 9 50. 4 55. 4 Overhead and profit 16. 6 24.0 19.0 T a b l e 7 . — P a y -R o ll D isbursem ents in Relation to M ateria l Expenditures on P . W . A . P rojects, b y T y p e o f P roject, J u ly 1 9 3 3 to J u n e 1 9 3 7 [Subject to revision] Percentage Type of project Labor at site Entire P. W . A. program. _ Building construction____________ Forestry__________________________ Naval vessels___ . . _. . . . ___ Public roa d s1____ ______ . . . _ . . Railroad construction___ ________ Railroad shop w ork___ . _____ _ Reclamation . . . ___ _ . . . ___ River, harbor, and flood control. __ Streets and roads 2___________. . . Water and sewerage systems______ Material 36.0 64.0 34.8 67.6 47.2 37.5 32.2 24.8 35.8 40.5 40.4 35.5 65.2 32.4 52.8 62.5 67.8 75. 2 64. 2 59.5 59.6 64.5 1 Under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Public Roads. 2 Other than those reported b y the Bureau of Public Roads. 28 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1938—62225
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