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Table 1. Percent Change in Output per Employee Hour, Output, and Employee Hours for Selected Industries:
Table 1. Percent Change in Output per Employee Hour, Output, and Employee Hours for Selected Industries:
Table 1. Percent Change in Output per Employee Hour, Output, and Employee Hours for Selected Industries:
Table 2. Rates of Change in Output per Employee Hour, Output, and Employee Hours for Selected Industries:
Table 2. Rates of Change in Output per Employee Hour, Output, and Employee Hours for Selected Industries:
Table 2. Rates of Change in Output per Employee Hour, Output, and Employee Hours for Selected Industries:
Table 2. Rates of Change in Output per Employee Hour, Output, and Employee Hours for Selected Industries:
Historical, technical USDL 93-510
information: (202) 606-5618 FOR RELEASE:10:00 A.M.
(202) 606-5623 Tuesday, November 23, 1993
Media contact: (202) 606-5902
PRODUCTIVITY BY INDUSTRY: 1992
The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor today reported
on productivity movements in 1992 for a number of industries. Productivity--as
measured by output per employee hour--increased in 70 of 87 industries for which
1992 data are available (table 1). By contrast, in 1991 productivity increased in
51 of these same 87 industries.
Of the 70 industries which experienced productivity advances, 58 had increased
output in 1992. In the other 12 industries, productivity grew although output
declined or was unchanged. Overall, output increased in 64 of the 87 selected
industries for which 1992 data are available; in 1991, output had increased in only
28 of these industries.
Manufacturing
Within the manufacturing sector, 48 of the 59 industries for which 1992 data
are available experienced productivity increases. In 1991, 32 of the same 59
manufacturing industries had productivity increases.
Two closely watched industries--steel (SIC 331) and motor vehicle manufacturing
(SIC 371)--had large productivity increases in 1992, a marked contrast from a year
earlier. In the steel industry, productivity grew 8.9 percent, as output rose 5.5
percent and hours fell 3.2 percent. In the motor vehicle manufacturing industry,
productivity rose 8.2 percent, reflecting an 11.1 percent increase in output and a
2.6 percent increase in hours. In 1991, productivity had fallen 3.7 percent in
steel and 5.6 percent in motor vehicle manufacturing.
Transportation, communications, and utilities
In 1992, all four of the selected industries within the transportation,
communications, and utilities group recorded productivity increases. The
productivity growth rates were 5.7 percent in railroad transportation, 5.0 percent
in telephone communications, 3.5 percent in air transportation, and 0.8 percent in
electric utilities. The productivity increases in railroad transportation and
telephone communications reflected increases in output and declines in employment.
In air transportation, output increased more than employment. Electric utilities
showed little change in output, and employee hours declined.
Trade
Productivity increased in 13 of the 18 industries in the trade sector for which
BLS has 1992 data. Ten of the 13 industries with increased productivity also had
increased output. In 1991, 12 of these same 18 industries recorded productivity
increases.
Household appliance stores had the greatest productivity increase of all the
trade industries in 1992, 18.6 percent, reflecting an 8.6 percent rise in output and
an 8.4 percent decrease in hours. The largest decrease in productivity in the trade
2
industries occurred in variety stores, which had a 9.5 percent drop resulting from a
6.4 percent decline in output and a 3.5 percent increase in hours.
Mining
Four of the five industries in the mining sector recorded increases in
productivity in 1992. Recoverable copper mining productivity advanced nearly 16
percent, as output grew 8.2 percent and hours fell 6.8 percent. Coal mining;
nonmetallic minerals, except fuels; and crude petroleum and natural gas all showed
higher productivity growth in 1992 than in 1991.
Services
Output data needed to calculate 1992 productivity are currently available for
only one service industry. Commercial banks showed a productivity increase of 3.9
percent, as output grew 1.1 percent and hours fell 2.7 percent. Productivity,
output, and hours data for 1992 in five other service industries will be published
in a forthcoming bulletin.
Long-term trends
In table 2, long-term trends are compared for two time periods, 1973-79 and
1979-92 (or the most recent year for which data are available). BLS presently
publishes productivity measures for 178 industries or groups of industries. Several
of these 178 industries are made up of combinations of two or more published
industries; 145 are for separate industries. Of these 145 industries, 87 have been
updated to 1992, 56 have been updated only to 1991, and two extend only to 1989.
However, data for two of these industry measures, wood containers (SIC 2441) and
scrap and waste materials (SIC 5093), do not begin until 1977 and are omitted from
long-term analysis.
Of the remaining 143 industries available for examination, 83 recorded higher
annual rates of change after 1979 than during the 1973-79 period; one showed no
change; and the remaining 59 industries had lower productivity trends after 1979.
The largest difference--11.0 percentage points--in the average annual rate of change
from the first time period to the second occurred in coal mining. For this
industry, the annual rate of change in labor productivity in the first period was a
decline of 3.9 percent; in the second period, it was an increase of 7.1 percent. In
both periods, coal mining experienced increases in output. During the first period,
however, hours increased 8.6 percent annually; during the second period, they
decreased 4.9 percent a year.
Among the 143 separate industries, 107 industries are in manufacturing. Of
these, 62 had better productivity rates in the post-1979 period than during 1973-79.
Manufacturing industries with the most improvement from the first to the second
period included carburetors, pistons, rings, and valves; household audio and video
equipment; and hydraulic cement.
Outside of manufacturing, 36 separate industries are measured. Of these, 21
had better productivity trends after 1979 than during 1973-79. The industries with
improved productivity in the later period included all five of the mining
industries, three of the eight transportation and utilities industries, 11 of the 18
trade industries, and two of the five service industries.
3
New Industries
A new productivity measure for civilian and military aircraft manufacturing was
published in June 1993. In 1992, productivity in this industry increased 0.6
percent. This reflected a 6.1 percent decline in output and a 6.6 percent drop in
employee hours. From 1973 to 1979, productivity rose at a rate of 3.8 percent per
year. Since 1979, productivity has grown 1.5 percent per year.
Revisions
Many of the industry employment and hours indexes are based on the Bureau's
monthly establishment survey (the Current Employment Statistics survey). Revised
employment and hours data from this survey have been incorporated into the
productivity measures presented in this release. The 1992 data in this news release
are preliminary and are subject to revision.
TECHNICAL NOTE
These productivity measures describe the relationship between output and the
labor time involved in its production. They show the changes from period to period
in the amount of goods and services produced per hour. Although these measures
relate output to hours at work of employees or all persons engaged in an industry,
they do not measure the specific contribution of labor, capital, or any other factor
of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, including
changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; utilization of capacity,
energy, and materials; the organization of production; managerial skill, and the
characteristics and effort of the workforce.
The data in this news release contain revisions to series published in News
Release USDL 92-750, November 30, 1992; BLS Bulletin 2421, April 1993; and table 46
in the Monthly Labor Review. The data in this news release are preliminary and may
be revised in a forthcoming bulletin, "Productivity Measures for Selected Industries
and Government Services." Additional historical data for all components of the
measures are available upon request. BLS Bulletin 2414, BLS Handbook of Methods,
September 1992, provides additional information on the methods used to compute
productivity.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-7828, TDD phone: 202-606-5897, TDD
Message Referral Phone Number 1-800-326-2577.
Table 1. Percent Change in Output per Employee Hour, Output, and Employee Hours for Selected Industries:
1990-91 and 1991-92
1990-91 1991-92p
Output Employee Output Employee
SIC code Industry per hour Output hours per hour Output hours
Mining
1011 Iron mining, crude ore -2.3 1.3 3.8 0.9 0.4 -0.5
1011 Iron mining, usable ore -3.6 0.2 3.8 -1.3 -1.8 -0.5
1021 Copper mining, crude ore 6.5 11.0 4.3 -0.8 -7.5 -6.8
1021 Copper mining, recoverable metal -1.4 2.7 4.3 15.9 8.2 -6.8
12 Coal mining 3.1 -3.2 -6.1 9.7 0.5 -8.5
122 Bituminous coal and lignite mining 3.0 -3.3 -6.1 9.9 0.5 -8.6
1311 Crude petroleum and natural gas 1.2 0.5 -0.6 4.7 -2.1 -6.6
14 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels -4.5 -11.2 -7.0 7.3 4.8 -2.3
142 Crushed and broken stone -10.5 -18.0 -8.3 5.7 4.3 -1.3
Manufacturing
2011,13 Red meat products 1.3 0.6 -0.7 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2011 Meat packing plants 3.8 2.6 -1.1 2.9 3.6 0.7
2013 Sausages and other prepared meats -2.4 -2.1 0.3 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2015 Poultry dressing and processing 6.0 7.2 1.1 n.a. n.a. n.a.
202 Dairy products 2.3 2.4 0.0 5.1 3.8 -1.1
2022 Cheese, natural and processed 5.7 5.8 0.1 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2026 Fluid milk 2.6 0.8 -1.7 1.4 0.0 -1.4
203 Preserved fruits and vegetables 2.3 3.8 1.5 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2033 Canned fruits and vegetables 4.1 4.0 -0.2 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2037 Frozen fruits and vegetables 3.6 3.0 -0.7 n.a. n.a. n.a.
204 Grain mill products 0.5 0.1 -0.4 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2041,45 Flour (inc. flour mixes) and other grains 2.6 3.4 0.8 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2041 Flour and other grain mill products -1.1 0.8 1.9 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2043 Cereal breakfast foods 3.2 -2.5 -5.6 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2044 Rice milling -5.4 -7.5 -2.2 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2046 Wet corn milling -3.3 2.5 6.0 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2047,48 Prepared feeds for animals and fowls -0.4 -0.7 -0.3 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2051,52 Bakery products -3.5 -2.0 1.6 -0.7 -2.9 -2.4
2061,62,63 Sugar 3.3 7.9 4.4 5.1 3.0 -1.9
2061,62 Raw and refined cane sugar 3.5 7.5 3.7 2.7 -0.2 -2.8
2063 Beet sugar 2.5 8.2 5.5 9.5 8.3 -1.2
2082 Malt beverages -2.1 -1.6 0.5 1.3 -0.4 -1.6
2086 Bottled and canned soft drinks 6.6 1.6 -4.6 6.3 1.5 -4.5
2092 Prepared fresh or frozen fish and seafoods -3.2 -5.3 -2.2 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2111,21,31 Tobacco products 6.4 0.0 -6.0 4.7 2.7 -1.9
2111,31 Cigarettes, chewing and smoking tobacco 5.8 -1.9 -7.2 3.9 3.1 -0.8
2121 Cigars 13.8 26.8 11.4 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2211,21 Cotton and synthetic broadwoven fabrics 7.4 2.1 -4.9 6.0 5.6 -0.4
2251,52 Hosiery 5.4 5.4 0.0 10.5 4.6 -5.3
2281 Yarn spinning mills -0.2 -1.8 -1.6 7.4 8.3 0.8
2311 Men's and boys' suits and coats -9.5 -12.0 -2.7 12.7 4.9 -6.9
2421 Sawmills and planing mills, general 2.6 -5.4 -7.8 7.4 5.4 -1.8
2431 Millwork -2.1 -9.7 -7.7 0.0 3.0 3.0
2434 Wood kitchen cabinets -1.9 -12.7 -11.0 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2435,36 Veneer and plywood 4.2 -7.8 -11.5 -0.9 0.7 1.6
2435 Hardwood veneer and plywood 2.8 -5.0 -7.6 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2436 Softwood veneer and plywood 5.7 -9.2 -14.2 2.5 3.7 1.1
244 Wood containers 1.6 -1.4 -2.9 n.a. n.a. n.a.
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Percent Change in Output per Employee Hour, Output, and Employee Hours for Selected Industries:
1990-91 and 1991-92, Continued
1990-91 1991-92p
Output Employee Output Employee
SIC code Industry per hour Output hours per hour Output hours
251 Household furniture 3.5 -4.4 -7.6 1.8 3.3 1.5
2511,17 Wood household furniture 1.5 -7.2 -8.6 -0.6 2.5 3.1
2512 Upholstered household furniture 5.0 -1.7 -6.3 4.6 4.2 -0.4
2514 Metal household furniture 3.6 -4.7 -7.9 8.0 2.6 -5.0
2515 Mattresses and bedsprings 6.5 1.9 -4.3 3.7 6.1 2.3
252 Office furniture -0.6 -12.6 -12.1 2.7 6.0 3.2
2521 Wood office furniture 3.3 -17.2 -19.9 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2522 Office furniture, except wood -2.9 -10.0 -7.3 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2611,21,31 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 1.9 0.9 -1.1 7.3 5.2 -1.9
2653 Corrugated and solid fiber boxes -0.3 0.6 0.8 1.1 4.4 3.3
2657 Folding paperboard boxes -0.8 -2.1 -1.3 0.2 1.7 1.5
2673,74 Paper and plastic bags -3.0 -5.3 -2.2 n.a. n.a. n.a.
281 Industrial inorganic chemicals -5.4 -0.8 5.0 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2812 Alkalies and chlorine -8.9 -0.4 9.4 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2816 Inorganic pigments -5.7 -6.3 -0.6 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2819 (part) Industrial inorganic chemicals, n.e.c. -6.0 -0.7 5.5 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2823,24 Synthetic fibers 2.8 1.6 -1.2 6.3 3.6 -2.6
2841 Soaps and detergents 0.1 -0.6 -0.6 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2844 Cosmetics and other toiletries 2.2 -2.6 -4.7 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2851 Paints and allied products -0.3 -5.0 -4.7 2.7 2.7 0.0
2869 Industrial organic chemicals, n.e.c. -6.3 -5.5 0.9 -1.5 -2.0 -0.5
287 Agricultural chemicals 5.4 1.6 -3.6 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2873 Nitrogeneous fertilizers -0.3 -2.2 -1.9 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2874 Phosphatic fertilizers 7.3 4.5 -2.6 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2875 Fertilizers, mixing only 0.6 -4.9 -5.4 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2879 Agricultural chemicals, n.e.c. 8.1 4.1 -3.7 n.a. n.a. n.a.
2911 Petroleum refining -2.3 0.1 2.4 3.9 2.1 -1.7
3011 Tires and inner tubes 1.4 -4.6 -5.9 6.3 13.1 6.4
3052 Rubber and plastics hose and belting -8.2 -14.8 -7.1 n.a. n.a. n.a.
308 Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c. 0.7 -1.3 -2.0 -0.3 1.4 1.7
314 Footwear 0.2 -9.4 -9.5 0.9 -2.6 -3.5
3221 Glass containers 2.0 -2.5 -4.4 5.0 1.9 -3.0
3241 Cement, hydraulic -5.3 -6.1 -0.9 11.1 7.4 -3.3
325 Structural clay products -5.5 -12.5 -7.5 4.6 2.4 -2.1
3251,53,59 Clay construction products -5.6 -13.2 -8.1 6.6 4.4 -2.0
3251 Brick and structural clay tile -1.0 -12.8 -12.0 6.8 4.8 -1.8
3253 Ceramic wall and floor tile -11.9 -14.2 -2.6 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3255 Clay refractories -5.8 -10.2 -4.7 -3.7 -5.3 -1.6
3271,72 Concrete products 1.6 -9.6 -11.0 2.2 0.9 -1.2
3273 Ready-mixed concrete -3.6 -11.0 -7.7 1.9 2.0 0.1
331 Steel -3.7 -9.7 -6.3 8.9 5.5 -3.2
3321 Gray and ductile iron foundries -4.5 -10.3 -6.1 5.6 6.7 1.1
3324,25 Steel foundries -2.6 -4.6 -2.0 7.5 1.6 -5.5
3325 Steel foundries, n.e.c. -0.1 -4.0 -4.0 9.9 3.2 -6.1
3331 Primary copper -1.9 -1.9 0.0 0.0 6.4 6.3
3334 Primary aluminum 3.8 1.8 -1.9 -2.6 -2.9 -0.4
3351 Copper rolling and drawing 2.5 -0.5 -3.0 6.9 7.8 0.8
3353,54,55 Aluminum rolling and drawing -1.9 -3.7 -1.8 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3411 Metal cans 5.1 -0.1 -5.0 9.3 1.0 -7.5
3423 Hand and edge tools, n.e.c. -1.3 -3.7 -2.4 n.a. n.a. n.a.
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Percent Change in Output per Employee Hour, Output, and Employee Hours for Selected Industries:
1990-91 and 1991-92, Continued
1990-91 1991-92p
Output Employee Output Employee
SIC code Industry per hour Output hours per hour Output hours
3433 Heating equipment, except electric 4.2 -1.9 -5.8 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3441 Fabricated structural metal 2.4 -4.6 -6.8 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3442 Metal doors, sash, and trim -2.3 -9.1 -7.0 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3452 Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers 2.3 -5.0 -7.1 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3465,66,69 Metal stampings 2.2 -4.7 -6.8 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3465 Automotive stampings 3.4 -7.5 -10.6 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3469 Metal stampings, n.e.c. 1.4 -1.1 -2.4 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3491,92,94 Valves and pipe fittings 0.0 -3.8 -3.8 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3498 Fabricated pipe and fittings 6.4 -1.9 -7.8 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3519 Internal combustion engines, n.e.c. -6.9 -11.8 -5.3 7.2 7.9 0.7
352 Farm and garden machinery -4.3 -12.8 -8.8 5.5 -0.3 -5.5
3523 Farm machinery and equipment -5.7 -14.0 -8.8 6.4 -0.2 -6.3
3524 Lawn and garden equipment 0.1 -8.4 -8.5 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3531 Construction machinery -12.8 -22.1 -10.5 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3532 Mining machinery -8.1 -15.6 -8.1 9.3 0.9 -7.7
3533 Oil and gas field machinery -2.7 4.6 7.5 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3541,42 Machine tools -4.5 -13.2 -9.1 1.4 -7.1 -8.4
3541 Metal cutting machine tools -2.9 -11.5 -8.8 -4.2 -12.0 -8.1
3542 Metal forming machine tools -7.4 -16.5 -9.8 13.4 3.4 -8.8
3545 Machine tool accessories 1.5 -6.8 -8.2 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3561,63,94 Pumps and compressors 0.2 2.4 2.1 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3561,94 Pumps and pumping equipment -1.2 -1.4 -0.1 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3562 Ball and roller bearings -3.0 -9.8 -7.0 11.5 6.8 -4.3
3563 Air and gas compressors 2.5 9.6 7.0 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3585 Refrigeration and heating equipment -2.7 -6.0 -3.4 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3592 Carburetors, pistons, rings, and valves 1.2 -5.3 -6.4 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3612 Transformers, except electronic 3.7 -5.0 -8.4 7.5 -3.0 -9.7
3613 Switchgear and switchboard apparatus -2.6 -8.6 -6.2 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3621 Motors and generators 2.6 -1.6 -4.2 -0.7 -2.1 -1.4
3631,32,33,39 Major household appliances 1.9 -3.4 -5.2 8.0 11.0 2.8
3631 Household cooking equipment 3.1 -4.6 -7.5 13.6 13.9 0.2
3632 Household refrigerators and freezers 4.6 0.8 -3.6 4.4 12.6 7.8
3633 Household laundry equipment 7.3 -2.2 -8.9 18.8 8.1 -8.9
3639 Household appliances, n.e.c. -10.5 -11.6 -1.1 -3.6 7.0 10.9
3641 Electric lamps 8.1 0.0 -7.5 13.4 10.5 -2.5
3645,46,47,48 Lighting fixtures and equipment -2.1 -8.6 -6.6 0.6 1.8 1.1
3651 Household audio and video equipment 5.5 1.7 -3.7 14.7 12.6 -1.8
371 Motor vehicles and equipment -5.6 -8.9 -3.5 8.2 11.1 2.6
3721 Aircraft manufacturing 17.2 9.0 -7.0 0.6 -6.1 -6.6
3825 Instruments to measure electricity 3.3 -4.6 -7.7 n.a. n.a. n.a.
3861 Photographic equipment and supplies 0.9 0.7 -0.2 n.a. n.a. n.a.
Transportation
4011 Railroad transportation, revenue traffic 8.4 3.0 -5.0 5.7 4.2 -1.3
4011 Railroad transportation, car miles 3.2 -2.0 -5.0 3.2 1.9 -1.3
411,13,14 (parts) Bus carriers, class I n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
4213 Trucking, except local (1) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
4213 (part) Trucking, ex. local, general freight (1) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
4512,13,22 (parts) Air transportation (1) 1.5 -1.9 -3.4 3.5 6.5 2.9
4612,13 Petroleum pipelines -3.4 -1.0 2.5 n.a. n.a. n.a.
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Percent Change in Output per Employee Hour, Output, and Employee Hours for Selected Industries:
1990-91 and 1991-92, Continued
1990-91 1991-92p
Output Employee Output Employee
SIC code Industry per hour Output hours per hour Output hours
Utilities
481 Telephone communications 5.0 3.8 -1.1 5.0 3.1 -1.8
491,2,3 Gas and electric utilities 1.8 1.2 -0.6 n.a. n.a. n.a.
491,3 (part) Electric utilities 3.0 2.3 -0.7 0.8 -0.1 -0.9
492,3 (part) Gas utilities -1.0 -1.3 -0.3 n.a. n.a. n.a.
Trade (2)
5093 Scrap and waste materials 8.6 6.6 -1.7 n.a. n.a. n.a.
5251 Hardware stores -7.3 -6.1 1.3 7.3 6.9 -0.3
5311 Department stores 4.2 1.2 -2.8 4.1 5.7 1.5
5331 Variety stores -1.4 -5.6 -4.4 -9.5 -6.4 3.5
54 Food stores -0.8 -1.5 -0.7 0.7 0.3 -0.5
5411 Grocery stores -0.7 -1.7 -0.9 0.2 0.1 -0.1
546 Retail bakeries 6.0 1.4 -4.3 -8.3 -7.3 1.2
5511 New and used car dealers -1.4 -6.3 -4.9 0.6 0.8 0.2
5531 Auto and home supply stores 0.4 -1.6 -1.9 -0.5 -1.1 -0.6
5541 Gasoline service stations 0.9 -1.2 -2.0 4.4 -1.2 -5.3
56 Apparel and accessory stores 0.7 -2.1 -2.8 6.9 5.1 -1.7
5611 Men's and boys' clothing stores 0.4 -7.1 -7.4 1.9 -0.6 -2.4
5621 Women's clothing stores 3.2 -1.2 -4.3 9.0 5.8 -2.9
5651 Family clothing stores 0.8 2.5 1.8 10.2 11.3 1.0
5661 Shoe stores -0.8 -5.8 -5.1 3.7 -3.0 -6.4
57 Home furniture, furnishings, & equipment sto 4.1 2.1 -1.9 9.0 6.3 -2.4
571 Furniture and homefurnishings stores -0.3 -2.8 -2.4 8.4 5.0 -3.3
572,3 Appliance, radio, T.V., and computer stores 9.6 8.1 -1.3 9.2 8.0 -1.1
5722 Household appliance stores 6.1 -1.5 -7.3 18.6 8.6 -8.4
573 Radio, television, and computer stores 9.6 10.5 0.8 6.4 7.8 1.3
581 Eating and drinking places 1.4 -1.0 -2.4 -1.4 0.4 1.8
5912 Drug stores and proprietary stores 2.7 1.8 -0.9 -1.4 -1.6 -0.2
5921 Liquor stores 1.6 -6.0 -7.5 12.8 3.8 -8.0
Services (2)
602 Commercial banks 3.5 0.4 -3.0 3.9 1.1 -2.7
7011 Hotels and motels 0.9 -2.0 -2.9 n.a. n.a. n.a.
721 Laundry, cleaning, and garment services -2.4 -2.9 -0.5 n.a. n.a. n.a.
7231,41 Beauty and barber shops -4.2 -2.6 1.7 n.a. n.a. n.a.
7231 Beauty shops -4.2 -2.9 1.3 n.a. n.a. n.a.
753 Automotive repair shops -6.1 -7.7 -1.7 n.a. n.a. n.a.
p=preliminary
n.a.=not available
(1) Output per employee and employees are used for SIC 4213, SIC 4213 (part), and SIC 4512,13,22 (parts).
(2) Output per hour of all persons and hours of all persons are used for all trade and service industries
except SIC 5311, SIC 5511, and SIC 602.
Table 2. Rates of Change in Output per Employee Hour, Output, and Employee Hours for Selected Industries:
1973-79 and 1979-92 (1)
1973-79 1979-92p
Output Employee Output Employee
SIC code Industry per hour Output hours per hour Output hours
Mining
1011 Iron mining, crude ore 1.4 2.4 1.0 4.9 -3.1 -7.7
1011 Iron mining, usable ore 0.0 1.0 1.0 4.1 -3.9 -7.7
1021 Copper mining, crude ore 2.9 0.1 -2.7 4.9 -0.8 -5.5
1021 Copper mining, recoverable metal 2.3 -0.5 -2.7 7.2 1.3 -5.5
12 Coal mining -3.9 4.4 8.6 7.1 1.9 -4.9
122 Bituminous coal and lignite mining -3.9 4.6 8.8 7.2 1.9 -4.9
1311 Crude petroleum and natural gas -7.3 -1.4 6.3 -0.6 -1.1 -0.5
14 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels 0.9 1.4 0.5 1.6 -0.1 -1.7
142 Crushed and broken stone 2.2 1.0 -1.2 1.1 0.2 -0.9
Manufacturing
2011,13 Red meat products 3.5 3.8 0.3 1.0 1.0 0.0 (2)
2011 Meat packing plants 2.8 3.0 0.2 1.6 0.2 -1.4
2013 Sausages and other prepared meats 5.5 6.1 0.6 -0.2 3.0 3.2 (2)
2015 Poultry dressing and processing 5.4 7.2 1.7 3.1 7.5 4.2 (2)
202 Dairy products 3.4 0.9 -2.4 3.2 2.0 -1.2
2022 Cheese, natural and processed 0.9 4.1 3.1 3.3 5.0 1.6 (2)
2026 Fluid milk 4.5 0.2 -4.2 3.7 0.4 -3.2
203 Preserved fruits and vegetables 1.0 1.6 0.6 1.6 1.6 0.0 (2)
2033 Canned fruits and vegetables 1.3 0.3 -1.0 2.3 1.4 -0.9 (2)
2037 Frozen fruits and vegetables 1.3 2.9 1.6 1.0 1.2 0.2 (2)
204 Grain mill products 3.6 3.4 -0.1 3.7 2.7 -1.0 (2)
2041,45 Flour (inc. flour mixes) and other grains 1.6 0.7 -0.9 3.4 2.1 -1.2 (2)
2041 Flour and other grain mill products 3.2 1.4 -1.7 2.9 1.0 -1.8 (2)
2043 Cereal breakfast foods 1.7 4.7 2.9 2.7 2.7 0.0 (2)
2044 Rice milling 2.9 7.7 4.7 2.7 0.9 -1.7 (2)
2046 Wet corn milling 10.8 8.8 -1.8 6.7 6.7 0.0 (2)
2047,48 Prepared feeds for animals and fowls 3.6 2.9 -0.6 3.6 2.1 -1.4 (2)
2051,52 Bakery products 0.3 -0.1 -0.3 0.6 -0.6 -1.3
2061,62,63 Sugar 1.1 -1.0 -2.1 1.2 -0.6 -1.8
2061,62 Raw and refined cane sugar 1.4 -0.2 -1.6 0.6 -1.8 -2.4
2063 Beet sugar 0.8 -2.2 -3.0 2.1 1.2 -0.9
2082 Malt beverages 6.9 4.7 -2.0 4.1 1.3 -2.7
2086 Bottled and canned soft drinks 4.5 6.0 1.3 6.4 3.2 -3.0
2092 Prepared fresh or frozen fish and seafoods 0.5 6.2 5.7 -1.2 0.2 1.4 (2)
2111,21,31 Tobacco products 2.2 -0.7 -2.9 2.9 -0.7 -3.4
2111,31 Cigarettes, chewing and smoking tobacco 2.4 1.3 -1.1 2.6 -0.4 -2.9
2121 Cigars 2.1 -8.8 -10.6 4.7 -3.0 -7.4 (2)
2211,21 Cotton and synthetic broadwoven fabrics 4.7 3.2 -1.4 3.6 -0.7 -4.2
2251,52 Hosiery 6.3 3.4 -2.7 2.2 1.9 -0.2
2281 Yarn spinning mills 3.4 1.8 -1.5 4.2 3.0 -1.2
2311 Men's and boys' suits and coats 2.4 -3.7 -5.9 1.3 -3.1 -4.4
2421 Sawmills and planing mills, general 1.0 0.9 -0.1 3.3 1.4 -1.9
2431 Millwork -1.7 -1.7 0.0 0.1 1.6 1.5
2434 Wood kitchen cabinets 1.7 5.9 4.2 0.4 2.1 1.7 (2)
2435,36 Veneer and plywood 1.3 0.5 -0.8 3.7 0.6 -3.0
2435 Hardwood veneer and plywood 3.3 0.7 -2.5 2.4 0.5 -1.8 (2)
2436 Softwood veneer and plywood 0.2 0.4 0.2 4.9 0.8 -3.9
244 Wood containers n.a. n.a. n.a. 3.6 3.2 -0.3 (2)
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 2. Rates of Change in Output per Employee Hour, Output, and Employee Hours for Selected Industries:
1973-79 and 1979-92 (1), Continued
1973-79 1979-92p
Output Employee Output Employee
SIC code Industry per hour Output hours per hour Output hours
251 Household furniture 0.7 -0.1 -0.8 1.7 0.2 -1.5
2511,17 Wood household furniture -0.4 -1.2 -0.8 0.7 -0.6 -1.3
2512 Upholstered household furniture 2.4 2.1 -0.2 2.1 0.8 -1.2
2514 Metal household furniture -0.7 -1.8 -1.1 3.7 0.7 -2.9
2515 Mattresses and bedsprings 2.5 0.1 -2.4 2.9 1.6 -1.2
252 Office furniture 2.9 5.6 2.6 0.6 3.1 2.4
2521 Wood office furniture 6.0 14.9 8.4 -1.2 -0.2 0.9 (2)
2522 Office furniture, except wood 1.1 0.8 -0.2 1.3 4.6 3.2 (2)
2611,21,31 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 2.4 1.5 -0.9 3.1 2.3 -0.7
2653 Corrugated and solid fiber boxes 3.6 2.2 -1.4 1.2 2.5 1.3
2657 Folding paperboard boxes 2.0 2.0 0.0 0.7 0.5 -0.2
2673,74 Paper and plastic bags 0.7 1.4 0.7 0.3 0.8 0.5 (2)
281 Industrial inorganic chemicals 1.6 2.0 0.4 -0.5 -1.3 -0.9 (2)
2812 Alkalies and chlorine 0.9 -8.5 -9.3 3.9 4.3 0.4 (2)
2816 Inorganic pigments -1.4 -4.3 -2.9 2.6 0.2 -2.3 (2)
2819 (part) Industrial inorganic chemicals, n.e.c. 2.5 6.9 4.2 -1.8 -3.1 -1.2 (2)
2823,24 Synthetic fibers 6.3 2.7 -3.4 3.1 -0.3 -3.3
2841 Soaps and detergents 0.6 1.5 0.8 3.0 3.1 0.0 (2)
2844 Cosmetics and other toiletries 1.2 3.0 1.7 0.6 2.3 1.6 (2)
2851 Paints and allied products 4.1 2.6 -1.5 2.5 1.0 -1.5
2869 Industrial organic chemicals, n.e.c. 3.9 5.8 1.9 0.3 -0.5 -0.8
287 Agricultural chemicals 2.7 5.0 2.1 2.5 0.6 -1.9 (2)
2873 Nitrogeneous fertilizers 3.0 5.7 2.6 3.6 0.3 -3.2 (2)
2874 Phosphatic fertilizers 1.0 3.4 2.3 3.6 0.6 -2.9 (2)
2875 Fertilizers, mixing only 4.1 2.4 -1.7 0.3 -3.1 -3.4 (2)
2879 Agricultural chemicals, n.e.c. 3.1 8.1 4.8 2.2 2.7 0.4 (2)
2911 Petroleum refining 0.2 2.3 2.1 2.3 -0.1 -2.3
3011 Tires and inner tubes 2.0 -0.1 -2.1 5.0 1.4 -3.4
3052 Rubber and plastics hose and belting 0.4 4.9 4.5 0.8 -3.9 -4.6 (2)
308 Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c. 0.2 4.2 4.0 2.4 4.5 2.0
314 Footwear 0.3 -3.7 -4.0 0.0 -6.7 -6.7
3221 Glass containers 1.7 0.4 -1.3 2.9 -2.3 -5.0
3241 Cement, hydraulic -0.7 -0.3 0.4 4.3 -0.7 -4.7
325 Structural clay products 0.9 -0.4 -1.3 1.7 -1.6 -3.3
3251,53,59 Clay construction products 0.2 -1.5 -1.7 2.2 -0.8 -2.9
3251 Brick and structural clay tile -0.9 -2.1 -1.2 1.7 -2.2 -3.8
3253 Ceramic wall and floor tile 3.3 4.7 1.4 1.9 2.5 0.6 (2)
3255 Clay refractories 2.8 2.8 0.1 0.3 -4.3 -4.6
3271,72 Concrete products 0.0 -1.5 -1.5 1.6 1.0 -0.6
3273 Ready-mixed concrete -0.6 1.6 2.2 0.2 -0.5 -0.7
331 Steel 0.0 -1.1 -1.2 3.9 -2.1 -5.8
3321 Gray and ductile iron foundries 0.4 -0.4 -0.8 1.1 -3.8 -4.8
3324,25 Steel foundries -0.2 3.8 4.0 -0.3 -4.6 -4.3
3325 Steel foundries, n.e.c. -0.1 3.7 3.8 1.1 -5.9 -6.9
3331 Primary copper 3.8 -2.4 -6.0 5.7 -0.9 -6.2
3334 Primary aluminum 0.0 2.3 2.2 2.9 -1.0 -3.7
3351 Copper rolling and drawing 0.9 -1.4 -2.2 2.8 -0.9 -3.5
3353,54,55 Aluminum rolling and drawing 1.1 0.7 -0.4 1.2 -0.1 -1.3 (2)
3411 Metal cans 4.1 0.6 -3.3 4.0 -0.7 -4.5
3423 Hand and edge tools, n.e.c. 0.4 3.3 2.9 -1.0 -2.9 -1.8 (2)
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 2. Rates of Change in Output per Employee Hour, Output, and Employee Hours for Selected Industries:
1973-79 and 1979-92 (1), Continued
1973-79 1979-92p
Output Employee Output Employee
SIC code Industry per hour Output hours per hour Output hours
3433 Heating equipment, except electric 2.0 1.0 -1.0 2.3 -2.7 -4.9 (2)
3441 Fabricated structural metal -1.7 -1.1 0.6 1.2 -1.4 -2.6 (2)
3442 Metal doors, sash, and trim 0.1 0.8 0.7 0.6 -0.2 -0.8 (2)
3452 Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers 1.1 1.5 0.4 1.7 -0.6 -2.3 (2)
3465,66,69 Metal stampings 0.9 0.1 -0.7 1.0 -0.5 -1.5 (2)
3465 Automotive stampings 1.4 -1.1 -2.5 2.1 0.5 -1.6 (2)
3469 Metal stampings, n.e.c. 0.3 1.9 1.5 -0.1 -1.3 -1.3 (2)
3491,92,94 Valves and pipe fittings 0.3 2.5 2.1 0.6 -0.6 -1.2 (2)
3498 Fabricated pipe and fittings -3.3 5.5 9.1 -0.5 -4.1 -3.6 (2)
3519 Internal combustion engines, n.e.c. 1.3 5.4 4.1 1.4 -2.8 -4.1
352 Farm and garden machinery 1.0 3.0 2.0 1.9 -3.8 -5.6
3523 Farm machinery and equipment 0.4 2.5 2.0 2.0 -5.0 -6.9
3524 Lawn and garden equipment 3.9 5.8 1.8 1.2 0.7 -0.4 (2)
3531 Construction machinery 1.1 2.3 1.2 0.7 -5.6 -6.3 (2)
3532 Mining machinery -2.1 2.3 4.5 1.1 -5.3 -6.4
3533 Oil and gas field machinery 0.0 10.5 10.6 -2.5 -7.1 -4.7 (2)
3541,42 Machine tools -0.8 0.4 1.3 0.6 -6.5 -7.1
3541 Metal cutting machine tools -0.4 2.0 2.4 0.3 -7.3 -7.6
3542 Metal forming machine tools -2.3 -3.5 -1.3 1.0 -4.8 -5.8
3545 Machine tool accessories -0.8 2.5 3.3 0.7 -1.8 -2.4 (2)
3561,63,94 Pumps and compressors 0.8 4.6 3.7 1.9 -0.8 -2.6 (2)
3561,94 Pumps and pumping equipment 1.2 3.4 2.2 1.7 -0.9 -2.6 (2)
3562 Ball and roller bearings 0.5 0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -3.5 -3.1
3563 Air and gas compressors -0.1 7.1 7.2 2.2 -0.5 -2.6 (2)
3585 Refrigeration and heating equipment -0.3 -0.2 0.1 0.6 -0.4 -1.0 (2)
3592 Carburetors, pistons, rings, and valves -3.9 -2.5 1.5 3.1 -3.7 -6.6 (2)
3612 Transformers, except electronic 1.9 -0.4 -2.3 1.4 -0.9 -2.2
3613 Switchgear and switchboard apparatus 0.2 0.5 0.2 1.6 -2.9 -4.5 (2)
3621 Motors and generators -0.2 0.7 0.9 1.3 -2.2 -3.5
3631,32,33,39 Major household appliances 3.3 1.7 -1.5 2.6 0.5 -2.0
3631 Household cooking equipment 4.2 6.3 2.0 3.6 -0.2 -3.6
3632 Household refrigerators and freezers 2.7 -1.1 -3.8 2.4 1.3 -1.1
3633 Household laundry equipment 3.4 0.1 -3.2 3.5 0.8 -2.7
3639 Household appliances, n.e.c. 3.2 2.5 -0.6 0.1 -0.4 -0.5
3641 Electric lamps 2.6 0.2 -2.3 5.3 0.5 -4.6
3645,46,47,48 Lighting fixtures and equipment 0.1 -0.4 -0.5 0.7 0.4 -0.3
3651 Household audio and video equipment 5.1 0.1 -4.8 11.0 4.2 -6.1
371 Motor vehicles and equipment 2.2 1.6 -0.6 2.3 0.8 -1.4
3721 Aircraft 3.8 6.1 2.2 1.5 1.4 -0.1
3825 Instruments to measure electricity 1.7 7.5 5.7 3.3 1.9 -1.3 (2)
3861 Photographic equipment and supplies 4.9 6.3 1.3 1.6 -0.8 -2.4 (2)
Transportation
4011 Railroad transportation, revenue traffic 1.4 0.1 -1.3 8.1 1.5 -6.1
4011 Railroad transportation, car miles 0.2 -1.0 -1.3 5.5 -0.9 -6.1
411,13,14 (parts) Bus carriers, class I -1.3 -0.9 0.4 -0.3 -3.8 -3.5 (5)
4213 Trucking, except local (3) 3.2 2.0 -1.2 2.7 -0.7 -3.3 (5)
4213 (part) Trucking, ex. local, general freight (3) 4.0 1.3 -2.6 3.0 -1.2 -4.1 (5)
4512,13,22 (parts) Air transportation (3) 4.8 6.8 1.9 1.5 4.5 3.0
4612,13 Petroleum pipelines 0.6 4.0 3.4 0.3 -0.3 -0.6 (2)
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 2. Rates of Change in Output per Employee Hour, Output, and Employee Hours for Selected Industries:
1973-79 and 1979-92 (1), Continued
1973-79 1979-92p
Output Employee Output Employee
SIC code Industry per hour Output hours per hour Output hours
Utilities
481 Telephone communications 6.9 8.2 1.3 5.0 3.8 -1.1
491,2,3 Gas and electric utilities 0.9 2.4 1.5 0.3 1.1 0.8 (2)
491,3 (part) Electric utilities 1.3 3.4 2.1 1.4 2.3 0.9
492,3 (part) Gas utilities -0.2 -0.1 0.0 -3.5 -3.4 0.1 (2)
Trade (4)
5093 Scrap and waste materials n.a. n.a. n.a. 3.0 3.0 -0.1 (2)
5251 Hardware stores 2.6 4.3 1.7 0.8 0.9 0.0
5311 Department stores 3.1 2.9 -0.2 2.5 3.3 0.8
5331 Variety stores -2.7 -5.2 -2.6 -0.1 -4.3 -4.2
54 Food stores -0.7 1.1 1.8 -0.8 0.8 1.6
5411 Grocery stores -0.3 1.4 1.7 -0.9 0.9 1.9
546 Retail bakeries -1.9 0.3 2.2 -2.3 -1.0 1.4
5511 New and used car dealers 0.3 0.3 0.1 1.6 1.7 0.1
5531 Auto and home supply stores 2.3 5.8 3.4 2.6 3.7 1.1
5541 Gasoline service stations 3.7 -1.2 -4.7 2.8 1.5 -1.3
56 Apparel and accessory stores 2.1 4.3 2.1 2.6 3.7 1.1
5611 Men's and boys' clothing stores 0.8 0.5 -0.3 1.9 -1.8 -3.6
5621 Women's clothing stores 3.6 5.3 1.7 3.9 3.9 0.0
5651 Family clothing stores -0.2 4.6 4.8 3.1 7.0 3.8
5661 Shoe stores 2.0 4.2 2.2 1.4 1.8 0.3
57 Home furniture, furnishings, & equipment sto 2.1 4.4 2.3 4.2 5.3 1.1
571 Furniture and homefurnishings stores 1.5 3.0 1.5 1.8 2.7 0.9
572,3 Appliance, radio, T.V., and computer stores 3.0 6.6 3.4 7.5 9.0 1.4
5722 Household appliance stores 3.4 2.1 -1.2 5.2 3.5 -1.7
573 Radio, television, and computer stores 2.4 9.2 6.7 8.0 10.9 2.6
581 Eating and drinking places -0.6 3.2 3.9 -0.1 2.1 2.2
5912 Drug stores and proprietary stores 1.1 1.5 0.4 0.7 1.6 0.9
5921 Liquor stores -0.7 0.8 1.6 1.7 -0.5 -2.1
Services (4)
602 Commercial banks 0.6 4.6 4.0 2.6 2.9 0.4
7011 Hotels and motels 1.1 4.0 2.8 -1.7 1.5 3.2 (2)
721 Laundry, cleaning, and garment services -0.2 -3.3 -3.2 -1.1 0.0 1.1 (2)
7231,41 Beauty and barber shops 1.1 -0.2 -1.2 -0.2 1.3 1.5 (2)
7231 Beauty shops 0.2 1.0 0.7 -0.2 1.9 2.1 (2)
753 Automotive repair shops -0.7 4.0 4.7 -0.4 2.3 2.8 (2)
p=preliminary
n.a.=not available
(1) Average annual percent change using compound rate formula.
(2) 1979-91.
(3) Output per employee and employees are used for SIC 4213, SIC 4213 (part), and SIC 4512,13,22 (parts).
(4) Output per hour of all persons and hours of all persons are used for all trade and service industries
except SIC 5311, SIC 5511, and SIC 602.
(5) 1979-89.