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Historical , technical USDL 98-310
information: (202) 606-5618 FOR RELEASE: 10:00 a.m. EDT
Media contact: (202) 606-5902 Thursday, July 23, 1998
Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov
PRODUCTIVITY BY INDUSTRY, 1987-1996
The Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department
of Labor, reported today on labor productivity changes in
1996 for selected industries in the U.S. economy and
announced a major expansion in the information available
from this program. With this release, BLS is publishing
data on labor productivity for 499 industries--a
substantial increase from the 182 industries previously
published. The series for the industries newly introduced
begin in 1987 and generally run through 1996.
Over the 1987-1996 period, labor productivity--defined
as output per hour--increased in 84 percent of the
industries, as measured at the 3-digit level of the
Standard Industrial Classification Manual. Output, which
is the production of goods and services, rose in 80 percent
of the industries at the 3-digit level. In contrast, hours
of labor increased in only 51 percent of the industries.
The attached table contains data for all industries
for which BLS publishes productivity series, including
industries at the 2-, 3-, and 4-digit levels. The
analysis, however, focuses only on the broader--2- or 3-
digit level--industries.
Manufacturing
The productivity trend for the 1987-96 period was
positive for most manufacturing industries. Labor
productivity increased in 103 of the 122 manufacturing
industries at the 3-digit level during the period. Output
gains occurred in 80 percent of the industries, while hours
rose in close to half. Four of the five largest industries
recorded productivity gains from 1987 to 1996: The average
annual rates of gain were 0.7 percent in motor vehicles and
equipment; 2.4 percent in miscellaneous plastics products,
n.e.c.; 0.9 percent in commercial printing; and 0.7 percent
in aircraft and parts. Productivity fell 0.4 percent
(average annual rate) in meat products. In 1996,
productivity rose in 88 of the 122 manufacturing
industries.
Mining
Productivity rose in all of the mining industries
during the 1987-96 period. Labor productivity growth was
greatest in bituminous coal and lignite mining, which grew
6.1 percent per year on average. In 1996, productivity
increased in three of the five mining industries at the 3-
digit level, with another strong gain in bituminous coal
and lignite mining of 9.3 percent.
Transportation, Communication, and Utilities
Productivity increased in all but one of the
transportation, communications, and utilities industries
for which productivity data are available over the 1987-96
period (1987-95 in some cases). Productivity growth was
particularly high in railroad transportation, where output
per hour grew 5.9 percent on average from 1987 to 1996, and
in telephone communications, where labor productivity grew
an average of 5.4 percent per year during the period.
Data for 1996 were not available for cable and other pay
television stations, but, during 1987-1995, productivity
declined in that industry by an average of 1.6 percent.
All the industries with data for 1996 had productivity
gains except the postal service, which recorded a 1.6
percent decline.
Trade
Productivity gains for 1987-96 were recorded in two of
the four trade industries at the 2-digit level and in 23 of
the 28 industries at the 3-digit level. The trade sector
includes some of the largest industries in the U.S.
economy. Virtually all of the trade industries for which
labor productivity data are available are in the retail
sector. The two largest, eating and drinking places and
food stores, recorded declining productivity during the
1987-96 period. The other two, apparel and accessory
stores and home furniture, furnishings, and equipment
stores, recorded gains in productivity during the period.
Of the four trade industries at the 3-digit level with
employment in excess of one million, all but one recorded
gains in output per hour for the overall 1987-96 period.
Productivity rose at an average annual rate of 1.3 percent
in department stores, 1.8 percent in miscellaneous shopping
goods stores, and 0.8 percent in new and used car dealers
from 1987 to 1996. Productivity fell 1.3 percent per year,
on average, in grocery stores during the period. In 1996,
declines at the 2-digit level were recorded in eating and
drinking places and food stores, but the two other 2-digit
trade industries showed gains.
Finance and Services
From 1987 to 1996, output per hour increased in seven
of the nine finance and services industries at the 3-digit
level for which productivity data are available, including
all five of the largest industries. Labor productivity
rose 1.0 percent per year, on average, in hotels and
motels, 3.1 percent in commercial banks, 1.4 percent in
automotive repair shops, 0.5 percent in beauty shops, and
0.9 percent in laundry, cleaning and garment services
during the period. For 1996, five of the nine industries
recorded gains.
Coverage
With the expansion announced today, the BLS
industry productivity series now covers 100 percent of
employment in the manufacturing sector, 96 percent of
employment in mining, 90 percent in communications and
utilities, 78 percent in trade, 57 percent in
transportation, and 17 percent in finance and services.
The construction sector is not covered in the industry
productivity measures. All together, the industry
productivity measures now cover 54 percent of employment in
the nonfarm business sector. In the sectors with low
coverage, a lack of adequate basic data and, in some cases,
serious conceptual issues have prevented development of
productivity measures. (The coverage percentages noted
here relate to unpublished as well as published industry
series; for a discussion of series that do not meet BLS
publication standards, see Notes below.)
Notes
The productivity measures in this news release
describe the relationship between output and the labor time
involved in its production. They show the changes from
period to period in the amount of goods and services
produced per hour. Although these measures relate output
to hours of employees, or hours of all persons, engaged in
an industry, they do not measure the specific contribution
of labor, capital, or any other factor of production.
Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences,
including changes in technology; capital investment; level
of output; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials;
the organization of production; managerial skill; and the
characteristics and effort of the workforce. Changes in
labor productivity over time reflect change in these
influences.
The data in this news release reflect revisions to
series as published in BLS Bulletin 2491 (August 1997) and
in table 42 of the Monthly Labor Review. The 1996 data are
preliminary and are subject to revision. Published
industry productivity data are available on the Internet at
http://stats.bls.gov. Productivity series for an
additional 228 industries were developed but withheld from
publication because they did not meet BLS publication
standards; these series include some previously published
industries. Data for industries for which measures were
developed but did not meet publication standards are
available upon request from the Office of Productivity and
Technology (202-606-5618). Data for industries published
previous to this release are available for years prior to
1987, in many cases beginning in 1958 and, in a few cases,
in 1947. For a description of the methods and data sources
used in the construction of the productivity series, see
the forthcoming article "BLS Completes Major Expansion of
Industry Productivity Series" in the Monthly Labor Review.
In the table presented here, series for which there is
only one 4-digit industry within the 3-digit industry group
are listed as 3-digit industries. In some cases, an entire
3-digit series was withheld from publication because it did
not meet publication standards. Series also are presented
for 30 combination industries (aggregates of two or more 4-
digit industries not comprising an entire 3-digit group or
aggregates of two or more 3-digit industries not comprising
an entire 2-digit group). The combination industries
within the manufacturing and personal services sectors will
no longer be published after this press release.
Information in this release is available to
sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone:
202-606-7828, TDD phone: 202-606-5897, TDD message referral
phone number: 1-800-326-2577.
Table 1. Average annual percent change in output per hour, output, and employee hours for selected industries
Average annual percent change
1996 1987-96 1995-96
SIC Code Industry Employment (1) Output Employee Output
(thousands) per hour (2) Output hours per hour (2)
Mining
102 Copper ores 16 1.6 4.6 2.9 -1.2
104 Gold and silver ores 20 3.4 7.6 4.0 -6.5
1041 Gold ores 18 2.5 8.0 5.4 -5.2
12 Coal mining 96 6.0 1.1 -4.7 9.0
122 Bituminous coal and lignite mining 90 6.1 1.0 -4.8 9.3
13 Oil and gas extraction 317 1.1 -0.9 -2.0 -0.2
131 Crude petroleum and natural gas 143 2.6 -0.9 -3.5 5.9
14 Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels 106 0.5 0.4 0.0 -0.1
142 Crushed and broken stone 40 0.8 1.2 0.4 2.4
Manufacturing
201 Meat products 481 -0.4 2.2 2.6 -4.6
2011,13 Red meat products 243 -0.5 1.1 1.6 -6.2
2011 Meat packing plants 147 -0.5 0.6 1.1 -5.4
2013 Sausages and other prepared meats 96 -0.4 2.0 2.4 -7.4
2015 Poultry slaughtering and processing 238 2.1 6.0 3.8 -1.5
202 Dairy products 144 1.5 0.4 -1.1 -0.7
2022 Cheese, natural and processed 41 1.9 2.1 0.2 -1.6
2023 Dry, condensed, and evaporated dairy products 17 -0.9 -0.4 0.5 0.0
2024 Ice cream and frozen desserts 22 3.3 3.7 0.4 7.3
2026 Fluid milk 62 1.3 -1.4 -2.6 -3.0
203 Preserved fruits and vegetables 237 1.0 1.7 0.7 0.3
2032 Canned specialties 20 2.5 1.4 -1.0 4.5
2033 Canned fruits and vegetables 77 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.4
2037 Frozen fruits and vegetables 48 2.4 2.3 -0.1 11.9
2038 "Frozen specialties, n.e.c." 52 0.3 4.2 3.9 -4.3
204 Grain mill products 127 0.8 1.2 0.5 -6.8
2041,45 Flour (inc. flour mixes) and other grains 33 1.8 1.8 0.0 -5.9
2041 Flour and other grain mill products 19 2.3 0.4 -1.9 -12.4
2043 Cereal breakfast foods 20 -1.7 -0.6 1.1 -18.6
2045 Prepared flour mixes and doughs 13 1.4 5.4 3.9 5.1
2047,48 Prepared feeds for animals and fowls 60 0.6 1.1 0.5 -7.0
2047 Dog and cat food 19 -2.7 1.8 4.7 -6.0
2048 Prepared feeds, n.e.c. 41 1.8 0.8 -1.0 -7.4
205 Bakery products 210 -0.5 -0.7 -0.2 -2.0
2051 Bread, cake, and related products 149 -1.8 -2.5 -0.7 -3.7
2052 Cookies and crackers 51 0.5 1.5 1.0 1.6
206 Sugar and confectionery products 99 1.0 1.3 0.3 4.9
2061,62,63 Sugar 18 3.3 1.3 -1.9 8.4
2064 Candy and other confectionery products 59 1.6 2.6 0.9 5.6
2066 Chocolate and cocoa products 13 0.0 -0.9 -0.9 8.9
207 Fats and oils 31 1.4 1.2 -0.2 -9.3
208 Beverages 179 3.3 2.1 -1.2 0.8
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Average annual percent change in output per hour, output, and employee hours for selected industries---Continued
Average annual percent change
1996 1987-96 1995-96
SIC Code Industry Employment (1) Output Employee Output
(thousands) per hour (2) Output hours per hour (2)
2082 Malt beverages 37 1.9 1.3 -0.5 1.7
2084 Wines, brandy, and brandy spirits 20 1.1 4.0 2.9 5.5
2086 Bottled and canned soft drinks 93 5.6 2.9 -2.5 1.7
2087 Flavoring extracts and syrups, n.e.c. 20 0.1 3.4 3.3 -3.8
209 Miscellaneous food and kindred products 186 0.8 2.2 1.4 4.4
2092 Fresh or frozen prepared fish 47 -2.2 0.8 3.1 4.6
2096 Potato chips and similar snacks 33 4.8 4.8 -0.1 11.9
2099 Food preparations, n.e.c. 72 -0.1 2.8 2.9 -0.2
211,2,3 Tobacco products 34 4.0 0.5 -3.3 1.6
211,3 Cigarettes, chewing and smoking tobacco 31 4.1 0.5 -3.4 2.9
211 Cigarettes 28 4.4 0.7 -3.6 3.4
221,2 Cotton and synthetic broadwoven fabrics 141 4.3 0.7 -3.5 3.5
221 Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton 75 3.6 -0.1 -3.6 2.9
222 Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade 66 4.7 1.2 -3.4 4.1
224 Narrow fabric mills 21 2.7 1.3 -1.4 7.3
225 Knitting mills 180 4.6 2.2 -2.3 8.5
2251,52 Hosiery 61 4.1 1.9 -2.2 14.1
2251 Women's hosiery, except socks 21 4.7 -1.3 -5.7 1.2
2252 Hosiery, n.e.c. 40 3.4 4.0 0.5 22.2
2253 Knit outerwear mills 54 9.0 5.9 -2.9 12.8
226 Textile finishing, except wool 69 -2.5 -1.1 1.4 1.7
2261 Finishing plants, cotton 32 0.3 3.7 3.3 1.4
2262 Finishing plants, manmade 22 -1.8 -2.3 -0.5 6.9
227 Carpets and rugs 61 0.1 0.3 0.2 5.6
228 Yarn and thread mills 87 4.4 1.3 -3.0 7.0
2281 Yarn spinning mills 65 4.7 0.9 -3.6 11.9
2282 Throwing and winding mills 16 3.2 2.6 -0.6 -6.1
229 Miscellaneous textile goods 51 2.5 2.2 -0.3 1.4
2297 Nonwoven fabrics 12 0.4 4.1 3.7 -2.2
231 Men's and boys' suits and coats 33 -0.4 -6.5 -6.1 4.3
232 Men's and boys' furnishings 224 3.3 -0.3 -3.5 8.6
2321 Men's and boys' shirts 47 6.1 -0.3 -6.0 9.8
2325 Men's and boys' trousers and slacks 76 2.6 0.4 -2.1 3.8
2326 Men's and boys' work clothing 33 5.1 0.1 -4.8 19.2
2329 Men's and boys' clothing, n.e.c. 44 1.0 -0.2 -1.3 6.9
233 Women's and misses' outerwear 255 4.2 0.5 -3.5 6.4
2331 Women's, misses', and juniors' blouses and shirts 26 3.9 -2.6 -6.3 11.1
2337 Women's, misses', and juniors' suits and coats 25 2.6 -2.3 -4.7 15.0
234 Women's and children's undergarments 41 6.2 -0.5 -6.3 6.4
2341 Women's and children's underwear 30 4.6 -3.4 -7.6 11.1
235 Hats, caps, and millinery 19 -2.3 0.7 3.1 -4.1
238 Miscellaneous apparel and accessories 34 2.2 -0.3 -2.4 3.9
239 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products 221 0.7 2.3 1.6 -2.6
2391 Curtains and draperies 20 -3.2 -5.8 -2.7 -13.7
2392 Housefurnishings, n.e.c. 55 1.5 2.1 0.6 -0.2
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Average annual percent change in output per hour, output, and employee hours for selected industries---Continued
Average annual percent change
1996 1987-96 1995-96
SIC Code Industry Employment (1) Output Employee Output
(thousands) per hour (2) Output hours per hour (2)
2394 Canvas and related products 19 -2.4 -1.1 1.3 4.4
2395 Pleating and stitching 19 -5.8 -3.3 2.7 -14.8
2396 Automotive and apparel trimmings 62 -0.3 4.2 4.5 -6.0
2399 Fabricated textile products, n.e.c. 30 5.2 5.8 0.5 7.3
241 Logging 80 -1.7 -2.0 -0.4 0.0
242 Sawmills and planing mills 182 1.5 0.4 -1.1 4.3
2421 Sawmills and planing mills, general 145 1.7 0.3 -1.3 5.2
2426 Hardwood dimension and flooring mills 36 1.6 1.9 0.3 -2.0
243 Millwork, plywood, and structural members 288 -0.9 -0.2 0.8 -0.7
2431 Millwork 114 -1.6 -1.1 0.5 1.5
2434 Wood kitchen cabinets 79 0.0 1.0 1.0 -2.5
2435,36 Veneer and plywood 58 -1.8 -2.0 -0.3 -3.9
2435 Hardwood veneer and plywood 28 -2.1 -0.3 1.9 -1.8
2436 Softwood veneer and plywood 31 -0.7 -2.5 -1.8 -5.2
2439 Structural wood members, n.e.c. 37 2.4 5.7 3.3 3.2
244 Wood containers 53 0.7 3.4 2.6 0.4
2448 Wood pallets and skids 41 -0.4 3.8 4.2 0.5
245 Wood buildings and mobile homes 89 -0.3 2.5 2.9 0.0
2451 Mobile homes 68 0.0 4.8 4.8 0.9
2452 Prefabricated wood buildings 21 -0.8 -2.4 -1.6 -2.8
249 Miscellaneous wood products 89 1.5 1.7 0.2 -1.1
2491 Wood preserving 12 1.7 0.7 -1.0 -7.2
2493 Reconstituted wood products 21 1.2 4.0 2.8 1.9
2499 Wood products, n.e.c. 56 0.7 0.2 -0.5 -0.8
251 Household furniture 275 2.3 0.8 -1.5 4.5
2511,17 Wood household furniture 129 1.4 -0.3 -1.7 3.0
2511 Wood household furniture 124 1.1 -0.4 -1.5 3.1
2512 Upholstered household furniture 86 4.4 2.4 -1.9 6.2
2514 Metal household furniture 21 -0.3 -2.8 -2.5 4.4
2515 Mattresses and bedsprings 33 1.4 2.8 1.4 3.7
252 Office furniture 62 0.7 -0.6 -1.3 5.7
2521 Wood office furniture 29 0.3 -1.4 -1.7 4.0
2522 Office furniture, except wood 33 0.7 -0.3 -1.0 7.2
253 Public building and related furniture 43 6.7 11.8 4.7 3.8
254 Partitions and fixtures 85 -0.3 1.4 1.7 -3.8
2541 Wood partitions and fixtures 49 -1.7 0.5 2.2 -6.0
2542 Partitions and fixtures, except wood 37 1.2 2.2 1.0 -1.1
259 Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures 38 1.4 1.7 0.3 3.2
2591 Drapery hardware and blinds and shades 21 0.2 -0.6 -0.8 -1.2
2599 Furniture and fixtures, n.e.c. 17 1.7 3.4 1.7 4.5
261,2,3 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 223 1.8 0.9 -0.8 -4.0
261 Pulp mills 13 3.2 1.3 -1.8 0.6
262 Paper mills 161 1.3 0.5 -0.8 -6.0
263 Paperboard mills 50 1.9 1.2 -0.7 -0.7
265 Paperboard containers and boxes 218 0.7 1.6 0.9 1.3
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Average annual percent change in output per hour, output, and employee hours for selected industries---Continued
Average annual percent change
1996 1987-96 1995-96
SIC Code Industry Employment (1) Output Employee Output
(thousands) per hour (2) Output hours per hour (2)
2653 Corrugated and solid fiber boxes 130 0.2 2.2 2.0 1.7
2655 Fiber cans, drums, and similar products 15 -0.3 -0.9 -0.6 -2.0
2656 Sanitary food containers 18 -3.2 -1.8 1.5 1.1
2657 Folding paperboard boxes 48 2.7 2.0 -0.6 0.0
267 Miscellaneous converted paper products 240 1.4 1.7 0.3 1.1
2671 Paper coated and laminated, packaging 22 3.0 4.4 1.3 10.1
2672 Paper coated and laminated, n.e.c. 47 1.3 2.9 1.5 3.3
2673,74 Paper and plastic bags 56 -0.2 0.7 0.9 5.2
2673 Bags: plastics, laminated, and coated 38 0.2 2.0 1.8 4.3
2674 Bags: uncoated paper and multiwall 18 -1.3 -2.0 -0.7 7.0
2675 Die-cut paper and board 20 -1.5 0.7 2.3 -0.1
2676 Sanitary paper products 30 2.2 1.7 -0.5 -2.9
2677 Envelopes 24 1.8 0.4 -1.3 -0.1
2679 Converted paper products, n.e.c. 35 4.7 2.9 -1.7 -2.8
271 Newspapers 442 -2.8 -3.5 -0.7 -2.4
272 Periodicals 132 -1.1 -0.4 0.7 2.7
273 Books 125 0.1 1.4 1.4 -1.1
2731 Book publishing 86 0.8 1.2 0.4 -0.6
2732 Book printing 39 -1.2 2.5 3.7 -1.6
274 Miscellaneous publishing 86 -0.8 0.5 1.2 -1.5
275 Commercial printing 564 0.9 1.9 0.9 1.3
2752 Commercial printing, lithographic 367 0.9 1.9 1.0 1.0
2754 Commercial printing, gravure 20 -1.2 3.0 4.2 -4.5
2759 Commercial printing, n.e.c. 177 0.9 1.4 0.5 5.2
276 Manifold business forms 44 -3.2 -4.4 -1.2 -3.1
277 Greeting cards 27 -0.9 0.9 1.9 -0.8
278 Blankbooks and bookbinding 66 1.6 0.8 -0.7 5.8
2782 Blankbooks and looseleaf binders 38 2.1 0.6 -1.5 3.5
2789 Bookbinding and related work 28 0.9 1.4 0.4 10.8
279 Printing trade services 52 2.7 1.3 -1.3 8.6
2791 Typesetting 19 5.3 -1.5 -6.4 18.3
2796 Platemaking services 32 -0.3 3.1 3.4 3.7
281 Industrial inorganic chemicals 83 0.7 0.3 -0.4 1.1
2813 Industrial gases 24 -1.7 0.1 1.8 -7.6
2816 Inorganic pigments 12 0.5 2.0 1.5 4.7
2819 Industrial inorganic chemicals, n.e.c. 37 2.6 0.5 -2.1 2.7
282 Plastics materials and synthetics 159 2.5 2.0 -0.5 -2.7
2821 Plastics materials and resins 76 2.4 2.6 0.2 -3.5
2822 Synthetic rubber 17 0.7 2.7 1.9 -4.7
2823,24 Synthetic fibers 66 2.1 0.5 -1.6 -2.3
2824 Organic fibers, noncellulosic 49 3.4 0.8 -2.5 -4.7
283 Drugs 259 1.5 3.6 2.1 6.0
2834 Pharmaceutical preparations 206 -0.4 1.6 2.0 4.7
284 Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods 154 2.2 2.3 0.1 2.2
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Average annual percent change in output per hour, output, and employee hours for selected industries---Continued
Average annual percent change
1996 1987-96 1995-96
SIC Code Industry Employment (1) Output Employee Output
(thousands) per hour (2) Output hours per hour (2)
2841 Soap and other detergents 41 2.5 1.3 -1.1 0.5
2842 Polishes and sanitation goods 34 2.3 1.9 -0.5 -0.5
2844 Toilet preparations 72 2.4 3.3 0.9 7.2
285 Paints and allied products 53 2.4 0.6 -1.8 5.2
286 Industrial organic chemicals 144 -0.2 -0.4 -0.2 -0.2
2865 Cyclic crudes and intermediates 26 2.4 1.4 -1.0 3.6
2869 Industrial organic chemicals, n.e.c. 116 -0.8 -0.6 0.2 -0.8
287 Agricultural chemicals 52 1.1 1.6 0.5 2.4
2879 Agricultural chemicals, n.e.c. 24 -0.3 2.3 2.5 8.8
289 Miscellaneous chemical products 93 1.1 0.9 -0.1 2.2
2891 Adhesives and sealants 25 -0.9 0.0 1.0 8.6
2893 Printing ink 16 0.7 3.1 2.4 1.4
2899 Chemical preparations, n.e.c. 42 0.9 1.4 0.6 -2.3
291 Petroleum refining 100 4.0 1.3 -2.5 7.4
295 Asphalt paving and roofing materials 27 1.5 1.7 0.2 2.8
2951 Asphalt paving mixtures and blocks 14 0.2 1.2 1.0 6.6
2952 Asphalt felts and coatings 13 2.9 2.3 -0.6 -1.1
299 Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products 14 -1.6 0.5 2.1 -1.1
2992 Lubricating oils and greases 12 -1.3 0.6 1.9 -0.9
301 Tires and inner tubes 80 3.7 2.8 -0.9 5.9
305 Hose and belting and gaskets and packing 68 0.8 3.3 2.5 2.5
3052 Rubber and plastics hose and belting 28 0.1 1.3 1.2 -0.8
3053 Gaskets, packing, and sealing devices 40 1.4 5.0 3.6 4.9
306 Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c. 113 1.9 2.8 0.8 -1.2
3061 Mechanical rubber goods 50 3.2 3.5 0.3 -1.8
3069 Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c. 63 1.4 2.7 1.3 -0.5
308 Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c. 714 2.4 4.7 2.2 3.4
3081 Unsupported plastics film and sheet 63 1.4 3.9 2.5 2.5
3082 Unsupported plastics profile shapes 24 7.0 5.2 -1.7 -2.6
3083 Laminated plastics plate, sheet, and profile shapes 24 -3.6 -1.0 2.7 1.0
3084 Plastics pipe 17 3.0 5.1 2.0 9.3
3085 Plastics bottles 32 5.4 7.1 1.6 4.6
3086 Plastics foam products 56 2.9 4.2 1.3 4.8
3087 Custom compounding of purchased plastics resins 26 7.8 8.2 0.3 2.5
3088 Plastics plumbing fixtures 18 4.5 11.3 6.5 -2.7
3089 Plastics products, n.e.c. 454 2.1 4.7 2.6 3.9
314 Footwear, except rubber 45 2.6 -4.6 -7.0 7.5
3143 Men's footwear, except athletic 23 2.9 -2.4 -5.1 6.5
3144 Women's footwear, except athletic 13 -2.4 -11.2 -9.1 -3.6
316 Luggage 11 0.9 0.6 -0.3 19.9
317 Handbags and personal leather goods 11 -1.9 -6.5 -4.7 2.6
321 Flat glass 16 0.5 0.8 0.4 4.6
322 Glass and glassware, pressed or blown 72 2.2 0.4 -1.8 5.3
3221 Glass containers 28 1.9 -2.7 -4.5 8.0
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Average annual percent change in output per hour, output, and employee hours for selected industries---Continued
Average annual percent change
1996 1987-96 1995-96
SIC Code Industry Employment (1) Output Employee Output
(thousands) per hour (2) Output hours per hour (2)
3229 Pressed and blown glass, n.e.c. 44 3.1 3.8 0.6 3.9
323 Products of purchased glass 60 2.5 4.4 1.8 17.4
324 Cement, hydraulic 17 2.8 1.4 -1.4 2.9
325 Structural clay products 33 2.0 0.4 -1.6 7.1
3251,53,59 Clay construction products 26 3.0 0.5 -2.4 10.8
3251 Brick and structural clay tile 14 2.4 -0.5 -2.8 9.9
326 Pottery and related products 40 2.0 2.9 0.9 9.2
3269 Pottery products, n.e.c. 14 -1.1 1.5 2.6 20.9
327 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products 212 0.8 1.0 0.2 2.8
3271,72 Concrete products 88 2.5 2.2 -0.2 9.3
3271 Concrete block and brick 18 2.6 1.2 -1.4 10.7
3272 Concrete products, n.e.c. 70 2.5 2.5 0.1 8.9
3273 Ready-mixed concrete 106 -0.7 0.1 0.8 -1.7
3275 Gypsum products 13 3.1 1.8 -1.2 5.7
329 Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products 74 1.2 1.3 0.1 3.2
3291 Abrasive products 20 1.4 0.5 -0.9 6.7
3295 Minerals, ground or treated 13 0.9 1.7 0.8 -6.5
3296 Mineral wool 24 1.9 1.3 -0.6 6.3
331 Blast furnace and basic steel products 240 4.9 3.7 -1.1 7.7
3312 Blast furnaces and steel mills 169 5.8 3.9 -1.8 11.5
3315 Steel wire and related products 21 1.7 3.0 1.3 -9.4
3316 Cold finishing of steel shapes 17 1.5 2.0 0.6 -2.3
3317 Steel pipe and tubes 27 3.2 4.7 1.5 6.8
332 Iron and steel foundries 129 1.6 2.0 0.3 2.7
3321 Gray and ductile iron foundries 82 1.7 2.3 0.6 4.5
3324,25 Steel foundries 43 0.4 1.4 1.0 -1.2
3324 Steel investment foundries 16 -1.5 0.2 1.7 -6.1
3325 Steel foundries, n.e.c. 27 1.9 2.4 0.6 1.6
333 Primary nonferrous metals 40 1.1 1.0 -0.2 -0.1
3334 Primary aluminum 23 0.7 0.8 0.1 4.4
335 Nonferrous rolling and drawing 168 0.3 -0.2 -0.5 4.6
3351 Copper rolling and drawing 22 0.4 0.4 0.0 6.9
3353,54,55 Aluminum rolling and drawing 59 -0.4 -1.1 -0.7 -1.7
3353 Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil 22 1.2 -1.3 -2.5 2.3
3354 Aluminum extruded products 32 -0.8 -1.0 -0.2 -4.1
3356 Nonferrous rolling and drawing, n.e.c. 14 1.7 1.0 -0.7 7.4
3357 Nonferrous wiredrawing and insulating 73 2.0 1.5 -0.5 11.1
336 Nonferrous foundries (castings) 89 2.3 3.0 0.7 4.1
3363 Aluminum die-castings 37 -1.1 3.5 4.7 1.1
3365 Aluminum foundries 24 4.9 3.4 -1.4 5.4
339 Miscellaneous primary metal products 29 4.6 6.1 1.5 -1.7
3398 Metal heat treating 18 6.1 8.9 2.6 -0.8
3399 Primary metal products, n.e.c. 11 3.4 3.3 -0.1 -2.7
341 Metal cans and shipping containers 39 5.0 0.7 -4.1 7.7
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Average annual percent change in output per hour, output, and employee hours for selected industries---Continued
Average annual percent change
1996 1987-96 1995-96
SIC Code Industry Employment (1) Output Employee Output
(thousands) per hour (2) Output hours per hour (2)
3411 Metal cans 32 5.3 1.0 -4.1 8.2
342 Cutlery, handtools, and hardware 125 1.8 1.2 -0.6 6.0
3421 Cutlery 12 2.1 3.5 1.4 3.5
3423 Hand and edge tools, n.e.c. 36 0.7 0.5 -0.2 5.7
3429 Hardware, n.e.c. 69 1.6 0.4 -1.2 4.6
343 Plumbing and heating, except electric 58 1.9 1.2 -0.7 8.6
3432 Plumbing fixture fittings and trim 23 3.0 1.1 -1.8 13.7
3433 Heating equipment, except electric 20 2.8 1.7 -1.1 -1.4
344 Fabricated structural metal products 439 0.7 1.5 0.8 0.8
3441 Fabricated structural metal 75 1.4 1.3 0.0 1.0
3442 Metal doors, sash, and trim 76 -0.1 -0.4 -0.3 3.0
3443 Fabricated plate work (boiler shops) 101 1.0 2.6 1.6 2.3
3444 Sheet metal work 116 -0.5 1.9 2.4 -3.9
3446 Architectural metal work 30 1.1 0.7 -0.4 3.5
3448 Prefabricated metal buildings 28 0.1 1.1 1.0 -1.7
3449 Miscellaneous metal work 13 6.2 2.8 -3.2 4.1
345 Screw machine products, bolts, etc. 101 1.1 2.2 1.1 0.7
3451 Screw machine products 52 3.1 4.8 1.6 1.9
3452 Bolts, nuts, rivets, and washers 49 -0.1 0.4 0.5 -0.5
346 Metal forgings and stampings 253 1.4 2.8 1.4 4.0
3462 Iron and steel forgings 30 1.8 2.1 0.4 8.8
3465,66,69 Metal stampings 215 1.5 3.0 1.5 4.3
3465 Automotive stampings 117 1.2 3.4 2.1 4.1
3469 Metal stampings, n.e.c. 93 2.1 2.9 0.8 4.3
347 Metal services, n.e.c. 133 2.7 4.8 2.0 -0.1
3471 Plating and polishing 81 0.7 1.9 1.2 -2.6
3479 Metal coating and allied services 52 3.9 7.4 3.3 1.2
348 Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c. 48 -1.5 -6.6 -5.2 -0.2
3483 Ammunition, except for small arms, n.e.c. 24 -7.7 -13.2 -6.0 -10.0
3484 Small arms 11 1.4 -1.7 -3.1 -3.0
349 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products 254 0.9 2.6 1.7 2.1
"3491,92,94" Valves and pipe fittings 85 1.8 2.3 0.5 2.3
3491 Industrial valves 26 3.1 3.5 0.4 3.9
3492 Fluid power valves and hose fittings 33 2.6 4.8 2.2 -1.0
3495 Wire springs 14 1.7 2.4 0.7 11.3
3496 Miscellaneous fabricated wire products 55 3.3 3.9 0.6 4.0
3498 Fabricated pipe and fittings 29 2.7 6.6 3.8 -3.7
3499 Fabricated metal products, n.e.c. 61 -2.5 1.7 4.3 0.1
351 Engines and turbines 84 3.6 2.6 -0.9 11.6
3511 Turbines and turbine generator sets 25 3.5 3.1 -0.3 16.4
3519 Internal combustion engines, n.e.c. 59 3.6 2.4 -1.1 10.0
352 Farm and garden machinery 99 3.5 4.3 0.7 1.4
3523 Farm machinery and equipment 73 4.5 5.5 1.0 4.0
3524 Lawn and garden equipment 26 2.1 2.2 0.1 -3.0
353 Construction and related machinery 232 2.4 3.8 1.3 1.4
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Average annual percent change in output per hour, output, and employee hours for selected industries---Continued
Average annual percent change
1996 1987-96 1995-96
SIC Code Industry Employment (1) Output Employee Output
(thousands) per hour (2) Output hours per hour (2)
3531 Construction machinery 86 2.6 3.5 0.9 -2.0
3535 Conveyors and conveying equipment 40 0.5 2.9 2.4 0.8
3537 Industrial trucks and tractors 30 3.3 5.5 2.2 -4.1
354 Metalworking machinery 346 1.5 3.0 1.4 0.0
3541,42 Machine tools 59 1.2 0.7 -0.5 -2.9
3541 Machine tools, metal cutting types 41 0.7 -0.2 -0.8 -5.3
3544 Special dies, tools, jigs, and fixtures 165 1.7 3.8 2.1 -1.1
3545 Machine tool accessories 53 2.8 3.2 0.4 5.1
3546 Power-driven handtools 23 2.1 3.1 1.0 5.1
3548 Welding apparatus 21 -1.3 1.5 2.8 -0.6
355 Special industry machinery 178 3.4 5.3 1.8 1.8
3552 Textile machinery 15 4.8 1.4 -3.2 -3.1
3554 Paper industries machinery 22 0.4 3.6 3.2 -6.5
3556 Food products machinery 25 0.2 -0.1 -0.3 -4.2
3559 Special industry machinery, n.e.c. 81 3.9 8.5 4.4 2.7
356 General industrial machinery 257 1.0 2.6 1.5 0.9
3561,63,94 Pumps and compressors 83 1.5 2.3 0.8 5.0
3561,94 Pumps and pumping equipment 57 1.0 1.1 0.1 2.0
3561 Pumps and pumping equipment 30 -0.1 1.4 1.5 4.5
3562 Ball and roller bearings 40 0.5 0.2 -0.3 -2.1
3563 Air and gas compressors 26 1.6 4.4 2.7 10.2
3564 Blowers and fans 35 1.9 4.0 2.1 8.0
3565 Packaging machinery 22 2.7 3.9 1.1 -6.2
3567 Industrial furnaces and ovens 19 3.7 5.1 1.3 -2.0
3568 Power transmission equipment, n.e.c. 22 -2.1 0.8 2.9 -2.5
3569 General industrial machinery, n.e.c. 46 0.9 3.2 2.3 -0.9
358 Refrigeration and service machinery 205 1.5 3.6 2.0 1.6
3585 Refrigeration and heating equipment 143 1.6 3.6 2.0 0.0
3589 Service industry machinery, n.e.c. 43 1.2 4.8 3.6 9.2
359 Industrial machinery, n.e.c. 349 4.0 5.7 1.7 2.4
3592 Carburetors, pistons, rings, and valves 23 4.3 0.9 -3.3 2.4
3593 Fluid power cylinders and actuators 19 1.0 1.0 -0.1 2.2
3599 Industrial machinery, n.e.c. 274 4.6 7.5 2.8 2.8
361 Electric distribution equipment 82 4.2 1.7 -2.4 1.5
3612 Transformers, except electronic 40 4.6 2.1 -2.5 -3.8
3613 Switchgear and switchboard apparatus 41 3.9 1.5 -2.3 5.7
362 Electrical industrial apparatus 156 4.9 3.5 -1.3 2.5
3621 Motors and generators 76 4.7 3.2 -1.4 5.0
3624 Carbon and graphite products 10 2.7 2.9 0.2 -2.3
3625 Relays and industrial controls 60 5.0 3.3 -1.7 2.8
363 Household appliances 121 2.7 1.6 -1.1 -0.5
3631,32,33,39 Major household appliances 82 2.3 1.6 -0.7 -1.5
3632 Household refrigerators and freezers 30 3.8 4.3 0.5 5.1
3634 Electric housewares and fans 28 2.6 0.0 -2.5 -3.1
3635 Household vacuum cleaners 11 4.0 4.8 0.8 9.9
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Average annual percent change in output per hour, output, and employee hours for selected industries---Continued
Average annual percent change
1996 1987-96 1995-96
SIC Code Industry Employment (1) Output Employee Output
(thousands) per hour (2) Output hours per hour (2)
364 Electric lighting and wiring equipment 178 1.8 1.0 -0.7 3.2
3641 Electric lamp bulbs and tubes 23 -0.1 -1.5 -1.4 7.2
3643 Current-carrying wiring devices 62 3.9 1.6 -2.2 4.1
3644 Noncurrent-carrying wiring devices 17 -0.9 0.5 1.4 3.3
3645,46,47,48 Lighting fixtures and equipment 76 1.4 1.9 0.5 2.5
3645 Residential lighting fixtures 20 0.2 -2.8 -3.0 0.2
3646 Commercial lighting fixtures 25 -1.3 1.6 2.9 3.8
3647 Vehicular lighting equipment 18 2.2 2.9 0.8 0.9
3648 Lighting equipment, n.e.c. 13 2.4 4.9 2.4 3.1
3652 Prerecorded records and tapes 28 -1.0 2.0 3.1 -1.6
366 Communications equipment 269 7.2 7.0 -0.3 11.7
3663 Radio and television communications equipment 127 7.1 8.4 1.2 5.5
3675 Electronic capacitors 20 3.4 1.0 -2.3 -9.0
3676 Electronic resistors 11 -2.9 -4.3 -1.5 1.6
3677 Electronic coils and transformers 19 1.2 -0.6 -1.8 -8.3
3678 Electronic connectors 19 -4.3 -0.5 3.9 -1.6
3679 Electronic components, n.e.c. 137 9.3 8.5 -0.7 5.1
369 Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies 153 2.3 1.5 -0.8 7.8
3691 Storage batteries 27 1.1 1.5 0.4 -2.6
3695 Magnetic and optical recording media 17 6.6 5.3 -1.2 -2.2
3699 Electrical equipment and supplies, n.e.c. 28 4.5 0.4 -3.9 15.1
371 Motor vehicles and equipment 963 0.7 2.4 1.8 0.2
3711 Motor vehicles and car bodies 342 2.0 1.5 -0.4 3.9
3714 Motor vehicle parts and accessories 528 1.8 5.7 3.8 -0.9
3715 Truck trailers 34 -0.1 1.5 1.6 -7.2
372 Aircraft and parts 460 0.7 -3.5 -4.1 3.0
3721 Aircraft 244 4.0 -0.3 -4.2 8.1
3724 Aircraft engines and engine parts 95 -1.4 -6.6 -5.3 2.7
3728 Aircraft parts and equipment, n.e.c. 121 0.9 -2.2 -3.1 -6.5
373 Ship and boat building and repairing 157 0.1 -1.6 -1.7 2.6
3731 Ship building and repairing 101 0.5 -1.2 -1.8 5.0
3732 Boat building and repairing 56 -0.7 -2.2 -1.5 -1.9
374 Railroad equipment 36 4.7 8.8 3.9 -2.5
375 Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts 22 2.4 9.7 7.2 2.4
376 Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts 90 3.0 -6.0 -8.7 7.1
3761 Guided missiles and space vehicles 63 3.0 -6.8 -9.5 8.4
381 Search and navigation equipment 161 4.0 -4.1 -7.7 -5.2
382 Measuring and controlling devices 297 4.6 4.2 -0.4 2.7
3821 Laboratory apparatus and furniture 10 -1.5 0.4 2.0 -1.1
3822 Environmental controls 42 3.0 3.0 0.0 10.4
3823 Process control instruments 66 1.5 3.7 2.1 0.1
3825 Instruments to measure electricity 75 6.9 3.2 -3.5 2.3
3826 Analytical instruments 30 5.4 7.2 1.8 -1.1
3827 Optical instruments and lenses 20 2.7 4.1 1.3 -0.6
3829 Measuring and controlling devices, n.e.c. 41 3.4 2.4 -0.9 7.8
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Average annual percent change in output per hour, output, and employee hours for selected industries---Continued
Average annual percent change
1996 1987-96 1995-96
SIC Code Industry Employment (1) Output Employee Output
(thousands) per hour (2) Output hours per hour (2)
384 Medical instruments and supplies 268 3.8 6.2 2.3 7.3
3841 Surgical and medical instruments 104 6.1 7.4 1.2 6.9
3842 Surgical appliances and supplies 93 2.3 4.0 1.7 6.3
3843 Dental equipment and supplies 15 4.0 4.8 0.8 1.4
3845 Electromedical equipment 43 0.3 8.4 8.1 16.9
385 Ophthalmic goods 36 7.3 6.7 -0.6 12.9
386 Photographic equipment & supplies 85 2.9 0.2 -2.6 -0.4
391 Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware 49 0.3 -0.5 -0.8 3.4
3911 Jewelry, precious metal 37 -0.6 -0.7 -0.2 1.3
393 Musical instruments 16 -2.6 -0.4 2.3 -9.2
394 Toys and sporting goods 114 2.0 4.0 1.9 5.7
3944 Games, toys, and children's vehicles 35 2.1 1.3 -0.8 -1.7
3949 Sporting and athletic goods, n.e.c. 73 2.0 5.7 3.6 9.4
395 Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies 31 4.0 3.3 -0.7 6.7
396 Costume jewelry and notions 24 4.0 0.3 -3.6 -1.0
3961 Costume jewelry 14 4.6 0.1 -4.2 -2.3
3965 Fasteners, buttons, needles, and pins 10 3.2 0.6 -2.6 2.4
399 Miscellaneous manufactures 153 1.4 2.5 1.1 4.9
3991 Brooms and brushes 14 1.9 2.7 0.8 7.2
3993 Signs and advertising specialties 66 1.7 3.2 1.5 2.6
3999 Manufacturing industries, n.e.c. 58 1.2 2.6 1.5 7.5
Transportation
4011 Railroad transportation 205 5.9 3.0 -2.7 7.2
4213 Trucking, except local 826 3.0 3.4 0.4 4.3
43 U.S. Postal Service (3) 856 0.5 1.7 1.2 -1.6
4512,13,22(PTS) Air transportation 620 1.2 4.3 3.1 2.2
Utilities
481 Telephone communications 898 5.4 5.6 0.1 9.3
483 Radio and television broadcasting stations 243 (4) 1.4 (4) 1.7 (4) 0.2 n.a.
4832 Radio broadcasting stations 115 (4) 4.1 (4) 3.0 (4) -1.0 n.a.
4833 Television broadcasting stations 128 (4) 0.0 (4) 1.2 (4) 1.2 n.a.
484 Cable and other pay television stations 171 (4) -1.6 (4) 3.4 (4) 5.1 n.a.
491,2,3 Gas and electric utilities 697 3.6 2.0 -1.6 7.7
491,3(PT) Electric utilities 519 4.3 2.6 -1.6 8.3
492,3(PT) Gas utilities 178 1.5 0.2 -1.3 6.6
Trade
5093 Scrap and waste materials 158 1.6 5.0 3.4 5.3
521 Lumber and other building materials dealers 546 1.6 4.0 2.3 2.1
523 Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores 70 2.1 1.0 -1.0 4.4
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Average annual percent change in output per hour, output, and employee hours for selected industries---Continued
Average annual percent change
1996 1987-96 1995-96
SIC Code Industry Employment (1) Output Employee Output
(thousands) per hour (2) Output hours per hour (2)
525 Hardware stores 181 2.0 1.9 -0.1 7.4
526 Retail nurseries, lawn and garden supply stores 98 1.9 1.2 -0.7 13.0
531 Department stores 2388 1.3 4.2 2.8 3.8
533 Variety stores 140 6.4 -0.6 -6.6 11.3
539 Miscellaneous general merchandise stores 208 5.6 5.4 -0.2 -1.2
54 Food stores 3610 -1.3 -0.1 1.2 -2.6
541 Grocery stores 3141 -1.3 0.0 1.3 -2.0
542 Meat and fish (seafood) markets 59 -1.6 -3.4 -1.9 -9.7
546 Retail bakeries 213 -2.8 -1.8 1.0 -8.4
551 New and used car dealers 1032 0.8 1.9 1.1 0.7
553 Auto and home supply stores 411 0.6 2.3 1.7 -0.4
554 Gasoline service stations 698 1.5 1.1 -0.4 -2.3
56 Apparel and accessory stores 1156 2.9 2.3 -0.5 5.2
561 Men's and boy's wear stores 85 2.9 -0.6 -3.3 3.1
562 Women's clothing stores 314 3.0 -0.4 -3.3 1.5
565 Family clothing stores 349 3.0 6.0 2.9 6.3
566 Shoe stores 200 3.1 1.1 -2.0 5.3
569 Miscellaneous apparel and accessory stores 102 1.6 5.1 3.4 7.3
57 Home furniture, furnishings, and equipment stores 1101 4.0 5.9 1.8 2.9
571 Furniture and homefurnishings stores 570 1.9 2.6 0.7 3.0
5712 Furniture stores 324 1.5 2.3 0.8 0.1
5713 Floor covering stores 103 -0.2 -0.2 0.0 6.9
5719 Miscellaneous home furnishings stores 129 4.6 7.3 2.6 7.3
572,3 Appliance, radio, television, and computer stores 531 6.4 9.8 3.2 2.4
572 Household appliance stores 87 2.8 1.3 -1.4 -0.8
573 Radio, television, computer, and music stores 444 7.1 11.9 4.5 2.8
5731 Radio, television, and electronic stores 197 6.7 10.4 3.4 -2.6
5734 Computer and computer software stores 119 18.9 26.2 6.1 18.1
5735 Record and prerecorded tape stores 93 1.1 7.3 6.2 2.5
58 Eating and drinking places 7737 -0.2 1.7 1.9 -3.2
5812 Eating places 7349 -0.1 1.9 2.0 -3.2
5813 Drinking places 389 -2.1 -2.2 -0.2 -2.3
591 Drug and proprietary stores 624 0.6 1.2 0.6 1.1
592 Liquor stores 137 1.1 -1.6 -2.6 7.4
593 Used merchandise stores 175 -0.4 3.7 4.1 -11.2
594 Miscellaneous shopping goods stores 1135 1.8 3.6 1.8 3.9
5941 Sporting goods stores and bicycle shops 224 3.3 5.9 2.5 2.7
5942 Book stores 130 1.3 5.5 4.1 1.4
5943 Stationery stores 88 -5.2 -3.7 1.5 -14.1
5944 Jewelry stores 169 2.5 1.1 -1.3 3.4
5945 Hobby, toy, and game shops 151 1.5 5.4 3.9 -2.1
5947 Gift, novelty, and souvenir shops 253 0.3 4.7 4.4 11.1
5949 Sewing, needlework, and piece goods stores 57 1.2 -1.5 -2.7 3.1
596 Nonstore retailers 558 2.9 4.7 1.8 0.2
5961 Catalog and mail-order houses 224 2.4 8.1 5.6 -0.1
See footnotes at end of table.
Table 1. Average annual percent change in output per hour, output, and employee hours for selected industries---Continued
Average annual percent change
1996 1987-96 1995-96
SIC Code Industry Employment (1) Output Employee Output
(thousands) per hour (2) Output hours per hour (2)
5962 Merchandising machine operators 82 -2.6 -3.6 -1.0 -17.3
598 Fuel dealers 103 -1.1 -2.1 -1.1 2.0
5983 Fuel oil dealers 54 -0.8 -3.0 -2.3 2.4
599 Retail stores, n.e.c. 635 2.7 4.4 1.7 12.4
5992 Florists 161 0.8 0.2 -0.6 12.5
Finance and services
602 Commercial banks 1466 3.1 2.1 -0.9 3.1
701 Hotels and motels 1694 1.0 2.7 1.7 -0.5
721 Laundry, cleaning, and garment services 524 0.9 1.4 0.5 2.8
7213 Linen supply 68 -2.0 -1.1 0.9 -4.1
7215 Coin-operated laundries and drycleaning 59 3.3 2.4 -0.9 5.7
7216 Drycleaning plants, except rug cleaning 190 -1.6 -0.8 0.9 -0.9
7217 Carpet and upholstery cleaning 51 2.7 4.9 2.2 3.2
7218 Industrial launderers 54 0.3 3.5 3.1 7.4
722 Photographic studios, portrait 91 2.3 6.1 3.7 -4.6
723,4 Beauty and barber shops 774 0.7 1.5 0.8 2.4
723 Beauty shops 716 0.5 1.9 1.4 1.8
724 Barber shops 58 2.3 -1.6 -3.8 7.6
726 Funeral services and crematories 104 -0.3 1.4 1.7 -2.7
753 Automotive repair shops 891 1.4 3.2 1.8 -4.7
783 Motion picture theaters 260 -0.9 1.5 2.4 3.4
(1) Employment figures are based primarily on data from the BLS Current Employment Statistics (CES) program and the Current Population
Survey (CPS). Other sources are: the Association of American Railroads, the Department of Transportation, and the U.S. Postal Service.
(2) Output per employee hour is measured in all cases except: (1) output per employee is used for SIC 4213 and SIC 4512,13,22 (PTS);
and (2) output per hour of all persons is used for all trade and services industries except SIC 531 and SIC 551. All persons includes
self-employed and unpaid family workers as well as employees.
(3) Employee hours in SIC 43 are based on the number of full-time equivalent (FTE) employee years, as reported in the U.S. Postal Service
budget. FTE employee years are computed by dividing total hours of full-time, part-time, and intermittent workers by the number
of hours in a standard work year. The output and hours for SIC 43 reflect the Federal fiscal year.
(4) 1987 to 1995.