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Technical USDL 03-490
information: (202) 691-5618 FOR RELEASE: 10:00 a.m. EDT
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Thursday, September 18, 2003
Internet: http://www.bls.gov/lpc/home.htm
PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS BY INDUSTRY, 2001
Labor productivity--defined as output per hour--rose in 2001 in 55 percent of the
164 industries studied by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor.
Output rose in 29 percent of the industries, while hours rose in 20 percent.
The share of industries with productivity increases in 2001 was significantly
smaller than the share during the 1987-2001 period. From 1987 to 2001, labor
productivity increased in 93 percent of the industries. Output rose in 87 percent of the
industries, while hours rose in 52 percent.
The attached tables present industry productivity and related series that are based,
for the first time, on the North American Industry Classification System, or NAICS. See
technical note for information on NAICS conversion, industry coverage, and concepts.
2000-2001 change
More than half of the industries for which BLS maintains data recorded labor
productivity gains in 2001, with output per hour increasing in 50 of the 86 manufacturing
industries. (See table 1.) Over thirty percent of the industries in manufacturing had
productivity gains greater than 2.5 percent. Five of the six largest manufacturing
industries, those with more than 500,000 employees, recorded growth in output per hour.
Of these, labor productivity rose 1.9 percent in motor vehicle parts manufacturing
(NAICS 3363), 0.7 percent in printing and related support activities (NAICS 3231), 1.7
percent in plastics products (NAICS 3261), 0.9 percent in animal slaughtering and
processing (NAICS 3116), and 13.7 percent in aerospace products and parts
manufacturing (NAICS 3364). Productivity in semiconductors and electronic
components (NAICS 3344), in contrast, fell 0.8 percent. Unit labor costs, the ratio of
total compensation to output, fell in 20 of the manufacturing industries. (See table 2.)
Among the 50 manufacturing industries with increasing productivity, 19 also registered
decreasing unit labor costs.
Productivity increased in three of the four mining industries in 2001, with metal
ore mining (NAICS 2122) and nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying (NAICS 2123)
registering gains in productivity of 5.9 percent and 3.3 percent, respectively. Unit labor
costs in these industries fell. Productivity also increased in oil and gas extraction
(NAICS 211), by 1.9 percent, but unit labor costs in this industry increased 3.6 percent.
In overall mining (NAICS 21), productivity fell 1.6 percent while unit labor costs grew
6.5 percent.
Labor productivity grew in nine of the 20 industries measured for wholesale trade.
Five of the nine nondurable goods wholesalers had productivity increases, while 3 of the
durable goods wholesalers did. One of the two industries in electronic markets and
agents and brokers (NAICS 425)--business-to-business electronic markets (NAICS
42511)--registered an increase in productivity of 17.9 percent, the largest increase in
wholesale trade. Productivity in the wholesale sector as a whole grew 1.7 percent, while
both output and hours fell, by 2.3 and 3.9 percent, respectively. Unit labor costs
increased 1.4 percent in the wholesale trade sector.
Labor productivity rose in 18 of the 27 retail trade industries in 2001. The
increases ranged from 0.9 percent to 12.6 percent. Output per hour rose in five of the six
largest retail industries, all of which have 1,000,000 employees or more. Productivity
grew 2.6 percent in grocery stores (NAICS 4451), 1.1 percent in automobile dealers
(NAICS 4411), 11.2 percent in other general merchandise stores (NAICS 4529), 1.2
percent in building material and supplies dealers (NAICS 4441), and 3.6 percent in
clothing stores (NAICS 4481). Department stores (NAICS 4521) experienced a 2.3
percent productivity decline. Among the 18 retail trade industries with increasing
productivity, 16 also experienced decreasing unit labor costs. Reflecting the growth
among the individual retail trade industries, productivity in the retail trade sector as a
whole (NAICS 44-45) rose 2.6 percent. Output also increased 2.6 percent, while hours
were unchanged. Unit labor costs fell 4.5 percent in the retail sector.
In 2001, productivity fell in four of the six industries in the transportation and
warehousing, and utilities industries for which measures were constructed. The largest
productivity gain was 6.7 percent in line-haul railroads (NAICS 482111). Similarly,
productivity fell in the majority of the measured industries in the information sector, with
the largest gain (24.2 percent) posted by wireless telecommunications carriers (NAICS
5172).
Among all other service providers, which includes industries in the finance and
insurance, real estate and rental leasing, professional and technical services,
accommodation and food services, and other services sectors, gains in output per hour
were posted in 2001 in seven of the fourteen industries for which the BLS maintains
measures. Productivity in full-service restaurants (NAICS 7221), the largest industry in
this group in terms of employment, was unchanged. Among other large industries,
productivity rose 2.0 percent in limited-service eating places (NAICS 7222), but fell 3.6
percent in traveler accommodations (NAICS 7211). Productivity also declined 2.7
percent in commercial banking (NAICS 52211). Unit labor costs declined in five of the
industries in these sectors.
Long-term trends
From 1987 to 2001, nearly all industries posted productivity gains. (See table 1.)
In the manufacturing sector output per hour increased in 85 of the 86 industries.
Productivity advanced 5.0 percent per year or more in 6 manufacturing industries;
another 21 industries experienced annual productivity growth in the 2.5-4.9 percent
range. Unit labor costs fell in 13 industries in the manufacturing sector.
All of the mining industries posted productivity gains during the 1987-2001
period. The two industries with the fastest growth in labor productivity also reduced unit
labor costs. In coal mining (NAICS 2121), output per hour rose 4.9 percent per year and
unit labor costs fell 2.5 percent per year. In metal ore mining, productivity increased 4.5
percent per year and unit labor costs decreased 0.4 percent per year. In overall mining,
productivity increased 1.7 percent per year and unit labor costs increased 2.8 percent per
year.
Labor productivity increased in 16 of the 20 industries in the wholesale trade
sector between 1987 and 2001. Three of the wholesale trade industries registered gains
in excess of 5.0 percent per year. Productivity in an additional four industries increased
between 2.5 and 4.9 percent per year. Productivity in the wholesale trade sector rose 3.3
percent per year. Output, employment and unit labor costs also increased--by 4.1 percent
per year, 0.8 percent per year, and 1.1 percent per year, respectively.
Output per hour increased in most of the retail trade industries between 1987 and
2001. Labor productivity advanced 5.0 percent per year or more in four of the retail
industries, and eleven registered annual growth rates in output per hour in the 2.5-4.9
percent range. Unit labor costs declined in 11 of the 27 retail trade industries.
Productivity in the overall retail sector grew 2.7 percent per year during the 1987-2001
period. Output increased 3.8 percent per year, while hours rose 1.1 percent per year.
Unit labor costs grew 0.8 percent per year for the retail sector as a whole.
All of the measured industries in the transportation and warehousing, and utilities
sectors posted gains in output per hour during the 1987-2001 period. Productivity grew
5.4 percent per year in line-haul railroads and 3.6 percent per year in both the utilities
industries (NAICS 2211 and NAICS 2212). Of the measured industries in these sectors,
only line-haul railroads registered a decline in unit labor costs.
Productivity grew, between 1987 and 2001, in six of the seven industries in the
information sector for which the BLS maintains measures. Output per hour rose 15.7
percent per year among software publishers (NAICS 5112). Productivity growth in the
telecommunications industries was also strong, with an increase of 9.9 percent per year
posted by the wireless telecommunications industry and an increase of 6.2 percent per
year registered by the wired telecommunications industry (NAICS 5171). These same
industries posted declines in unit labor costs.
Among other service providers, productivity increased in eleven of the fourteen
measured industries. Productivity advances among these industries were rather modest.
Just two, advertising agencies (NAICS 54181) and truck, trailer and RV rental and
leasing (NAICS 53212) registered increases in excess of 2.5 percent. Unit labor costs
increased in all these industries.
New Multifactor Productivity Series
Multifactor productivity and related measures for air transportation, NAICS 481,
will be available on the BLS web site (http://www.bls.gov/mfp/home.htm) by September
30, 2003. An article discussing these new measures will appear in a forthcoming issue of
the Monthly Labor Review.
Technical Note
Data in this news release reflect the conversion of the industry labor productivity
data to the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), which replaces the
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system as the basis for assigning and tabulating
data by industry. The data in this news release replace the SIC-based series published in
Table 46 of the Monthly Labor Review and in the news releases Productivity and Costs
by Industry, 2000 (released April 23, 2002), BLS Releases New Series on Productivity
and Costs in Wholesale Trade Industries, 1990-2000 (released June 20, 2002), and New
Transportation and Service Productivity Measures (released January, 2003). Due to
differences in NAICS and SIC structures, NAICS-based industry productivity data are
not comparable to the SIC-based data. All of the measures for 2001 in this news release
are preliminary and subject to revision.
Data are provided for all 4-digit NAICS industries within manufacturing,
wholesale trade, and retail trade. Additional industry series, though not complete
coverage, are provided for utilities, transportation and warehousing, information, finance
and insurance, professional and technical services, accommodation and food services,
and other services; these series are primarily at the 4-digit NAICS level, but include
measures for various 5- and 6-digit service-producing industries where measures are not
available at the 4-digit level. Also included in this news release are productivity and
related data for some 3-digit NAICS subsectors in mining, wholesale trade, and retail
trade, as well as measures for the mining, wholesale trade, and retail trade sectors as a
whole.
Overall, the industry productivity series account for over 60 percent of the 4-digit
NAICS industries in the nonfarm business sector of the economy. Series for additional 5-
and 6-digit industries within sectors covered in this report are being developed.
Expansion of industry coverage within the service-producing sector will continue.
Conversion to North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
The NAICS classification system is the product of a cooperative effort on the part
of the statistical agencies of the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The NAICS differs
from the SIC in that it uses a production-oriented approach to categorize economic units,
focusing on how products and services are created in contrast to the SIC focus on what is
produced. The structure of the NAICS system is also different from that of the SIC, with
a greater emphasis on emerging industries and service-producing industries. Under
NAICS, some detailed industries that existed under the SIC were collapsed or combined
with other industries, while other new industries were added. Treatment of auxiliaries
also changed under NAICS: NAICS classifies auxiliary units involved in activities such
as transportation and warehousing; accounting, bookkeeping, and payroll services; and
general management into specialized industries rather than including them in the
manufacturing, trade, or service industries they support (as in the SIC). As a result of
these changes, many of the NAICS industries are significantly different from those in the
SIC system.
Industry output indexes are prepared from basic data published by various public
and private agencies, using the greatest level of detail available. Data from the Bureau of
the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, are used extensively in developing output
series for manufacturing, trade, and service-producing industries, as well as in developing
compensation and unit labor cost series for manufacturing industries. Census Bureau
data for years prior to 1997 were classified according to the Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) system. The 1997 Economic Censuses provided data on a NAICS
basis, and data classified according to NAICS began to be provided in subsequent Annual
Survey reports beginning in 1998 or 1999. Some data for wholesale and retail trade
industries have been made available by the Census Bureau on a NAICS basis back to
1992.
The 1997 Economic Census questionnaires were designed to permit the
classification of each establishment according to both NAICS and SIC. As a result, the
Census Bureau tabulated and published 1997 Census data on both a NAICS and SIC
basis. The Bureau of Labor Statistics used these dual-coded data to calculate conversion
ratios relating NAICS values to SIC values, and the ratios were used to convert data on
receipts, value of shipments, inventories and labor compensation for SIC-based industries
to estimates for NAICS-based industries for years prior to 1997.
The labor series used in the industry productivity measures are based primarily on
employment and average weekly hours data from the Bureau�s Current Employment
Statistics (CES) survey and the Current Population Survey (CPS). Other sources are the
Association of American Railroads, the Department of Transportation, and the U.S.
Postal Service. The CES data were published on a 2002 NAICS basis with the release of
May 2003 data in June 2003. Historical NAICS data back to 1990 were provided for all
of the CES series; data for years prior to 1990 were provided for some industries. CES
NAICS industry series not available back to 1987 were extended back using conversion
ratios derived from dual-coded first-quarter 2001 data from the Covered Employment and
Wages Program (ES-202). These ratios were also used to convert historical ES-202 wage
data from SIC to NAICS for use in the compensation and unit labor cost measures for
non-manufacturing industries.
Productivity measurement
The industry labor productivity measures describe the relationship between output
and the labor time involved in its production. They show the changes from period to
period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour. Although these measures
relate output to hours of employees or all persons engaged in an industry, they do not
measure the specific contribution of labor, capital, or any other factor of production.
Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, including changes in technology;
capital investment; level of output; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the
organization of production; managerial skill; and the characteristics and effort of the
workforce.
The indexes of industry output used in measuring labor productivity and unit
labor costs are, wherever possible, calculated with a Tornqvist formula. This formula
aggregates the growth rates of the various industry products between two periods using
the products� shares in industry value of production, averaged over the two periods, as
weights.
Year-to-year movements in productivity measures for some industries might be
erratic, particularly in the smaller industries. The annual changes in an industry�s output
and use of labor may reflect cyclical changes in the economy rather than long-term
trends. Also, annual productivity indexes are based on sample data, which are likely to
differ from data generated by a census of establishments in the industry. As a result,
long-term trends tend to be more reliable indicators of the performance of an industry
than are the year-to-year changes.
Unit labor cost measurement
The unit labor cost series in this release describe the cost of labor input required
to produce one unit of output. Unit labor costs are calculated as the ratio of current dollar
labor compensation to constant dollar output. The indexes of unit labor costs for each
industry are computed by dividing an index of current dollar compensation by an index of
constant dollar output.
Compensation is a measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services of
labor. It is defined as payroll plus supplemental payments. Payroll includes salaries,
wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and
compensation in kind. Supplemental payments are divided into legally required
expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. The legally required expenditures
include employers� contributions to Social Security, unemployment insurance taxes, and
workers� compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all programs not
specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health
insurance and pension plans.
Productivity and unit labor cost data for the NAICS industries in this news release
can be obtained in several ways: by visiting the Labor Productivity and Costs web site
(http://www.bls.gov/lpc/home.htm); by calling the Division of Industry Productivity
Studies (202-691-5618); or by sending a request by e-mail (dipsweb@bls.gov).
Historical productivity and related series for 3- and 4-digit SIC industries through 2000
will continue to be maintained, but will no longer be updated. SIC-based industry data are
available on the BLS web site or by request.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals
upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-
877-8339.
Table 1. Annual percent change in output per hour and related series: mining, manufacturing, and service-producing
industries, 1987-01 and 2000-01
Annual percentage change, Annual percantage change,
1987-2001 2000-2001
2001 -------------------------------- --------------------------------
NAICS Industry Employment Output Output
code (thousands) per hour Output Hours per hour Output Hours
Mining
21 Mining 533 1.7 0.0 -1.6 -1.6 0.8 2.5
211 Oil and gas extraction 124 2.7 -0.8 -3.4 1.9 0.9 -0.9
212 Mining, except oil and gas 219 3.3 1.3 -1.9 2.1 0.6 -1.5
2121 Coal mining 74 4.9 0.4 -4.3 -1.2 4.8 6.1
2122 Metal ore mining 33 4.5 3.3 -1.1 5.9 -8.0 -13.2
2123 Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 111 0.9 1.0 0.1 3.3 0.7 -2.5
Utilities
2211 Power generation and supply 434 3.6 1.9 -1.7 -0.5 -2.1 -1.6
2212 Natural gas distribution 118 3.6 1.7 -1.9 -2.8 -4.9 -2.2
Manufacturing
3111 Animal food 53 3.1 2.4 -0.6 15.9 6.7 -8.0
3112 Grain and oilseed milling 63 2.7 1.7 -1.0 4.4 0.4 -3.8
3113 Sugar and confectionery products 89 2.1 1.4 -0.6 -2.0 -2.6 -0.5
3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 193 2.0 1.9 -0.1 6.6 2.5 -3.9
3115 Dairy products 137 1.1 0.5 -0.6 0.2 -1.1 -1.3
3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 516 0.3 2.6 2.2 0.9 0.9 0.0
3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 47 1.5 0.9 -0.6 7.1 8.1 1.0
3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 303 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.9 -0.5 -1.4
3119 Other food products 152 0.7 1.7 0.9 -6.2 -5.2 1.1
3121 Beverages 177 1.4 1.2 -0.2 1.2 1.0 -0.3
3122 Tobacco and tobacco products 32 2.3 -1.0 -3.2 2.0 -1.7 -3.7
3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 71 3.7 -0.1 -3.6 7.8 -10.7 -17.1
3132 Fabric mills 168 3.5 -0.7 -4.0 -1.0 -15.1 -14.3
3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 95 1.4 -0.6 -1.9 5.5 -8.1 -12.9
3141 Textile furnishings mills 121 1.1 1.0 -0.1 0.3 -4.8 -5.1
3149 Other textile product mills 84 1.0 1.0 0.0 -5.0 -11.3 -6.7
3151 Apparel knitting mills 61 2.7 -2.3 -4.9 -2.0 -12.5 -10.7
3152 Cut and sew apparel 335 4.7 -1.9 -6.2 3.1 -11.4 -14.0
3159 Accessories and other apparel 31 1.2 -0.9 -2.1 9.5 -5.0 -13.2
3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 10 2.6 -0.9 -3.4 -0.2 -19.6 -19.4
3162 Footwear 26 4.6 -4.6 -8.8 15.0 -6.6 -18.8
3169 Other leather products 23 1.1 -2.7 -3.8 6.1 -10.4 -15.6
3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 127 2.5 1.0 -1.4 2.3 -4.9 -7.1
3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 116 0.4 1.2 0.9 4.1 -5.0 -8.8
3219 Other wood products 331 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.7 -7.5 -8.1
3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 179 2.2 0.0 -2.1 1.4 -6.4 -7.7
3222 Converted paper products 398 0.9 0.9 0.0 -0.9 -5.5 -4.7
3231 Printing and related support activities 768 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.7 -5.0 -5.7
3241 Petroleum and coal products 121 3.2 1.3 -1.9 -0.9 -0.9 0.0
3251 Basic chemicals 181 1.5 -0.5 -2.0 -6.2 -10.3 -4.3
3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 126 2.2 0.9 -1.3 -4.0 -12.1 -8.4
3253 Agricultural chemicals 46 0.9 0.4 -0.5 -0.4 -6.5 -6.1
3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 283 0.9 4.0 3.1 4.1 8.6 4.4
3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 75 1.2 0.4 -0.9 3.7 -2.7 -6.2
3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 127 1.7 1.7 -0.1 3.4 1.7 -1.6
3259 Other chemical products and preparations 120 2.8 1.0 -1.8 -7.3 -13.3 -6.5
3261 Plastics products 699 2.4 3.6 1.2 1.7 -4.8 -6.4
3262 Rubber products 199 2.1 1.8 -0.3 0.4 -9.0 -9.3
3271 Clay products and refractories 77 1.0 0.1 -0.8 -5.7 -12.4 -7.1
3272 Glass and glass products 136 1.8 1.3 -0.4 -4.1 -7.0 -3.0
3273 Cement and concrete products 236 0.4 1.8 1.4 -3.3 -0.7 2.6
3274 Lime and gypsum products 20 1.0 0.3 -0.7 3.1 1.7 -1.4
3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 75 1.0 0.7 -0.4 1.3 -5.3 -6.5
3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 122 3.7 1.0 -2.7 -1.7 -13.9 -12.4
3312 Steel products from purchased steel 68 1.6 1.4 -0.2 0.9 -11.6 -12.3
3313 Alumina and aluminum production 92 0.4 -0.8 -1.2 -0.8 -10.7 -9.9
3314 Other nonferrous metal production 90 0.4 -1.0 -1.4 -2.6 -11.0 -8.7
3315 Foundries 200 2.2 1.6 -0.5 5.3 -7.1 -11.8
3321 Forging and stamping 125 2.6 2.1 -0.4 0.4 -10.6 -11.0
3322 Cutlery and hand tools 72 1.7 1.1 -0.6 4.2 -6.9 -10.7
3323 Architectural and structural metals 422 0.8 2.2 1.4 -0.3 -4.3 -4.0
3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 103 1.4 0.3 -1.0 0.5 -3.0 -3.4
3325 Hardware 46 1.9 -0.2 -2.0 -1.1 -11.4 -10.5
3326 Spring and wire products 76 2.1 1.8 -0.3 -3.5 -11.7 -8.6
3327 Machine shops and threaded products 348 2.7 3.8 1.0 0.1 -7.6 -7.7
3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 163 2.3 3.6 1.2 -1.0 -10.5 -9.6
3329 Other fabricated metal products 321 0.5 0.3 -0.3 -2.7 -6.6 -4.0
3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 217 2.1 2.3 0.2 -1.7 -5.2 -3.6
3332 Industrial machinery 149 2.4 2.5 0.2 -19.4 -27.9 -10.5
3333 Commercial and service industry machinery 143 0.8 0.5 -0.3 -7.2 -11.7 -4.9
3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 184 2.0 2.6 0.5 2.3 -6.4 -8.5
3335 Metalworking machinery 249 1.3 0.9 -0.4 -4.1 -15.8 -12.2
3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 106 3.5 3.0 -0.5 11.3 4.3 -6.3
3339 Other general purpose machinery 321 1.8 1.9 0.1 -3.2 -11.4 -8.4
3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 286 24.9 22.0 -2.4 5.2 -2.5 -7.4
3342 Communications equipment 234 10.5 10.0 -0.4 -6.2 -12.9 -7.1
3343 Audio and video equipment 47 5.4 3.7 -1.7 2.5 -5.1 -7.4
3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 645 20.8 21.4 0.5 -0.8 -8.3 -7.6
3345 Electronic instruments 475 3.9 1.4 -2.4 1.6 -0.1 -1.7
3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 61 0.6 2.1 1.5 -5.2 -10.4 -5.5
3351 Electric lighting equipment 79 1.0 0.5 -0.5 3.5 -5.6 -8.7
3352 Household appliances 102 3.7 1.9 -1.8 4.3 -3.1 -7.1
3353 Electrical equipment 197 2.8 0.7 -2.1 0.3 -9.9 -10.1
3359 Other electrical equipment and components 180 2.8 1.8 -0.9 -5.8 -13.7 -8.4
3361 Motor vehicles 279 2.1 1.8 -0.2 -1.4 -9.0 -7.7
3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 159 1.1 2.0 0.9 0.8 -14.2 -14.9
3363 Motor vehicle parts 775 3.1 4.1 1.0 1.9 -9.1 -10.8
3364 Aerospace products and parts 511 2.2 -1.2 -3.3 13.7 12.2 -1.4
3365 Railroad rolling stock 28 6.0 6.4 0.4 6.0 -13.4 -18.2
3366 Ship and boat building 147 1.6 0.1 -1.5 -0.1 -5.5 -5.3
3369 Other transportation equipment 39 5.1 5.6 0.5 12.1 8.2 -3.5
3371 Household and institutional furniture 416 1.5 1.5 0.0 3.4 -3.8 -7.0
3372 Office furniture and fixtures 171 0.9 1.6 0.7 -3.1 -10.9 -8.1
3379 Other furniture-related products 56 1.7 2.6 0.9 5.2 -1.2 -6.1
3391 Medical equipment and supplies 311 3.4 4.8 1.4 4.2 5.0 0.7
3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 403 2.0 2.0 0.1 -1.9 -7.1 -5.4
Wholesale Trade
42 Wholesale trade 5988 3.3 4.1 0.8 1.7 -2.3 -3.9
423 Durable goods 3236 4.8 5.7 0.8 -1.3 -6.3 -5.1
4231 Motor vehicles and parts 359 3.1 3.5 0.3 0.1 -6.9 -7.0
4232 Furniture and furnishings 118 2.0 2.7 0.7 -0.1 -8.0 -7.9
4233 Lumber and construction supplies 228 -0.7 0.8 1.5 6.8 2.7 -3.8
4234 Commercial equipment 709 13.4 14.8 1.3 -1.1 -8.6 -7.6
4235 Metals and minerals 134 -0.7 0.1 0.8 2.8 -7.0 -9.5
4236 Electric goods 413 9.8 10.7 0.8 -2.4 -7.5 -5.3
4237 Hardware and plumbing 258 1.3 2.6 1.3 -7.6 -6.0 1.8
4238 Machinery and supplies 729 2.6 2.8 0.2 -1.3 -4.9 -3.6
4239 Miscellaneous durable goods 287 1.6 3.0 1.3 -0.5 -3.6 -3.1
424 Nondurable goods 2123 0.9 1.7 0.7 3.3 0.6 -2.6
4241 Paper and paper products 170 1.4 2.4 0.9 3.3 -5.0 -8.0
4242 Druggists' goods 205 2.1 5.7 3.5 4.5 11.3 6.5
4243 Apparel and piece goods 162 1.0 1.4 0.4 -0.2 -5.9 -5.7
4244 Grocery and related products 708 1.5 2.6 1.1 4.0 0.6 -3.2
4245 Farm product raw materials 84 3.2 0.5 -2.6 0.9 -0.6 -1.5
4246 Chemicals 137 -0.4 1.0 1.4 -2.3 -5.1 -2.9
4247 Petroleum 120 0.9 -1.1 -2.0 -0.5 -4.3 -3.8
4248 Alcoholic beverages 130 0.8 1.7 0.9 0.5 2.1 1.6
4249 Miscellaneous nondurable goods 406 -0.3 0.3 0.6 -1.9 -5.3 -3.4
42511 Business to business electronic markets 93 7.4 8.5 1.0 17.9 12.6 -4.4
42512 Wholesale trade agents and brokers 536 4.4 5.7 1.2 -2.0 -3.6 -1.6
Retail Trade
44-45 Retail trade 16177 2.7 3.8 1.1 2.6 2.4 0.0
441 Motor vehicle and parts dealers 1934 1.7 3.1 1.4 1.5 1.5 0.0
4411 Automobile dealers 1273 1.6 3.0 1.4 1.1 2.2 1.1
4412 Other motor vehicle dealers 141 2.8 4.8 1.9 3.5 0.8 -2.6
4413 Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores 519 2.2 3.5 1.3 -2.4 -4.1 -1.8
442 Furniture and home furnishings stores 611 3.1 4.3 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.0
4421 Furniture stores 318 3.4 4.2 0.8 3.8 1.9 -1.8
4422 Home furnishings stores 293 2.6 4.5 1.8 -2.6 -0.6 2.1
443 Electronics and appliance stores 592 12.9 15.6 2.5 12.6 13.7 1.1
444 Building material and garden supply stores 1183 2.8 4.8 1.9 2.3 4.4 2.0
4441 Building material and supplies dealers 1020 2.7 5.0 2.2 1.2 4.5 3.3
4442 Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores 163 3.4 3.5 0.1 10.3 3.3 -6.4
445 Food and beverage stores 3085 -0.2 0.4 0.6 2.5 1.4 -1.1
4451 Grocery stores 2618 -0.3 0.5 0.7 2.6 1.3 -1.3
4452 Specialty food stores 308 -1.9 -1.7 0.2 5.2 4.1 -1.1
4453 Beer, wine and liquor stores 158 1.0 0.2 -0.8 -0.6 1.9 2.5
446 Health and personal care stores 965 2.0 3.7 1.7 0.9 3.2 2.3
447 Gasoline stations 946 1.6 1.4 -0.3 3.3 1.0 -2.3
448 Clothing and clothing accessories stores 1391 4.4 4.4 0.0 2.8 1.5 -1.3
4481 Clothing stores 1001 4.6 4.8 0.2 3.6 3.0 -0.6
4482 Shoe stores 193 3.9 2.6 -1.2 5.7 0.5 -4.9
4483 Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores 197 4.2 4.5 0.3 -3.5 -4.6 -1.2
451 Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores 740 3.9 5.7 1.7 3.0 2.6 -0.4
4511 Sporting goods and musical instrument stores 485 4.5 6.0 1.4 1.8 5.3 3.5
4512 Book, periodical, and music stores 256 2.9 5.2 2.2 4.9 -2.9 -7.4
452 General merchandise stores 2860 3.9 5.5 1.5 3.5 6.0 2.3
4521 Department stores 1769 1.3 3.6 2.3 -2.3 -0.2 2.1
4529 Other general merchandise stores 1091 8.1 8.9 0.7 11.2 14.2 2.7
453 Miscellaneous store retailers 1207 3.9 5.7 1.7 -1.3 -3.6 -2.4
4531 Florists 155 3.1 2.7 -0.4 4.8 5.8 1.0
4532 Office supplies, stationery and gift stores 556 6.7 8.1 1.3 11.6 4.6 -6.3
4533 Used merchandise stores 130 1.9 7.0 5.0 -8.0 -8.1 -0.1
4539 Other miscellaneous store retailers 366 1.5 4.0 2.5 -13.1 -11.6 1.7
454 Nonstore retailers 664 8.5 9.4 0.8 4.4 2.7 -1.6
4541 Electronic shopping and mail-order houses 263 12.0 17.1 4.5 11.1 7.2 -3.5
4542 Vending machine operators 79 1.1 0.1 -0.9 -12.3 -6.0 7.2
4543 Direct selling establishments 321 1.5 0.5 -1.0 -4.1 -6.2 -2.2
Transportation and Warehousing
481 Air transportation 576 0.9 3.2 2.3 -6.4 -6.6 -0.2
482111 Line-haul railroads 189 5.4 2.4 -2.8 6.7 -0.5 -6.8
48412 General freight trucking, long-distance 849 1.9 3.5 1.5 -1.8 -3.9 -2.1
491 Postal service 873 1.0 1.8 0.8 1.1 -0.9 -2.0
Information
5111 Newspaper, book, and directory publishers 752 0.3 0.4 0.1 -2.5 -5.5 -3.1
5112 Software publishers 269 15.7 28.1 10.7 -1.5 2.3 3.8
51213 Motion picture and video exhibition 133 0.8 3.0 2.2 -1.7 0.6 2.3
5151 Radio and television broadcasting 249 0.2 0.7 0.5 -5.0 -8.6 -3.7
5152 Cable and other subscription programming 96 -2.1 4.2 6.4 -4.4 5.0 9.8
5171 Wired telecommunications carriers 732 6.2 6.8 0.6 1.6 2.1 0.4
5172 Wireless telecommunications carriers 201 9.9 24.6 13.4 24.2 34.5 8.4
Finance and Insurance
52211 Commercial banking 1258 2.4 2.0 -0.4 -2.7 -0.4 2.4
Real Estate and Rental Leasing
532111 Passenger car rental 136 1.6 4.6 3.0 0.1 -1.1 -1.2
53212 Truck, trailer and RV rental and leasing 61 3.4 3.5 0.2 -1.8 -4.6 -2.9
Professional and Technical Services
54181 Advertising agencies 217 3.4 4.1 0.7 1.1 -6.2 -7.2
Accommodation and Food Services
7211 Traveler accommodations 1856 -0.5 1.0 1.5 -3.6 -8.3 -4.8
722 Food services and drinking places 8560 0.6 2.3 1.7 0.5 1.0 0.5
7221 Full-service restaurants 4028 0.8 2.4 1.6 0.0 0.7 0.7
7222 Limited-service eating places 3614 1.0 2.6 1.6 2.0 2.4 0.4
7223 Special food services 513 0.2 2.4 2.2 -2.9 -2.2 0.7
7224 Drinking places, alcoholic beverages 406 -2.2 -0.9 1.3 -2.2 -2.2 0.0
Other Services
8111 Automotive repair and maintenance 1134 1.6 3.4 1.8 1.1 1.3 0.2
81211 Hair, nail and skin care services 789 1.9 2.7 0.8 4.9 -0.3 -5.0
81221 Funeral homes and funeral services 105 -0.7 0.8 1.6 -0.7 2.1 2.8
8123 Drycleaning and laundry services 422 1.5 1.5 -0.1 5.8 -1.4 -6.8
81292 Photofinishing 105 0.7 -0.9 -1.6 5.7 -3.8 -9.1
Table 2. Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs: mining, manufacturing, and service-producing
industries, 1987-01 and 2000-01
Annual percentage change, Annual percantage change,
1987-2001 2000-2001
2001 ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
NAICS Industry Employment Total Unit labor Total Unit labor
code (thousands) compensation Output costs compensation Output costs
Mining
21 Mining 533 2.8 0.0 2.8 7.4 0.8 6.5
211 Oil and gas extraction 124 3.1 -0.8 4.0 4.5 0.9 3.6
212 Mining, except oil and gas 219 0.7 1.3 -0.5 1.3 0.6 0.7
2121 Coal mining 74 -2.1 0.4 -2.5 7.7 4.8 2.7
2122 Metal ore mining 33 3.0 3.3 -0.4 -8.8 -8.0 -0.8
2123 Nonmetallic mineral mining and quarrying 111 3.6 1.0 2.6 0.5 0.7 -0.2
Utilities
2211 Power generation and supply 434 2.8 1.9 0.9 4.3 -2.1 6.6
2212 Natural gas distribution 118 3.9 1.7 2.2 4.4 -4.9 9.8
Manufacturing
3111 Animal food 53 3.6 2.4 1.2 2.7 6.7 -3.7
3112 Grain and oilseed milling 63 1.8 1.7 0.1 0.1 0.4 -0.4
3113 Sugar and confectionery products 89 2.8 1.4 1.4 2.1 -2.6 4.8
3114 Fruit and vegetable preserving and specialty 193 3.0 1.9 1.1 0.3 2.5 -2.1
3115 Dairy products 137 3.0 0.5 2.5 3.2 -1.1 4.4
3116 Animal slaughtering and processing 516 3.8 2.6 1.2 4.4 0.9 3.4
3117 Seafood product preparation and packaging 47 3.0 0.9 2.1 1.0 8.1 -6.6
3118 Bakeries and tortilla manufacturing 303 3.3 0.8 2.5 2.9 -0.5 3.4
3119 Other food products 152 3.9 1.7 2.2 0.0 -5.2 5.5
3121 Beverages 177 2.3 1.2 1.1 3.0 1.0 2.0
3122 Tobacco and tobacco products 32 -0.1 -1.0 0.9 -6.7 -1.7 -5.1
3131 Fiber, yarn, and thread mills 71 -0.7 -0.1 -0.6 -12.5 -10.7 -2.0
3132 Fabric mills 168 0.1 -0.7 0.8 -12.3 -15.1 3.4
3133 Textile and fabric finishing mills 95 -1.2 -0.6 -0.6 -11.0 -8.1 -3.1
3141 Textile furnishings mills 121 1.9 1.0 0.9 -4.5 -4.8 0.3
3149 Other textile product mills 84 3.7 1.0 2.7 -7.1 -11.3 4.8
3151 Apparel knitting mills 61 -1.7 -2.3 0.6 -8.1 -12.5 5.0
3152 Cut and sew apparel 335 -2.9 -1.9 -1.1 -11.2 -11.4 0.2
3159 Accessories and other apparel 31 1.5 -0.9 2.4 -5.8 -5.0 -0.9
3161 Leather and hide tanning and finishing 10 1.8 -0.9 2.7 -13.9 -19.6 7.1
3162 Footwear 26 -3.5 -4.6 1.2 -8.1 -6.6 -1.6
3169 Other leather products 23 -1.6 -2.7 1.2 -9.2 -10.4 1.4
3211 Sawmills and wood preservation 127 2.0 1.0 0.9 -4.5 -4.9 0.4
3212 Plywood and engineered wood products 116 3.7 1.2 2.4 -3.6 -5.0 1.6
3219 Other wood products 331 3.9 0.4 3.5 -4.0 -7.5 3.8
3221 Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills 179 1.6 0.0 1.6 -1.3 -6.4 5.5
3222 Converted paper products 398 3.4 0.9 2.5 -0.5 -5.5 5.4
3231 Printing and related support activities 768 2.9 0.7 2.1 -3.2 -5.0 1.9
3241 Petroleum and coal products 121 3.0 1.3 1.7 6.0 -0.9 6.9
3251 Basic chemicals 181 2.6 -0.5 3.2 0.3 -10.3 11.7
3252 Resin, rubber, and artificial fibers 126 2.3 0.9 1.4 -5.6 -12.1 7.3
3253 Agricultural chemicals 46 2.6 0.4 2.2 -1.4 -6.5 5.4
3254 Pharmaceuticals and medicines 283 7.0 4.0 2.8 5.3 8.6 -3.1
3255 Paints, coatings, and adhesives 75 3.2 0.4 2.8 -1.3 -2.7 1.4
3256 Soaps, cleaning compounds, and toiletries 127 3.2 1.7 1.6 3.8 1.7 2.0
3259 Other chemical products and preparations 120 2.4 1.0 1.4 -2.6 -13.3 12.4
3261 Plastics products 699 5.1 3.6 1.4 -2.7 -4.8 2.3
3262 Rubber products 199 2.9 1.8 1.1 -4.4 -9.0 5.1
3271 Clay products and refractories 77 1.9 0.1 1.8 -5.6 -12.4 7.7
3272 Glass and glass products 136 2.2 1.3 0.8 -2.8 -7.0 4.5
3273 Cement and concrete products 236 4.0 1.8 2.2 2.6 -0.7 3.4
3274 Lime and gypsum products 20 3.5 0.3 3.2 -4.0 1.7 -5.6
3279 Other nonmetallic mineral products 75 2.9 0.7 2.2 -2.7 -5.3 2.7
3311 Iron and steel mills and ferroalloy production 122 0.4 1.0 -0.6 -9.2 -13.9 5.4
3312 Steel products from purchased steel 68 2.8 1.4 1.4 -4.0 -11.6 8.5
3313 Alumina and aluminum production 92 1.5 -0.8 2.3 -7.5 -10.7 3.6
3314 Other nonferrous metal production 90 2.0 -1.0 3.0 -4.5 -11.0 7.3
3315 Foundries 200 2.5 1.6 0.9 -6.3 -7.1 0.9
3321 Forging and stamping 125 3.0 2.1 0.8 -6.0 -10.6 5.2
3322 Cutlery and hand tools 72 2.9 1.1 1.7 -6.8 -6.9 0.2
3323 Architectural and structural metals 422 4.2 2.2 1.9 -1.9 -4.3 2.5
3324 Boilers, tanks, and shipping containers 103 1.1 0.3 0.8 -3.8 -3.0 -0.9
3325 Hardware 46 0.8 -0.2 1.0 -6.5 -11.4 5.5
3326 Spring and wire products 76 2.8 1.8 1.0 -8.8 -11.7 3.4
3327 Machine shops and threaded products 348 5.3 3.8 1.5 -3.8 -7.6 4.2
3328 Coating, engraving, and heat treating metals 163 4.4 3.6 0.8 -6.1 -10.5 4.9
3329 Other fabricated metal products 321 2.1 0.3 1.8 -3.5 -6.6 3.3
3331 Agriculture, construction, and mining machinery 217 2.6 2.3 0.3 -2.3 -5.2 3.0
3332 Industrial machinery 149 4.6 2.5 2.0 -5.1 -27.9 31.5
3333 Commercial and service industry machinery 143 0.8 0.5 0.3 -2.0 -11.7 11.1
3334 HVAC and commercial refrigeration equipment 184 3.4 2.6 0.8 -5.1 -6.4 1.3
3335 Metalworking machinery 249 2.9 0.9 1.9 -9.5 -15.8 7.5
3336 Turbine and power transmission equipment 106 1.7 3.0 -1.3 -2.8 4.3 -6.9
3339 Other general purpose machinery 321 3.5 1.9 1.5 -5.5 -11.4 6.6
3341 Computer and peripheral equipment 286 -0.2 22.0 -18.2 -12.3 -2.5 -10.0
3342 Communications equipment 234 5.8 10.0 -3.8 3.2 -12.9 18.4
3343 Audio and video equipment 47 3.3 3.7 -0.3 -1.0 -5.1 4.4
3344 Semiconductors and electronic components 645 4.4 21.4 -14.0 -8.5 -8.3 -0.2
3345 Electronic instruments 475 1.4 1.4 0.1 2.6 -0.1 2.7
3346 Magnetic media manufacturing and reproduction 61 2.6 2.1 0.5 -3.2 -10.4 8.0
3351 Electric lighting equipment 79 1.8 0.5 1.3 -4.7 -5.6 1.0
3352 Household appliances 102 1.7 1.9 -0.1 -5.9 -3.1 -2.8
3353 Electrical equipment 197 1.9 0.7 1.3 -5.7 -9.9 4.6
3359 Other electrical equipment and components 180 3.0 1.8 1.2 -4.7 -13.7 10.5
3361 Motor vehicles 279 2.0 1.8 0.1 -8.4 -9.0 0.7
3362 Motor vehicle bodies and trailers 159 4.0 2.0 2.0 -8.7 -14.2 6.4
3363 Motor vehicle parts 775 3.4 4.1 -0.7 -8.7 -9.1 0.5
3364 Aerospace products and parts 511 -0.7 -1.2 0.5 1.4 12.2 -9.6
3365 Railroad rolling stock 28 5.2 6.4 -1.1 -2.2 -13.4 12.9
3366 Ship and boat building 147 1.4 0.1 1.2 -2.9 -5.5 2.7
3369 Other transportation equipment 39 4.6 5.6 -0.9 4.1 8.2 -3.8
3371 Household and institutional furniture 416 3.6 1.5 2.0 -2.7 -3.8 1.1
3372 Office furniture and fixtures 171 3.8 1.6 2.2 -4.5 -10.9 7.3
3379 Other furniture-related products 56 3.7 2.6 1.0 -2.1 -1.2 -0.9
3391 Medical equipment and supplies 311 6.0 4.8 1.1 3.4 5.0 -1.5
3399 Other miscellaneous manufacturing 403 4.0 2.0 1.9 -0.8 -7.1 6.8
Wholesale Trade
42 Wholesale trade 5988 5.3 4.1 1.1 -1.0 -2.3 1.4
423 Durable goods 3236 5.2 5.7 -0.5 -4.3 -6.3 2.1
4231 Motor vehicles and parts 359 3.9 3.5 0.4 -0.2 -6.9 7.2
4232 Furniture and furnishings 118 4.7 2.7 1.9 -9.8 -8.0 -1.9
4233 Lumber and construction supplies 228 4.8 0.8 4.0 -2.6 2.7 -5.2
4234 Commercial equipment 709 6.2 14.8 -7.5 -3.4 -8.6 5.7
4235 Metals and minerals 134 4.0 0.1 4.0 -11.3 -7.0 -4.7
4236 Electric goods 413 5.8 10.7 -4.4 -8.0 -7.5 -0.5
4237 Hardware and plumbing 258 5.1 2.6 2.4 2.4 -6.0 8.9
4238 Machinery and supplies 729 4.5 2.8 1.6 -4.1 -4.9 0.9
4239 Miscellaneous durable goods 287 4.6 3.0 1.6 -6.8 -3.6 -3.3
424 Nondurable goods 2123 5.0 1.7 3.3 0.4 0.6 -0.2
4241 Paper and paper products 170 5.4 2.4 3.0 3.1 -5.0 8.4
4242 Druggists' goods 205 10.5 5.7 4.5 11.8 11.3 0.4
4243 Apparel and piece goods 162 3.5 1.4 2.1 -6.1 -5.9 -0.2
4244 Grocery and related products 708 4.7 2.6 2.1 0.2 0.6 -0.4
4245 Farm product raw materials 84 1.9 0.5 1.4 -8.2 -0.6 -7.6
4246 Chemicals 137 5.0 1.0 4.0 -6.6 -5.1 -1.6
4247 Petroleum 120 2.7 -1.1 3.9 0.1 -4.3 4.6
4248 Alcoholic beverages 130 4.1 1.7 2.4 3.0 2.1 0.9
4249 Miscellaneous nondurable goods 406 4.6 0.3 4.3 -2.2 -5.3 3.3
42511 Business to business electronic markets 93 6.1 8.5 -2.3 -1.5 12.6 -12.5
42512 Wholesale trade agents and brokers 536 6.7 5.7 0.9 16.8 -3.6 21.1
Retail Trade
44-45 Retail trade 16177 4.6 3.8 0.8 -2.0 2.6 -4.5
441 Motor vehicle and parts dealers 1934 5.2 3.1 2.0 3.1 1.5 1.5
4411 Automobile dealers 1273 5.4 3.0 2.4 5.5 2.2 3.2
4412 Other motor vehicle dealers 141 6.4 4.8 1.5 1.9 0.8 1.1
4413 Auto parts, accessories, and tire stores 519 4.0 3.5 0.5 -5.0 -4.1 -1.0
442 Furniture and home furnishings stores 611 4.6 4.3 0.3 -2.2 0.8 -2.9
4421 Furniture stores 318 4.7 4.2 0.4 -0.5 1.9 -2.4
4422 Home furnishings stores 293 4.6 4.5 0.2 -4.1 -0.6 -3.5
443 Electronics and appliance stores 592 8.0 15.6 -6.6 4.4 13.7 -8.2
444 Building material and garden supply stores 1183 4.7 4.8 -0.1 -3.8 4.4 -7.9
4441 Building material and supplies dealers 1020 5.0 5.0 0.0 -2.0 4.5 -6.2
4442 Lawn and garden equipment and supplies stores 163 2.9 3.5 -0.5 -15.5 3.3 -18.2
445 Food and beverage stores 3085 3.5 0.4 3.1 -1.7 1.4 -3.1
4451 Grocery stores 2618 3.5 0.5 3.0 -1.8 1.3 -3.0
4452 Specialty food stores 308 4.0 -1.7 5.8 -2.3 4.1 -6.1
4453 Beer, wine and liquor stores 158 2.8 0.2 2.6 0.7 1.9 -1.2
446 Health and personal care stores 965 5.8 3.7 2.0 0.8 3.2 -2.2
447 Gasoline stations 946 2.5 1.4 1.1 -7.0 1.0 -7.8
448 Clothing and clothing accessories stores 1391 3.2 4.4 -1.1 -8.4 1.5 -9.8
4481 Clothing stores 1001 3.6 4.8 -1.2 -8.6 3.0 -11.3
4482 Shoe stores 193 2.1 2.6 -0.6 -8.9 0.5 -9.4
4483 Jewelry, luggage, and leather goods stores 197 3.1 4.5 -1.3 -7.4 -4.6 -2.9
451 Sporting goods, hobby, book, and music stores 740 5.0 5.7 -0.7 -8.3 2.6 -10.6
4511 Sporting goods and musical instrument stores 485 4.5 6.0 -1.4 -7.0 5.3 -11.7
4512 Book, periodical, and music stores 256 6.1 5.2 0.8 -10.4 -2.9 -7.8
452 General merchandise stores 2860 4.1 5.5 -1.3 -3.6 6.0 -9.0
4521 Department stores 1769 4.3 3.6 0.7 -5.3 -0.2 -5.1
4529 Other general merchandise stores 1091 3.7 8.9 -4.7 -0.7 14.2 -13.0
453 Miscellaneous store retailers 1207 4.5 5.7 -1.1 -6.1 -3.6 -2.5
4531 Florists 155 3.4 2.7 0.7 2.9 5.8 -2.7
4532 Office supplies, stationery and gift stores 556 4.9 8.1 -3.0 -11.8 4.6 -15.7
4533 Used merchandise stores 130 6.9 7.0 -0.1 -7.0 -8.1 1.2
4539 Other miscellaneous store retailers 366 3.8 4.0 -0.3 -0.7 -11.6 12.4
454 Nonstore retailers 664 6.0 9.4 -3.1 -2.2 2.7 -4.7
4541 Electronic shopping and mail-order houses 263 11.2 17.1 -5.0 0.4 7.2 -6.4
4542 Vending machine operators 79 2.7 0.1 2.5 10.1 -6.0 17.1
4543 Direct selling establishments 321 2.9 0.5 2.4 -7.8 -6.2 -1.7
Transportation and Warehousing
481 Air transportation 576 5.4 3.2 2.2 5.4 -6.6 12.8
482111 Line-haul railroads 189 0.5 2.4 -1.9 1.0 -0.5 1.5
48412 General freight trucking, long-distance 849 5.0 3.5 1.5 0.1 -3.9 4.1
491 Postal service 873 4.9 1.8 3.0 3.7 -0.9 4.7
Information
5111 Newspaper, book, and directory publishers 752 4.7 0.4 4.3 -1.4 -5.5 4.4
5112 Software publishers 269 19.4 28.1 -6.8 -7.1 2.3 -9.2
51213 Motion picture and video exhibition 133 3.8 3.0 0.9 -3.3 0.6 -3.8
5151 Radio and television broadcasting 249 5.0 0.7 4.3 -0.7 -8.6 8.5
5152 Cable and other subscription programming 96 11.9 4.2 7.3 26.4 5.0 20.4
5171 Wired telecommunications carriers 732 4.4 6.8 -2.2 -4.1 2.1 -6.1
5172 Wireless telecommunications carriers 201 22.0 24.6 -2.2 2.0 34.5 -24.2
Finance and Insurance
52211 Commercial banking 1258 5.3 2.0 3.2 4.6 -0.4 5.0
Real Estate and Rental Leasing
532111 Passenger car rental 136 7.1 4.6 2.4 -3.7 -1.1 -2.6
53212 Truck, trailer and RV rental and leasing 61 4.4 3.5 0.8 -3.7 -4.6 1.0
Professional and Technical Services
54181 Advertising agencies 217 6.0 4.1 1.8 -4.6 -6.2 1.6
Accommodation and Food Services
7211 Traveler accommodations 1856 6.0 1.0 5.0 -2.4 -8.3 6.4
722 Food services and drinking places 8560 5.6 2.3 3.2 0.0 1.0 -1.0
7221 Full-service restaurants 4028 6.2 2.4 3.7 8.4 0.7 7.6
7222 Limited-service eating places 3614 4.7 2.6 2.0 -10.9 2.4 -13.0
7223 Special food services 513 6.9 2.4 4.3 18.9 -2.2 21.6
7224 Drinking places, alcoholic beverages 406 4.9 -0.9 5.8 -9.3 -2.2 -7.3
Other Services
8111 Automotive repair and maintenance 1134 5.4 3.4 2.0 2.9 1.3 1.5
81211 Hair, nail and skin care services 789 5.0 2.7 2.3 -1.2 -0.3 -0.9
81221 Funeral homes and funeral services 105 5.4 0.8 4.5 4.3 2.1 2.2
8123 Drycleaning and laundry services 422 3.5 1.5 1.9 -5.3 -1.4 -4.0
81292 Photofinishing 105 3.0 -0.9 3.9 -3.9 -3.8 0.0