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Historical, technical USDL 01-141
information: (202) 691-5618 FOR RELEASE: 10:00 a.m. EDT
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Tuesday, May 15, 2001
Internet: http://www.bls.gov/iprhome.htm
PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, 1990-99
Labor productivity rose in 1999 in more than two-thirds of 119 U.S.
manufacturing industries, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of
Labor reported. Slightly more than half of the industries registering productivity
growth also posted declines in unit labor costs.
In 1999, the most recent year for which underlying data are available for
manufacturing industries, labor productivity -- defined as output per hour --
increased in 70 percent of the manufacturing industries. Output rose in 61 percent
of the industries, while hours rose in 33 percent of the industries.
The share of industries with productivity increases during the 1990-99 period
was even greater. From 1990 to 1999, labor productivity increased in 93 percent of
the manufacturing industries. Output rose in 85 percent of the industries, and
hours rose in 45 percent of them.
The attached tables present data for manufacturing industries for which BLS
publishes productivity series at the 3-digit level of the Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) Manual. Although the analysis that follows focuses on
industries at the 3-digit level, BLS also publishes productivity series at the
2- and 4-digit level for manufacturing, as well as for service-producing and mining
industries. (See Technical Note.)
1998-99 Changes
In 1999, labor productivity increased in 83 of the 119 manufacturing
industries for which BLS publishes data at the 3-digit level (Table 1). Over half
of the gains were greater than 2.5 percent: Double-digit productivity growth
occurred in 18 industries; an additional 27 industries posted labor productivity
growth in the 5.0-9.9 percent range; and 14 industries had increases in the 2.6-4.9
percent range.
Four out of the five largest manufacturing industries, those with more than
500,000 employees, recorded growth in output per hour in 1999. Of these, the
largest labor productivity gain occurred in electronic components and accessories
(SIC 367) with an increase of 39.3 percent followed by a 9.0 percent increase in
motor vehicles and equipment (SIC 371); a 5.5 percent increase in miscellaneous
plastics products, n.e.c. (SIC 308); and a 4.8 percent increase in commercial
printing (SIC 275). Labor productivity declined by 0.1 percent in meat products
(SIC 201).
Unit labor costs, the ratio of total compensation to output, fell in 50 of
the 119 industries in the manufacturing sector in 1999 (Table 2). The largest
declines were computer and office equipment (SIC 357) (-24.8 percent); women's and
children's undergarments (SIC 234) (-22.9 percent); electronic components and
accessories (SIC 367) (-21.7 percent); and photographic equipment and supplies
(SIC 386) (-14.3 percent). Over half of the manufacturing industries with
increasing productivity (44 of 83) also registered decreasing unit labor costs.
Long-Term Trends
Almost all of the manufacturing industries posted productivity gains from
1990 to 1999. Output per hour increased in 111 of the 119 industries. Productivity
advanced at least 5.0 percent per year in 12 industries. Another 49 industries
experienced annual productivity growth in the 2.5-4.9 percent range. Computer and
office equipment (SIC 357) posted the largest average annual gain, 33.3 percent.
The five largest manufacturing industries all registered growth in output per hour
from 1990 to 1999. Labor productivity rose 26.0 percent in electronic components
and accessories (SIC 367); 3.3 percent in miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c.
(SIC 308); 3.2 percent in motor vehicles and equipment (SIC 371); 1.3 percent in
commercial printing (SIC 275); and 0.6 percent in meat products (SIC 201).
From 1990 to 1999, unit labor costs fell in 34 of the 119 industries in the
manufacturing sector. Of the 34 industries, only pulp mills (SIC 261) had
decreasing labor productivity (-3.0 percent). The largest declines in unit labor
costs were computer and office equipment (SIC 357) (-22.3 percent) and electronic
components and accessories (SIC 367) (-17.6 percent).
In the early years of the period, 1990-95, output per hour increased in 106
of the 119 industries (Table 3). In 20 industries, productivity advanced 5.0
percent per year or more. An additional 36 industries experienced annual
productivity growth in the 2.5-4.9 percent range.
Productivity growth rates accelerated as the economic expansion continued
(Chart). Comparing the 1990-95 period with the 1995-99 period, productivity growth
rates increased in 72 of the 119 industries. In 14 industries, annual output per
hour grew at least 5.0 percentage points faster in 1995-99 than in 1990-95. Another
24 industries posted annual productivity growth rates 2.0-4.9 percentage points above
their 1990-95 rates. All 13 of the industries that experienced productivity
declines in the earlier period registered productivity improvements in the later
period. Seven of these 13 industries experienced positive productivity growth in
the 1995-99 period.
PRINTED COPY CONTAINS CHART AT THIS POINT:
Chart. The number of manufacturing industries with annual productivity growth of
3.0 percent or more increased after 1995
The number of industries with declining unit labor costs rose as the economic
expansion continued (Table 4). The proportion of manufacturing industries with
falling unit labor costs increased from 26 percent in the 1990-95 period to 45
percent in the 1995-99 period.
Technical Note
Revisions
The data in this news release reflect revisions to series as published in
table 42 of the Monthly Labor Review and in the news release Productivity and Costs:
Manufacturing Industries, 1990-98, November 2000. The revised series can be
obtained in several ways: by visiting the Industry Productivity web site
(http://www.bls.gov/iprhome.htm); by calling the Division of Industry Productivity
Studies (202-691-5618); or by sending a request by e-mail (dipsweb@bls.gov).
Industry output indexes are prepared from basic data published by various
public and private agencies, using the greatest level of detail available. Data
from the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, are used extensively in
developing output statistics for manufacturing, trade, and service-producing
industries. Data from the 1997 Economic Census of Manufactures were published
primarily on the basis of the new North American Industry Classification System
(NAICS); earlier censuses were published according to the Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) system. Implementation of NAICS by Federal agencies will be in
phases. In order to update the productivity series for this news release, BLS
converted the NAICS-based manufacturing data to an SIC basis. BLS will continue to
publish the productivity series on an SIC basis until all the data underlying the
productivity series have been converted to a NAICS basis.
All of the measures for 1999 in this news release are preliminary and subject
to revision.
Productivity measurement
The industry productivity measures describe the relationship between output
and the labor time involved in its production. They show the changes from period to
period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour. Although these
measures relate output to hours of employees or all persons engaged in an industry,
they do not measure the specific contribution of labor, capital, or any other factor
of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of many influences, including
changes in technology; capital investment; level of output; utilization of capacity,
energy, and materials; the organization of production; managerial skill; and the
characteristics and effort of the workforce.
Year-to-year movements in productivity measures for some industries might be
somewhat erratic, particularly in the smaller industries. The annual changes in an
industry's productivity are based on sample data, which are likely to differ from
data generated by a census of establishments in the industry. As a result, long-
term trends tend to be more reliable indicators of the performance of an industry
than are the year-to-year changes.
Unit labor cost measurement
The unit labor cost series in this release describe the cost of labor input
required to produce one unit of output. Unit labor costs are calculated as the
ratio of current dollar labor compensation to constant dollar output. The indexes
of unit labor costs for each industry are computed by dividing an index of current
dollar compensation by an index of constant dollar output.
Compensation is a measure of the cost to the employer of securing the services
of labor. It is defined as payroll plus supplemental payments. Payroll includes
salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay,
and compensation in kind. Supplemental payments are divided into legally required
expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. The legally required expenditures
include employers� contributions to Social Security, unemployment insurance taxes,
and workers� compensation. Payments for voluntary programs include all programs not
specifically required by legislation, such as the employer portion of private health
insurance and pension plans.
The indexes of industry output used in measuring labor productivity and unit
labor costs are, wherever possible, calculated with a Tornqvist formula. This
formula aggregates the growth rates of the various industry products between two
periods using the products� shares in industry value of production, averaged over
the two periods, as weights.
Published productivity and unit labor cost data for 2-, 3-, and 4-digit SIC
industries in the goods-producing and service-producing sectors are available on the
Internet at http://www.bls.gov/iprhome.htm. Productivity series for additional
industries have been withheld from publication because they do not meet BLS
publication standards. Unpublished data can be requested by phoning 202-691-5618 or
by sending e-mail to dipsweb@bls.gov.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral phone
number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Annual percent change in output per hour and related series: manufacturing industries, 1990-99 and 1998-99
Annual percent change, 1990-99 Annual percent change, 1998-99
1999 -------------------------------- ---------------------------------
SIC Industry Employment(1) Output Employee Output Employee
code (thousands) per hour Output hours per hour Output hours
201 Meat products 504 0.6 3.0 2.4 -0.1 3.0 3.1
202 Dairy products 143 0.7 0.2 -0.5 -4.4 -1.4 3.1
203 Preserved fruits and vegetables 226 2.6 1.6 -0.9 1.9 -0.4 -2.3
204 Grain mill products 125 2.4 2.1 -0.3 3.3 1.3 -2.0
205 Bakery products 202 1.7 1.3 -0.3 6.6 5.2 -1.3
206 Sugar and confectionery products 92 2.6 1.7 -0.9 5.6 -0.7 -6.0
207 Fats and oils 29 3.1 1.9 -1.2 13.7 3.1 -9.3
208 Beverages 183 1.4 1.6 0.2 -2.9 -2.5 0.5
209 Miscellaneous food and kindred products 174 1.8 1.4 -0.4 3.3 1.7 -1.5
211 Cigarettes 26 2.0 -1.5 -3.5 -10.8 -11.3 -0.5
221 Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton 66 3.4 0.1 -3.1 1.9 -6.1 -7.8
222 Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade 58 5.0 2.0 -2.8 2.0 -3.9 -5.8
224 Narrow fabric mills 20 2.7 0.9 -1.8 4.0 1.1 -2.7
225 Knitting mills 141 3.4 -0.6 -3.9 6.6 -6.8 -12.5
226 Textile finishing, except wool 61 2.1 1.9 -0.3 1.9 -5.3 -7.1
227 Carpets and rugs 65 0.5 1.2 0.6 -4.4 -2.7 1.7
228 Yarn and thread mills 84 4.9 3.0 -1.8 10.8 6.8 -3.6
229 Miscellaneous textile goods 55 1.7 2.7 1.0 5.7 5.7 0.0
232 Men's and boys' furnishings 157 7.0 0.6 -6.0 7.0 -9.8 -15.7
233 Women's and misses' outerwear 205 5.9 1.0 -4.7 14.9 3.3 -10.1
234 Women's and children's undergarments 26 12.4 1.9 -9.4 35.4 13.4 -16.2
235 Hats, caps, and millinery 14 2.2 0.8 -1.4 9.3 -5.0 -13.0
238 Miscellaneous apparel and accessories 31 1.7 -2.2 -3.8 -1.8 -5.6 -3.9
239 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products 215 2.9 3.7 0.8 10.2 9.0 -1.1
242 Sawmills and planing mills 182 2.6 2.0 -0.6 5.6 5.6 0.0
243 Millwork, plywood, and structural members 323 -0.9 1.9 2.8 -0.7 4.4 5.1
244 Wood containers 57 -0.6 1.9 2.5 -1.4 1.3 2.8
245 Wood buildings and mobile homes 103 -0.7 5.5 6.3 -2.5 -1.7 0.7
249 Miscellaneous wood products 85 3.1 3.2 0.1 7.7 5.3 -2.3
251 Household furniture 290 2.3 2.6 0.2 2.3 3.8 1.4
252 Office furniture 75 1.6 3.3 1.6 -2.9 2.9 6.0
253 Public building and related furniture 52 6.5 12.0 5.2 1.6 11.6 9.9
254 Partitions and fixtures 90 3.2 5.1 1.9 1.1 -0.8 -1.9
259 Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures 41 1.9 3.1 1.2 0.7 4.1 3.4
261 Pulp mills 12 -3.0 -4.7 -1.8 2.1 0.6 -1.4
262 Paper mills 146 2.0 -0.2 -2.2 6.8 1.7 -4.8
263 Paperboard mills 48 3.0 1.8 -1.1 2.5 0.7 -1.8
265 Paperboard containers and boxes 219 1.3 2.0 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.2
267 Miscellaneous converted paper products 243 2.6 2.7 0.1 3.6 3.3 -0.3
271 Newspapers 442 -0.5 -1.3 -0.8 3.2 3.0 -0.2
272 Periodicals 144 2.3 3.4 1.1 0.1 3.6 3.5
273 Books 125 1.0 1.5 0.6 4.4 3.8 -0.6
274 Miscellaneous publishing 91 3.7 4.7 1.0 7.4 6.2 -1.1
275 Commercial printing 570 1.3 1.7 0.4 4.8 2.7 -2.0
276 Manifold business forms 43 -2.6 -4.2 -1.7 -4.0 -2.0 2.1
277 Greeting cards 26 0.4 0.7 0.3 -0.3 -5.1 -4.8
278 Blankbooks and bookbinding 63 2.4 1.2 -1.2 5.9 2.4 -3.3
279 Printing trade services 49 2.2 -0.6 -2.7 -4.9 -6.7 -1.9
281 Industrial inorganic chemicals 72 5.3 2.3 -2.9 17.1 3.1 -11.9
282 Plastics materials and synthetics 155 4.2 2.6 -1.5 2.5 0.5 -2.0
283 Drugs 295 0.1 2.6 2.5 0.5 5.2 4.7
284 Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods 160 1.3 1.5 0.2 -4.8 -2.7 2.2
285 Paints and allied products 52 1.9 0.2 -1.6 -0.9 -0.7 0.2
286 Industrial organic chemicals 127 1.0 -1.1 -2.1 5.2 -0.5 -5.5
287 Agricultural chemicals 55 0.2 0.3 0.1 -9.0 -5.5 3.8
289 Miscellaneous chemical products 91 3.1 2.2 -0.9 6.1 2.4 -3.5
291 Petroleum refining 89 5.0 1.3 -3.5 8.8 -0.3 -8.4
295 Asphalt paving and roofing materials 31 1.9 3.3 1.4 -7.2 -2.8 4.7
299 Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products 14 -0.5 1.4 1.9 -7.9 -7.6 0.3
301 Tires and inner tubes 80 3.9 3.2 -0.7 0.9 -0.4 -1.3
305 Hose and belting and gaskets and packing 74 1.9 4.3 2.3 1.1 4.7 3.6
306 Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c. 107 2.9 3.4 0.5 6.4 3.4 -2.8
308 Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c. 740 3.3 5.3 2.0 5.5 6.0 0.4
314 Footwear, except rubber 33 3.0 -5.8 -8.5 18.6 7.3 -9.6
321 Flat glass 16 4.7 3.6 -1.1 12.0 5.6 -5.7
322 Glass and glassware, pressed or blown 64 3.6 0.7 -2.8 6.2 -2.8 -8.5
323 Products of purchased glass 64 4.2 5.5 1.3 9.8 11.8 1.8
324 Cement, hydraulic 17 2.4 2.4 0.0 4.2 2.4 -1.7
325 Structural clay products 32 1.4 0.6 -0.8 8.0 5.8 -2.0
326 Pottery and related products 38 2.3 2.6 0.3 -4.9 -4.8 0.1
327 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products 240 1.3 3.3 2.1 1.4 5.4 4.0
329 Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products 73 2.1 1.8 -0.3 0.0 -2.5 -2.4
331 Blast furnace and basic steel products 228 3.5 1.6 -1.8 -1.4 -3.4 -2.1
332 Iron and steel foundries 128 1.9 2.0 0.1 4.2 0.7 -3.3
333 Primary nonferrous metals 37 2.8 0.5 -2.2 4.3 0.0 -4.1
335 Nonferrous rolling and drawing 168 3.2 3.1 0.0 6.5 4.6 -1.7
336 Nonferrous foundries (castings) 95 2.6 4.7 2.1 -0.6 1.4 1.9
339 Miscellaneous primary metal products 28 3.2 3.6 0.5 7.4 -1.6 -8.4
341 Metal cans and shipping containers 36 3.5 0.1 -3.3 -2.1 -1.6 0.6
342 Cutlery, handtools, and hardware 122 2.7 2.1 -0.6 7.1 3.4 -3.5
343 Plumbing and heating, except electric 59 2.4 2.8 0.4 -2.7 1.7 4.5
344 Fabricated structural metal products 484 1.5 3.1 1.6 0.0 2.7 2.7
346 Metal forgings and stampings 254 3.5 5.2 1.7 3.5 2.9 -0.6
347 Metal services, n.e.c. 143 2.3 4.4 2.1 0.5 -0.2 -0.8
348 Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c. 41 1.3 -5.1 -6.3 -4.6 -3.1 1.6
349 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products 271 1.4 3.0 1.6 -1.1 -1.5 -0.4
351 Engines and turbines 86 4.0 3.9 -0.1 3.7 6.2 2.4
352 Farm and garden machinery 99 0.8 0.0 -0.8 -15.5 -21.3 -6.8
353 Construction and related machinery 244 2.8 3.6 0.8 -0.2 -5.6 -5.5
354 Metalworking machinery 338 2.3 2.6 0.3 3.1 -1.9 -4.8
355 Special industry machinery 169 2.9 3.5 0.6 11.3 4.4 -6.3
356 General industrial machinery 255 1.0 1.4 0.4 0.2 -5.3 -5.5
357 Computer and office equipment 370 33.3 30.8 -1.9 36.3 31.0 -3.8
358 Refrigeration and service machinery 214 1.9 4.5 2.5 1.4 3.8 2.3
359 Industrial machinery, n.e.c. 367 2.5 4.2 1.6 5.3 1.4 -3.8
361 Electric distribution equipment 83 3.6 2.0 -1.6 -0.6 2.4 3.0
362 Electrical industrial apparatus 151 4.7 3.4 -1.3 0.4 -1.6 -2.0
363 Household appliances 118 4.0 3.7 -0.3 0.0 1.9 1.9
364 Electric lighting and wiring equipment 183 3.2 3.2 0.0 2.5 2.3 -0.2
366 Communications equipment 267 11.4 11.4 0.0 18.5 11.6 -5.8
367 Electronic components and accessories 636 26.0 27.5 1.2 39.3 34.7 -3.3
369 Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies 151 5.0 4.1 -0.8 4.0 5.5 1.4
371 Motor vehicles and equipment 1019 3.2 6.4 3.1 9.0 14.5 5.0
372 Aircraft and parts 495 3.9 -0.1 -3.9 -0.4 -7.7 -7.3
373 Ship and boat building and repairing 166 0.9 -0.3 -1.2 10.4 7.2 -2.9
374 Railroad equipment 37 4.2 5.5 1.2 8.5 3.6 -4.5
375 Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts 20 2.9 7.7 4.6 -5.0 -8.2 -3.4
376 Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts 88 3.5 -4.8 -8.0 11.1 5.9 -4.7
381 Search and navigation equipment 166 2.4 -3.5 -5.8 -6.2 -5.9 0.4
382 Measuring and controlling devices 294 4.1 3.0 -1.1 6.6 3.1 -3.3
384 Medical instruments and supplies 283 3.6 5.3 1.6 1.0 2.4 1.3
385 Ophthalmic goods 34 7.4 4.8 -2.3 15.3 9.8 -4.8
386 Photographic equipment & supplies 74 3.5 0.3 -3.1 17.9 8.0 -8.4
391 Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware 50 3.4 3.0 -0.3 18.4 16.8 -1.4
393 Musical instruments 17 -1.3 1.6 3.0 6.1 5.5 -0.6
394 Toys and sporting goods 105 1.5 1.9 0.3 -5.8 -6.1 -0.3
395 Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies 31 1.0 -0.4 -1.4 -2.4 -2.8 -0.4
396 Costume jewelry and notions 20 4.0 -2.2 -5.9 14.5 3.0 -10.0
399 Miscellaneous manufactures 173 0.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 4.4 1.8
(1) Employment figures are based on data from BLS sources.
Table 2. Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs: manufacturing industries, 1990-99 and 1998-99
Annual percent change, 1990-99 Annual percent change, 1998-99
1999 --------------------------------- ----------------------------------
SIC Industry Employment(1) Total Unit labor Total Unit labor
code (thousands) compensation Output costs compensation Output costs
201 Meat products 504 5.3 3.0 2.2 6.5 3.0 3.4
202 Dairy products 143 2.2 0.2 2.0 0.9 -1.4 2.3
203 Preserved fruits and vegetables 226 2.7 1.6 1.0 2.1 -0.4 2.5
204 Grain mill products 125 2.6 2.1 0.5 4.8 1.3 3.5
205 Bakery products 202 3.8 1.3 2.4 7.8 5.2 2.5
206 Sugar and confectionery products 92 2.4 1.7 0.8 0.5 -0.7 1.2
207 Fats and oils 29 2.5 1.9 0.5 5.3 3.1 2.2
208 Beverages 183 2.3 1.6 0.7 -0.3 -2.5 2.3
209 Miscellaneous food and kindred products 174 2.9 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.7 -0.4
211 Cigarettes 26 -0.4 -1.5 1.1 -4.8 -11.3 7.2
221 Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton 66 -0.6 0.1 -0.7 -8.9 -6.1 -2.9
222 Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade 58 1.1 2.0 -0.9 -8.9 -3.9 -5.1
224 Narrow fabric mills 20 3.0 0.9 2.1 2.4 1.1 1.3
225 Knitting mills 141 -0.6 -0.6 0.1 -7.0 -6.8 -0.3
226 Textile finishing, except wool 61 3.1 1.9 1.2 1.2 -5.3 6.9
227 Carpets and rugs 65 2.7 1.2 1.5 -2.5 -2.7 0.2
228 Yarn and thread mills 84 1.3 3.0 -1.7 -0.3 6.8 -6.6
229 Miscellaneous textile goods 55 4.1 2.7 1.4 4.7 5.7 -0.9
232 Men's and boys' furnishings 157 -1.5 0.6 -2.0 -7.6 -9.8 2.4
233 Women's and misses' outerwear 205 -1.7 1.0 -2.7 -10.1 3.3 -13.0
234 Women's and children's undergarments 26 -5.8 1.9 -7.6 -12.6 13.4 -22.9
235 Hats, caps, and millinery 14 3.5 0.8 2.8 3.5 -5.0 9.0
238 Miscellaneous apparel and accessories 31 -1.6 -2.2 0.6 3.6 -5.6 9.7
239 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products 215 5.7 3.7 1.9 9.7 9.0 0.6
242 Sawmills and planing mills 182 3.8 2.0 1.8 6.0 5.6 0.4
243 Millwork, plywood, and structural members 323 5.4 1.9 3.4 9.1 4.4 4.6
244 Wood containers 57 5.3 1.9 3.4 0.6 1.3 -0.8
245 Wood buildings and mobile homes 103 9.2 5.5 3.5 2.1 -1.7 3.9
249 Miscellaneous wood products 85 4.0 3.2 0.8 3.9 5.3 -1.3
251 Household furniture 290 3.7 2.6 1.1 4.9 3.8 1.0
252 Office furniture 75 3.4 3.3 0.1 0.9 2.9 -1.9
253 Public building and related furniture 52 10.4 12.0 -1.5 13.8 11.6 1.9
254 Partitions and fixtures 90 6.9 5.1 1.7 1.9 -0.8 2.7
259 Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures 41 4.6 3.1 1.4 7.9 4.1 3.6
261 Pulp mills 12 -5.9 -4.7 -1.2 -1.7 0.6 -2.3
262 Paper mills 146 0.8 -0.2 1.0 -1.6 1.7 -3.2
263 Paperboard mills 48 3.2 1.8 1.3 -0.7 0.7 -1.3
265 Paperboard containers and boxes 219 4.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 0.3 2.7
267 Miscellaneous converted paper products 243 3.9 2.7 1.2 2.3 3.3 -1.0
271 Newspapers 442 2.5 -1.3 3.8 4.8 3.0 1.8
272 Periodicals 144 7.9 3.4 4.4 5.1 3.6 1.5
273 Books 125 5.2 1.5 3.6 5.5 3.8 1.7
274 Miscellaneous publishing 91 10.3 4.7 5.3 8.2 6.2 1.9
275 Commercial printing 570 3.7 1.7 1.9 2.9 2.7 0.3
276 Manifold business forms 43 -1.1 -4.2 3.3 -3.2 -2.0 -1.2
277 Greeting cards 26 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.6 -5.1 6.0
278 Blankbooks and bookbinding 63 1.7 1.2 0.5 -1.8 2.4 -4.1
279 Printing trade services 49 -0.4 -0.6 0.2 -6.7 -6.7 0.0
281 Industrial inorganic chemicals 72 0.6 2.3 -1.6 -1.0 3.1 -4.0
282 Plastics materials and synthetics 155 1.6 2.6 -1.0 -2.1 0.5 -2.5
283 Drugs 295 5.7 2.6 3.0 6.9 5.2 1.7
284 Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods 160 2.8 1.5 1.2 -0.8 -2.7 1.9
285 Paints and allied products 52 3.1 0.2 2.9 1.9 -0.7 2.6
286 Industrial organic chemicals 127 2.5 -1.1 3.6 -1.6 -0.5 -1.1
287 Agricultural chemicals 55 1.5 0.3 1.2 4.4 -5.5 10.5
289 Miscellaneous chemical products 91 3.2 2.2 1.0 3.1 2.4 0.6
291 Petroleum refining 89 2.5 1.3 1.2 -0.3 -0.3 0.1
295 Asphalt paving and roofing materials 31 2.9 3.3 -0.4 -1.4 -2.8 1.4
299 Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products 14 2.8 1.4 1.4 -4.2 -7.6 3.7
301 Tires and inner tubes 80 3.1 3.2 0.0 3.1 -0.4 3.5
305 Hose and belting and gaskets and packing 74 4.9 4.3 0.6 2.9 4.7 -1.8
306 Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c. 107 3.8 3.4 0.4 6.9 3.4 3.3
308 Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c. 740 5.6 5.3 0.3 5.3 6.0 -0.7
314 Footwear, except rubber 33 -4.3 -5.8 1.7 0.8 7.3 -6.1
321 Flat glass 16 0.6 3.6 -2.9 0.9 5.6 -4.4
322 Glass and glassware, pressed or blown 64 0.7 0.7 0.0 1.8 -2.8 4.8
323 Products of purchased glass 64 5.4 5.5 -0.1 8.3 11.8 -3.2
324 Cement, hydraulic 17 3.4 2.4 1.0 5.7 2.4 3.2
325 Structural clay products 32 1.4 0.6 0.8 5.1 5.8 -0.6
326 Pottery and related products 38 2.9 2.6 0.3 -0.7 -4.8 4.3
327 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products 240 5.4 3.3 2.0 10.9 5.4 5.2
329 Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products 73 3.0 1.8 1.2 2.8 -2.5 5.4
331 Blast furnace and basic steel products 228 0.5 1.6 -1.1 -4.7 -3.4 -1.3
332 Iron and steel foundries 128 2.5 2.0 0.4 3.3 0.7 2.6
333 Primary nonferrous metals 37 -0.1 0.5 -0.6 -5.6 0.0 -5.6
335 Nonferrous rolling and drawing 168 3.1 3.1 0.0 0.4 4.6 -4.1
336 Nonferrous foundries (castings) 95 4.7 4.7 0.0 -0.5 1.4 -1.8
339 Miscellaneous primary metal products 28 3.2 3.6 -0.5 -3.6 -1.6 -2.1
341 Metal cans and shipping containers 36 -1.2 0.1 -1.2 0.2 -1.6 1.8
342 Cutlery, handtools, and hardware 122 2.8 2.1 0.6 2.1 3.4 -1.2
343 Plumbing and heating, except electric 59 4.1 2.8 1.2 4.4 1.7 2.6
344 Fabricated structural metal products 484 4.5 3.1 1.3 4.1 2.7 1.4
346 Metal forgings and stampings 254 3.5 5.2 -1.7 2.9 2.9 0.0
347 Metal services, n.e.c. 143 4.9 4.4 0.4 -0.6 -0.2 -0.4
348 Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c. 41 -6.0 -5.1 -1.0 -1.8 -3.1 1.3
349 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products 271 4.2 3.0 1.1 0.7 -1.5 2.2
351 Engines and turbines 86 1.6 3.9 -2.2 6.5 6.2 0.3
352 Farm and garden machinery 99 2.5 0.0 2.5 -8.5 -21.3 16.2
353 Construction and related machinery 244 3.6 3.6 0.0 0.5 -5.6 6.5
354 Metalworking machinery 338 3.6 2.6 1.1 -2.3 -1.9 -0.4
355 Special industry machinery 169 3.6 3.5 0.1 -2.1 4.4 -6.2
356 General industrial machinery 255 3.2 1.4 1.8 -1.8 -5.3 3.8
357 Computer and office equipment 370 1.7 30.8 -22.3 -1.4 31.0 -24.8
358 Refrigeration and service machinery 214 4.4 4.5 0.0 6.8 3.8 2.9
359 Industrial machinery, n.e.c. 367 4.7 4.2 0.5 -0.5 1.4 -1.9
361 Electric distribution equipment 83 2.6 2.0 0.6 3.6 2.4 1.2
362 Electrical industrial apparatus 151 3.5 3.4 0.1 1.8 -1.6 3.5
363 Household appliances 118 3.6 3.7 -0.1 1.9 1.9 0.1
364 Electric lighting and wiring equipment 183 2.9 3.2 -0.2 4.8 2.3 2.5
366 Communications equipment 267 5.5 11.4 -5.3 5.4 11.6 -5.5
367 Electronic components and accessories 636 5.1 27.5 -17.6 5.5 34.7 -21.7
369 Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies 151 2.0 4.1 -2.0 1.8 5.5 -3.5
371 Motor vehicles and equipment 1019 5.1 6.4 -1.3 9.9 14.5 -4.0
372 Aircraft and parts 495 -0.8 -0.1 -0.7 -2.8 -7.7 5.2
373 Ship and boat building and repairing 166 0.2 -0.3 0.5 5.6 7.2 -1.5
374 Railroad equipment 37 4.6 5.5 -0.9 5.0 3.6 1.4
375 Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts 20 12.5 7.7 4.5 -7.1 -8.2 1.2
376 Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts 88 -6.0 -4.8 -1.2 3.1 5.9 -2.6
381 Search and navigation equipment 166 -3.1 -3.5 0.4 -7.0 -5.9 -1.2
382 Measuring and controlling devices 294 2.4 3.0 -0.6 -0.7 3.1 -3.7
384 Medical instruments and supplies 283 6.2 5.3 0.9 2.4 2.4 0.1
385 Ophthalmic goods 34 3.3 4.8 -1.5 6.5 9.8 -3.0
386 Photographic equipment & supplies 74 -0.6 0.3 -0.9 -7.4 8.0 -14.3
391 Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware 50 2.3 3.0 -0.7 8.6 16.8 -7.1
393 Musical instruments 17 5.8 1.6 4.1 0.0 5.5 -5.2
394 Toys and sporting goods 105 3.2 1.9 1.3 -1.7 -6.1 4.6
395 Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies 31 1.8 -0.4 2.3 -0.8 -2.8 2.0
396 Costume jewelry and notions 20 -0.2 -2.2 2.0 1.8 3.0 -1.2
399 Miscellaneous manufactures 173 4.4 3.0 1.3 5.0 4.4 0.5
(1) Employment figures are based on data from BLS sources.
Table 3. Annual percent change in output per hour and related series: manufacturing industries, 1990-95 and 1995-99
Annual percent change, 1990-95 Annual percent change, 1995-99
1999 -------------------------------- ---------------------------------
SIC Industry Employment(1) Output Employee Output Employee
code (thousands) per hour Output hours per hour Output hours
201 Meat products 504 1.1 3.6 2.6 0.0 2.2 2.2
202 Dairy products 143 1.7 1.0 -0.6 -0.5 -0.9 -0.4
203 Preserved fruits and vegetables 226 2.7 2.3 -0.3 2.4 0.8 -1.6
204 Grain mill products 125 1.8 2.1 0.3 3.1 2.2 -0.9
205 Bakery products 202 1.0 0.9 -0.1 2.5 1.8 -0.7
206 Sugar and confectionery products 92 1.0 1.0 0.1 4.7 2.5 -2.1
207 Fats and oils 29 0.4 0.4 0.1 6.7 3.9 -2.7
208 Beverages 183 2.7 1.8 -0.8 -0.2 1.4 1.6
209 Miscellaneous food and kindred products 174 0.7 0.9 0.2 3.1 1.9 -1.1
211 Cigarettes 26 4.8 1.0 -3.6 -1.3 -4.5 -3.3
221 Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton 66 5.4 3.2 -2.1 0.9 -3.6 -4.4
222 Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade 58 5.5 3.5 -1.9 4.3 0.1 -4.0
224 Narrow fabric mills 20 4.3 3.2 -1.0 0.7 -1.9 -2.7
225 Knitting mills 141 5.2 4.6 -0.6 1.2 -6.8 -7.9
226 Textile finishing, except wool 61 -1.2 1.8 3.0 6.5 2.0 -4.3
227 Carpets and rugs 65 0.6 1.2 0.6 0.5 1.2 0.6
228 Yarn and thread mills 84 4.5 3.3 -1.2 5.4 2.7 -2.5
229 Miscellaneous textile goods 55 2.5 3.2 0.6 0.7 2.1 1.4
232 Men's and boys' furnishings 157 3.9 2.2 -1.6 11.0 -1.4 -11.2
233 Women's and misses' outerwear 205 5.4 2.5 -2.8 6.5 -0.9 -7.0
234 Women's and children's undergarments 26 9.6 3.8 -5.2 16.1 -0.5 -14.3
235 Hats, caps, and millinery 14 -1.1 3.2 4.4 6.6 -2.1 -8.2
238 Miscellaneous apparel and accessories 31 5.2 1.0 -4.0 -2.5 -6.0 -3.6
239 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products 215 1.8 3.6 1.8 4.3 3.8 -0.5
242 Sawmills and planing mills 182 2.0 1.0 -1.0 3.3 3.2 0.0
243 Millwork, plywood, and structural members 323 -1.1 0.6 1.7 -0.6 3.6 4.2
244 Wood containers 57 -0.9 1.4 2.3 -0.3 2.5 2.8
245 Wood buildings and mobile homes 103 -1.2 5.9 7.2 0.0 5.0 5.1
249 Miscellaneous wood products 85 1.4 2.1 0.7 5.2 4.6 -0.5
251 Household furniture 290 2.3 1.7 -0.5 2.4 3.7 1.2
252 Office furniture 75 1.3 0.0 -1.3 2.1 7.5 5.3
253 Public building and related furniture 52 7.7 13.7 5.6 5.0 10.0 4.7
254 Partitions and fixtures 90 1.1 3.4 2.2 5.9 7.4 1.5
259 Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures 41 1.2 1.5 0.3 2.8 5.1 2.3
261 Pulp mills 12 2.5 1.1 -1.4 -9.5 -11.6 -2.3
262 Paper mills 146 3.0 1.2 -1.8 0.8 -2.0 -2.8
263 Paperboard mills 48 3.5 2.9 -0.5 2.3 0.5 -1.8
265 Paperboard containers and boxes 219 0.7 1.8 1.0 1.9 2.2 0.2
267 Miscellaneous converted paper products 243 2.2 2.4 0.1 3.0 3.0 0.1
271 Newspapers 442 -2.7 -3.9 -1.2 2.2 2.0 -0.2
272 Periodicals 144 -1.3 -1.2 0.2 7.0 9.3 2.2
273 Books 125 1.0 1.8 0.8 0.9 1.2 0.3
274 Miscellaneous publishing 91 0.6 1.2 0.6 7.9 9.3 1.4
275 Commercial printing 570 0.9 1.5 0.6 1.8 2.1 0.3
276 Manifold business forms 43 -3.7 -5.8 -2.1 -1.1 -2.2 -1.1
277 Greeting cards 26 -1.7 -1.1 0.5 2.9 3.0 0.0
278 Blankbooks and bookbinding 63 1.8 1.6 -0.2 3.2 0.7 -2.5
279 Printing trade services 49 3.3 0.0 -3.2 0.8 -1.3 -2.1
281 Industrial inorganic chemicals 72 0.5 -1.5 -2.0 11.8 7.3 -4.0
282 Plastics materials and synthetics 155 4.9 2.8 -2.0 3.2 2.3 -0.9
283 Drugs 295 0.9 2.9 1.9 -0.9 2.3 3.2
284 Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods 160 2.7 1.9 -0.8 -0.4 1.1 1.4
285 Paints and allied products 52 2.1 0.3 -1.8 1.6 0.1 -1.4
286 Industrial organic chemicals 127 -0.6 -1.7 -1.2 3.1 -0.3 -3.3
287 Agricultural chemicals 55 0.7 -0.1 -0.8 -0.4 0.8 1.2
289 Miscellaneous chemical products 91 2.1 0.9 -1.1 4.4 3.7 -0.7
291 Petroleum refining 89 3.9 1.2 -2.7 6.4 1.5 -4.6
295 Asphalt paving and roofing materials 31 2.6 2.0 -0.6 1.0 4.9 3.9
299 Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products 14 -1.6 0.9 2.6 0.9 2.0 1.0
301 Tires and inner tubes 80 4.9 4.4 -0.5 2.6 1.6 -1.0
305 Hose and belting and gaskets and packing 74 1.7 4.0 2.3 2.2 4.6 2.4
306 Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c. 107 2.2 3.6 1.4 3.7 3.2 -0.6
308 Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c. 740 2.7 5.6 2.7 3.9 5.1 1.1
314 Footwear, except rubber 33 3.0 -3.6 -6.4 3.0 -8.5 -11.1
321 Flat glass 16 3.3 1.7 -1.6 6.4 5.9 -0.5
322 Glass and glassware, pressed or blown 64 2.0 0.2 -1.8 5.6 1.4 -4.0
323 Products of purchased glass 64 2.8 4.0 1.3 6.0 7.4 1.3
324 Cement, hydraulic 17 2.0 2.1 0.1 3.0 2.8 -0.1
325 Structural clay products 32 0.6 0.0 -0.5 2.4 1.3 -1.1
326 Pottery and related products 38 2.1 4.1 1.9 2.5 0.8 -1.7
327 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products 240 0.4 0.6 0.2 2.3 6.9 4.5
329 Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products 73 2.5 2.2 -0.2 1.5 1.2 -0.3
331 Blast furnace and basic steel products 228 5.4 3.1 -2.2 1.1 -0.3 -1.3
332 Iron and steel foundries 128 1.2 1.9 0.7 2.9 2.1 -0.7
333 Primary nonferrous metals 37 1.7 -1.3 -2.9 4.3 2.8 -1.4
335 Nonferrous rolling and drawing 168 1.4 1.3 0.0 5.5 5.4 0.0
336 Nonferrous foundries (castings) 95 2.5 4.1 1.5 2.6 5.5 2.8
339 Miscellaneous primary metal products 28 6.0 7.6 1.5 -0.3 -1.1 -0.8
341 Metal cans and shipping containers 36 4.2 -0.6 -4.6 2.7 0.9 -1.8
342 Cutlery, handtools, and hardware 122 2.7 2.6 -0.1 2.7 1.5 -1.2
343 Plumbing and heating, except electric 59 1.2 0.8 -0.5 3.8 5.4 1.5
344 Fabricated structural metal products 484 1.4 1.8 0.4 1.6 4.7 3.1
346 Metal forgings and stampings 254 2.7 6.0 3.2 4.5 4.2 -0.3
347 Metal services, n.e.c. 143 4.1 5.7 1.6 0.1 2.9 2.8
348 Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c. 41 1.3 -6.1 -7.4 1.3 -3.7 -4.9
349 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products 271 1.8 3.4 1.6 0.9 2.5 1.6
351 Engines and turbines 86 2.9 3.1 0.3 5.4 4.9 -0.5
352 Farm and garden machinery 99 2.9 2.1 -0.8 -1.8 -2.6 -0.8
353 Construction and related machinery 244 2.7 2.7 0.1 3.0 4.6 1.6
354 Metalworking machinery 338 2.6 3.7 1.1 1.9 1.1 -0.7
355 Special industry machinery 169 4.2 6.3 2.0 1.3 0.2 -1.1
356 General industrial machinery 255 1.4 2.4 0.9 0.5 0.2 -0.3
357 Computer and office equipment 370 27.7 22.6 -4.0 40.7 41.9 0.8
358 Refrigeration and service machinery 214 1.7 5.3 3.6 2.3 3.4 1.2
359 Industrial machinery, n.e.c. 367 5.3 6.7 1.4 -0.8 1.1 1.9
361 Electric distribution equipment 83 6.1 2.9 -3.0 0.6 0.9 0.3
362 Electrical industrial apparatus 151 7.0 5.5 -1.4 1.9 0.8 -1.1
363 Household appliances 118 3.8 3.8 0.0 4.2 3.6 -0.6
364 Electric lighting and wiring equipment 183 2.6 2.0 -0.6 3.9 4.6 0.7
366 Communications equipment 267 10.1 10.3 0.2 13.0 12.7 -0.3
367 Electronic components and accessories 636 24.7 25.0 0.3 27.8 30.7 2.3
369 Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies 151 4.7 3.9 -0.8 5.4 4.4 -0.9
371 Motor vehicles and equipment 1019 0.8 5.5 4.6 6.4 7.6 1.2
372 Aircraft and parts 495 1.7 -7.2 -8.8 6.7 9.5 2.7
373 Ship and boat building and repairing 166 -1.1 -3.8 -2.7 3.5 4.2 0.7
374 Railroad equipment 37 1.2 5.0 3.8 8.1 6.0 -1.9
375 Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts 20 5.1 14.4 8.8 0.2 -0.2 -0.4
376 Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts 88 0.8 -11.2 -11.9 6.9 3.7 -3.0
381 Search and navigation equipment 166 5.8 -5.5 -10.7 -1.7 -0.9 0.8
382 Measuring and controlling devices 294 6.6 4.3 -2.1 1.1 1.4 0.3
384 Medical instruments and supplies 283 2.4 3.8 1.4 5.1 7.1 1.9
385 Ophthalmic goods 34 6.7 3.5 -3.0 8.2 6.6 -1.5
386 Photographic equipment & supplies 74 3.7 0.8 -2.8 3.2 -0.3 -3.4
391 Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware 50 0.2 -0.4 -0.6 7.5 7.4 -0.1
393 Musical instruments 17 -2.2 1.1 3.3 -0.1 2.4 2.5
394 Toys and sporting goods 105 1.0 3.7 2.7 2.2 -0.4 -2.5
395 Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies 31 2.7 1.0 -1.7 -1.1 -2.2 -1.1
396 Costume jewelry and notions 20 6.4 0.6 -5.4 1.1 -5.5 -6.6
399 Miscellaneous manufactures 173 0.3 2.1 1.8 0.7 4.3 3.5
(1) Employment figures are based on data from BLS sources.
Table 4. Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs: manufacturing industries, 1990-95 and 1995-99
Annual percent change, 1990-95 Annual percent change, 1995-99
1999 --------------------------------- ----------------------------------
SIC Industry Employment(1) Total Unit labor Total Unit labor
code thousands) compensation Output costs compensation Output costs
201 Meat products 504 5.0 3.6 1.3 5.7 2.2 3.5
202 Dairy products 143 2.6 1.0 1.5 1.8 -0.9 2.7
203 Preserved fruits and vegetables 226 3.3 2.3 0.9 2.0 0.8 1.2
204 Grain mill products 125 2.9 2.1 0.8 2.1 2.2 0.0
205 Bakery products 202 3.5 0.9 2.5 4.1 1.8 2.3
206 Sugar and confectionery products 92 2.6 1.0 1.6 2.2 2.5 -0.2
207 Fats and oils 29 1.0 0.4 0.5 4.4 3.9 0.5
208 Beverages 183 1.9 1.8 0.0 2.9 1.4 1.5
209 Miscellaneous food and kindred products 174 3.0 0.9 2.0 2.7 1.9 0.8
211 Cigarettes 26 0.2 1.0 -0.7 -1.3 -4.5 3.4
221 Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton 66 2.6 3.2 -0.5 -4.4 -3.6 -0.8
222 Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade 58 2.7 3.5 -0.7 -1.0 0.1 -1.1
224 Narrow fabric mills 20 4.9 3.2 1.6 0.7 -1.9 2.7
225 Knitting mills 141 2.8 4.6 -1.7 -4.6 -6.8 2.3
226 Textile finishing, except wool 61 5.5 1.8 3.7 0.2 2.0 -1.8
227 Carpets and rugs 65 4.7 1.2 3.4 0.2 1.2 -0.9
228 Yarn and thread mills 84 1.4 3.3 -1.8 1.1 2.7 -1.6
229 Miscellaneous textile goods 55 6.2 3.2 3.0 1.4 2.1 -0.6
232 Men's and boys' furnishings 157 1.1 2.2 -1.1 -4.6 -1.4 -3.2
233 Women's and misses' outerwear 205 2.1 2.5 -0.4 -6.4 -0.9 -5.5
234 Women's and children's undergarments 26 -1.0 3.8 -4.6 -11.6 -0.5 -11.1
235 Hats, caps, and millinery 14 6.2 3.2 3.0 0.3 -2.1 2.5
238 Miscellaneous apparel and accessories 31 -0.5 1.0 -1.5 -2.9 -6.0 3.2
239 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products 215 5.8 3.6 2.1 5.6 3.8 1.7
242 Sawmills and planing mills 182 3.8 1.0 2.8 3.8 3.2 0.5
243 Millwork, plywood, and structural members 323 4.7 0.6 4.1 6.3 3.6 2.6
244 Wood containers 57 6.3 1.4 4.9 4.1 2.5 1.5
245 Wood buildings and mobile homes 103 8.8 5.9 2.7 9.8 5.0 4.6
249 Miscellaneous wood products 85 3.4 2.1 1.3 4.9 4.6 0.3
251 Household furniture 290 3.1 1.7 1.4 4.5 3.7 0.8
252 Office furniture 75 1.8 0.0 1.8 5.4 7.5 -1.9
253 Public building and related furniture 52 12.3 13.7 -1.3 8.1 10.0 -1.7
254 Partitions and fixtures 90 4.7 3.4 1.3 9.8 7.4 2.2
259 Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures 41 4.0 1.5 2.5 5.2 5.1 0.1
261 Pulp mills 12 0.7 1.1 -0.4 -13.5 -11.6 -2.2
262 Paper mills 146 2.0 1.2 0.8 -0.8 -2.0 1.2
263 Paperboard mills 48 4.9 2.9 1.9 1.1 0.5 0.7
265 Paperboard containers and boxes 219 4.4 1.8 2.6 3.5 2.2 1.3
267 Miscellaneous converted paper products 243 3.5 2.4 1.1 4.3 3.0 1.2
271 Newspapers 442 1.2 -3.9 5.3 4.0 2.0 1.9
272 Periodicals 144 4.1 -1.2 5.4 12.7 9.3 3.1
273 Books 125 5.4 1.8 3.6 5.0 1.2 3.7
274 Miscellaneous publishing 91 1.9 1.2 0.7 21.9 9.3 11.4
275 Commercial printing 570 3.3 1.5 1.8 4.0 2.1 2.0
276 Manifold business forms 43 -1.5 -5.8 4.5 -0.5 -2.2 1.7
277 Greeting cards 26 -0.9 -1.1 0.2 2.7 3.0 -0.3
278 Blankbooks and bookbinding 63 2.6 1.6 1.0 0.6 0.7 -0.1
279 Printing trade services 49 0.7 0.0 0.7 -1.8 -1.3 -0.4
281 Industrial inorganic chemicals 72 -0.7 -1.5 0.9 2.3 7.3 -4.7
282 Plastics materials and synthetics 155 3.3 2.8 0.5 -0.6 2.3 -2.8
283 Drugs 295 5.7 2.9 2.7 5.6 2.3 3.3
284 Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods 160 2.3 1.9 0.4 3.4 1.1 2.3
285 Paints and allied products 52 4.4 0.3 4.1 1.5 0.1 1.4
286 Industrial organic chemicals 127 3.5 -1.7 5.3 1.3 -0.3 1.6
287 Agricultural chemicals 55 2.0 -0.1 2.1 0.8 0.8 0.0
289 Miscellaneous chemical products 91 2.5 0.9 1.6 4.0 3.7 0.3
291 Petroleum refining 89 4.0 1.2 2.8 0.8 1.5 -0.7
295 Asphalt paving and roofing materials 31 2.8 2.0 0.8 3.0 4.9 -1.9
299 Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products 14 4.2 0.9 3.3 1.0 2.0 -1.0
301 Tires and inner tubes 80 4.4 4.4 0.0 1.6 1.6 -0.1
305 Hose and belting and gaskets and packing 74 4.7 4.0 0.6 5.2 4.6 0.6
306 Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c. 107 4.0 3.6 0.4 3.7 3.2 0.5
308 Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c. 740 5.9 5.6 0.3 5.2 5.1 0.2
314 Footwear, except rubber 33 -3.1 -3.6 0.5 -5.7 -8.5 3.1
321 Flat glass 16 0.0 1.7 -1.7 1.3 5.9 -4.3
322 Glass and glassware, pressed or blown 64 1.0 0.2 0.9 0.4 1.4 -1.0
323 Products of purchased glass 64 5.6 4.0 1.5 5.2 7.4 -2.0
324 Cement, hydraulic 17 2.4 2.1 0.2 4.8 2.8 1.9
325 Structural clay products 32 1.6 0.0 1.6 1.1 1.3 -0.2
326 Pottery and related products 38 4.9 4.1 0.8 0.4 0.8 -0.4
327 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products 240 3.1 0.6 2.5 8.4 6.9 1.5
329 Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products 73 3.2 2.2 0.9 2.8 1.2 1.5
331 Blast furnace and basic steel products 228 1.6 3.1 -1.4 -1.0 -0.3 -0.7
332 Iron and steel foundries 128 2.2 1.9 0.3 2.7 2.1 0.6
333 Primary nonferrous metals 37 0.1 -1.3 1.4 -0.3 2.8 -3.1
335 Nonferrous rolling and drawing 168 2.7 1.3 1.3 3.6 5.4 -1.7
336 Nonferrous foundries (castings) 95 4.7 4.1 0.6 4.6 5.5 -0.9
339 Miscellaneous primary metal products 28 2.0 7.6 -5.2 4.7 -1.1 5.8
341 Metal cans and shipping containers 36 -1.8 -0.6 -1.2 -0.4 0.9 -1.3
342 Cutlery, handtools, and hardware 122 3.3 2.6 0.7 2.1 1.5 0.5
343 Plumbing and heating, except electric 59 3.4 0.8 2.6 5.0 5.4 -0.4
344 Fabricated structural metal products 484 2.3 1.8 0.4 7.2 4.7 2.4
346 Metal forgings and stampings 254 4.0 6.0 -1.9 2.8 4.2 -1.4
347 Metal services, n.e.c. 143 5.2 5.7 -0.5 4.5 2.9 1.6
348 Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c. 41 -7.6 -6.1 -1.6 -4.1 -3.7 -0.4
349 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products 271 4.6 3.4 1.1 3.7 2.5 1.1
351 Engines and turbines 86 1.9 3.1 -1.2 1.2 4.9 -3.5
352 Farm and garden machinery 99 3.0 2.1 0.9 1.9 -2.6 4.6
353 Construction and related machinery 244 1.9 2.7 -0.8 5.7 4.6 1.0
354 Metalworking machinery 338 4.2 3.7 0.5 2.9 1.1 1.8
355 Special industry machinery 169 5.9 6.3 -0.4 0.9 0.2 0.7
356 General industrial machinery 255 3.5 2.4 1.1 2.9 0.2 2.7
357 Computer and office equipment 370 -0.1 22.6 -18.5 4.0 41.9 -26.8
358 Refrigeration and service machinery 214 4.5 5.3 -0.8 4.3 3.4 0.9
359 Industrial machinery, n.e.c. 367 6.7 6.7 0.0 2.3 1.1 1.2
361 Electric distribution equipment 83 4.2 2.9 1.3 0.6 0.9 -0.3
362 Electrical industrial apparatus 151 4.4 5.5 -1.0 2.3 0.8 1.4
363 Household appliances 118 4.1 3.8 0.3 2.9 3.6 -0.7
364 Electric lighting and wiring equipment 183 2.7 2.0 0.7 3.2 4.6 -1.3
366 Communications equipment 267 2.8 10.3 -6.9 8.9 12.7 -3.3
367 Electronic components and accessories 636 5.4 25.0 -15.7 4.6 30.7 -20.0
369 Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies 151 1.8 3.9 -2.0 2.3 4.4 -2.0
371 Motor vehicles and equipment 1019 6.3 5.5 0.8 3.5 7.6 -3.8
372 Aircraft and parts 495 -4.7 -7.2 2.8 4.2 9.5 -4.8
373 Ship and boat building and repairing 166 -1.2 -3.8 2.7 1.9 4.2 -2.2
374 Railroad equipment 37 3.7 5.0 -1.2 5.6 6.0 -0.4
375 Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts 20 20.7 14.4 5.5 3.2 -0.2 3.3
376 Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts 88 -10.5 -11.2 0.8 0.0 3.7 -3.6
381 Search and navigation equipment 166 -4.6 -5.5 0.9 -1.1 -0.9 -0.3
382 Measuring and controlling devices 294 2.5 4.3 -1.7 2.3 1.4 0.9
384 Medical instruments and supplies 283 6.2 3.8 2.3 6.2 7.1 -0.8
385 Ophthalmic goods 34 2.6 3.5 -0.8 4.0 6.6 -2.4
386 Photographic equipment & supplies 74 -0.3 0.8 -1.1 -0.8 -0.3 -0.6
391 Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware 50 -0.4 -0.4 0.0 5.8 7.4 -1.6
393 Musical instruments 17 5.4 1.1 4.3 6.4 2.4 3.9
394 Toys and sporting goods 105 5.4 3.7 1.7 0.4 -0.4 0.8
395 Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies 31 4.0 1.0 2.9 -0.8 -2.2 1.4
396 Costume jewelry and notions 20 2.2 0.6 1.6 -3.1 -5.5 2.6
399 Miscellaneous manufactures 173 4.1 2.1 2.0 4.6 4.3 0.4
(1) Employment figures are based on data from BLS sources.