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Historical, technical USDL 00-335
information: (202) 691-5618 FOR RELEASE: 10:00 a.m. EST
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 Wednesday, November 15, 2000
Internet: http://stats.bls.gov/iprhome.htm
PRODUCTIVITY AND COSTS: MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, 1990-98
Labor productivity rose in 1998 in more than three-fourths of 119 U.S.
manufacturing industries, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department
of Labor reported. More than two-thirds of the industries registering productivity
growth also posted declines in unit labor costs.
In 1998, the most recent year for which underlying data are available for
manufacturing industries, labor productivity -- defined as output per hour --
increased in 76 percent of the manufacturing industries. Output rose in 77
percent of the industries, while hours rose in 45 percent of the industries.
The share of industries with productivity increases during the 1990-98
period was even greater. From 1990 to 1998, labor productivity increased in
93 percent of the manufacturing industries. Output rose in 87 percent of the
industries, while hours rose in 47 percent of the industries.
The attached tables present data for manufacturing industries for which
BLS publishes productivity series at the 3-digit level of the Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) Manual. Although the analysis that follows focuses on
industries at the 3-digit level, BLS also publishes productivity series at the 2- and
4-digit level for these industries, as well as for service-producing and mining
industries. (See section on "Productivity Measurement" in the Technical Note.)
1997-98 Changes
In 1998, labor productivity increased in 90 of the 119 manufacturing
industries for which BLS publishes data at the 3-digit level. (See table 1.) Well
over half of the gains were greater than 2.5 percent: Double-digit productivity
growth occurred in 10 industries; an additional 29 industries posted labor
productivity growth in the 5.0-9.9 percent range; and 33 industries had increases
in the 2.6-4.9 percent range.
The five largest manufacturing industries, those with more than 500,000
employees, all recorded growth in output per hour in 1998. Labor productivity
rose 7.9 percent in motor vehicles and equipment; 3.4 percent in miscellaneous
plastics products, n.e.c.; 25.2 percent in electronic components and accessories;
1.4 percent in commercial printing; and 23.1 percent in aircraft and parts. The
largest gain -- 43.6 percent -- occurred in computer and office equipment.
Unit labor costs, the ratio of total compensation to output, fell in 65 of the
119 industries in the manufacturing sector in 1998. (See table 2.) The largest
declines were in computer and office equipment (-29.2 percent); electronic
components and accessories (-18.5 percent); aircraft and parts (-17.5 percent);
and industrial inorganic chemicals (-14.7 percent). More than two-thirds of the
manufacturing industries with increasing productivity (62 of 90) also registered
decreasing unit labor costs.
Long-Term Trends
Almost all of the manufacturing industries posted productivity gains
from 1990 to 1998. Output per hour increased in 111 of the 119 industries.
Productivity advanced an average of 5.0 percent per year or more in nine
industries. Another 54 industries experienced annual productivity growth in the
2.5-4.9 percent range. Computer and office equipment posted the largest average
annual gain, 32.9 percent. The five largest manufacturing industries all
registered long-term growth in output per hour. Labor productivity rose in motor
vehicles and equipment (2.6 percent); miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c.
(3.1 percent); electronic components and accessories (24.4 percent); commercial
printing (1.0 percent); and aircraft and parts (4.5 percent).
From 1990 to 1998, unit labor costs fell in 39 of the 119 industries in the
manufacturing sector. All but one of those 39 industries had increasing labor
productivity. The largest declines in unit labor costs were in computer and office
equipment (-21.8 percent per year) and electronic components and accessories
(-17.0 percent per year).
In the early years of the period, 1990-95, output per hour increased in 106
of the 119 industries. (See table 3.) In 20 industries, productivity advanced
5.0 percent per year or more. An additional 36 industries experienced annual
productivity growth in the 2.5-4.9 percent range.
Productivity growth rates accelerated as the economic expansion
continued. Comparing the 1990-95 period with the 1995-98 period, productivity
growth rates increased in 77 of the 119 industries. In 12 industries, annual output
per hour grew at least 5.0 percentage points faster in 1995-98 than in 1990-95.
Another 29 industries posted annual productivity growth rates 2.0-4.9 percentage
points above their 1990-95 rates. All of the industries that experienced
productivity declines in the earlier period registered productivity improvements
in the latter period. In fact, 10 of the 13 industries turned decreases into
increases.
The number of industries reducing unit labor costs rose as the economic
expansion continued. (See table 4.) The proportion of manufacturing industries
with falling unit labor costs increased from 26 percent in the 1990-95 period to
44 percent in the 1995-98 period.
Technical Note
Coverage
In the goods-producing sector, the BLS industry productivity series cover
100 percent of employment in manufacturing and 96 percent in mining; the
construction sector is not covered. In the service-producing sector, the BLS
industry productivity series cover 100 percent of employment in retail trade,
90 percent in communications and utilities, 57 percent in transportation, and
17 percent in finance and services. In the sectors with low coverage, a lack of
adequate basic data and, in some cases, serious conceptual issues have prevented
development of productivity measures. (The coverage percentages noted here
relate to unpublished as well as published series. For information on the
availability of series that do not meet BLS publication standards, see discussion
on page 4.)
Revisions
The data in this news release reflect revisions to series as published in
table 42 of the Monthly Labor Review and in the news release Productivity and
Costs: Manufacturing Industries, 1987-97, May 2000. The revised series can be
obtained in several ways: by visiting the Industry Productivity web site
(http://stats.bls.gov/iprhome.htm); by calling the Division of Industry
Productivity Studies (202-691-5618); or by sending a request by e-mail
(dipsweb@bls.gov).
Industry output indexes are prepared from basic data published by various
public and private agencies, using the greatest level of detail available. Data
from the Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, are used
extensively in developing output statistics for manufacturing, trade, and service-
producing industries. Data from the 1997 Economic Census of Manufactures
were published primarily on the basis of the new North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS); earlier censuses were published according to the
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. Implementation of NAICS by
Federal agencies will be in phases. In order to update the productivity series for
this news release, BLS converted the NAICS-based manufacturing data to a SIC
basis. BLS will continue to publish the productivity series on an SIC basis until
all the data underlying the productivity series have been converted to a NAICS
basis.
All of the measures for 1998 in this news release are preliminary and
subject to revision.
Productivity measurement
The industry productivity measures describe the relationship between
output and the labor time involved in its production. They show the changes
from period to period in the amount of goods and services produced per hour.
Although these measures relate output to hours of employees or all persons
engaged in an industry, they do not measure the specific contribution of labor,
capital, or any other factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effects of
many influences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level of
output; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization of
production; managerial skill; and the characteristics and effort of the workforce.
Year-to-year movements in productivity measures for some industries
might be somewhat erratic, particularly in the smaller industries. The annual
changes in an industry's productivity are based on sample data, which are likely
to differ from data generated by a census of establishments in the industry. As a
result, long-term trends tend to be more reliable indicators of the performance of
an industry than are the year-to-year changes.
Unit labor cost measurement
The unit labor cost series in this release describe the cost of labor input
required to produce one unit of output. Unit labor costs are calculated as the
ratio of current dollar labor compensation to constant dollar output. The indexes
of unit labor costs for each industry are computed by dividing an index of current
dollar compensation by an index of constant dollar output.
Compensation is a measure of the cost to the employer of securing the
services of labor. It is defined as payroll plus supplemental payments. Payroll
includes salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick
leave pay, and compensation in kind. Supplemental payments are divided into
legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. The legally
required expenditures include employers' contributions to Social Security,
unemployment insurance taxes, and workers' compensation. Payments for
voluntary programs include all programs not specifically required by legislation,
such as the employer portion of private health insurance and pension plans.
The indexes of industry output used in measuring labor productivity and
unit labor costs are, wherever possible, calculated with a Tornqvist formula. This
formula aggregates the growth rates of the various industry products between two
periods using the products' shares in industry value of production, averaged over
the two periods, as weights.
Published productivity and unit labor cost data for 453 2-, 3-, and 4-digit
SIC industries in the goods-producing and service-producing sectors are
available on the Internet at http://stats.bls.gov/iprhome.htm. Productivity series
for an additional 223 industries have been withheld from publication because
they do not meet BLS publication standards. Among the unpublished industries
is SIC 2411, logging, which was previously published. Data are not available for
this industry after 1997. Unpublished data can be requested by phoning 202-691-
5618 or by sending e-mail to dipsweb@bls.gov.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
phone number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. Annual percent change in output per hour and related series: manufacturing industries, 1990-98 and 1997-98
Annual percent change, 1990-98 Annual percent change, 1997-98
1998 ------------------------------- --------------------------------
SIC Industry Employment(1) Output Employee Output Employee
code (thousands) per hour Output hours per hour Output hours
201 Meat products 495 0.7 3.1 2.3 -0.4 2.6 3.0
202 Dairy products 141 1.4 0.4 -1.0 0.2 -0.3 -0.5
203 Preserved fruits and vegetables 229 2.5 1.8 -0.7 4.3 3.6 -0.7
204 Grain mill products 125 2.5 2.5 0.0 8.5 8.2 -0.2
205 Bakery products 205 1.2 1.0 -0.2 2.8 2.7 -0.1
206 Sugar and confectionery products 97 2.2 2.0 -0.3 5.2 5.7 0.4
207 Fats and oils 32 2.0 1.9 -0.1 15.3 11.8 -3.0
208 Beverages 182 2.0 2.3 0.2 1.4 3.1 1.6
209 Miscellaneous food and kindred products 178 1.7 1.4 -0.3 9.0 5.1 -3.5
211 Cigarettes 27 3.8 -0.2 -3.9 3.4 -3.6 -6.8
221 Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton 71 3.4 0.8 -2.5 3.1 1.2 -1.9
222 Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade 62 5.2 2.6 -2.5 3.3 0.4 -2.9
224 Narrow fabric mills 21 2.1 0.5 -1.6 5.9 3.4 -2.4
225 Knitting mills 159 4.2 1.4 -2.7 0.0 -8.4 -8.4
226 Textile finishing, except wool 65 2.4 3.0 0.6 7.0 1.2 -5.4
227 Carpets and rugs 64 1.3 1.8 0.5 2.8 5.4 2.5
228 Yarn and thread mills 87 4.3 2.7 -1.6 2.8 1.8 -1.0
229 Miscellaneous textile goods 55 1.2 2.3 1.1 2.0 2.6 0.6
232 Men's and boys' furnishings 185 6.3 1.4 -4.7 9.5 -2.0 -10.5
233 Women's and misses' outerwear 230 4.9 0.8 -4.0 1.1 -6.9 -7.9
234 Women's and children's undergarments 31 9.8 0.5 -8.5 9.6 -4.3 -12.7
235 Hats, caps, and millinery 16 1.4 1.5 0.1 19.0 12.2 -5.7
238 Miscellaneous apparel and accessories 33 2.4 -1.5 -3.8 4.4 -2.1 -6.2
239 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products 218 2.1 3.1 1.0 0.9 0.1 -0.8
242 Sawmills and planing mills 184 2.4 1.7 -0.7 2.5 2.5 0.0
243 Millwork, plywood, and structural members 307 -0.7 1.8 2.5 2.9 7.9 4.9
244 Wood containers 56 -0.5 2.0 2.5 0.4 1.9 1.5
245 Wood buildings and mobile homes 100 -0.4 6.5 7.0 -1.4 7.5 9.0
249 Miscellaneous wood products 88 2.6 3.1 0.4 7.5 5.1 -2.3
251 Household furniture 284 2.5 2.6 0.1 4.7 8.8 3.9
252 Office furniture 71 2.3 3.4 1.1 -3.5 6.2 10.0
253 Public building and related furniture 47 7.0 11.9 4.6 10.1 20.4 9.3
254 Partitions and fixtures 91 3.7 6.1 2.4 5.2 8.2 2.8
259 Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures 40 2.2 3.1 0.9 20.5 21.3 0.6
261 Pulp mills 12 -0.9 -2.6 -1.8 4.3 2.1 -2.1
262 Paper mills 154 1.0 -0.9 -1.9 3.6 0.3 -3.1
263 Paperboard mills 49 3.0 2.0 -1.0 2.7 1.5 -1.2
265 Paperboard containers and boxes 220 1.5 2.3 0.7 3.8 2.6 -1.2
267 Miscellaneous converted paper products 242 2.6 2.8 0.1 2.5 2.3 -0.2
271 Newspapers 443 -1.1 -1.9 -0.8 5.1 5.5 0.4
272 Periodicals 139 0.5 1.2 0.8 -2.6 -0.5 2.1
273 Books 128 0.1 0.8 0.7 -5.0 -5.3 -0.4
274 Miscellaneous publishing 91 2.7 4.0 1.2 -0.3 3.0 3.3
275 Commercial printing 579 1.0 1.7 0.7 1.4 2.0 0.5
276 Manifold business forms 42 -2.4 -4.5 -2.1 -3.1 -3.9 -0.7
277 Greeting cards 29 0.5 1.4 1.0 13.4 8.6 -4.2
278 Blankbooks and bookbinding 65 2.9 1.9 -1.0 8.2 5.8 -2.2
279 Printing trade services 50 3.2 0.3 -2.8 2.8 3.1 0.3
281 Industrial inorganic chemicals 79 4.0 2.2 -1.7 25.5 20.0 -4.4
282 Plastics materials and synthetics 158 4.4 2.9 -1.4 6.6 5.8 -0.8
283 Drugs 281 0.2 2.4 2.2 -6.5 -1.6 5.3
284 Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods 158 2.8 2.8 0.0 -0.9 0.6 1.5
285 Paints and allied products 52 2.4 0.5 -1.8 1.2 1.7 0.5
286 Industrial organic chemicals 136 1.2 -0.5 -1.7 -1.4 -3.2 -1.9
287 Agricultural chemicals 53 1.4 1.0 -0.4 -2.8 0.7 3.6
289 Miscellaneous chemical products 94 2.8 2.1 -0.6 0.6 0.2 -0.3
291 Petroleum refining 95 4.5 1.5 -2.9 4.4 1.7 -2.6
295 Asphalt paving and roofing materials 30 3.5 4.6 1.0 7.2 12.4 4.8
299 Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products 14 0.8 2.9 2.1 3.6 6.9 3.1
301 Tires and inner tubes 80 4.4 3.7 -0.7 -2.2 -0.5 1.8
305 Hose and belting and gaskets and packing 72 1.9 4.1 2.2 -0.6 2.7 3.3
306 Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c. 111 2.5 3.5 1.0 6.2 4.3 -1.8
308 Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c. 736 3.1 5.3 2.2 3.4 4.3 0.9
314 Footwear, except rubber 36 1.2 -7.3 -8.4 -13.8 -24.3 -12.2
321 Flat glass 16 3.8 3.3 -0.5 6.0 0.3 -5.4
322 Glass and glassware, pressed or blown 70 3.2 1.1 -2.0 5.3 2.1 -3.1
323 Products of purchased glass 64 3.3 4.5 1.2 -4.2 -2.1 2.2
324 Cement, hydraulic 17 2.2 2.4 0.2 0.7 1.7 0.9
325 Structural clay products 33 0.7 0.0 -0.7 -0.6 -4.3 -3.7
326 Pottery and related products 39 3.3 3.6 0.4 9.8 8.7 -1.1
327 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products 230 1.3 3.2 1.8 3.9 11.0 6.8
329 Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products 75 2.6 2.6 0.0 3.9 3.2 -0.6
331 Blast furnace and basic steel products 233 4.2 2.3 -1.8 -1.7 -3.0 -1.3
332 Iron and steel foundries 132 1.7 2.3 0.5 0.0 -1.5 -1.4
333 Primary nonferrous metals 39 2.5 0.5 -2.0 7.7 5.6 -1.9
335 Nonferrous rolling and drawing 171 2.7 2.9 0.2 2.4 1.9 -0.5
336 Nonferrous foundries (castings) 94 2.9 5.1 2.1 3.7 4.5 0.8
339 Miscellaneous primary metal products 30 2.6 4.3 1.6 -0.8 -1.7 -0.9
341 Metal cans and shipping containers 37 3.6 -0.4 -3.8 -3.1 -4.2 -1.2
342 Cutlery, handtools, and hardware 126 2.1 1.9 -0.2 1.8 1.0 -0.8
343 Plumbing and heating, except electric 58 3.1 3.0 -0.1 3.2 2.7 -0.5
344 Fabricated structural metal products 469 1.6 3.1 1.5 2.3 6.0 3.6
346 Metal forgings and stampings 256 3.5 5.5 1.9 4.7 3.3 -1.4
347 Metal services, n.e.c. 144 2.6 5.2 2.5 4.0 7.2 3.0
348 Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c. 42 1.8 -5.6 -7.2 -5.9 -9.0 -3.3
349 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products 271 1.8 3.7 1.9 5.8 7.7 1.8
351 Engines and turbines 84 3.7 3.3 -0.4 6.4 8.2 1.7
352 Farm and garden machinery 105 3.1 3.1 0.0 5.4 2.9 -2.4
353 Construction and related machinery 254 3.1 4.8 1.6 4.1 6.7 2.5
354 Metalworking machinery 352 2.2 3.2 1.0 1.4 0.3 -1.1
355 Special industry machinery 179 2.0 3.5 1.5 -3.2 -4.8 -1.7
356 General industrial machinery 267 1.3 2.4 1.1 2.1 1.9 -0.2
357 Computer and office equipment 382 32.9 30.7 -1.7 43.6 45.4 1.3
358 Refrigeration and service machinery 203 2.0 4.6 2.5 5.7 6.3 0.6
359 Industrial machinery, n.e.c. 380 2.2 4.5 2.3 -1.6 0.8 2.4
361 Electric distribution equipment 83 4.2 2.0 -2.1 2.7 1.5 -1.1
362 Electrical industrial apparatus 154 5.3 4.1 -1.2 -0.8 -1.3 -0.6
363 Household appliances 117 4.6 4.1 -0.5 9.8 11.5 1.5
364 Electric lighting and wiring equipment 185 3.3 3.3 0.0 6.5 7.3 0.8
366 Communications equipment 280 8.2 9.0 0.7 3.4 4.1 0.7
367 Electronic components and accessories 660 24.4 26.6 1.8 25.2 25.5 0.2
369 Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies 148 4.7 3.5 -1.1 4.7 3.7 -1.0
371 Motor vehicles and equipment 995 2.6 5.5 2.8 7.9 6.0 -1.8
372 Aircraft and parts 525 4.5 0.9 -3.5 23.1 28.4 4.3
373 Ship and boat building and repairing 167 -0.2 -1.3 -1.0 -2.6 2.7 5.4
374 Railroad equipment 37 3.9 5.9 1.9 4.6 12.0 7.0
375 Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts 21 3.9 9.8 5.7 6.0 -3.2 -8.6
376 Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts 92 1.6 -7.0 -8.4 4.4 4.4 0.0
381 Search and navigation equipment 165 3.5 -3.2 -6.5 -0.1 1.5 1.5
382 Measuring and controlling devices 304 4.1 3.3 -0.8 3.0 3.3 0.3
384 Medical instruments and supplies 281 4.0 5.7 1.7 8.9 9.8 0.8
385 Ophthalmic goods 35 7.2 5.0 -2.0 4.5 6.6 2.0
386 Photographic equipment & supplies 81 2.0 -0.5 -2.4 3.5 -2.9 -6.2
391 Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware 50 1.5 1.3 -0.2 -4.7 -3.4 1.3
393 Musical instruments 16 -1.9 1.5 3.4 -0.5 1.3 1.8
394 Toys and sporting goods 107 2.8 3.2 0.4 7.7 3.4 -4.0
395 Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies 31 2.8 1.2 -1.6 15.4 12.0 -3.0
396 Costume jewelry and notions 22 2.0 -3.6 -5.4 5.9 -2.5 -7.9
399 Miscellaneous manufactures 168 0.3 3.0 2.6 0.2 4.0 3.8
(1) Employment figures are based on data from BLS sources.
Table 2. Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs: manufacturing industries, 1990-98 and 1997-98
Annual percent change, 1990-98 Annual percent change 1997-98
1998 --------------------------------- ---------------------------------
SIC Industry Employment(1) Total Unit labor Total Unit labor
code (thousands) compensation Output costs compensation Output costs
201 Meat products 495 5.1 3.1 2.0 5.5 2.6 2.8
202 Dairy products 141 2.5 0.4 2.1 2.1 -0.3 2.4
203 Preserved fruits and vegetables 229 2.8 1.8 1.1 1.2 3.6 -2.3
204 Grain mill products 125 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.6 8.2 -7.0
205 Bakery products 205 3.0 1.0 2.0 -0.7 2.7 -3.3
206 Sugar and confectionery products 97 2.7 2.0 0.7 2.9 5.7 -2.7
207 Fats and oils 32 2.4 1.9 0.5 3.2 11.8 -7.7
208 Beverages 182 2.8 2.3 0.5 2.8 3.1 -0.2
209 Miscellaneous food and kindred products 178 3.1 1.4 1.7 1.6 5.1 -3.3
211 Cigarettes 27 0.1 -0.2 0.4 -6.1 -3.6 -2.6
221 Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton 71 0.6 0.8 -0.3 0.0 1.2 -1.2
222 Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade 62 2.4 2.6 -0.2 0.0 0.4 -0.4
224 Narrow fabric mills 21 2.7 0.5 2.2 0.0 3.4 -3.3
225 Knitting mills 159 0.7 1.4 -0.7 -6.9 -8.4 1.6
226 Textile finishing, except wool 65 3.4 3.0 0.4 -7.5 1.2 -8.6
227 Carpets and rugs 64 3.4 1.8 1.6 5.4 5.4 0.1
228 Yarn and thread mills 87 1.6 2.7 -1.1 -0.2 1.8 -2.0
229 Miscellaneous textile goods 55 4.0 2.3 1.6 1.2 2.6 -1.4
232 Men's and boys' furnishings 185 -0.6 1.4 -1.9 -2.3 -2.0 -0.4
233 Women's and misses' outerwear 230 -0.5 0.8 -1.2 -5.8 -6.9 1.1
234 Women's and children's undergarments 31 -5.2 0.5 -5.7 -4.8 -4.3 -0.5
235 Hats, caps, and millinery 16 3.6 1.5 2.1 1.9 12.2 -9.1
238 Miscellaneous apparel and accessories 33 -1.7 -1.5 -0.2 -3.9 -2.1 -1.8
239 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products 218 5.3 3.1 2.1 1.6 0.1 1.5
242 Sawmills and planing mills 184 3.8 1.7 2.0 3.6 2.5 1.1
243 Millwork, plywood, and structural members 307 5.1 1.8 3.3 8.3 7.9 0.3
244 Wood containers 56 6.0 2.0 3.9 5.8 1.9 3.8
245 Wood buildings and mobile homes 100 10.2 6.5 3.4 10.6 7.5 2.9
249 Miscellaneous wood products 88 4.3 3.1 1.2 4.7 5.1 -0.3
251 Household furniture 284 3.8 2.6 1.1 8.0 8.8 -0.7
252 Office furniture 71 3.9 3.4 0.5 6.9 6.2 0.6
253 Public building and related furniture 47 10.0 11.9 -1.7 16.5 20.4 -3.2
254 Partitions and fixtures 91 7.4 6.1 1.2 5.3 8.2 -2.7
259 Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures 40 4.3 3.1 1.1 17.5 21.3 -3.1
261 Pulp mills 12 -3.0 -2.6 -0.4 0.7 2.1 -1.3
262 Paper mills 154 0.7 -0.9 1.6 -2.3 0.3 -2.6
263 Paperboard mills 49 3.7 2.0 1.7 1.3 1.5 -0.2
265 Paperboard containers and boxes 220 4.3 2.3 1.9 3.9 2.6 1.3
267 Miscellaneous converted paper products 242 4.2 2.8 1.4 2.9 2.3 0.6
271 Newspapers 443 2.0 -1.9 4.0 3.9 5.5 -1.5
272 Periodicals 139 6.7 1.2 5.4 4.2 -0.5 4.8
273 Books 128 5.4 0.8 4.6 3.8 -5.3 9.6
274 Miscellaneous publishing 91 7.2 4.0 3.1 10.6 3.0 7.4
275 Commercial printing 579 3.8 1.7 2.1 4.3 2.0 2.3
276 Manifold business forms 42 -0.6 -4.5 4.1 -1.5 -3.9 2.5
277 Greeting cards 29 0.8 1.4 -0.6 6.5 8.6 -2.0
278 Blankbooks and bookbinding 65 2.4 1.9 0.5 4.0 5.8 -1.7
279 Printing trade services 50 0.4 0.3 0.2 1.2 3.1 -1.8
281 Industrial inorganic chemicals 79 0.5 2.2 -1.7 2.4 20.0 -14.7
282 Plastics materials and synthetics 158 2.1 2.9 -0.8 2.9 5.8 -2.7
283 Drugs 281 5.5 2.4 3.1 15.5 -1.6 17.4
284 Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods 158 3.3 2.8 0.6 4.3 0.6 3.7
285 Paints and allied products 52 3.3 0.5 2.7 0.8 1.7 -0.8
286 Industrial organic chemicals 136 3.2 -0.5 3.8 0.2 -3.2 3.6
287 Agricultural chemicals 53 1.1 1.0 0.1 2.9 0.7 2.2
289 Miscellaneous chemical products 94 3.2 2.1 1.0 5.1 0.2 4.9
291 Petroleum refining 95 2.9 1.5 1.3 1.8 1.7 0.0
295 Asphalt paving and roofing materials 30 3.5 4.6 -1.0 3.8 12.4 -7.7
299 Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products 14 3.8 2.9 0.9 3.3 6.9 -3.3
301 Tires and inner tubes 80 3.1 3.7 -0.5 5.4 -0.5 5.9
305 Hose and belting and gaskets and packing 72 5.2 4.1 1.1 4.8 2.7 2.0
306 Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c. 111 3.6 3.5 0.1 3.1 4.3 -1.2
308 Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c. 736 5.7 5.3 0.4 4.6 4.3 0.2
314 Footwear, except rubber 36 -4.8 -7.3 2.7 -8.6 -24.3 20.7
321 Flat glass 16 0.4 3.3 -2.8 -2.5 0.3 -2.8
322 Glass and glassware, pressed or blown 70 0.6 1.1 -0.5 -0.2 2.1 -2.2
323 Products of purchased glass 64 5.1 4.5 0.6 2.6 -2.1 4.8
324 Cement, hydraulic 17 3.4 2.4 0.9 4.7 1.7 2.9
325 Structural clay products 33 1.0 0.0 1.0 -5.7 -4.3 -1.5
326 Pottery and related products 39 3.5 3.6 -0.1 6.7 8.7 -1.8
327 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products 230 4.9 3.2 1.7 9.0 11.0 -1.8
329 Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products 75 3.3 2.6 0.6 4.6 3.2 1.4
331 Blast furnace and basic steel products 233 1.2 2.3 -1.1 1.2 -3.0 4.3
332 Iron and steel foundries 132 2.5 2.3 0.2 1.2 -1.5 2.8
333 Primary nonferrous metals 39 0.6 0.5 0.1 -1.5 5.6 -6.8
335 Nonferrous rolling and drawing 171 3.5 2.9 0.5 1.9 1.9 -0.1
336 Nonferrous foundries (castings) 94 5.4 5.1 0.3 4.6 4.5 0.1
339 Miscellaneous primary metal products 30 3.9 4.3 -0.3 5.6 -1.7 7.5
341 Metal cans and shipping containers 37 -1.3 -0.4 -0.9 1.3 -4.2 5.7
342 Cutlery, handtools, and hardware 126 2.9 1.9 0.9 2.1 1.0 1.1
343 Plumbing and heating, except electric 58 4.2 3.0 1.1 2.0 2.7 -0.7
344 Fabricated structural metal products 469 4.5 3.1 1.3 7.1 6.0 1.0
346 Metal forgings and stampings 256 3.6 5.5 -1.8 -1.8 3.3 -4.9
347 Metal services, n.e.c. 144 5.7 5.2 0.5 6.0 7.2 -1.0
348 Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c. 42 -6.6 -5.6 -1.1 -10.7 -9.0 -1.9
349 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products 271 4.7 3.7 0.9 6.6 7.7 -1.0
351 Engines and turbines 84 0.9 3.3 -2.4 1.6 8.2 -6.1
352 Farm and garden machinery 105 4.0 3.1 0.9 1.1 2.9 -1.8
353 Construction and related machinery 254 4.0 4.8 -0.7 2.9 6.7 -3.6
354 Metalworking machinery 352 4.5 3.2 1.2 2.1 0.3 1.8
355 Special industry machinery 179 4.4 3.5 0.9 4.6 -4.8 9.9
356 General industrial machinery 267 3.9 2.4 1.5 4.1 1.9 2.2
357 Computer and office equipment 382 2.2 30.7 -21.8 3.0 45.4 -29.2
358 Refrigeration and service machinery 203 4.2 4.6 -0.4 2.0 6.3 -4.1
359 Industrial machinery, n.e.c. 380 5.4 4.5 0.8 4.4 0.8 3.6
361 Electric distribution equipment 83 2.4 2.0 0.4 3.5 1.5 2.0
362 Electrical industrial apparatus 154 3.7 4.1 -0.3 1.9 -1.3 3.2
363 Household appliances 117 3.8 4.1 -0.2 5.2 11.5 -5.7
364 Electric lighting and wiring equipment 185 2.9 3.3 -0.4 1.9 7.3 -5.1
366 Communications equipment 280 5.5 9.0 -3.2 1.8 4.1 -2.2
367 Electronic components and accessories 660 5.1 26.6 -17.0 2.3 25.5 -18.5
369 Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies 148 1.8 3.5 -1.6 0.8 3.7 -2.7
371 Motor vehicles and equipment 995 4.7 5.5 -0.8 3.1 6.0 -2.7
372 Aircraft and parts 525 -0.5 0.9 -1.4 5.9 28.4 -17.5
373 Ship and boat building and repairing 167 -0.8 -1.3 0.5 0.4 2.7 -2.1
374 Railroad equipment 37 4.5 5.9 -1.4 9.2 12.0 -2.5
375 Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts 21 13.7 9.8 3.5 -1.9 -3.2 1.3
376 Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts 92 -7.1 -7.0 -0.2 3.8 4.4 -0.5
381 Search and navigation equipment 165 -2.6 -3.2 0.6 8.7 1.5 7.2
382 Measuring and controlling devices 304 3.1 3.3 -0.3 5.5 3.3 2.1
384 Medical instruments and supplies 281 6.8 5.7 1.0 10.6 9.8 0.7
385 Ophthalmic goods 35 4.2 5.0 -0.8 6.7 6.6 0.1
386 Photographic equipment & supplies 81 0.4 -0.5 0.9 -3.6 -2.9 -0.6
391 Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware 50 1.8 1.3 0.5 3.0 -3.4 6.7
393 Musical instruments 16 7.4 1.5 5.9 18.4 1.3 16.9
394 Toys and sporting goods 107 4.6 3.2 1.3 4.8 3.4 1.4
395 Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies 31 2.1 1.2 0.8 1.9 12.0 -9.0
396 Costume jewelry and notions 22 -0.9 -3.6 2.8 -1.2 -2.5 1.3
399 Miscellaneous manufactures 168 4.5 3.0 1.5 4.6 4.0 0.6
(1) Employment figures are based on data from BLS sources.
Table 3. Annual percent change in output per hour and related series: manufacturing industries, 1990-95 and 1995-98
Annual percent change, 1990-95 Annual percent change, 1995-98
1998 ------------------------------- --------------------------------
SIC Industry Employment(1) Output Employee Output Employee
code (thousands) per hour Output hours per hour Output hours
201 Meat products 495 1.1 3.6 2.6 0.1 2.1 1.9
202 Dairy products 141 1.7 1.0 -0.6 0.9 -0.6 -1.6
203 Preserved fruits and vegetables 229 2.7 2.3 -0.3 2.2 0.8 -1.4
204 Grain mill products 125 1.8 2.1 0.3 3.7 3.2 -0.5
205 Bakery products 205 1.0 0.9 -0.1 1.6 1.1 -0.5
206 Sugar and confectionery products 97 1.0 1.0 0.1 4.4 3.6 -0.8
207 Fats and oils 32 0.4 0.4 0.1 4.8 4.4 -0.4
208 Beverages 182 2.7 1.8 -0.8 1.0 2.9 2.0
209 Miscellaneous food and kindred products 178 0.7 0.9 0.2 3.2 2.1 -1.0
211 Cigarettes 27 4.8 1.0 -3.6 2.1 -2.2 -4.2
221 Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton 71 5.4 3.2 -2.1 0.3 -3.0 -3.3
222 Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade 62 5.5 3.5 -1.9 4.8 1.2 -3.4
224 Narrow fabric mills 21 4.3 3.2 -1.0 -1.3 -3.9 -2.6
225 Knitting mills 159 5.2 4.6 -0.6 2.7 -3.7 -6.3
226 Textile finishing, except wool 65 -1.2 1.8 3.0 8.6 5.1 -3.3
227 Carpets and rugs 64 0.6 1.2 0.6 2.4 2.7 0.3
228 Yarn and thread mills 87 4.5 3.3 -1.2 3.9 1.6 -2.2
229 Miscellaneous textile goods 55 2.5 3.2 0.6 -0.9 0.9 1.9
232 Men's and boys' furnishings 185 3.9 2.2 -1.6 10.6 0.0 -9.6
233 Women's and misses' outerwear 230 5.4 2.5 -2.8 4.1 -2.0 -5.9
234 Women's and children's undergarments 31 9.6 3.8 -5.2 10.1 -4.9 -13.7
235 Hats, caps, and millinery 16 -1.1 3.2 4.4 5.7 -1.2 -6.5
238 Miscellaneous apparel and accessories 33 5.2 1.0 -4.0 -2.0 -5.5 -3.5
239 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products 218 1.8 3.6 1.8 2.6 2.4 -0.3
242 Sawmills and planing mills 184 2.0 1.0 -1.0 3.0 3.0 -0.1
243 Millwork, plywood, and structural members 307 -1.1 0.6 1.7 -0.1 3.8 3.9
244 Wood containers 56 -0.9 1.4 2.3 0.3 3.1 2.8
245 Wood buildings and mobile homes 100 -1.2 5.9 7.2 0.9 7.6 6.6
249 Miscellaneous wood products 88 1.4 2.1 0.7 4.7 4.7 0.0
251 Household furniture 284 2.3 1.7 -0.5 2.9 4.1 1.1
252 Office furniture 71 1.3 0.0 -1.3 4.0 9.4 5.1
253 Public building and related furniture 47 7.7 13.7 5.6 5.8 9.0 3.0
254 Partitions and fixtures 91 1.1 3.4 2.2 8.1 10.9 2.6
259 Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures 40 1.2 1.5 0.3 3.8 5.8 1.9
261 Pulp mills 12 2.5 1.1 -1.4 -6.2 -8.6 -2.5
262 Paper mills 154 3.0 1.2 -1.8 -2.3 -4.3 -2.1
263 Paperboard mills 49 3.5 2.9 -0.5 2.2 0.3 -1.9
265 Paperboard containers and boxes 220 0.7 1.8 1.0 2.8 3.1 0.2
267 Miscellaneous converted paper products 242 2.2 2.4 0.1 3.3 3.5 0.2
271 Newspapers 443 -2.7 -3.9 -1.2 1.6 1.5 -0.2
272 Periodicals 139 -1.3 -1.2 0.2 3.6 5.4 1.8
273 Books 128 1.0 1.8 0.8 -1.5 -0.9 0.6
274 Miscellaneous publishing 91 0.6 1.2 0.6 6.4 8.8 2.2
275 Commercial printing 579 0.9 1.5 0.6 1.1 2.1 1.0
276 Manifold business forms 42 -3.7 -5.8 -2.1 -0.2 -2.4 -2.1
277 Greeting cards 29 -1.7 -1.1 0.5 4.2 5.9 1.7
278 Blankbooks and bookbinding 65 1.8 1.6 -0.2 4.7 2.4 -2.2
279 Printing trade services 50 3.3 0.0 -3.2 3.0 0.8 -2.2
281 Industrial inorganic chemicals 79 0.5 -1.5 -2.0 10.0 8.7 -1.2
282 Plastics materials and synthetics 158 4.9 2.8 -2.0 3.6 3.1 -0.5
283 Drugs 281 0.9 2.9 1.9 -1.1 1.6 2.7
284 Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods 158 2.7 1.9 -0.8 2.9 4.1 1.2
285 Paints and allied products 52 2.1 0.3 -1.8 2.9 1.0 -1.9
286 Industrial organic chemicals 136 -0.6 -1.7 -1.2 4.1 1.5 -2.5
287 Agricultural chemicals 53 0.7 -0.1 -0.8 2.6 2.9 0.3
289 Miscellaneous chemical products 94 2.1 0.9 -1.1 3.9 4.2 0.3
291 Petroleum refining 95 3.9 1.2 -2.7 5.6 2.2 -3.2
295 Asphalt paving and roofing materials 30 2.6 2.0 -0.6 5.2 9.0 3.6
299 Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products 14 -1.6 0.9 2.6 4.8 6.2 1.3
301 Tires and inner tubes 80 4.9 4.4 -0.5 3.5 2.5 -0.9
305 Hose and belting and gaskets and packing 72 1.7 4.0 2.3 2.2 4.2 2.0
306 Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c. 111 2.2 3.6 1.4 3.1 3.3 0.2
308 Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c. 736 2.7 5.6 2.7 3.6 5.0 1.3
314 Footwear, except rubber 36 3.0 -3.6 -6.4 -1.6 -13.1 -11.7
321 Flat glass 16 3.3 1.7 -1.6 4.6 6.0 1.3
322 Glass and glassware, pressed or blown 70 2.0 0.2 -1.8 5.3 2.7 -2.4
323 Products of purchased glass 64 2.8 4.0 1.3 4.2 5.3 1.1
324 Cement, hydraulic 17 2.0 2.1 0.1 2.6 3.0 0.4
325 Structural clay products 33 0.6 0.0 -0.5 0.8 0.0 -0.8
326 Pottery and related products 39 2.1 4.1 1.9 5.3 2.9 -2.2
327 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products 230 0.4 0.6 0.2 2.8 7.6 4.7
329 Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products 75 2.5 2.2 -0.2 2.8 3.2 0.4
331 Blast furnace and basic steel products 233 5.4 3.1 -2.2 2.2 1.1 -1.1
332 Iron and steel foundries 132 1.2 1.9 0.7 2.6 2.8 0.2
333 Primary nonferrous metals 39 1.7 -1.3 -2.9 4.0 3.5 -0.5
335 Nonferrous rolling and drawing 171 1.4 1.3 0.0 5.1 5.7 0.6
336 Nonferrous foundries (castings) 94 2.5 4.1 1.5 3.6 6.8 3.0
339 Miscellaneous primary metal products 30 6.0 7.6 1.5 -2.8 -1.0 1.9
341 Metal cans and shipping containers 37 4.2 -0.6 -4.6 2.6 0.0 -2.5
342 Cutlery, handtools, and hardware 126 2.7 2.6 -0.1 1.2 0.8 -0.4
343 Plumbing and heating, except electric 58 1.2 0.8 -0.5 6.3 6.9 0.5
344 Fabricated structural metal products 469 1.4 1.8 0.4 2.1 5.4 3.2
346 Metal forgings and stampings 256 2.7 6.0 3.2 4.8 4.7 -0.1
347 Metal services, n.e.c. 144 4.1 5.7 1.6 0.2 4.3 4.0
348 Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c. 42 1.3 -6.1 -7.4 2.6 -4.6 -7.0
349 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products 271 1.8 3.4 1.6 1.8 4.1 2.3
351 Engines and turbines 84 2.9 3.1 0.3 5.2 3.7 -1.4
352 Farm and garden machinery 105 2.9 2.1 -0.8 3.3 4.6 1.2
353 Construction and related machinery 254 2.7 2.7 0.1 3.9 8.2 4.1
354 Metalworking machinery 352 2.6 3.7 1.1 1.6 2.2 0.7
355 Special industry machinery 179 4.2 6.3 2.0 -1.6 -1.0 0.7
356 General industrial machinery 267 1.4 2.4 0.9 1.0 2.5 1.4
357 Computer and office equipment 382 27.7 22.6 -4.0 42.1 45.5 2.4
358 Refrigeration and service machinery 203 1.7 5.3 3.6 2.5 3.3 0.8
359 Industrial machinery, n.e.c. 380 5.3 6.7 1.4 -2.8 1.0 3.9
361 Electric distribution equipment 83 6.1 2.9 -3.0 1.1 0.5 -0.6
362 Electrical industrial apparatus 154 7.0 5.5 -1.4 2.5 1.7 -0.8
363 Household appliances 117 3.8 3.8 0.0 6.0 4.6 -1.4
364 Electric lighting and wiring equipment 185 2.6 2.0 -0.6 4.4 5.4 1.0
366 Communications equipment 280 7.1 7.3 0.2 10.2 11.9 1.6
367 Electronic components and accessories 660 24.7 25.0 0.3 23.9 29.2 4.3
369 Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies 148 4.7 3.9 -0.8 4.6 2.8 -1.7
371 Motor vehicles and equipment 995 0.8 5.5 4.6 5.6 5.5 -0.1
372 Aircraft and parts 525 1.7 -7.2 -8.8 9.2 16.0 6.2
373 Ship and boat building and repairing 167 -1.1 -3.8 -2.7 1.2 3.1 1.9
374 Railroad equipment 37 1.2 5.0 3.8 8.5 7.4 -1.1
375 Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts 21 5.1 14.4 8.8 2.0 2.7 0.6
376 Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts 92 0.8 -11.2 -11.9 3.0 0.5 -2.4
381 Search and navigation equipment 165 5.8 -5.5 -10.7 -0.2 0.8 1.0
382 Measuring and controlling devices 304 6.6 4.3 -2.1 0.2 1.7 1.5
384 Medical instruments and supplies 281 2.4 3.8 1.4 6.6 8.9 2.1
385 Ophthalmic goods 35 6.7 3.5 -3.0 8.2 7.7 -0.4
386 Photographic equipment & supplies 81 3.7 0.8 -2.8 -0.9 -2.6 -1.7
391 Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware 50 0.2 -0.4 -0.6 3.7 4.1 0.4
393 Musical instruments 16 -2.2 1.1 3.3 -1.3 2.2 3.6
394 Toys and sporting goods 107 1.0 3.7 2.7 5.9 2.4 -3.3
395 Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies 31 2.7 1.0 -1.7 3.0 1.6 -1.4
396 Costume jewelry and notions 22 6.4 0.6 -5.4 -5.1 -10.2 -5.4
399 Miscellaneous manufactures 168 0.3 2.1 1.8 0.4 4.5 4.1
(1) Employment figures are based on data from BLS sources.
Table 4. Annual percent change in total compensation, output, and unit labor costs: manufacturing industries, 1990-95 and 1995-98
Annual percent change, 1990-95 Annual percent change, 1995-98
1998 ------------------------------- ----------------------------------
SIC Industry Employment(1) Total Unit labor Total Unit labor
code (thousands) compensation Output costs compensation Output costs
201 Meat products 495 5.0 3.6 1.3 5.3 2.1 3.2
202 Dairy products 141 2.6 1.0 1.5 2.3 -0.6 2.9
203 Preserved fruits and vegetables 229 3.3 2.3 0.9 2.1 0.8 1.3
204 Grain mill products 125 2.9 2.1 0.8 1.9 3.2 -1.3
205 Bakery products 205 3.5 0.9 2.5 2.3 1.1 1.2
206 Sugar and confectionery products 97 2.6 1.0 1.6 2.9 3.6 -0.6
207 Fats and oils 32 1.0 0.4 0.5 4.8 4.4 0.4
208 Beverages 182 1.9 1.8 0.0 4.3 2.9 1.3
209 Miscellaneous food and kindred products 178 3.0 0.9 2.0 3.4 2.1 1.2
211 Cigarettes 27 0.2 1.0 -0.7 0.0 -2.2 2.2
221 Broadwoven fabric mills, cotton 71 2.6 3.2 -0.5 -2.8 -3.0 0.2
222 Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade 62 2.7 3.5 -0.7 1.8 1.2 0.6
224 Narrow fabric mills 21 4.9 3.2 1.6 -0.8 -3.9 3.3
225 Knitting mills 159 2.8 4.6 -1.7 -2.7 -3.7 1.0
226 Textile finishing, except wool 65 5.5 1.8 3.7 0.1 5.1 -4.8
227 Carpets and rugs 64 4.7 1.2 3.4 1.4 2.7 -1.3
228 Yarn and thread mills 87 1.4 3.3 -1.8 1.9 1.6 0.3
229 Miscellaneous textile goods 55 6.2 3.2 3.0 0.4 0.9 -0.5
232 Men's and boys' furnishings 185 1.1 2.2 -1.1 -3.3 0.0 -3.3
233 Women's and misses' outerwear 230 2.1 2.5 -0.4 -4.6 -2.0 -2.6
234 Women's and children's undergarments 31 -1.0 3.8 -4.6 -11.9 -4.9 -7.4
235 Hats, caps, and millinery 16 6.2 3.2 2.9 -0.5 -1.2 0.7
238 Miscellaneous apparel and accessories 33 -0.5 1.0 -1.5 -3.6 -5.5 2.0
239 Miscellaneous fabricated textile products 218 5.8 3.6 2.1 4.5 2.4 2.1
242 Sawmills and planing mills 184 3.8 1.0 2.8 3.8 3.0 0.8
243 Millwork, plywood, and structural members 307 4.7 0.6 4.1 5.9 3.8 2.0
244 Wood containers 56 6.3 1.4 4.9 5.5 3.1 2.3
245 Wood buildings and mobile homes 100 8.8 5.9 2.7 12.5 7.6 4.6
249 Miscellaneous wood products 88 3.4 2.1 1.3 5.8 4.7 1.1
251 Household furniture 284 3.1 1.7 1.4 4.8 4.1 0.7
252 Office furniture 71 1.8 0.0 1.8 7.5 9.4 -1.7
253 Public building and related furniture 47 12.3 13.7 -1.3 6.3 9.0 -2.5
254 Partitions and fixtures 91 4.7 3.4 1.3 12.1 10.9 1.1
259 Miscellaneous furniture and fixtures 40 4.0 1.5 2.5 4.7 5.8 -1.1
261 Pulp mills 12 0.7 1.1 -0.4 -8.9 -8.6 -0.4
262 Paper mills 154 2.0 1.2 0.8 -1.5 -4.3 2.9
263 Paperboard mills 49 4.9 2.9 1.9 1.7 0.3 1.4
265 Paperboard containers and boxes 220 4.4 1.8 2.6 4.0 3.1 0.9
267 Miscellaneous converted paper products 242 3.5 2.4 1.1 5.5 3.5 1.9
271 Newspapers 443 1.2 -3.9 5.3 3.3 1.5 1.8
272 Periodicals 139 4.1 -1.2 5.4 11.1 5.4 5.4
273 Books 128 5.4 1.8 3.6 5.5 -0.9 6.4
274 Miscellaneous publishing 91 1.9 1.2 0.6 16.8 8.8 7.4
275 Commercial printing 579 3.3 1.5 1.8 4.6 2.1 2.4
276 Manifold business forms 42 -1.5 -5.8 4.5 0.9 -2.4 3.4
277 Greeting cards 29 -0.9 -1.1 0.2 3.8 5.9 -2.0
278 Blankbooks and bookbinding 65 2.6 1.6 1.0 2.0 2.4 -0.4
279 Printing trade services 50 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.8 -0.7
281 Industrial inorganic chemicals 79 -0.7 -1.5 0.9 2.4 8.7 -5.8
282 Plastics materials and synthetics 158 3.3 2.8 0.5 0.1 3.1 -2.9
283 Drugs 281 5.7 2.9 2.7 5.3 1.6 3.7
284 Soaps, cleaners, and toilet goods 158 2.3 1.9 0.3 5.1 4.1 0.9
285 Paints and allied products 52 4.4 0.3 4.1 1.4 1.0 0.4
286 Industrial organic chemicals 136 3.5 -1.7 5.3 2.8 1.5 1.3
287 Agricultural chemicals 53 2.0 -0.1 2.1 -0.4 2.9 -3.2
289 Miscellaneous chemical products 94 2.5 0.9 1.6 4.3 4.2 0.1
291 Petroleum refining 95 4.0 1.2 2.8 1.1 2.2 -1.0
295 Asphalt paving and roofing materials 30 2.8 2.0 0.8 4.6 9.0 -4.0
299 Miscellaneous petroleum and coal products 14 4.2 0.9 3.3 3.2 6.2 -2.8
301 Tires and inner tubes 80 4.4 4.4 0.0 1.1 2.5 -1.4
305 Hose and belting and gaskets and packing 72 4.7 4.0 0.6 6.1 4.2 1.8
306 Fabricated rubber products, n.e.c. 111 4.0 3.6 0.4 3.0 3.3 -0.3
308 Miscellaneous plastics products, n.e.c. 736 5.9 5.6 0.3 5.4 5.0 0.4
314 Footwear, except rubber 36 -3.1 -3.6 0.5 -7.5 -13.1 6.4
321 Flat glass 16 0.0 1.7 -1.7 1.1 6.0 -4.6
322 Glass and glassware, pressed or blown 70 1.0 0.2 0.9 -0.1 2.7 -2.8
323 Products of purchased glass 64 5.6 4.0 1.5 4.3 5.3 -0.9
324 Cement, hydraulic 17 2.4 2.1 0.2 5.0 3.0 2.0
325 Structural clay products 33 1.6 0.0 1.6 0.1 0.0 0.1
326 Pottery and related products 39 4.9 4.1 0.8 1.1 2.9 -1.8
327 Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products 230 3.1 0.6 2.5 7.9 7.6 0.4
329 Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products 75 3.2 2.2 0.9 3.4 3.2 0.2
331 Blast furnace and basic steel products 233 1.6 3.1 -1.4 0.5 1.1 -0.6
332 Iron and steel foundries 132 2.2 1.9 0.3 2.9 2.8 0.1
333 Primary nonferrous metals 39 0.1 -1.3 1.4 1.5 3.5 -2.0
335 Nonferrous rolling and drawing 171 2.7 1.3 1.3 4.8 5.7 -0.8
336 Nonferrous foundries (castings) 94 4.7 4.1 0.6 6.4 6.8 -0.3
339 Miscellaneous primary metal products 30 2.0 7.6 -5.2 7.3 -1.0 8.4
341 Metal cans and shipping containers 37 -1.8 -0.6 -1.2 -0.4 0.0 -0.4
342 Cutlery, handtools, and hardware 126 3.3 2.6 0.7 2.1 0.8 1.3
343 Plumbing and heating, except electric 58 3.4 0.8 2.6 5.5 6.9 -1.3
344 Fabricated structural metal products 469 2.3 1.8 0.5 8.4 5.4 2.8
346 Metal forgings and stampings 256 4.0 6.0 -1.9 2.9 4.7 -1.7
347 Metal services, n.e.c. 144 5.2 5.7 -0.5 6.4 4.3 2.0
348 Ordnance and accessories, n.e.c. 42 -7.6 -6.1 -1.6 -5.0 -4.6 -0.4
349 Miscellaneous fabricated metal products 271 4.6 3.4 1.1 4.8 4.1 0.6
351 Engines and turbines 84 1.9 3.1 -1.2 -0.8 3.7 -4.3
352 Farm and garden machinery 105 3.0 2.1 0.9 5.6 4.6 0.9
353 Construction and related machinery 254 1.9 2.7 -0.8 7.6 8.2 -0.6
354 Metalworking machinery 352 4.2 3.7 0.5 4.8 2.2 2.6
355 Special industry machinery 179 5.9 6.3 -0.4 2.0 -1.0 3.0
356 General industrial machinery 267 3.5 2.4 1.1 4.7 2.5 2.2
357 Computer and office equipment 382 -0.1 22.6 -18.5 6.1 45.5 -27.1
358 Refrigeration and service machinery 203 4.5 5.3 -0.8 3.5 3.3 0.2
359 Industrial machinery, n.e.c. 380 6.7 6.7 0.0 3.3 1.0 2.3
361 Electric distribution equipment 83 4.2 2.9 1.3 -0.4 0.5 -0.9
362 Electrical industrial apparatus 154 4.4 5.5 -1.0 2.6 1.7 0.8
363 Household appliances 117 4.1 3.8 0.3 3.5 4.6 -1.1
364 Electric lighting and wiring equipment 185 2.7 2.0 0.7 3.2 5.4 -2.1
366 Communications equipment 280 2.8 7.3 -4.2 10.2 11.9 -1.6
367 Electronic components and accessories 660 5.4 25.0 -15.7 4.4 29.2 -19.2
369 Miscellaneous electrical equipment & supplies 148 1.8 3.9 -2.0 1.9 2.8 -0.9
371 Motor vehicles and equipment 995 6.3 5.5 0.8 2.0 5.5 -3.4
372 Aircraft and parts 525 -4.7 -7.2 2.8 6.8 16.0 -7.9
373 Ship and boat building and repairing 167 -1.2 -3.8 2.7 0.0 3.1 -3.0
374 Railroad equipment 37 3.7 5.0 -1.2 5.6 7.4 -1.6
375 Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts 21 20.7 14.4 5.5 3.0 2.7 0.4
376 Guided missiles, space vehicles, parts 92 -10.5 -11.2 0.8 -1.3 0.5 -1.8
381 Search and navigation equipment 165 -4.6 -5.5 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.0
382 Measuring and controlling devices 304 2.5 4.3 -1.7 4.0 1.7 2.2
384 Medical instruments and supplies 281 6.2 3.8 2.2 7.9 8.9 -0.9
385 Ophthalmic goods 35 2.6 3.5 -0.8 6.8 7.7 -0.8
386 Photographic equipment & supplies 81 -0.3 0.8 -1.1 1.6 -2.6 4.4
391 Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware 50 -0.4 -0.4 0.0 5.5 4.1 1.4
393 Musical instruments 16 5.4 1.1 4.3 10.9 2.2 8.5
394 Toys and sporting goods 107 5.4 3.7 1.7 3.1 2.4 0.7
395 Pens, pencils, office, and art supplies 31 4.0 1.0 2.9 -1.0 1.6 -2.5
396 Costume jewelry and notions 22 2.2 0.6 1.6 -5.8 -10.2 4.9
399 Miscellaneous manufactures 168 4.1 2.1 2.0 5.1 4.5 0.5
(1) Employment figures are based on data from BLS sources.