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BIE June 2014
Atlanta Fed Survey of Business Inflation Expectations
For immediate release: June 20, 2014
Contact: Jean Tate, 404-498-8035 or jean.tate@atl.frb.org
The year-ahead inflation expectations of businesses were 2.0 percent in June, according to the Federal
Reserve Bank of Atlanta’s most recent business inflation expectations (BIE) survey. The survey was
conducted June 9–13 with 242 firms responding to questions about their business conditions, inflation
outlook, and potential pricing pressures. The results are summarized below.

Year-ahead inflation expectations and current conditions
Respondents indicated that, on average, they expect unit costs to rise 2.0 percent over the next 12 months.
Inflation uncertainty was unchanged at 2.4 percent. Firms also report that, compared to this time last year,
their unit costs are up 1.9 percent. Respondents’ sales levels compared to what they consider “normal”
conditions improved somewhat, with approximately 57 percent of respondents indicating current sales
levels are at or above normal. Profit margins declined somewhat, with roughly 44 percent of respondents
indicating their profit margins are at or above normal, compared to 47 percent in May.

Quarterly question: Percent above/below normal unit sales levels
On average (weighted by industry share of GDP), respondents indicated their unit sales gap (percentage
below normal) was approximately 3.7 percent, compared to 5.7 percent below normal in March.
Since the March measure, firms of all sizes have experienced a narrowing of their unit sales gap. Large
firms’ (500 or more employees) unit sales gap narrowed 1.3 percentage points to 1.7 percent below
normal, on average. Midsize firms’ (100–499 employees) unit sales gap narrowed by 3.1 percentage
points to 2.5 percent below normal, on average. Small firms’ (less than 100 employees) unit sales gap
narrowed by 1.3 percentage points to 7.8 percent below normal, on average.

Special question: Year-ahead unit sales expectations
The question assessed the full range over which panel members anticipate their unit sales levels could
change over the next 12 months. Respondents provided estimates for three distinct scenarios and were
then asked to assign percentage likelihoods to those scenarios. The mean expectation for unit sales level
growth (weighted by respondents’ likelihood assignments) over the year ahead was approximately 4.6
percent.
Please see page 3 for a breakdown of the results.

For more information and interactive charts, visit the BIE survey site at www.frbatlanta.org/research/inflationproject/bie/.

Monthly Questions
Year-Ahead Inflation Expectations and Uncertainty
(percent)

3.0
2.5

2.4

2.0

2.0

1.5
1.0

Uncertainty

0.5
0.0

Year-ahead inflation expectations
Jun-12

Aug-12

Oct-12

Dec-12

Feb-13

Apr-13

Jun-13

Aug-13

Oct-13

Dec-13

Feb-14

Apr-14

Jun-14

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

Sales Levels and Profit Margins
Compared to Normal Times

Year-over-Year Unit Cost Change
(percent)

(diffusion index, 0+ = greater than normal times)

10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40

3.0
above normal

2.5

below normal

Sales levels

1.9

2.0

Profit margins

-17

1.5
1.0

-27

0.5
0.0

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

Quarterly Question
Mean Percent Above/Below Normal Sales Levels

4

Large firms
(500+ employees)

2
0

Midsize firms
(100–500 employees)

Small firms
(1–99 employees)

All firms
-1.7
-2.5
-3.7

-2
-4
-6

-7.8

-8
-10
-12
-14

Sep-12

Dec-12

Mar-13

Jun-13

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

Sep-13

Dec-13

Mar-14

Jun-14

Special Question
Projecting ahead, over the next 12 months, please provide the
approximate low case, medium case, and high case percentage
change in your firm's unit sales levels.
mean percentage change

14

11.2

12
10
8

mean: 4.6 percent*

6

4.5

4
2
0
-2
-4
-6

-3.5

Low case

Medium case

High case

*This represents the mean of all respondents' individual probability-weighted means.
Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectation (BIE) Survey

Please assign a percentage likelihood to the low case, medium case,
and high case percentage unit sales level changes selected above.
mean likelihood

60
51.7

50
40
30

24.5

23.8

20
10
0
Low case
Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectation (BIE) Survey

Medium case

High case

How do your SALES LEVELS compare with sales levels during what you consider to be “normal” times?

April

Much less

Somewhat
less

About normal

Somewhat
greater

Much
greater

Diffusion
index*

15%

33%

33%

17%

2%

-21

May

12%

34%

33%

20%

1%

-18

June

11%

32%

38%

19%

0%

-17

How do your current PROFIT MARGINS compare with “normal” times?
Much less

Somewhat
less

About normal

Somewhat
greater

Much
greater

Diffusion
index*

April

14%

35%

40%

9%

2%

-25

May

12%

41%

36%

11%

0%

-26

June

10%

46%

31%

13%

0%

-27

Up a lot
(>5%)

Mean

Looking back, how do your UNIT COSTS compare with this time last year?
Down
(<-1%)

About
unchanged
(-1% to 1%)

Up somewhat Up moderately
(1.1% to 3%)
(3.1% to 5%)

April

5%

21%

61%

7%

5%

1.7%

May

2%

22%

64%

9%

3%

1.8%

June

2%

22%

61%

10%

5%

1.9%

Projecting ahead, to the best of your ability, please assign a percent likelihood to the following changes to unit
costs over the next 12 months.

April

Down
(<-1%)

About
unchanged
(-1% to 1%)

Up
somewhat
(1.1% to 3%)

Up
moderately
(3.1% to 5%)

Up a lot
(>5%)

Mean
(Variance)

6%

27%

44%

16%

8%

1.9% (2.4%)

May

6%

26%

42%

19%

7%

1.9% (2.4%)

June

5%

24%

45%

18%

8%

2.0% (2.4%)

Quarterly Question: By roughly what percent are your firm's sales levels above/below “normal,” if at all?
Average percent above/below normal
(number of responses)

Firm size
Mar-13

Jun-13

Sep-13

Dec-13

Mar-14

Jun-14

Small (1–99 employees)

-12.2% (91)

-7.3% (87)

-7.4 (92)

-8.6 (85)

-9.1 (83)

-7.8 (131)

Midsize (100–499 employees)

-6.8% (42)

-1.5% (47)

-6.6 (48)

-2.2 (49)

-5.6 (46)

-2.5 (44)

Large (500+ employees)

-3.3% (60)

-2.2% (56)

-2.5 (66)

-3.8 (69)

-3.0 (67)

-1.7 (61)

All

-7.7% (193)

-4.3% (190)

-5.6 (206)

-4.8 (203)

-5.7 (196)

-3.7 (236)

Note: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.
*The diffusion index is calculated as an average response such that each response of much less is assigned a value of –100;
somewhat less is assigned a value of –50; about normal, 0; somewhat greater, 50; and much greater, 100. Therefore, a positive
index value implies that the indicator is greater, on average, and a negative index value implies that the indicator is lower, on
average.