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BIE January 2014
Atlanta Fed Survey of Business Inflation Expectations
For immediate release: January 15, 2014
Contact: Jean Tate, 404-498-8035 or jean.tate@atl.frb.org
The year-ahead inflation expectations of businesses were 1.9 percent in January, according to the
Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta’s most recent business inflation expectations (BIE) survey. The survey
was conducted January 6–10 with 208 firms responding to questions about their business conditions,
inflation outlook, and potential pricing pressures. The results are summarized below.

Year-ahead inflation expectations and current conditions
Respondents indicated that, on average, they expect unit costs to rise 1.9 percent over the next 12 months.
Inflation uncertainty was unchanged at 2.3 percent in January. Firms also report that, compared to this
time last year, their unit costs are up 1.7 percent. Respondents reported a slight decline in sales levels in
January, with approximately 49 percent indicating their current sales levels are at or above normal
compared to 54 percent in December. Profit margins also declined somewhat, with roughly 45 percent of
respondents indicating their profit margins are at or above normal, compared to 50 percent in December.

Quarterly question: Long-term inflation expectations
Over the long term, that is, per year over the next five to 10 years, respondents expect unit costs to
increase 2.8 percent, on average, virtually unchanged from the October reading of 2.7 percent.
Respondents’ uncertainty (variance) regarding this expectation was unchanged at 2.3 percent.

Special question: Year-ahead unit sales level change expectations
The question assessed the full range over which panel members anticipate their unit sales levels could
change over the next 12 months. To elicit this range, respondents were asked to provide the high case,
medium case, and low case percentage unit sales level change their firm could experience over the next
12 months. Respondents were then asked to assign likelihoods to each of these scenarios.
The average respondent’s year-ahead unit sales growth expectation was 4.3 percent. Please see page 3 for
a breakdown of the results.

For more information and interactive charts, visit the BIE survey site at www.frbatlanta.org/research/inflationproject/bie/.
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Monthly Questions
Year-Ahead Inflation Expectations and Uncertainty
(percent)

3.5
3.0

2.3

2.5
2.0

1.9

1.5
Uncertainty

1.0

Year-ahead unit cost expectations

0.5
0.0
Jan-13

Mar-13

May-13

Jul-13

Sep-13

Nov-13

Jan-14

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

Sales Levels and Profit Margins
Compared to Normal Times

Year-over-Year Unit Costs
(percent)

(diffusion index, 0+ = greater than normal times)

5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45

3.5
3.0

Sales levels
Profit margins

2.5
1.7

2.0

-24

1.5
1.0

-29

0.5
Jan-13

Apr-13

Jul-13

Oct-13

0.0

Jan-14

Jan-13

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

Apr-13

Jul-13

Oct-13

Jan-14

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

Quarterly Question
Long-Term Inflation Expectations and Uncertainty
(percent, per year over the next five to 10 years)

3.5
2.8

3.0
2.5

2.3

2.0
1.5
Long-term Unit Cost Expectations

1.0

Uncertainty

0.5
0.0
Jan-13

Apr-13

Jul-13

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

2

Oct-13

Jan-14

Special Question
Projecting ahead, over the next 12 months, please provide the
approximate low case, medium case, and high case percentage change
in your firm's unit sales levels.
mean change

12
10
8

10.5

probability weighted mean: 4.3 percent*

mean: 4.3 percent*

6

4.1

4
2
0
-2
-4

-3.4

-6
low case

medium case

high case

*This represents the mean of all respondents' individual probability weighted means.
Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

Please assign a percentage likelihood to the low case, medium case,
and high case percentage unit sales level changes selected above.
mean likelihood

60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

55.0

23.8

low case

21.4

medium case

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

3

high case

How do your SALES LEVELS compare with sales levels during what you consider to be “normal” times?
Much less

Somewhat
less

About normal

Somewhat
greater

Much
greater

Diffusion
index*

November

13%

43%

29%

15%

0%

-26

December

12%

35%

33%

19%

2%

-18

January

13%

39%

34%

14%

1%

-24

How do your current PROFIT MARGINS compare with “normal” times?
Much less

Somewhat
less

About normal

Somewhat
greater

Much
greater

Diffusion
index*

November

12%

46%

32%

9%

0%

-30

December

15%

35%

37%

12%

1%

-26

January

16%

39%

34%

10%

1%

-29

Up a lot
(>5%)

Mean

Looking back, how do your UNIT COSTS compare with this time last year?
Down
(<-1%)

About
unchanged
(-1% to 1%)

November

4%

28%

53%

12%

3%

1.6%

December

4%

25%

53%

15%

3%

1.8%

January

6%

24%

54%

13%

4%

1.7%

Up somewhat Up moderately
(1.1% to 3%)
(3.1% to 5%)

Projecting ahead, to the best of your ability, please assign a percent likelihood to the following changes to unit
costs over the next 12 months.
Down
(<-1%)

About
unchanged
(-1% to 1%)

Up
somewhat
(1.1% to 3%)

Up
moderately
(3.1% to 5%)

Up a lot
(>5%)

Mean
(Variance)

November

5%

27%

42%

18%

7%

1.9% (2.3%)

December

6%

26%

44%

17%

7%

1.9% (2.3%)

January

6%

26%

43%

16%

8%

1.9% (2.3%)

Quarterly Question: Projecting ahead, to the best of your ability, please assign a percent likelihood to
the following changes to unit costs per year over the next FIVE TO 10 years.
Unit costs
down
(<-1%)

Unit costs
about
unchanged
(-1% to 1%)

Unit costs up
somewhat
(1.1% to 3%)

Unit costs up
significantly
(3.1% to 5%)

Unit costs up
very
significantly
(>5%)

Mean

February (89)

4%

11%

38%

29%

17%

2.9% (2.8%)

April (152)

4%

12%

36%

30%

18%

3.0% (2.6%)

Month
(number of responses)

July (153)

4%

15%

36%

26%

19%

2.8% (2.9%)

October (196)

4%

13%

36%

30%

17%

2.9% (2.7%)

January (196)

3%

12%

32%

28%

23%

3.0% (2.5%)

April (189)

4%

12%

38%

26%

20%

2.9% (2.2%)

July (209)

4%

14%

37%

28%

15%

2.8% (2.4%)

October (216)

4%

15%

45%

26%

11%

2.7% (2.4%)

January (208)

4%

20%

43%

21%

11%

2.8% (2.3%)

Note: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.
*The diffusion index is calculated as an average response such that each response of much less is assigned a value of –100;
somewhat less is assigned a value of –50; about normal, 0; somewhat greater, 50; and much greater, 100. Therefore, a positive
index value implies that the indicator is greater, on average, and a negative index value implies that the indicator is lower, on
average.
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