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BIE April 2014
Atlanta Fed Survey of Business Inflation Expectations
For immediate release: April 16, 2014
Contact: Jean Tate, 404-498-8035 or jean.tate@atl.frb.org
The year-ahead inflation expectations of businesses were 1.9 percent in April, according to the Federal
Reserve Bank of Atlanta’s most recent business inflation expectations (BIE) survey. The survey was
conducted April 7–11 with 181 firms responding to questions about their business conditions, inflation
outlook, and potential pricing pressures. The results are summarized below.

Year-ahead inflation expectations and current conditions
Respondents indicated that, on average, they expect unit costs to rise 1.9 percent over the next 12 months.
Inflation uncertainty was unchanged at 2.4 percent. Firms also report that, compared to this time last year,
their unit costs are up 1.7 percent. Respondents’ sales levels compared to what they consider “normal”
conditions went virtually unchanged, with approximately 52 percent indicating current sales levels are at
or above normal. Profit margins improved, with roughly 51 percent of respondents indicating their profit
margins are at or above normal, compared to 41 percent in March.

Quarterly question: Long-term inflation expectations
Over the long term, that is, per year over the next five to 10 years, respondents expect unit costs to
increase 2.7 percent, on average, virtually unchanged from the January reading of 2.8 percent.
Respondents’ uncertainty (variance) regarding this expectation was unchanged at 2.5 percent.

Special question: Year-ahead unit sales level change expectations
The question assessed the full range over which panel members anticipate their unit sales levels could
change over the next 12 months. To elicit this range, respondents were asked to provide percentage
estimates for five distinct scenarios. Respondents were then asked to assign percentage likelihoods to
those same scenarios. The median respondent’s year-ahead unit sales growth expectation was 2 percent;
however, the estimates varied widely. Please see page 3 for a breakdown of the results.

For more information and interactive charts, visit the BIE survey site at www.frbatlanta.org/research/inflationproject/bie/.

Monthly Questions
Year-Ahead Inflation Expectations and Uncertainty
(percent)

3.5
3.0
2.5

2.4

2.0

1.9

1.5
Uncertainty
Year-ahead unit cost expectations

1.0
0.5
0.0
Jan-13

Apr-13

Jul-13

Oct-13

Jan-14

Apr-14

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

Sales Levels and Profit Margins
Compared to Normal Times

Year-over-Year Unit Costs
(percent)

(diffusion index, 0+ = greater than normal times)

5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45

3.5

Sales levels
Profit margins
-21
-25

3.0
2.5
2.0

1.7

1.5
1.0
0.5

Jan-13

Apr-13

Jul-13

Oct-13

Jan-14

Apr-14

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

0.0
Jan-13

Apr-13

Jul-13

Oct-13

Jan-14

Apr-14

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

Quarterly Question
Long-Term Inflation Expectations and Uncertainty
(percent, per year over the next five to 10 years)

3.5

2.7

3.0
2.5

2.5

2.0
1.5
Long-term Inflation Expectations
Uncertainty

1.0
0.5
0.0
Jan-13

Apr-13

Jul-13

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

Oct-13

Jan-14

Apr-14

Special Question
Projecting ahead over the next 12 months, please provide an approximate
percentage change in your firm's sales levels for the following scenarios.
mean percentage change

20

16

15

median: 2.0 percent

10

10
4

5
0
-2

-5
-10

-9

-15
Worst case

Low case

Middle case

High case

Best case

Source:
Source:Atlanta
AtlantaFed
FedBusiness
BusinessInflation
InflationExpectations
Expectations(BIE)
(BIE)Survey
Survey

Projecting ahead over the next 12 months, please provide an approximate
percentage change in your firm's sales levels for the following scenarios.
mean percentage likelihood

45

40

40
35
30

23

25
18

20
15
10

10

9

5
0
Worst case

Low case

Middle case

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

High case

Best case

How do your SALES LEVELS compare with sales levels during what you consider to be “normal” times?
Much less

Somewhat
less

About normal

Somewhat
greater

Much
greater

Diffusion
index*

February

12%

39%

28%

20%

1%

-21

March

12%

37%

33%

17%

1%

-21

April

15%

33%

33%

17%

2%

-21

How do your current PROFIT MARGINS compare with “normal” times?
Much less

Somewhat
less

About normal

Somewhat
greater

Much
greater

Diffusion
index*

February

10%

42%

35%

13%

0%

-24

March

14%

46%

31%

9%

1%

-32

April

14%

35%

40%

9%

2%

-25

Up a lot
(>5%)

Mean

Looking back, how do your UNIT COSTS compare with this time last year?
Down
(<-1%)

About
unchanged
(-1% to 1%)

February

5%

23%

54%

13%

4%

1.8%

March

4%

21%

62%

9%

3%

1.7%

April

5%

21%

61%

7%

5%

1.7%

Up somewhat Up moderately
(1.1% to 3%)
(3.1% to 5%)

Projecting ahead, to the best of your ability, please assign a percent likelihood to the following changes to unit
costs over the next 12 months.
Down
(<-1%)

About
unchanged
(-1% to 1%)

Up
somewhat
(1.1% to 3%)

Up
moderately
(3.1% to 5%)

Up a lot
(>5%)

Mean
(Variance)

February

6%

24%

43%

19%

8%

2.0% (2.4%)

March

7%

28%

42%

16%

7%

1.8% (2.4%)

April

6%

27%

44%

16%

8%

1.9% (2.4%)

Quarterly Question: Projecting ahead, to the best of your ability, please assign a percent likelihood to
the following changes to unit costs per year over the next FIVE TO 10 years.
Unit costs
down
(<-1%)

Unit costs
about
unchanged
(-1% to 1%)

Unit costs up
somewhat
(1.1% to 3%)

Unit costs up
significantly
(3.1% to 5%)

Unit costs up
very
significantly
(>5%)

Mean

February (89)

4%

11%

38%

29%

17%

2.9% (2.8%)

April (152)

4%

12%

36%

30%

18%

3.0% (2.6%)

July (153)

4%

15%

36%

26%

19%

2.8% (2.9%)

October (196)

4%

13%

36%

30%

17%

2.9% (2.7%)

January (196)

3%

12%

32%

28%

23%

3.0% (2.5%)

April (189)

4%

12%

38%

26%

20%

2.9% (2.2%)

Month
(number of responses)

July (209)

4%

14%

37%

28%

15%

2.8% (2.4%)

October (216)

4%

15%

45%

26%

11%

2.7% (2.4%)

January (208)

3%

20%

43%

21%

11%

2.8% (2.3%)

3%

16%

42%

30%

8%

2.7% (2.5%)

April (181)

Note: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding.
*The diffusion index is calculated as an average response such that each response of much less is assigned a value of –100;
somewhat less is assigned a value of –50; about normal, 0; somewhat greater, 50; and much greater, 100. Therefore, a positive
index value implies that the indicator is greater, on average, and a negative index value implies that the indicator is lower, on
average.