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BIE August 2014
Atlanta Fed Survey of Business Inflation Expectations
For immediate release: August 13, 2014
Contact: Jean Tate, 404-498-8035 or jean.tate@atl.frb.org
The year-ahead inflation expectations of businesses were 2.0 percent in August, according to the Federal
Reserve Bank of Atlanta’s most recent business inflation expectations (BIE) survey. The survey was
conducted August 4–8 with 211 firms responding to questions about their business conditions, inflation
outlook, and potential pricing pressures. The results are summarized below.

Year-ahead inflation expectations and current conditions
Respondents indicated that, on average, they expect unit costs to rise 2.0 percent over the next 12 months.
Inflation uncertainty was unchanged at 2.3 percent. Firms also report that, compared to this time last year,
their unit costs are up 1.8 percent. Respondents’ sales levels compared to what they consider “normal”
conditions improved significantly, with approximately 58 percent of respondents indicating current sales
levels are at or above normal. However, profit margins showed no improvement, with roughly 47 percent
of respondents indicating their profit margins are at or above normal, compared to 49 percent in July.

Quarterly question: Percent above/below normal sales levels*
On average (weighed by industry share of GDP), respondents indicated their unit sales gap (percentage
below normal unit sales) was approximately 3.4 percent below normal compared to 3.7 percent below
normal in June.
Both large firms (500 or more employees) and small firms (fewer than 100 employees) indicated a
narrowing of their unit sales gaps, falling from 1.7 to 1.2 percent below normal and 7.8 to 6.1 percent
below normal, respectively. Midsize firms’ (100-499 employees) unit sales gap remained unchanged at
2.5 percent below normal.

Special question: Year-ahead compensation growth expectations
The question, previously asked in May 2013, assessed firms’ average compensation growth expectations
(including benefits). Firms indicated that they expect compensation to increase by 2.8 percent over the
next 12 months, on average.
Please see page 3 for a breakdown of the results.

*Note: Due to a programming error, the unit sales gap quarterly question was asked out of turn. It will be asked again next month.

For more information and interactive charts, visit the BIE survey site at www.frbatlanta.org/research/inflationproject/bie/.

Monthly Questions
Year-Ahead Inflation Expectations and Uncertainty
(percent)

3.0

2.3

2.5
2.0

2.0

1.5
1.0

Uncertainty
Year-ahead inflation expectations

0.5
0.0

Jun-12

Aug-12

Oct-12

Dec-12

Feb-13

Apr-13

Jun-13

Aug-13

Oct-13

Dec-13

Feb-14

Apr-14

Jun-14

Aug-14

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

Sales Levels and Profit Margins
Compared to Normal Times

Year-over-Year Unit Cost Change
(percent)

(diffusion index, 0+ = greater than normal times)

10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40

3.0
2.5

above normal
below normal

Sales levels

-13

Profit margins

1.8

2.0
1.5
1.0

-26

0.5
0.0

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

Quarterly Question
4
2
0

Mean Percent Above/Below Normal Sales Levels
Large firms
(500+ employees)

Midsize firms
(100–500 employees)

Small firms
(1–99 employees)

All firms
(weigthed by sector GDP contribution)

-4

-1.2
-2.5
-3.4

-6

-6.1

-2

-8
-10
-12
-14

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

Special Question
Year-Ahead Compensation Expectations
(percent)

4.0
3.6

3.0

2.9

2.8
2.4

2.0

1.0

0.0

Large firms
(500+ employees)

Midsize firms
(100–500 employees)

Source: Atlanta Fed Business Inflation Expectations (BIE) Survey

Small firms
(1–99 employees)

All firms
(weighted by sector GDP contribution)

How do your SALES LEVELS compare with sales levels during what you consider to be “normal” times?
Much less

Somewhat
less

About normal

Somewhat
greater

Much
greater

Diffusion
index*

June

11%

32%

38%

19%

0%

-17

July

13%

33%

38%

16%

0%

-21

August

10%

33%

34%

21%

3%

-13

How do your current PROFIT MARGINS compare with “normal” times?

June

Much less

Somewhat
less

About normal

Somewhat
greater

Much
greater

Diffusion
index*

10%

46%

31%

13%

0%

-27

July

11%

41%

36%

12%

1%

-25

August

12%

42%

34%

12%

1%

-26

Looking back, how do your UNIT COSTS compare with this time last year?
Down
(<-1%)

About
unchanged
(-1% to 1%)

Up somewhat
(1.1% to 3%)

Up moderately
(3.1% to 5%)

Up a lot
(>5%)

Mean

June

2%

22%

61%

10%

5%

1.9%

July

3%

20%

61%

12%

3%

1.8%

August

4%

22%

58%

11%

5%

1.8%

Projecting ahead, to the best of your ability, please assign a percent likelihood to the following changes to unit costs
over the next 12 months.

June

Down
(<-1%)

About
unchanged
(-1% to 1%)

Up
somewhat
(1.1% to 3%)

Up
moderately
(3.1% to 5%)

Up a lot
(>5%)

Mean
(Variance)

5%

24%

45%

18%

8%

2.0% (2.4%)

July

5%

26%

44%

17%

8%

1.9% (2.3%)

August

6%

23%

45%

19%

8%

2.0% (2.3%)

Quarterly Question: By roughly what percent are your firm's sales levels above/below “normal,” if at all?
Average percent above/below normal
(number of responses)

Firm size
Jun-13

Sep-13

Dec-13

Mar-14

Jun-14

Aug-14

Small (1–99 employees)

-7.3% (87)

-7.4 (92)

-8.6 (85)

-9.1 (83)

-7.8 (131)

-6.1 (117)

Midsize (100–499 employees)

-1.5% (47)

-6.6 (48)

-2.2 (49)

-5.6 (46)

-2.5 (44)

-2.5 (38)

Large (500+ employees)

-2.2% (56)

-2.5 (66)

-3.8 (69)

-3.0 (67)

-1.7 (61)

-1.2 (53)

All

-4.3% (190)

-5.6 (206)

-4.8 (203)

-5.7 (196)

-3.7 (236)

-3.4 (208)

Note: Percentages may not sum to 100 due to rounding. Also, due to a programming error, the unit sales gap question was asked out of
turn. This question will be asked again next month.
*The diffusion index is calculated as an average response such that each response of much less is assigned a value of –100; somewhat
less is assigned a value of –50; about normal, 0; somewhat greater, 50; and much greater, 100. Therefore, a positive index value implies
that the indicator is greater, on average, and a negative index value implies that the indicator is lower, on average.