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Occupational Wage Survey R IC H M O N D , V IR G IN IA DECEMBER 1960 I B u lle tin N o . 1 2 8 5 - 2 6 UNITED ST A T E S D E P A R T M E N T OF L A B O R Arthur J. G old b erg , Secretary B U R EA U O F LA B O R STATISTICS S w an Claguw, Com m iuioM r O ccupational Wage S u rv e y RICHMOND, VIRGINIA DECEM BER 1960 B u ll e t in N o . 1 2 8 5 - 2 6 February 1961 UNITED ST A T E S D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R Arthur J. G old b erg , Secretary B U R EA U O F LA BO R STATISTICS E w a n C la g u e , Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. Price 20 cents Preface Contents Page W age S u rvey P rogram W age tre n d s fo r s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s T h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s r e g u la r ly c o n d u c ts a r e a w i d e w a g e s u r v e y s in a n u m b e r o f i m p o r t a n t i n d u s t r i a l c e n t e r s . T h e s t u d i e s , m a d e f r o m l a t e f a l l t o e a r l y s p r in g , r e l a t e to o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s a n d r e l a t e d s u p p l e m e n t a r y b e n e fits . A p r e lim in a r y r e p o r t is a v a ila b le on c o m p le tio n o f th e s t u d y in e a c h a r e a , u s u a l l y in th e m o n t h f o l l o w i n g th e p a y r o l l p e r i o d s t u d i e d . T h i s b u l l e t i n p r o v i d e s a d d i t i o n a l d a ta n o t i n c l u d e d in th e e a r l i e r r e p o r t . A c o n s o lid a te d a n a l y t i c a l b u l l e t i n s u m m a r i z i n g th e r e s u l t s o f a l l o f th e y e a r * s s u r v e y s i s i s s u e d a f t e r c o m p l e t i o n o f th e f i n a l a r e a b u l l e t i n f o r th e c u r r e n t r o u n d o f s u r v e y s . T h i s r e p o r t w a s p r e p a r e d in th e B u r e a u 1s r e g i o n a l o f f i c e i n A t l a n t a , G a . , b y D o n a l d C r u s e , u n d e r th e d i r e c t i o n o f L o u is B . W o y ty ch , A s s is t a n t R e g io n a l D ir e c t o r fo r W a g e s an d In d u s tr ia l R e la t io n s . _________________________________ 3 E s t a b l i s h m e n t s a n d w o r k e r s w it h in s c o p e o f s u r v e y _________________ P e r c e n t s o f i n c r e a s e in s t a n d a r d w e e k l y s a l a r i e s a n d s t r a i g h t t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s f o r s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p s ___________ 2 T a b le s: 1. 2. A: O c c u p a tio n a l e a r n in g s :* A - 1. O f f i c e o c c u p a t i o n s ____________________________________________________ A - 2 . P r o f e s s i o n a l a n d t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s _________________________ A - 3 . M a in t e n a n c e a n d p o w e r p l a n t o c c u p a t i o n s _______________________ A -4 . C u s t o d i a l a n d m a t e r i a l m o v e m e n t o c c u p a t i o n s ________________ A p p e n d ix ; O c c u p a tio n a l d e s c r ip t io n s _____________________________________________ * N O T E : S im ila r t a b u la tio n s f o r th e s e an d o t h e r it e m s , in c lu d in g d a t a o n e s t a b l i s h m e n t p r a c t i c e s a n d s u p p l e m e n t a r y w a g e p r o v i s i o n s , a r e a v a i l a b l e in th e R i c h m o n d a r e a r e p o rts fo r O c t o b e r 1951 a n d F e b r u a r y I 9 6 0 . A d ir e c t o r y in d i c a t in g d a t e o f s t u d y a n d th e p r i c e o f th e r e p o r t s , a s w e ll a s r e p o r t s fo r o th e r m a jo r a r e a s , is a v a ila b le upon r e q u e s t. U n io n s c a l e s , i n d i c a t iv e o f p r e v a i l i n g p a y l e v e l s , a r e a l s o a v a i l a b l e f o r th e f o l l o w i n g t r a d e s o r i n d u s t r i e s : B u ild in g c o n s tr u c tio n , p r in t in g , l o c a l - t r a n s i t o p e ra tin g e m p lo y e e s , and m o to r tr u c k d r iv e r s and h e lp e r s . in 2 00 —J O'' T h e C o m m u n ity 11 Occupational Wage Survey—Richmond, Va. Introduction T h is a r e a is one o f s e v e r a l im p orta n t in d u stria l c e n t e r s in w h ich the U. S. D ep artm en t o f L a b o r 's B u rea u o f L a b o r S ta tistics con d u cts s u r v e y s o f o ccu p a tio n a l ea rn in g s and r e la te d w age b e n e fits on an a r e a b a s is . The b u lletin p r e s e n ts c u r r e n t o c cu p a tio n a l e m p loy m en t and e a rn in g s in fo rm a tio n obtain ed la r g e ly b y m a il fr o m the e sta b lis h m e n ts v is it e d b y B u reau fie ld e c o n o m is t s in the la s t p r e v io u s s u rv e y fo r o c c u pa tion s r e p o r t e d in that e a r lie r study. P e r s o n a l v is it s w e r e m ade to n on resp on d en ts and to th ose r e sp o n d e n ts r e p o rtin g unusual ch a n g es sin c e the p r e v io u s su rv e y . In e a ch a r e a , data a r e obtain ed fr o m r e p r e s e n ta tiv e e s t a b lis h m en ts w ithin s ix b r o a d in d u stry d iv is io n s : M an ufacturin g; t r a n s p o r tation, 1 com m u n ica tio n , and oth er p u b lic u tilitie s ; w h o le s a le tr a d e ; r e ta il tra d e ; fin a n ce , in su r a n ce , and r e a l e sta te; and s e r v ic e s . M a jo r in d u stry g ro u p s ex clu d ed fr o m th ese stu d ies a r e g o v e rn m e n t o p e r a tio n s and the c o n s tr u c tio n and e x tr a c tiv e in d u s tr ie s . E s ta b lis h m e n ts having fe w e r than a p r e s c r ib e d n u m ber o f w o r k e r s a r e om itted a ls o b e c a u s e they fu rn ish in s u ffic ie n t em p loy m en t in the o c cu p a tio n s studied to w a r ran t in clu s io n . W h e re v e r p o s s ib le , se p a ra te tabu lation s a r e p r o v id e d fo r ea ch o f the b r o a d in d u stry d iv is io n s . T h ese su r v e y s a r e con d u cted on a sa m p le b a s is b e c a u s e o f the u n n e c e s s a r y c o s t in v o lv e d in su rv ey in g a ll e sta b lis h m e n ts. T o obtain a p p ro p r ia te a c c u r a c y at m in im u m c o s t, a g r e a te r p r o p o r t io n o f la r g e than o f s m a ll esta b lis h m e n ts is studied. In com b in in g the data, h o w e v e r , a ll esta b lis h m e n ts a r e g iven th e ir a p p ro p r ia te w eigh t. E s tim a te s b a s e d on the esta b lis h m e n ts stud ied a r e p r e s e n te d , t h e r e fo r e , a s r e latin g to a ll esta b lis h m e n ts in the in d u stry g rou p in g and a r e a , e x ce p t f o r th o se b e lo w the m in im u m s iz e studied. O ccu p a tion s and E a rn in gs The o c cu p a tio n s s e le c t e d f o r study a r e c o m m o n to a v a r ie ty o f m a n u factu rin g and n on m an u fa ctu rin g in d u s tr ie s . O ccu p a tion a l c l a s s ific a tio n is b a s e d on a u n ifo r m s e t o f jo b d e s c r ip tio n s d e s ig n e d to 1 R a ilr o a d s , fo r m e r l y e x clu d e d f r o m the s c o p e o f th e se stu d ies, w e r e in clu d ed in a ll o f the a r e a s stu d ied s in c e J u ly 1959, e x c e p t B a ltim o r e , B u ffalo, C levela n d , and S ea ttle. R a ilr o a d s a r e now in c lu d ed in the s c o p e o f a l l la b o r -m a r k e t w ag e s u r v e y s . take a c c o u n t o f in ter esta b lis h m e n t v a r ia tio n in d u ties w ith in the sa m e jo b . (S ee a p pen dix fo r lis tin g o f th ese d e s c r i p t i o n s .) E a rn in g s data a r e p r e s e n te d (in the A - s e r i e s ta b le s ) f o r the fo llo w in g ty p e s o f o c c u p a tion s: (a) O ffice c l e r i c a l ; (b) p r o fe s s io n a l and te c h n ic a l; (c ) m a in te n an ce and p o w erp la n t; and (d) c u s to d ia l and m a te r ia l m ov em en t. O ccu p a tion a l em p lo y m e n t and e a rn in g s data a r e show n fo r fu ll-t im e w o r k e r s , i. e . , th o se h ir e d to w o rk a r e g u la r w e e k ly s c h e d u le in the g iv en o c cu p a tio n a l c la s s ific a t io n . E a rn in gs data ex clu d e p r e m iu m pa y fo r o v e r t im e and f o r w o r k on w eek en d s, h o lid a y s , and la te sh ifts. N on p rod u ction b o n u se s a r e e x clu d e d a ls o , but c o s t - o f liv in g b o n u s e s and in ce n tiv e e a rn in g s a r e in clu d ed . W h ere w e e k ly h o u rs a r e r e p o r te d , a s fo r o ffic e c l e r i c a l o c cu p a tio n s , r e fe r e n c e is to the w o r k sc h e d u le s (rou n d ed to the n e a r e s t h a lf h ou r) fo r w h ich s t r a ig h t-tim e s a la r ie s a r e p a id ; a v e r a g e w e e k ly e a rn in g s fo r th ese o ccu p a tio n s h ave b e e n rou n ded to the n e a r e s t h a lf d o lla r . A v e r a g e e a rn in g s o f m e n and w o m e n a r e p r e s e n te d se p a r a te ly fo r s e le c t e d o c cu p a tio n s in w h ich both s e x e s a r e c o m m o n ly e m p lo y e d . D iffe r e n c e s in pa y le v e ls o f m en and w om en in th e se o c cu p a tio n s a r e la r g e ly due to (1) d iffe r e n c e s in the d is tr ib u tio n o f the s e x e s am ong in d u s tr ie s and e s ta b lis h m e n ts ; (2) d iffe r e n c e s in s p e c ific d u ties p e r fo r m e d , although the o c cu p a tio n s a r e a p p r o p r ia te ly c la s s if i e d w ithin the s a m e s u r v e y jo b d e s c r ip t io n ; and (3) d iffe r e n c e s in len gth o f s e r v ic e o r m e r it r e v ie w w hen in d iv id u a l s a la r ie s a r e a d ju sted on th is b a s is . L o n g e r a v e r a g e s e r v ic e o f m en w ou ld r e s u lt in h ig h e r a v e r a g e pay when both s e x e s a r e e m p lo y e d w ith in the sa m e r a te ra n g e . Job d e s c r ip tio n s u sed in c la s s ify in g e m p lo y e e s in th e se s u r v e y s a r e u s u a lly m o r e g e n e r a liz e d than th o se u se d in in d iv id u a l e sta b lis h m e n ts to a llo w f o r m in o r d iffe r e n c e s am on g e sta b lis h m e n ts in s p e c ifi c d u ties p e r fo r m e d . O ccu p a tion a l e m p lo y m e n t e s tim a te s r e p r e s e n t the to ta l in a ll e sta b lis h m e n ts w ith in the s c o p e o f the study and n ot the n u m b er a c tu a lly su r v e y e d . B e c a u s e o f d iffe r e n c e s in o c cu p a tio n a l str u c tu r e am on g e s ta b lis h m e n ts , the e s tim a te s o f o c cu p a tio n a l e m p lo y m e n t obtain ed fr o m the sa m p le o f e sta b lis h m e n ts stu d ied s e r v e on ly to in d ic a te the r e la t iv e im p o r ta n c e o f the jo b s stud ied. T h e s e d iffe r e n c e s in o c c u p a tion a l s tru c tu re d o n ot m a t e r ia lly a ffe c t the a c c u r a c y o f the e a r n ing's data. 2 Table 1. Establishments and workers within scope of survey and number studied in Richmond* Va. » 1 by major industry division, 2 December I960 Number of establishments Industry division A ll divisions _____ _____ ____ __ ___ ___ Manufacturing _______________________________________ Nonmanufacturing — __ ----- — __ — Transportation, communication, and other public u tilities4 __ _ _ _ _ _ Wholesale trade 5 __ _ __ __ _ Retail trade 5 _____ __ __ ---------Finance, insurance, and real estate 5 ___ __ __ _ _ _____ — ___ Services 5 ,6 ____ Workers in establishments Within scope of study Within scope of study * Studied 342 118 72,7 0 0 4 9 , 140 123 219 43 75 33 ,8 0 0 38,900 22 ,5 7 0 2 6,570 33 51 66 42 27 16 15 19 16 9 11,600 5,0 0 0 12,500 6 ,8 0 0 3 ,0 0 0 10,180 2 , 230 7 ,9 1 0 4 ,6 7 0 1,580 Studied 1 The Richmond Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (Richmond City, Chesterfield and Henrico Counties). The "w orkers within scope of study" estim ates shown in this table provide a reasonably accurate description of the size and composition of the labor force included in the survey. The estim ates are not intended, however, to serve as a basis of comparison with other area employment indexes to m easure employment trends or levels since ( 1 ) planning of wage surveys requires the use of establishment data compiled considerably in advance of the payroll period studied, and ( 2) sm all establishments are excluded from the scope of the survey. 2 The 1957 revised edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual was used in classifying establishments by industry division. Major changes from the earlier edition (used in the Bureau's labor market wage surveys conducted prior to July 1958) are the transfer of m ilk pasteurization plants and ready-m ixed concrete establishments from trade (wholesale or retail) to manufacturing, and the transfer of radio and television broadcasting from services to the transportation, communication, and other public utilities division. 3 Includes all establishments with total employment at or above the m inim um -size limitation (50 em ployees). A ll outlets (within the area) of companies in such industries as trade, finance, auto repair service, and motion-picture theaters are considered as 1 establishment. 4 Taxicabs and services incidental to water transportation were excluded. Richmond's gas utility is municipally operated and is excluded by definition from the scope of the study. 5 This industry division is represented in estim ates for "a ll industries" and "nonmanufacturing" in the series A tables. Separate presentation of data for this division is not made for one or m ore of the following reasons: (1) Employment in the division is too sm all to provide enough data to m erit separate study, (2) the sample was not designed initially to permit separate presentation, (3) response was insufficient or inadequate to permit separate presentation, (4) there is possibility of disclosure of individual establishment data. 6 H otels; personal services; business services; automobile repair shops; motion pictures; nonprofit m em bership organizations; and engineering and architectural services. Table 2. Percents of increase in standard weekly salaries and straight-tim e hourly earnings for selected occupational groups in Richmond, Va. , February I960 to Decem ber i960 Occupational groups Office clerical (women) _____________ _____ ___ Industrial nurses (women) --------- __ _____ _ Skilled maintenance (men) --------------- _ --------Unskilled plant (m e n )----------------------------------------- A ll industries 3. 3. 3. 5. 0 7 3 1 Manufacturing 2. 3. 3. 2. 5 6 2 4 3 Wage Trends for Selected Occupational Groups P r e s e n te d in ta b le 2 a r e in d e x e s o f s a la r ie s o f o ffic e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s and in d u stria l n u r s e s , and o f a v e r a g e e a rn in g s o f s e le c t e d plant w o r k e r g ro u p s . In a r e a s w h ich w e r e not s u r v e y e d d u rin g the f i s c a l 1953 b a s e y e a r (J u ly 1952 to June 1953) th is ta ble is lim ite d to p e r c e n ts o f change b etw een s e le c t e d p e r io d s . F o r o ffic e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s and in d u str ia l n u r s e s , the in d ex es r e la te to a v e r a g e w e e k ly s a la r ie s f o r n o r m a l h o u r s o f w ork , that is , the stan dard w o rk sch ed u le f o r w h ich s t r a ig h t -tim e s a la r ie s a r e paid. F o r plant w o r k e r g ro u p s, th ey m e a s u r e ch a n g es in s t r a ig h t -tim e h o u rly e a rn in g s, ex clu d in g p r e m iu m pay f o r o v e r t im e and f o r w o r k on w e e k en ds, h o lid a y s , and la te sh ifts. The in d ex es a r e b a s e d on data fo r s e le c t e d k ey o c cu p a tio n s and in clu d e m o s t o f the n u m e r ic a lly im p orta n t jo b s w ith in e a c h g rou p . The o ffic e c l e r i c a l data a r e b a s e d on w om en in the fo llo w in g 18 jo b s : B i lle r s , m a ch in e (b illin g m a ch in e ); b o o k k e e p in g m a ch in e o p e r a t o r s , c la s s A and B ; C om p to m e te r o p e r a t o r s ; c le r k s , file , c la s s A and B ; c le r k s , o r d e r ; c le r k s , p a y r o ll; k eyp un ch o p e r a t o r s ; o ffic e g ir l s ; s e c r e t a r ie s ; ste n o g r a p h e rs , g e n e r a l; sw itch b o a rd o p e r a t o r s ; s w itch b o a rd o p e r a t o r -r e c e p t io n is t s ; ta b u la tin g -m a ch in e o p e r a t o r s ; t r a n s c r ib in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , g e n e r a l; and ty p is ts , c la s s A and B . The in d u s tr ia l n u r s e data a r e b a s e d on w om en in d u stria l n u r s e s . M en in the fo llo w in g 10 s k ille d m a in ten a n ce jo b s and 3 u n sk illed jo b s w e r e in clu d ed in the pla n t w o r k e r data: S k ille d — c a r p e n t e r s ; e le c t r ic ia n s ; m a c h in is ts ; m e c h a n ic s ; m e c h a n ic s , a u to m o tiv e ; m i l l w rig h ts ; p a in te r s ; p ip e fit t e r s ; s h e e t-m e ta l w o r k e r s ; and t o o l and d ie m a k e r s ; u n sk illed — ja n it o r s , p o r t e r s , and c le a n e r s ; la b o r e r s , m a t e r ia l h andling; and w atch m en . A v e r a g e w e e k ly s a la r ie s o r a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s w e r e com p u ted f o r ea ch o f the s e le c t e d o c c u p a tio n s . The a v e r a g e s a la r ie s o r h o u r ly ea rn in g s w e r e then m u ltip lie d b y the a v e r a g e o f 1953 and 1954 em p lo y m e n t in the jo b . T h e se w eig h ted ea rn in g s fo r in d iv id u al o c cu p a tio n s w e r e then to ta le d to obtain an a g g re g a te f o r ea ch o c c u p a tio n a l g rou p . F in a lly , the r a tio o f th e se jgroup a g g r e g a te s f o r a g iv *n y e a r to the a g g re g a te f o r the b a s e p e r io d (s u r v e y m on th , w in ter 1952—53) w as com p u ted «and the r e s u lt m u ltip lie d b y the b a s e y e a r in d ex (100) to g e t the in d ex f o r the g iv en y e a r . S im ila r p r o c e d u r e s w e r e fo llo w e d in c o m p ilin g " p e r c e n t s o f ch a n g e" in a r £ a s n ot su r v e y e d du ring 1953. A d ju stm en ts h ave b e e n m a d e w h ere n e c e s s a r y to m a in tain c o m p a r a b ility s o that the y e a r - t o - y e a r c o m p a r is o n s a r e b a s e d on the sa m e in d u stry and o ccu p a tio n a l c o v e r a g e . F o r ex a m p le, r a ilr o a d s have b e e n in clu d ed in the c o v e r a g e o f the s u r v e y s on ly s in c e Ju ly 1959. In com pu tin g the in d e x e s fo r the f i r s t y e a r in w h ich r a ilr o a d s w e r e in clu d ed , data r e la tin g to r a ilr o a d s w e r e e x clu d ed . In d exes fo r s u b s e quent y e a r s in clu d e data fo r r a ilr o a d s . The in d e x e s m e a s u r e , p r in c ip a lly , the e ffe c t s o f (1) g e n e r a l s a la r y and w ag e ch a n g es; (2) m e r it o r oth er in c r e a s e s in pa y r e c e iv e d by in div idu al w o r k e r s w h ile in the sa m e jo b ; and (3) ch a n g es in the la b o r f o r c e su ch a s la b o r tu r n o v e r, f o r c e ex p a n sion s, f o r c e r e d u c tion s, and ch a n g es in the p r o p o r t io n o f w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d b y e s ta b lis h m e n ts w ith d iffe r e n t pay le v e ls . C hanges in the la b o r f o r c e can ca u s e in c r e a s e s o r d e c r e a s e s in the o c cu p a tio n a l a v e r a g e s w ithout a ctu a l w a g e ch a n g es. F o r e x a m p le, a f o r c e ex p a n sion m ig h t in c r e a s e the p r o p o r t io n o f lo w e r pa id w o r k e r s in a s p e c ific o ccu p a tio n and r e su lt in a d r o p in the a v e r a g e , w h e r e a s a r e d u ctio n in the p r o p o r t io n o f lo w e r pa id w o r k e r s w ou ld have the o p p o s ite e ffe c t . The m o v e m e n t o f a h ig h -p a y in g e sta b lis h m e n t out o f an a r e a cou ld ca u se the a v e r a g e ea rn in g s to d r o p , even though n o change in r a te s o c c u r r e d in oth er a r e a esta b lis h m e n ts. The u se o f con sta n t em p loy m en t w eig h ts elim in a te s the e ffe c t s o f ch a n g es in the p r o p o r t io n o f w o r k e r s r e p r e s e n t e d in ea ch jo b in clu d ed in the data. N or a r e the in d e x e s in flu en ced b y ch a n g es in stan dard w o rk sch e d u le s o r in p r e m iu m p a y fo r o v e r tim e , s in c e they a r e b a s e d on pa y f o r s t r a ig h t -tim e h o u r s. In dexes fo r the p e r io d 1953 to I960 f o r w o r k e r s in 20 m a jo r la b o r m a rk e ts w ill ap p ea r in B L S B u ll. 1 2 6 5 -6 2 , W ages and R ela ted B e n e fits, 60 L a b o r M a rk ets, W inter 1959—60. A* Occupational Earnings 4 Tab le A - l. O ff ic e O ccup atio n s (Average straight-tim e weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations studied on an area basis by industry division, Richmond, Va. , December I960) Avebaqk Number of workers NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS OF— S $ $ $55. 00 *60. 00 *65. 00 *70. 00 *75.00 *80. 00 *85. 00 90. 00 95.00 100.00 105.00 110.00 *15.00 120.00 125.00 130.0Q Weekly Weekly *35. 00 $40. 00 $45. 00 hours1 earnings1 and (Standard) (Standard) under “ ” “ “ “ “ “ “ ■ ■ ” ~ ■ “ 40. 00 45. 00 50. 00 55. 00 6 0 .0 0 6 5 .0 0 70. 00 75. 00 80. 00 85. 00 90. 00 95. 00 100.00 105.00 110.00 115.00 120.00 125.00 130.00 over o o o W" Sex, occupation, and industry division Men _ - . - _ - _ - _ - 3 3 - 8 2 6 1 12 6 6 1 16 1 15 - 16 8 8 7 33 16 2 - 17 5 2 1 20 r~ 17 6 83.50 92750 78.00 86.00 _ " - - 2 2 1 11 11 5 5 1 4 4 21 6 15 1 10 2 8 1 14 13 1 1 6 i 5 2 9 1 8 3 9 3 6 6 4 2 2 2 12 2 10 10 2 2 2 4 1 .0 4 1 .0 82.00 77.00 _ _ _ _ _ “ - - - " 9 9 8 8 5 5 6 6 17 17 7 7 1 1 5 * 3 1 1 - 39. 0 85.00 _ _ _ - 1 - 2 7 7 _ 5 5 1 5 _ _ 2 - _ " _ . - - C lerks, accounting, class A -----------------Manufacturing ________________ ______ Nonmanufacturing ------------------------------Public utilities 3 __________________ 188 75 113 53 39. 0 $ 102.00 3 9 .0 107.50 98.50 39. 5 4 0 .0 108.50 C lerks, accounting, class B ____________ Manufacturing ________________________ Nonmanufacturing ------------------ --Public utilities 3 __________________ 120 44 76 40 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 40. 0 C lerks, order __ ___________ ___________ Nonmanufacturing ______ __ _____ _ 65 34 C lerks, payroll ________________ 36 ________ _ 4 — 16 3 13 10 10 17 6 — r~ 4 13 3 10 — 8 8 - 4 4 1 2 2“ ------1 ~ ------- T ------2 2 2 - _ 15 210 5 5 4 ------- _ - 1 " 1 - 1 - - _ 2 1 _ _ _ . - _ - - - - - - - Office boys ___________ ________ _____ Nonmanufacturing --------------------------- _ Public utilities 3 __________________ 108 89 27 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 3 9 .5 55.00 54.00 68.50 " 22 22 - 27 27 - 20 14 10 15 7 3 3 2 4 3 - - - 15 14 14 Tabulating-machine operators, class A ---------- ---------------------------------- __ Nonmanufacturing ____________________ 36 38. 5 38. 0 104.00 100.50 - - - ~ - - 1 - 26 - 6 6 2 2 - 4 3 3 7 1 ------5 8 7 Tabulating-machine operators, class B ______________ __________________ Nonmanufacturing ___ __________ _ _ 91 66 39. 0 39. 0 84.00 79.00 - - 1 1 2 2 2 2 ________ 30 38. 5 68.50 - - 1 2 B illers, machine (billing machine) ____ Nonmanufacturing ____________________ 42 36 40. 0 40. 0 58.00 55.00 _ " 6 6 2 2 B illers, machine (bookkeeping machine) ___________ _ _______ ___ _ Nonmanufacturing ------------------------------- 108 86 39. 0 3 9 .0 58.00 54767T - - Bookkeeping-machine operators, class A — ---------------------------------------------Manufacturing ________________________ Nonmanufacturing ____ ___ _________ 93 38 55 38. 5 39. 5 38. 0 68.50 72.50 65.50 - Bookkeeping-machine operators, class B ------------------------------------------ ------Nonmanufacturing ____________________ 229 205 38. 5 38. 5 58.00 57.00 C lerks, accounting, class A ------ --------Manufacturing ________________________ Nonmanufacturing ------------------------------Public utilities 3 ---------------------------- 243 26 217 113 38. 5 3 9 .5 38. 5 38. 5 79.00 84.50 78.00 79.50 Tabulating-machine operators, class C ________________ _______ 10 6 4 4 11 11 5 5 - 24 15 8 7 8 8 7 3 3 t 4 7 4 — 3 1 6 7 - 5 1 4 1 3 - - 10 10 11 11 5 3 5 3 _ _ _ _ _ 1 1 2 30 28 12 12 27 26 19 12 2 1 1 1 12 6 ■ 1 - 1 - 1 - 2 - 1 l 1 1 16 16 26 7 19 15 11 4 7 6 1 14 7 7 4 3 5 2 3 2 1 1 ----- J— 1 - - - 1 1 36 36 50 50 43 34 55 51 28 26 1 1 13 6 2 ~ - - - _ - _ - - 2 - 3 3 15 15 24 47 18 10 42 20 71 71 53 23 23 1 17 1 16 13 - 2 - 2 2 2 3 - - 1 - - 1 - - - - _ _ Women 1 See footnotes at end of table 2 5 6 5 1 6 2 11 5 - 8 12 3 5 5 7 1 _ _ _ . . - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ - - - - 1 1 - _ - _ _ _ _ - - _ - - - - - - 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 - - - 1 : i i 5 _ - _ _ - - i_______ 5 T a b le A - l. O ffic e O ccu p a tb n s-C o n tin u e d (Average straight-tim e weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations studied on an area basis by industry division. Richmond, Va. , December I960) Average Sex, occupation, and industry division Number of workers Weekly hours (Standard) NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS OF— Weekly j earnings (Standard) i $ $ $ $ $ 00 $65. 00 70. 00 75. 00 80. 00 85. 00 9 0 . 00 95.00 1 0 0 . 0 0 105.00 1 1 0 . 0 0 115.00 1 2 0 . 0 0 125.00 130.00 35. 00 40. 00 4 5 .0 0 50. 00 55. 00 and and under 40. 00 45. 00 50. 00 55. 00 6 0 . 00 65 .0 0 70. 00 75. 00 80. 00 85. 00 90. 00 95. 00 1 0 0 . 0 0 105.00 1 1 0 . 0 0 115.00 1 2 0 .0 0 125.00 130.00 over % 0. W omen— Continued C lerks, accounting, class B ___________ Manufacturing __ __ __ __ _________ Nonmanufacturing ____________________ Public utilities 3 _____ ____________ C lerks, file , class A Nonmanufacturing 763 68 695 237 __ __ __ _____ __ ________ __ __ 99 89 C lerks, file , class B __ __ _______________ M anufacturing_________________________ Nonmanufacturing __ _ ______ _____ Public u tilities3 _ _____ _____ __ 307 61 246 69 C lerk s, order _____________________________ 43 38. 39. 38. 39. 5 0 5 0 $ 63. 76. 62. 66. 50 50 50 50 _ 77 13 64 13 43 15 28 2 7 7 19 19 22 22 17 17 15 10 5 3 3 2 10 1 9 5 10 2 8 8 8 3 5 1 19 19 19 5 2 3 3 3 r~ 1 1 _ _ - 4 4 1 1 18 11 7 2 - 1 1 - _ - _ _ - - - - - " - - - - - - - - - - - - “ _ - - _ - _ - _ - _ - 2 2 38. 39. 38. 38. 52. 62. 50. 55. 50 00 50 00 4 4 - 36 36 2 72 72 3 103 15 88 46 43 6 37 12 23 18 5 2 16 16 - 6 6 - _ - _ - _ - 2 2 2 _ - 2 2 2 _ _ - - 6 9 . 00 _ 1 4 4 1 5 1 16 _ 4 _ 6 _ 1 _ _ _ _ - 2 2 - _ _ - - - “ 5 5 5 5 4 0 .0 . Comptometer operators _________________ Manufacturing ___ __ ___ _________ Nonmanufacturing ____________________ 147 43 104 39. 5 39. 5 39. 5 61. 50 63. 00 61. 00 Keypunch operators _____________________ Manufacturing ____ __ _____ Nonmanufacturing __ __ __ ___ 316 55 261 83 38. 39. 38. 39- 69. 78. 67. 81. - Office girls ______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Nonmanufacturing _ _ _ 91 7 84 27 62. 50 61. 50 72. 50 74. 50 7 1 .0 0 _____ 148 13 135 79 38. 0 38. 0 3 9 .0 39. 5 39. 0 _ |173 173 46 - 160 65 95 ____ ___ 96 27 15 15 C lerk s, payroll __________________________ Manufacturing ________________________ Nonmanufacturing ____„_ __ __ __ __ P ub lic u t ilit ie s 3 96 - 49 49 5 - - 5 5 5 0 50 00 50 50 19 18 13 5 11 5 6 9 5 4 15 8 7 1 1 2 2 6 4 2 4 2 2 7 1 6 29 10 19 13 2 11 18 2 16 2 2 - 2 1 1 3 2 1 5 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 - _ " - 57 9 48 11 42 2 40 4 17 2 15 2 17 14 3 15 12 3 4 4 4 4 - - _ - - - - - 24 24 - - - - - - - - 32 2 30 27 24 - 4 1 3 1 - - - - - - 1 2 1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 4 10 24 13 11 21 2 19 25 - _ - _ - 2 1 1 13 5 8 25 3 22 32 11 21 - - 33 53 5 48 - 14 14 - - - 33 7 13 13 21 18 1 1 37. 5 37. 5 52. 00 51. 50 _ - 7 - _ 1 1 - — - - - - 18 18 - - 5 5 - - " - - - ~ - Secretaries _ _____ _____ M an u factu rin g________________________ N onm anufacturing------------------------------Public u tilities3 ____ _ _ __ 902 341 561 126 39. 39. 38. 40. 0 5 5 0 83. 87. 80. 97. 50 50 50 00 _ - _ - _ - 17 17 - 25 3 22 5 78 22 56 3 78 14 64 8 89 11 78 7 113 37 76 13 117 55 62 7 131 79 52 9 73 50 23 4 36 16 20 6 48 29 19 10 24 “ 6— 18 3 22 4 18 17 20 2 18 17 12 1 11 10 4 1 3 3 15 11 4 4 Stenographers, general Manufacturing 706 283 423 151 39. 0 39. 5 39. 0 4 0 .0 74. 77. 72. 89. 50 50 00 50 6 6 1 1 3 3 108 22 86 4 83 49 34 4 92 85 7 1 41 37 4 4 27 19 8 6 22 9 13 13 41 1 40 40 47 9 38 38 16 7 9 9 5 3 2 2 5 3 2 2 - - " 92 20 72 13 1 1 - 71 16 55 11 - " 45 2 43 4 - - - 158 31 127 27 39. 39. 39. 40. 64. 75. 61. 82. 00 50 00 00 5 _ 32 10 4 3 1 - _ _ _ - - - 2 - 10 1 6 4 2 1 _ 32 - 13 10 3 2 2 9 8 3 3 1 - 2 2 - - - - - - 11 1 10 6 3 5 - 10 5 5 1 3 - 22 5 17 2 9 - 28 1 27 1 - " - " - 103 46 57 39. 5 39. 5 39. 5 6 4 .0 0 67. 50 60. 50 _ _ 14 7 7 22 14 8 18 6 12 12 5 6 3 6 6 _ _ - - - - - 3 - - “ - - - - . - - - _ - 7 3 2 1 _ - 10 3 7 _ - 12 12 77 38. 5 38. 0 69. 50 69. 00 - - - 6 9 18 18 11 11 - - 3 - - - 1 - - 9 19 12 - 6 10 10 - " “ - ' ‘ ' _ . __ _ __ N on m am ifacturin g Public utilities 3 Switchboard operators _ __ _ Manufacturing __ __ ______ N on m am ifacturin g Public utilities 3 __ _ ___ __________________ Switchboard o p e ra to r-re c e p tio n is ts____ Manufacturing ___ _ _ __ __ Nonmanufacturing _ _ _ _ _ Tabulating-machine operators, class B __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Nonmanufacturing _ _ _ _ _ 61 ----- 69 5 5 5 0 - - “ ' See footnotes at end of table, - - - - - 5 ' ' ' i 6 Table A-l. Office Occupations-Continued (Average straight-tim e weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations studied on an area basis by industry division, Richmond, V a ., Decem ber I960) Average S ex, o c c u p a t io n , a n d in d u s tr y d iv is io n Number of workers NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS OF— $ $ $ $ $ $ S $ $ $ 3 5 . 00 4 0 . 00 4 5 . 00 5 0 . 00 5 5 . 00 6 0 . 00 6 5 . 00 7 0 . 00 7 5 . 00 8 0 . 00 Weekly hours 1 (Standard) Weekly , earnings1 (Standard) u n d e r 4 0 . 00 4 5 . 00 5 0 . 00 5 5 . 00 6 0 . 00 6 5 . 00 7 0 . 00 7 5 . 00 8 0 . 00 S 85 . 00 8 5 . 00 90 . 00 S $ $ $ $ $ s $ $ 9 0 . 00 9 5 .0 0 1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 5 .0 0 1 1 0 .0 0 1 1 5 .0 0 1 2 0 .0 0 1 2 5 .0 0 1 3 0 .0 0 9 5 . 00 1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 5 .0 0 1 1 0 .0 0 1 1 5 .0 0 1 2 0 .0 0 1 2 5 .0 0 1 3 0 .0 0 and over i W o m e n — C o n tin u e d T a b u la t in g -m a c h in e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s C _________________________________________ N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ------------------------------------- 56 49 37. 0 36. 5 $ 6 0 . 00 5 9 . 00 - T r a n s c r ib in g -m a c h in e o p e r a to r s , g e n e r a l --------------------------------------------------------------N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ------------------------------------- 100 78 39. 0 39. 0 6 3 . 50 6 2 . 00 38. 0 64. 72. 62. 68. T y p is t s , c la s s A --------------------------------------------M a n u f a c t u r i n g --------------------------------------------N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ------------------------------------P u b l i c u t i l i t i e s 3 ---------------------------------- 195 36 T y p is t s , c la s s B --------------------------------------------N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ------------------------------------P u b l i c u t i l i t i e s 3 ---------------------------------- 556 368 41 159 32 39. 0 38. 0 38. 5 38. 5 38. 0 39. 5 50 50 50 50 5 6 . 00 5 5 . 50 7 1. 00 1 1 - - - - - - - _ _ - - - - - - - - - - - 5 - 2 2 - - - - _ - - 1 1 - 3 - - - - - - - 12 8 4 1 4 4 - 2 2 - _ . _ _ _ _ - 3 3 3 _ - - - - - - - - 9 1 - _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - 2 2 3 3 8 5 17 17 8 8 11 10 2 1 3 3 - - - - 10 10 10 10 21 18 23 16 14 11 6 3 8 4 1 1 - 19 19 1 58 1 57 11 48 12 36 5 20 20 4 25 6 19 6 130 97 16 124 93 5 91 33 11 1 8 1 - _ _ - - - - - _ 62 26 81 75 - 44 2 4 - - - 3 2 1 1 3 3 3 7 6 6 6 1 1 1 7 7 - 1 Standard hours reflect the workweek for which employees receive their regular straight-tim e salaries and the earnings correspond to these weekly hours. 2 W orkers were distributed as follows: 4 at $ 1 30 to $ 140; 3 at $ 145 to $ 155; 3 at $ 155 and over. 3 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. Table A-2. Professional and Technical Occupations (Average straight-tim e weekly hours and earnings for selected occupations studied on an area basis by industry division, Richmond, Va. , Decem ber I960) AvbiSAGE Sex, occupation, and industry division Number of workers NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS OF— $ S Weekly 70. 00 75. 00 hours 1 and (Standard) (Standard) under 75. 00 80. 00 80. 00 $ 85. 00 9 0 . 00 8 5 .0 0 90. 00 4 2 2 2 - 7 5 $ $ S $ 95. 00 foo. 00 105. 00 n o . oo ?1 5 .0 0 1*2 0 . 00 ? 2 5 .00 1*30. 00 1*35. 00 *40. 00 145. 00 150. 00 95. 00 1 0 0 . 00 105. 00 n o . oo 115. 00 1 2 0 . 0 0 125. 00 130. 00 135. 00 140. 00 145. 00 150. 00 and Men Draftsmen, senior ______________________________________ Manufacturing ------------------------------------------------------------Nonmanufacturing ------------------------------------------------------Public utilities 2 ---------------------------------------------------- 160 105 55 48 40. 40. 40. 40. _ 1 0 0 0 0 $ 1 26 .50 125. 00 129. 0 0 131.00 - - 1 1 39. 5 39. 5 98. 50 10 1.0 0 2 1 7 5 - _ - 2 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 14 13 1 1 9 6 1 1 - - 10 5 5 1 13 9 4 1 10 9 1 1 1 _ 3 3 10 10 - 6 6 6 46 41 5 5 20 5 15 15 21 14 7 7 3 2 1 1 5 5 5 _ _ Women Nurses, industrial (registered) -----------------------------------Manufacturing ------------------------------------------------------------- 58 46 1 14 12 Standard hours reflect the workweek for which employees receive their regular straight-tim e salaries and the earnings correspond to these weekly hours. Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. 1 2 2 _ _ 7 T a b le A -3 . M ain te n a n ce and Pow erplant O ccu p atio n s (Average straight-tim e hourly earnings for men in selected occupations studied on an area basis by industry division, Richmond, Va. , December I960) NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME HOURLY EARNINGS OF— Number Average hourly i earnings of Occupation and industry division workers Carpenters, maintenance ---------------------Manufacturing — — ------ - — Nonmanufacturing ------------------------------ 101 71 30 $ 2 . 61 2758“ 2 .4 4 Electricians, maintenance --------Manufacturing ------------------------------------ 207 186 2 . 88 2755" Engineers, stationary --------------------------Manufacturing — --------- ------- --------- 70 Firem en, stationary boiler _______ Manufacturing _________________ Nonmanufacturing ------------------------------ 109 H elpers, trades, maintenance ________ Manufacturing ------------------------------------ E0~ 14 - - - - 21 21 6 6 - 12 9 1 - _ _ 35 1 .7 3 1 .8 4 1 .4 8 180 129 1 .9 9 1.91 Me c hanic s , automotive (maintenance) -------------- --------------- — Manufacturing — — ---------------Nonmanufacturing __ _ ---------- — Public utilities 2 — --------- 27 8 36 242 2 02 2. 2. 2. 2. Mechanics, maintenance ----------- ----Manufacturing --------- ------- -------------- _ 404 374 - _ - 2. 85 ----- 27517“ - 3 3 - 6 6 1 1 " ■ - 7 4 2 " 37 37 11 10 10 10 2 1 5 — 6 3 3 - 83 83 12 - 25 3 - _ _ - - - 2 2 _ _ _ _ - - - - _ _ _ _ - - “ T~ 2 ----- _ 1 1 _ - 5 4 12 10 2 - 11 10 2 1 - - 15 12 3 15 13 2 3 3 - 5 5 " 6 6 - 12 12 - 6 6 - _ _ - 7 7 _ " 6 6 " _ - 5 5 - _ - - - - 6 6 23 22 6 5 6 3 7 5 - 10 9 3 3 2 1 14 3 4 4 61 57 3 1 1 1 21 - _ - _ - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 3 _ 8 8 3 3 10 10 6 6 3 2 3 3 24 24 22 22 24 2? 2 2 8 9 66 3 63 7 - - - - - - - - - - 7 7 - - - - - 4 3 1 - 2 .71 2.71 _ _ - - 2 - - - " - " - - - - 78 77 1.91 1.91 13 13 _ _ - 4 4 1 1 6 " 2 2 10 0 72 2 .4 4 2. 72 _ _ _ _ 18 _ - - - - " - Pipefitters, maintenance ---------------------Manufacturing -------------------------------------------------- 100 99 2. 97 2. 97 - _ - - _ “ - - " Sheet-metal workers, maintenance ___________________________ Manufacturing ------ ------------------------- 44 44 2 .9 9 2 .9 9 - - - - - T~ T~ 5 — 42 33 9 6 5 8 - 6 ----- 5 ~ 1 1 - - - Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. 11 10 11 10 1 3 3 3 3 . “ 3 3 4 - - Painters, maintenance -----------------------------------Manufacturing ----------------------------------------------- 6 6 _ 1 6 3 3 " 1 - - --------------------- 3 2 1 1 1 - ------------ 5 4 1 1 - - ---------------- 2 2 - - ----- ------ 6 4 2 - - - Oilers ___ _ _ Manufacturing ~ 3 3 - 26 11 28 31 “ 1 2 .3 9 2 . 40 228 ----- 224 Machinists, maintenance ------------- — ------------------------------Manufacturing $ $ $ $ S $ $ $ S $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ s $ $ $ $ 1 . 0 0 1 . 10 1 . 2 0 1. 30 1 .4 0 1. 50 1 . 6 0 1 .7 0 1.8 0 1. 90 2 . 00 2 . 10 2 . 20 2. 30 2. 40 2. 50 2 . 6 0 *2. 70 2 .8 0 2 . 90 3. 00 3. 10 3. 20 3 .3 0 and and Tinder 1 . 10 1 . 20 1. 30 1 .4 0 1. 50 1.6 0 1 .7 0 1 .8 0 1 . 9 0 2 . 00 2 . 10 2 . 20 2. 30 2 .4 0 2. 50 2 . 60 2 .7 0 2 . 80 2 . 90 3. 00 3. 10 3. 20 3. 30 over 8 i holidays, - - — 1 1 _ r ~ - 42 6 36 31 49 7 42 42 28 1 27 27 12 23 10 13 10 - 12 5 7 2 5 4 - 11 5 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 15 13 13 13 46 43 7 7 7 3 2 2 15 14 108 3 3 5 18 18 14 14 _ _ _ 5“ 2 2 - - - 10 10 5 5 3 - - " 5 2 4 4 7 7 " 2 2 2 1 1 - - 1 1 - - 1 1 - - - - - - 11 - — 3 1 1 1 _ - - - - " - - - - - - - - 1 1 and late shifts. _ - - " 1 1 1 - - 55 ' 45 45 _ - - 1 1 - “ - - 154 138 1 _ _ - 18 18 - - _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - 2 _ 45 44 4 4 _ _ _ - - - 76 75 _ _ _ - - 29 29 7 7 _ - _ - " 74 71 3 2 16 16 5 5 _ 4 4 2 2 - - _ 8 T a b le A -4 . Custodial an d M ate ria l M ovem ent O ccu p atio n s (Average straight-tim e hourly earnings for selected occupations studied on an area basis by industry division, Richmond, Va. , Decem ber i960) NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME HOURLY EARNINGS OF— Occupation1 and industry division Elevator operators, passenger (women) -------------------------------------------------- Number of workers S $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ S $ $ 5 Average s hourly , 0. 50 0 . 60 0. 70 0 . 80 0 . 90 1 . 00 1 . 10 1 . 20 1. 30 1. 40 1 .50 1 .6 0 1. 70 1 . 80 1. 90 2 . 00 earnings and under . 80 . 90 1 . 00 1 . 10 1 . 2 0 1. 30 1. 40 1. 50 1 .60 1. 70 1.8 0 1. 90 2 . 00 2 . 10 . 70 . 60 c 2 . 10 $ $ s $ $ 8 $ 2 . 20 2. 30 2. 40 2. 50 2 . 60 2. 70 2 . 80 2 . 20 2. 30 2. 40 2. 50 2 . 60 2. 70 2 . 80 2 . 90 56 54 $ 0. 78 . 77 5 27 27 - 1 1 7 7 10 8 5 5 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ ----------------------------------------------------- 101 2. 24 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 3 1 6 _ 7 9 4 14 8 6 _ 8 _ _ Janitors, porters, and cleaners (men) ----------------------------------------------------Manufacturing -----------------------------------Nonmanufacturing -----------------------------Public utilities 3 --------------------------- 941 408 533 108 1. 38 1 .58 1 .2 3 1.6 6 - 17 17 - 7 7 - 25 25 - 73 2 71 109 8 101 - 90 24 66 - 180 89 91 20 64 35 29 10 75 18 57 32 76 68 8 3 24 9 15 10 9 7 2 1 75 73 2 1 50 49 1 - 6 1 5 4 28 28 19 25 25 - 6 _ 6 6 1 _ 1 1 1 _ 1 1 _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - Janitors, porters, and cleaners (women) ------------------------------------------------Manufacturing -----------------------------------Nonmanufacturing ------------------------------ 276 78 19 8 1 .09 1 .29 1.0 1 _ " 58 58 6 6 9 18 18 78 37 41 8 8 35 16 19 26 2 24 9 2 7 3 2 1 2 2 ~ 10 10 - _ - 6 6 - 3 3 _ _ - 1 1 - 4 . 4 _ _ " _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ 9 - - Laborers, m aterial handling --------------Manufacturing -----------------------------------Nonmanufacturing -----------------------------DX1C UXlllLlc 5 1, 415 761 654 Q ^ 70 1 .46 1.51 1. 39 1 . 7Q1 1 _ - _ - _ - 4 4 2 2 290 109 181 158 64 94 112 50 62 96 71 25 252 157 95 63 61 2 56 6 50 16 68 30 38 28 94 76 18 18 39 32 7 7 57 56 1 1 57 57 g 52 49 3 _ - _ - 15 15 15 _ - _ - _ - Order fillers ____________________________ Manufacturing -----------------------------------Nonmanufacturing ------------------------------ 384 77 307 1.71 1.9 2 1.6 6 - - - - - 12 3 9 17 17 37 1 36 19 19 30 5 25 42 2 40 84 12 72 16 6 10 1 1 - 20 20 " 22 10 12 - 59 59 8 8 17 17 - - - Packers, shipping 1.4 2 1.51 1. 35 _ _ _ _ _ 12 12 - - - " 12 12 19 9 10 9 15 14 1 44 26 18 4 " 15 3 12 9 Nonmanufacturing ------------------------------ 130 52 78 Receiving clerks -----------------------------------Manufacturing -----------------------------------Nonmanufacturing ------------------------------ 121 52 69 2 . 01 2 . 22 1 .8 4 _ _ _ _ _ 1 _ 7 14 8 3 5 1 1 4 4 11 11 - 8 8 1 1 “ 3 1 2 4 3 1 17 11 6 8 1 7 7 1 6 8 4 4 19 16 3 Shipping clerks --------------------------------------Manufacturing ------------------------------------ 81 57 2. 03 2. 14 11 4 7 7 2 2 7 6 6 6 15 15 12 6 1 1 3 3 _ - Shipping and receiving clerks -------------Manufacturing _______________________ 66 47 2. 03 1 .9 8 _ - 4 - Truckdrivers 4 ---------------------------------------Manufacturing -----------------------------------Nonmanufacturing ------------------------------ 1, 173 231 942 557 1. 72 1 .6 2 1.75 2. 03 _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - 102 ' 33 69 46 6 40 39 11 28 23 2 21 Truckdrivers, light (under 1 V 2 tons) -----------------------------------------Nonmanufacturing ________________ 101 78 1. 38 1. 33 - - - - - - 13 8 14 14 15 15 Truckdrivers, medium ( 1 V 2 to and including 4 tons) -----------------------------Manufacturing ------------------------------Nonmanufacturing ---------->-------------Public utilities 3 ---------------------- 534 148 386 170 1 .65 1 .60 1 .67 1.9 8 _ - _ - - _ - - - - - - - 29 18 11 22 6 16 24 11 13 Guards j Cvl ---------------------------------- See footnotes at end of table. - - - _ _ _ - - - _ - _ 33 - - - - _ _ _ - - - 3 3 1 1 5 - _ _ - - 94 94 94 _ - _ - 4 - 1 - 7 14 _ _ _ 4 _ _ _ - - - - - - 9 3 1 1 12 12 10 6 3 3 4 4 2 - 2 2 8 7 12 12 206 22 184 25 95 43 52 10 81 33 48 25 31 21 10 10 270 6 264 261 23 6 17 17 29 11 18 18 41 13 28 28 89 21 68 68 _ - 1 1 1 3 3 - 2 2 23 23 17 8 11 6 1 - - - - 3 " 2 2 - - - 16 2 14 159 22 137 25 64 26 38 5 34 7 27 10 25 20 5 5 14 6 8 8 16 4 12 12 19 11 8 8 32 4 28 28 74 8 66 66 _ 1 - - 3 _ 1 1 - _ _ - - - 3 3 2 _ _ - - _ - 2 2 - - T a b le A -4. Custodial a n d M ate ria l M ovem ent O ccu p atio n s-C o n tin u ed (Average straight-tim e hourly earnings for selected occupations studied on an area basis by industry division, Richmond, Va. , December I960) NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME HOURLY EARNINGS OF— of workers Average hourly 2 earnings $ $ $ 0. 50 0 .6 0 0. 70 and under .7 0 . 80 . 60 o 00 Occupation1 and industry division Number s $ $ $ 0 . 90 1 . 00 1 . 10 1 . 2 0 .9 0 1 . 00 1 . 10 1.2 0 1 .30 % 1. 30 1 .4 0 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ S $ $ $ $ 1 .40 1. 50 $1 . 60 1 .7 0 1.8 0 1. 90 2 . 00 $2 . 10 2 . 20 2. 30 2 .4 0 2. 50 2 . 60 2. 70 2 . 80 1. 50 1 . 60 1 .7 0 1 . 80 1.9 0 2 . 00 2 . 10 2 . 20 2. 30 2 .4 0 2. 50 2 . 60 2. 70 2 . 80 2 . 90 - - 28 28 28 - - _ _ _ - - - - _ _ _ Truckdrivers:4— Continued Truckdrivers, heavy (over 4 tons, trailer type) — — — Nonmanufacturing ------------- __ Public utilities 3 --------------------- 190 170 137 $ 1. 87 1 .8 9 2 . 00 - - - - - - - - 5 5 24 24 14 6 5 23 15 15 5 5 5 72 72 69 7 5 5 10 10 10 1 - 1 - - Truckers, power (forklift) ____________ Manufacturing — ----- __ ------- _ Nonmanufacturing __________________ 316 213 103 1 .7 2 1 .7 5 1. 67 _ - _ - - _ - _ - 11 10 1 3 3 - 14 9 5 7 3 4 50 25 25 34 34 " 72 40 32 31 13 18 2 2 11 11 - 26 26 - 20 20 - 10 10 6 6 - Watchmen _____ X^armfa rtnri ng Nonmanufacturing 167 109 58 1 .4 6 1.6 6 1. 09 3 9 6 1 _ ‘ 5 3 4 4 35 35 _ _ 1 2 12 12 6 13 7 6 _ 9 24 19 5 19 19 3 26 6 20 __ — __ __ ------__________________ 1 Data lim ited to men workers except where otherwise indicated. 2 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays, 3 Transportation, communication, and other public utilities. 4 Includes all drivers regardless of size and type of truck operated. 2 2 2 and late shifts. 5 3 _ 3 3 _ - 19 19 - _ - - 11 Appendix: Occupational Descriptions The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau’ s wage surveys is to a ssist its field staff in classifyin g into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This is essential in order to permit the grouping of occupational wage rates representing comparable job content. Because of this emphasis on interestsblishment and interarea comparability of occupational content, the Bureau’ s job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes in applying these job descriptions, the Bureau's field economists are instructed to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, handicapped workers, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers. O F F IC E BILLER, MACHINE BOOKKEEPING-MACHINE OPERATOR Prepares statements, b ills, and in voices on a machine other than an ordinary or electromatic typewriter. May also keep records as to billings or shipping charges or perform other clerica l work inciden tal to billing operations. For wage study purposes, billers, machine, are cla ssified by type of machine, as follow s: Operates a bookkeeping machine (Remington Rand, Elliott Fisher, Sundstrand, Burroughs, National Cash Register, with or with out a typewriter keyboard) to keep a record of business transactions. B iller , machine (hilling machine)— U ses a specia l billing ma chine (Moon Hopkins, Elliott Fisher, Burroughs, e tc., which are combination typing and adding machines) to prepare bills and in voices from customers’ purchase orders, internally prepared orders, shipping memorandums, etc. Usually involves application o f prede termined discounts and shipping charges and entry o f necessary extensions, which may or may not be computed on the billing ma chine, and totals which are automatically accumulated by machine. The operation usually involves a large number of carDon cop ies of the bill being prepared and is often done on a fanfold machine. B iller , machine (bookkeeping machine U s e s a bookkeeping machine (Sundstrand, Elliott Fisher, Remington Rand, e tc ., which may or may not have typewriter keyboard) to prepare custom ers’ bills as part of the accounts receivable operation. Generally in volves the simultaneous entry of figures on customers’ ledger record. The machine automatically accumulates figures on a num ber of vertical columns and computes and usually prints auto matically the debit or credit balances. Does not involve a knowl edge of bookkeeping. Works from uniform and standard types o f sales and credit slips. C la ss A — Keeps a set of records requiring a knowledge of and experience in basic bookkeeping principles and familiarity with the structure of the particular accounting system used. Deter mines proper records and distribution of debit and credit items to be used in each phase of the work. May prepare consolidated re ports, balance sheets, and other records by hand. C la ss B — Keeps a record of one or more phases or section s of a set of records usually requiring little knowledge of basic bookkeeping. Phases or sections include accounts payable, pay roll, custom ers’ accounts (not including a simple type of billing described under biller, machine), cost distribution, expense d is tribution, inventory control, etc. May check or a ss is t in prep aration o f trial balances and prepare control sheets for the a c counting department. CLERK, ACCOUNTING C la ss A — Under general direction of a bookkeeper or a c countant, has responsibility for keeping one or more section s o f a complete set of books or records relating to one phase o f an e s tablishment’ s business transactions. Work involves posting and 12 CLERK, ACCOUNTING— Continued balancing subsidiary ledger or ledgers such as accounts receiv able or accounts payable; examining and coding invoices or vouch ers with proper accounting distribution; requires judgment and ex perience in making proper assignations and allocations. May assist in preparing, adjusting, and closin g journal entries; may direct cla ss B accounting clerks. C la s s B — Under supervision, performs one or more routine accounting operations such as posting simple journal vouchers, accounts payable vouchers, entering vouchers in voucher regiscers; reconciling bank accounts; posting subsidiary ledgers controlled by general ledgers. This job does not require a knowledge of accounting and bookkeeping principles but is found in o ffice s in which the more routine accounting work is subdivided on a func tional basis among several workers. CLERK, PAYROLL Computes wages of company employees and enters the n eces sary data on the payroll sheets. Duties involve: Calculating workers* earnings based on time or production records; posting calculated data on payroll sheet, showing information such as worker’ s name, working days, time, rate, deductions for insurance, and total wages due. May make out paychecks and a ssist paymaster in making up and distrib uting pay envelopes. May use a calculating machine. COMPTOMETER OPERATOR Primary duty is to operate a Comptometer to perform mathe matical computations. This job is not to be confused with that of statistical or other type of clerk, which may involve frequent use of a Comptometer but, in which, use of this machine is incidental to performance of other duties. DUPLICATING-MACHINE OPERATOR (MIMEOGRAPH OR DITTO) CLERK, FILE C la s s A — R esponsible for maintaining an established filing system. C lassifies and indexes correspondence or other material; may also file this material. May keep records of various types in conjunction with files or supervise others in filing and locating material in the file s. May perform incidental clerica l duties. C la s s B — Performs routine filing, usually of material that has already been cla ssified , or locates or a ssists in locating ma terial in the files. May perform incidental clerica l duties. CLERK, ORDER R eceives customers’ orders for material or merchandise by mail, phone, or personally. Duties involve an y com bin ation o f th e fo llo w in g : Quoting prices to customers; making out an order sheet listing the items to make up the order; checking prices and quantities of items on order sheet; distributing order sheets to respective de partments to be filled. May check with credit department to deter mine credit rating of customer, acknowledge receipt o f orders from customers, follow up orders to see that thv'y have been filled , keep file of orders received, and check shipping invoices with original orders. Under general supervision and with no supervisory respon sib ilities, reproduces multiple copies of typewritten or handwritten matter, using a Mimeograph or Ditto machine. Makes necessary adjust ments such as for ink and paper feed counter and cylinder speed. Is not required to prepare stencil or Ditto master. May keep file of used stencils or Ditto masters. May sort, collate, and staple completed material. KEYPUNCH OPERATOR Under general supervision and with no supervisory responsi bilities, records accounting and statistical data on tabulating cards by punching a series of holes in the cards in a sp ecified sequence, using an alphabetical or a numerical keypunch machine, following written information on records. May duplicate cards by using the duplicating device attached to machine. May keep files of punch cards. May verify own work or work of others. OFFICE BOY OR GIRL Performs various routine duties such as running errands, operating minor office machines such as sealers or mailers, opening and distributing mail, and other minor clerical work. 13 SECRETARY SWITCHBOARD OPERATOR-RECEPTIONIST Performs secretarial and clerical duties for a superior in an administrative or executive position. Duties include making appoint ments for superior; receiving people coming into o ffice ; answering and making phone ca lls ; handling personal and important or confidentai mail, and writing routine correspondence on own initiative; taking dictation (where transcribing machine is not used) either in shorthand or by Stenotype or similar machine, and transcribing dictation or therecorded information reproduced on a transcribing machine. May pre pare special reports or memorandums for information of superior. In addition to performing duties of operator, on a single tion or monitor-type switchboard, acts as receptionist and may type or perform routine clerical work as part of regular duties. typing or clerical work may take the major part of this worker's while at switchboard. posi also This time TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR STENOGRAPHER, GENERAL Primary duty is to take dictation from one or more persons, either in shorthand or by Stenotype or similar machine, involving a normal routine vocabulary, and to transcribe this dictation on a type writer. May also type from written copy. May also set up and keep files in order, keep simple records, etc. D oes not include transcribing machine work (see transcribing-machine operator). Operates machine that automatically analyzes and translates information punched in groups of tabulating cards and prints trans lated data on forms or accounting records; sets or adjusts machine; does simple wiring of plugboards according to established practice or diagrams; places cards to be tabulated in feed magazine and starts machine. May file cards after they are tabulated. May, in addition , operate auxiliary machines. TRANSCRIBING-MACHINE OPERATOR, GENERAL STENOGRAPHER, TECHNICAL Primary duty is to take dictation from one or more persons, either in shorthand or by Stenotype or similar machine, involving a varied technical or specialized vocabulary such as in legal briefs or reports on scien tific research and to transcribe this dictation on a typewriter. May also type from written copy. May also set up and keep files in order, keep simple records, etc. D oes not include transcribing - Primary duty is to transcribe dictation involving a normal routine vocabulary from transcribing-machine records. May a lso type from written copy and do simple clerical work. Workers transcribing dictation involving a varied technical or specialized vocabulary such as legal briefs or reports on scien tific research are not included. A worker who takes dictation in shorthand or by Stenotype or similar machine is cla ssified as a stenographer, general. machine work. SWITCHBOARD OPERATOR Operates a single- or multiple-position telephone switchboard. Duties involve handling incoming, outgoing, and intraplant or office ca lls. May record toll ca lls and take m essages. May give information to persons who ca ll in, or occasion ally take telephone orders. For workers who also act as receptionists see switchboard operator-receptionist. TYPIST Uses a typewriter to make copies of various material or to make out bills after calculations have been made by another person. May do clerical work involving little special training, such as keeping simple records, filing records and reports or sorting and distributing incoming mail. 14 TYPIST— Continued TYPIST— Continued C lass A — Performs one or more o f the follow ing: Typing ma terial in final form from very rough and involved draft; copying from plain or corrected copy in which there is a frequent and varied use of technical and unusual words or from foreign-language copy; combining material from several sources, or planning layout of complicated statistical tables to maintain uniformity and balance in spacing; typing tables from rough draft in final form. May type routine form letters, varying details to suit circum stances. C lass B — Performs one or more o f the follow in g: Typing from relatively clear or typed drafts; routine typing of forms, insurance p o licie s, e tc., setting up simple standard tabulations, or copying more complex tables already set up and spaced properly. PR O F E SSIO N A L AND T E C H N IC A L DRAFTSMAN, JUNIOR (Assistant draftsman) Draws to sca le units or parts of drawings prepared by drafts man or others for engineering, construction, or manufacturing purposes. Uses various types o f drafting tools as required. May prepare drawings from simple plans or sketches, or perform other duties under direction of a draftsman. DRAFTSMAN, LEADER Plans and directs activities of one or more draftsmen in prep aration of working plans and detail drawings from rough or preliminary sketches for engineering, construction, or manufacturing purposes. Duties involve a combination o f the follow ing: Interpreting blueprints, sketches, and written or verbal orders; determining work procedures; assigning duties to subordinates and inspecting their work; performing more dif ficult problems. May a ssist subordinates during emergencies or as a regular assignment, or perform related duties of a supervisory or ad ministrative nature. DRAFTSMAN, SENIOR Prepares working plans and detail drawings from notes, rough or detailed sketches for engineering, construction, or manufacturing pur p oses. Duties involve a combination o f the follow ing: Preparing work ing plans, detail drawings, maps, cr o s s-s e ctio n s , e tc., to sca le by use of drafting instruments; making engineering computations such as those involved in strength of materials, beams and trusses; verifying com pleted work, checking dimensions, materials to be used, and quantities; DRAFTSMAN, SENIOR— Continued writing specification s; making adjustments or changes in drawings or specifications* May ink in lines and letters on pencil drawings, prepare detail units of complete drawings, or trace drawings. Work is frequently in a specialized field such as architectural, electrical, mechanical, or structural drafting. NURSE, INDUSTRIAL (REGISTERED) A registered nurse who gives nursing service to ill or injured employees or other persons who become ill or suffer an accident on the premises of a factory or other establishment. Duties involve a combina tion o f the follow ing: Giving first aid to the ill or injured; attending to subsequent dressing of em ployees’ injuries; keeping records of patients treated; preparing accident reports for compensation or other purposes; conducting physical examinations and health evaluations of applicants and em ployees; and planning and carrying out programs involving health education, accident prevention, evaluation of plant environment, or other activities affecting the health, welfare, and safety of all personnel. TRACER Copies plans and drawings prepared by others, by placing trac ing cloth or paper over drawing and tracing with pen or pencil. Uses T-square, com pass, and other drafting tools. May prepare simple draw ings and do simple lettering. 15 M A IN T E N A N C E D POWERPLANT CARPENTER, MAINTENANCE FIREMAN, STATIONARY BOILER Performs the carpentry duties necessary to construct and main tain in good repair building woodwork and equipment such as bins, cribs, counters, benches, partitions, doors, floors, stairs, casin gs, and trim made of wood in an establishment. Work involves most o f the follow ing: Planning and laying out of work from blueprints, drawings, models, or verbal instructions; using a variety of carpenter’ s handtools, portable power tools, and standard measuring instruments; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work; selectin g materials n ec essary for the work. In general, the work of the maintenance carpenter requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a for mal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Fires stationary boilers to furnish the establishment in which employed with heat, power, or steam. Feeds fuels to fire by hand or operates a mechanical stoker, gas, or oil burner; checks water and safety valves. May clean, oil, or assist in repairing boilerroom equipment. ELECTRICIAN, MAINTENANCE Performs a variety of electrical trade functions such as the installation, maintenance, or repair of equipment for the generating, d is tribution, or utilization of electric energy in an establishment. Work involves m ost o f the following: Installing or repairing any of a variety of electrical equipment such as generators, transformers, switchboards, controllers, circuit breakers, motors, heating units, conduit systems, or other transmission equipment; working from blueprints, drawings, lay out, or other specification s; locating and diagnosing trouble in the e le c trical system or equipment; working standard computations relating to load requirements of wiring or electrical equipment; using a variety of electrician’ s handtools and measuring and testing instruments. In gen eral, the work of the maintenance electrician requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. ENGINEER, STATIONARY Operates and maintains and may a lso supervise the operation of stationary engines and equipment (mechanical or electrical) to sup ply the establishment in which employed with power, heat, refrigera tion, or air-conditioning. Work involves: Operating and maintaining equipment such as steam engines, air com pressors, generators, motors turbines, ventilating and refrigerating equipment, steam boilers and boiler-fed water pumps; making equipment repairs; keeping a record of operation of machinery, temperature, and fuel consumption. May also supervise these operations. Head or c h ie f engineers in establishm ents employing more than one engineer are excluded . HELPER, TRADES, MAINTENANCE A ssists one or more workers in the skilled maintenance trades, by performing sp ecific or general duties of lesser skill, such as keeping a worker supplied with materials and tools; cleaning working area, ma chine, and equipment; assisting worker by holding materials or tools; performing other unskilled tasks as directed by journeyman. The kind of work the helper is permitted to perform varies from trade to trade: In some trades the helper is confined to supplying, lifting, and holding ma terials and tools and cleaning working areas; and in others he is per mitted to perform specialized machine operations, or parts ot a trade that are a lso performed by workers on a full-time basis. MACHINE-TOOL OPERATOR, TOOLROOM Specializes in the operation of one or more types of machine tools, such as jig borers, cylindrical or surface grinders, engine lathes, or milling machines in the construction of machine-shop tools, gauges, jigs, fixtures, or dies. Work involves m ost o f the following: Planning and performing difficult machining operations; processing items requiring complicated setups or a high degree of accuracy; using a variety of pre cision measuring instruments; selecting feeds, speeds, tooling and op eration sequence; making necessary adjustments during operation to achieve requisite tolerances or dimensions. May be required to recog nize when tools need dressing, to dress tools, and to se le ct proper coolants and cutting and lubricating o ils. For cross-industry wage study purposes, machine-tool operators, toolroom, in tool and die jobbing shops are excluded from this classification . MACHINIST, MAINTENANCE Produces replacement parts and new parts in making repairs of metal parts of mechanical equipment operated in an establishment. Work involves m ost o f the following: Interpreting written instructions and specification s; planning and laying out of work; using a variety of ma chinist’ s handtools and precision measuring instruments; setting up and 16 MACHINIST, MAINTENANCE— Continued MILLWRIGHT— Continued operating standard machine tools; shaping of metal parts to clo se toler ances; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work, tooling, feeds and speeds of machining; knowledge of the working prop* erties of the common metals; selecting standard materials, parts, and equipment required for his work; fitting and assembling parts into me chanical equipment. In general, the machinist’ s work normally requires a rounded training in machine-shop practice usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. are required. Work involves m ost o f the follow ing: Planning and laying out of the work; interpreting blueprints or other specification s; using a variety of handtools and rigging; making standard shop computations re lating to stresses, strength of materials, and centers of gravity; alining and balancing of equipment; selecting standard tools, equipment, and parts to be used; installing and maintaining in good order power transmission equipment such as drives and speed reducers. In general, the mill wright’ s work normally requires a rounded training and experience in the trade acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. MECHANIC, AUTOMOTIVE (MAINTENANCE) Repairs automobiles, buses, motortrucks, and tractors of an e s tablishment. Work involves most o f the follow ing: Examining automotive equipment to diagnose source of trouble; disassembling equipment and performing repairs that involve the use of such handtools as wrenches, gauges, drills, or specialized equipment in disassembling or fitting parts; replacing broken or defective parts from stock; grinding and adjusting valves; reassembling and installing the various assem blies in the vehicle and making necessary adjustments; alining wheels, adjusting brakes and lights, or tightening body bolts. In general, the work of the automotive mechanic requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. MECHANIC, MAINTENANCE Repairs machinery or mechanical equipment of an establishment. Work involves m ost o f the follow in g: Examining machines and mechan ica l equipment to diagnose source of trouble; dismantling or partly d is mantling machines and performing repairs that mainly involve the use of handtools in scraping and fitting parts; replacing broken or defective parts with items obtained from stock; ordering the production of a replace ment part by a machine shop or sending of the machine to a machine shop for major repairs; preparing written specification s for major repairs or for the production of parts ordered from machine shop; reassembling ma chines; and making all necessary adjustments for operation. In general, the work of a maintenance mechanic requires rounded training and ex perience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Excluded from this classification are workers whose primary duties involve setting up or adjusting machines. MILLWRIGHT Installs new machines or heavy equipment and dismantles and installs machines or heavy equipment when changes in the plant layout OILER Lubricates, with oil or grease, the moving parts or wearing sur fa ces of mechanical equipment of an establishment. PAINTER, MAINTENANCE Paints and redecorates w alls, woodwork, and fixtures of an es tablishment. Work in volves the follow in g: Knowledge of surface pecu liarities and types o f paint required for different applications; preparing surface for painting by removing old finish or by placing putty or filler in nail holes and interstices; applying paint with spray gun or brush. May mix colors, o ils, white lead, and other paint ingredients to obtain proper color or con sistency. In general, the work of the maintenance painter requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a for mal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. PIPEFITTER, MAINTENANCE Installs or repairs water, steam, gas, or other types of pipe and pipefittings in an establishment. Work involves m ost o f the follow ing: Laying out of work and measuring to locate position of pipe from drawings or other written specification s; cutting various sizes of pipe to correct lengths with ch isel and hammer or oxyacetylene torch or pipe-cutting ma chine; threading pipe with stocks and dies; bending pipe by hand-driven or power-driven machines; assembling pipe with couplings and fastening pipe to hangers; making standard shop computations relating to pressures, flow , and size of pipe required; making standard tests to determine whether finished pipes meet specifications- In general, the work of the maintenance pipefitter requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and ex perience. Workers primarily engaged in installing and repairing building sanitation or heating sy ste m s are exclu ded . 17 TOOL AND DIE MAKER PLUMBER, MAINTENANCE Keeps the plumbing system of an establishment in good order. Work involves: Knowledge of sanitary codes regarding installation of vents and traps in plumbing system; installing or repairing pipes and fixtures; opening clogged drains with a plunger or plumber’ s snake. In general, the work of the maintenance plumber requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equiv alent training and experience. SHEET-METAL WORKER, MAINTENANCE Fabricates, installs, and maintains in good repair the sheetmetal equipment and fixtures (such as machine guards, grease pans, shelves, lockers, tanks, ventilators, chutes, ducts, metal roofing) of an establishment. Work involves m ost o f the follow ing: Planning and lay ing out all types of sheet-metal maintenance work from blueprints, models, or other specification s; setting up and operating all available types of sheet-metal-working machines; using a variety of handtools in cutting, bending, forming, shaping, fitting, and assembling; installing sheetmetal articles as required. In general, the work of the maintenance sheet-metal worker requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. (Die maker; jig maker; tool maker; fixture maker; gauge maker) Constructs and repairs machine-shop tools, gauges, jigs, fix tures or dies for forgings, punching and other metal-forming work. Work involves most o f the following: Planning and laying out of work from models, blueprints, drawings, or other oral and written specification s; using a variety of tool and die maker’ s handtools and precision meas uring instruments, understanding of the working properties of common metals and alloys; setting up and operating of machine tools and related equipment; making necessary shop computations relating to dimensions of work, speeds, feeds, and tooling of machines; heattreating of metal parts during fabrication as well as of finished tools and dies to achieve required qualities; working to clo se tolerances; fitting and assembling of parts to prescribed tolerances and allow ances; selecting appropriate materials, tools, and p rocesses. In general, the tool and die maker’ s work requires a rounded training in machine-shop and toolroom practice usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. For cross-industry wage study purposes, tool and die makers in tool and die jobbing shops are excluded from this cla ssifica tion . C U ST O D IA L AND M A T E R IA L MOVEMENT ELEVATOR OPERATOR, PASSENGER Transports passengers between floors of an office building, apartment house, department store, hotel or similar establishment. Workers who operate elevators in conjunction with other duties such as those of starters and janitors are excluded. GUARD JAN ITO R, PORTER, OR CLEANER— Continued or other establishment. Duties involve a combination o f the following: Sweeping, mopping or scrubbing, and polishing floors; removing chips, trash, and other refuse; dusting equipment, furniture, or fixtures; polish ing metal fixtures or trimmings; providing supplies and minor mainte nance services; cleaning lavatories, showers, and restrooms. Workers who specialize in window washing are excluded. Performs routine police duties, either at fixed post or on tour, maintaining order, using arms or force where necessary. Includes gatemen who are stationed at gate and check on identity o f em ployees and other persons entering . JANITOR, PORTER, OR CLEANER (Sweeper; charwoman; janitress) Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory working areas and washrooms, or premises of an office , apartment house, or commercial LABORER, MATERIAL HANDLING (Loader and unloader; handler and stacker; shelver; trucker; stockman or stock helper; warehouseman or warehouse helper) A worker employed in a warehouse, manufacturing plant, store, or other establishment whose duties involve one or more o f the follow ing: Loading and unloading various materials and merchandise on or 18 LABORER, MATERIAL HANDLING— Continued from freight cars, trucks, or other transporting d evices; unpacking, shelv ing, or placing materials or merchandise in proper storage location; trans porting materials or merchandise by hand truck, car, or wheelbarrow. Longshoremen , who load and unload ships are excluded . ORDER FILLER (Order picker; stock selector; warehouse stockman) F ills shipping or transfer orders for finished goods from stored merchandise in accordance with specifications on sales slips, customers' orders, or other instructions. May, in addition to filling orders and indi cating items filled or omitted, keep records o f outgoing orders, requisi tion additional stock, or report short supplies to supervisor, and perform other related duties. SHIPPING AND RECEIVING CLERK— Continued For wage study purposes, workers are cla ssifie d as follow s: R eceivin g clerk Shipping clerk Shipping and receiving clerk TRUCKDRIVER Drives a truck within a city or industrial area to transport ma terials, merchandise, equipment, or men between various tvpes of estab lishments such as: Manufacturing plants, freight depots, warehouses, wholesale and retail establishments, or between retail establishments and customers' houses or places of business. May also load or unload truck with or without helpers, make minor mechanical repairs, and keep truck in good working order. D river-salesm en and over-the-road drivers are excluded . PACKER, SHIPPING Prepares finished products for shipment or storage by placing them in shipping containers, the sp ecific operations performed being dependent upon the type, size, and number of units to be packed, the type of container employed, and method of shipment. Work requires the placing of items in shipping containers and may in volve one or more o f the following: Knowledge of various items of stock in order to verify content; selection of appropriate type and size of container; inserting enclosures in container; using excelsior or other material to prevent breakage or damage; closin g and sealing container; applying labels or entering identifying data on container. Packers who also make wooden boxes or crates are excluded . SHIPPING AND RECEIVING CLERK Prepares merchandise for shipment, or receives and is respon sible for incoming shipments of merchandise or other materials. Shipping work in vo lves: A knowledge of shipping procedures, practices, routes, available means of transportation and rates; and preparing records of the goods shipped, making up bills of lading, posting weight and shipping charges, and keeping a file of shipping records. May direct or a ssist in preparing the merchandise for shipment. R eceivin g work in v o lv e s: Veri fying or directing others in verifying the correctness of shipments against bills of lading, in v oices, or other records; checking for shortages and rejecting damaged goods; routing merchandise or materials to proper de partments; maintaining necessary records and file s. For wage study purposes, truckdrivers are cla ssified by size and type o f equipment, as follow s: (Tractor-trailer should be rated on the basis o f trailer capacity.) Truckdriver (combination o f s i z e s liste d separately) Truckdriver, light (under 1% ton s) Truckdriver, medium (IV2 to and including 4 tons) Truckdriver, heavy (over 4 ton s, trailer typ e) Truckdriver, h eavy (over 4 tons, other than trailer typ e) TRUCKER, POWER Operates a manually controlled gasoline- or electric-powered truck or tractor to transport goods and materials of all kinds about a warehouse, manufacturing plant, or other establishment. For wage study purposes, workers are cla ssifie d by type of truck, as follow s: Trucker, power (forklift) Trucker, power (other than forklift) WATCHMAN Makes rounds o f premises periodically in protecting property against fire, theft, and illegal entry. * U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1961 0—583950 Occupational Wage Surveys Occupational wage surveys will be conducted in the 82 major labor markets listed below during late I960 and early 1961. Bulletins, when available, may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 2$, D .C ., or from any of the BLS regional sales offices shown on the inside front cover. A summary bulletin containing data for 80 labor markets, combined with additional analysis, will be issued early in 1962. Akron, Ohio— Bull. 1285Albany—Schenectady—Troy, N .Y .— Bull. 1285 Albuquerque, N. Mex.— Bull. 1285Allentown—Bethlehem—Easton, P a .-N .J .— Bull. 1285Atlanta, G a.-— Bull. 1285Baltimore, Md.— Bull. 1285Beaumont—Port Arthur, T ex .—-B u ll. 1285Birmingham, A la .-—Bull. 1285' Boise, Idaho— Bull. 1285* * Boston, M ass.— Bull. 1285-15 Buffalo, N .Y .— Bull. 1285-31 Burlington, V t.— Bull. 1285Canton, Ohio— Bull. 1285-29 Charleston, W. V a.— Bull. 1285Charlotte, N .C .— Bull. 1285* ^Chattanooga, Tenn.—G a .-—Bull. 1285-14 Chicago, 111.— Bull. 1285Cincinnati, Ohio—K y.-—Bull. 1285Cleveland, Ohio— Bull. 1285-11 Columbus, Ohio— Bull. 1285Dallas, T ex .— Bull. 1285- 21 * * Davenport—Rock Island—Moline, Iowa—111.— Bull. 1285-16 Dayton, Ohio— Bull. 1285Denver, Colo.— Bull. 1285-27 Des Moines, Iowa— Bull. 1285Detroit, Mich.— Bull. 1285Fort Worth, T ex.— Bull. 1285-23 * Green Bay, Wis.— Bull. 1285-2 Greenville, S .C .— Bull. 1285Houston, Tex.— Bull. 1285Indianapolis, Ind.— Bull. 1285-28 Jackson, M iss.— Bull. 1285Jacksonville, F ia.— Bull. 1285-30 * Kansas City, Mo.—Kans.— Bull. 1285-18 Lawrence—Haverhill, M ass.—N .H .— Bull. 1285* * Little Rock—North Little Rock, Ark.— Bull. 1285-6 Los Angeles—Long Beach, C alif.— Bull. 1285Louisville, Ky.—Ind.— Bull. 1285Lubbock, Tex.— Bull. 1285* Manchester, N .H .— Bull. 1285-1 Memphis, Tenn.— Bull. 1285Miami, F la .— Bull. 1285Milwaukee, Wis.— Bull. 1285Minneapolis—St. Paul, Minn.— Bull. 1285Muskegon—Muskegon Heights, Mich.— Bull. 1285Newark and Jersey City, N .J.— Bull. 1285New Haven, Conn.— Bull. 1285New Orleans, L a .— Bull. 1285New York, N .Y .— Bull. 1285Norfolk—Portsmouth and Newport News— Hampton, V a .-—Bull. 1285* * Oklahoma City, Okla.— Bull. 1285-3__ * * Omaha, Nebr.—Iowa— Bull. 1285-13 Paterson—Clifton—Passaic, N .J.— Bull. 1285Philadelphia, P a.— Bull. 1285-24 Phoenix, Ariz.— Bull. 1285- Pittsburgh, P a .— Bull. 1285*P ortland, Maine— Bull. 1285- 19 Portland, O reg.—W ash.— B ull. 1285Providence—Pawtucket, R .I .—M a ss.— B ull. 1285* * R a le ig h , N .C .— Bull. 1285*5^ Richmond, V a .— Bull. 1285-26 Rockford, 111.— Bull. 1285* * S t . L ou is, M o .- I l l .— Bull. 1285-10 Salt Lake City, Utah— Bull. 1285-32 San Antonio, T e x .— Bull. 1285*San Bernardino—R iversid e—Ontario, C a lif.— Bull. 1285-4 San Francisco—Oakland, C a lif.— Bull. 1285Savannah, G a .— Bull. 1285^ S c r a n t o n , P a .— Bull. 1285-8 * * S e a t t le , Wash.— Bull. 1285-7 * * * S i o u x F a lls, S. D ak.— Bull. 1285-17 South Bend, Ind.— Bull. 1285Spokane, Wash.— Bull. 1285Toledo, Ohio— Bull. 1285Trenton, N .J . — Bull. 1285-25 Washington, D .C .—Md.—V a .-— Bull. 1285-22 Waterbury, Conn.— Bull. 1285* Waterloo, Iowa— B ull. 1285-20_ * * Wichita, K an s.— Bull. 1285-9 **W ilm ington, D e l. - N .J . — Bull. 1285-12 Worcester, M a ss.— Bull. 1285York, P a .— Bull. 1285- An asterisk preceding a labor market indicates the availability and price of the bulletin. Please do not order copies in advance. * Price, 20 cents. * * Price, 25 cent^. * * * Price, 15 cents.
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