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u. S. DOCUMENT COLLECTION D a y to n & M o n tg o m e ry Co. J®- 1 83 Occupational Wage Survey BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA APRIL 1963 Bulletin No. 1345-56 UNITED STA TES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W . Willard W irtz, Secretary BUREA U O F LABOR S TA TIS TIC S Ewan Clogue, Commissioner Occupational Wage Survey BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA APRIL 1963 Bulletin No. 1345-56 June 1963 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR W . Willard W irtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STA TISTIC S Ewan Clague, Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. Price 20 cents Contents Preface Page The L a b o r M a rk e t O ccu p a tio n a l W a ge S u rv e y P r o g r a m E ig h ty -tw o la b o r m a r k e ts c u r r e n t ly a r e in clud ed in th e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t i s t i c s p r o g r a m o f a nn ua l o c c u p a t i o n a l w a g e s u r v e y s in m a j o r l a b o r m a r k e t s . These stu dies p r o v id e d a t a .o n o c c u p a t io n a l e a rn in g s and r e la te d sup plem en ta ry b en efits. In fo r m a tio n on r e la t e d s u p p le m e n t a r y b e n e f i t s i s o b t a i n e d b i e n n i a l l y in m o s t o f the labor m ark ets. A p r e lim in a r y r e p o r t w hich p r e s e n ts earnings t r e n d s f o r s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p s a nd a v e r a g e e a r n in g s in s e l e c t e d j o b s i s r e l e a s e d w it h in a m o n t h a f t e r the c o m p l e t i o n o f the s t u d y in e a c h a r e a . T h is bu lletin p r o v i d e s a d d i t i o n a l da ta n ot i n c l u d e d in the p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t . A t w o - p a r t s u m m a r y b u l l e t i n i s i s s u e d a f t e r the c o m p l e t i o n o f a l l o f the a r e a b u l l e t i n s f o r a r o u n d o f s u r v e y s ( f o r the c u r r e n t r o u n d o f s u r v e y s , the f i r s t p a r t o f th is b u l l e t i n w i l l b e a v a i l a b l e l a t e in 1963 a n d the s e c o n d p a r t e a r l y in 1 9 6 4). The f i r s t pa rt p r e s e n ts in dividual l a b o r m a r k e t da ta . T h e s e c o n d p a r t p r e s e n t s data r e la t i n g to a ll m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s in the U n ite d S t a t e s . I n t r o d u c t i o n _______________________________________________________________________ W a g e t r e n d s f o r s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p s _____________________________ T ables: 1. 2. A: E s t a b l i s h m e n t s a n d w o r k e r s w it h in s c o p e o f s u r v e y _____________ P e r c e n t s o f c h a n g e in s t a n d a r d w e e k l y s a l a r i e s and s tra ig h t-tim e h ou rly earn ings fo r s e le cte d o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p s , f o r s e l e c t e d p e r i o d s _______________________ O ccupational e a rn in g s:* A - 1. O f f i c e o c c u p a t i o n s —m e n and w o m e n ________________________ A -2. P r o f e s s i o n a l a nd t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s — m e n and w o m e n _________________________________________________ A - 3. O f f i c e , p r o f e s s i o n a l , and t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s —m e n a n d w o m e n c o m b i n e d _____________________ A -4 . M a i n t e n a n c e a n d p o w e r p l a n t o c c u p a t i o n s ____________________ A - 5. C u s t o d i a l a n d m a t e r i a l m o v e m e n t o c c u p a t i o n s ____________ Appendix: O c c u p a t i o n a l d e s c r i p t i o n s ________________________________________ * N O T E : S im ila r tabu lation s a r e a v a ila b le f o r m a jor area s. (See in s id e b a c k c o v e r . ) T h is b u l l e t i n w a s p r e p a r e d i n the B u r e a u ' s r e g i o n a l o f f i c e in A t la n t a , G a. , b y W i l l i a m L . D a n s b y , u n d e r the d i r e c t i o n o f D o n a l d M . C r u s e . The study was u n d e r the g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n o f L o u i s B. W o y t y c h , A s s i s t a n t R e g io n a l D i r e c t o r f o r W a ge s and In d u stria l R e la tio n s . 1 3 oth er A c u r r e n t r e p o r t o n o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s and s u p p l e m e n t a r y w a g e p r a c t i c e s in the B i r m i n g h a m a r e a i s a l s o a v a i l a b l e f o r the c a s t i r o n p i p e f o u n d r i e s i n d u s t r y ( N o v e m ber 1 9 6 2). U n io n s c a l e s , i n d i c a t i v e o f p r e v a i l i n g pay l e v e l s , a r e a l s o a v a i l a b l e f o r th e f o l l o w i n g t r a d e s o r i n d u s tries: B u ild in g c o n s t r u c t i o n , p r i n t i n g , l o c a l - t r a n s i t o p e r a t i n g e m p l o y e e s , a n d m o t o r t r u c k d r i v e r s and h e l p e r s . iii Z 2 4 6 7 8 9 11 Occupational Wage Survey—Birmingham, Ala. Introduction T h i s a r e a i s 1 o f 82 l a b o r m a r k e t s in w h i c h th e U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of L a b o r ' s B u re a u of L a b o r S t a t is t ic s co n d u c ts s u r v e y s of o c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s and r e l a t e d w a g e b e n e f i t s o n an a r e a w i d e b a s i s . O c c u p a t i o n a l e m p l o y m e n t and e a r n i n g s da t a a r e s h o w n f o r f u l l - t i m e w o r k e r s , i .e ., th ose h ir e d to w o r k a r e g u la r w e e k ly sch ed u le in the g i v e n o c c u p a t i o n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . E a r n i n g s da ta e x c l u d e p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e a n d f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and late s h ift s. N on prod u ction bonuses are exclu ded, but c o s t - o f l i v i n g b o n u s e s and i n c e n t i v e e a r n i n g s a r e i n c l u d e d . W here w eekly h o u r s a r e r e p o r t e d , as f o r o f f i c e c l e r i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s , r e f e r e n c e is t o the w o r k s c h e d u l e s ( r o u n d e d t o the n e a r e s t h a lf h o u r ) f o r w h i c h s tr a ig h t -t im e s a la r ie s a re paid; a v e r a g e w e e k ly ea rn in gs fo r these o c c u p a t i o n s h a v e b e e n r o u n d e d t o the n e a r e s t h a l f d o l l a r . T h i s b u l l e t i n p r e s e n t s c u r r e n t o c c u p a t i o n a l e m p l o y m e n t and e a r n i n g s i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d l a r g e l y b y m a i l f r o m the e s t a b l i s h m e n t s v i s i t e d b y B u r e a u f i e l d e c o n o m i s t s in the l a s t p r e v i o u s s u r v e y f o r o c c u p a t i o n s r e p o r t e d in th at e a r l i e r s tu d y . P e r so n a l visits w e re m ade t o n o n r e s p o n d e n t s and t o t h o s e r e s p o n d e n t s r e p o r t i n g u n u s u a l c h a n g e s s i n c e the p r e v i o u s s u r v e y . In e a c h a r e a , d a t a a r e o b t a i n e d f r o m r e p r e s e n t a t i v e e s t a b lis h m e n ts w ith in s ix b r o a d in d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s : M a n u fa ctu rin g ; t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c o m m u n i c a t i o n , a nd o t h e r p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s ; w h o l e s a l e t r a d e ; r e t a i l t r a d e ; f i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , and r e a l e s t a t e ; and s e r v i c e s . M a j o r in d u stry g ro u p s e x c lu d e d f r o m th ese stu dies a re g o v e r n m e n t o p e r a t i o n s a nd the c o n s t r u c t i o n and e x t r a c t i v e i n d u s t r i e s . E stablish m en ts h a v i n g f e w e r th an a p r e s c r i b e d n u m b e r o f w o r k e r s a r e o m i t t e d b e c a u s e t h e y te n d t o f u r n i s h i n s u f f i c i e n t e m p l o y m e n t in the o c c u p a tion s stu died to w a r r a n t in clu sio n . S ep arate tabulations a re p r o v id e d f o r e a c h o f the b r o a d i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n s w h i c h m e e t p u b l i c a t i o n criteria . D i f f e r e n c e s in p a y l e v e l s f o r s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s in w h i c h b o t h m e n a nd w o m e n a r e c o m m o n l y e m p l o y e d a r e l a r g e l y due to (1) d i f f e r e n c e s in the d i s t r i b u t i o n o f the s e x e s a m o n g i n d u s t r i e s and e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ; (2) d i f f e r e n c e s in s p e c i f i c d u t i e s p e r f o r m e d , a lth o u g h the o c c u p a t i o n s a r e a p p r o p r i a t e l y c l a s s i f i e d w it h i n the s a m e s u r v e y j o b d e s c r i p t i o n ; and (3) d i f f e r e n c e s in l e n g t h o f s e r v i c e o r m e r i t r e v i e w w h e n i n d i v i d u a l s a l a r i e s a r e a d j u s t e d on th is b a s i s . Longer a v e r a g e s e r v i c e o f m e n w o u l d r e s u l t in h i g h e r a v e r a g e p a y w h e n b o t h s e x e s a r e e m p l o y e d w i t h i n the s a m e r a t e r a n g e . Job d e s c r i p t i o n s u s e d in c l a s s i f y i n g e m p l o y e e s in t h e s e s u r v e y s a r e u s u a l l y m o r e g e n e r a l i z e d than t h o s e u s e d in i n d i v i d u a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s to a l l o w f o r m i n o r d i f f e r e n c e s a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s in s p e c i f i c d u tie s p erform ed . T h e s e s u r v e y s a r e c o n d u c t e d on a s a m p le b a s i s b e c a u s e of the u n n e c e s s a r y c o s t i n v o l v e d in s u r v e y i n g a l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . To o b t a i n o p t i m u m a c c u r a c y at m i n i m u m c o s t , a g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f l a r g e th an o f s m a l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i s s t u d i e d . In c o m b i n i n g the da ta , h o w e v e r , all e s t a b lis h m e n t s a r e g iv en th e ir a p p r o p r ia t e w eigh t. E sti m a t e s b a s e d o n th e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s s t u d i e d a r e p r e s e n t e d , t h e r e f o r e , as r e l a t i n g t o a l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s in th e i n d u s t r y g r o u p i n g a n d a r e a , e x c e p t f o r t h o s e b e l o w the m i n i m u m s i z e s t u d ie d . O ccu pations O c c u p a t i o n a l e m p l o y m e n t e s t i m a t e s r e p r e s e n t the to t a l in a l l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w it h i n the s c o p e o f the s t u d y a nd n ot the n u m b e r a c t u a l l y s u r v e y e d . B e c a u s e o f d i f f e r e n c e s in o c c u p a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e a m o n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , the e s t i m a t e s o f o c c u p a t i o n a l e m p l o y m e n t o b t a i n e d f r o m the s a m p l e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s s t u d i e d s e r v e o n l y to i n d i c a t e the r e l a t i v e i m p o r t a n c e o f the j o b s s t u d ie d . T h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s in o c c u p a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e d o n o t m a t e r i a l l y a f f e c t the a c c u r a c y o f the e a r n i n g s data. and E a r n i n g s T h e o c c u p a t i o n s s e l e c t e d f o r s t u d y a r e c o m m o n to a v a r i e t y o f m a n u f a c t u r i n g a n d n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s , and a r e o f the f o l l o w i n g t y p e s : (a) O f f i c e c l e r i c a l ; (b) p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d t e c h n i c a l ; (c) m a i n t e n a n c e a n d p o w e r p l a n t ; a n d (d) c u s t o d i a l a n d m a t e r i a l m o v e m ent. O c c u p a t io n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n is b a s e d on a u n if o r m set of jo b d e s c r i p t i o n s d e s i g n e d t o ta k e a c c o u n t o f i n t e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t v a r i a t i o n in d u t i e s w i t h i n the s a m e j o b . The o c c u p a t io n s s e le c t e d f o r study are l i s t e d and d e s c r i b e d in the a p p e n d i x . E a r n i n g s da t a f o r s o m e o f the o c c u p a t i o n s l i s t e d and d e s c r i b e d a r e n o t p r e s e n t e d in the A - s e r i e s t a b l e s b e c a u s e e i t h e r (1) e m p l o y m e n t in the o c c u p a t i o n i s t o o s m a l l t o p r o v i d e e n o u g h d a t a t o m e r i t p r e s e n t a t i o n , o r (2) t h e r e i s p o s s i b i l i t y o f d i s c l o s u r e o f i n d i v i d u a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t data. E stablish m en t P r a c t ic e s and S u p p l e m e n t a r y W a g e P r o v i s i o n s T a b u l a t i o n s o n s e l e c t e d e s t a b l i s h m e n t p r a c t i c e s and s u p p l e m e n t a r y w a g e p r o v i s i o n s ( B - s e r i e s t a b l e s ) a r e not p r e s e n t e d in th is b ulletin . I n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e s e t a b u l a t i o n s i s c o l l e c t e d b i e n n i a l l y in this a re a . T h e s e tabu lation s on m i n im u m e n tra n ce s a la r ie s fo r in e x p e rie n ce d w om en office w o r k e r s ; s h if t d i f f e r e n t i a l s ; s c h e d u l e d w e e k l y h o u r s ; p a i d h o l i d a y s ; p a i d v a c a t i o n s ; a n d h e a lt h , i n s u r a n c e , a n d p e n s i o n p l a n s a r e p r e s e n t e d (in the B - s e r i e s t a b l e s ) in p r e v i o u s b u l l e t i n s f o r th is a r e a . 1 T a b l e 1. E s t a b l i s h m e n t s a n d w o r k e r s w it h in s c o p e o f s u r v e y a n d n u m b e r s t u d ie d in B i r m i n g h a m , A l a . , 1 b y m a j o r i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n , 2 A p r i l 1963 N u m b e r o f e s t a b lis h m e n t s In d u s try d iv is io n W it h in s c o p e o f stu d y 3 M a n u fa c t u r in g ____ — ------------------ — N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g _ __________ _ T r a n s p o r t a t io n , c o m m u n ic a t io n , a n d o th e r __ _______ ____ p u b lic u t ilit ie s 5 _ W h o l e s a l e t r a d e 6 ____________________________________________________ R e t a i l t r a d e 6 ________________ _________ _____________________ F i n a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e 6 _______________________ S erV 1C 6S W o r k e r s in e s t a b lis h m e n t s W it h in s c o p e o f stu d y * S tu d ie d S tu d ie d 399 129 93, 200 64, 560 143 256 48 81 5 2, 500 4 0 , 700 39, 800 24, 760 41 64 20 15 24 12 10 12, 6, 11, 6, 3, 10, 640 2, 090 6, 930 3, 500 1 ,6 0 0 81 42 28 500 700 800 300 400 .................................................................................... ................. 1 T h e B ir m in g h a m S ta n d a rd M e t r o p o lit a n S t a tis t ic a l A r e a c o n s is t s o f J e ffe r s o n C o u n ty . T h e " w o r k e r s w ith in s c o p e o f s tu d y " e s t im a t e s s h o w n in t h is t a b le p r o v id e a r e a s o n a b ly a c c u r a t e d e s c r i p t i o n o f th e s i z e a n d c o m p o s i t i o n o f th e la b o r f o r c e in c lu d e d in th e s u r v e y . T h e e s tim a te s a re n o t in t e n d e d , h o w e v e r , t o s e r v e a s a b a s i s o f c o m p a r i s o n w it h o t h e r e m p l o y m e n t in d e x e s f o r th e a r e a t o m e a s u r e e m p lo y m e n t tr e n d s o r le v e ls s i n c e (1 ) p la n n in g o f w a g e s u r v e y s r e q u ir e s th e u s e o f e s t a b lis h m e n t d a ta c o m p ile d c o n s i d e r a b l y in a d v a n c e o f th e p a y r o l l p e r i o d s t u d ie d , a n d (2 ) s m a ll e s t a b l is h m e n t s a r e e x c l u d e d f r o m th e s c o p e o f th e s u r v e y . 2 T h e 1957 r e v is e d e d i t io n o f th e S t a n d a r d I n d u s t r ia l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n M a n u a l w a s u s e d in c l a s s i f y i n g e s t a b lis h m e n t s b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n . 3 I n c lu d e s a ll e s t a b lis h m e n t s w it h t o ta l e m p lo y m e n t a t o r a b o v e th e m in im u m lim it a t io n (5 0 e m p l o y e e s ) . A l l o u t le t s (w ith in th e a r e a ) o f c o m p a n i e s in s u c h in d u s t r ie s a s t r a d e , fin a n c e , a u to r e p a i r s e r v i c e , a n d m o t io n p i c t u r e t h e a t e r s a r e c o n s i d e r e d a s 1 e s t a b lis h m e n t . 4 Includes a l l w o r k e r s in a ll e s t a b l is h m e n t s w it h t o t a l e m p l o y m e n t (w it h in th e a r e a ) a t o r a b o v e th e m in i m u m l i m it a t io n (5 0 e m p l o y e e s ) . 5 T a x ic a b s a n d s e r v i c e s in c id e n t a l to w a te r t r a n s p o r t a t io n w e r e e x c lu d e d . 6 T h i s i n d u s t r y d i v i s i o n is r e p r e s e n t e d in e s t i m a t e s f o r " a l l i n d u s t r i e s " a n d " n o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g " in t h e S e r i e s A t a b l e s . S e p a r a te p r e s e n t a t io n o f d a t a f o r t h is d i v i s i o n is n o t m a d e f o r o n e o r m o r e o f th e f o l lo w i n g r e a s o n s : (1 ) E m p lo y m e n t in th e d i v i s i o n is t o o s m a l l t o p r o v id e e n o u g h d a ta t o m e r i t s e p a r a t e s tu d y , (2 ) th e s a m p l e w a s n o t d e s ig n e d in i t i a l l y t o p e r m i t s e p a r a t e p r e s e n t a t io n , (3 ) r e s p o n s e w a s in s u f f i c i e n t o r in a d e q u a te to p e r m i t s e p a r a t e p r e s e n t a t io n , a n d (4 ) t h e r e is p o s s i b i l i t y o f d i s c l o s u r e o f in d iv id u a l e s t a b l is h m e n t d a ta . 7 H o t e ls ; p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s ; b u s in e s s s e r v i c e s ; a u to m o b ile r e p a ir s h o p s ; m o t io n p ic t u r e s ; n o n p r o fit m e m b e r s h ip o r g a n iz a t io n s ; a n d e n g in e e r in g and a rch ite ctu r a l s e r v ic e s . T a b le 2. P e r c e n t s o f ch a n g e 1 in s ta n d a r d w e e k ly s a la r i e s a n d s t r a i g h t - t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s f o r s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p s in B ir m in g h a m , A l a . , f o r s e l e c t e d p e r io d s A p r il 1962 to A p r il 1963 A p r i l 1961 to A p r il 1962 M a r c h I9 6 0 to A p r il 1961 A ll in d u s t r ie s : O f f ic e c l e r i c a l (m e n a n d w o m e n ) . . In d u s tr ia l n u r s e s (m e n a n d w o m e n ) . . . . . ______ ______ S k i l l e d m a i n t e n a n c e ( m e n ) ___________ _ __ . . . . .. .. U n s k i l l e d p l a n t ( m e n ) _______________________ _________ _________________ 2. 7 . 5 . 7 1 .3 3. 4 3. 1 5. 1 3 .8 2. 6 1 .6 3 .2 1 .5 M a n u fa c tu r in g : O ffic e c l e r i c a l (m e n a n d w o m e n ) . . . . . __________ . . . . In d u s tr ia l n u r s e s (m e n a n d w o m e n ) _. _ . . . . ______ . . S k i l l e d m a i n t e n a n c e ( m e n ) _______ ______ __ ______ ______ _ . U n s k i l l e d p l a n t ( m e n ) ___________________________________________ _____ 1 .9 - . 5 .4 2. 1 2 .3 4 .0 5 .6 2. 7 1 .5 3 .0 . 2 I n d u s tr y a n d o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p A ll c h a n g e s a r e in c r e a s e s u n le s s o t h e r w is e in d ic a t e d . 2. 7 3 Wage Trends for Selected Occnpatlonal Groups P r e s e n t e d in t a b l e 2 a r e p e r c e n t a g e s o f c h a n g e in a v e r a g e s a l a r i e s o f o f f i c e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s and i n d u s t r i a l n u r s e s , and in a v e r a g e e a rn in g s o f s e l e c t e d plant w o r k e r g r o u p s . F o r o f f i c e c l e r i c a l w o r k e r s a n d i n d u s t r i a l n u r s e s , the p e r c e n t a g e s o f c h a n g e r e l a t e to a v e r a g e w e e k l y s a l a r i e s f o r n o r m a l h o u r s o f w o r k , that i s , the s t a n d a r d w o r k s c h e d n l e f o r w h i c h s t r a i g h t - t i m e s a l a r i e s a r e p a id . F o r plan t w o r k e r g r o u p s , th ey m e a s u r e ch a n ges in a v e r a g e s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r l y e a r n i n g s , e x c l u d i n g p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e and f o r w o r k o n w e e k e n d s , h o l i d a y s , and l a t e s h i f t s . The p e r c e n t a g e s a r e b a s e d o n d a t a f o r s e l e c t e d k e y o c c u p a t i o n s and i n c l u d e m o s t o f the n u m e r i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t j o b s w it h in e a c h g r o u p . T h e o f f i c e c l e r i c a l da t a a r e b a s e d on m e n and w o m e n in the f o l l o w i n g 19 j o b s : B o o k k e e p i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s B; c l e r k s , a c c o u n t i n g , c l a s s A and B; c l e r k s , f i l e , c l a s s A , B, and C; c l e r k s , o r d e r ; c l e r k s , p a y r o l l ; C o m p t o m e t e r o p e r a t o r s ; k e y p u n c h o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s A and B; o f f i c e b o y s a nd g i r l s ; s e c r e t a r i e s ; s t e n o g r a p h e r s , g e n e r a l ; s t e n o g r a p h e r s , s e n i o r ; s w i t c h b o a r d o p e r a t o r s ; t a b u l a t i n g - m a c h i n e o p e r a t o r s , c l a s s B; and t y p i s t s , c l a s s A and B. T h e i n d u s t r i a l n u r s e da ta a r e b a s e d on m e n a nd w o m e n i n d u s t r i a l n u r s e s . M e n in the f o l l o w i n g 8 s k i l l e d m a i n t e n a n c e j o b s and 2 u n s k i l l e d j o b s a r e i n c l u d e d in the p la n t w o r k e r data: S k ille d — c a r p e n t e r s ; e l e c t r i c i a n s ; m a c h i n i s t s ; m e c h a n i c s ; m e c h a n i c s , a u t o m o t i v e ; p a i n t e r s ; p i p e f i t t e r s ; a n d t o o l a nd d ie m a k e r s ; u n sk illed— ja n ito r s , p o r t e r s , a n d c l e a n e r s ; and l a b o r e r s , m a t e r i a l h a n d lin g . A v e r a g e w e e k ly s a l a r i e s or a v e r a g e h o u r ly e a rn in g s w e r e c o m p u t e d f o r e a c h o f the s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s . The a v e r a g e s a la r ie s o r h o u r l y e a r n i n g s w e r e th e n m u l t i p l i e d b y e m p l o y m e n t in e a c h o f th e j o b s d u r i n g th e p e r i o d s u r v e y e d in 1 9 6 1 . T h e s e w e i g h t e d e a r n i n g s f o r i n d i v i d u a l o c c u p a t i o n s w e r e th e n t o t a l e d to o b t a i n an a g g r e g a t e f o r e a c h o c c u p a t i o n a l g r o u p . F i n a l l y , the r a t i o ( e x p r e s s e d as a p e r c e n t a g e ) o f the g r o u p a g g r e g a t e f o r th e o n e y e a r to the a g g r e g a t e f o r th e o t h e r y e a r w a s c o m p u t e d and the d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the r e s u l t and 100 i s the p e r c e n t a g e o f c h a n g e f r o m the o n e p e r i o d to the o t h e r . T h e p e r c e n t a g e s o f c h a n g e m e a s u r e , p r i n c i p a l l y , the e f f e c t s o f (1) g e n e r a l s a l a r y and w a g e c h a n g e s ; (2) m e r i t o r o t h e r i n c r e a s e s in p a y r e c e i v e d b y i n d i v i d u a l w o r k e r s w h i l e in the s a m e j o b ; and (3) c h a n g e s in a v e r a g e w a g e s due to c h a n g e s in the l a b o r f o r c e r e s u l t i n g f r o m l a b o r t u r n o v e r , f o r c e e x p a n s i o n s , f o r c e r e d u c t i o n s , and c h a n g e s in the p r o p o r t i o n s o f w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d b y e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w it h d i f f e r e n t p a y l e v e l s . C h a n g e s in the l a b o r f o r c e c a n c a u s e i n c r e a s e s o r d e c r e a s e s in the o c c u p a t i o n a l a v e r a g e s w it h o u t a c t u a l w a g e changes. F o r e x a m p l e , a f o r c e e x p a n s i o n m i g h t i n c r e a s e the p r o p o r t i o n o f l o w e r p a i d w o r k e r s in a s p e c i f i c o c c u p a t i o n a nd l o w e r the a v e r a g e , w h e r e a s a r e d u c t i o n in the p r o p o r t i o n o f l o w e r p a id w o r k e r s w o u l d h a v e the o p p o s i t e e f f e c t . S im ilarly, the m o v e m e n t o f a h i g h - p a y i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t out o f an a r e a c o u l d c a u s e the a v e r a g e e a r n i n g s t o d r o p , e v e n t h o u g h n o c h a n g e in r a t e s o c c u r r e d in o t h e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s in the a r e a . T h e u s e o f c o n s t a n t e m p l o y m e n t w e i g h t s e l i m i n a t e s the e f f e c t o f c h a n g e s in the p r o p o r t i o n o f w o r k e r s r e p r e s e n t e d in e a c h j o b i n c l u d e d in the da ta . T h e p e r c e n t a g e s o f c h a n g e a r e not i n f l u e n c e d b y c h a n g e s in s t a n d a r d w o r k s c h e d u l e s o r in p r e m i u m p a y f o r o v e r t i m e , s i n c e t h e y a r e b a s e d on p a y f o r s t r a i g h t - t i m e h o u r s . W a g e i n d e x e s f o r s e l e c t e d g r o u p s o f w o r k e r s b a s e d on d a t a f r o m the l a b o r m a r k e t s u r v e y s w e r e c o m p u t e d f o r 20 a r e a s b e t w e e n 1953 a n d I 9 6 0 . In 1 9 6 1 , the l a b o r m a r k e t o c c u p a t i o n a l w a g e p r o g r a m w a s e x p a n d e d t o i n c l u d e 80 S t a n d a r d M e t r o p o l i t a n S t a t i s t i c a l A r e a s w h i c h w i l l b e s u r v e y e d a n n u a lly . T h i s e x p a n s i o n m a d e da ta a v a i l a b l e f o r the c o m p u t a t i o n o f w a g e i n d e x e s f o r s e l e c t e d j o b g r o u p i n g s in e a c h o f the 80 a r e a s . T h e a b o v e t e x t r e p r e s e n t s the m e t h o d u s e d in c o m p u t i n g t h e s e n e w w a g e c h a n g e i n d e x e s . The new s e r i e s w a s initiated l a s t y e a r and th e da ta a r e n o t c o m p a r a b l e w i t h t r e n d s p u b l i s h e d p r i o r t o that t i m e . T h e n e w s e r i e s c o v e r s the s a m e j o b g r o u p i n g s a s th e e a r l i e r s e r i e s w i t h the f o l l o w i n g e x c e p t i o n s : T h e c l e r i c a l a n d i n d u s t r i a l n u r s e g r o u p s , f o r m e r l y r e s t r i c t e d t o w o m e n , n o w i n c l u d e b o t h m e n and w o m e n . Changes w ere a lso m ade in the j o b s i n c l u d e d w i t h i n j o b g r o u p i n g s in o r d e r that an i d e n t i c a l l i s t c o u l d b e e m p l o y e d in a l l a r e a s . A: Occupational Earnings Table A-l. Office Occupations—Men and Women (A v e r a g e s t r a ig h t - t im e w e e k ly h o u r s and e a rn in g s f o r s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s stu d ie d on an a r e a b a s is b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n , B ir m in g h a m , A l a ., A p r i l 1963) Average Sex, occupation, and industry division Number workers NUMBER OF WORKERS RECEIVING STRAIGHT-TIME WEEKLY EARNINGS OF * 40 Weekly. Weekly j * 3 5 hours 1 and (Standard) (Standard) u n d e r 40 45 C lerk s, accounting, cla s s A ____ M anufacturing ------------------------Nonmanufacturing ____________ 119 61 58 4 0 .0 4 0 .0 4 0 .0 $ 1 1 0 .5 0 1 1 7 .5 0 1 0 8 .0 0 C lerk s, accounting, c la s s B ____ M anufacturing ________________ 45 26 4 0 .0 4 0 .0 C lerk s, ord er Nonmanufacturing ________________ 68 58 C lerk s, p a yroll ____________________ M a n u fa c tu r in g __________________ * 45 ‘ 50 * 55 * 60 * 65 * 70 ’ 75 * 80 ' 85 1 90 * 95 *100 *105 *110 *115 *120 *125 *1 3 0 *135 * 140 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 10 5 110 115 12 0 125 130 135 14 0 145 1 1 4 4 2 2 - 4 4 7 - 7 15 5 10 4 4 10 5 5 14 4 10 9 4 5 6 5 1 5 2 3 16 14 2 9 4 5 5 4 1 6 6 4 3 1 2 2 _ - 5 3 _ - 3 3 _ - 2 1 2 6 5 3 - - - 1 1 5 3 12 8 11 11 5 5 8 8 _ _ 2 _ _ _ - - - 10 10 - - _ _ _ 6 6 1 1 8 8 4 4 1 - 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 3 2 4 1 _ _ _ 7 5 ' . and - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 5 .5 0 8 5 .5 0 _ - _ _ _ - - - - - 5 5 4 0 .0 4 0 .0 8 1 .5 0 8 1 .5 0 _ _ _ - - - 9 9 3 3 - 1 1 43 40 4 0 .0 4 0 .0 9 9 .0 0 1 0 0 .5 0 _ _ _ _ 2 . - - - - - - O ffice boys __ Nonmanufacturing ___________________ 58 44 4 0 .0 3 9 .5 6 2 .5 0 6 2 .0 0 13 10 3 2 9 8 2 9 7 2 Tabulating-m achine op e ra to rs, cla s s A ______________________ 31 4 0 .0 1 1 1 .0 0 48 30 3 9 .5 3 9 .0 8 5 .5 0 8 2 .0 0 - 27 27 3 8 .0 3 8 .0 6 0 .5 0 6 0 .5 0 8 8 97 25 72 38 3 9 .5 4 0 .0 3 9 .5 3 9 .0 7 0 .5 0 8 3 .0 0 6 6 .0 0 7 2 .0 0 i 28 27 4 0 .0 4 0 .0 5 9 .0 0 5 7 .5 0 Nonmanufacturing ______________ 45 30 4 1 .0 4 1 .5 8 2 .0 0 7 9 .0 0 Bookkeeping-m ach ine op e ra to rs, cla s s B ___________________________ Nonmanufacturing ______________ 251 230 4 0 .0 4 0 .0 6 1 .5 0 6 0 .5 0 M anufacturing __________________ Nonmanufacturing ______________ Public utilities 2 ____________ 236 44 192 63 3 9 .5 4 0 .0 3 9 .5 3 9 .0 C lerk s, accounting, cla s s B ______ M anufacturing __________________ Nonmanufacturing ______________ 579 88 491 3 8 .5 4 0 .0 3 8 .5 - - - 6 6 _ _ 5 4 12 10 - *145 2 “ - - 3 3 2 1 . 5 1 4 2 2 1 5 4 over 5 5 3 3 - _ - 1 1 _ _ _ _ - * - - - 1 1 _ _ - - 2 2 3 3 11 2 . . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ " " " . . _ - Tabulating-m achine op e ra to rs, Nonmanufacturing _______________ 1 1 1 1 3 2 19 13 5 4 3 2 2 2 6 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 15 10 9 n 8 6 2 2 15 2 2 9 9 - - 8 7 1 1 . . . . 5 5 16 9 3 T abulating-m achine o p e ra to rs, Nonm anufacturing _______________ Women B ille r s , m achine (billin g m achine) M anufacturing __________________ Nonmanufacturing ______________ Pu blic utilities 2 _____________ B ille r s , m achine (bookkeeping N onm anufacturing ______________ - a cco u n tin g , c la s s A _______ See fo o t n o t e s at end o f ta b le . - - - - 1 15 10 8 9 9 15 1 14 2 3 3 6 6 7 7 1 1 3 2 8 8 63 63 40 37 50 44 36 32 25 24 7 7 6 6 16 4 12 1 38 5 33 15 1 14 - 42 18 24 114 6 108 - . 4 4 2 2 3 3 . . . “ " - i i 18 16 8 7 .5 0 9 5 .5 0 8 5 .5 0 1 0 4 .0 0 _ 7 0 .0 0 7 5 .0 0 6 9 .0 0 Bookkeeping-m ach ine op e ra to rs, C le r k s , - 3 8 4 2 2 . _ _ 1 _ - - - - - - 1 - 22 6 16 35 - - - - - - - - 14 4 10 5 _ 5 17 - - - 5 17 51 1 50 70 4 66 102 18 84 38 15 23 74 11 63 - 35 6 1 2 - 1 1 2 2 . 1 . 2 - " 2 . 3 . . . . . - 24 3 21 15 10 1 9 5 18 7 11 7 4 1 3 3 2 1 3 3 _ - - - 1 1 8 7 1 1 _ - 2 2 25 2 23 23 _ - - - - - - - - 11 4 7 19 1 18 27 1 26 1 1 - 6 _ _ _ _ _ - - - 1 1 _ 6 1 1 - - - 5 Table A-l. Office Occupations—Men and Women---- Continued (A verage straigh t-tim e w eekly hours and earnings fo r se le cte d occupations studied on an area basis by industry division , Birm ingham , A la. , A p ril 1963) See fo o t n o t e s at end o f ta b le. 6 Table A-l. Office Occupations—Men and Women---- Continued (A verage straigh t-tim e w eekly hours and earnings fo r se le cte d occupations studied on an area basis by industry division, Birm ingham , A la ., A p ril 1963) 1 Standard hours re fle c t the w orkweek fo r which em ployees re ce iv e their regular straigh t-tim e sa la rie s and the earnings c o rre sp o n d to these w eekly hours. 2 T ransportation, com m unication, and other public utilities. Table A-2. Professional and Technical Occupations—Men and Women (A verage straigh t-tim e w eekly hours and earnings fo r se le cte d occupations studied on an area basis by industry division , Birm ingham , A la. , A p ril 1963) 1 Standard hours r e fle c t the w orkw eek fo r which em ployees r e c e iv e their regular straigh t-tim e sa la rie s and the earnings co rre s p o n d to these w eekly hours. 2 W orkers w ere distributed as follow s: 6 at $200 to $210; and 4 at $210 to $220. 3 All w ork ers w ere at $65 to 70. 7 Table A-3. Office, Professional, and Technical Occupations—Men and Women Combined (A v e r a g e s t r a ig h t - t im e w e e k ly e a rn in g s f o r s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s stu d ie d on an a r e a b a s is b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n , B ir m in g h a m , A la . , A p r il 1963) O ccupation and industry division Number of worker* Average weekly j O ffice occupations B ille r s , m achine (billin g machine) _________________ M anufacturing ___________________________________ Nonmanufacturing -----------------------------------------------Public utilities 2 ---------------------------------------------- Number of O ccupation and industry division (Standard) O ffice occupations— Continued 112 26 86 52 $ 70. 83. 66. 70. 00 50 00 50 C lerks, p a yroll — — Nonmanufacturing — -------- — ___ — ------------------------------------- — — — ---- 59. 00 57. 50 B ookkeeping-m achine op e ra to rs, cla s s A Nonmanufacturing __________ i--------------- 54 39 84. 00 82. 50 Keypunch o p erators, cla s s A 251 230 61. 50 60. 50 Keypunch op e ra to rs, cla s s B ______________________ Manufacturing -------------------------------- --------------------------------------- Manufacturing ----------------------- --------------------------------------Nonmanufacturing -------- ------------------------------------- — — Public u t ilit ie s 2 C lerks, accounting, cla s s A M anufacturing ---------------Nonmanufacturing _______ Public utilities 2 _____ 355 105 250 84 95. 50 108. 50 89. 50 106.00 C lerks, accounting, cla s s B Manufacturing __________ Nonmanufacturing ---------- 624 114 510 71. 00 77. 50 69. 50 Nonmanufacturing C lerk s, file, cla s s A ______ Manufacturing ---------------Nonmanufacturing ---------- --------------------------------------- -------------------------------- -------- ---------- ---------- ------------------------------------------------------ Manufacturing ---------- — --------------------------------------Nonmanufacturing -----------------------------------------------Public utilities 2 -------------- --------------------------------------- 74. 50 88. 00 64. 50 178 45 133 58. 50 75. 50 53. 00 C lerks, file, cla ss C -----------------------------------------------Nonmanufacturing ------------------------------------------------ 94 89 51. 00 50. 50 Manufacturing ----------------------- ---------------------------Nonmanufacturing ----- ------------------------------------- C lerks, o rd e r ----------------------------------------------------------Manufacturing -----------------------------------------------------Nonmanufacturing ------------------------------------------------ 116 27 89 77. 00 84. 50 75. 00 Switchboard op erators --------------------------------------------------------------Manufacturing -------------------------------- --------------------------------------- Manufacturing __ Nonmanufacturing — __ __ ----------------------- ------ ---------------------------- ------ ------------------------- Earnings relate to regular straigh t-tim e weekly sa la rie s that are paid fo r standard w orkw eeks. Transportation, com m unication, and other public utilities. $80 . 50 87. 00 72. 50 Number of Average weekly j earning* (Standard) 177 29 148 65. 50 75. 00 63. 50 88 86. 50 190 32 158 54 63. 77. 60. 65. 00 00 00 00 112 26 86 37 62. 75. 58. 62. 50 00 50 50 Switchboard op er a to r -r e c e p tio n ists ________________ 105 Nonmanufacturing ------------------------------------------------ 58 66. 00 Tabulating-m achine o p era tors, cla s s A ___________ 32 111. 00 Tabulating-m achine op era tors, c la s s B ----------------------Nonmanufacturing ------------------ -------------------------------------------Public utilities 2 --------------------------------------------------------------- 87 65 33 82. 00 78. 50 79. 50 Tabulating-m achine op era tors, cla s s C ----------------------Nonmanufacturing ------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 39 61.00 60. 50 T ran scribin g-m ach in e op era tors, general ________ 67 36 69. 50 72. 50 Typists, cla s s A ____________________________________ 113 50 63 75. 00 90. 00 63. 00 355 81 274 68 59. 70. 56. 62. M anufacturing --------------------------------------------------------------------------Nonmanufacturing ----------- ------------------------------------- 77 32 45 C lerks, file, cla s s B Manufacturing ___ Nonmanufacturing 217 124 93 — 28 27 ___ O ccupation and industry division O ffice occupations— Continued B ille r s , m achine (bookkeeping m achine) __________ Nonmanufacturing _______________________________ B ookkeeping-m achine op e ra to rs, cla s s B _________ Nonmanufacturing ------------------------------------------------ Average weekly l earnings (Standard) ■ 749 309 440 111 92. 100. 87. 104. 50 00 50 50 706 224 482 166 76. 88. 70. 76. 00 50 00 50 158 64 94 93. 00 84. 00 99. 00 145 38 107 69. 00 91. 50 61. 50 $ 70. 00 50 00 50 50 P rofession a l and technical occupations --------------------------------------------------- 42 39 171.50 172.50 Manufacturing --------------------------------------------------------------------------Nonmanufacturing ------------------------------------------------------------------- 367 311 56 137.50 140.00 124.50 D raftsm en, junior ----------------------------------------------------M anufacturing --------------------------------------------------------------------------Nonmanufacturing ------------------------------------------------------------------ 175 137 38 99. 00 100. 50 94. 00 40 28 100.50 102.50 M anufacturing ------------- — N urses, industrial (reg istered ) ------------------------------------------ Table A-4. Maintenance and Powerplant Occupations (A v e r a g e s t r a ig h t - t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s fo r m e n in s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s stu d ie d on an a r e a b a s is b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n , B irm in g h a m , A la ., A p r i l 1963) NUM BER OF W O RK ERS RECE IVIN G STR AIG H T-TIM E HOURLY EARN ING S OF— O ccupation and industry division Number of workers $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Average Under $1.60 $1.70 *1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 hourly j and earnings $ and 1.60 under 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50 2.60 2.70 2.80 2.90 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.30 3.40 3.50 3.60 3.70 3.80 3.90 4.00 over C a rp enters, m aintenance ______________ Manuf actur ing ______ _____ __ __ __ Nonmanufacturing ___________________ 297 272 25 $3.00 3.07 2.16 5 25 4 4 - E lectricia n s , m aintenance _ _ _ _ M anufacturing ------------------------------------ 715 698 3.45 3.48 8 " _ _ En gin eers, stationary _ — ---M anufacturing — N onm anufacturing ___ _ __ __ __ __ 207 170 37 3.18 3.36 2.36 - F irem en , stationary bo ile r ____________ M anufacturing _______________________ 63 56 2.71 2.91 H elpers, m aintenance trades _ ______ M anufacturing _ ____ _ _ _______ 543 495 2.61 2.68 M achinists, m aintenance ____ __ _ ___ M anufacturing __ _______________ __ 596 590 M echanics, autom otive (maintenance) ___ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ M anufacturing __ — -------- __ — N on m a n u fa ctu rin g ___________________ 3 3 _ 2 2 “ " 4 4 6 6 - - 3 3 5 5 2 2 " 4 i 3 7 7 ‘ 21 17 4 9 8 1 13 13 " 173 173 " 10 10 8 8 1 1 3 3 62 62 21 21 79 79 17 13 4 . 2 2 12 11 1 32 32 " 3 14 14 - 41 40 1 32 32 " 8 8 14 14 “ “ " 87 87 24 21 11 8 - 16 16 " 21 20 1 20 19 1 - - _ _ - ~ - " - _ 90 90 28 28 226 226 30 30 - " 8 8 " 8 8 - 8 8 - 8 8 _ _ _ _ - 2 2 - 4 4 1 1 4 4 3 3 6 6 6 6 “ 8 8 - 2 2 - 38 1 _ _ _ 5 5 _ _ _ _ _ • - 4 4 _ " 13 13 19 3 4 16 10 10 . - 20 - 31 26 66 65 20 18 20 16 56 56 4 4 57 57 102 102 49 49 64 64 3 3 . - 20 20 . - . - - - - - - 3.48 3.50 ■ “ " 6 6 _ 6 “ ~ 4 4 10 10 6 6 “ 32 32 24 24 73 73 49 49 47 47 28 28 “ 2 2 14 14 11 11 12 12 272 272 “ 306 95 211 2.70 2.70 2.71 - _ - 1 1 4 4 16 13 3 15 8 7 4 4 17 16 1 40 40 6 3 3 15 3 12 20 4 16 30 4 26 22 5 17 15 11 4 65 9 56 56 - - 10 10 - 26 19 7 _ - - _ - - - - - M echanics, m aintenance _______________ M anufacturing _______________________ Nonmanufacturing 651 591 60 3.19 3.24 2.70 2 2 _ " " - - 3 3 " 2 2 24 23 i ~ 19 19 " 19 7 12 30 8 22 41 36 5 42 33 9 11 10 1 75 68 7 134 134 31 30 1 4 4 10 10 28 28 8 8 - no no 38 38 - 20 20 M illw rights ___ _________ ________ — M anufacturing __ __ ___ ____ __ __ 391 391 3.22 3.22 2 2 4 4 8 8 32 32 22 22 28 28 171 171 40 40 O ile rs ---- ----- ------ ------- --- -----------M anufacturing _______________________ 210 210 2.64 2.64 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 . - - P a in ters, m aintenance _________________ M anufacturing _______________________ 64 57 2.97 2.97 - 2 2 16 16 3 2 “ T ool and die m akers __ ___ __ _____ __ M anufacturing _______________________ 74 74 3.02 3.02 6 6 6 6 - 2 2 3 3 _ - _ 5......................... 1 2 3 4 5 . i ‘ . • . . • _ 2 2 . “ 6 6 5 5 20 20 18 18 34 34 30 30 6 6 9 9 10 10 52 52 8 8 . . . . 5 5 . 2 2 2 2 2 2 9 8 10 10 8 8 “ 4 4 2 2 1 1 6 6 " E xcludes prem ium pay fo r overtim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. W orkers w ere distributed as fo llo w s: 1 at $ 1 . 3 0 to $ 1 . 4 0 ; and 4 at $ 1 . 4 0 to $ 1 . 5 0 . W orkers w ere distributed as fo llo w s: 4 at $ 0 . 9 0 to $ 1; 3 at $ 1 . 3 0 to $ 1 . 4 0 ; and 1 at $ 1 . 5 0 to $ 1 . 6 0 . W orkers w ere distributed as fo llo w s: 1 at $ 1 to $ 1 . 1 0 ; 8 at $ 1 . 2 0 to $ 1 . 3 0 ; and 7 at $ 1 . 5 0 to $ 1 . 6 0 . Tran sportation, com m unication, and other public utilities. 15 15 4 _ 34 34 ■ - 84 84 - - " - - - - 9 Table A-5. Custodial and Material Movement Occupations (A v e r a g e s t r a ig h t - t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s fo r s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t io n s stu d ie d on an a r e a b a s is b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n , B irm in g h a m , A l a ., A p r i l 1963) NUM B ER OF WORKERS R E CE IVIN G ST R AIG H T-TIM E HOURLY EARN ING S OF— O ccu p ation 1 and industry division Number of workers Average hourly earnings2 Under 3.60 $ 0 .6 0 and under .7 0 E levator op era tors, passenger 100 $ 0 .7 8 332 16 - - $ $ $ $ 0 .70 0 .8 0 0 .9 0 .8 0 .9 0 _ _ _ - - $ $ 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.00 1.10 1.20 44 1 .30 6 s $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1 .30 1 .40 1 .50 1 .60 1.70 1 .80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 1 .40 1.50 1 .60 1 .70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 4 22 20 4 16 3 17 3 3 - $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 2 .3 0 2 .4 0 2 .5 0 2 .6 0 2.80 3 .00 3 .20 3 .40 2 .3 0 2 .4 0 2 .5 0 2 .6 0 2 .8 0 3 .0 0 3 .20 3 .40 and over 25 32 2 2 29 29 - 30 2 1^0T"i |kha Muff) Cttl V" i||g Guards and w atchmen __ _______________ Manufacturing _______________________ Guards _ __________________________ Watchmen _________________________ Nonmanufacturing ___________________ Janitors, p orters, and cleaners (men) ----------------------------------------------------Manufacturing _______________________ Nonmanufacturing ___________________ Pu blic utilities 4 __________________ Janitors, p o rte rs , and cleaners (women) _______________________________ 347 77 1.91 2 .1 8 2.53 1.72 169 1 ,0 0 4 24 16 37 9 9 - - - - - - 9 10 10 1.63 - - 16 - - 24 - 27 2.00 1.62 15 24 - - 14 15 24 8 8 92 70 109 1.26 1 .8 1 - * - - - - 320 1.02 - 115 - - - 80 26 1 .64 178 101 487 517 - 1 1 - 42 42 - 92 84 12 1 3 3 52 41 31 4 7 34 3 9 3 21 16 5 6 3 1 87 43 6 9 9 75 1 10 1 37 - - 61 34 139 68 68 326 14 50 312 27 - - - - 60 - _ _ 2 109 49 36 6 3 5 1 1 15 3 15 3 1 ,6 0 9 681 928 302 1.96 1 .6 1 2 .15 O rder fille r s ____________________________ 396 1.55 P a ck ers, shipping 231 2 .19 R eceiving clerk s ________________________ 132 2 .13 3 N on m a n u fa ctu rin g ___________________ 60 1.70 3 105 89 2 .82 2 .96 Shipping and receivin g cle rk s __________ 153 2 .83 _ _ _ Nonmanufacturing _ _________________ 56 2 .3 9 - - - Shipping clerk s ________ Manufacturing _______________ 1.76 T ru ck d rivers 7 __________________________ 1 ,6 7 3 2.11 Nonmanufacturing ___________________ 1, 1 9 8 441 2 .0 4 2 .7 4 50 - - - - - - ' _ _ _ - - - - - - 139 - 11 3 81 42 46 34 39 26 37 3 1 12 6 - 17 5 3 17 60 41 32 19 4 27 27 1 5 _ - 2 1 1 . . - _ _ _ 6 6 _ _ _ - - - 9 51 183 9 51 183 16 28 11 8 25 14 3 17 - 11 - 33 33 2 2 6 4 2 2 2 2 4 6 4 - 266 264 24 24 56 46 162 7 6 1 - 122 28 92 29 106 16 7 57 35 23 21 6 2 24 24 - 117 84 73 34 132 130 3 3 - 21 21 13 8 - - - _ _ _ - - - - - - - 40 2 2 29 9 9 - _ - 3 30 30 30 2 2 - - _ _ - _ - - - - - - - - - _ _ 62 24 40 - 18 10 6 6 11 1 1 10 6 6 13 4 68 6 5 3 13 3 3 4 5 1 12 3 1 12 9 _ . 12 - - - 9 34 124 87 173 42 34 124 71 58 8 4 2 2 7 1 1 2 2 11 2 1 1 . 9 9 - - - 4 4 _ _ . 44 15 6 10 4 5 1 24 23 3 2 3 11 10 4 4 2 2 _ 1 _ _ - 26 26 15 15 3 3 4 4 24 18 13 4 16 4 4 - 20 15 - 15 2 2 2 87 102 11 6 67 152 60 338 10 72 92 56 52 13 139 84 55 222 . 72 1 13 3 5 - 38 2 8 52 - 9 3 11 8 8 - _ 31 - - 146 9 12 12 38 - 9 39 36 10 10 - - - 6 21 21 162 - 27 - 10 - - . 1 1 - 12 21 1 21 4 1 See fo o t n o t e s at en d o f ta b le. - 34 - L a b orers, m aterial handling ___________ Manufacturing ______ __ ___________ Nonmanufacturing ________ Public u tilit ie s 4 __________________ 11 222 5 18 18 632 _ 10 Table A-5. Custodial and Material Movement Occupations— Continued (A verage straigh t-tim e hourly earnings fo r s elected occupations studied on an area basis by industry division , Birm ingham , A la., A p ril 1963)1 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Data lim ited to m en w o rk e rs except w here otherw ise indicated. E xcludes prem iu m pay fo r overtim e and fo r w ork on w eekends, holidays, and late shifts. W orkers w ere distributed as fo llo w s : 4 at $ 0 . 3 0 to $ 0 . 4 0 ; 2 6 at $ 0 . 4 0 to $ 0 . 5 0 ; and 2 at $ 0 . 5 0 to $ 0 . 6 0 . Tran sportation, com m unication, and other public utilities. W orkers w ere distributed as fo llo w s: 2 at $ 3 . 6 0 to $ 3 . 8 0 ; 6 at $ 3 . 8 0 to $ 4 ; 4 at $ 4 to $ 4 . 2 0 ; 4 at $ 4 . 2 0 to $ 4 . 4 0 ; and 2 at $ 4 . 4 0 to $ 4 . 6 0 . W orkers w ere distributed as fo llo w s : 2 at $ 3 . 4 0 to $ 3 . 6 0 ; 4 at $ 3 . 6 0 to $ 3 . 8 0 ; 1 8 at $ 4 to $ 4 . 2 0 ; and 8 at $ 4 . 2 0 to $ 4 . 4 0 . Includes all d riv e rs re g a rd le ss of size and type of truck operated. Appendix: Occupational Descriptions The primary purpose of preparing job descriptions for the Bureau’ s wage surveys is to assist its field staff in classifying into appropriate occupations workers who are employed under a variety of payroll titles and different work arrangements from establishment to establishment and from area to area. This is essential in order to permit the grouping of occupational wage rates representing comparable job content. Because of this emphasis on interestablishment and interarea comparability of occupational content, the Bureau’ s job descriptions may differ significantly from those in use in individual establishments or those prepared for other purposes. In applying these job descriptions, the Bureau’ s field economists are in structed to exclude working supervisors, apprentices, learners, beginners, trainees, handicapped, part-time, temporary, and probationary workers. OFFICE BILLER, MACHINE BOOKKEEPING-MACHINE OPERATOR Prepares statements, bills, and invoices on a machine other than an ordinary or electromatic typewriter. May also keep records as to billings or shipping charges or perform other clerical work incidental to billing operations. For wage study purposes, billers, machine, are classified by type of machine, as follows: Operates a bookkeeping machine (Remington Rand, Elliott Fisher, Sundstrand, Burroughs, National Cash Register, with or without a typewriter keyboard) to keep a record of business transactions. C l a s s A —Keeps a set of records requiring a knowledge of and experience in basic bookkeeping principles and familiarity with the structure of the particular accounting system used. Determines proper records and distribution of debit and credit items to be used in each phase of the work. May prepare consolidated reports, bal ance sheets, and other records by hand. B i ll e r , m a ch in e (b illin g m a c h in e )—U s e s a special billing ma chine (Moon Hopkins, Elliott Fisher, Burroughs, etc., which are combination typing and adding machines) to prepare bills and in voices from customers’ purchase orders, internally prepared orders, shipping memorandums, etc. Usually involves application of prede termined discounts and shipping charges and entry of necessary extensions, which may or may not be computed on the billing ma chine, and totals which are automatically accumulated by machine. The operation usually involves a large number of carbon copies of the bill being prepared and is often done on a fanfold machine. C l a s s B —Keeps a record of one or more phases or sections of a set of records usually requiring little knowledge of basic book keeping. Phases or sections include accounts payable, payroll, customers’ accounts (not including a simple type of billing described under biller, machine), cost distribution, expense distribution, in ventory control, etc. May check or assist in preparation of trial balances and prepare control sheets for the accounting department. B i l l e r , m a ch in e (b o o k k e e p in g m a c h in e )—Uses a bookkeeping machine (Sundstrand, Elliott Fisher, Remington Rand, etc., which may or may not have typewriter keyboard) to prepare customers’ bills as part of the accounts receivable operation. Generally in volves the simultaneous entry of figures on customers’ ledger rec ord. The machine automatically accumulates figures on a number of vertical columns and computes and usually prints automatically the debit or credit balances. Does not involve a knowledge of book keeping. Works from uniform and standard types of sales and credit slips. CLERK, ACCOUNTING C l a s s A—Under general direction of a bookkeeper or account ant, has responsibility for keeping one or more sections of a com plete set of books or records relating to one phase of an establish ment’ s business transactions. Work involves posting and balancing subsidiary ledger or ledgers such as accounts receivable or accounts 11 12 CLERK , A C C O U N T IN G -C ontinued payable; examining and coding invoices or vouchers with proper ac counting distribution; and requires judgment and experience in making proper assignations and allocations. May assist in preparing, adjusting and closing journal entries; and may direct class B ac counting clerks. C l a s s B —Under supervision, performs one or more routine ac counting operations such as posting simple journal vouchers or ac counts payable vouchers, entering vouchers in voucher registers; reconciling bank accounts; and posting subsidiary ledgers con trolled by general ledgers, or posting simple cost accounting data. This job does not require a knowledge of accounting and book keeping principles but is found in offices in which the more routine accounting work is subdivided on a functional basis among several workers. CLERK, FILE C l a s s A —In an established filing system containing a number of varied subject matter files, classifies and indexes file material such as correspondence, reports, technical documents, etc. May also file this material. May keep records of various types in con junction with the files. May lead a small group of lower level file clerks. C l a s s B —Sorts, codes, and files unclassified material by sim ple (subject matter) headings or partly classified material by finer subheadings. Prepares simple related index and cross-reference aids. As requested locates clearly identified material in files and forwards material. May perform related clerical tasks required to maintain and service files. CLERK, ORDER Receives customers’ orders for material or merchandise by mail, phone, or personally. Duties involve a n y co m b in a tio n o f th e f o llo w in g : Quoting prices to customers; making out an order sheet listing the items to make up the order; checking prices and quantities of items on order sheet; and distributing order sheets to respective departments to be filled. May check with credit department to determine credit rating of customer, acknowledge receipt of orders from customers, follow up orders to see that they have been filled, keep file of orders received, and check shipping invoices with original orders. CLERK, PAYROLL Computes wages of company employees and enters the neces sary data on the payroll sheets. Duties involve: Calculating workers’ earnings based on time or production records; and posting calculated data on payroll sheet, showing information such as worker’ s name, work ing days, time, rate, deductions for insurance, and total wages due. May make out paychecks and assist paymaster in making up and dis tributing pay envelopes. May use a calculating machine. COMPTOMETER OPERATOR Primary duty is to operate a Comptometer to perform mathema tical computations. This job is not to be confused with that of statis tical or other type of clerk, which may involve frequent use of a Comp tometer but, in which, use of this machine is incidental to performance of other duties. DUPLICATING-MACHINE OPERATOR (MIMEOGRAPH OR DITTO) C la s s C —Performs routine filing of material that has already been classified or which is easily classified in a simple serial classification system (e.g., alphabetical, chronological, or numer ical). As requested, locates readily available material in files and forwards material; and may fill out withdrawal charge. Per forms simple clerical and manual tasks required to maintain and service files. Under general supervision and with no supervisory responsi bilities, reproduces multiple copies of typewritten or handwritten matter, using a Mimeograph or Ditto machine. Makes necessary adjustment such as for ink and paper feed counter and cylinder speed. Is not required to prepare stencil or Ditto master. May keep file of used stencils or Ditto masters. May sort, collate, and staple completed material. 13 SECRETARY— Continued KEYPUNCH OPERATOR C l a s s /l —Operates a numerical and/or alphabetical or combina tion keypunch machine to transcribe data from various source docu ments to keypunch tabulating cards. Performs same tasks as lower level keypunch operator but in addition, work requires application of coding skills and the making of some determinations, for example, making phone calls; handling personal and important or confidential mail, and writing routine correspondence on own initiative; and taking dictation (where transcribing machine is not used) either in shorthand or by Stenotype or similar machine, and transcribing dictation or the recorded information reproduced on a transcribing machine. May prepare special reports or memorandums for information of superior. locates on the source document the items to be punched; extracts information from several documents; and searches for and interprets information on the document to determine information to be punched. May train inexperienced operators. C l a s s 6 —Under close supervision or following specific proce dures or instructions, punched cards. transcribes data from source documents to Operates a numerical and/or alphabetical or com bination keypunch machine to keypunch tabulating cards. STENOGRAPHER, GENERAL Primary duty is to take dictation from one or more persons either in shorthand or by Stenotype or similar machine, involving a normal routine vocabulary; and transcribe dictation. May also type from written copy. May maintain files, keep simple records, or perform other relatively routine clerical tasks. May operate from a stenographic pool. Does not include transcribing-machine work. (See transcribing-machine operator.) May verify cards. Working from various standardized source documents, follows specified sequences which have been coded or prescribed in detail and require little or no selecting, coding, or interpreting data to be punched. Problems arising from erroneous items or codes, missing information, etc., are referred to supervisor. OFFICE BOY OR GIRL STENOGRAPHER, SENIOR Primary duty is to take dictation from one or more persons, either in shorthand or by Stenotype or similar machine, involving a var ied technical or specialized vocabulary such as in legal briefs or reports on scientific research and transcribe dictation. May also type from written copy. May also set up and maintain files, keep records, etc. OR Performs various routine duties such as running errands, opera' ting minor office machines such as sealers or mailers, opening and dis tributing mail, and other minor clerical work. SECRETARY Performs secretarial and clerical duties for a superior in an administrative or executive position. Duties include making appoint ments for superior; receiving people coming into office; answering and Performs stenographic duties requiring significantly greater independence and responsibility than stenographers, general as evi denced by the following: Work requires high degree of stenographic speed and accuracy; and a thorough working knowledge of general busi ness and office procedures and of the specific business operations, organization, policies, procedures, files, workflow, etc. Uses this knowledge in performing stenographic duties and responsible clerical tasks such as, maintaining followup files; assembling material for reports, memorandums, letters, etc.; composing simple letters from general instructions; reading and routing incoming mail; and answering routine questions, etc. Does not include transcribing-machine work. 14 SWITCHBOARD OPERATOR Operates a single- or multiple-position telephone switchboard. Duties involve handling incoming, outgoing, and intraplant or office calls. May record toll calls and take messages. May give information to persons who call in, or occasionally take telephone orders. For workers who also act as receptionists see switchboard operatorreceptionist. TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR-Continued C l a s s C —Operates simple tabulating or electrical account ing machines such as the sorter, reproducing punch, collator, etc., with specific instructions. May include simple wiring from diagrams and some filing work. The work typically involves portions of a work unit, for example, individual sorting or collating runs or re petitive operations. SWITCHBOARD OPERATOR-RECEPTIONIST In addition to performing duties of operator, on a single posi tion or monitor-type switchboard, acts as receptionist and may also type or perform routine clerical work as part of regular duties. This typing or clerical work may take the major part of this worker’ s time while at switchboard. TABULATING-MACHINE OPERATOR C l a s s A—Operates a variety of tabulating or electrical ac counting machines, typically including such machines as the tabu lator, calculator, interpreter, collator, and others. Performs com plete reporting assignments without close supervision, and performs difficult wiring as required. The complete reporting and tabulating assignments typically involve a variety of long and complex re ports which often are of irregular or nonrecurring type requiring some planning and sequencing of steps to be taken. As a more experienced operator, is typically involved in training new opera tors in machine operations, or partially trained operators in wiring from diagrams and operating sequences of long and complex reports, D o e s not in c lu d e working supervisors performing tabulating-machine operations a n d day-to-day supervision of the work and production of a group of tabulating-machine operators. C l a s s B —Operates more difficult tabulating or electrical ac counting machines such as the tabulator and calculator, in addition to the sorter, reproducer, and collator. This work is performed under specific instructions and may include the performance of some wir ing from diagrams. The work typically involves, for example, tabu lations involving a repetitive accounting exercise, a complete but small tabulating study, or parts of a longer and more complex report. Such reports and studies are usually of a recurring nature where the procedures are well established. May also include the training of new employees in the basic operation of the machine. TRANSCRIBING-MACHINE OPERATOR, GENERAL Primary duty is to transcribe dictation involving a normal rou tine vocabulary from transcribing-machine records. May also type from written copy and do simple clerical work. Workers transcribing dictation involving a varied technical or specialized vocabulary such as legal briefs or reports on scientific research are not included. A worker who takes dictation in shorthand or by Stenotype or similar machine is classified as a stenographer, general. TYPIST Uses a typewriter to make copies of various material or to make out bills after calculations have been made by another person. May include typing of stencils, mats, or similar materials for use in duplicating processes. May do clerical work involving little special training, such as keeping simple records, filing records and reports, or sorting and distributing incoming mail. C l a s s A—Performs o n e o r m ore o f the f o l l o w in g : Typing ma terial in final form when it involves combining material from several sources err responsibility for correct spelling, syllabication, punc tuation, etc., of technical or unusual words or foreign language ma terial; and planning layout and typing of complicated statistical tables to maintain uniformity and balance in spacing. May type routine form letters varying details to suit circumstances. C l a s s B —Performs o n e o r m ore o f th e f o l l o w in g : Copy typing from rough or clear drafts; routine typing of forms, insurance pol icies, etc.; and setting up simple standard tabulations, or copying more complex tables already set up and spaced properly. 15 PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL DRAFTSMAN, SENIOR-Continued DRAFTSMAN, JUNIOR (Assistant draftsman) Draws to scale units or parts of drawings prepared by drafts man or others for engineering, construction, or manufacturing purposes. Uses various types of drafting tools as required. May prepare drawings from simple plans or sketches, or perform other duties under direction of a draftsman. completed work, checking dimensions, materials to be used, and quan tities; writing specifications; and making adjustments or changes in drawings or specifications. May ink in lines and letters on pencil drawings, prepare detail units of complete drawings, or trace drawings. Work is frequently in a specialized field such as architectural, elec trical, mechanical, or structural drafting. DRAFTSMAN, LEADER NURSE, INDUSTRIAL (REGISTERED) Plans and directs activities of one or more draftsmen in prep aration of working plans and detail drawings from rough or preliminary sketches for engineering, construction, or manufacturing purposes. Duties involve a c o m b in a tio n o f the f o llo w in g : Interpreting blueprints, sketches, and written or verbal orders; determining work procedures; assigning duties to subordinates and inspecting their work; and per forming more difficult problems. May assist subordinates during emer gencies or as a regular assignment, or perform related duties of a supervisory or administrative nature. DRAFTSMAN, SENIOR Prepares working plans and detail drawings from notes, rough or detailed sketches for engineering, construction, or manufacturing purposes. Duties involve a c o m b in a tio n o f the fo llo w in g : Preparing working plans, detail drawings, maps, cross-sections, etc., to scale by use of drafting instruments; making engineering computations such as those involved in strength of materials, beams and trusses; verifying A registered nurse who gives nursing service to ill or injured employees or other persons who become ill or suffer an accident on the premises of a factory or other establishment. Duties involve a c o m b in a tion o f the f o llo w in g : Giving first aid to the ill or injured; attending to subsequent dressing of employees’ injuries; keeping records of patients treated; preparing accident reports for compensation or other purposes; conducting physical examinations and health evaluations of applicants and employees; and planning and carrying out programs involving health education, accident prevention, evaluation of plant environment, or other activities affecting the health, welfare, and safety of all personnel. TRACER Copies plans and drawings prepared by others, by placing tracing cloth or paper over drawing and tracing with pen or pencil. Uses T-square, compass, and other drafting tools. May prepare simple draw ings and do simple lettering. MAINTENANCE AND POWERPLANT CARPENTER, MAINTENANCE CARPENTER, MAINTENANCE-Continued Performs the carpentry duties necessary to construct and main tain in good repair building woodwork and equipment such as bins, cribs, counters, benches, partitions, doors, floors, stairs, casings, and trim made of wood in an establishment. Work involves m o st o f the f o llo w in g : Planning and laying out of work from blueprints, drawings, models, or verbal instructions; using a variety of carpenter’ s handtools, portable power tools, and standard measuring instruments; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work; and selecting materials necessary for the work. In general, the work of the maintenance car penter requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. 16 ELECTRICIAN, MAINTENANCE HELPER, MAINTENANCE TRADES Performs a variety of electrical trade functions such as the installation, maintenance, or repair of equipment for the generating, dis tribution, or utilization of electric energy in an establishment. Work involves m o st o f the fo llo w in g : Installing or repairing any of a variety of electrical equipment such as generators, transformers, switchboards, controllers, circuit breakers, motors, heating units, conduit systems, or other transmission equipment; working from blueprints, drawings, lay out, or other specifications; locating and diagnosing trouble in the elec trical system or equipment; working standard computations relating to load requirements of wiring or electrical equipment; and using a variety of electrician’ s handtools and measuring and testing instruments. In general, the work of the maintenance electrician requires rounded train ing and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. A ssists one or more workers in the skilled maintenance trades, by performing specific or general duties of lesser skill, such as keeping a worker supplied with materials and tools; cleaning working area, ma chine, and equipment; assisting worker by holding materials or tools; and performing other unskilled tasks as directed by journeyman. The kind of work the helper is permitted to perform varies from trade to trade: In some trades the helper is confined to supplying, lifting, and holding materials and tools and cleaning working areas; and in others he is per mitted to perform specialized machine operations, or parts of a trade that are also performed by workers on a full-time basis. ENGINEER, STATIONARY Operates and maintains and may also supervise the operation of stationary engines and equipment (mechanical or electrical) to sup ply the establishment in which employed with power, heat, refrigera tion, or air-conditioning. Work involves: Operating and maintaining equipment such as steam engines, air compressors, generators, motors, turbines, ventilating and refrigerating equipment, steam boilers and boiler-fed water pumps; making equipment repairs; and keeping a record of operation of machinery, temperature, and fuel consumption. May a ls o supervise these operations. H e a d or c h i e f e n g in e e r s in e s t a b l i s h - MACHINE-TOOL OPERATOR, TOOLROOM Specializes in the operation of one or more types of machine tools, such as jig borers, cylindrical or surface grinders, engine lathes, or milling machines in the construction of machine-shop tools, gages, jigs, fixtures, or dies. Work involves m o st o f th e f o llo w in g : Planning and performing difficult machining operations; processing items requiring complicated setups or a high degree of accuracy; using a variety of pre cision measuring instruments; selecting feeds, speeds, tooling and operation sequence; and making necessary adjustments during operation to achieve requisite tolerances or dimensions. May be required to rec ognize when tools need dressing, to dress tools, and to select proper coolants and cutting and lubricating oils. For cross-industry wage study purposes, machine-tool operators, toolroom, in tool and die jobbing shops are excluded from this classification. m en ts e m p lo y in g more than o n e e n g in e e r are e x c lu d e d . MACHINIST, MAINTENANCE FIREMAN, STATIONARY BOILER Fire stationary boilers to furnish the establishment in which employed with heat, power, or steam. Feeds fuels to fire by hand or operates a mechanical stoker, gas, or oil burner; and checks water and safety valve. May clean, oil, or assist in repairing boilerroom equipment. Produces replacement parts and new parts in making repairs of metal parts of mechanical equipment operated in an establishment. Work involves m o st o f the f o l l o w in g : Interpreting written instructions and specifications; planning and laying out of work; using a variety of ma chinist’ s handtools and precision measuring instruments; setting up and operating standard machine tools; shaping of metal parts to close toler ances; making standard shop computations relating to dimensions of work, tooling, feeds and speeds of machining; knowledge of the working 17 MACHINIST, M A INTEN ANC E-Continued MILLWRIGHT properties of the common metals; selecting standard materials, parts, and equipment required for his work; and fitting and assembling parts into mechanical equipment. In general, the machinist’ s work normally requires a rounded training in machine-shop practice usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. Installs new machines or heavy equipment and dismantles and installs machines or heavy equipment when changes in the plant layout are required. Work involves m o st o f the f o llo w in g : Planning and laying out of the work; interpreting blueprints or other specifications; using a variety of handtools and rigging; making standard shop computations re lating to stresses, strength of materials, and centers of gravity; alining and balancing of equipment; selecting standard tools, equipment and parts to be used; and installing and maintaining in good order power transmission equipment such as drives and speed reducers. In general, the millwright’ s work normally requires a rounded training and experi ence in die trade acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. MECHANIC, AUTOMOTIVE (MAINTENANCE) Repairs automobiles, buses, motortrucks, and tractors of an es tablishment. Work involves m o st o f th e f o llo w in g : Examining automotive equipment to diagnose source of trouble; disassembling equipment and performing repairs that involve the use of such handtools as wrenches, gages, drills, or specialized equipment in disassembling or fitting parts; replacing broken or defective parts from stock; grinding and adjusting valves; reassembling and installing the various assemblies in the vehicle and making necessary adjustments; and alining wheels, adjusting brakes and lights, or tightening body bolts. In general, the work of the auto motive mechanic requires rounded training and experience usually ac quired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. MECHANIC, MAINTENANCE Repairs machinery or mechanical equipment of an establishment. Work involves m o st o f the f o l l o w in g : Examining machines and mechan ical equipment to diagnose source of trouble; dismantling or partly dis mantling machines and performing repairs that mainly involve the use of handtools in scraping and fitting parts; replacing broken or defective parts with items obtained from stock; ordering the production of a re placement part by a machine shop or sending of the machine to a machine shop for major repairs; preparing written specifications for major repairs or for the production of parts ordered from machine shop; reassembling machines; and making all necessary adjustments for operation. In gen eral, the work of a maintenance mechanic requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equiva lent training and experience. Excluded from this classification are workers whose p rim a ry d u t ie s involve setting up or adjusting machines. OILER Lubricates, with oil or grease, the moving parts or wearing sur faces of. mechanical equipment of an establishment. PAINTER, MAINTENANCE Paints and redecorates walls, woodwork, and fixtures of an es tablishment. Work i n v o l v e s th e f o llo w in g : Knowledge of surface pecu liarities and types of paint required for different applications; preparing surface for painting by removing old finish or by placing putty or filler in nail.holes and interstices; and applying paint with spray gun or brush. May mix colors, oils, white lead, and other paint ingredients to obtain proper color or consistency. In general, the work of the maintenance painter requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. PIPEFITTER, MAINTENANCE Installs or repairs water, steam, gas, or other types of pipe and pipefittings in an establishment. Work involves m o st o f th e f o llo w in g : Laying out of work and measuring to locate position of pipe from draw ings or other written specifications; cutting various sizes of pipe to correct lengths with chisel and hammer or oxyacetylene torch or pipe cutting machine; threading pipe with stocks and dies; bending pipe by hand-driven or power-driven machines; assembling pipe with couplings 18 P IP E F IT T E R , M AIN T EN A N C E-C ontinued SHEET-M ETAL WORKER, M A IN T EN A N C E-C ontinued and fastening pipe to hangers; making standard shop computations relat ing to pressures, flow, and size of pipe required; and making standard tests to determine whether finished pipes meet specifications. In general the work of the maintenance pipefitter requires rounded training and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equiva lent training and experience. W orkers p r im a r ily e n g a g e d in in s t a l l in g a n d types of sheet-metal-working machines; using a variety of handtools in cutting, bending, forming, shaping, fitting, and assembling; and installing sheet-metal articles as required. In general, the work of the maintenance sheet-metal worker requires rounded training and experience usually, acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. r e p a ir in g b u ild in g s a n it a t io n or h e a tin g s y s t e m s a re e x c lu d e d . TOOL AND DIE MAKER (Die maker; jig maker; tool maker; fixture maker; gage maker) PLUMBER, MAINTENANCE Keeps the plumbing system of an establishment in good order. Work involves: Knowledge of sanitary codes regarding installation of vents and traps in plumbing system; installing or repairing pipes and fixtures; and opening clogged drains with a plunger or plumber’ s snake. In general, the work of the maintenance plumber requires rounded train ing and experience usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. SHEET-METAL WORKER, MAINTENANCE Fabricates, installs, and maintains in good repair the sheetmetal equipment and fixtures (such as machine guards, grease pans, shelves, lockers, tanks, ventilators, chutes, ducts, metal roofing) of an establishment. Work involves m o st o f the f o l l o w in g : Planning and lay ing out all types of sheet-metal maintenance work from blueprints, models, or other specifications; setting up and operating all available Constructs and repairs machine-shop tools, gages, jigs, fix tures or dies for forgings, punching, and other metal-forming work. Work involves m o st o f th e f o l l o w in g : Planning and laying out of work from models, blueprints, drawings, or other oral and written specifications; using a variety of tool and die maker’ s handtools and precision meas uring instruments, understanding of the working properties of common metals and alloys; setting up and operating of machine tools and related equipment; making necessary shop computations relating to dimensions of work, speeds, feeds, and tooling of machines; heattreating of metal parts during fabrication as well as of finished tools and dies to achieve required qualities; working to close tolerances; fitting and assembling of parts to prescribed tolerances and allowances; and selecting appro priate materials, tools, and processes. In general, the tool and die maker’ s work requires a rounded training in machine-shop and toolroom practice usually acquired through a formal apprenticeship or equivalent training and experience. For cross-industry wage study purposes, tool and die makers in tool and die jobbing shops are excluded from this classification. CUSTODIAL AND MATERIAL MOVEMENT ELEVATOR OPERATOR, PASSENGER GUARD Transports passengers between floors of an office building apartment house, department store, hotel, or similar establishment. Workers who operate elevators in conjunction with other duties such as those of starters and janitors are excluded. Performs routine police duties, either at fixed post or on tour, maintaining order, using arms or force where necessary. I n c l u d e s g a t e - m en w h o are s t a t i o n e d at g a t e a n d c h e c k on id e n t it y o f e m p lo y e e s a n d o th e r p e r s o n s e n te r in g . 19 PACKER, SHIPPING JANITOR, PORTER, OR CLEANER (Sweeper; charwomen; janitress) Cleans and keeps in an orderly condition factory working areas and washrooms, or premises of an office, apartment house, or commercial or other establishment. Duties involve a co m b in a tio n o f the f o llo w in g : Sweeping, mopping or scrubbing, and polishing floors; removing chips, trash, and other refuse; dusting equipment, furniture, or fixtures; polish ing metal fixtures or trimmings; providing supplies and minor mainte nance services; and cleaning lavatories, showers, and restrooms. Work ers who specialize in window washing are excluded. Prepares finished products for shipment or storage by placing them in shipping containers, the specific operations performed being dependent upon the type, size, and number of units to be packed, the type of container employed, and method of shipment. Work requires the placing of items in shipping containers and m ay in v o lv e o n e or m ore o f the fo llo w in g : Knowledge of various items of stock in order to verify content; selection of appropriate type and size of container; inserting enclosures in container; using excelsior or other material to prevent breakage or damage; closing and sealing container; and applying labels or entering identifying data on container. P a c k e r s w h o a ls o m ake w o o d e n b o x e s or c r a t e s a re e x c lu d e d . LABORER, MATERIAL HANDLING (Loader and unloader; handler and stacker; shelver; trucker; stockman or stock helper; warehouseman or warehouse helper) SHIPPING AND RECEIVING CLERK Prepares merchandise for shipment, or receives and is respon A worker employed in a warehouse, manufacturing plant, store, or other establishment whose duties involve o n e or more o f the f o l l o w in g : Loading and unloading various materials and merchandise on or from freight cars, trucks, or other transporting devices; unpacking, shelv ing, or placing materials or merchandise in proper storage location; and transporting materials or merchandise by hand truck, car, or wheel barrow. L o n g s h o r e m e n , w ho lo a d a n d u n lo a d s h ip s are e x c lu d e d . sible for incoming shipments of merchandise or other materials. p in g w ork i n v o l v e s : routes, S h ip A knowledge of shipping procedures, practices, available means of transportation and rates; and preparing records of the goods shipped, making up bills of lading, posting weight and shipping charges, and keeping a file of shipping records. direct or assist in preparing the merchandise for shipment. w ork in v o lv e s : May R e c e iv in g Verifying or directing others in verifying the correct ness of shipments against bills of lading, invoices, or other records; checking for shortages and rejecting damaged goods; routing merchan ORDER FILLER dise (Order picker; stock selector; warehouse stockman) or materials to proper departments; and maintaining necessary records and files. Fills shipping or transfer orders for finished goods from stored merchandise in accordance with specifications on sales slips, cus tomers’ orders, or other instructions. and indicating items filled or omitted, May, in addition to filling orders keep records of outgoing orders requisition additional stock, or report short supplies to supervisor, and perform Other related duties. For wage study purposes, workers are classified as follows: R e c e i v i n g c le r k S h ip p in g c le r k S h ip p in g a n d r e c e iv in g c le r k 20 TRUCKDRIVER TRUCKER, POWER Drives a truck within a city or industrial area to transport ma terials, merchandise, equipment, or men between various types of estab lishments such as: Manufacturing plants, freight depots, warehouses, wholesale and retail establishments, or between retail establishments and customers* houses or places of business. May also load or unload truck with or without helpers, make minor mechanical repairs, and keep truck in good working order. D r iv e r -s a le s m e n a n d o v e r -t h e -r o a d d r iv e r s Operates a manually controlled gasoline- or electric-powered truck or tractor to transport goods and materials of all kinds about a warehouse, manufacturing plant, or other establishment. are e x c lu d e d . For wage study purposes, truckdrivers are classified by size and type of equipment, as follows: (Tractor-trailer should be rated on the basis of trailer capacity.) For wage study purposes, workers are classified by type of truck, as follows: T r u c k e r , p o w e r (f o r k lif t ) T r u c k e r , p o w e r (o th e r than f o r k lif t ) T r u c k d r iv e r (c o m b in a tio n o f s i z e s l i s t e d s e p a r a t e l y ) T r u c k d r iv e r , lig h t (u n d e r 1% to n s) WATCHMAN T r u c k d r iv e r , m ediu m ( 1% to a n d in c lu d in g 4 to n s ) T r u c k d r iv e r , h e a v y ( o v e r 4 to n s, tr a ile r t y p e ) T r u c k d r iv e r , h e a v y (o v e r 4 to n s, oth er than tr a ile r t y p e ) Makes rounds of premises periodically in protecting property against fire, theft, and illegal entry. Occupational Wage Surveys A l is t o f the la t e s t a v a ila b le b u lle tin s is p r e s e n t e d b e l o w . A d i r e c t o r y in d ica t in g d a te s o f e a r l i e r s t u d i e s , and the p r i c e s o f the b u lle tin s is a v a ila b le upon r e q u e s t . B u lle tin s m a y be p u r c h a s e d f r o m the S u p e rin te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , U. S. G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O f f i c Va shin gto n 25, D. C. , o r f r o m any o f the B L S r e g i o n a l s a l e s o f f i c e s s ho w n on the in s i d e f r o n t c o v e r . A rea B u lle tin num ber P rice A l b u q u e r q u e , N. M e x . ____________________ A lle n to w n —B e t h l e h e m —E a s t o n , P a . —N. J. A tla n ta, G a. ________________________________ B a l t i m o r e , M d. ____________________________ B e a u m o n t—P o r t A r t h u r , T e x . ____________ B i r m i n g h a m , A la . _________________________ B o i s e , Idaho ________________ ______________ B o s t o n , M a s s . _____________________________ 1303-81 1 3 4 5 -5 3 130 3-6 7 1 3 4 5 -4 5 1 3 0 3-6 5 1 3 4 5 -2 3 1 3 0 3 -7 8 1 3 4 5-5 6 130 3-7 7 1 3 4 5-1 5 25 20 25 20 30 25 25 20 25 25 cen ts ce n ts cen ts ce n ts cen ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts B u f f a l o , N. Y ............................................................ B u r lin g t o n , Vt. ____________________________ C a nton, O hio ______________________________ C h a r l e s t o n , W. V a . ______________________ C h a r l o t t e , N. C. ____________________________ C h a t ta n o o g a , T e n n . —Ga. __________________ C h i c a g o , 111. _______________________________ C in c in n a ti, Ohio—Ky. ______________________ C l e v e l a n d , O hio ____________________________ C o l u m b u s , Ohio ____________________________ 1 3 4 5-3 0 1 3 4 5-5 0 1 3 0 3-6 2 1303-61 13 0 3-6 0 13 4 5-8 1 3 0 3 -6 4 1345-54 1 3 4 5 -1 4 1 3 4 5-2 8 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 20 25 25 ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts D a l l a s , T e x . _______________________________ D a v e n p o r t —R o c k Island—M o l i n e , Iowa—111. D a y to n , Ohio _______________________________ D e n v e r , C o l o . ______________________________ D es M o i n e s , Iowa _________________________ D e t r o i t , M ic h . _____________________________ F o r t W o r t h , T e x . _________________________ G r e e n B a y , W is . ___________________________ G r e e n v i l l e , S. C. __________________________ H o u s to n , T e x . ______________________________ 1 345-21 1 3 4 5-1 8 1 3 4 5-3 5 1 3 4 5-3 2 1 3 4 5 -4 2 1 3 4 5-4 7 1 345-27 1 3 4 5 -3 130 3-7 0 130 3-7 9 25 25 20 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts cen ts cen ts cen ts J a c k s o n , M i s s . _______________________ J a c k s o n v i l l e , F la . ___________________ K a n s a s C it y , M o . —K a n s . ___________ L a w r e n c e —H a v e r h i l l , M a s s . —N. H. . L ittle R o c k —N o rth L it tle R o c k , A rk . L o s A n g e l e s —L o n g B e a c h , C a lif . __ L o u i s v i l l e , Ky. —Ind. _________________ L u b b o c k , T e x . ________________________ M a n c h e s t e r , N. H. ____________________ 1 3 4 5 -2 6 1 3 4 5 -4 3 134 5-3 9 1 3 4 5-2 2 1 3 0 3-7 6 1345-7 1 3 0 3 -5 3 1 3 4 5-4 8 1 3 0 3 -7 4 1 3 4 5-2 1 3 4 5-3 6 25 20 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 25 25 ce n ts ce n ts cen ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts A k r o n , Ohio Area B u lle tin num ber P rice M i a m i , F la . __________________________________ M i l w a u k e e , W i s . ___________________________ M i n n e a p o l i s —St. P a u l , Min n. _____________ M u s k e g o n —M u s k e g o n H e ig h t s , M ic h . ____ N e w a r k and J e r s e y C it y , N. J. ____________ New H av e n , Con n. ___________________________ New O r l e a n s , L a . ___________________________ New Y o r k , N. Y .......................................................... N o r f o l k —P o r t s m o u t h and N e w p o r t N e w s — H a m p t o n , V a . ______________________________ O k la h o m a C it y , O kla. ______________________ 1345-33 1 3 0 3-5 7 1 3 4 5 -3 8 1 3 0 3 -6 8 1 3 4 5 -4 6 1 3 4 5-3 7 1 3 4 5 -4 4 1 3 0 3 -5 8 20 25 25 25 25 20 25 30 1 3 0 3 -7 5 1 3 4 5 -6 20 ce n ts 25 ce n ts O m a h a , N e b r . —Iow a ________________________ P a t e r s o n —C lif t o n —P a s s a i c , N. J. __________ P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a . —N. J. ____________________ P h o e n i x , A r i z . ______________________________ P i t t s b u r g h , P a . _____________________________ P o r t l a n d , M a in e _____________________________ P o r t l a n d , O r e g . —W a s h . ____________________ P r o v i d e n c e —P a w t u c k e t , R. I . —M a s s . _____ R a l e i g h , N. C. _______________________________ R i c h m o n d , V a . ______________________________ 1 3 4 5 -1 2 1303-71 134 5-3 1 1345-57 1 3 4 5 -4 0 1 3 4 5 -2 4 1 3 0 3 -7 2 1 3 0 3 -6 6 1 3 45-1 1 3 4 5 -1 9 20 25 30 20 25 20 25 25 20 20 ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts c e n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts R b c k f o r d , 111. ________________________________ St. L o u i s , M o . —111. _________________________ Salt L a k e C it y , Utah ________________________ San A n t o n io , T e x . ___________________________ San B e r n a r d i n o —R i v e r s i d e —O n t a r io , C a lif . San D i e g o , C a lif . ____________________________ San F r a n c i s c o —O a kla nd , C a lif . ____________ Savannah, Ga. _______________________________ S c r a n t o n , P a . _______________________________ S e a t t le , W a s h . _______________________________ 1 3 0 3-6 9 1 3 4 5-1 7 1 3 4 5 -2 5 1 3 0 3 -6 3 13 4 5-9 1 3 4 5-1 0 1 3 4 5 -3 4 1 3 0 3-8 0 13 4 5-5 1 3 4 5 -4 30 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 15 25 ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts cen ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts S io u x F a l l s , S. Dak. _______________________ South B e n d , Ind. _____________________________ S p o k a n e , W a s h . ______________________________ T o l e d o , O hio ________________________________ T r e n t o n , N. J. _______________________________ W a s h in g t o n , D . C . —M d . —V a . _______________ W a t e r b u r y , Conn. ___________________________ W a t e r l o o , Iowa _______________________________ W i c h i t a , K a n s . _______________________________ W o r c e s t e r , M a s s . __________________________ Y o r k , P a . _____________________________________ 1 3 4 5 -1 3 1 3 4 5 -5 2 1 3 0 3 -7 3 1345-51 1 3 4 5-2 9 1 3 4 5 -1 6 1 3 4 5-4 9 1 3 4 5-2 0 1 345-11 1 3 0 3-8 2 1 345-41 20 20 20 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 20 cen ts ce n ts cen ts ce n ts ce n ts cents cen ts cen ts ce n ts ce n ts cen ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts cen ts ce n ts ce n ts ce n ts C/^ T y t i ° 3VA-L
@FedFRASER