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Occupational Projections and Training Data 1986 Edition Occupational Projections and Training Data 1986 Edition A Statistical and Research Supplement to the 1986-87 Occupational Outlook Handbook U.S. Department of Labor W illiam E. Brock, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner April 1986 Bulletin 2251 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 Preface This statistical and research supplement to the 1986-87 O ccupational O u tlo o k H a n db o o k is the seventh in a series dating to 1971 that presents the data underlying the in formation developed in the Bureau’s occupational outlook program; since 1974, O ccupational P roje ctio n s and T raining D ata has been published biennially as a companion to the H a n d b o o k. This bulletin was prepared in the Division of Oc cupational Outlook under the direction of Neal Rosenthal and Michael Pilot. Patrick Wash supervis ed its preparation. Alan Eck prepared the chapter on occupational separations and the material on oc cupational movements and replacement needs. Max L. Carey prepared the chapter on how workers get their training. Douglas Braddock prepared the infor mation on broad occupational trends. Martha C. White prepared the employment and training pro files and assembled the detailed training data. Under the direction of Beverly A. Williams, word process ing was handled by Brenda A. Marshall, Marilyn Queen, and Idena B. Sanders. Material in this publication is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. Comments about the contents and sugges tions for improvement are welcome. Please address them to Chief, Division of Occupational Outlook, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Washing ton, D.C. 20212. Contents Page Chapters: 1. Using occupational data for planning education and training programs....... 3 3 4 7 8 8 11 3. Occupational separations.................... Gross separations...................... Demographic factors affecting separation rates.................... Permanent labor force separations........................... 17 17 20 4. How workers get their training........... Sources of qualifying training .. Occupational patterns............... 25 26 28 5. Occupational profiles........................... Employment profile.................. Supply profile........................... 31 31 32 ENGINEERS, SURVEYORS, AND ARCHITECTS ............................... Architects.................................. Engineers.................................. Aerospace engineers.................. Chemical engineers .................. Civil engineers ......................... Electrical and electronics engineers............................... Industrial engineers.................. Mechanical engineers................ Metallurgical, ceramic, and materials engineers............... Mining engineers...................... Nuclear engineers...................... Petroleum engineers.................. Surveyors.................................. 1 2. Tomorrow’s jobs................................. Population................................. Labor force............................... Employment............................. Employment change ................ Industrial profile...................... Occupational profile................ EXECUTIVE, ADMINISTRATIVE, AND MANAGERIAL OCCUPATIONS............................. Accountants and auditors......... Bank officers and managers... . Construction and building inspectors............................. Health services managers......... Hotel managers and assistants.. Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction . Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists............... Purchasing agents .................... School principals and assistant principals ............................. Underwriters............................. Wholesale and retail buyers . . . . Page 19 NATURAL SCIENTISTS AND MATHEMATICIANS........................... Actuaries.................................. Agricultural scientists............... Biological scientists.................. Chemists ................................... Computer systems analysts....... Foresters and conservation scientists............................... Geologists and geophysicists .. . Mathematicians......................... Meteorologists........................... Physicists and astronomers ___ Statisticians............................... 33 33 33 33 34 34 SOCIAL SCIENTISTS, SOCIAL WORKERS, RELIGIOUS WORKERS, AND LAWYERS................................... Clergy........................................ Economists............................... Lawyers.................................... Psychologists............................. Recreation w orkers.................. Social workers ......................... Sociologists............................... Urban and regional planners ... 34 35 35 36 36 36 v 37 37 37 38 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 42 42 43 43 43 44 44 44 44 45 45 45 46 46 47 47 Contents— Continued Page TEACHERS, COUNSELORS, LIBRARIANS, AND ARCHIVISTS .. . Adult and vocational education teachers.................................... Archivists and curators................ College and university faculty . . . . Counselors.................................... Kindergarten and elementary school teachers.......................... Librarians...................................... Secondary school teachers............. HEALTH DIAGNOSING AND TREATING PRACTITIONERS........... Chiropractors................................. Dentists.......................................... Optometrists ................................. Physicians...................................... Podiatrists..................................... Veterinarians................................. REGISTERED NURSES, PHARMACISTS, DIETITIANS, THERAPISTS, AND PHYSICIAN ASSISTANTS........................................ Dietitians and nutritionists........... Occupational therapists................ Pharmacists................................... Physical therapists ........................ Physician assistants........................ Recreational therapists.................. Registered nurses........................... Respiratory therapists.................... Speech pathologists and audiologists............................... HEALTH TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS.................................... Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians.......................... Dental hygienists........................... Dispensing opticians...................... Electrocardiograph technicians__ Electroencephalographic technologists and technicians . . . Emergency medical technicians . . . Licensed practical nurses............... Medical record technicians........... Radiologic technologists ............... Surgical technicians ...................... Page WRITERS, ARTISTS, AND ENTERTAINERS ................................. Actors, directors, and producers .. Dancers and choreographers......... Designers ...................................... Graphic and fine artists................. Musicians....................................... Photographers and camera operators................................... Public relations specialists............. Radio and television announcers and newscasters........................ Reporters and correspondents__ Writers and editors........................ 47 47 48 48 48 49 49 50 50 50 50 51 51 51 52 TECHNOLOGISTS AND TECHNICIANS, EXCEPT HEALTH.. Air traffic controllers.................... Broadcast technicians.................... Computer programmers................. Drafters ........................................ Electrical and electronics technicians................................. Engineering technicians................. Legal assistants............................. Library technicians........................ Science technicians........................ Tool programmers, numerical control...................................... 52 52 52 52 53 53 54 54 54 55 56 56 56 MARKETING AND SALES OCCUPATIONS................................... Cashiers........................................ Insurance sales workers................. Manufacturers’ sales workers....... Real estate agents and brokers....................................... Retail sales workers...................... Securities and financial services sales workers............... Travel agents................................. Wholesale trade sales workers . . . . 57 57 57 58 58 58 ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT OCCUPATIONS, INCLUDING CLERICAL............................................ Bank tellers................................... Bookkeepers and accounting clerks........................................ 55 55 vi 59 59 59 59 60 60 61 61 62 62 62 63 63 63 63 64 64 65 65 66 66 66 66 66 67 67 68 68 68 69 69 69 69 70 Contents— Continued Page Computer and peripheral equipmentoperators.................. Data entry keyers......................... Mail carriers and postal clerks........................................ Receptionists and information clerks........................................ Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks .. Secretaries .................................... Statistical clerks............................. Stenographers ............................... Teacher aides................................. Telephone operators...................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks........................................ Typists .......................................... SERVICE OCCUPATIONS...................... Barbers.......................................... Bartenders.................................... Chefs and cooks, except short order.......................................... Childcare workers......................... Correction officers........................ Cosmetologists and related workers .................................... Dental assistants........................... Firefighting occupations ............... Flight attendants........................... G uards.......................................... Janitors and cleaners.................... Medical assistants......................... Nursing aides and psychiatric aides.......................................... Police and detectives.................... Waiters and waitresses.................. AGRICULTURAL, FORESTRY, AND FISHING OCCUPATIONS ....... Farm operators and managers . . . . MECHANICS AND REPAIRERS........... Aircraft mechanics and engine specialists................................... Automotive and motorcycle mechanics ................................. Automotive body repairers........... Commercial and industrial electronic equipment repairers .. Communications equipment mechanics ................................. Page Computer service technicians.. . Diesel mechanics ...................... Electronic home entertainment equipment repairers ............. Farm equipment mechanics__ General maintenance mechanics Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics....... Home appliance and power tool repairers............................... Industrial machinery repairers .. Line installers and cable splicers.................................. Millwrights....... ....................... Mobile heavy equipment mechanics............................. Musical instrument repairers and tuners............................. Office machine and cash register servicers........... Telephone installers and repairers............................... Vending machine servicers and repairers............................... 70 71 71 72 72 72 73 73 74 74 74 75 75 75 76 76 76 77 77 78 78 78 79 79 79 80 80 81 81 81 81 81 82 82 83 83 vii 83 84 84 85 85 85 86 86 87 87 87 88 88 88 89 CONSTRUCTION AND EXTRACTIVE OCCUPATIONS.................................. Bricklayers and stonemasons .. . Carpenters................................. Carpet installers........................ Concrete masons and terrazzo workers................................. Drywall workers and lathers .. . Electricians............................... Glaziers.................................... Insulation workers.................... Painters and paperhangers....... Plasterers.................................. Plumbers and pipefitters........... Roofers .................................... Roustabouts ............................. Sheet-metal workers.................. Structural and reinforcing metal workers ...................... Tilesetters.................................. 95 95 PRODUCTION OCCUPATIONS............. Blue-collar worker supervisors.. Boilermakers............................. Bookbinding workers ............... Butchers and meatcutters......... 95 95 96 96 96 89 89 90 90 90 91 91 92 92 92 93 93 94 94 94 Contents— Continued Page Page Compositors and typesetters .. . 97 Dental laboratory technicians .. 97 97 Jewelers................................ Lithographic and photoengraving workers............................ 97 98 Machinists............................ Metalworking and plastic working machine operators .. 98 Numerical-control machine-tool operators.......................... 98 Photographic process workers .. 99 Precision assemblers............ 99 Printing press operators........... 99 Shoe and leather workers and 100 repairers.......................... Stationary engineers.............. 100 Tool-and-die makers............ 100 Transportation equipment painters............................ 101 Upholsterers......................... 101 Water and sewage treatment plant operators ....................... 101 Welders and cutters.............. 101 TRANSPORTATION AND MATERIAL MOVING OCCUPATIONS.............. 102 Aircraft pilots....................... 102 Busdrivers............................ 102 Construction machinery operators............................... Industrial truck and tractor operators............................... Truckdrivers............................. HANDLERS, EQUIPMENT CLEANERS, HELPERS, AND LABORERS.......................................... Construction trades helpers 103 103 104 104 Appendixes: A. Assumptions and methods used in preparing employment projections .......................... B. Detailed occupational projections................................... C. Detailed data on gross separations and age distributions.................... D. Statistics on how workers get their training, by occupation............... E. Detailed training statistics............... F. Sources of State and local job outlook information....... ........................ Index to occupational profiles.................. vm 103 105 109 122 135 166 195 200 Chapter 1. Using Occupational Data for Planning Education and Training Programs computer manufacturing industry. Clearly, in this dynamic industry, output growth cannot be predicted with precision, even though most analysts agree that the industry will grow significantly. Job openings resulting from the need to replace in dividuals who leave their jobs, which is another compo nent of demand, are perhaps even more difficult to pro ject than occupational growth. However, job openings resulting from replacement needs are a more significant source of demand than occupational growth in virtually all occupations. Individuals leave their jobs for a wide variety of reasons. Some leave to work in another occupa tion that may have higher earnings, better working con ditions, or more stable employment. Some workers lose their jobs and transfer to another occupation, sometimes after a period of unemployment. Others leave their jobs to retire, to attend school full time, or to take care of family responsibilities. The ability to develop a model that projects each of these situations accurately is severely hampered by a lack of data. However, even if data were available, they would be affected by so many constantly changing economic and social factors that perfectly ac curate projections could not be developed. If we turn to projections of supply, we are confronted by factors at least as complex as those involved in de mand projections. First, for most occupations, there are a variety of ways to qualify for a job. In addition, in most occupations, one type of training is not predominant. Oc cupations such as physician, dentist, and veterinarian that require specific educational qualifications really are ex ceptions. Further, many individuals who complete a specific occupational training program do not enter that occupation. Also, employers are a major source of train ing for many occupations, but data are lacking on whether and to what extent employers provide training because trained workers are not available or because they feel they must do so to obtain the quality of workers they need. With the additional variable of the supply of workers arising from movement from one occupaton to another, projecting supply in most occupations is difficult. The use of occupational information in planning education and training programs—especially information on future job prospects—has become increasingly impor tant in the past decade. Not only has most Federal legisla tion dealing with career-oriented education and training during this period mandated its use in planning, but more occupational information has become available for use at the local level, where most planning is conducted. Much of the focus of the statutes governing education planning is on the use of occupational demand and supply information, where demand is specified as future growth and replacement needs, and supply is specified as the availability of trained workers. Comparisons of supply and demand are encouraged so that occupational train ing programs will be dropped or contracted in cases where supply is greater than demand and initiated or expanded when supply is less than demand. In practice, however, supply and demand analyses cannot be developed and presented in this simple straightforward manner. The complexities involved in projecting both demand and supply for most occupations result in data that leave much to be desired in reliability and comprehensiveness. The complexities include, first, the difficulty of prepar ing projections of industry employment, which is one determinant of occupational demand. Industry employ ment projections in turn are dependent on the demand for goods and services produced in each industry, which is a function of consumer preferences, the world economy (which affects exports and imports), and Federal, State, and local government budgets. All of these factors are subject to great uncertainty. In addition, technological change continually affects the types of goods and services in demand as well as how they are produced. This in turn affects the growth of specific occupations. For example, the development of robots and the rate of dispersion of robots throughout industry will alter the occupational structure of industries, increasing the need for some occupations and reducing the need for others. All of these factors are very difficult to project, and impossible to predict with perfect accuracy. Within the constraints of the economic models used to develop proj ections, however, exact statistical measures for such variables must be specified.1 For example, estimates must be developed of the dollar value of output of the 1 For details on BLS methods and assumptions used in developing projections, see appendix A and Employment Projections for 1995: Data and Methods, BLS Bulletin 2253. 1 3 also discusses a method of estimating permanent separations. Chapter 4 presents the results of a 1983 survey on the number of workers who needed training to qualify for their jobs and how they acquired that training. Data are presented for about 250 occupations. Appendix D shows, for each type of training, the significance of the training for major occupational groups and detailed occupations. For example, 28 percent of all those who reported that they acquired job skills in high school vocational pro grams were secretaries. The secretaries who received train ing in this manner accounted for 35 percent of all secretaries who were employed. Chapter 5 presents employment profiles and supply profiles for detailed occupations. Information from a variety of sources is brought together to provide a picture of the types of workers employed in each occupation, the industries in which the occupation is concentrated, the unemployment rate relative to all occupations, the pro jected growth rate, and how that rate compares to the average for all occupations. It also presents the separa tion rate; the proportion of young, midcareer, and older workers; usual entry and training requirements; and education and training program completions. Where data, are available, information also is presented on the characteristics of new entrants—their level of education and whether they are recent graduates, transfers from another occupation, or individuals returning to the work force. The appendixes present a variety of statistics about oc cupations, including 1984 and projected 1995 employ ment by detailed occupation, the most current data available on enrollments and completions of public voca tional education programs, noncollegiate postsecondary schools with occupational programs, apprenticeship pro grams, and Armed Forces training, as well as degrees con ferred by 2-year colleges and other institutions of higher education. Sources of State and local occupational infor mation are given in appendix F. Despite the difficulties, these data have been used in planning and providing education and training programs. In effect, proper planning can be done with less than perfect data. For example, although the exact rate of growth of an occupation such as computer programmer may be impossible to determine with accuracy, a relative growth rate can be developed with some confidence. Evaluations of projections developed by the Bureau in the past illustrate this. Each time the target year of a set of projections is reached, BLS compares the pro jections with actual employment levels. These evaluations have shown that some occupational projections were far off the mark, but the vast majority were projected in the correct direction, and the amount of error was generally not so great as to have resulted in different decisions on the part of users who were aware of the nature of projections. With all these considerations in mind, education officials and others who must make decisions on educa tion and training programs will find valuable informa tion in the chapters that follow. Chapter 2 provides an overview of projected national employment trends over the 1984-95 period. It discusses projections of the population and labor force; projections of employment by broad industry group; and major trends in occupational employment. The information in chapter 2 can be used to place the data about detailed occupations in chapter 5 into a broad perspective. Chapter 3 discusses occupational separations from the point of view of identifying replacement needs. Data on separations are available that measure the number of individuals who leave an occupation—except for deaths. These estimates, together with estimates of employment growth, are usedUo measure the total number of job openings in an occupation. However, since many jobs are filled by workers, who transfer from other occupations, such estimates do not provide a good measure of training needs. Data that measure permanent separations from the labor force are more appropriate. Thus chapter 2 Chapter 2. Tomorrow’s Jobs G row th. The population of the United States has in creased throughout this century. However, the rate of growth was declining until the “baby boom’’ of the 1950’s. During the late 1960’s, the rate of population growth began to drop sharply and has remained at a low level since (chart 1). In 1984, the population was about 237 million. It is expected to increase to about 260 million by 1995. The rate of growth will be faster during the 1980’s (1.2 per cent a year) than during the early 1990’s (0.8 percent a year). Continued population growth will mean more con sumers to provide with goods and services, and thus a greater demand for workers in many industries and occupations. The number and kinds of jobs needed in tomorrow’s economy will depend on the interplay of demographic, economic, social, and technological factors. Some oc cupations will grow much faster than the average rate of growth in employment; others will decline in importance. Some jobs will emerge as a result of new technologies; others will disappear. And the nature of the work in most occupations will surely undergo change. This chapter presents an overview of projected changes in the population, the labor force, and employment in major industrial sectors and broad occupational groups that should help put into perspective the information about detailed occupations presented in chapter 5. It also discusses the importance of replacement needs in the employment outlook. A ge structure. Over time, the age structure of the population changes, which affects the job market in many ways. The low population growth of the 1960’s and 1970’s, for example, resulted in fewer school-age children in the 1970’s, which lowered the demand for educational services and the employment opportunities in teaching. Also during the 1970’s, the entrance into the labor force of the large number of people born during the 1950’s in creased competition for entry level jobs. The age structure of the population will continue to shift through the mid-1990’s. The number of children under 13 will increase as the large number of people born during the 1950’s continue to have children of their own. Population Changes in population are among the basic factors that will alter employment opportunities. Changes in the size and characteristics of the population affect the amount and types of goods and services demanded. They also affect the size and characteristics of the labor force—the people who are working or are looking for work—which in turn can influence the competition for jobs in an occupation. Three important population factors are population growth, shifts in the age structure of the population, and movement of the population within the country. Chart 1. Average annual percent increase The population will grow more slowly through the mid-1990’s. 2 - i® Ski* . s * W ' Source: Bureau of the Census 1945-50 50-55 55-60 60-65 65-70 70-75 75-80 3 [ 1 j-----1 i ! | 1ii ! _L_LJ___ L 80-85 85-90 90-95 The age distribution of the population will be oldest in the Northeast; almost 15 percent of its population will be age 65 or older. The West will have the youngest age distribution; over 22 percent of the population will be under age 15, and about 45 percent will be between the ages of 15 and 44. The age distribution of the South and Midwest regions will be similar to the national average. Geographic shifts in the population alter the demand for and supply of workers in local job markets. In areas with a growing population, demand for public services and construction is likely to increase. At the same time, more people looking for work in an area could increase competition for jobs. Therefore, the areas with the fastest population .growth may not necesarily offer the best job opportunities in every occupation; local employment opportunities in an occupation can differ greatly from national projections. Sources of information about local job market conditions can be found in appendix F. As the baby-boom group ages, the number of people age 35 to 54 will increase. The number of people 65 and older will rise sharply because of the relatively high population growth before the 1930’s and increases in life expectancy. Low rates of population growth during the 1930’s and 1970’s will result in a decline by 1995 in the number of 55- to 64-year-olds and 14- to 25-year-olds. The growing number of children will cause greater de mand for elementary school education through 1995. The growing number of older people will add to the demand for health services. Shifts in the age structure of the population also will affect the labor force, discussed in a later section. M ovem ent o f p o p u la tio n . Population growth varies among the regions of the Nation. For example, between 1970 and 1980 the population of the Northeast and Midwest (formerly called North Central) regions in creased by only 0.2 percent and 4.0 percent, respectively, compared with 20.0 percent in the South and 23.9 per cent in the West. These patterns reflect the movement of people seeking new jobs or retiring and higher birth rates in some areas than others. Chart 2 shows the expected changes in State populations between 1980 and 2000 if these trends continue. The overall movement of the U.S. populaton will be to the South and West. The West will continue to be the fastest growing region, increasing about 45 percent between 1980 and 2000. The South, with the largest absolute increase, will grow about 31 percent. The Midwest region is expected to increase only about 2 percent between 1980 and 1990, and to decline about 1 percent from 1990 to 2000. The population of the Northeast region will decline about 6 percent. By the year 2000, the West and the South will have about 60 percent of the Nation’s population compared to about 52 per cent in 1980. Chart 2. Labor force The size and characteristics of the labor force deter mine the number and type of people competing for jobs. In addition, the size of the labor force affects the amount of goods and services that can be produced. Growth, alterations in the age structure, and rising educational levels are among the labor force changes that will affect employment opportunities through the mid-1990’s. G row th. In 1984, the civilian labor force—people with jobs and people looking for jobs—totaled about 114 million. The labor force will grow through the mid1990’s,but at a slower rate than in the 1970’s and first half of the 1980’s (chart 3). Growth will be slower because the low birth rates during the 1960’s and 1970’s will result in fewer young people entering the labor force. By 1995, the labor force is projected to be about 129 million—an increase of about 14 percent from the 1984 level. Projected percent change in State populations, 1980 to 2000 Changes in population will vary among the States. □ ■ ■ ■ Decline Increase of up to 18% Increase of 19 to 36% Increase of more than 36% National average = 18% Source: Bureau of the Census 4 Chart 3. Average annual percent increase Labor force growth will slow through the mid-1990’s. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Chart 4. ■ ■ ■ i ...............—■■ .1__ «- 1970-75 1975-80 1980-84 - — I------------ 1— i------------ 1984-90 1990-95 Women as a percent of labor force growth Through the mid-1990’s, women will account for over three-fifths of the growth in the labor force. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 1970-75 1975-80 1984-90 1990-95 fourths by 1995. The growing proportion of workers age 25 to 54 could result in higher productivity growth dur ing this period than in the 1970’s, because workers in this age group generally have work experience and tend to be more productive. The number of people age 55 and over in the labor force is projected to decline slightly, reflecting the trend to early retirement and the drop in the number of people age 55 to 65. Through the mid-1990’s, the chief cause of labor force growth will be the continued though slower rise in the number and proportion of women who seek jobs. Women will account for more than three-fifths of the labor force growth during 1984-95 (chart 4). A ge structure. Through the mid-1990’s, the number of people age 16 to 24 in the work force is projected to decline (chart 5). Fewer young entrants into the labor force may ease competition for entry level jobs. In fact, employers may have increasing difficulty in finding young workers. The decline in the number of young workers could be particularly important to the Armed Forces— the single largest employer of men in this age group. The number of people age 25 to 54 in the labor force is expected to increase considerably, from less than two-thirds of the labor force in 1984 to nearly three- 1980-84 Education. Employers seek to hire the best qualified per sons available. This does not mean that they always choose those applicants who have the most education. However, individuals planning for a career should be aware of the rising educational level of the work force. Between 1970 and 1984, for example, the proportion of the labor force age 18 to 64 with at least 1 year of college 5 Chart 5. Labor force (millions) The number of workers in the prime working ages will grow dramatically through the mid-1990’s. SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics increased from 26 to 41 percent, while the proportion with 4 or more years of college increased from 13 to 22 per cent (chart 6). The increase in educational attainment reflects both the retirement of older workers, many of whom had little formal education, and the influx into the work force of young people, who generally have a high level of formal education. Among workers age 25 to 34, for example, nearly half have completed at least 1 year of college. The disadvantage that less educated workers suffer when seeking jobs is clearly shown in their unemployment rate. In 1984, the unemployment rate among 20- to 24-year-olds with less than 4 years of high school was 26.7 percent compared with 13.0 percent for those with 4 years of high school. The rates for those with 1 to 3 years of Chart 6. college and 4 or more years of college were only 7.8 and 4.9 percent, respectively. The association of higher unemployment rates with low levels of education shows the importance of education in a job market that increas ingly requires more training. It is also important to note that a college degree no longer guarantees success in the job market. Between 1970 and 1982, employment of college graduates grew 127 per cent. The proportion employed in professional, technical, and managerial occupations, however, declined because these occupations did not expand rapidly enough to ab sorb the growing supply of graduates. As a result, roughly 1 out of 5 college graduates who entered the labor market between 1970 and 1984 took a job not usually requiring a degree. This oversupply of graduates is likely to Percent distribution of labor force age 18 to 64 During the 1970’s and early 1980’s, the proportion of workers with a college background increased substantially. 4 or more years of college 1 to 3 years of college 4 years of high school or less Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 6 aluminum, and specialty steel industries and the industries that supply those manufacturers. Employment in those industries has benefited from the change. As is clear from the first example, expansion or decline in industries affects growth in individual occupations dif ferently because industries employ different mixes of workers (chart 7). Growth in manufacturing industries, for example, increases employment of production and material moving occupations, helpers, and laborers. In contrast, growth in the finance, insurance, and real estate industries increases employment of administrative, managerial, sales, and clerical workers. Changes in the manner in which goods are produced and services are provided also affect occupational and industrial employment. Increasing automation in automobile manufacturing, for example, is one of the fac tors expected to limit growth of assemblers, welders, and other production workers in that industry. The increas ing use of word processing equipment will mean little or no growth of typists in most industries. However, the in troduction of new technologies will probably increase employment of engineers, technicians, computer specialists, and repairers. The overall impact of technology will be to increase the amount of goods and services each worker can produce. Output of goods and services is expected to increase rapidly, however, so that employment should continue to increase in most in dustries and occupations. Other factors affecting employment are the fiscal policies of the Federal Government, the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve Board, the level of imports, and the availability of energy. Using information on these and other factors, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has prepared three sets of projections of employment in industries and occupations. Referred to as the low-, moderate-, and continue through the mid-1990’s. Not all occupations re quiring a college degree will be overcrowded, however. Good opportunities will exist for systems analysts and engineers, for example. Despite the generally competitive job market for col lege graduates, a college degree is still needed for most high-paying and high-status jobs. Persons interested in occupations that require a college degree should not be discouraged from pursuing a career that they believe matches their interests and abilities, but they should be aware of job market conditions. Employment The number of jobs in particular industries and occupations depends in large part on consumer, govern ment, and business demand for goods and services pro duced by those industries and workers. Using a simple example, if people ate out more often, employment of cooks, waiters, and other restaurant workers would in crease; employment of clerks and other grocery store workers would decline. In addition, employment in in dustries that produce restaurant equipment would grow; in industries that make grocery store equipment, employ ment would decline. Consumer desire and government regulation, for example, led automobile manufacturers to improve the fuel efficiency of cars. To do this, auto manufacturers lightened the weight of cars by using plastic, aluminum, and specialty steel instead of standard iron and steel. This shift lowered the demand for goods from the iron and steel manufacturing industry, the iron and metallurgical coal mining industries, and of other industries that supply iron and steel manufacturers, so that employment in these industries has been adversely affected. At the same time, demand has increased for the products of the plastic, j Chart 7. | Industries differ substantially in the kinds of workers they employ. Percent distribution of wage and salary workers, 1984 Professional, managerial, sales, and administrative support occupations Manufacturing Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 7 Production, construction, service, and material moving occupations Finance, insurance, and real estate high-growth alternatives, the projections are based on dif fering assumptions concerning growth of the labor force, unemployment, monetary and fiscal policy, and other factors. Each alternative provides a different set of employment estimates for 1995. It should be noted that none of the three projections should be favored as the most likely. The intent in prepar ing them was not to forecast future economic perfor mance but, rather, to examine the implications of a reasonable range of demand growth over the projection period. The projections represent only three of many possible responses of the economy to differing fiscal and monetary stimuli. A different perspective on the inner workings of the U.S. aggregate economy could easily lead to completely different results. For this reason, the highand low-growth alternatives should not be viewed as the “good” and “bad” forecasts but rather as vehicles for presenting a range of growth in gross national product (GNP) and employment to 1995. Differences in occupational projections among the three alternatives should not be considered as the poten tial range within which the projections are likely to fall because the range for most occupations is much wider than that shown. The majority of occupations are sen sitive to a wide variety of assumptions and economic factors and all of these could not be considered in the three scenarios. The development of projections is not a precise statistical process. Despite the use of sophisticated economic models and data carefully developed by statistical techniques, the future cannot be precisely predicted. Too many factors can alter economic activity over the 1984-95 period to assure that the projections pro vide an exact picture of the future. Some aspects of the development of these projections are more subjective than others. For example, in projec ting occupational staffing patterns for many industries, judgments had to be made about the extent of office automation during 1984-95, and judgments about the use of this technology vary among analysts. The assumptions and methods used to develop these alternative projections are discussed in appendix A. The occupational employment projections from the three alternatives are presented in appendix B. The Bureau’s projections of labor force, gross national product, in dustrial output and employment, and occupational employment were described in articles in the November 1985 issue of the M o n th ly L a b o r Review. by occupation. The following two sections look at pro jected 1984-95 employment from both perspectives. Industrial profile To discuss employment trends and projections in in dustries, it is useful to divide the economy into nine in dustrial sectors under two broad groups—service-pro ducing industries and goods-producing industries. In 1984, over 7 of every 10 jobs were in industries that pro vide services such as health care, trade, education, repair and maintenance, government, transportation, banking, and insurance. Industries that produce goods through farming, construction, mining, and manufacturing ac counted for fewer than 3 out of every 10 jobs in the Nation. Service-producing industries. Employment in serviceproducing industries has been increasing at a faster rate than employment in goods-producing industries (chart 8). Among the factors that have contributed to this rapid growth are rising incomes and living standards that result in greater demand for health care, entertainment, and business and financial services. In addition, the growth of cities and suburbs has brought a need for more local government services. Further, because many services in volve personal contact, relatively fewer people have been replaced by machines in service-producing industries. Through the mid-1990’s, employment is expected to continue to increase faster in service-producing industries than in goods-producing industries. In fact, serviceproducing industries are projected to account for about 9 out of 10 new jobs between 1984 and 1995. Employ ment in these industries is expected to increase from 77.2 million in 1984 to 91.3 million in 1995, or 18 percent. Growth will vary among industries within the group (chart 9). The following paragraphs summarize recent trends and employment projections in the five industrial sectors that make up the service-producing industries. Transportation, com m unications, and p u b lic utilities. Employment has increased in air transportation and transportaton services, but has declined in railroads and water transportation since 1979. Even in the communica tions industries, where demand has increased greatly, technological innovations have limited employment growth. Between 1984 and 1995, employment in transporta tion, communications, and public utilities is expected to rise 14 percent, from 5.6 million to 6.4 million. Rising demand for new telecommunications services, resulting from the increased use of computer systems and the divestiture of the telephone company, will make com munications the most rapidly growing industry in the sector. Employment in communications industries is pro jected to grow 17 percent, from 1.4 to 1.6 million. More efficient communications equipment, however, will keep employment from rising as rapidly as output. Employment change Employment is expected to increase from 106.8 million in 1984 to 122.8 million in 1995, or about 15 percent. This growth, while substantial, is much slower than growth during the previous 11-year period, for reasons discuss ed in the section on labor force growth. Employment change can be looked at in two ways: by industry and 8 Chart 8. Industries providing services will continue to employ many more people than those providing goods. Workers (millions)1 80 60 40 20 0 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 1959 1979 1969 1995 Projected change in employment, 1984-95 (millions)1 Service producing: Transportation, communications, - 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 and publ,c utlllties Trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services Government Goods producing: Agriculture Mining Construction Manufacturing 1Wage and salary employment except for agriculture, which includes self-employed and unpaid family workers. Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Trade. Both wholesale and retail trade employment have increased as the population has grown and as rising incomes have enabled people to buy a greater number and variety of goods. During the 1970’s and early 1980’s, employment in trade increased at about the same rate as in service-producing industries as a whole. Between 1984 and 1995, wholesale and retail trade employment is ex pected to grow from 24.3 to 28.3 million, or 16 percent. Employment will rise despite the use of laborsaving in novations such as computerized inventory systems and automated warehouses. The largest number of new jobs in the trade sector is projected to be in eating and drinking places. Other retail firms expected to have large increases are department stores, grocery stores, and new car dealerships. In wholesale trade, the largest increases Although employment in railroads is expected to decline, other transportation industries such as air, local transit, and trucking are expected to increase. However, deregulation will continue to have an impact in trucking, where a shift to self-employed truckers is expected, and in airlines, where a much slower rate of growth than in the past is projected. On the other hand, the trans portation services industry (mostly travel agencies) will grow rapidly. Employment in transportation as a whole should rise 14 percent, from 3.2 million to 3.7 million. Demand for electric power, gas utilities, and water and sanitary services will increase through the mid-1990’s as population and industry grow. Employment in industries that deliver these services is expected to increase 13 per cent, from 1.0 million to 1.2 million. 1990 11ncludes wage and salary workers, the self-employed, and unpaid family workers. Chart 9. Through the mid-1990’s, Some industries will grow much faster than others. 1984 9 1995, employment in goods-producing industries is ex pected to increase only 6 percent, from 29.6 to 31.4 million, which is only slightly higher than employment in 1979. Significant variations in employment growth is expected among goods-producing industries (chart 9). will be in firms handling machinery, electric goods, and motor vehicles. Finance, insurance, and real estate. This was the second fastest growing service-producing sector during the 1970’s and early 1980’s as financial and banking needs mushroomed. Between 1984 and 1995, employment in this sector is expected to rise from 6.3 to 7.4 million, or 17 percent. Demand for credit and other financial services is expected to grow rapidly, but automatic teller machines and com puterized banking and stock transactions will prevent employment from growing as fast as output. A g ric u ltu re . The use of machinery, fertilizers, feeds, pesticides, and hybrid plants has made possible increas ed farm output with a smaller work force. Domestic de mand for food will increase slowly through the mid-1990’s. Worldwide demand for food will increase because of population growth, and U.S. food exports will increase through the next decade. Farm productivity, however, will continue to improve—although more slowly than in the past—and employment is expected to continue: to decline even as production rises. Between 1984 and 1995, agricultural employment is projected to drop 7 per cent, from 3.3 to 3.0 million jobs. Services. This sector includes a variety of industries, such as hotels, barber shops, automobile repair shops, hospitals, engineering firms, and nonprofit organizations. During the 1970’s and early 1980’s, employment in this sector increased faster than in any other sector. Sharply rising demands for health care, data processing, and engineering and legal services were among the forces behind this growth. From 1984 to 1995, employment in service industries is expected to increase from 23.4 million to 31.2 million, or 30 percent. These industries will provide more new jobs than any other industry sector. Business services, in cluding data processing, personnel supply, and commer cial cleaning, are expected to grow more rapidly than other industries in the sector. Employment in health serv ices also is expected to increase substantially, but cost con tainment measures are expected to restrict the rate of growth of health care industries despite increased demand generated by an aging population and by advances in health technology. Large increases in employment also are expected in engineering, legal, social, and accounting services. M in in g . Employment in the mining sector increased rapidly from 1973 to 1981, primarily due to increased mining of coal in response to oil shortages. It then de clined substantially due to recession, foreign competition for metals, and a drop in the price of oil which brought the oil and gas boom of the early 1980’s to a halt. Between 1984 and 1995, employment is expected to decline from 651,000 to 631,000, or 3 percent. Employ ment in oil and gas extraction is expected to increase only 1 percent as domestic production levels off; employment in coal mining is expected to decline due to productivity improvements and expected slow growth in demand. Most other mining industries are expected to have decreases in employment because of import competition and improvements in mining technology. C onstruction. Employment in construction dropped considerably between 1979 and 1982, as high interest rates and low economic activity limited new construction, but has since rebounded and now is higher than in 1979 because of lower interest rates and increased economic activity. The construction industry is expected to benefit from an anticipated growth in investment, particularly after 1990. Between 1984 and 1995, employment in the con struction sector is expected to increase 12 percent, from 5.9 to 6.6 million. Through the late 1980’s, the demand for housing is expected to be strong as interest rates are projected to drop slowly and as the industry continues to recover from the low level of new residential construc tion during the 1980-82 recession years. During the early 1990’s, the growth in households will slow and possibly limit the demand for new housing. Nonresidential con struction is projected to recover from the recent over supply of commercial office buildings and also to grow as factory modernization accelerates. G overnm ent. During the 1970’s and early 1980’s, government employment rose, although most of this growth was in State and local government prior to 1980. Between 1984 and 1995, employment is expected to rise only 7 percent, from 16.0 million to 17.1 million. State and local government growth is projected to be 9.0 per cent, but Federal employment is expected to remain level. About 3 out of every 7 new jobs projected to be added in State and local government will be in education, which is projected to rise from 6.7 million in 1984 to 7.2 million in 1995. Employment in elementary schools is expected to rise faster than in high schools. G oods-producing industries. Employment in these in dustries increased during the 1970’s, but the 1980 and 1981-82 recessions caused a drop in employment. Although employment in these industries increased by 1984, it was still under their 1979 peak. Between 1984 and 10 M a n u fa ctu rin g . Improved productivity and import competition caused a 1.6 million drop in manufacturing employment between 1979 and 1984, following a slight increase during the 1970’s. Employment is expected to increase 7 percent, from 19.8 million in 1984 to 21.1 million in 1995 due to strong demand resulting from an expected capital spending boom and continued strong growth in defense expenditures. Only modest employment gains in manufacturing are expected because of the an ticipated productivity increase from investment in hightechnology capital equipment. Despite this growth, employment in 1995 will still be slightly below the 1979 level. Several key manufacturing industries, such as automobile and steel manufacturing, are not expected to reach previous peak employment levels. On the other hand, the computer, materials handling equipment, and scientific and controlling instrument industries will be among the fastest growing industries. Manufacturing is divided into two broad categories— durable and nondurable goods manufacturing. Employ ment in durable goods manufacturing is expected to in crease by 12 percent due to rising business, military, and consumer demand for computers, machinery, and elec tronic components. However, employment in nondurable goods manufacturing is projected to decline by 2 percent, reflecting the tendency of consumers to spend less of their budget on staples such as food and clothing as their income rises. of occupations that will add the most jobs over the period. Occupations expected to decline over the period generally are concentrated in industries that are contrac ting or being severely affected by technological change (table 3). For example, railroad brake, signal, and switch operators are concentrated in a declining industry, while stenographers are being affected by technological change. In the following discussion, the employment growth rates of individual occupations usually are compared to the national average for all occupations. The six phrases that describe employment growth are explained in figure 3 on page 32. Executive, adm inistrative, and m anagerial occupa tions. In most of these occupations, employment is expected to increase about as fast as the average for all occupations. However, faster growth is expected for occupations in fast-growing industries. For example, employment of managers in the health industry is ex pected to increase much faster than the average. Employ ment of administrators and managers should grow faster than the average in data processing services, credit and securities firms, automotive repairs, and social services. In contrast, managerial employment in government and educational services is likely to grow more slowly than the average due to the anticipated modest growth of these industries. Employment of accountants and auditors will grow much faster than the average as managers rely more on accounting information to make business decisions. Employment of buyers, purchasing agents, and person nel specialists will increase about as the fast as average, while employment of construction inspectors and com pliance and enforcement officers will increase more slowly than the average. Because of the increasing number of people seeking managerial and administrative jobs and the increasing technical requirements in many of these occupations, ex perience, specialized training, or postbaccalaureate study will be needed for more of them. Familiarity with com puters will be needed in more jobs as managers and ad ministrators increasingly rely on computerized informa tion systems to direct their organizations. Occupational profile This section gives an overview of the changes expected in employment for 16 broad groups of occupations. These groups are based on the Standard Occupational Classification, which has been adopted as the classifica tion system for all government agencies that collect occupational employment data. The economy is expected to generate 15.9 million ad ditional jobs between 1984 and 1995. Thirty-seven oc cupations are expected to account for about one-half of this projected job growth (table 1). These occupations are numerically large—all had 237,000 or more workers in 1984. Occupations that require extensive training are not found to any greater extent in table 1 than are those re quiring little formal training. Only one-fourth of the occupations generally require a college degree. The occupations with the highest growth rates between 1984 and 1995 are shown in table 2. The list is dominated by occupations that are tied to expanding industries and which have been among the fastest growing in the economy for the past decade. Almost half of the 20 oc cupations in the list are either in the computer or health fields. For some occupations, the high growth rates reflect recovery from the recession. Note also that the fastest growing occupations generally are not found on the list Engineers, scientists, and related occupations. Employ ment in most of the occupations in this group is expected to increase as fast as or faster than the average; employ ment of engineers and systems analysts is expected to grow much faster than the average. Increased military expenditures, growing demand for computers and other electronic equipment, expansion and automation of industrial production, and development of energy sources are some of the factors expected to lead 11 Table 1. Occupations with the largest job growth, 1984-95 (Numbers in thousands) Change in employment 1984-95 Occupation Percent of total job growth 1984-95 Number Percent Cashiers .............................................................................................................................. Registered nurses................................................................................................................ Janitors and cleaners, including maids and housekeeping cleaners........................... Truck drivers ...................................................................................................................... Waiters and waitresses ...................................................................................................... Wholesale trade sales w orkers......................................................................................... Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants ......................................................................... Salespersons, retail ............................................................................................................ Accountants and auditors................................................................................................... 556 452 443 428 424 369 348 343 307 29.8 32.8 15.1 17.2 26.1 29.6 28.9 12.6 34.8 3.6 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.3 2.2 2.2 1.9 Teachers, kindergarten and elementary........................................................................... Secretaries .......................................................................................................................... Computer programmers...................................................................................................... General office clerks............................................................................................................ Food preparation workers, excluding fast food .............................................................. Food preparation and service workers, fast food............................................................ Computer systems analysts, electronic data processing................................................ Electrical and electronics engineers................................................................................. Electrical and electronics technicians and technologists................................................ 281 268 245 231 219 215 212 206 202 20.3 9.6 71.7 9.6 22.1 17.9 68.7 52.8 50.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 Guards................................................................................................................................... Automotive and motorcycle mechanics............................................................................. Lawyers................................................................................................................................ Cosmetologists and related workers................................................................................. Cooks, restaurant................................................................................................................ Maintenance repairers, general utility............................................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks................................................................ Bartenders............................................................................................................................ Computer operators, excluding peripheral equipment.................................................... Physicians and surgeons................................................................................................... 188 185 174 150 138 137 118 112 111 109 25.6 20.1 35.5 28.7 29.7 15.6 6.0 27.9 46.1 23.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 .9 .9 .9 .7 .7 .7 .7 Licensed practical nurses................................................................................................... Carpenters............................................................................................................................ Switchboard operators....................................................................................................... Food service and lodging managers................................................................................. Electricians.......................................................................................................................... Teacher aides and educational assistants...................................................................... Blue-collar worker supervisors........................................................................................... Receptionists and information clerks................................................................................. Mechanical engineers.......................................................................................................... 106 101 100 89 88 88 85 83 81 17.6 10.7 28.7 13.6 16.2 18.3 5.8 18.2 34.0 .7 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .5 .5 .5 N ote : Includes only detailed occupations with 1984 employment of 25,000 or more. Data for 1995 are based on moderate-growth projections. Generally, prospects will be better for those with ad vanced degrees who seek work in applied fields. Com petition also is likely for jobs as social and recreation workers in public and voluntary agencies as well as for salaried positions for lawyers. to higher employment in engineering occupations. The growing application of computers in business and research will contribute to increased employment of systems analysts. Research to expand basic knowledge, develop new technologies and products, and protect the environment is expected to lead to higher employment in scientific occupations, although employment will grow more slowly for scientists than for engineers. Teachers, libra rian s, an d counselors. Because of an ticipated enrollment declines and an abundance of qualified jobseekers, competition is expected for college and university faculty. Because elementary school enrollments are increasing, employment of elementary school teachers is expected to grow rapidly. Prospects in secondary schools should im prove in the early 1990’s, as enrollments there begin to increase. Also, college faculty and librarians in scientific S ocial science, social service, and related occupa tions. Employment in many of the occupations in this group is expected to grow about as fast as the average. However, due to the number of people interested in these fields, competition for jobs is expected in many social science occupations—especially for academic positions. 12 physician assistants, medical record technicians, and medical assistants will grow much faster than the average, but automation of laboratory procedures will make for slower than average growth for medical and clinical laboratory technologists. Table 2. Fastest growing occupations, 1984-95 Occupation Paralegal personnel....................................... Computer programmers................................. Computer systems analysts, electronic data processing (EDP)......................................... Medical assistants ......................................... Data processing equipment repairers.......... Electrical and electronics engineers............ Electrical and electronics technicians and technologists ............................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment...................................................... Peripheral EDP equipment operators.......... Travel agents ................................................. Percent growth in employment 97.5 71.7 68.7 62.0 56.2 52.8 W riters, artists, and entertainers. This group includes reporters, writers, designers, public relations specialists, and performing artists. In most of these occupations, employment is expected to increase as fast as the average for all occupations. The continued importance of adver tising, public relations, print and broadcast communica tions, and entertainment will spur employment growth. Stiff competition for these jobs is likely, due to the large numbers of people they attract. Talent and personal drive will continue to play an extremely important role in success in these occupations. Within individual occupa tions, some areas will offer better job prospects. The best prospects for writers and editors, for example, will be in technical writing and in preparing business and trade publications. 50.7 46.1 45.0 43.9 42.2 Physical therapists......................................... 40.3 Physician assistants....................................... Securities and financial services sales 39.1 workers.......................................................... Mechanical engineering technicians 36.6 and technologists......................................... 35.5 Lawyers............................................................ 34.9 Correction officers and ja ile rs....................... 34.8 Accountants and auditors ............................. 34.0 Mechanical engineers..................................... 32.8 Registered nurses........................................... Employment interviewers, private or public 31.7 employment service..................................... N ote : Includes only detailed occupations with 1984 employ ment of 25,000 or more. Data for 1995 are based on moderategrowth projections. Technologists and technicians. Workers in this group provide technical assistance to engineers, scientists, and other professional workers as well as operate and Table 3. Fastest declining occupations, 1984-95 Occupation and technical fields generally will face better job prospects. Employment of vocational and educational counselors will grow as fast as the average, although growth will be faster in areas other than in schools, especially in mental health counseling. Stenographers................................................. -40.3 Shoe sewing machine operators and tenders. -31.5 Railroad brake, signal, and switch -26.4 operators....................................................... Railcar repairers............................................. -22.3 Furnace, kiln, or kettle operators and tenders.......................................................... -20.9 Shoe and leather workers and repairers precision....................................................... -18.6 Private household workers............................. -18.3 -17.4 Station installers and repairers, telephone .. -16.7 Sewing machine operators, garment............ Textile machine operators, tenders, setters, and set-up operators, w inding.................. -15.7 Machinery maintenance mechanics, textile machines........................................... -14.8 -12.7 Statistical clerks............................................. Industrial truck and tractor operators.......... -11.9 Central office operators................................. -11.5 Farm w orkers................................................. -11.2 College and university faculty...................... -10.6 Farm and home management advisers........ -9.6 Extruding and drawing machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic . . -9.1 Pressing machine operators and tenders, textile, garment and related........ -8.8 Postal service clerks....................................... -8 .5 Note : Includes only detailed occupations with 1984 employment of 25,000 or more. Data for 1995 are based on moderate- growth projections. H e a lth-related occupations. This group includes health practitioners, nurses, health technicians and technol ogists, health service workers, dietitians, pharmacists, and therapists. Employment in most health occupations is expected to grow faster than the average as population growth— especially in the number of older people—increases the demand for health care. Registered nurses and nursing aides and orderlies, because of the large size and an ticipated growth of these occupations, will be among the occupations providing the most new jobs through the mid-1990’s. Despite the anticipated growth in the health industry, physicians, dentists, chiropractors, and veterinarians seeking to establish a practice can expect unprecedented competition due to the large number of newly trained practitioners entering those fields each year. Pressure to contain costs, especially in hospitals, and technological advances will affect the projected rates of growth in many health-related occupations. For example, Percent change in employment 13 outside of telephone companies is expected to grow faster than the average due to business expansion. program technical equipment independently. The con tinued growth in the importance of technology to national defense, office work, manufacturing, and other activities is expected to cause much faster than average employ ment growth for several occupations in this group, such as programmers and electrical and electronics technicians. Legal assistants are projected to grow faster than any other occupation as more of them are employed to aid lawyers and because of the expected growth in the demand for legal services. Growth in some occupations will be limited by changes in technology. Employment of drafters is expected to in crease much more slowly than the demand for drafting services because of the increasing use of computer-aided design equipment. Similarly, little or no change is ex pected in the employment of air traffic controllers because of the automation of air traffic control equipment. Service occupations. This group includes a wide range of workers in protective, food and beverage preparation, cleaning, and personal services and is expected to account for more job growth than any other broad group. Among the protective service occupations, correction officers are expected to have much faster than average growth because of the increasing number of inmates, and guards are expected to have faster than average growth because of increased concern over crime and vandalism. Employ ment of police officers and firefighters is expected to in crease about as fast as the average. Rising incomes and the growing number of men and women who combine family responsibilities and a job are expected to contribute to faster than average employment growth among food and beverage preparation and service occupations, such as bartender, cook, waiter, or waitress. Due to the large size, high turnover, and growth of these occupations, full- and part-time job openings will be plentiful. M a rketing and sales occupations. Employment of travel agents, securities sales workers, and real estate agents is expected to grow faster or much faster than the average due to the anticipated growth of the industries in which these workers are employed. Many part-time and full-time job openings are ex pected for cashiers and retail trade sales workers due to the large size, high turnover, and expected employment growth in these occupations. Higher paying sales occupa tions, such as insurance agent and real estate agent, tend to be more competitive than retail sales occupations. Well-trained, ambitious people who enjoy selling will have the best chance for economic success. A g ric u ltu ra l and fo re s try occupations. Demand for food, fiber, and wood is expected to increase as the world population grows. The development and use of more pro ductive farming and forestry methods, however, is ex pected to result in declining employment in most agricultural and forestry occupations. M echanics an d repairers. These workers adjust, main tain, and repair automobiles, industrial equipment, com puters, and many other types of machinery. Employment in most of these occupations is expected to grow about as fast as the average due to the greater use of machines throughout the economy. In some, employment will in crease faster than the average. The increased use of com puters and advanced office machinery, for example, will make employment of computer service technicians and office machine repairers grow much faster than the average. However, more reliable, easy-to-service machinery will limit employment growth for some mechanic and repairer occupations, such as communica tions equipment mechanics. A d m in is tra tiv e su p po rt occupations, in clud in g cleri cal. Workers in this group prepare and record letters and other documents; collect accounts; gather and distribute information; operate office machines; and handle other tasks that help run businesses, government agencies, and other organizations. The increase in office automation systems will limit employment opportunities in some ad ministrative support occupations. Changes in organiza tional practices also will affect some of these occupations. Despite a growing volume of mail, little change is ex pected in the employment of mail carriers because of im proved routing programs and more centralized mail delivery. However, despite the projected slow growth, several occupations in this group will provide many fulland part-time job openings due to their large size and high turnover. These include bank tellers, bookkeepers and accounting clerks, secretaries, shipping and receiving clerks, and typists. Some administrative support occupations will enjoy faster or much faster than average employment growth. Employment of computer operators and peripheral equip ment operators, for example, is expected to grow much faster than the average due to the increased use of com puter systems, and employment of telephone operators C onstruction occupations. Workers in this group are ex pected to experience average employment growth between 1984 and 1995. A rapid rise in spending for new industrial plants and an increase in the number of households are factors expected to lead to more new construction. Altera tion and modernization of existing structures, as well as the need for maintenance and repair on highway systems, dams, and bridges, also will contribute to increased con struction activity. However, the construction industry is very sensitive to changes in the Nation’s economy, and employment in construction occupations drops sharply during recessions. 14 P ro d u ctio n occupations. Workers in these occupations airplane pilots. Increased use of automated material handling systems, however, is expected to cause a decrease in employment of industrial truck operators. perform tasks involved in the production of goods. They set up, adjust, operate, and tend machinery and equip ment, and use handtools and hand-held power tools to fabricate and assemble products. More efficient produc tion techniques such as computer-aided manufacturing and the increased use of lasers and industrial robots will prevent employment in many production occupations from rising as rapidly as the output of goods. However, there will still be many openings in this group because of its large size. Many production occupations are sensitive to changes in the economy. When factory orders decline during an economic downturn, workers may experience shortened workweeks, layoffs, and plant closings. H andlers, equipm ent cleaners, helpers, and laborers. Workers in this group assist skilled workers and perform the routine, unskilled tasks required to complete a project. Employment in these occupations is expected to grow more slowly than the average as routine tasks are mechanized, but jobs in these occupations are expected to be plentiful due to the high turnover. However, economic downturns can lower the number of openings substantially. This is particularly true for construction laborers and other workers in industries that are sensitive to changes in the Nation’s economy. Because the employment prospects in individual occupations will differ within each of the 16 groups, it is important to check the outlook for each occupation that interests you. Current and projected employment estimates for about 500 occupations are presented in appendix B. T ra nspo rta tio n and m a te ria l m oving occupations. Workers in this group operate the equipment used to move people and materials. An increase in demand for transport services is expected to result in average growth for truckdrivers and faster than average growth for 15 Chapter 3. Occupational Separations Gross separations Employment opportunities arise from the creation of new jobs and from the need to replace workers. “Gross separation” data identify those workers who leave an occupation and who must be replaced if the employment level is to be maintained. The significance of replacement needs as a source of employment opportunities is shown in table 4. In 1983-84, replacements accounted for 81 per cent of all job openings—18.1 million compared with 4.2 million due to growth. In farming, forestry, and fishing occupations, replacement needs were the only source of jobs, since employment declined. The importance of replacement needs is generally greatest in occupations with high separation rates, such as administrative sup port and service occupations. In those groups, over 90 percent of all opportunities resulted from the need to replace workers. As shown in table 5, about 18 percent of all employed persons left their occupation between 1983 and 1984 to transfer to another or to stop working. Slightly less than half, 8 percent, transferred to another occupation; 3 per cent became unemployed; and 7 percent dropped out of the labor force. Professional specialty occupations; executive, ad ministrative, and managerial occupations; and technicians and related support occupations had the lowest separa tion rates (between 11 and 13 percent), while private household workers had by far the highest (40 percent). At 28 percent, the rate for handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers also was significantly above the rest of the groups. Separation rates differ significantly among detailed oc cupations (see appendix table C-l). Occupations with high separation rates typically require little education and training and have a large proportion of young workers. Such occupations include childcare workers, news vendors, and food counter workers. Many of the jobs in these occupations are for part-time workers and are filled by youth between the ages of 16 and 19 who are still in school. Chapter 2 provided an overview of the Bureau’s 1984-95 projections and discussed factors affecting employment trends in industries and occupations. Changes in the level of employment provide one measure of job openings. Another and generally much more significant source of openings arises from the need to replace individuals who leave an occupation. To provide information about replacement needs, this chapter ex amines 1983-84 data on separations for all reasons— “gross separations.” These data measure the proportion of workers who leave an occupation to transfer to another Occupation, become unemployed, or leave the labor force.12 Information about gross separations is useful not only to identify employment opportunities, but also to indicate the relative attachment of individuals to an occupation. However, many individuals who leave an occupation may return to work in the occupation at a later date. Thus, for purposes such as planning training programs, a measure of the number of persons who leave the occupa tion permanently is needed to supplement the measure of gross separations. This chapter discusses a way to estimate permanent labor force separations. Readers are cautioned that the data presented in this chapter are derived from the Current Population Survey (CPS) rather than the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey, which provides the data given elsewhere in this bulletin. Readers also are cautioned that the 1983 and 1984 CPS data are based on the 1980 Census of Population occupational classification system and are not comparable with data published in the previous edi tion of this bulletin. Finally, the 1983-84 data reflect a period of improving economic conditions and may not be representative of other time periods. Detailed infor mation about the methodology for developing gross separation data for 1980-81 appears in the March 1984 M o n th ly L a b o r R eview } That methodology is virtually dentical to the one used to develop the 1983-84 data presented here.3 1 Workers who change jobs but remain in the same occupation and those who die are not counted. Occupational data on deaths are not available. This exclusion biases the estimates of separations downward 0.4 to 0.7 percent. For additional information, see O ccu pation al P ro jectio n s a n d Training D ata, 1982 edition, Bulletin 2202 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), p. 74. 2 Alan Eck, “ New Occupational Data Improve Replacement Estimates,” M o n th ly L a b o r R eview , March 1984, pp. 3-10. 3 Briefly, the methodology consists of creating a matched sample, for each of 12 months, of 505,000 persons age 15 and older in the in itial year. Matched data about changes in labor force status then were merged with data on occupational transfers from a special study con ducted as part of the January 1983 Current Population Survey. The results, termed merged data, provide a composite description of movements into, out of, and between occupations over a 1-year period. 17 Table 4. Job openings, 1983-84 Waiters and waitresses Bartenders Miscellaneous food preparation occupations Personal service occupations, n.e.c. Kitchen workers, food preparation (Thousands) Occupational group Total, all occupations.......... Executive, administrative, and m anagerial.................................. Professional specialty................... Technicians and related support Sales occupations.......................... Administrative support, including cle ric a l.......................................... Private household occupations ... Service workers, except private household................................... Farming, forestry, and fishing...... Precision production, craft, and re p a ir............................................ Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................ Transportation and material moving occupations.................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers............... Replacement needs2 EmployTotal ment Percent openings change1 Number of total openings 22,250 4,171 18,079 81.3 2,017 1,838 504 3,104 799 466 119 764 1,238 1,372 385 2,340 61.4 74.6 76.4 75.4 3,491 402 327 13 3,164 389 90.6 96.8 3,476 696 282 (-100) 3,194 696 91.9 100.0 2,566 729 1,837 71.6 1,750 240 1,510 86.3 1,052 266 786 74.7 1,436 266 1,170 81.5 O ccupations w ith lo w separation rates Physicians Pharmacists Dentists Firefighting occupations Lawyers Operations and systems researchers and analysts Civil engineers Electrical and electronics engineers Police and detectives, public service Teachers, special education Architects Clergy Chemists, except biochemists Tool-and-die makers Telephone installers and repairers Securities and financial services sales occupations Personnel and labor relations managers Postal clerks, except mail carriers Electrical and electronics technicians 1 Calculated by subtracting 1983 annual average employment from 1984 annual average employment. Where the change is negative, replacement needs are the sole source of openings. 2 Calculated by applying 1983-84 separation rates from table 5 to 1983 Current Population Survey annual average employment. SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics. Transfers to o th e r occupations. Occupational transfers accounted for almost one-half of all separations during the 1983-84 period. This pattern was observed for a very large proportion of occupations (see appendix table C-l). A low transfer rate is characteristic of an occupation such as physician but also is typical of occupations in which workers have little attachment to the labor force or few transferable skills, for example, private household worker. These workers are six times more likely to stop working than to transfer to another job. A high transfer rate sometimes identifies an entry level or career ladder occupation. For example, computer operators had a higher than average transfer rate (13 per cent) but a lower than average proportion of persons who were not working a year later (6 percent). This pattern— transfers twice as high as total separations—indicates that most computer operators who leave move to another occupation. In contrast, occupations with very low separation rates, such as physician, dentist, and lawyer, typically have extensive educational requirements or a large pro portion of older male workers. However, tool-and-die makers also have a low separation rate. This occupation does not require extensive education but does require specialized training, has a relatively large proportion of workers over 45 years of age, and a very high propor tion of men. Occupations with high and low separation rates, as measured by the percent of workers leaving their occupa tion over a 12-month period during 1983-84, are shown in the following tabulations: O ccupations w ith high separation rates N o t w orking. Movement into the “not working” group Childcare workers, private household News vendors Food counter, fountain, and related occupations Waiters’/waitresses’ assistants Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities Street and door-to-door sales workers Garage and service station related occupations Helpers, construction trades Childcare workers, except private household Information clerks, n.e.c. Graders and sorters, except agricultural Messengers Stock handlers and baggers Interviewers Sales workers, apparel was responsible for slightly over half of all separations. This group includes workers who become unemployed and those who separate from the labor force.4 Exe cutive, administrative, managerial, and professional specialty occupations—those generally requiring the most training and commanding the higest earnings—had the lowest rates of movement into “not working” (6 percent). 4 Even though a job is not created when a person becomes unemployed, openings due to movements into unemployment are a com ponent of employment growth not captured by changes in employment levels. For more information, see O ccu pation al P rojectio n s, 1982 edition, p. 70. 18 Table 5. Separation rates for major occupational groups, 1983-84 (Percent) Separation rates, 1983-84' Occupational group Transfers to other occupations Total Not working Total Unemployed Not in the labor force Total employed, age 16 and o v e r........................................ 17.8 8.0 9.8 2.8 7.0 Executive, administrative, and m anagerial........................................ Professional specialty............................................................................ Technicians and related support......................................................... Sales occupations.................................................................................. Administrative support occupations, including cle rica l.................. Private household occupations............................................................ Service workers, except private household..................................... Farming, forestry, and fish in g .............................................................. Precision production, craft, and repair .............................................. Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ............................ Transportation and material moving occupations........................... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers................... 11.7 10.7 12.6 19.8 19.3 39.7 24.8 21.5 14.9 19.5 18.7 28.2 6.0 4.9 6.1 9.5 9.2 5.1 9.6 5.2 7.0 9.6 10.4 13.3 5.6 5.8 6.5 10.3 10.1 34.6 15.3 16.3 7.9 10.0 8.3 14.9 1.4 1.1 2.8 2.5 2.4 6.1 3.7 3.0 3.4 4.2 3.6 6.6 4.2 4.7 4.3 7.8 7.7 28.5 11.6 13.3 4.5 5.8 4.7 8.3 1 The occupational separation rate is the percentage of individuals previously employed in an occupation who are not employed in that same occupation a year later. Occupational transfers occur if individuals remain employed, but in a different occupation. Separations exclude deaths. NOTE: Due to rounding, individual items may not add to totals. SOURCE: Merged Current Population Survey data. The methodology used to develop the data is presented in “ New Occupational Data Improve Replacement Estimates," Monthly Labor Review, March 1984. At the other extreme, private household workers had the highest rate (29 percent). Private household workers are primarily childcare workers or cleaners and servants. The former are predominantly younger workers; the latter, older workers. However, both groups primarily work part time, receive low wages, and have few transferable skills. Labor force separations accounted for about twothirds o f all movement into the not working group. This pattern was found for most occupations (see appendix table C -l). Workers in construction occupations, who are equally likely to become unemployed or to leave the labor force, were an exception; construction workers frequently encounter delays in obtaining new jobs when work at a given site is com pleted. To a lesser extent, this pattern was exhibited by machine operators, assemblers, and in spectors as well as by handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers. Workers in these occupations are subject to layoffs when production is curtailed. percent in 1983-84), lowest for persons age 45-54 (10 per cent), and then increases as older persons stop working. A much different pattern is evident in the separation rates o f persons who transfer to other occupations or become unemployed. In both cases, the rates are highest in the youngest age group and decline to their lowest point in the oldest group. Sex. Total separation rates for men and women differed primarily as a result o f significantly higher labor force separation rates for women between the ages o f 20 and 54 (table 6). The occupational transfer rates for men and women were almost equal and declined consistently with age, as was the case for those who became unemployed. E d u ca tio n . Although education does not alter the patterns o f separation by age, it does affect their magnitude. The total separation rate declined from 23 percent for those without a high school diploma to 12 percent for college graduates. This difference results from the impact o f education on the likelihood o f becoming unemployed or leaving the labor force. For persons with less than a high school education, the rates for movement to unemployment and out o f the labor force were 5 and 12 percent, respectively. Comparable rates for college graduates were 1 and 4 percent. Transfer rates were about the same for those having the least and the most educa tion, while those in between were slightly higher. However, the patterns within all education groups were similar: Rates o f transfer to other occupations or o f becoming unemployed declined with age; labor force separation rates declined, then increased with age; and the labor force separation rate for prime-age women was higher than that for men. Demographic factors affecting separation rates While som e o f the variation in separation rates is attributable to unique aspects o f occupations, much o f the variation is associated with the age, sex, and educa tion o f workers (table 6). O f course, often there is a rela tionship between the unique characteristic o f an occupation and the type o f workers employed in it. For example, occupations such as news vendor are generally filled by young workers who work part time while in school. A g e. Age is the dominant factor affecting occupational separations. The total separation rate has a U-shaped pattern: The rate is highest for persons age 16 to 19 (44 19 Table 6. Occupational separation rates by education, age, and sex, 1983*84 (Percent) Separation rates, 1983-84’ Level of education and age Transfers to other occupations Total Total, all levels of education........................ 17.8 15.7 20.6 8.0 7.9 8.2 2.8 2.9 2.6 7.0 4.9 9.8 Age Age Age Age Age Age Age Age 16 - 19 ..................................................... 20 - 24 ..................................................... 25 - 34 ..................................................... 35 - 44 .................................................... 45 - 54 ..................................................... 55 - 64 .................................................... 65 - 74 ..................................................... 75 and o v e r............................................ 43.9 31.4 17.8 12.4 10.2 15.9 28.6 34.6 42.6 31.8 14.8 9.6 8.3 15.0 28.1 32.6 45.3 31.2 21.5 15.8 12.7 17.2 29.4 38.2 20.5 18.9 10.4 6.3 4.0 2.8 1.5 .3 20.0 20.6 10.5 5.9 4.1 2.6 1.4 .5 20.9 17.2 10.3 6.8 3.9 3.0 1.6 .0 6.5 4.7 2.8 2.4 2.1 1.9 .8 .2 7.2 5.4 2.9 2.5 2.2 2.1 .7 .3 5.7 3.9 2.8 2.2 1.9 1.6 .9 .0 17.0 7.8 4.5 3.7 4.1 11.2 26.4 34.1 15.4 5.8 1.5 1.3 2.1 10.3 26.1 31.8 18.7 10.1 8.4 6.8 6.9 12.6 26.9 38.2 Not a high school graduate.................................. 23.2 21.3 26.1 6.6 6.7 6.5 4.5 4.8 3.9 12.1 9.8 15.6 16 - 1 9 ........................................................ 20 - 24 ........................................................ 25 - 34 ........................................................ 35 - 44 ........................................................ 45 - 54 ........................................................ 55 - 64 ........................................................ 65 - 74 ........................................................ 75 and o v e r............................................... 44.7 37.0 21.2 17.1 12.9 18.9 33.2 36.5 42.6 36.0 18.0 14.4 11.1 18.6 33.2 35.0 47.2 39.2 26.6 20.7 16.0 19.5 33.2 39.1 15.8 18.1 9.4 6.9 4.2 2.7 1.4 .7 15.5 19.1 9.1 7.1 4.4 2.8 .7 1.0 16.2 16.0 9.9 6.6 4.0 2.6 2.4 .0 7.2 8.8 5.8 4.3 3.2 3.0 .8 .2 7.9 10.1 6.2 4.7 3.4 3.3 .4 .3 6.4 5.8 5.1 3.8 2.9 2.5 1.3 .0 21.7 10.2 6.0 5.8 5.5 13.2 31.0 35.7 19.3 6.8 2.7 2.6 3.3 12.6 32.1 33.8 24.6 17.4 11.6 10.3 9.1 14.4 29.5 39.1 High school graduate.............................................. 18.0 16.3 19.8 8.6 9.2 8.0 3.0 3.2 2.8 6.4 3.9 9.0 - 1 9 ........................................................ - 24 ........................................................ - 34 ........................................................ - 44 ........................................................ - 54 ........................................................ - 64 ........................................................ - 74 ........................................................ and o v e r............................................... 44.2 30.2 19.1 12.6 10.2 15.7 28.5 37.6 45.1 31.2 15.8 10.0 8.7 15.2 29.4 36.4 43.6 29.7 22.9 15.2 11.9 16.1 27.5 39.4 28.3 19.4 10.8 6.1 3.9 2.7 1.7 .0 30.0 23.1 11.1 5.9 4.2 2.5 1.9 .0 26.9 15.8 10.3 6.2 3.5 2.9 1.5 .0 6.2 4.8 3.4 2.5 2.1 1.7 .8 .5 7.0 5.2 3.3 2.7 2.4 1.8 .6 .8 5.5 4.4 3.5 2.3 1.7 1.5 .9 .0 9.7 6.0 4.9 4.1 4.3 11.3 26.0 37.0 8.2 2.9 1.4 1.4 2.1 10.9 26.9 35.6 11.3 9.5 9.1 6.7 6.7 11.7 25.1 39.4 Some college education......................................... 18.5 15.8 21.8 9.1 8.8 9.4 2.5 2.5 2.4 7.0 4.5 9.9 16 - 1 9 ........................................................ 48.0 20 - 24 ........................................................ 30.9 25 - 34 ........................................................ 18.0 35 - 44 ........................................................ 13.0 45 - 54 ........................................................ 10.2 55 - 64 ........................................................ 15.6 65 - 74 ........................................................ 26.3 75 and o ve r............................................... 27.3 39.6 30.9 15.2 9.7 7.0 13.4 26.2 25.3 51.8 31.0 21.6 17.1 14.4 19.0 26.5 30.5 26.0 16.9 10.6 7.2 4.1 3.0 1.3 .0 15.7 16.9 11.3 6.3 3.4 3.0 2.4 .0 31.3 16.9 9.8 8.2 5.0 2.9 .0 .0 3.8 3.6 2.4 2.4 1.9 1.3 1.3 .0 4.1 4.2 2.4 2.4 1.8 1.4 1.6 .0 3.6 3.1 2.5 2.4 2.2 1.0 1.0 .0 18.2 10.4 5.0 3.5 4.2 11.4 23.6 27.3 19.8 9.7 1.5 1.1 1.9 9.0 22.2 25.3 16.9 11.0 9.3 6.5 7.2 15.1 25.5 30.5 12.4 10.1 16.3 7.3 6.3 8.8 1.3 1.3 1.2 3.9 2.4 6.2 16 - 1 9 ........................................................ 40.6 20 - 24 ........................................................ 35.5 25 - 34 ........................................................ 14.6 35 - 44 ........................................................ 9.3 45 - 54 ........................................................ 7.1 55 - 64 ........................................................ 11.5 65 - 74 ........................................................ 21.1 75 and o v e r............................................... 32.1 40.6 32.3 12.1 7.1 6.0 10.4 19.0 27.9 .0 38.0 17.9 13.2 9.7 14.2 27.2 41.2 .0 25.6 10.2 5.8 4.1 2.8 1.3 .0 .0 21.7 9.6 5.2 4.0 2.4 1.4 .0 .0 28.8 10.9 6.9 4.3 3.7 1.1 .0 .0 3.6 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.0 .4 .0 .0 4.1 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.2 .5 .0 .0 3.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 .6 .0 .0 40.6 6.3 3.1 2.2 2.1 7.6 19.4 32.1 40.6 6.5 1.1 .6 1.0 6.8 17.1 27.9 .0 6.1 5.8 5.2 4.3 9.8 26.1 41.2 Age Age Age Age Age Age Age Age 16 20 25 35 45 55 65 75 College graduate...................................................... Age Age Age Age Age Age Age Age Women Total NOTE: Due to rounding, individual items may not add to totals. SOURCE: Merged Current Population Survey data. The methodology used to develop the data is presented in "New Occupational Data Improve Replacement Estimates," Monthly Labor Review, March 1984. 1 The occupational separation rate is the percentage of individuals previously employed in an occupation who are not employed in that same occupation a year later. Occupational transfers occur if individuals remain employed, but in a different occupation. Separations exclude deaths. data also provide relative measures of the occupational attachment of workers. However, this information is not sufficient to establish training requirements. First, many of the workers who leave may later return to the occupa tion. Some will return after having been employed in Permanent labor force separations The gross separation data presented above can be used to identify occupations that will have large numbers of job openings due to replacement needs. By permitting comparisons of separation rates among occupations, the Men Men Women Men Age Age Age Age Age Age Age Age Men Women Total Labor force separations Total Age Age Age Age Age Age Age Age Women Total Movement to unemployment 20 another occupation and some after not working for a period of time. In addition, many jobs are filled by workers who obtain their job skills through experience in other occupations rather than through institutional training. It is difficult to determine, therefore, the number of workers who will have to acquire their skills in a train ing program. However, for planning education and train ing programs, some estimate of minimum training re quirements based on replacement needs arising from per manent labor force separations can be valuable. There have been several efforts to develop estimates of permanent labor force separations, but all have had weaknesses. Most estimates have been based on tables of working life. Developed from labor force participation rates, these tables estimate the proportion of workers in any demographic group who can be expected to remain in the labor force over some future period. However, this methodology has signficant limitations.5 Estimates of permanent labor force separations could conceivably be developed from CPS gross separation data by occupation. For example, the difference between the number of workers age 55 and older leaving an occupa tion and those entering, the “net labor force separations of persons age 55 and older,” could provide an occupation-specific annual measure of permanent separa tions. However, inconsistencies in the data attributable to sample size constraints preclude the use of this methodology.6 Moreover, data developed from such flows are especially sensitive to economic conditions and may not be suitable for general application. Another alternative, illustrated below, is to use cur rently available information about the age distribution of workers in detailed occupations. For example, most workers in an occupation who are age 55 and older, and some below the age of 55, will not be working 10 years from now. These data can be used to estimate perma nent separations by occupation. As shown in table 7, in 1984, 14.9 million persons in the labor force were 55 years of age or older. In 1994, 12.4 million of that group, 83 percent, are expected to have left the labor force, and it is likely that, soon after 1994, many of the remainder will leave the labor force. In addition, many of those remaining are likely to be working part time. The number of workers who are over Table 7. Civilian labor force, 1984, and projected declines by age group, 1984-94 Number Percent of 1984 civilian labor force Total, age 16 and o v e r. 113,544 0 0 Age 16 - 24 ............................. 23,987 0 0 Age 25 - 54 ............................. 74,662 7,156 25 - 34 ................................ 35 - 44 ................................ 45 - 54 ................................ 45 - 49 .......................... 50 - 54 .......................... 32,722 24,933 17,007 8,975 8,032 (’) 887 6,269 2,136 4,133 Age 55 and o v e r.................... 14,889 12,363 83.0 55 - 64 ................................ 65 - 74 ................................ 75 and o ve r....................... 11,961 2,489 438 9,866 2,059 438 82.5 82.7 100.0 Age in 1984 9.6 O 3.6 36.9 23.8 51.5 1 No decline. SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics. 55, therefore, is a reasonable approximation of the minimum number of workers who will not be in the labor force in 1995. In addition, we know that some younger workers also will leave the labor force permanently. Some will retire as soon as they are eligible, while others will leave because of illness or other reasons. Table 7 shows that about 4 million or 52 percent of the workers between 50 and 54 years of age in 1984, and about 2 million or 24 percent of those age 45-49, will also have left the labor force by 1994. Further, relatively small numbers of workers of other ages will die or leave the labor force permanently because of serious illness or because they have another means of support and do not desire to work. As shown in table 8, 14 percent of all workers were age 55 and older in 1984, but the proportion varied significantly by occupational group. Private household workers (28 percent) and farming, forestry, and fishing occupations (22 percent) had the highest proportions, while technicians and related support occupations (8 per cent) and handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers (8 percent) had the lowest. All other groups were relatively close to the average. It is not unexpected that technicians and laborers have a low proportion of workers 55 and over, since many young people enter the labor market in these occupations and then, after acquir ing work experience and training, advance to occupations that require greater skills. Highly educated workers generally have a stronger at tachment to the labor force than other workers. While occupations requiring highly trained workers might be expected to have larger proportions of workers age 55 and over, education or training is not the only factor 5 Differences in separation rates among occupations were deter mined solely by occupational differences in age and sex distributions. In addition, significant distortions occurred when the sex and age distribution of employees in an occupation differed significantly from the population. For example, the proportion of physicians age 65 and older is much higher than that for the population. When the high separa tion rate for that age group was weighted by the number of older physi cians, an overstatement of labor force separations resulted. See O ccupa tion al P ro jectio n s, 1982 edition, pp. 72-73. 6 For example, the net separation rate for elementary school teachers age 55 and older was 1.8 percent in 1977-78, 1.5 percent in 1980-81, and 0.9 percent in 1983-84. Although the absolute differences are relatively small, the percentage differences are significant. Decline in labor force, 1984-94 Civilian labor force, 1984 21 Table 8. Age distribution for occupational groups, 1984 (Percent) Percent of employees Occupational group Age 25 - 54 16-19 20-24 Total 25-34 35-44 45-49 50-54 Total and 55-64 65older 19.7 6.2 13.5 66.7 28.8 22.4 8.1 7.3 13.6 10.9 2.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7.5 8.1 16.7 24.9 21.4 31.5 31.5 24.3 15.8 .6 .8 1.4 9.9 5.0 20.6 13.9 11.3 3.1 6.9 7.3 15.4 14.9 16.3 10.9 17.6 13.1 12.7 76.6 79.0 75.6 60.5 65.9 40.9 54.7 53.6 71.5 28.2 34.0 40.9 25.4 28.9 14.1 24.1 22.5 32.4 28.7 28.7 22.6 20.5 21.8 13.0 17.8 16.6 22.8 10.4 8.7 7.2 7.5 7.9 6.3 6.5 7.5 8.7 9.3 7.6 4.9 7.0 7.3 7.6 6.3 7.0 7.7 15.9 13.0 7.6 14.6 12.7 27.5 13.8 22.1 12.7 13.0 10.2 6.6 11.1 10.5 17.9 10.3 14.1 10.9 2.9 2.7 1.0 3.5 2.2 9.6 3.5 8.0 1.8 100.0 18.7 4.1 14.6 68.6 30.1 22.6 8.4 7.4 12.7 11.2 1.5 100.0 15.8 3.4 12.5 70.9 30.0 23.2 9.5 8.1 13.3 11.6 1.7 100.0 43.5 19.3 24.2 48.6 24.8 13.8 5.1 4.8 7.9 6.6 1.3 SOURCE: Current Population Survey. NOTE: Due to rounding, individual items may not add to totals. keeping older workers in the labor market. Many workers may not have qualified for a retirement program and may not be able to afford to retire and maintain an adequate standard of living. In many other cases, social contacts and pleasure derived from continued work undoubtedly dominate economic considerations. The 25 occupations with the highest proportions of workers age 55 and older are listed below. (Appendix table C-2 presents age distribution data for detailed occupations.7) The proportions range from 40 percent for dressmakers to 20 percent for sales workers in hard ware and building supplies. The list includes physicians, dentists, and other highly trained workers but also janitors and taxicab drivers, occupations that do not require formal training. Janitors and cleaners Grader, dozer, and scraper operators Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs Stationary engineers Geologists and geodesists Aerospace engineers Adminstrators and officials, public administration Sales workers, hardware and building supplies Com parisons w ith other separation data. Estimates of permanent labor force separations based on the propor tion of workers age 55 and older are lower than the esti mates based on labor force separation rates shown iin table 5. The latter include individuals leaving to transfer to other occupations and those leaving the labor force temporarily to return to school or to care for families and thus reflect a much larger number of separations. Until 1982, BLS used worklife tables to estimate occupational labor force separations. These data estimated the “annual rates at which people withdraw from the labor force to retire or because of family respon sibility or death.8 Women leaving the labor force due to childbirth were included in the rates as a separate category. Since many young women return to the labor force when their children become older, their separation rate was not consistent with the concept of permanent separations; as a result, separations for women and O ccupations w ith the highest p ro p o rtio n s o f w orkers age 55 and over Dressmakers Private household cleaners and servants Farmers, except horticultural Construction inspectors Barbers Managers, properties and real estate Dentists Welfare service aides Clergy Librarians Real estate sales occupations Guards and police, except public service Authors Management analysts Personal service occupations, n.e.c. Physicians Supervisors, cleaning and building service workers Age 55 and older Total Total employed, age 16 and o v e r............. 100.0 Executive, administrative, and m anagerial......... Professional specialty............................................. Technicians and related support.......................... Sales occupations.................................................... Administrative support, including c le ric a l........... Private household occupations............................. Service workers, except private household...... Farming, forestry, and fish in g ............................... Precision production, craft, and repair................ Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................................................. Transportation and material moving occupations.......................................................... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers ................................................................ Age 16-24 Total 7 Data for occupations with fewer than 100,000 employees are available from the Division of Occupational Outlook. 8 Dixie Sommers and Carin Cohen, “New Occupational Rates of Labor Force Separation,” M o n th ly L a b o r R eview , March 1980, p. 36; and Dixie Sommers, “ 1984 National Separation Rates for Census-based Occupations” (unpublished memorandum, Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 1, 1978). 22 presented in table 5. If labor force separation and acces sion data from the new worklife table are combined to identify sex and age groups in which labor force separa tion rates exceed accession rates, “ net labor force separa tion rates” result. These rates are lower than previously published rates because female separations due to childbirth are no longer treated as a separate category. overall separations were overstated. Over a 10-year period, the estimate o f total separations based on these worklife tables would be about twice that derived from the number o f persons age 55 and older. New worklife tables developed by BLS use matched CPS data, rather than the labor force participation rates used previously, to measure actual labor force separations and accessions.9 Estimates o f labor force separations by sex and age developed for the new worklife tables are much higher than estimates based on the earlier tables but are quite close to the labor force separation data 9 Shirley J. Smith, “ Revised Worklife Tables Reflect 1979-80 Ex perience,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1985, pp 23-30. 23 Chapter 4. How Workers Get Their Training average of 55 percent for all occupations. In the remain ing seven occupational groups, the proportion of workers who required training was lower than the average, rang ing from 43 percent of the sales workers to 8 percent of the private household workers. Within occupational groups, there were large differences in training re quirements for detailed occupations. In the administrative support group, for example, 88 percent of the stenographers indicated they needed training to qualify for their jobs compared to only 13 percent of the messengers. In the service worker group, training was reported as being required by 97 percent of the hairdressers, but by only 12 percent of the short-order cooks. Professional specialty occupations, the second largest group in terms of total employment, accounted for almost 22 percent of all workers who required training to qualify for their job, and administrative support occupations, the largest group, accounted for 17 percent (table 9). Some of the detailed occupations in these groups accounted for significant proportions of the total by themselves (secretaries, 5.1 percent; elementary school teachers, 2.9 percent). (See appendix D, table D -l.) More than 14 per cent of all workers who required training were in ex ecutive, administrative, and managerial occupations, and about the same proportion were in precision production, craft, and repair jobs. Sales occupations accounted for 9 percent of the training total; service occupations for about 8 percent; and machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors for about 5 percent. Although a very high pro portion of the workers in technician and related support occupations required training, this occupational group was so small that it accounted for less than 5 percent of the total who required training. Statistics from the survey should be regarded as in dicators of general magnitude rather than precise measures for several reasons. In some cases, for exam ple, people may have reported their occupation or the training required incorrectly. Indeed, small percentages of workers in occupations that obviously have strict educational requirements, such as dentist and physician, reported no need for training to get their jobs. Further more, because the information was obtained from the workers, it represents what they believe is the training re quired rather than what employers state is the training required for the job. Finally, since individuals were not Knowledge of how workers in different occupations obtain training to qualify for their jobs and improve their skills is useful to counselors who assist clients in making decisions on careers. Such information also is helpful to educational institutions, government agencies, and employers in planning education and training programs. To learn more about occupational training, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, under a contract with the Employ ment and Training Administration of the U.S. Depart ment of Labor, analyzed data collected by the Census Bureau in a supplement to the January 1983 Current Population Survey. Persons in the survey sample were asked, “Did you need specific skills or training to ob tain your current job?” Those who responded “yes” were asked to identify the source or sources of the training from the following six categories: (1) A program in a high school or a postsecondary school, (2) a formal company program, (3) informal on-the-job training or experience in a previously held job or jobs, (4) the Armed Forces, (5) correspondence courses, and (6) informal training from a friend or relative or other experience unrelated to work. The survey data indicated that almost 53.9 million or 55 percent of the 97.3 million persons employed in January 1983 needed specific training to qualify for their current jobs. School and informal on-the-job training (OJT) were by far the most common training sources. About 28 million workers obtained training to qualify for their job in school, and almost as many gained their skills on the job. Formal company programs were a source of training for more than 9 million workers. Relatively few workers acquired skills for their jobs from other sources, such as correspondence courses, the Armed Forces, or friends and relatives. Among the 12 major occupational groups used to classify workers, training was most important for obtain ing jobs in the professional and technical fields. About 93 percent of the workers in professional specialty oc cupations and 85 percent of those in technician and related support occupations indicated that they needed training to qualify for their jobs. Requirements also were relatively high for workers in the executive, ad ministrative, and managerial group, and those in preci sion production, craft, and repair jobs. Training was necessary for 57 percent of the workers in administrative support occupations, which was slightly higher than the 25 Table 9. Occupational distribution of workers who needed specific training to qualify for their jobs, 1983 Percent of— Number who needed training (thousands) Occupational group Total, all occupational groups.................................................................. Professional specialty occupations................................................................ Administrative support occupations, including clerical............................... Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations............................. Precision production, craft, and repair occupations................................... Sales occupations........................................................................................... Service workers, except private household Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors......................................... Technicians and related support occupations............................................. Transportation and material moving occupations....................................... Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations.................................................. Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers................................. Private household occupations 53,890 11,797 9,157 7,738 7,603 4,867 4,397 2,742 2,579 1,462 862 605 81 Total employment in occupation Total who needed training 55.4 100.0 92.6 56.8 71.4 65.1 43.4 35.5 37.0 84.6 36.3 27.9 16.2 8.3 21.9 17.0 14.4 14.1 9.0 8.2 5.1 4.8 2.7 1.6 1.1 .2 Note: Percentages are based on unrounded numbers. Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals. asked the type of training m ost needed to obtain their jobs, the relative importance can only be inferred by the frequency with which the type of training was identified. The prevalence of a particular kind of training in an occupation means it is a customary way of qualifying for the job, but does not necessarily mean it is the best way. almost 17 percent of all workers qualified for their jobs through these programs. Workers in the professional specialty occupations represented 56 percent of the total!, and two large occupations in this group—elementary and secondary school teachers—together accounted for almost 17 percent (table D-2). Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations represented 23 percent of those who needed college training, while administrative support and sales occupations each accounted for about 6 percent, and technician and related support jobs, almost 5 percent. College programs were the most important source of training for workers in professional specialty occupations. About 70 percent of them qualified for their jobs through these programs, and the proportion was much higher for some detailed occupations in this group. Academic preparation usually was most important in professional fields that require a high degree of specialized and theoretical knowledge. College was a source of training for almost all workers in many of these fields, including physicians, lawyers, psychologists, elementary and secon dary school teachers, and biological and life scientists. College generally was less important for workers in pro fessional fields that require artistic talent and creative ability, such as photographers, designers, actors, and musicians. College programs were a source of qualify ing training for 34 percent of the workers in the executiv e, administrative, and managerial group. Although an even larger percentage of the workers in the group had com pleted 4 or more years of college, those with degrees who did not say that college was necessary may have attributed their jobs to experience instead of education because advancement to many managerial positions requires yeairs of work experience. About 25 percent of the workers in technician and related support groups obtained their jobs Sources of qualifying training S chool tra inin g . Almost 29 percent of all persons employed in January 1983 qualified for their current jobs with training obtained from school programs. The pro portion was higher than average in the following four oc cupational groups: Professional specialty workers, 82 per cent; technicians and related support workers, 58 percent; executives, administrators, and managers, 43 percent; and administrative support workers, 33 percent. These four occupational groups represented almost four-fifths of all workers who used school training to get their jobs, but accounted for little more than two-fifths of total employ ment. Professional specialty occupations alone accounted for 37 percent of all workers who trained in school pro grams; administrative support occupations, 19 percent. Workers who qualified for their jobs with training acquired in schools also were asked to identify one or more of the following five program categories from which the training was received: (1) High school vocational pro gram, (2) private post-high school vocational program, (3) public post-high school vocational school program, (4) junior or community college or technical institute pro gram, and (5) 4-year or longer college program. College program s that lasted 4 years o r longer provided qualifying training to more workers than all other types of schooling combined. About 16.1 million people or 26 Workers in the administrative support group were more likely than those in other groups to get their jobs through training in high school vocational programs. More than 16 percent of the administrative workers acquired qualifying skills in these programs, which was about three times the proportion for all workers. High school programs were the principal source of training for two of the largest occupations in the group—secretary and typist. Over one-third of the secretaries and typists prepared for their jobs in high school vocational pro grams, as well as relatively large numbers of stenographers, personnel clerks, billing clerks, and book keepers and accounting and auditing clerks. These pro grams were significant sources of training for some occupations in the precision production, craft, and repair group, such as automobile mechanics and tool-and-die makers. In addition, about one-fourth of the drafters from the technician group reported this training. Almost 2.1 million persons or 2.2 percent of all workers obtained the training required for their jobs in p riv a te post-high school vocational program s. About 24 percent of the total were in administrative support oc cupations; 21 percent were in service jobs, except private household; and 18 percent were in professional specialties (table D-5). Although relatively few workers qualified for their jobs with private post-high school vocational training, it was important for some occupations. Almost one-half of the hairdressers, one-third of the barbers, and one-fifth of the radiologic technicians used training from these schools to get their jobs. It also was a significant source of train ing for workers in several other occupations, including registered nurses, personnel clerks, licensed practical nurses, stenographers, and real estate sales workers. The number of workers who acquired the training to obtain their jobs in p u b lic post-high school vocational program s was even smaller than the number who acquired training through private vocational education. Fewer than 1.6 million persons or only 1.6 percent of all workers obtained their job skills in these programs. About 23 per cent of those who used the training to qualify for their jobs were in administrative support occupations, and 18 percent were in precision production, craft, and repair jobs (table D-6). Public post-high school vocational programs were one of the most important sources of job preparation for licensed practical nurses—about one-fourth of them used this training. It also was reported by many barbers, data processing equipment repairers, hairdressers, and heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics. through college training, and the proportion was much greater among dental hygienists, computer programmers, biological technicians, and clinical laboratory tech nologists and technicians. Ju n io r colleges and technical institutes were the source of qualifying training for almost 5 million persons or about 5 percent of all workers. Administrative support occupations led all other groups in the number of workers reporting this training, with 26 percent of the total, and secretaries alone accounted for almost 11 percent (table D-3). Another 18 percent were in professional specialties, a large proportion of whom were registered nurses. About 11 to 12 percent each were in technician and related sup port jobs; executive, administrative, and managerial occupations; and precision production, craft, and repair jobs. The proportion of workers who used training from junior colleges and technical institutes to get their jobs was much higher than average irt most technician and related support occupations. These schools provided qualifying training for almost two-fifths of the radiologic technicians and dental hygienists, one-third of the licensed practical nurses, and about one-fourth of the electrical and electronics technicians and clinical laboratory technologists and technicians. Junior colleges and technical institute programs also were major providers of training for some professional specialty occupations— almost one-half of the inhalation therapists and almost one-third of the registered nurses obtained qualifying training through these programs. Although these schools were not the most significant source of training for preci sion production, craft, and repair workers as a group, they were important for data processing equipment repairers and office machine repairers. Relatively large proportions of real estate sales workers and sales engineers also reported this training. H ig h school vo cational program s were a source of qualifying training for 4.7 million persons or almost 5 percent of all workers. About 57 percent of the workers who used this training to obtain their jobs were in ad ministrative support occupations (table D-4). Secretaries alone accounted for 28 percent of those who reported the training—a very large proportion considering that the occupation accounted for less than 4 percent of total employment. Typists represented over 6 percent of the workers who used this method of training, and book keepers and accounting and auditing clerks, about 7 percent. Workers in the precision production, craft, and repair occupational group accounted for almost 13 per cent of those who qualified for their jobs through high school vocational programs. Many of them were automobile mechanics, carpenters, electricians, and machinists. In fo rm a l o n-the-job tra in in g (O JT). About 27 million persons or 28 percent of all workers attributed the skills they needed to obtain their jobs to training acquired in formally through previous employment, which was almost as many as the number who learned job skills in 27 school. Unlike other forms of training, OJT did not tend to be concentrated in particular occupations. The occupa tional distribution of workers who used it to qualify for their jobs was more like that of total employment than of workers who used any other type of training. Ad ministrative support occupations accounted for about 18 percent of the workers who reported OJT. Another 17 percent were in precision production, craft, and repair jobs, while 16 percent were in executive, administrative, and managerial occupations, and 12 percent were in sales jobs (table D-7). OJT was the most important source of training for such diverse occupations as legal assistants, upholsterers, editors and reporters, and plumbers—about 50 to 60 per cent of the workers in these occupations learned their skills through OJT. Occupations in which relatively few workers used OJT to get jobs also were a very mixed group. Occupations with less than 10 percent of workers reporting this method included, for example, dentists, news vendors, elementary school teachers, and garbage collectors, which reflects the fact that in some cases school is about the only training necessary, while in others, little, if any, training is required. almost one-half of these workers acquired their skills in the service. The Armed Forces also were a source of skills for many data processing equipment repairers, electronics repairers of commercial and industrial equipment, elec trical and electronics technicians, and aerospace engineers. Correspondence schools. Correspondence courses were the least significant method of job training. Approxi mately three-quarter of a million persons obtained the skills they needed to qualify for their jobs through cor respondence school training, which was less than 1 per cent of all workers. About 24 percent were in precision production, craft, and repair jobs (table D-10). Another 18 percent were executive, administrative, and managerial workers, and about 15 percent each were sales workers and professional specialists. More than one-tenth of the electronics repairers of communications and industrial equipment used cor respondence school training to qualify for their jobs. In most other occupations, however, the proportion who reported this training was very small. O th er tra inin g . About 3.2 million persons or 3 percent of all workers got their training informally from a friend or relative or other experience unrelated to work. About 29 percent of all workers who reported this category of training were in precision production, craft, and repair jobs (table D-ll). Workers in the following occupation groups each accounted for about 10 percent of the total: Executive, administrative, and managerial; farming, forestry, and fishing; professional specialty; and sales. Almost one-third of the dressmakers qualified for their jobs by means of informal instruction from a friend or relative or other experience unrelated to work. This kind of training also was a source of skills for many musicians, photographers, carpenters, automobile mechanics, automobile body repairers, and farmers. F o rm a l com pany training. About 9.4 million persons or almost 10 percent of all workers obtained their jobs with skills they learned in formal company (employer) train ing programs, such as apprenticeship. Precision produc tion, craft, and repair occupations were ahead of all other groups in the number of workers reporting formal com pany training, with almost 21 percent of the total (table D-8). About 14 percent each were in sales occupations and executive, administrative, and managerial jobs, and about 13 percent each were in administrative support jobs and professional specialties. The proportion of workers who qualified for their jobs through employer training programs was particularly high in some protective service occupations. Almost one-half of the public service police and detectives and two-fifths of the firefighters and correctional institution officers reported this training. Formal company programs also were reported frequently by workers in a variety of other occupations—office machine repairers, tool-and-die makers, insurance sales workers, and busdrivers—to name a few. Occupational patterns In analyzing the survey results it can be helpful to look at how frequently workers in an occupational category reported each source of training. Patterns of training differ greatly by occupational group. Workers in profes sional specialty occupations and technician and related support occupations identified school more frequently than all other sources of qualifying training combined. School also was more important than any other single source for administrative support workers and for executives, administrators, and managers. Workers in the: following occupational groups reported OJT more frequently than all other training sources combined: Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers; transportation and material moving workers; and machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors. OJT also was the single most important source of qualifying T ra in in g in the A rm e d Forces. Only 1.9 million persons or 2 percent of all workers received training in military service that provided them with the skills needed to get their jobs. Almost 32 percent of the workers who used this training were in the precision production, craft, and repair group (table D-9). Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations accounted for about 17 percent of the workers who used this training, and professional specialty jobs, 15 percent. Training in the military services was most important for aircraft engine mechanics— 28 training for workers in the remaining occupational groups, except private household workers, who were more likely to learn from friends or relatives or other experience unrelated to work. Frequently, if school was the primary method of training for an occupational group, OJT was second, and vice versa. The training patterns for some detailed occupations are common knowledge. It is not surprising, for exam ple, that few physicians and dentists reported sources of qualifying training other than school. For many occupa tions, however, the relative importance of the different sources is less obvious. It would have been difficult to predict, for example, that secretaries were more likely to report high school vocational programs than informal onthe-job training or that computer programmers were more likely to report informal on-the-job training than formal company instruction. Descriptions of patterns of qualifying training for more than 250 occupations are presented in H o w W orkers Get Their Training, Bulletin 2226 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). This publication also contains data on skill improvement training. 29 Chapter 5. Occupational Profiles average proportion of part-time jobs. (Part time is de fined as fewer than 35 hours per week.) The number of workers who are 55 and older can be used as an approx imation of the minimum number of workers who will die or permanently retire from the labor force in the next 10 years. Chapter 2 provided an overview of the broad changes in employment projected for the 1984-95 period. This chapter presents detailed employment and supply profiles for the 200 or so occupations covered in the 1986-87 Oc cup ation a l O u tlo o k H a n db o o k. The occupations are listed alphabetically within the major occupational group ings that conform to the clustering arrangement of the H andbook, which is structured according to the Standard O ccupational C lassification M a nu a l, 1980 E d itio n . Figure 1. Characteristics of the employed, 1984 Each occupational description in this chapter presents, when available, the following information: Percent fem ale............................................................ Percent b la ck .............................................................. Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.............................................................. 25-54 years.............................................................. 55 and o ld e r .......................................................... Percent employed part time,to t a l.......................... Percent employed part time,voluntary.................. Employment profile T o ta l em ploym ent, 1984. Total employment includes wage and salary workers, the self-employed, and unpaid family workers. Occupational distribution patterns from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) surveys were used to develop the estimates of 1984 employment of wage and salary workers. Estimates for self-employed and unpaid family workers are based on data from the Current Population Survey (CPS). Employment represents the number of jobs rather than a count of individuals. Because of economic necessity or personal desire, some people hold more than one job. About 5 percent of all workers are dual jobholders. Workers in some occupations, such as dental hygienist, may work for more than one employer because jobs are available only on a part-time basis. For a detailed explanation of how the estimates were derived, see the section on occupational employment pro jections in E m p lo ym e n t P ro je ctio n s f o r 1995: D a ta an d M ethods, BLS Bulletin 2253. 19.7 66.7 13.6 17.8 12.8 U nem ploym ent rate. For occupations with 100,000 or more workers, the unemployment rate, derived from CPS data, is compared with the average for all workers over the 1983-85 period, according to the definitions presented in figure 2. Figure 2. Unemployment rate If the average rate over the 1983-85 period was in the following range: Up to 1st d ecile ................ Between 1st and 3rd deciles............................ Between 3rd and 7th deciles .................... Between 7th and 9th deciles............................ 9th decile and ab o v e........ Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984. Characteristics of workers are available only from the CPS. Although the CPS occupational classifications are not identical to those of the OES, many occupations are sufficiently com parable so that CPS data can provide a reasonable proxy. Such data, presented in this section for occupations with 1984 CPS employment of 50,000 or more, include the percentage of women, blacks, and part-time workers, in cluding those working part time voluntarily, and the age distribution of workers. Figure 1 presents data for these characteristics for employed workers as a whole. This information can be used, for example, to identify occupations with an above 43.7 9.6 Unemployment was characterized as: Much lower than average Lower than average About average Higher than average Much higher than average Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984. This section lists all industries that accounted for 5 per cent or more of the wage and salary jobs in the occupa tion in 1984. The source of these data is the 1984-95 National Industry-Occupation Employment Matrix. The matrix for 1984 presents, in percentage terms, the 31 distribution of over 500 occupations in 378 industries based on recent OES surveys. tify occupations that will have large numbers of job open ings due to replacement needs. Occupations with rela tively low separation rates tend to have high pay and status, lengthy training requirements, and a high propor tion of prime-working-age, full-time workers. Occupa tions with high separation rates, on the other hand,, generally are large, with low pay and status, low train ing requirements, and a high proportion of young and part-time workers. For more detailed information, see chapter 3. P ro je cte d 1995 em ploym ent. This section presents the 1995 low-, moderate-, and high-growth projections of employment. The basic procedure used to develop the 1995 occupational projections for wage and salary workers was to project the staffing patterns in the matrix from 1984 to 1995 and then apply the projected patterns to projections of industry employment developed through the Bureau’s economic growth system. The occupational structure for each industry was projected to 1995 through analyses of the factors that are expected to change the structure. The projected staffing patterns of industries used to translate industry employment into occupational employment were identical in all three alternatives. The different growth rates for occupations among the alter natives, therefore, reflect the assumptions and analyses that underlie the alternative industry employment pro jections. Self-employed and unpaid family workers were projected separately and added to the sum of wage and salary workers for all industries to derive the projections of total employment. For a description of how the pro jections were developed, see E m ploym ent P rojections f o r 1995, Bulletin 2253. Supply profile Usual entry and training requirements. The requirements are stated in general terms and therefore may differ from those of specific employers. This section reflects infor mation developed for the 1986-87 O ccupational O u tlo o k H andbook, including data on how workers get their train ing, which was collected in a supplement to the January 1983 CPS. For additional information about this survey of occupational training, see chapter 4. T ra in in g com pletions. This section, included for most occupations, presents available data on completions of appropriate formal education and training programs , Only programs with 100 or more completions are shown,, except for Ph.D. programs, for which the minimum for presentation is 20. See appendix E for additional educa tion and training statistics. The data on completions of various programs can be useful in providing a measure of the significance of these sources of supply in relation to openings. However, com paring completions with openings to estimate shortages or surpluses is not recommended because, for most oc cupations, not all avenues of entry into an occupation are discernible. Those who complete education or train ing programs represent only a fraction of the total number of entrants to most occupations, as shown in chapter 3. Many openings arising from replacement needs, for example, are filled by individuals reentering occupations they left temporarily. Furthermore, not all persons who complete programs represent an addition to supply. Some never enter the labor force; some take train ing and education solely for personal enrichment, to upgrade skills in a present job, or for some other consideration. P ercent change, 1984-95. This identifies fast- and slowgrowing occupations. For comparison purposes, the pro jected change in total employment between 1984 and 1995 is 14.9 percent. E m p lo ym e nt g ro w th . The same adjectives used in the 1986-87 O ccupational O u tlo o k H a n d b o o k are used here to describe how employment change projected for each occupation compares with the average for all occupations. Figure 3 shows the range of data the descriptive terms cover. Figure 3. Change in employment between 1984 and 1995 If employment is projected to: The statement about employment change reads: Increase 31 percent or more Increase 20 to 30 percent Increase 11 to 19 percent Increase 4 to 10 percent Increase or decrease 3 percent Decrease 4 percent or more Much faster than average Faster than average About as fast as average Slower than average Little change Decline Characteristics o f entrants. This section briefly discusses the characteristics of entrants to occupations having com parable OES and CPS definitions, 1984 CPS employment of 50,000 or more, and consistent patterns of entry in periods for which CPS occupational mobility data are: available. For some occupations, the description of entry characteristics reflects BLS analysts’ knowledge of the: occupations. A n n u a l separation rate (percent). This rate, derived from CPS data, is the proportion of workers—for occupations of 100,000 jobs or more—who left the occupation in 1983-84. This gross separation rate can be used to iden 32 Executive, Administrative, and Managerial Occupations Bank officers and managers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 453,000 Accountants and auditors Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: EMPLOYMENT PROFILE In du stry Total employment, 1984 ........................................................... 882,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years....................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 40.9 5.5 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 13.3 75.1 11.6 5.1 4.3 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 1,135,000 28.7 1,189,000 34.8 572,000 26.3 H igh 5%,000 31.8 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Experience as a manage ment trainee or outstanding work as a bank clerk or teller is re quired for most starting bank officer and management positions. Management trainees usually must have a bachelor’s degree in business administration with a major in finance, or in a liberal arts curriculum such as accounting, economics, commercial law, political science, or statistics. Some banks prefer trainees who have a master’s degree in business administration (MBA). Bank officers often participate in company-sponsored training programs, take courses at local colleges and universities, and attend seminars and conferences to broaden their knowledge and skills. P ercen t M o d e ra te M o d era te SUPPLY PROFILE Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry 544,000 20.2 62.4 13.9 9.9 Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services----Manufacturing................................................................. Government..................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real e sta te ............................ Wholesale trade.............................................................. P ercent Commercial and stock savings b a n k s........................ Savings and loan associations...................................... Personal credit institutions.......................................... 20.9 15.1 12.3 10.4 9.1 H igh 1,235,000 40.1 C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Most entrants transfer from another professional or clerical occupation. The majority o f entrants have had some college training and many are college graduates. Entrants are typically older than entrants to other occupations—reflecting the importance o f work experience. Employment growth.................................. Much faster than average Annual separation rate (percent)..................................................... 9.9 SUPPLY PROFILE Construction and building inspectors U su al e n try a n d tra in in g req u irem en ts. Most public accounting and business Arms require a bachelor’s degree. For a few entry level positions, however, completion o f a 1- or 2-year accounting pro gram is adequate. A growing number o f employers seek persons with a master’s degree in accounting or a master’s degree in business administration with a concentration in accounting. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 55,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ 3.5 Percent b la c k .......................................................................... 2.6 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 6.3 25-54 years...................................................................... 62.5 55 and older.................................................................... 31.2 Percent employed part time, total........................................ 5.6 Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 4.6 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Accounting, bookkeeping, and related programs .. Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Accounting.................................................................... Associate degrees and awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Accounting; and accounting, bookkeeping, and related programs .................................................... Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Accounting: Bachelor’s ............................................................. Master’s ................................................................ Ph.D...................................................................... 105,047 19,880 17,149 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: 45,732 3,046 66 Local government.......................................................... Special trade contractors.............................................. State government............................................................ Federal Government...................................................... General contractors and operative builders.............. In du stry C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Most entrants have completed at least some college training, and the majority are college graduates. About half o f all entrants have not been working. The remainder transfer from another occupation; some are bookkeepers and accounting clerks advancing to accountant or auditor jobs. P ercent Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-85 ......... 58,000 4.4 M o d era te 59,000 7.4 45.8 16.7 11.0 9.5 7.7 H igh 61,000 10.0 Employment grow th............................................... Slower than average 33 SUPPLY PROFILE C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Many entrants transfer from another occupation—primarily another health occupation. Some have worked in these while in graduate school. Other entrants are ex perienced workers who have been tending to family responsibilities or in school full time. Because o f the emphasis placed on work ex perience and advanced education, entrants tend to be much older than entrants to other occupations. U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. A high school diploma and several years o f experience are generally required for construction inspectors. Inspectors need a thorough knowledge o f construction materials and practices in either a general area like heavy construe* tion or a specialized area such as electrical or plumbing systems, reinforced concrete, or structural steel. Many employers prefer in spectors who have completed an apprenticeship program, studied engineering or architecture for at least 2 years, or earned a related associate degree from a community or junior college. To keep abreast o f new building code developments, many inspectors par ticipate in company- or State-sponsored training programs. Hotel managers and assistants EMPLOYMENT PROFILE C h a r a c te ristic s o f en tra n ts . Most entrants transfer from another occupation—primarily craft worker, supervisor, or construction contractor—where they obtained the required experience. Thus, en trants tend to be older than entrants to other occupations. Total employment, 1984 .............................. . •;.................. 83,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry Health services managers Low EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ...................................... Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 . . . . . 336,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale................................................................ Percent black .................................................................. Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.............................................................. 25-54 years.............................................................. 55 and o ld e r ................................................ Percent employed part time, to ta l.............................. Percent employed part time, voluntary...................... In du stry Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 460,000 36.9 M o d era te 483,000 43.6 M o d e ra te 104,000 25.7 98.4 H igh 109,000 32.3 Faster than average 61.2 6.4 SUPPLY PROFILE 3.0 80.7 16.3 4.7 4.2 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Although most employers will accept applicants without formal training who have previous work experience in this field, a growing number emphasize college or specialized postsecondary education. T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Institutional management................................................. Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Hotel and lodging ............................................................. Associate degrees and awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Institutional management................................................. Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Institutional management: Bachelor’s .......................... Master’s ..................................................... Percent Hospitals.......................................................................... Offices of physicians...................................................... Nursing and personal care facilities............................ Offices of dentists......................... 97,000 17.8 Employment growth .................... .............. . Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Low P ercen t Hotels, motels, and tourist courts ................ .............. 45.1 18.6 14.4 6.2 H igh 505,000 50.1 2,290 261 2,692 3,486 268 Employment grow th.................................. Much faster than average Inspectors and compliance officers, except con struction SUPPLY PROFILE EMPLOYMENT PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . A master’s degree—in hospital administration, health administration, public health, or business administration—is the standard credential for hospital jobs and some other positions. All States require nursing home ad ministrators to be licensed. Licensure requirements typically include 2 to 4 years o f college and successful completion o f a written ex amination that tests the applicants’ knowledge o f management prin ciples and practices. Work experience is very important. Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent female .............................................. Percent b la c k ..................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years................................................................. 25-54 years ...................... 55 and older.......... .................................................. Percent employed part time, to ta l............. .................... Percent employed part time, voluntary ......................... T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Health sciences administration and public health: Bachelor’s ........ ......... Master’s . . . ...................................................... Ph.D................................................................... 3,102 2,014 34 122,000 22.0 12.2 5.6 77.2 17.2 3.1 2.3 Unemployment rate.......................... .......... . . . . . . Lower than average 34 SUPPLY PROFILE Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry H igh U su al e n try a n d train in g req u irem en ts. Firms seek college graduates for entry level jobs but have varying preferences as to field o f study. Some employers prefer applicants who have majored in personnel administration, human resource development, or labor relations; others require a technical or business background; and some hire liberal arts graduates. Regardless o f academic background, employers stress the importance o f prior work experience and con tinuing education and training. 134,000 9.9 T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : P ercent State government............................................................ Federal Government...................................................... Local government.......................................................... Finance, insurance, and reale sta te .............................. Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-85 ......... 129,000 5.9 M od era te 131,000 8.0 31.4 27.8 24.9 6.1 Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Personnel management and labor and industrial relations: Bachelor’s ...................................................................... 3,316 Master’s ........................................................................ 1,145 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Because these workers specialize in the inspection o f items ranging from meat to mines to aircraft, they encompass a great diversity o f detailed technical knowledge, background, and experience. Many jobs require a col lege degree in an engineering or scientific specialty, while others require experience in a related occupation. All inspectors must be trained in applicable laws and inspection procedures through a com bination o f classroom and on-the-job training. C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. People who take jobs in this field fre quently transfer from another occupation. Entrants tend to be older than entrants to other occupations, and many openings are filled by individuals over the age o f 35. Entrants who have not been work ing fill the remainder o f the openings. For the most part, they have been in school or between jobs. Many entrants are college graduates. Purchasing agents C h ara cteristics o f en tran ts. Entrants typically transfer from another occupation where they have obtained the required experience or enter directly from school. Consequently, these workers tend to be older than other entrants. Many entrants have completed some form o f postsecondary training. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 189,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale...................................................................... Percent black ........................................................................ Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.................................................................... 25-54 years.................................................................... 55 and o ld e r ................................................................ Percent employed part time, to ta l.................................... Percent employed part time, voluntary............................ Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 198,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent female ...................................................................... Percent b lack ........................................................................ Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.................................................................... 25-54 years.................................................................... 55 and o ld e r ................................................................ Percent employed part time,to ta l.................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary............................ Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: 6.6 82.2 11.2 5.7 4.7 In du stry Low Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 223,000 12.6 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ P ercent M o d era te 232,000 17.3 M od era te 225,000 19.1 H igh 232,000 22.9 Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 12.3 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. There are no universal educational requirements for entry level jobs. Many smaller com panies promote clerks or technicians in the purchasing department or hire graduates o f associate degree programs in purchasing. Some small companies and most large organizations require a college degree and prefer applicants with a master’s degree in business ad ministration or management. Certification—the sign o f professional competence—requires several years o f experience and extensive continuing education. H igh 240,000 21.2 Employment growth ................................................................ Average 216,000 14.7 33.8 15.1 8.5 8.3 Employment growth ................................................................ Average 14.8 12.9 12.4 8.4 6.4 5.8 5.5 Annual separation rate (percen t)...................................................... P ercent Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Federal Government...................................................... Business services ............................................................ Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Federal Government...................................................... Membership organizations............................................ Finance, insurance and real estate.............................. Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................. Comunications and utilities.......................................... State government............................................................ 8.2 75.5 16.3 2.3 1.9 Unemployment rate........................................................About average 55.5 11.7 Unemployment rate ...................................................... About average In du stry 22.6 1.8 14.8 35 Underwriters T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, EMPLOYMENT PROFILE 1983: Business and management, general; contract management and procurement/purchasing; and purchasing........................................................ Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Business and management, general; contract management and procurement/purchasing; and purchasing: Bachelor’s ................................................................. Master’s ..................................................................... P h.D ............................................................................ Total employment, 1984...................................... 14,262 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry P ercen t Insurance agents, brokers, and services...................... Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.......................... Life insurance ................................................................. 42,543 11,944 164 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Most entrants transfer from another occupation—many o f these are administrative and technical workers in the purchasing department who move up the career ladder and others who have specialized knowledge o f particular products or services. The remaining entrants have not been working—many have been in school. Entrants tend to be considerably older than entrants to other occupations. 90,000 15.4 M o d e ra te 95,000 22.1 41.5 40.9 13.2 H igh 100,00(3 27.4 Employment g row th ............................................ Faster than average SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . Most large insurance com panies prefer college graduates who have a degree in liberal arts or business administration, but a major in almost any field pro vides a good general background. Some small companies hire per sons without a college degree for trainee positions. Some experi enced underwriting clerks are promoted to underwriter positions. Entrants need the ability to work with detail and to communicate effectively. Continuing education is very important for those wishing to advance. School principals and assistant principals EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 78,000 125,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry P ercent Educational services...................................................... Wholesale and retail buyers 100.0 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 133,000 6.9 M o d era te 137,000 10.0 H igh Total employment, 1984 ........................................................... 229,000 142,000 13.6 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le................................................................... Percent black ..................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years................................................................. 25-54 years................................................................. 55 and older............................................................... Percent employed part time, total.................................. Percent employed part time, voluntary........................ Employment growth............................................ Slower than average SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . All States and the District o f Columbia require certification for those in public schools; cer tification requirements usually include graduate training in educa tion administration, teaching experience, and passing an examina tion. Applicants should have leadership and communications skills as well as managerial ability. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry P ercent Wholesale trade, durable g o o d s.................................. General merchandise stores (includes department and variety stores)..................................................... Miscellaneous retail stores (includes drug, proprietary, liquor, used merchandise, and related stores)............................................................. Wholesale trade, nondurable good s............................ Food stores....................................................................... Apparel and accessories sto res.................................... 9,475 1,511 C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. The typical entrant transfers from a teaching position or an administrative job such as curriculum specialist or financial officer. Many o f the remaining entrants are former school administrators who have been tending to family responsibilities. Because o f the extensive education and experience required, entrants tend to be older than entrants to other occu pations. 12.4 73.5 14.1 8.5 7.2 Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Education administration, general; administration of special education; adult and continuing education administration; educational supervision; elementary and secondary education administration; and edu cation administration, other: Master’s ...................................................................... Ph.D............................................................................ 42.2 3.1 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 244,000 6.4 M o d era te 258,000 12.4 22.9 15.2 14.2 13.7 11.3 10.9 H igh 269,000 17.2 Employment growth ................................................................. Average Annual separation rate (p ercen t)....................................................... 13.9 36 SUPPLY PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. All States and the District o f Columbia require individuals to be registered before they may call themselves architects or contract for architectural services. To qualify for the registration examination, applicants generally need at least a Bachelor o f Architecture degree from an accredited pro gram and 3 years o f experience working for an architect. U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . Familiarity with merchan dise and with wholesaling and retailing generally is required. Ex perience is most often gained as an assistant buyer or buyer trainee. Trainees acquire skills through formal classroom instruction and on-the-job training. High school and postsecondary marketing and distributive education programs can lead to one o f these entry posi tions. However, most employers prefer either to hire college graduates with a major in marketing or purchasing or to promote employees from within the organization. T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Architecture: Bachelor’s .................................................................. 4,587 Master’s ....................................................................... 1,630 P h .D .............................................................................. 26 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Contract management and procurement/purchasing and marketing management: Bachelor’s ................................................................. 23,832 Master’s ..................................................................... 2,000 P h .D ............................................................................. 22 C h a ra cteristics o f en tran ts. Most entrants have not been w ork in g- most have been in school and some are architects who were be tween jobs. A few are experienced workers transferring from another occupation. Because o f extensive educational and train ing requirements, entrants tend to be older than those o f most other occupations. C h a ra cteristics o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f entrants transfer from another occupation. The remaining entrants have not been working—most have been in school, retired, or tending to family responsibilities. Because o f the importance o f work experience, en trants tend to be older than entrants to other occupations. The ma jority o f entrants have had some college training. Engineers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984........................................................ 1,331,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent female................................................................ Percent black.................................................................. Age distribution (percent): 16-24 y ea rs............................................................ 25-54 y ea rs............................................................ 55 and o ld er.......................................................... Percent employed part time, to tal.............................. Percent employed part time, voluntary...................... Engineers, Surveyors, and Architects Architects EMPLOYMENT PROFILE 10.8 2.4 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: 6.2 81.6 12.2 5.0 3.9 Electrical and electronic machinery and equipment manufacturing.......................................................... Transportation equipment manufacturing.................. Engineering, architectural, and surveying services... Machinery manufacturing, except electrical.............. Federal Government...................................................... Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................. In du stry Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry 7.9 77.3 14.8 1.5 1.3 Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 93,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale..................................................................... Percent black ....................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.................................................................. 25-54 years.................................................................. 55 and older................................................................. Percent employed part time, total..................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary............................ 6.2 2.6 1,734,000 30.3 P ercent M od era te 1,811,000 36.1 14.1 13.0 10.4 10.2 7.2 6.8 H igh 1,877,000 41.0 P ercent Employment grow th.................................. Much faster than average Engineering, architectural, andsurveying services... Agricultural services....................................................... Federal Government...................................................... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 113,000 21.3 M o d e ra te 118,000 27.0 67.5 12.1 5.7 SUPPLY PROFILE H igh 122,000 31.2 Employment grow th .................. Faster than average Annual separation rate (percent) ................... Annual separation rate (percent).................................................... 8.6 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. A bachelor’s degree in engineering is generally required for beginning engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in science or mathematics and ex perienced technicians may also qualify for some jobs. Many engineers obtain a master’s degree, which is desirable for promotion 6.0 37 or for learning new technologies. To keep up with rapid advances in technology, engineers must continue their education and train ing throughout their career. In d u stry P ercen t Miscellaneous services (includes engineering, architectural, and surveying services)..................... Business services............................................................ Petroleum refiningand relatedindustries . . . . . . . . . . T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: 10.2 9.2 7.7 Engineering; engineering and engineering-related Low technologies: Projected 1995 employment.. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Bachelor’s ................................................................. 89,199 Master’s ....................................................................... 19,350 P h .D ............................................................................... 2,831 C h a ra cteristics o f e n tra n ts. About half o f all entrants have not been working; they are either experienced engineers who were between jobs or recent college graduates. The remaining entrants transfer; many are from a closely related occupation. Most entrants have a college degree and are 20 to 34 years o f age. 66,000 18.0 M o d e ra te 69,000 23.9 H igh 72,000 29.0 Employment g row th ............................................ Faster than average Civil engineers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Aerospace engineers Total employment, 1984 ........................................................... 175,000 Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: Percent fem a le................................................................... Percent b la c k ..................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years................................................................. 25-54 years................................................................. 55 and older............................................................... Percent employed part time, total................................... Percent employed part time, voluntary........................ EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................. 48,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale..................................................................... Percent black ....................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years................................................................... 25-54 years................................................................... 55 and older................................................................. Percent employed part time, total.................................... Percent employed part time, voluntary.......................... 3.3 4.2 11.7 67.5 20.8 1.0 1.0 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry Low Projected 1995 employment . . Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 60,000 24.6 M o d e ra te 62,000 29.5 P ercen t Engineering, architectural, and surveying services... State government............................................................. Local government........................................................... Federal Government....................................................... Construction..................................................................... P ercen t Aircraft and parts manufacturing ............................... Federal Government....................................................... Business services............................................................. 9.0 76.6 14.4 1.8 1.6 Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry 6.1 1.0 57.7 17.6 6.9 Low H igh Projected 1995 employment . . Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 64,000 32.9 214,000 22.1 M o d e ra te 222,000 26.5 31.8 18.1 12.8 11.2 9.1 H igh 229,000 30.5 Employment g row th ............................................ Faster than average Employment grow th............................................. Faster than average Annual separation rate (percent)..................................................... 5.0 Chemical engineers Electrical and electronics engineers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................. 56,000 Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: Percent fem ale..................................................................... Percent b la c k ....................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years................................................................... 25-54 years................................................................... 55 and older................................................................. Percent employed part time, total.................................... Percent employed part time, voluntary.......................... EMPLOYMENT PROFILE 8.9 2.2 Total employment, 1984 ........................................................... 390,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le................................................................... Percent b la c k ..................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years................................................................. 25-54 years............................................................ 55 and older............................................................... Percent employed part time, total.................................. Percent employed part time, voluntary........................ 8.9 74.7 16.4 .9 .7 Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry Chemical and allied products manufacturing............ Durable goods manufacturing...................................... P ercen t 31.0 17.6 7.1 4.0 7.9 79.3 12.3 1.5 1.3 Unemployment rate.................................................. Lower than average 38 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.............................................................. 25-54 years.............................................................. 55 and older............................................................ Percent employed part time, total................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary...................... Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry P ercen t Electrical and electronic machinery and equipment manufacturing...... Machinery manufacturing, except electrical.............. Communications and u tilities...................................... Government............ ..................................................... Business services............................................................ Miscellaneous services (includes engineering, architectural and surveying services).................... 30.2 12.3 10.7 8.2 7.7 Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: 7.2 In d u stry Low Projected 1993 employment .. Percent change, 1984-93 ......... 371,000 46.3 M o d e ra te 397,000 32.8 7.6 75.2 17.2 1.6 1.5 P ercen t Machinery manufacturing, except electrical.............. Engineering, architectural, and surveying services... Transportation equipment manufacturing.................. Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................. Electrical and electronic machinery and equipment manufacturing.......................................................... Fabricated metal products manufacturing................ H igh 617,000 38.1 Employment growth.................................. Much faster than average Annual separation rate (percent).................. .................................. 3.2 Low Industrial engineers Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ EMPLOYMENT PROFILE 303,000 28.0 M o d era te 317,000 34.0 17.6 13.7 11.2 9.6 9.1 6.9 H igh 329,000 39.2 Employment growth.................... .......... Much faster than average Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 125,000 Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: Percent fem ale.................................................................. Percent b la c k .................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years................................................................ 25-54 years................................................................ 55 and older............................................................... Percent employed part time, total.................................. Percent employed part time, voluntary........................ Annual separation rate (percent) 9.3 2.4 .................................................. 8.5 Metallurgical, ceramic, and materials engineers 5.6 80.4 14.0 .6 .4 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 19,000 Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984 Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average In du stry Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry P ercen t Machinery manufacturing, except electrical.............. Transportation equipment manufacturing.................. Electrical and electronic machinery and equipment manufacturing ........................................................... Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................. Services............................................................................ Low Projected 1995 employment. . Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 154,000 23.4 M o d e ra te 162,000 29.4 P ercent Primary metal manufacturing...................................... Transportation equipment manufacturing.................. Electrical and electronic machinery and equipment manufacturing.......................................................... Business services............................................................ Machinery manufacturing, except electrical ............ 18.3 16.9 16.5 11.8 6.8 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ H igh 22,000 16.7 M o d era te 23,000 22.8 22.6 17.8 9.3 9.0 8.4 H igh 25,000 29.2 Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average 168,000 34.7 Employment grow th............................................ Faster than average Mining engineers Annual separation rate (percent) ................................................ 115.4 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE 1 The number of separations may be artificially high. Employment in the occupa tion declined between 1983 and 1984; some workers who left were not replaced. Total employment, 1984 .............................................................. 7,200 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Mechanical engineers In du stry EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Bituminous coal and lignite mining............................ Metal m in in g.................................................................. Oil and gas extraction .................................................. Federal Government...................................................... Nonmetallic mining and quarrying.............................. Engineering, architectural, and surveying services.. . State government............................................................ Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 237,000 Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: Percent fem ale................................................................... Percent b la c k ..................................................................... 4.9 2.2 39 P ercen t 30.5 12.7 11.3 8.5 7.7 7.0 6.8 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 7,300 1.6 Employment growth.................. M o d e ra te 7,600 5.5 H igh Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: 7,800 8.9 In d u stry P ercen t Engineering, architectural, andsurveying services... Local government........................................................... Federal Government...................................................... General contractors, except building.......................... .. Slower than average 52.2 8.5 8.3 5.9 Nuclear engineers Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... EMPLOYMENT PROFILE 48,000 9.9 M o d e ra te 50,000 13.9 Employment growth................................................................. H igh 52,000 17.5 Average Total employment, 1984 .............................................................. 9,700 SUPPLY PROFILE Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry P ercent Federal Government...................................................... Utilities and sanitary services...................................... Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Engineering, architectural, and surveying services... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 10,000 5.1 M o d e ra te 11,000 8.7 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . All States and the District o f Columbia require that surveyors be licensed. Requirements for licensure vary, but most jurisdictions require applicants to have some combination o f formal education and work experience on a surveying crew and to pass a licensing examination. A few col leges and universities offer the bachelor’s degree in surveying; others offer courses in surveying as part o f a civil engineering or forestry curriculum. Surveying programs also are available in postsecond ary vocational schools and community or junior colleges. Applicants should be in good physical condition and have strong mathematics skills. 27.6 23.9 21.4 17.0 H igh 11,000 11.5 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Surveying and mapping technology...................................... Petroleum engineers 179 Natural Scientists and Mathematicians EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 22,000 Actuaries Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry Crude petroleum and naturalgas extraction.............. Oil and gas field services.............................................. Services............................................................................ Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ EMPLOYMENT PROFILE P ercent 25,000 11.3 M o d era te 26,000 16.9 62.2 17.9 9.2 Total employment, 1984 ............................................................... 7,700 Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry H igh P ercen t Life insurance ................................................................. Miscellaneous services (includes consulting actuaries; engineering, architectural, and surveying services; and accounting, auditing, and book keeping services)....................................................... Insurance agents, brokers, and services....................... Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.......................... 27,000 21.9 Employment growth ................................................................ Average Surveyors Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 44,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le.................................................................... Percent black ...................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.................................................................. 25-54 years.................................................................. 55 and older................................................................ Percent employed part time, total................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary............................ 11,000 43.6 M o d e ra te 12,000 51.5 38.1 24.2 14.8 12.4 H igh 12,000 58.0 Employment grow th.................................. Much faster than average 12.1 3.1 SUPPLY PROFILE 24.3 68.6 7.1 4.3 2.9 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . A strong background in mathematics, including statistics, is required. Some employers re quire a bachelor’s degree with a major in mathematics or statistics; others accept a major in engineering, economics, or business ad ministration. Employers generally prefer well-rounded individuals 40 Biological scientists with a liberal arts background, including social science and com munication, and who have passed several examinations offered by professional actuarial societies. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 54,000 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le.................................................................... Percent black ...................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.................................................................. 25-54 years.................................................................. 55 and older................................................................ Percent employed part time, total..................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary............................ Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Mathematics: Bachelor’s .................................................................... 12,453 Master’s ....................................................................... 2,837 Ph.D.............................................................................. 698 Agricultural scientists 31.0 3.4 9.7 83.5 6.8 6.1 5.0 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 20,000 Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry P ercent Educational services....................................................... Federal Government....................................................... Agricultural services...................................................... State government............................................................. Miscellaneous business services (including commer cial testing laboratories; research and develop ment laboratories; and management, consulting, and public relationsservices).................................... Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................. Local government.......................................................... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 22,000 11.1 M o d era te 23,000 14.0 P ercent Federal Government...................................................... State government............................................................ Miscellaneous business services (includes commercial testing laboratories; research and development laboratories; and management, consulting, and public relations services).......................................... Drug manufacturing...................................................... Educational services...................................................... Health services................................................................ 23.2 14.5 14.1 10.1 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 62,000 14.3 25.7 12.9 12.5 11.7 10.0 9.1 M o d era te H igh 64,000 17.4 Employment growth................................................................ 65,000 20.4 Average SUPPLY PROFILE 9.7 9.4 8.8 U su al e n try a n d training requ irem en ts. Although a bachelor’s degree may be adequate preparation for some beginning jobs, promotions may be limited for those who hold no higher degree. A master’s degree is sufficient for some jobs in research, but the doctorate generally is required for college teaching or independent research. H igh 24,000 16.6 T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Employment grow th ................................................................. Average Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Life sciences: Bachelor’s .................................................................... 39,982 Master’s ........................................................................ 5,696 Ph.D................................................................................ 3,341 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . The bachelor’s degree is adequate preparation for some jobs in sales, inspection, and other nonresearch areas, and a master’s degree is sufficient for some jobs in applied research. A doctorate in an agricultural science specialty usually is required for college teaching and for independent research. C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Most entrants are recent college graduates with a degree in biology or a closely related Held; some have worked part or full time in another occupation while attend ing college or graduate school. A relatively small number with train ing or experience in biology transfer from another occupation. T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Chemists Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Agribusiness and agricultural production, agricultural sciences, and renewable natural resources: Bachelor’s ..................................................................... 20,909 Master’s ...................................................................... 4,254 Ph.D.............................................................................. 1,149 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 85,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale.................................................................... Percent b la c k ...................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.................................................................. 25-54 years.................................................................. 55 and older................................................................ Percent employed part time, total.................................... Percent employed part time, voluntary.......................... C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Most entrants are recent college graduates with a degree in agricultural science or a related field; some have worked part or full-time in another occupation while attending college or graduate school. Some persons with previous training or experience in agriculture transfer from another occupation. 41 23.4 6.3 7.3 79.5 13.2 2.3 2.1 Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry Chemical and allied products manufacturing............ Miscellaneous business services (includes commercial testing laboratories; and management, consult ing, and public relations services).......................... Federal Government....................................................... Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Low Projected 1995 employment . . Percent change, 1984-95 ........ SUPPLY PROFILE P ercen t 90,000 5.4 M o d e ra te 94,000 10.0 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . The majority o f jobs re quire at least a bachelor’s degree. Previous work experience also is important. Employers’ preferences also depend upon the work being done. Analysts with a background in accounting or business management are preferred for work in a business environment, while those with a background in the physical sciences, applied mathematics, or engineering are preferred for work in scientifical ly oriented organizations. Because computer technology changes so rapidly, continuous study—either through company-sponsored programs or courses at colleges and universities—is needed to keep skills up to date. 35.8 14.5 10.2 9.6 H igh 97,000 13.9 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : SUPPLY PROFILE Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Computer and information sciences.................................. 7,202 Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Computer and information sciences: Bachelor’s .................................................................... 24,506 Master’s ...................................................................... 5,321 Ph.D .............................................................................. 262 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . A bachelor’s degree in chemistry is the generally accepted requirement for entry, although graduate training is required for many jobs. T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Chemistry: Bachelor’s ..................................................................... 10,796 Master’s ....................................................................... 1,622 Ph.D................................................................................. 1,746 C h a ra cteristics o f en tra n ts. The majority o f entrants are recent col lege graduates with a degree in chemistry or a related field; some have worked part or full time in another occupation while attend ing college or graduate school. C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Most entrants are college graduates. The majority o f entrants transfer from another occupation, such as computer programmer, engineer, or manager, and are somewhat older than entrants to other occupations. Most o f the remaining entrants are recent graduates who have been attending school full time or persons who have been between jobs. Foresters and conservation scientists Computer systems analysts EMPLOYMENT PROFILE EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 25,000 Total employment, 1984 ........................................................... 308,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: Percent fem ale................................................................... Percent b la c k ..................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years................................................................. 25-54 years................................................................. 55 and older............................................................... Percent employed part time, total................................... Percent employed part time, voluntary........................ In d u stry 30.0 5.3 P ercen t Federal Government...................................................... State government............................................................ Agriculture, forestry, andfishing................................. 8.1 87.5 4.4 3.7 3.0 Low Projected 1995 employment.. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 27,000 6.0 M o d e ra te 27,000 7.0 54.9 19.7 7.5 H igh 27,000 8.1 .y Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Employment growth............................................ Slower than average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: SUPPLY PROFILE In d u stry P ercen t Computer and data processing services...................... Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Federal Government.............. Finance, insurance, and real e sta te ............................ Wholesale trade, durable g o o d s.................................. U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . A bachelor’s degree in forestry, range management, range science, or soil conservation is the minimum educational requirement. Advanced degrees are preferred for certain jobs, such as teaching and research. 19.1 15.4 11.4 11.2 7.3 T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 498,000 61.5 M o d e ra te 520,000 68.7 Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Agricultural sciences, general; agronomy; soil sciences; renewable natural resources, general; forestry production and processing; forestry and related sciences; and range management: Bachelor’s ...................................................................... 6,468 Master’s ........................................................................ 1,770 Ph.D................................................................................ 443 H igh 539,000 74.8 Employment growth.................................. Much faster than average Annual separation rate (percen t)......................................................... 9.1 42 Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: Characteristics o f entrants. Typical entrants are college graduates who previously have been in school full time or working in another occupation. Entrants sometimes start in a related technician oc cupation and transfer into a job as a forester or conservation scien tist when an opening occurs. Industry Percent Federal Government...................................................... Miscellaneous business services (includes manage ment, consulting, and public relations services and research and development laboratories)........ Educational services...................................................... Miscellaneous services (includes engineering, architectural, and surveying services and accounting, auditing, and bookkeepingservices). Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Geologists and geophysicists EMPLOYMENT PROFILE 36.9 16.6 8.1 6.8 6.3 Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 46,000 Low Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ 14.0 Percent b la c k .................................................................................. 6 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 4.2 25-54 years...................................................................... 74.6 55 and older.................................................................... 21.2 Percent employed part time, total...................................... 8.9 Percent employed part time,voluntary................................ 7.1 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Industry 51,000 11.1 Moderate 53,000 14.8 25,000 19.2 High 25,000 21.6 SUPPLY PROFILE Usual entry and training requirements. A bachelor’s degree in mathematics is required for beginning jobs. However, an advanced degree—preferably the doctorate—is required for research and other more responsible positions. A master’s degree in mathematics is generally required for teaching jobs in 2-year colleges and technical institutes, but a doctorate is needed for full faculty status in most 4-year colleges and universities. Percent Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Moderate Employment growth ................................................................ Average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Crude petroleum and natural gas................................ Federal Government...................................................... Oil and gas field services.............................................. Miscellaneous business services (includes research and development laboratories; commercial testing laboratories; and management, consult ing, and public relations services).......................... 24,000 16.3 41.6 18.2 12.5 Training completions: Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Mathematics: Bachelor’s .................................................................... 12,453 Master’s ...................................................................... 2,837 Ph.D.............................................................................. 698 6.2 High 55,000 18.0 Meteorologists Employment growth ................................................................ Average EMPLOYMENT PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .............................................................. 5,500 Usual entry and training requirements. A bachelor’s degree in geology or geophysics is adequate for entry into some lower level geology jobs, but jobs with advancement potential usually require at least a master’s degree in geology or geophysics. A doctorate in geology or geophysics usually is required for college teaching or independent research. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Federal Government...................................................... Miscellaneous services (includes engineering, architectural, and surveying services; noncom mercial educational, scientific, and research organizations; and weather forecasting services) . Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Training completions: Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Geological sciences and miscellaneous physical sciences: Bachelor’s ...................................................................... 6,977 Master’s ........................................................................ 1,861 Ph.D................................................................................ 421 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Characteristics o f entrants. Most entrants are recent college graduates with a degree in geology or geophysics; some have worked part or full time in another occupation while attending graduate school. Some with appropriate training and experience transfer from a related occupation. Moderate 6,400 15.6 24.8 13.7 High 6,400 17.4 Employment growth ................................................................ Average SUPPLY PROFILE Usual entry and training requirements. A bachelor’s degree with a major in meteorology is the usual minimum requirement for begin ning jobs in weather forecasting, although employers prefer to hire those with an advanced degree. An advanced degree, preferably in meteorology, is needed for research, college teaching, and for many top level positions in other meteorological activities. Mathematicians EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ................................................................. 21,000 6,200 13.5 Percent 49.5 43 SUPPLY PROFILE Training completions: Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Atmospheric sciences and meteorology: Bachelor’s ........................................................................ 396 Master’s ............................................................................ 183 Ph.D................................................................................... 80 Usual entry and training requirements. The minimum educational requirement for beginning jobs in statistics is a bachelor’s degree with a major in statistics, or a major in an applied field, such as economics, and a minor in statistics. An advanced degree is required for teaching jobs at colleges and universities and research positions in private industry. Physicists and astronomers Training completions: EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Statistics; business statistics: Bachelor’s ......................................................................... 374 Master’s ............................................................................. 476 Ph.D.................................................................................... 134 Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 20,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Percent Federal Government...................................................... Miscellaneous business services (includes research and development laboratories and commercial testing laboratories).................................................. Miscellaneous services (includes engineering, architectural, and surveying services; non commercial educational, scientific, and research organizations; and consulting physicists) ............ Electrical and electronic machinery and equipment . Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 21,000 5.8 Moderate 21,000 8.7 Social Scientists, Social Workers, Religious Workers, and Lawyers 29.1 25.8 Clergy 14.4 10.6 EMPLOYM ENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ........................................................... 296,000 High 22,000 11.1 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le......................................................................... 6.3 Percent black ........................................................................... 5.3 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years....................................................................... 2.3 25-54 years....................................................................... 70.9 55 and older..................................................................... 26.8 Percent employed part time, total.............. 7.5 Percent employed part time, voluntary............................... 6.1 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average SUPPLY PROFILE Usual entry and training requirements. Graduate training in physics or a closely related field generally is required for most entry level jobs. A doctorate is usually required for independent research, for full faculty status in 4-year colleges and universities, and for jobs in astronomy. Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Training completions: Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Physics: Bachelor’s .............................................................. 3,793 Master’s ........................................................................ 1,369 Ph.D................................................................................ 873 Industry Percent Religious organizations................................................... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 303,000 2.4 Moderate 315,000 6.3 97.6 High 328,000 10.8 Statisticians Employment growth............................................ Slower than average EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Annual separation rate (percent)..................................................... 6.3 Total employment, 1984 ........ 23,000 SUPPLY PROFILE Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Percent Federal Government...................................................... Transportation equipment manufacturing.................. Business services ...................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate ............................ State government........ .................................................... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 26,000 12.5 Moderate 26,000 16.6 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Entry requirements vary widely. Both rabbis and Roman Catholic priests must complete a course o f study in a seminary. Some Protestant denominations re quire no formal training, while many others only ordain those who have been trained in Bible colleges, Bible institutes, or liberal arts colleges. Most important, members o f the clergy must have a deep religious faith and a desire to serve the spiritual needs o f others. 16.7 12.5 12.4 12.0 11.2 High 27,000 20.2 Training completions: Earned degrees, first professional, 1983: Theology (B.D., M. Div., or R abbi)................................ 6,494 Employment growth ...................................................................... Average 44 Lawyers Characteristics o f entrants. The majority o f entrants have some college training; about half o f all entrants are college graduates. Because o f lengthy training requirements, entrants are generally somewhat older than entrants to other occupations. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 490,000 Economists Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le........................................................................ 16.1 Percent black .......................................................................... 2.3 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 2.7 25-54 years...................................................................... 83.4 55 and older.................................................................... 13.9 Percent employed part time, total......................................... 5.9 Percent employed part time,voluntary................................ 4.9 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 38,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ 39.6 Percent black .......................................................................... 4.8 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 9.9 25-54 years...................................................................... 82.6 55 and older.................................................................... 7.5 Percent employed part time, total........................................ 4.6 Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 3.7 Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Percent Miscellaneous business services (includes manage ment, consulting, and public relations services).. Federal Government...................................................... State government............................................................ Communications and utilities...................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate ............................ Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 44,000 15.8 Moderate 45,000 19.2 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 25.1 22.1 11.5 8.2 7.8 635,000 29.5 Moderate 665,000 35.5 62.8 12.1 6.7 6.4 High 691,000 40.8 Employment grow th.................................. Much faster than average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................... 4.9 High SUPPLY PROFILE 47,000 22.2 Usual entry and training requirements. To practice law in any State or the District o f Columbia, a person must be admitted to its bar. Usually, applicants for admission to the bar must pass a written examination. To qualify for the examination in most jurisdictions, an applicant must complete at least 3 years o f college and graduate from an accredited law school. Lawyers who have been admitted to the bar in one jurisdiction sometimes may be admitted in another without taking the bar examination, although requirements vary. Many participate in programs offered by law schools and State and local bar associations to stay abreast o f recent developments. Employment growth ................................................................ Average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................... 8.1 SUPPLY PROFILE Usual entry and training requirements. Although a bachelor’s degree is sufficient for many entry level positions, many employers prefer a graduate degree. A master’s degree generally is the minimum re quirement for a job as an instructor in many junior colleges and small 4-year colleges. The Ph.D degree is necessary for faculty posi tions at most colleges and universities. In the Federal Government, candidates for entry positions generally need a college degree with a minimum of 21 semester hours o f economics and 3 hours o f statistics, accounting, or calculus. Training completions: Earned degrees, first professional, 1983: Juris Doctor (J.D.) and Bachelor of Law (L L .B .)___ 36,540 Characteristics o f entrants. Most entrants are recent law school graduates age 25 to 34 who have not been working, largely because they were full-time students. Other entrants transfer into the oc cupation; many o f these are recent law school graduates who have attended law school while working as law clerks or in another oc cupation. Some transfer into law after using their law degree to pursue a career in business, politics, or another field in which a thorough knowledge o f law is valuable. Training completions: Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Economics: Bachelor’s .................................................................... 20,517 Master’s ...................................................................... 1,972 Ph.D.............................................................................. 734 Characteristics o f entrants. Entrants are typically college graduates who transfer from another occupation. Some have worked in that occupation while in graduate school. The remaining entrants have not been working—most were in school or between jobs. Because o f the importance o f graduate training, entrants tend to be older than entrants to other occupations. Percent Legal services.................................................................. Local government.......................................................... Federal Government...................................................... State government............................................................ Psychologists EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ................................................................. 97,000 45 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time,total........................................ Percent employed part time,voluntary.............................. Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: 54.8 9.4 In du stry 3.6 87.0 9.4 20.7 16.8 Low Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-85 ......... Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry Low 113,000 16.7 144,000 17.1 M o d e ra te 149,000 21.3 35.5 21.4 14.2 10.7 H igh 155,000 26.1 Employment grow th ............................................. Faster than average P ercen t Educational services...................................................... Health services................................................................ Social services ................................................ State government............................................................ Federal Government...................................................... Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... P ercen t Local government........................................................... Civic, social, and fraternal organizations.................. Social services ................................................................. Nursing and personal care facilities............................ M o d e ra te 118,000 21.8 SUPPLY PROFILE 40.6 26.2 10.0 7.8 6.0 U su al e n try a n d train in g requ irem en ts. Academic requirements vaiy widely. Many jobs require a college degree with a major in recrea tion, leisure studies, or physical education. A liberal arts degree is acceptable for some positions. High school graduates and graduates o f associate degree programs in parks and recreation, social work, and other human service technologies are accepted for some jobs. N o matter what their background, employees may be expected to participate in employer-sponsored training programs or informal on-the-job training. Some recreation jobs require specialized training, certification, or experience in a particular field, such as art, music, drama, swimming, or other athletics. H igh 122,000 26.0 Employment grow th............................................ Faster than average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................... 8.5 T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : SUPPLY PROFILE Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Parks and recreation: Bachelor’s ....................................................................... 5,198 Master’s ......................................................................... 565 Ph.D................................................................................. 33 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . A doctorate in psychology generally is required for most jobs. All States and the District o f Columbia require psychologists who want to enter independent practice to be licensed. Licensure requirements vary but generally include a doctorate in psychology, 2 years o f professional ex perience, and passing written and oral examinations. Social workers T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : EMPLOYM ENT PROFILE Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Psychology: Bachelor’s .................................................................... 40,364 Master’s ...................................................................... 8,378 Ph.D.............................................................................. 3,108 Total employment, 1984 ........................................................... 335,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le......................................................................... Percent black ........................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years....................................................................... 25-54 years....................................................................... 55 and older..................................................................... Percent employed part time, total.......................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary................................ C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Almost all entrants are recent college graduates; many have been employed in another occupation while in graduate school. Because o f the lengthy training involved, en trants to this occupation tend to be somewhat older than other entrants. 64.1 18.3 6.7 83.0 10.3 10.9 7.9 Unemployment r a te ................................................... . About average Recreation workers Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 123,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time,total........................................ Percent employed part time,voluntary.............................. P ercen t Social services ................................................................. State government............................................................. Health services................................................................. Local government........................................................... 72.1 10.2 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 38.4 53.1 8.5 25.9 19.1 396,000 18.1 M o d e ra te 410,000 22.2 24.5 23.3 20.4 19.6 H igh 425,000 26.8 Employment g row th ............................................ Faster than average Annual separation rate (p ercen t)....................................................... 10.6 46 SUPPLY PROFILE T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . A bachelor’s degree is the minimum requirement for most positions. Besides the bachelor’s degree in social work (BSW), a major in psychology, sociology, and related fields satisfies hiring requirements in many social serv ice agencies. A master’s degree in social work (MSW) is generally required for positions in the mental health field and is almost always necessary for supervisory, administrative, or research positions. Social workers in private practice need an MSW, and many have additional education. A doctorate in social work usually is required for teaching and is desirable for some research and administrative jobs. Thirty-three States have licensing or registration laws regard ing social work practice. Sociology: 14,105 Master’s ..................................................................... 1,112 P h .D ............................................................. 522 Urban and regional planners EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 17,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Social work: Bachelor’s .................................................................... 10,263 Master’s ...................................................................... 9,244 Ph.D.............................................................................. 201 Industry Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... field are college graduates. They tend to be older than entrants to other occupations. The majority o f entrants have not been working—many have been in school; others are experienced workers who have been tending to family responsibilities or have been laid o ff or are between jobs. The remaining entrants transfer from another occupation. Many o f these have worked part time while enrolled in a social work program; others transfer from a job taken on a temporary basis until a more desirable position could be found. 18,000 6.1 Moderate 19,000 9.1 61.7 19.3 6.2 High 19,000 12.1 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n try a n d tra in in g req u irem en ts. Most entry jobs in Federal, State, and local government agencies require 2 years o f graduate study in urban or regional planning or the equivalent in work ex perience. Persons who have a bachelor’s degree in city planning, architecture, or engineering may qualify for some beginning positions. Sociologists EMPLOYMENT PROFILE T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: City, community, and regional planning: Bachelor’s ...................................................................... 450 Master’s ........................................................................ 1,043 Ph.D................................................................................ 67 Total employment, 1984 .............................................................. 5,600 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Percent State government............................................................ Business services ............................................................ Educational services...................................................... Noncommercial educational and residential care organizations............................................................ Local government.......................................................... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... Percent Local government.......................................................... State government............................................................ Business services ............................................................ C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f people who enter this 5,800 2.8 Moderate 5,900 5.8 31.0 21.2 14.3 C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Virtually all entrants are college graduates; some have held part-time jobs in another occupation while in school. Some transfer into the field from a job taken on a temporary basis until a job as an urban planner becomes available. 12.8 7.9 Teachers, Counselors, Librarians, and Archivists High 6,100 8.8 Adult and vocational education teachers Employment growth............................................ Slower than average EMPLOYMENT PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 256,000 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. A master’s degree in Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: sociology is sufficient for most administrative and research posi tions in public agencies and private industry, provided applicants have adequate training in research, statistics, and computer methods. A doctorate is required for most teaching and research positions in colleges and universities and for some positions in private industry. Those who hold a bachelor’s degree often find jobs in a related field, such as social work or welfare counseling. Bachelor’s ................................................................ Industry Educational services...................................................... Social services ................................................................ Membership organizations............................................ State government............................................................ Federal Government...................................................... 47 Percent 58.5 9.6 6.1 6.0 6.0 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 295,000 15.5 M o d e ra te 304,000 18.7 Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: H igh 314,000 23.0 In d u stry Employment growth ................................................................ Average SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Training requirements vary widely by State and by subject. Adult and vocational education teachers usually are required to have a college degree in the field in which they are teaching. Those who are teaching courses in the blue-collar trades or noncredit courses may only need experience in the field. Employment grow th.................... 636,000 -1 3 .1 M o d e ra te 654,000 -1 0 .6 Annual separation rate (percent) H igh 675,000 - 7 .6 . . . . 16.9 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Four-year colleges and universities generally require a doctoral degree; 2-year institutions often regard a master’s degree as adequate preparation. Archivists and curators C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Entrants are almost equally divided be tween those who have not been working and those who transfer from another occupation. Although some entrants are recent graduates, many are older, experienced workers. Because o f the extensive education required, the majority o f entrants are over 25. Many work part time. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE 11,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry 100.0 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ P ercen t Educational services............ P ercen t Museums and art galleries............................................ Educational services...................................................... Local government.......................................................... Federal Government...................................................... 28.4 25.3 16.5 15.5 Counselors EM PLOYM ENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ........................................................... 152,000 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 12,000 4.6 M o d e ra te 12,000 6.9 H igh Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: Percent fem a le......................................................................... Percent black ........................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years....................................................................... 25-54 years....................................................................... 55 and older..................................................................... Percent employed part time, total.......................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary................................ 12,000 9.7 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n try a n d tra in in g req u irem en ts. Employment as an archivist or curator generally requires substantial college training and ex perience. Archivists ordinarily have an undergraduate or graduate degree in history or a related field, or in archival or library science. Curators ordinarily have an undergraduate degree in museum studies or a discipline reflecting a museum specialty—art, for example—and experience in museum activities, such as art restora tion and exhibit design. 54.2 12.2 7.2 77.9 14.9 13.8 11.3 Unemployment rate.......... ................................ Lower than average , Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry P ercen t Educational services...................................................... Social services ................................................................. State government............................................................. C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Virtually all entrants are college graduates. Most entrants either have not been working because they have been in school full time or have transferred from a related occupation. Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 176,000 15.4 M o d e ra te 182,000 19.3 64.1 18.3 9.1 H igh 188,000 23.5 College and university faculty Employment growth ................................................................. Average EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Annual separation rate (percent).......................... SUPPLY PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 731,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time,total........................................ Percent employed part time,voluntary.............................. 12.1 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . A master’s degree in some area o f counseling, psychology, or a related field generally is re quired; mental health counselors may need a doctoral degree. Many employers require counselors to have additional training while on the job. Such training usually is obtained in graduate school, employer-sponsored training programs, and various workshops and classes. In some cases, individuals qualify with a bachelor’s degree in psychology, sociology, counseling, or rehabilitation services, par ticularly if they have appropriate work experience. Many States 36.6 4.7 6.9 76.0 17.1 26.0 20.1 48 Bachelor’s .................................................................... 39,197 Master’s ...................................................................... 21,986 Ph.D.............................................................................. 1,661 require public school counselors to have both counseling and teaching certificates. Counselors in most State vocational rehabilita tion agencies must pass a written exam and be evaluated by a board o f examiners. Characteristics o f entrants. The majority o f entrants have not been working. Younger entrants tend to be recent college graduates, whereas many older entrants are returning to work after tending to household responsibilities. The remaining entrants transfer from another occupation, either held while in school or taken on a tem porary basis until a job as a teacher could be found. Training completions: Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: School psychology, student counseling and personnel services, and counseling psychology: Bachelor’s ..................................................................... 343 Master’s ....................................................................... 13,333 Ph.D.............................................................................. 1,189 Librarians Characteristics o f entrants. The majority o f entrants are college graduates who transer from a related Held such as social work, teaching, interviewing, job placement, psychology, or personnel. Other entrants have not been working—some are recent college graduates, some have been between jobs, and others are returning to work after tending to family responsibilities or after a period o f retirement. Because prior work experience is common for counselors, entrants tend to be somewhat older than entrants to other occupations. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 155,000 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le................... Percent b la c k .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total......................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary................................ Total employment, 1984......................................................... 1,381,000 Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: Percent fem ale......................................................................... Percent b la c k ........................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years....................................................................... 25-54 years....................................................................... 55 and older..................................................................... Percent employed part time, to ta l........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Kindergarten and elementary school teachers 84.6 9.9 In du stry 4.5 85.1 10.4 10.5 7.0 Projected 1995 employment. . Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 1,615,000 16.9 M o d e ra te 1,662,000 20.3 177,000 14.0 99.2 SUPPLY PROFILE H igh Usual entry and training requirements. A master’s degree in library science usually is required for a job in public, college and univer sity, and special libraries. Most jurisdictions require that school librarians be certified as teachers; for these jobs, a bachelor’s degree in library science or a master’s degree in media resources, educa tional technology, or audiovisual communications may be acceptable. 1,716,000 24.3 Employment grow th ............................................. Faster than average Annual separation rate (percent)..................................................... 9.2 SUPPLY PROFILE Training completions: Usual entry and training requirements. All States and the District o f Columbia require teachers in public elementary schools to be certified; some require teachers in private elementary schools to be certified as well. T o become certified, an individual must have a bachelor’s degree from an approved teacher education program, with student teaching experience, and professional education courses. In addition, many jurisdictions require teachers to obtain a master’s degree within a certain period after being hired. Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Library science: Bachelor’s ...................................................................... 234 Master’s ........................................................................ 2,994 Ph.D............................................................................... 48 Characteristics o f entrants. The typical entrant is a college graduate who previously was not working—a large proportion have a Master o f Library Science degree. Those in the younger age group tend to be recent college graduates; older entrants generally are women returning to work after tending to household responsibilities. Training completions: Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Education, general; elementary education; and education, other: 171,000 10.4 H igh Annual separation rate (percent).................................................... 9.3 P ercen t Educational services....................................................... M od era te 72.1 13.9 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry 166,000 7.1 7.1 66.2 26.7 21.5 18.0 P ercen t Educational services...................................................... Local government.......................................................... Low 85.9 7.6 49 Secondary school teachers Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: EMPLOYMENT PROFILE In du stry Total employment, 1984......................................................... 1,045,000 Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: Percent fem ale......................................................................... Percent b la c k .............................. Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years . ..................................................................... 25-54 years....................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total......................................... Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. Low 51.2 7.7 Projected 1995 employment . . Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 4.6 84.7 10.7 10.5 7.6 Low Projected 1995 employment .. 1,062,000 Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 1.6 1,093,000 4.6 40,000 28.9 H igh 42,000 34.4 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . All States and the District o f Columbia regulate the practice o f chiropractic and grant licenses to individuals who meet the educational requirements and pass a State board examination. Most jurisdictions require completion o f a 4-year chiropractic course following 2 years o f college.To main tain licensure, jurisdictions generally require that chiropractors com plete a specific number o f hours o f continuing education. P ercen t 100.0 M o d e ra te M o d e ra te SUPPLY PROFILE Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry 39,000 23.9 72.3 27.4 Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Educational services....................................................... P ercen t Offices o f other health practitioners (includes of fices of chiropractors)............................................... Hospitals........................................................................... H igh 1,129,000 8.0 T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Earned degrees, first professional, 1983: Chiropractic (D.C. or D .C .M .)............................................ 2,889 Employment growth............................................. Slower than average Annual separation rate (percent)................................................... *9.1 1 The number of separations may be artificially high. Employment in the occupa tion declined between 1983 and 1984; some workers who left were not replaced. Dentists EMPLOYMENT PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ........................................................ ’. 156,003 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . All States and the District Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: Percent fem a le......................................................................... Percent black . . . . ................................................ Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................... 25-54 years....................................................................... 55 and older..................................................................... Percent employed part time, total....................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary.................. o f Columbia require public secondary school teachers to be cer tified; m§ny jurisdictions require teachers in private schools to be certified as well. To become certified, individuals must have a bachelor’s degree from an approved teacher education program, with a prescribed number o f credits in the subject they plan to teach, student teaching experience, and professional education courses. A few States certify college graduates who have not had teacher preparation courses. Many jurisdictions require teachers to obtain a master’s degree within a certain time after being hired. 6.2 .9 1.1 71.7 27.2 18.5 16.4 Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Education, general; teacher education, specific subject areas; junior high education; secondary education; and education, other: Bachelor's..................................................................... 45,120 Master’s ................................................................ .. 31,258 Ph.D............................................................................... 2,650 In d u stry Low Projected 1995 employment.. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f entrants have not been working. The majority are either recent college graduates or homemakers returning to teaching. The remaining entrants transfer from another occupation, either a job held while in school or one taken on a temporary basis until a job as a teacher could be obtained. 185,000 18.2 M o d e ra te 195,000 25.1 90.1. H igh 203,000 30.0 Employment grow th............................................ Faster than average Annual separation rate (percent)..................................................... 3.8 SUPPLY PROFILE Health Diagnosing and Treating Practitioners U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . All States and the District o f Columbia require dentists to be licensed. To qualify for licen sure in most jurisdictions, a candidate must be a graduate o f a dental school approved by the American Dental Association and pass writ ten and practical examinations. In order to specialize, dentists must complete additional education requirements and meet either addi tional licensing or professional standards. Chiropractors EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .................................................................. 31,000 P ercen t Offices o f dentists........................................................... 50 Low Training com p letio n s: M o d era te H igh Earned degrees, first professional, 1983: D.D.S. and D.M.D. degrees............................................... 5,385 Projected 1995 employment.. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Almost all entrants are recent dental Employment grow th .................... . . . Faster than average Annual separation rate (percent) ........ 2.7 school graduates between the ages o f 25 and 34. A small number are licensed dentists who have been serving in the Armed Forces or tending to family responsibilities. Total employment, 1984 ............................................................. 29,000 Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 35,000 20.3 P ercen t M o d e ra te 607,000 27.6 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. All States and the District o f Columbia require physicians to be licensed. Licensure re quirements include usually 8 years o f postsecondary education, graduation from an accredited professional school, successful com pletion o f a licensing examination, and, in most jurisdictions, 1 or 2 years o f supervised practice in an accredited graduate medical education program (intemship/residency). Throughout their career, the majority o f physicians continue to study and train to keep up with the latest advances in medical science. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE In d u stry 585,000 23.0 SUPPLY PROFILE Optometrists Offices o f other health practitioners (includes offices of optom etrists)........................................... Miscellaneous retail stores (includes optical goods and related stores)..................................................... 556,000 17.0 T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : 71.1 Earned degrees, first professional, 1983: D.O. and M.D. degrees1.................................................... 16,803 10.1 H igh 36,000 26.7 C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Almost all entrants are recent medical school graduates between the ages o f 25 and 34. A small number are licensed physicians who have been serving in the Armed Forces or tending to family responsibilities. 38,000 33.9 Employment grow th............................................ Faster than average 1 Excludes foreign medical school graduates (many o f whom are U.S. citizens) who augment the supply o f U.S.-trained physicians. In 1984, foreign medical school graduates accounted for about 3,000 o f the 20,000 M.D. graduates in their first year o f required postgraduate residency. About 21 percent of all active physicians were foreign trained in 1983. SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . All States and the District o f Columbia require that optometrists be licensed. Applicants for licensure must have a Doctor o f Optometry degree from an ac credited optometric school or college and pass a board examina tion. Most jurisdictions require optometrists to earn continuing education credits in optometry to renew their licenses. Podiatrists EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 11,000 Training com p letio n s: Earned degrees, first professional, 1983: Doctor of optometry (O .D .).............................................. Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: 1,116 In du stry Offices o f other health practitioners (includes offices o f podiatrists).............................................. Offices o f physicians...................................................... Nursing and personal care facilities............................ Hospitals.......................................................................... Physicians EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Low Total employment, 1984 ........................................................... 476,000 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: Percent fem ale......................................................................... 16.0 Percent b la c k ........................................................................... 5.0 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years....................................................................... 1.4 25-54 years....................................................................... 75.8 55 and older..................................................................... 22.8 Percent employed part time,total.......................................... 6.1 Percent employed part time,voluntary................................ 5.1 M o d era te 15,000 38.9 H igh 16,000 43.1 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. All States and the District o f Columbia require podiatrists to be licensed. Applicants for licen sure must be graduates o f an accredited college o f podiatric medicine and must pass both written and oral examinations. Eight States require applicants to serve a 1-year residency in a hospital or clinic following graduation. To practice a specialty, additional educa tion and experience are necessary. Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry 15,000 35.6 65.9 9.1 9.1 6.6 Employment growth.................................. Much faster than average Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Offices of physicians...................................................... Hospitals........................................................................... Federal Government....................................................... P ercent P ercen t T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : 51.0 26.6 8.2 Earned degrees, first professional, 1983: Pod. D., D .P., and D.P.M. degrees.................................... 631 51 Veterinarians Training completions: Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Food sciences and human nutrition: EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Bachelor’s ................................................................... 3,354 Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 40,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 47,000 18.0 Moderate 48,000 22.3 783 63 Characteristics o f entrants. Some entrants are recent college graduates; others with the appropriate qualifications have been employed in another occupation. Persons who have been unemployed, tending to family responsibilities, or not working for other reasons fill most o f the remaining jobs. Percent Agricultural services...................................................... Federal Government...................................................... Agricultural production,livestock................................ Master’s ....................................................................... P h .D .............................................................................. 67.9 9.8 9.5 High 50,000 26.2 Occupational therapists Employment growth ............................................ Faster than average EMPLOYM ENT PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................. 25,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Usual entry and training requirements. All States and the District o f Columbia require veterinarians to be licensed. Licensure re quirements include graduation from an accredited college o f veterinary medicine and passing both written and oral State board proficiency examinations. Industry Training completions: Earned degrees, first professional, 1983: D .V .M .................................................................................... 2,060 Low Registered Nurses, Pharmacists, Dietitians, Therapists, and Physician Assistants Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Employment growth Dietitians and nutritionists Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Percent Hospitals.......................................................................... Nursing and personal carefacilities............................ Social services ................................................................ Government.................................................................... Educational services...................................................... Employment growth 58,000 21.5 Moderate 60,000 25.8 33.0 17.2 14.0 12.7 8.9 33,000 31.3 High 35,000 36.7 Much faster than average Training completions: Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Occupational therapy: Bachelor’s .................................................. .................... 1,807 Master’s ......................................................................... 234 High 62,000 30.7 Characteristics o f entrants. The majority of entrants are experienced therapists returning to work after tending to family responsibilities or are recent graduates o f formal training programs. The remainder transfer from another occupation—individuals with appropriate qualifications who have been employed in another occupation or persons who worked while in school. Faster than average SUPPLY PROFILE Usual entry and training requirements. Most employers require a bachelor’s degree with a major in foods and nutrition or institu tion management for entry level positions. Almost all employers prefer dietitians who have been registered by the American Dietetic Association; for some jobs, registration is required. Registration requirements usually include a combination o f education, an ap proved dietetic internship, and work experience. Moderate 5.9 5.4 Usual entry and training requirements. A bachelor’s degree in oc cupational therapy is the minimum requirement for work in this field. In addition, 29 States and the District o f Columbia require occupational therapists to be licensed. Applicants for licensure must have a degree or certificate from an accredited educational pro gram and pass the American Occupational Therapy Association’s certification examination. A graduate degree often is required for teaching, research, or administrative positions. Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 48,000 Low 32,000 26.5 40.0 17.0 13.7 7.7 7.5 SUPPLY PROFILE EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... Percent Hospitals........................................................................... Educational services....................................................... Government..................................................................... Social services ................................................................. Nursing and personal care facilities............................ Offices of other health practitioners (includes offices of occupational therapists)........................ Outpatient care facilities ............................................... Pharmacists EMPLOYM ENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................... 151,003 52 Industry Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ 28.5 Percent black .......................................................................... 2.9 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 9.2 25-54 years...................................................................... 76.3 55 and older.................................................................... 14.5 Percent employed part time, total....................................... 14.7 Percent employed part time,voluntary................................ 12.1 Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Percent 8.7 7.8 5.4 5.0 Nursing and personal care facilities .. Government...................... Educational services........ Offices of physicians........ Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 79,000 35.5 Moderate 83,000 42.2 High 86,000 48.1 Employment grow th................ ................ Much faster than average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 158,000 4.6 SUPPLY PROFILE Percent Drug stores and propietary stores .............................. Hospitals.......................................................................... Moderate 166,000 9.7 62.8 26.3 Usual entry and training requirements. A bachelor’s degree in physical therapy is the minimum requirement for most jobs. In ad dition, all States and the District o f Columbia require physical therapists to be licensed. Applicants for licensure must have a degree or certificate from an accredited physical therapy educational pro gram and pass a licensure examination. A graduate degree is generally required for teaching, research, and administrative posi tions. Continuing education and training are necessary to keep up with medical developments. High 173,000 14.4 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................... 2.9 SUPPLY PROFILE Training completions: Usual entry and training requirements. All States and the District o f Columbia require pharmacists to be licensed. Requirements in clude graduating from an accredited pharmacy program, passing a board examination, and completing a specified amount o f prac tical experience or serving an internship under the supervision of a licensed pharmacist. Many jurisdictions require continuing educa tion for license renewal. Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Physical therapy: Bachelor’s ...................................................................... 2,581 Master’s ........................................................................ 303 Characteristics o f entrants. Some job entrants are recent graduates o f formal training programs; others are experienced therapists re turning to work after tending to family responsibilities or individuals with appropriate qualifications who have been employed in another occupation. Many entrants work on a contract basis for one or more employers, which permits many to work part time or on a flexible schedule. Training completions: Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Pharmacy: Bachelor’s ...................................................................... 5,708 Master’s ........................................................................ 331 Ph.D................................................................................ I ll D. Pharm....................................................................... 705 Physician assistants Characteristics o f entrants. Most entrants are recent graduates o f pharmacy school who are between 20 and 34 years o f age. A few are experienced pharmacists who reenter the occupation after tend ing to family responsibilities. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... . 25,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Physical therapists Industry EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 58,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time,total........................................ Percent employed part time,voluntary.............................. Low 76.7 3.9 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 14.2 82.6 3.2 20.1 16.6 Industry 33,000 33.2 Moderate 35,000 40.3 High 37,000 46.0 Employment growth.................................. Much faster than average SUPPLY PROFILE Usual entry and training requirements. Nearly all States require applicants to complete an approved formal training program o f fered by schools o f allied health, community and 4-year colleges and universities, medical schools, and hospitals. “ Hands on” health care experience, in a job such as medical technologist or physical therapist, is an important qualification for entry to training pro grams. To remain current with advances in medicine, physician assistants must continue to train and study throughout their career. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Hospitals.......................................................................... Offices of other health practitioners (includes offices of physical therapists)................................ Percent 49.4 21.5 11.9 6.7 Offices of physicians.......... Hospitals.............................. Government........................ Outpatient care facilities .. Percent 40.3 19.8 53 Percent employed part time, total........................................ 26.9 Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 22.7 Training completions: Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Physician assisting-primary care, and physician assisting-specialty....................................................................... 1,584 Associate degrees and other awards below the baccalaureate, 1983: Physician assisting-primary care, and physician assisting-specialty....................................................................... 221 Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry P ercen t Hospitals........................................................................... Government..................................................................... Offices of physicians....................................................... Nursing and personal care facilities............................ C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Almost all physician assistants enter directly upon completing a formal program in physician assisting. Some o f these have been working in a health-related occupation while in school. Because previous experience in the health care field is important in gaining entry to training, graduates tend to be somewhat older than entrants to other occupations. Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 1,753,000 27.3 M o d e ra te 1,829,000 32.8 66.8 6.8 6.8 5.6 H igh 1,908,000 38.6 Employment grow th.................................. Much faster than average Recreational therapists Annual separation rate (percent)..................................................... 9.0 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ................................ 17,000 U su al e n try a n d train in g requ irem en ts. To obtain the license to prac tice that is required by all States and the District o f Columbia, muses must graduate from an approved school o f nursing—courses o f study range from 2 to 5 years—and pass a national examination administered by each jurisdiction. Nurses may be licensed in more than one jurisdiction either by examination or by endorsement. Because some jurisdictions require continuing education for license renewal and to keep abreast o f changes in the medical Held, many registered nurses continue to study and train throughout their career. Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry P ercen t Hospitals........................................................................... Nursing and personal carefacilities.............................. State government............................................................. Social services ................................................................. Outpatient care facilities ............................................... Federal Government....................................................... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 20,000 18.7 M o d e ra te 21,000 22.7 40.3 22.6 9.2 8.3 8.0 6.2 T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : H igh Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Nursing ................................................................................. 29,031 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Nursing ................................................................................. 5,061 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Nursing ................................................................................. 38,847 Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Nursing: Bachelor’s ..................................................................... 32,161 Master’s ....................................................................... 5,946 Ph.D.............................................................................. 166 22,000 27.4 Employment grow th ............................................. Faster than average SUPPLY PROFILE U sual e n try a n d train in g requ irem en ts. Education requirements vary by employment setting. A degree in therapeutic recreation or in recreation with an emphasis on therapeutic recreation is the usual requirement for a professional position in this Held. An associate degree satisfies hiring requirements in many nursing homes, while a bachelor’s degree is ordinarily necessary in community and clinical settings. C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Job openings are filled either by re cent nursing school graduates or from the reserve pool o f licensed but inactive nurses—those tending to family responsibilities, work ing in another occupation, or pursuing additional education. The majority o f all entrants are 25 to 54 years o f age and almost all have had some postsecondary education. T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Recreational therapy: Bachelor’s ......................................................................... 169 Respiratory therapists Registered nurses EMPLOYMENT PROFILE EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................. 55,000 Total employment, 1984......................................................... 1,377,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le......................................................................... Percent b la c k ........................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years....................................................................... 25-54 years....................................................................... 55 and older..................................................................... Percent employed part time, total......................................... Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale......................................................................... 96.0 Percent b la c k ........................................................................... 7.6 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years....................................................................... 8.5 25-54 years....................................................................... 81.4 55 and older..................................................................... 10.1 54 68.7 7.4 23.5 73.4 3.1 16.6 13.7 SUPPLY PROFILE Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry P ercen t U su al e n try a n d train in g req u irem en ts. A master’s degree in speechlanguage pathology or audiology is the standard credential in most settings. In most public school systems, a bachelor’s degree in speech-language pathology or audiology and appropriate certifica tion satisfy hiring requirements. Thirty-six States require licenses for those offering speech pathology and audiology services in private practice, clinics, or other settings outside schools. Although licen sure laws vary, all States require graduation from an accredited educational program, 300 hours o f supervised clinical experience, and an examination. 89.9 Hospitals............................ Low 63,000 15.6 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ M od era te 66,000 20.8 H igh 69,000 26.5 . . . Faster than average Employment grow th ................ SUPPLY PROFILE T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Although some respiratory Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Audiology and speech pathology: Bachelor’s ...................................................................... 3,041 Master’s ........................................................................ 2,859 Ph.D............................................................................... 93 therapists are trained on the job, employers generally hire graduates o f formal training programs in respiratory care. These programs are offered at the postsecondary level by vocational schools, hospitals, medical schools, colleges and universities, and the Armed Forces. Applicants need a working knowledge o f science and mathematics, mechanical ability, and manual dexterity. C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Entrants tend to be recent graduates o f formal training programs, or individuals with appropriate qualifications who have been tending to family responsibilities, be tween jobs, or employed in another occupation. Many speech pathologists and audiologists work on a contract or consultant basis, and the proportion on voluntary part-time schedules is higher than the average for all professional specialty workers. T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Respiratory therapy and respiratory therapy technology. 3,017 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Respiratory therapy technology.......................................... 3,219 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Respiratory therapy and respiratory therapy technology. 3,370 Health Technologists and Technicians C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Most entrants to this occupation have some college education. Among those who enter the field o f respiratory care, the majority are recent graduates o f formal training programs, experienced therapists returning to work after tending to family responsibilities, or others with appropriate qualifications who have not been employed. Some individuals transfer from another occupation. Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 236,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le.......................... Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. Speech pathologists and audiologists EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 47,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time,total........................................ Percent employed part time,voluntary.............................. Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average 10.2 87.6 2.2 23.0 18.5 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-85 ........ 54,000 13.8 M o d era te 55,000 17.3 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 67.4 9.9 7.4 6.2 243,000 2.6 M od era te 254,000 7.5 63.5 11.5 10.3 8.6 H igh 265,000 12.0 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................... 8.5 H igh SUPPLY PROFILE 57,000 21.1 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. The usual requirement for a beginning job as a clinical laboratory technologist is a bachelor’s Employment growth ..................................................................... Average P ercent Hospitals.......................................................................... Offices of physicians...................................................... Medical and dental laboratories.................................. Government.................................................................... P ercen t Educational services...................................................... Hospitals.......................................................................... Government.................................................................... Outpatient care facilities .............................................. 17.2 77.6 5.2 17.4 14.8 90.0 2.9 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry 75.6 12.8 55 Associate and other degrees below baccalaureate, 1983: Dental h ygiene....................................................................... 3,64(3 degree with a major in medical technology or in one o f the life sciences. Clinical laboratory technicians generally are required to have an associate degree or to have completed the training pro gram in a postsecondary vocational school. Some States require technologists and technicians to be licensed. In order to keep abreast o f medical developments, technologists and technicians often take skill improvement training offered at hospitals, colleges and univer sities, and vocational schools. C h aracteristics o f en tran ts. Most entrants are either recent graduates o f a dental hygiene training program or experienced hygienists re turning to work after tending to family responsibilities. Most have attended college, and many have a degree. Compared to other job entrants, people who start working as dental hygienists are much more likely to be in their twenties or early thirties, and to work part time. T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Medical laboratory technologies........................................ Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Medical laboratory assisting and other medical laboratory technology...................................................... Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Medical laboratory technologies........................................ Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Medical laboratory technologies: Bachelor’s ...................................................................... 6,360 Dispensing opticians 4,346 EMPLOYM ENT PROFILE 3,263 Total employment, 1984 ............................................................. 42,000 2,632 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: C h a ra cteristics o f en tran ts. Individuals who take clinical laboratory jobs are equally divided between transfers from another occupa tion and those who have not been working—mainly recent graduates o f medical technology programs and homemakers. Two out o f three entrants are between the ages o f 20 and 34. Most entrants have attended college, although not all have a degree. Miscellaneous retail stores (includes optical goods and related stores)........................................ Offices of other health practitioners (includes offices of optometrists) .......................................... Wholesale trade............................................................... In du stry Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Dental hygienists 49,000 17.7 M o d e ra te 51,000 23.2 40.!) 34.8 9.1 H igh 54,000 29.0 Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average EMPLOYMENT PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 76,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................... ................................................ 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time,total.......................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary................................ U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Although dispensing opti cians learn their skills on the job, employers generally prefer ap plicants who are familiar with the trade and who have had some formal training in optical dispensing and fabricating. Training is offered by community colleges, vocational schools, and manufac turers. A high school diploma with courses in science and mathematics and experience in a related job are assets. Some jurisdictions require dispensing opticians to be licensed, and con tinuing education is necessary for relicensure. 99.0 2.6 17.7 80.3 2.0 49.0 44.2 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In dustry Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1983: Ophthalmic dispensing............................................................ 247 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Ophthalmic dispensing............................................................ 151 P ercent Offices of dentists..................................... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ P ercen t 92,000 20.8 96.3 M o d era te 98,000 28.7 H igh 102,000 34.0 Electrocardiograph technicians Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average EMPLOYM ENT PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE ............................ 21,000 Total employment, 1984 .......... U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Dental hygienists must be licensed. To get a license, a candidate must graduate from an ac credited dental hygiene school and pass both a written and a clinical examination. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: P ercen t In du stry ...................... ...................... Hospitals............................ Federal Government........ 76.7 17.2 T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Low Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Dental hygiene...................................................................... 2,545 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 56 24,000 11.8 M o d e ra te 24,000 15.8 H igh 25,000 20.0 Slower than average Employment growth. . . . Average Employment growth SUPPLY PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE Usual entry and training requirements. Training usually lasts 4 to 6 weeks for the basic “ resting” electrocardiogram (EKG). Ap plicants must be high school graduates, be able to follow detailed instructions, exhibit presence o f mind in emergencies, be reliable, and have mechanical aptitude. Beyond the entry level, a small number o f formal programs offer preparation for specialized EKG testing. These 12- to 24-month programs, located chiefly in hospitals and community colleges, offer in-depth study of cardiovascular anatomy and physiology. Usual entry and training requirements. Completion o f a formal 110-hour training program designed by the U.S. Department of Transportation is required for an entry level job as an emergency medical technician (EMT). Training is offered by police, fire, and health departments; by hospitals; and as a nondegree course in col leges and universities. Applicants to an EMT training course generally must be at least 18 years old, have a high school diploma or the equivalent, and have a valid driver’s license. All States and the District o f Columbia certify graduates of approved training pro grams who meet experience requirements and pass an examination. With additional formal training, EMT’s can qualify for the title o f EMT-Intermediate or EMT-Paramedic. EMT’s should be physically fit, emotionally stable, and able to adapt to difficult situations. Electroencephalographic technologists and technicians EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Training completions: Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Emergency medical technology-ambulance, and emergency medical technology-paramedic.................... 7,624 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Emergency medical technology-ambulance, and emergency medical technology-paramedic.................... 3,316 Total employment, 1984 ............................................................. 5,900 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Percent Hospitals.......................................................................... Offices of physicians...................................................... Low Projected 1995 employment . . Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 6,700 14.1 Moderate 7,000 19.6 87.7 10.8 High Licensed practical nurses 7,300 25.1 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Employment growth ............................................ Faster than average Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 602,000 SUPPLY PROFILE Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. Usual entry and training requirements. Electroencephalographic (EEG) technicians generally learn their skills on the job. Employers normally require a high school diploma. Many EEG technologists also learn their skills on the job, but some graduate from formal postsecondary training programs offered by hospitals and medical centers, vocational schools, community colleges, and colleges and universities. Applicants for both specialties should have manual dexterity, good vision, an aptitude for working with electronic equipment, and the ability to work with patients and with other health professionals. 96.3 17.1 7.7 79.2 13.1 26.0 20.5 Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Training completions: American Medical Association’s Committee on Allied Health Education and Accreditation accredited programs, 1984: Electroencephalographic technologist .................................. 131 Industry Percent Hospitals.......................................................................... Nursing and personal care facilities............................ Offices of physicians...................................................... Government.................................................................... Emergency medical technicians Low EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 680,000 13.0 Moderate 708,000 17.6 55.3 16.9 6.4 5.7 High 739,000 22.7 Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 47,000 Employment growth ................................................................ Average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Local government.......................................................... Hospitals.......................................................................... Local and suburban transportation............................ Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 12.3 Percent 49,000 3.9 Moderate 50,000 7.1 37.4 30.9 30.6 SUPPLY PROFILE Usual entry and training requirements. All States and the District o f Columbia require practical nurses to be licensed. Applicants for licensure must complete an approved program in practical nurs ing and pass the national written examination. High 52,000 10.6 57 Training completions: Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Nursing ................................................................................. 29,031 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Practical (vocational) nursing .......................................... 16,973 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Nursing ................................................................................. 38,847 20.1 75.5 4.4 13.7 10.2 Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Characteristics o f entrants. The majority of entrants are recent nurs ing school graduates or licensed but inactive nurses who have been tend ing to family responsibilities or have been unemployed. The remainder transfer from another occupation. Because the occupation o f L.P.N. is characterized by movement from employment to home and back again, entrants tend to be older than average. Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry P ercen t Hospitals.......................................................................... 68.7 Offices of physicians...................................................... 22.6 Medical record technicians Low H igh 141,000 23.5 148,000 28.9 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................. 33,000 Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Annual separation rate(percent).................................................... 8.5 In d u stry P ercent H ospitals................................................................. Nursing and personal care facilities.................. Federal Government.............................................. Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 135,000 17.6 M o d e ra te Projected 1995 employment ,. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 42,000 26.4 SUPPLY PROFILE 73.3 8.7 7.7 M o d e ra te H igh 44,000 31.4 46,000 37.0 Usual en try a n d training requirem en ts. Completion o f a formal train ing program in radiography, nuclear medicine technology, radiation therapy technology, or diagnostic medical sonography is required for entry level jobs in hospitals, which employ most radiologic technologists. Technologists in physicians’ or dentists’ offices may be trained on the job. Many jobs require registration or certification with the appropriate organization. Some jurisdictions require radiologic technologists to be licensed. Employment grow th.................................. Much faster than average Training co m pletion s: SUPPLY PROFILE American Medical Association’s Committee on Allied Health Education and Accreditation accredited programs, 1984: Diagnostic medical sonographer, nuclear medicine technologist, radiation therapy technologist, and radiographer........................................................................ 8,810 Usual en try a n d training requirem en ts. Most employers prefer to hire graduates of accredited 2-year associate degree programs. However, many experienced record clerks may be promoted to technician status after completing a hospital’s training program or correspondence courses offered by the American Medical Record Association. C haracteristics o f entrants. The majority of job openings are filled by people who have not been working—recent graduates, in dividuals with appropriate qualifications who are returning to work after tending to family responsibilities, and others. The remainder transfer from another occupation, such as medical technologist or respiratory therapist. The majority o f entrants have attended col lege. Training com p letio n s: Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Medical records technology................................................. 834 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Medical records technology................................................ 495 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Medical records technology................................................ 1,069 Surgical technicians Characteristics o f entrants. Entrants fall into two categories—those who EMPLOYMENT PROFILE transfer from another occupation, primarily medical record clerk, and those who enter the field after graduating from an accredited 2-year associate degree program. . 36,000 Total employment, 1984 ................................ Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: Radiologic technologists P ercen t In du stry EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Low Total employment, 1984 ........................................................... 115,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale................................................................... Percent black ..................................................................... 97.9 Hospitals.................................................. Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ____ 66.9 7.4 40,000 9.4 Employment growth ...................................... 58 Moderate High 41,000 14.3 43,000 19.7 Average SUPPLY PROFILE C h a ra cte ristic s o f en tra n ts. For most actors and actresses, employ ment is unsteady. Typically, they enter and reenter the occupation after periods o f unemployment or work in a temporary job such as waiter, waitress, or sales worker. U su a l e n try a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Most employers require graduation from a formal training program in surgical technology. Programs last from 9 months to 2 years and are offered by com munity and junior colleges, postsecondary vocational schools, and hospitals. The shorter programs are designed for licensed practical nurses, who already have some background in anatomy, physiology, and clinical practice. The longer programs are for individuals with no background in health care. Additional training is required before technicians can assist in complex procedures, such as open-heart surgery, or work with new equipment, such as lasers. Dancers and choreographers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 10,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Surgical technology.............................................................. 1,532 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Surgical technician................................................................ 901 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Surgical technology.............................................................. 1,152 In du stry P ercent Theatrical producers, bands, and entertainers.......... Motion picture production and services.................... Eating and drinking p la ces.......................................... Dance halls, studios, and schools................................ Hotels, motels, and tourist courts.............................. Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Writers, Artists, and Entertainers M o derate 12,000 17.2 12,000 21.1 35.1 17.4 17.0 6.6 6.0 H igh 13,000 25.1 Employment grow th............................................ Faster than average Actors, directors, and producers SUPPLY PROFILE EMPLOYMENT PROFILE U su al e n try a n d training requ irem en ts. Serious training for a career in dancing traditionally begins by about age 12. Early ballet train ing begins at age 7 or 8 and is usually given by private teachers and independent ballet schools. Talented students who demonstrate potential in their early teens receive more intensive and advanced professional training at regional ballet schools or schools conducted under the auspices o f the major ballet companies. Early and in tensive training also is important for the modem dancer, but modem dance does not require as many years o f training as ballet. Because o f the strenuous and time-consuming training required, general education may be minimal, and few employers require formal education beyond high school. Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 50,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 31.5 4.2 10.4 78.9 10.7 15.2 7.4 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry Motion picture production and services.................... Theatrical producers, bands, and entertainers.......... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : P ercent 58,000 17.3 M o d era te 61,000 22.9 Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Dance: 70.5 23.3 Bachelor’s ........................................................................... 748 Master’s ........................................................................... 202 H igh 63,000 27.4 C h a ra c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. For most dancers, employment is unsteady. Typically, they enter and reenter the occupation after periods o f unemployment or work in a temporary job such as waiter, waitress, or sales worker. Almost all entrants are under the age o f 25 and few have any formal education beyond high school. Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average SUPPLY PROFILE U sual e n try a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Talent is what counts most in getting an acting job. This talent generally is developed through acting experience and formal training at dramatic arts schools or colleges and universities. There are no specific training requirements for directors and producers, but talent, experience, and business acumen are very important. Some colleges and universities offer formal training in directing and producing which can be useful in obtaining a job. Designers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 205,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Dramatic arts: Bachelor’s ...................................................................... 5,208 Master’s ........................................................................ 1,157 Ph.D................................................................................ 97 59 52.0 3.2 12.8 76.0 11.2 Percent employed part time, total........................................ 25.4 Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 18.1 Percent employed part time, total........................................ 17.8 Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 13.4 About average Unemployment rate Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry In d u stry P ercen t Miscellaneous retail stores (includes florists and artists' supply and material stores)........................ Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Business services............................................................. Furniture and home furnishings sto res...................... Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................. Engineering, architectural and surveying services . . . Low M o d e ra te Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ H igh 239,000 16.6 Employment grow th.............. .................... Faster than average 261,000 27.2 Employment growth 252,000 23.5 M o d e ra te 264,000 29.4 21.2 19.5 15.7 8.2 7.6 H igh 274,000 34.3 Faster than average 15.2 Annual separation rate (percent) 15.4 Annual separation rate (percent) P ercen t Advertising...................................................................... Mailing, reproduction, commercial art, and stenographic serv ices.............................................. Printing, publishing, and allied industries................ Retail trade...................................................................... Government.................................................................... 31.7 14.9 9.4 9.2 8.9 7.3 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 251,000 22.4 About average Unemployment rate SUPPLY PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Employers are more in terested in demonstrated ability, as represented by an applicant’s portfolio, than in evidence o f appropriate training or other qualifications. However, considerable training as well as artistic talent is needed to create an impressive portfolio. Therefore, the majority o f aspiring graphic and fine artists participate in postsecon dary art programs, which are offered by 4-year colleges and univer sities, community and junior colleges, and postsecondary vocational schools. U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Employers look for per sons with artistic talent to nil entry level jobs. Artistic skills may be developed through work experience in a related job or by tak ing classes in design. Although an increasing number are acquir ing the necessary skills from formal degree and nondegree train ing programs in design, many people learn the profession infor mally by working with experienced designers. Some designers upgrade their skills by taking classes in design or by participating in in-house skill improvement programs. T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Crafts, design, fine arts, and graphic arts technology . 1,256 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981 .............................. 16,354 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Crafts, design, fine arts, and graphic arts technology . 4,975 Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Crafts, design, fine arts, and graphic arts technology: Bachelor’s .................................................................... 20,800 Master’s ...................................................................... 3,182 Ph.D.............................................................................. 154 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Design: Bachelor's...................................................................... 4,049 Master’s ........................................................................ 248 C h a ra cteristics o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f entrants have not been working—persons tending to family responsibilities, full-time students, and persons between jobs. The remaining entrants transfer from another occupation—some have worked part time while in school and others transfer from a job they had taken temporarily until a more suitable position could be found. Most entrants have had some postsecondary training, and many are college graduates. Entrants tend to be somewhat older than entrants to other occupa tions, reflecting the increasing importance o f postsecondary train ing and the fact that many people return to this occupation after tending to household responsibilities. Many o f the entrants are employed in part-time positions. C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f entrants have not been working—most are recent graduates o f a training program or ex perienced workers who have been tending to household respon sibilities. The remainder transfer from another occupation; in many cases, entrants have been working in another occupation while at tending a training program. Musicians Graphic and fine artists EMPLOYMENT PROFILE EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 Total employment, 1984 ...................................................... Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le........................................................................ Percent b la c k .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years........................................................................ 25-54 years........................................................................ 55 and older...................................................................... Percent employed part time,total.......................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary................................ 204,000 Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: Percent fem ale......................................................................... Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years....................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... 192,000 47.4 2.4 11.0 75.5 13.5 60 27.6 6.4 15.3 70.2 14.5 55.4 35.7 Low Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry P ercent Religious organizations.................................................. Theatrical producers, bands, and entertainers.......... Eating and drinking p la c e s.......................................... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 208,000 8.5 M o d e ra te 217,000 13.4 48.3 30.6 9.7 123,000 22.6 M od era te 129,000 28.6 H igh 134,000 33.3 Employment grow th.................... . . . Faster than average Annual separation rate (percent) . . . . 14.9 SUPPLY PROFILE H igh U su a l e n try a n d train in g req u irem en ts. There are no formal educa tion requirements for entry level jobs. Employers usually seek ap plicants who can demonstrate a broad technical understanding o f photography as well as other photographic talents, such as imagina tion, creativity, and a good sense o f timing. These skills often can be obtained by working with experienced photographers and camera operators or are acquired through formal training available in col leges and universities, junior and community colleges, postsecond ary vocational schools, and the Armed Forces. For a job in scien tific or industrial photography, some knowledge o f the field may be required. 226,000 18.1 Employment growth ................................................................ Average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 22.0 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. People who become pro fessional musicians generally begin studying an instrument at an early age. Intensive training is needed to acquire the necessary skill, knowledge o f music, and ability to interpret music. This training may be obtained through private study with an accomplished musi cian, in a college or university music program, in a music conserv atory, or through practice with a group. For study in an institu tion, an audition frequently is necessary. T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Armed Forces enlisted strength, 1985: Photography......................................................................... 5,429 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: 301 Photography......................................................................... Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Photography: Bachelor’s ..................................................................... 772 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Music general; music performance; and music theory and composition: Bachelor’s ...................................................................... 7,262 Master’s ........................................................................ 3,222 Ph.D................................................................................ 380 C h a ra c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f all entrants transfer C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts. For most musicians, employment is unsteady. Typically, they enter and reenter the occupation after periods o f unemployment or work in a temporary job such as waiter, waitress, or sales worker. Most entrants are less than 35 years o f age and have had some college education. from another occupation, such as photographic process worker, that they had entered on a temporary basis until a suitable job could be found. The remainder have not been working—mostly unemployed persons, full-time students, and those who have been tending to family responsibilities. Almost all entrants are high school graduates, and many have had some postsecondary training in photography. Entrants typically are younger than entrants to other occupations, and most start their careers in a part-time job. Photographers and camera operators Public relations specialists EMPLOYMENT PROFILE EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 101,000 Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 95,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black ......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 20.2 8.5 17.7 71.5 10.8 16.2 9.9 48.6 6.1 9.8 75.2 15.0 11.3 9.9 Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry Photographic and portrait studios.............................. Business services............................................................ Radio and television broadcasting.............................. Government.................................................................... Newspapers...................................................................... Educational services...................................................... In du stry P ercent Business........................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real e sta te ............................ Educational services...................................................... Membership organizations............................................ Government.................................................................... Communications and utilities...................................... 24.4 19.3 14.0 8.6 8.6 7.7 61 P ercent 15.1 12.3 12.2 11.4 8.6 7.3 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 119,000 25.7 M o d e ra te 125,000 31.6 in hiring. Announcers must have a pleasant and well-controlled voice, good timing, excellent pronunciation, and good grammar. H igh 130,000 36.4 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Employment growth.................................. Much faster than average Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Radio-television news broadcast and radio-television, general................................................................................ 352 Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Radio-television news broadcast and radio-television, general: Bachelor’s ...................................................................... 6,115 Master’s ........................................................................ 334 Ph.D ................................................................................ 21 Annual separation rate (percent)................................ ................. 18.2 SUPPLY PROFILE U su al e n try a n d train in g req u irem en ts. Employers generally require a college degree or relevant work experience. Some employers seek persons who have majored in journalism, public relations, or another communications specialty; others look for a technical major related to the Arm’s business, such as engineering, finance, or com puter science. Experience in journalism, sales, or a technical Held can provide valuable experience in writing copy, dealing with peo ple, and learning about the organization’s products or services. C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f entrants are college graduates. Many have been working part time while in school, while others transfer from a job that helped them develop the required skills. T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Communications: Bachelor’s ..................................................................... 36,954 Master’s .............................................................. 3,502 Ph.D.............................................................................. 205 Reporters and correspondents EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 69,000 C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Most entrants transfer from another Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: occupation—most o f these have been working in a job that prepares them for public relations work; some probably have been working part time while in school. The remaining entrants have not been working—primarily students and persons tending to family respon sibilities. Most entrants have had some college training, and almost half have a degree. Because so many have work experience, they tend to be older than entrants to other occupations. In du stry P ercen t Newspapers...................................................................... Radio and television broadcasting.............................. Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 79,000 13.9 M o d e ra te 82,000 19.3 72.0 17.7 H igh 86,000 24.2 Radio and television announcers and newscasters Employment growth ................................................................ Average EMPLOYMENT PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 56,000 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Most employers prefer col lege graduates who have at least a bachelor’s degree in journalism, including training in the liberal arts. Typing skill is necessary, and the ability to take shorthand and to use computerized word proc essing equipment is an asset. Applicants should be able to present facts and opinions clearly and succinctly. Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale......................................................................... Percent black ........................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years....................................................................... 55 and older..................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 22.0 11.7 47.5 46.2 6.3 41.6 27.5 T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Journalism............................................................................ 522 Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Journalism: Bachelor’s .................................................................... 10,074 Master’s ...................................................................... 1,102 Ph.D .............................................................................. 40 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry P ercen t Radio and television broadcasting.............................. Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 60,000 6.7 M o d e ra te 62,000 11.3 97.1 H igh C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f entrants are college graduates. Many transfer into the occupation—some from an in ternship program where they have worked part time on a newspaper or magazine staff or at a radio or TV station. Others have been in school or between jobs. 65,000 16.2 Employment growth ................................................................ Average SUPPLY PROFILE Writers and editors U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . Although not always re quired, formal training usually is necessary to develop one’s talents. The videotaped audition that presents samples o f an applicant’s delivery, style, and appearance often is the most important factor EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................... 191,000 62 Broadcast technicians Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry P ercen t Newspapers...................................................................... Business services ............................................................ Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Periodicals ...................................................................... Membership organizations............................................ Books................................................................................ Federal Government...................................................... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 234,000 22.2 M o d e ra te 245,000 28.0 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE 22.0 15.8 14.0 9.9 6.4 5.7 5.2 Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 25,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry P ercent Radio and television broadcasting.............................. Federal Government...................................................... H igh 254,000 32.8 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average 29,000 16.3 M o d era te 30,000 20.5 80.2 13.1 H igh 31,000 24.9 Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average SUPPLY PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Many employers require applicants to have a college degree; some prefer a major in liberal arts or social science; others prefer a communications or journalism major. Some jobs—technical writing, for example—require a degree in or detailed knowledge about a specialized field such as engineer ing. Aspiring writers and editors should be familiar with research techniques and be able to work under the pressure o f deadlines. U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Federal law requires per sons who operate broadcast transmitters in radio and television sta tions to have a restricted radiotelephone operator permit, for which no examination is required. Those who work with microwave or other internal radio communications equipment, however, must have a general radiotelephone operator license, issued after pass ing a series o f written examinations. Vocational school, community college, or college training in engineering or electronics is the best preparation. Manual dexterity—the ability to perform tasks re quired precise, coordinated hand movements—is necessary for suc cess in this occupation. T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Journalism............................................................................ 522 Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Journalism: Bachelor’s ..................................................................... 10,074 Master’s ...................................................................... 1,102 Ph.D.............................................................................. 40 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Communication technologies............................................ 3,099 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Electrical technology.......................................................... 18,189 Technologists and Technicians, Except Health Computer programmers Air traffic controllers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 341,000 . 22,000 Total employment, 1984 ................................ Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ 35.4 Percent black .......................................................................... 5.3 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 19.7 25-54 years...................................................................... 77.6 55 and older.................................................................... 2.7 Percent employed part time,total....................................... 6.0 Percent employed part time,voluntary............................. 5.2 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: P ercent In du stry Federal Government...................................................... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 22,000 2.3 M o d era te 22,000 0.5 100.0 H igh 22,000 -1 .5 Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Employment grow th...................................... Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: SUPPLY PROFILE In du stry Computer and data processing services...................... Finance, insurance, and real e sta te ............................ Government.................................................................... Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................. Office, computing, and accounting machine manufacturing.......................................................... Wholesale trade.............................................................. Electrical and electronic machinery and equipment manufacturing.......................................................... U su al e n try a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Air traffic controllers must successfully complete the Civil Service examination and training program at the Federal Aviation Administration academy in Oklahoma City. Applicants generally must have 3 years o f general work experience or a college degree or a combination o f experience and education. Applicants also must pass physical and psychological examinations, have vision correctable to 20/20, and be under 35 years o f age. 63 P ercent 19.1 12.7 7.7 7.1 6.5 6.1 5.5 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 559,000 63.8 M o d e ra te 586,000 71.7 H igh In du stry 609,000 78.5 P ercen t Business services............................................................ Communications and utilities...................................... Transportation equipment manufacturing.................. 7.3 5.8 5.7 Employment growth.................... ............ Much faster than average Low Annual separation rate (percent) ........ 8.9 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... SUPPLY PROFILE 366,000 6.2 M o d e ra te 384,000 11.3 H igh 400,000 15.8 Employment growth ................................................................ Average U su a l e n try a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts. Training requirements vary Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 16.0 widely, reflecting employers’ needs. Many employers require a bachelor’s degree in computer science or a related Held; some re quire a graduate degree. Other employers accept applicants with fewer than 4 years o f college who have related work experience. Because o f rapidly changing technology, programmers usually con tinue their training through programs sponsored by their company or courses offered at colleges or vocational schools. SUPPLY PROFILE U su al e n try a n d train in g req u irem en ts. Employers prefer applicants who have 2 years o f postsecondary training in technical institutes, junior and community colleges, or extension divisions o f univer sities. An exposure to computer-aided design techniques is helpful, but employers mainly look for applicants with a thorough knowledge o f drafting fundamentals, knowledge o f design theory, and neatness. T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Computer and information sciences................................ 7,202 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Computer programmer....................................................... 22,329 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Computer and information sciences................................ 12,132 Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Computer and information sciences: Bachelor’s ..................................................................... 24,506 Master’s ....................................................................... 5,321 Ph.D.............................................................................. 262 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Drafting................................................................................ 28,500 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Drafting occupations............ .............................................. 7,962 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Drafting................................................................................. 5,540 C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Entrants are about equally divided be tween those who transfer from another occupation and those who have not been working. Many who transfer do so from a related occupation, such as mathematics teacher, physics teacher, or engineer. Others probably are experienced computer operators who are advancing after acquiring appropriate training or persons who have been working part time while in school. Entrants who have not been working typically have been in school or between jobs. Most entrants have at least some college education and are be tween 20 and 34 years o f age. C h a ra cteristics o f en tra n ts. About half o f all entrants have not been working; they are primarily recent graduates o f a training program or experienced drafters who were between jobs. The remainder transfer from another occupation; in many cases, entrants have been working in another occupation while attending a training program. Electrical and electronics technicians Drafters EMPLOYMENT PROFILE EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 404,000 Total employment, 1984 ........................................................... 345,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ 13.8 Percent black .......................................................................... 5.9 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 15.7 25-54 years...................................................................... 78.5 55 and older.................................................................... 5.8 Percent employed part time, total........................................ 2.9 Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 2.3 Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: Percent fem ale......................................................................... 15.4 Percent black ........................................................................... 3.7 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years....................................................................... 20.4 25-54 years....................................................................... 69.8 55 and older.......................... 9.8 Percent employed part time, total........................................ 4.8 Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 3.8 Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry Engineering, architectural, and surveying services... Machinery manufacturing, except electrical.............. Electrical and electronic machinery and equipment manufacturing........................................................... Electrical and electronic machinery and equipment manufacturing.......................................................... Machinery, equipment, and supplies wholesalers . . . Communications and utilities...................................... Business services............................................................ Federal Government...................................................... P ercen t 31.9 9.8 7.5 64 P ercen t 16.6 15.3 10.7 8.8 5.5 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 579,000 43.2 M o d era te 607,000 50.0 H igh Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average 629,000 55.7 Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 17.9 Employment growth.................................. Much faster than average SUPPLY PROFILE Annual separation rate (percent).................................................... 7.9 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Most employers prefer ap plicants who have had specialized technical training in postsecond ary vocational schools, junior and community colleges, or colleges and universities. Persons also can qualify through on-the-job train ing, apprenticeship programs, correspondence schools, or Armed Forces experience. Because o f rapidly changing technologies, engineering technicians usually continue their training throughout their career. SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Although persons can qualify through many combinations o f work experience and educa tion, most employers prefer applicants who have specialized technical training offered by junior and community colleges, postsecondary vocational schools, and the Armed Forces. Ap plicants should have an aptitude for mathematics and science and enjoy technical work. T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Engineering and engineering-related technologies........ 55,866 Associate degrees and other awards below the baccalaureate, 1983: Engineering and engineering-related technologies ........ 61,075 Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Electrical and electronic technologies............................. 24,671 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Electrical and electronic technologies............................. 19,505 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Electrical and electronic technologies............................. 30,434 C h a ra cte ristic s o f en tra n ts. The majority o f entrants transfer from another occupation—many were working part or full time while completing a formal training program. Most o f the remainder were full-time students or experienced technicians who have been tend ing to family responsibilities or were between jobs. The majority o f entrants have had some postsecondary education. C h a ra cteristics o f en tran ts. About half o f all entrants have not been working—most have been in school full time; others have been between jobs. The remaining entrants transfer from an occupation where they have acquired needed skills or worked part time while completing formal training programs. Many entrants have some postsecondary training, but few have a college degree. About 8 out o f 10 entrants are between 25 and 34 years o f age. Legal assistants EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 53,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Engineering technicians In du stry EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 326,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ 29.5 Percent black .......................................................................... 6.2 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 15.8 25-54 years...................................................................... 74.4 55 and older.................................................................... 9.8 Percent employed part time, total........................................ 6.9 Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 5.6 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 398,000 22.6 416,000 27.7 104,000 97.5 H igh 108,000 104.9 U sual e n try a n d training requ irem en ts. Legal assistants, often called paralegals, must understand legal terminology and have good com munication and research skills. Familiarity with the operation and applications o f computers in legal research is an important asset. Knowledge o f a specialized area o f law practice, such as real estate or taxation, is preferred by many employers. Skills are acquired through previous work experience—for example, as a legal secretary—or postsecondary education. Increasingly, employers are requiring completion o f a formal legal assistant training program. P ercent M o d e ra te M od era te SUPPLY PROFILE Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Transportation equipment manufacturing.................. Engineering, architectural, and surveying services. . . Federal Government...................................................... State government............................................................ Electrical and electronic machinery and equipment manufacturing.......................................................... Machinery manufacturing, except electrical.............. Miscellaneous business services (includes research and development laboratories and commercial testing laboratories).................................................. Communications and utilities...................................... 100,000 89.5 75.9 7.5 7.3 5.7 Employment growth.................................. Much faster than average Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average In du stry Percent Legal services.................................................................. Local government.......................................................... State government............................................................ Federal Government...................................................... 11.5 11.3 10.3 8.8 8.4 7.8 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : 6.8 6.0 Associate degrees and other awards below the baccalaureate, 1983: Legal assisting......................................................... 2,015 H igh Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Legal assisting: Bachelor’s ........................................................................... 300 430,000 32.2 65 Library technicians SUPPLY PROFILE EMPLOYMENT PROFiLE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................. 42,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry P ercen t Educational services....................................................... Local government........................................................... Federal Government....................................................... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 45,000 6.2 M o d e ra te 46,000 9.0 57.0 27.1 6.6 H igh 47,000 12.2 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . Most employers prefer ap plicants with postsecondary training in library technology, offered by community and junior colleges and postsecondary vocational schools. However, some technicians are trained on the job. In ad dition, some libraries encourage staff members to take courses in library technology to improve their job skills. U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Most employers prefer ap plicants who have at least 2 years o f specialized training or ex perience in postsecondary vocational schools, junior or community colleges, or colleges and universities. Some technicians qualify for their job with training obtained informally on the job, in the Armed Forces, or in company training programs. Many science technicians have a bachelor’s degree in a scientific Held. T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Science technologies.............................................................. 1,432 Associate degrees and other awards below the baccalaureate, 1983: Science technologies.............................................................. 1,514 C h a ra cteristics o f en tra n ts. About half o f all entrants transfer from another occupation. Most o f the remainder are recent graduates o f a formal training program or were between jobs. Most entrants have completed some training beyond high school, and over half have a college degree. Tool programmers, numerical control EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................. 11,000 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Library assisting..................................................................... 105 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Library assistant..................................................................... 2,886 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Library assisting..................................................................... 196 Science technicians Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Low Total employment, 1984 ........................................................... 239,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale......................................................................... Percent b la c k ............ .............................................................. Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years....................................................................... 25-54 years............ .......................................................... 55 and older..................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 35.4 9.4 21.0 71.1 7.9 13.6 11.4 Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry P ercen t Chemical and allied products manufacturing............ Federal Government...................................................... Educational services...................................................... Durable goods manufacturing............................ Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... Employment growth P ercent Electrical and electronic machinery manufacturing.. Aircraft and parts manufacturing .............................. Engineering, architectural, and surveying services... Metalworking machinery and equipment manufacturing.......................................................... Office, computing, and accounting machine manufacturing.......................................................... Fabricated metal products manufacturing ................ Construction machinery manufacturing .................... 270,000 13.1 M o d e ra te 279,000 16.9 19.0 18.2 16.3 8.2 H igh Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 13,000 26.0 M o d e ra te 14,000 32.2 16.4 11.5 9.3 7.6 6.1 5.6 5.0 H igh 15,000 37.4 Employment growth.................................. Much faster than average SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Tool programmers learn their jobs through a combination o f work experience and voca tional study and training. Employers prefer to promote or hire skilled machinists for programmer jobs. Some employers will hire people without machining experience if they have completed voca tional school or junior college courses in tool programming and have demonstrated the ability to learn machine operations. Marketing and Sales Occupations Cashiers 288,000 20.4 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Average Total employment, 1984 1,902,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. In du stry 83.8 10.7 51.7 40.2 8.1 52.8 36.7 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ M od era te 405,000 9.1 H igh 422,000 13.7 Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 10.4 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: SUPPLY PROFILE P ercent Grocery stores................................................................ Services............................................................................ Eating and drinking places .......................................... General merchandise stores.......................................... Drug and proprietary sto r e s........................................ Gasoline service stations................................................ Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 384,000 3.4 29.0 7.8 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average Unemployment r a te ............................................ Higher than average In d u stry P ercent Insurance agents, brokers, and services....................... Fire, marine, and casualty insurance.......................... U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Most employers will hire high school graduates with proven sales ability or who have been successful in other types o f work. Some employers require a col lege degree. All States and the District o f Columbia require agents and brokers to be licensed. In most jurisdictions, applicants for licensure must pass written examinations covering insurance fun damentals and laws. Because a growing number o f jurisdictions have mandatory continuing education requirements, many sales workers take courses at colleges and universities and attend in stitutes, conferences, and seminars sponsored by insurance organizations. 44.0 8.7 8.5 8.3 6.3 5.1 Low M o d era te H igh 2,343,000 23.2 2,469,000 29.8 2,579,000 35.6 Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average C h a ra cteristics o f en tra n ts. The majority o f entrants transfer from another occupation. The remainder have not been working—most have been between jobs or have been tending to family respon sibilities. Entrants tend to be older than entrants to other occupa tions, reflecting the importance o f previous work experience. The majority o f entrants have some college training, and many have a degree. Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 30.4 SUPPLY PROFILE U sual e n try a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Although previous sales ex perience and familiarity with cash registers are helpful in getting a job, there are no formal academic or experience requirements. Most cashiers acquire their skills on the job. Many employers prefer high school graduates. Manufacturers’ sales workers C h ara cteristics o f en tran ts. This is primarily an entry level job. The majority o f entrants have not been working; they have been in school, full-time homemakers, or experienced cashiers who have been laid o ff or are between jobs. Many have no prior work ex perience. The remaining entrants transfer from another clerical or blue-collar occupation. An unusually large proportion o f entrants are under 20 years o f age. Most entrants hold a part-time job, work ing during peak sales periods. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 547,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In dustry Insurance sales workers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Percent Machinery manufacturing, except electrical.............. 12.4 Newspapers........................................................................... 12.1 Food and allied products manufacturing.................. Fabricated metal products manufacturing ................ Chemical and allied products manufacturing............ Electrical and electronic machinery and equipment manufacturing.......................................................... 9.1 7.0 7.0 6.9 Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 371,000 Low Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ 25.5 Percent black .......................................................................... 5.4 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 7.2 25-54 years...................................................................... 75.0 55 and older.................................................................... 17.8 Percent employed part time, total...................................... 7.6 Percent employed parttime, voluntary................................ 5.9 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 598,000 9.3 H igh 623,000 13.8 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Although a college degree is increasingly desirable, many employers hire individuals without a degree who have sales experience or special knowledge o f the prod uct line being sold. Manufacturers o f technical products usually require a college degree in science or engineering. Most manufac turers have formal training programs lasting up to 2 years. As with most sales occupations, a pleasant personality and the ability to get along with other people are important assets. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry M od era te Employment growth............................................ Slower than average Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Life insurance 569,000 4.0 P ercent 57.8 67 Retail sales workers C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Over half o f all entrants transfer from other occupations. The remainder have not been working—some were recent graduates; others were on temporary layoff. Because o f the emphasis on work experience, entrants tend to be older than entrants to other occupations. More than half o f all entrants have some college education, and many have a degree. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ........................................................ 4,001,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent b la c k .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. Real estate agents and brokers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 363,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale......................................................................... Percent black ........................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older..................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average 4.8 70.0 25.2 17.5 12.8 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ P ercent Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 396,000 9.1 M o d e ra te 415,000 14.4 P ercen t Department stores.......................................................... Grocery sto res................................................................ Women’s ready-to-wear sto r e s.................................... Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry 41.0 46.5 12.5 48.0 35.4 48.2 1.5 Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Real estate agents and m anagers................................ Residential building construction................................ Real estate operators and lessors................................ Subdividers and developers.......................................... 69.0 7.3 22.6 7.4 5.4 Low M o d era te H igh 4,345,000 8.6 4,584,000 14.6 4,790,000 19.7 Employment growth ................................................................ Average 80.8 6.0 5.4 5.1 Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 28.9 SUPPLY PROFILE H igh 432,000 19.0 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Although there are no for mal training requirements, employers generally prefer high school graduates. Although most workers acquire their skills informally on the job, previous sales experience is helpful in finding a job. Employment growth ................................................................. Average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 18.1 C h a ra cteristics o f en tra n ts. This is primarily an entry level job. The majority o f job openings are filled by persons who have not been working, primarily students, full-tim e homemakers, and unemployed persons. The majority o f entrants are under 25 years o f age, have little or no work experience, and are attracted by the opportunity to work part time. Those who transfer into the oc cupation are more likely to be older and to take a full-time job than entrants who have not been working. SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . All States and the District o f Columbia require real estate agents and brokers to be licensed. Prospective agents must be high school graduates, at least 18 years old, and pass a written test. Most jurisdictions require candidates for the general sales license to complete at least 30 hours o f classroom instruction. Brokers must complete 90 hours o f formal training and have 1 to 3 years o f experience selling real estate. Securities and financial services sales workers T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Real estate............................................................................. 10,010 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Real estate............................................................................ 1,586 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 81,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le........................................................................ Percent b la c k .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time,total........................................ Percent employed part time,voluntary.............................. C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts . This occupation is characterized by a pattern o f movement into and out o f work, depending on the strength o f the housing market, family responsibilities, and other factors. Most entrants have not been working—primarily homemakers and other persons who are attracted by the oppor tunity to set their own work schedule. Others transfer from a wide variety o f occupations. The majority o f entrants are age 35 or older and have some postsecondary education; many are college graduates. 23.9 2.6 12.5 74.5 13.0 7.4 5.8 Unemployment rate.................................................. Lower than average 68 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry P ercent Security brokers and dealers........................................ Commercial and stock savings banks ........................ Mortgage bankers and brokers.................................... Personal credit institutions .......................................... Commodity contracts brokers and dealers................ Savings and loan associations...................................... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 107,000 31.7 M o d e ra te 113,000 39.1 32.7 22.3 14.6 8.5 6.2 5.3 H igh Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Transportation services........................................................ 1,069 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Transportation and travel marketing................................ 2,138 Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Transportation and travel marketing: Bachelor’s .................................................................... 242 Wholesale trade sales workers 118,000 44.7 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Employment growth.................................. Much faster than average Total employment, 1984........................................................ 1,248,000 7.5 Annual separation rate (percent) Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: SUPPLY PROFILE In du stry U su a l e n try a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . A college education is becoming a requirement for employment. Many employers prefer people who have been successful in other fields, particularly in sales. Self-confidence, good communication skills, and good grooming are required. Securities sales workers must meet licensing re quirements, which generally include passing an examination. In ad dition, they must be registered with the securities exchanges where they do business or with the National Association o f Securities Dealers, Inc. Like licensure, registration requires passing the ap propriate examination. To keep abreast o f new financial products, securities sales workers periodically take training offered by their firms or outside institutions. C h a ra cteristics o f en tra n ts. The majority o f entrants transfer from another occupation—primarily a professional sales occupation that usually requires a college degree. The others have not been working—many have been in school or between jobs; some are retirees reentering the labor force. The majority are college graduates. Travel agents EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 72,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 1,536,000 23.1 Employment growth M o derate 1,617,00 29.6 24.8 10.4 9.6 7.6 6.7 5.3 H igh 1,688,000 35.3 Faster than average SUPPLY PROFILE U su al e n try a n d train in g requ irem en ts. Requirements vary by prod uct line and market. Sales o f complex products, such as drugs or computer equipment, require people with a technical background; many employers in these Helds require a college degree with a ma jor closely related to the product line being sold. Employers specializing in nontechnical products—food, for example—often consider sales ability and familiarity with manufacturers and brands more important than knowledge o f the product itself. Although large wholesale firms often have formal training programs, most trainees learn by assisting experienced workers. P ercent Arrangement of transportation.................................... Low Projected 1995 employment . . Percent change, 1984-95 ........ P ercent Machinery, equipment, and supplies.......................... Groceries and related products.................................... Electrical g o o d s.............................................................. Motor vehicles and auto parts and supplies.............. Miscellaneous nondurable goods (includes farm supplies, tobacco and tobacco products, and paints, varnishes, and supplies)................................ Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment and supplies......................................................................... 98,000 36.6 M o d era te 103,000 43.9 98.9 H igh 108,000 50.0 Employment grow th.................................. Much faster than average C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Most entrants transfer from other occupations—usually from lower level jobs in the same company or from other sales positions. The remainder have not been working—persons who have been laid off, in school, or tending to family responsibilities. Entrants tend to be older than entrants to other occupations, reflecting the importance o f prior work ex perience. The majority o f entrants have had some college train ing, and many have a degree. SUPPLY PROFILE Administrative Support Occupations, Including Clerical U sual e n try a n d train in g req u irem en ts. Employers prefer applicants who have taken travel courses; some also prefer college graduates. Travel courses are offered in postsecondary vocational schools, adult education programs in public high schools, community col leges, and 4-year colleges and universities. In some jurisdictions, travel agents must be licensed. Bank tellers Training co m p letio n s: EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Transportation and travel marketing................................ 7,305 Total employment, 1984 493,000 Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: Percent fem ale...................................................................... Percent b la c k ........................................................................ Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.................................................................... 25-54 years.................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................. Percent employed part time, total...................................... Percent employed part time, voluntary............................ Low 91.4 7.9 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 40.0 54.3 5.7 20.3 16.4 2,091,000 6.0 H igh 2,178,000 10.4 Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 18.9 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n try a n d train in g re q u ire m en ts. High school graduates who have taken business arithmetic, bookkeeping, and principles o f ac counting meet the minimum requirements for most bookkeeping jobs. Increasingly, employers prefer applicants who have completed accounting programs at the community or junior college level or those who have attended business school. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry M o d era te Employment growth............................................ Slower than average Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average P ercen t Commercial and stock savings banks ........................ Savings and loan associations...................................... Mutual savings banks.................................................... Personal credit institutions .......................................... 1,990,000 0.9 70.3 19.2 5.6 4.2 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 492,000 -.2 M o d era te 517,000 4.9 H igh Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Accounting, bookkeeping, and related programs........ 105,047 Associate degrees and other awards below the baccalaureate, 1983: Accounting, bookkeeping, and related programs........ 10,287 539,000 9.4 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 22.3 C h a ra cteristics o f en tra n ts. About half o f all job openings are filled by persons who have not been working—many are full-time homemakers attracted by the opportunity to work part time. The remaining entrants transfer from another occupation. Although many entrants have completed some training beyond high schoool, few are college graduates. SUPPLY PROFILE U su al e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Employers generally prefer high school graduates, although few employers have formal educa tional requirements. Preferred personal qualities include neatness, tact, courtesy, maturity, and attention to detail. Tellers usually ac quire their skills through a combination o f on-the-job and formal company training. Computer and peripheral equipment operators EMPLOYMENT PROFILE C h a ra cteristics o f en tra n ts. The majority o f job openings are filled by persons who transfer from another occupation—mostly another clerical job. The remainder have not been working—most have been full-time homemakers, between jobs, or students; almost all en trants are high school graduates. Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 311,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total....................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary................................ Bookkeepers and accounting clerks EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984........................................................ 1,973,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale......................................................................... Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years....................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 91.2 4.3 14.4 68.2 17.4 26.9 23.1 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry P ercen t Computer and data processing services...................... Government...................................................................... Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Commercial and stock savings banks.......................... Wholesale tra d e.............................................................. Nondurable goods manufacturing................................ Miscellaneous services (includes engineering, ar chitectural, and surveying services; noncommercial educational, scientific, and research organizations; and accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping services)........... Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry 27.8 66.9 5.3 9.4 7.6 Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average Services............................................................................ Retail trade....................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate ............................ Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Government.................................................................... Wholesale trade, durable g o o d s.................................. Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................. 64.7 12.8 P ercent 23.7 20.8 11.6 7.5 6.9 6.7 6.6 Low Projected 1995 employment . . Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 70 434,000 39.3 M o d era te 454,000 45.9 13.2 10.5 10.2 6.8 6.2 5.3 5.1 H igh 472,000 51.6 graduates who are familiar with data entry equipment. Many employers test applicants’ ability to enter data quickly and accurately. Employment growth.......................... Much faster than average Annual separation rate (percent)....................................... 19.3 SUPPLY PROFILE Training completions: Usual entry and training requirements. Most employers require computer and peripheral equipment operators to have a high school education, specialized training, or experience. Many employers prefer persons who are familiar with the brand and type of equip ment they use. Operators may need additional training to adapt their skills to changes in computer technology. Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Business data entry equipment operation.................. 5,066 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Keypunch operator ............................................... 7,899 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Business data entry equipment operation .................. 1,145 Training completions: Characteristics o f entrants. The majority of entrants transfer from another occupation, such as tabulating and bookkeeping machine operator. The rest have not been working; most have been tending to family responsibilities, in school, or between jobs. Most entrants are young and have a high school diploma or less education. Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Business computer and console operation and business data peripheral equipment operation.................... 11,973 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Computer operator.............................................. 3,276 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Business computer and console operation and business data peripheral equipment operation........ 1,491 Mail carriers and postal clerks EMPLOYMENT PROFILE The majority of entrants transfer from another occupation, such as secretary, typist, bookkeeper, or keypunch operator. The remaining job openings are filled by per sons who have been in school, tending to household responsibilities, or between jobs. Characteristics o f entrants. Total employment, 1984 ............................................ 598,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent female....................................................... Percent black ........................................................ Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years..................................................... 25-54 years..................................................... 55 and older.................................................... Percent employed part time,total.............................. Percent employed part time,voluntary....................... Data entry keyers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................. 324,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent female........................................................ Percent black......................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................... 25-54 years...................................................... 55 and older.................................................... Percent employed part time, total............................... Percent employed part time, voluntary....................... Unemployment rate.......................................... About In d u stry Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ....... 319,000 -1.6 91.3 20.7 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: 23.5 69.1 7.4 11.9 9.0 U.S. Postal Service........................................... In du stry Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ...... average 334,000 3.1 M o d era te 579,000 —3.2 100.0 H igh 617,000 3.2 Annual separation rate (percent) ..................................... *8.9 ’The number of separations may be artificially high. Employment in the oc cupation declined between 1983 and 1984; some workers who left were not replaced. 21.3 11.5 9.4 9.2 6.1 5.4 SUPPLY PROFILE Usual entry and training requirements. Civil service regulations govern the appointment of mail carriers and postal clerks. Ap plicants must be U.S. citizens or have been granted permanent resi dent alien status and be at least 18 years old (16 if they have a high school diploma). They must qualify on a written examination that measures speed and accuracy at checking names and numbers and ability to memorize mail distribution procedures; and pass a physical examination. Applicants for mail carrier positions must have a driver’s license, a good driving record, and pass a road test. Ap plicants for postal clerkjobs operating an electronic sorting machine must pass a special examination that includes a machine aptitude test. Vacancies are filled on the basis of how applicants score on these tests. H igh 347,000 7.1 Employment growth........................................... Little change Annual separation rate (percent)....................................... 18.4 SUPPLY PROFILE Usual entry and training requirements. Although many data entry keyers are trained on the job, some employers prefer high school 547,000 —8.4 P ercent Employment growth.................................................. Decline P ercen t M o d e ra te 4.3 80.5 15.2 6.4 3.7 Unemployment rate................................... Lower than average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Computer and data processing services................. Government.................................................... Wholesale and retail trade.................................. Durable goods manufacturing............................. Insurance carriers............................................. Health services................................................. 26.7 19.6 71 C h a ra cteristics o f en tran ts. About half o f all entrants transfer from another occupation in which they worked while waiting to be selected from the list o f eligible candidates. The other half have not been working; they are mainly persons who have been laid o ff or are between jobs, students, or homemakers. Almost half o f all entrants have some postsecondary education, but few are college graduates. Most entrants are between the ages o f 20 and 34. Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent b la c k .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 59.9 9.5 21.9 67.9 10.2 12.9 8.9 Receptionists and information clerks Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: EMPLOYMENT PROFILE In du stry Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 458,000 Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: Percent fem ale......................................................................... Percent b la c k ........................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years....................................................................... 25-54 years....................................................................... 55 and older..................................................................... Percent employed part time,total.......................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary................................ Low 94.0 7.7 Projected 1995 employment . . Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 32.0 54.2 13.8 33.8 27.3 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 512,000 11.8 542,000 18.2 116,000 6.3 H igh 121,000 11.2 U su al e n try a n d train in g req u irem en ts. Employers generally require a high school diploma; some prefer postsecondary training. Previous experience in dealing with the public and prior employ ment in the transportation industry are viewed favorably by employers. A good appearance, a pleasant personality, and a good speaking voice are assets. Reservation agents and ticket clerks usu ally acquire their skills on the job or through formal company programs. P ercent M o d e ra te M o d e ra te SUPPLY PROFILE Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry 111,000 2.3 82.8 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average Unemployment r a te ....................................................... About average Offices of physicians...................................................... Offices of dentists........................................................... Business services............................................................. Hospitals........................................................................... Finance, insurance, and reale sta te .............................. Personal services............................................................. Manufacturing................................................................. P ercen t Certified air transportation.......................................... 18.5 9.4 8.8 8.6 8.2 6.7 5.0 C h a ra cteristics o f en tran ts. The majority o f entrants are individuals in their twenties who transfer from another occupation. The re maining entrants have not been working—mainly they have been tending to family responsibilities, in school, or on temporary layoff. Over half o f all job openings are filled by individuals who have attended college, including many college graduates. Relatively few entrants take a part-time job. H igh 566,000 23.6 Employment growth ................................................................ Average Secretaries Annual separation rate (percent)................................................... 28.5 SUPPLY PROFILE EMPLOYMENT PROFILE U su al e n try a n d tra in in g req u irem en ts. Employers normally require a high school diploma, and courses in English, typing, shorthand, business arithmetic, basic accounting and bookkeeping, and office procedures are recommended. Employers seek people who are outgoing and have a neat appearance, a pleasant voice, and an even disposition. Many entry level receptionist jobs do not require o f fice or business experience. Total employment, 1984 ........................................................ 2,797,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Receptionist and communication systems operation___ 1,576 19.5 68.2 12.3 17.1 13.9 Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts. About half o f all enrants transfer from another occupation. The remainder have not been working—most were tending to family responsibilities or in school. Although most entrants are high school graduates, few have a college degree. Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry Educational services...................................................... Finance, insurance, and real e sta te ............................ Health services................................................................ Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Government.......................... Wholesale trade.............................................................. Business services............................................................ Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................... 109,000 98.3 6.1 72 P ercen t 11.5 11.1 9.2 9.1 8.6 6.6 6.0 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... Low Moderate High 2,928,000 4.7 3,064,000 9.6 3,186,000 13.9 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n try a n d train in g req u irem en ts. High school graduates with an aptitude for working with numbers and the ability to do detailed work meet the minimum requirements for most jobs. Courses in general mathematics, algebra, geometry, data processing, office procedures, bookkeeping, and typing are useful. Employment growth............................................ Slower than average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 15.5 C h aracteristics o f entrants. Most entrants to this occupation transfer from another occupation. For the most part, the remaining entrants are homemakers or students. The majority o f entrants are in their twenties or early thirties, and many have attended college. SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . Most employers seek high school graduates who have mastered basic office skills such as typ ing. Although formal postsecondary training usually is not required, it often is an asset, particularly familiarity with word processing equipment. Shorthand also is needed for some jobs. Formal train ing is available through secretarial courses offered by postsecond ary vocational schools and community colleges. Some workers develop these higher level skills informally on the job. Stenographers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 239,000 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Secretarial and related programs.................................... 139,013 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Stenographic-secretarial.................................................... 62,486 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f openings are filled by people who have not been working. Although some o f these en trants have been in school or between jobs, most have been full time homemakers. The remaining openings are filled by individuals who transfer from another occupation. The majority o f entrants are between the ages o f 25 and 54. Many positions are filled by people who have attended college. Industry Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 93,000 Low 75.4 10.6 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 14.0 72.6 13.4 13.9 11.5 78,000 -1 6 .4 Moderate 81,000 -1 2 .7 143,000 -4 0 .3 High 148,000 —38.3 U sual en try a n d training requ irem en ts. Employers require applicants to be able to take dictation in shorthand at a certain speed and with a certain degree o f accuracy. Applicants for court reporter jobs should know how to use a stenotype machine. Some States require court reporters to be certified. Many acquire their skills through courses taught in high school, postsecondary vocational schools, and community colleges; others, through on-the-job training. 21.5 18.2 16.8 8.1 6.3 6.1 5.8 5.7 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Secretarial and related programs...................................... 82,972 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Stenographic-secretarial...................................................... 62,486 High 84,000 - 9.3 C h a ra cte ristic s o f en tra n ts. The majority o f entrants transfer from other occupations. The remainder have not been working be cause they were tending to family responsibilities, in school, or Employment g r o w th ........................................................................ Decline Moderate SUPPLY PROFILE Percent Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 138,000 -4 2 .5 15.9 15.4 12.0 8.1 7.5 6.2 5.6 Employment grow th.................................................................. Decline Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Business services ............................................................ Miscellaneous business services (includes research and development laboratories; management, consulting, and public relations services; and commercial testing laboratories)............................ Telephone communications.......................................... Hospitals.......................................................................... Insurance carriers .......................................................... State government............................................................ Educational services...................................................... Local government.......................................................... Percent Educational services...................................................... State government............................................................ Finance, insurance, and real e sta te ............................ Transportation, communications, and utilities.......... Local government.......................................................... Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Personnel supply services.............................................. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Industry 10.2 75.4 14.4 13.0 11.2 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Statistical clerks Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 86.6 7.9 73 unemployed. Over half have attended college, but relatively few are college graduates. Most entrants are in their twenties or early thirties. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry Teacher aides EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 479,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le......................................................................... Percent black ........................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years....................................................................... 25-54 years....................................................................... 55 and older..................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. Low 93.0 18.7 Projected 1995 employment . . Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 13.7 73.6 12.7 51.7 36.7 Low Projected 1995 employment . . Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 548,000 14.6 566,000 18.3 545,000 19.5 H igh 568,000 24.5 SUPPLY PROFILE U su al e n tr y a n d train in g req u irem en ts. Employers prefer applicants who are pleasant, courteous, good listeners, and who have good reading, spelling, and arithmetic skills. Although hiring practices vary from company to company, almost all require a high school diploma. Businesses prefer to hire telephone operators with previous office experience. However, work experience is not as important in telephone companies, because these companies conduct exten sive training programs for their operators. P ercen t M o d e ra te M o d e ra te 11.4 10.8 7.3 5.7 5.2 Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 20.4 Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry 519,000 13.8 24.0 Employment growth ................................................................ Average Unemployment r a te ....................................................... About average Educational services...................................................... Child day care services.................................................. P ercen t Telephone communication............................................ Miscellaneous business services (includes manage ment, consulting, and public relations services; research and development laboratories; tele phone message services; and related services) . . . Finance, insurance, and real e sta te ............................ Hospitals.......................................................................... Manufacturing................................................................ Retail trade...................................................................... 81.8 10.9 H igh 586,000 22.4 C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Entrants are about equally divided be tween those who have not been working and those who transfer from another occupation. O f those who have not been working, most have been students or full-time homemakers. Almost all en trants have a high school diploma. Employment grow th ................................................................. Average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 22.3 SUPPLY PROFILE Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . Educational requirements vary widely. Some school districts do not require a high school diploma; others require some college training or work experience. Jobs with classroom responsibilities usually require more educa tion than those that are primarily clerical or monitoring in nature. A few States have certification procedures for general teacher aides. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 651,000 Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent b la c k .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. C h a ra cteristics o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f job openings are filled by persons who have not been working—primarily homemakers attracted by the opportunity to work part time. Others have been in school or working in another occupation. An unusually large proportion are over 35 years o f age. Telephone operators Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 456,000 In d u stry P ercen t Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................. Services............................................................................ Wholesale trade, groceries and related products___ Wholesale trade; machinery, equipment, and supplies...................................................................... Transportation................................................................ General merchandise stores.......................................... 92.8 17.6 22.5 60.4 17.1 17.3 13.0 Low Unemployment r a t e ........................................................... About average 25.3 64.2 10.5 9.1 6.0 Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le......................................................................... Percent b la c k ........................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years....................................................................... 25-54 years....................................................................... 55 and older..................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 25.2 13.7 Projected 1995 employment . . 74 676,000 M o d e ra te 711,000 17.2 17.1 6.3 6.2 5.8 5.2 5.2 H igh 742,000 Low M o d e ra te and familiarity with standard office equipment and procedures is an asset. H igh 3.9 9.3 14.0 Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Employment growth............................................ Slower than average T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Typing, general office, and related programs, general; and clerk-typist.............................................. 146,421 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Typing and related occupations...................................... 7,278 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Typing, general office, and related programs; and clerk-typist .................................................................... 3,349 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ir e m e n ts . High school graduation is usually required for beginning jobs. Employers prefer applicants who have taken business arithmetic, typing, and other high school business subjects, and who can write legibly and keep orderly records. New employees usually are trained on the job by an ex perienced worker. C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f openings are filled by people who have not been working, primarily homemakers, full time students, and persons between jobs. The remaining entrants transfer from another occupation. Because this occupation offers very good opportunities for young, inexperienced workers, a substantial proportion o f entrants are teenagers. C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Many traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks face periodic layoff during economic downturns. Conse quently, most job entrants have been on temporary layoff, be tween jobs, or working in another occupation. Others have been in school. Few entrants have more than a high school diploma. In contrast to other clerical workers, many o f whom work part time, traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks generally have full-time jobs. Service Occupations Typists Barbers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 991,000 Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 94,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le........................................................................ Percent black ......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years..................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older................................................................... Percent employed part time,total......................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary........................... 95.7 16.1 29.8 59.2 11.0 23.6 19.4 Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average In du stry P ercent Beauty s h o p s.................................................................. Barber shops .................................................................. P ercent Local government.......................................................... State government............................................................ Educational services...................................................... Federal Government...................................................... Personnel supply services.............................................. Hospitals.......................................................................... Insurance carriers.......................................................... 4.5 65.6 29.9 15.0 12.4 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry 19.2 10.1 9.9 9.1 8.4 7.5 6.5 6.0 5.3 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 94,000 - .1 M o derate 98,000 4.5 47.7 44.3 H igh 104,000 10.0 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 962,000 - 2 .9 M o d e ra te H igh 1,002,000 1.1 1,038,000 4.7 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. All States and the District o f Columbia require barbers to be licensed. In general, applicants must graduate from an approved barber school or apprenticeship program and be at least 16 years old. Some jurisdictions also re quire a high school diploma. Patience, good health, and physical stamina are necessary. Employment grow th........................................................ Little change Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 23.2 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Employers usually require high school graduation and a certain typing speed. An increasing number also require word processing training or experience. Skills may be obtained through classes taught in high schools, postsecond ary vocational schools, community colleges, and home study schools. Spelling, punctuation, and grammar skills are important, T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Barberin g ................................................................................ 751 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Barbering................................................................................ 9,927 75 C h a ra cteristics o f en tra n ts. Most entrants have not been w o rk in g most are recent graduates o f barber schools, or licensed but inac tive barbers who have been between jobs or tending to family responsibilities. The remainder transfer from another occupation. Almost half o f all entrants are 35 to 54 years o f age. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry P ercen t Eating and drinking p la ces.......................................... Educational services...................................................... Health services................................................................ Hotels, motels, and tourist cou rts.............................. Bartenders Low M o d e ra te EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 400,000 Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale......................................................................... Percent black ........................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years....................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older..................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. SUPPLY PROFILE 25.3 65.1 9.6 30.4 18.1 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 489,000 22.2 T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: C h ef/cook........................................................................ 2,656 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Quantity food occupations............................................ 3,401 Associated degrees and other awards below the baccalaureate, 1983: C hef/cook........................................................................ 1,222 P ercen t M o d e ra te 512,000 27.9 1,140,000 28.9 U su al e n try a n d train in g req u irem en ts. Skills are acquired primarily through work experience, either as an assistant cook or fry cook or in a related occupation, such as short-order cook or food prepar a tion worker. Formal training in commercial food preparation, available from colleges and universities and vocational schools, is an acceptable substitute for experience and is an advantage in com peting for jobs in large restaurants and hotels. High school gradua tion usually is a prerequisite for postsecondary training, although it is not required for entry level jobs. Unemployment r a te ............................................ Higher than average Eating and drinking p la ces........................................... Hotels, motels, and tourist cou rts.............................. Civic, social, and fraternal associations.................... 1,095,000 23.8 H igh Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 48.9 2.5 1,050,000 18.7 41.1 29.7 9.0 5.9 72.2 9.8 9.4 H igh 535,000 33.6 C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. The typical entrant is 25 years o f age or younger and starts as a part-time employee, seeking a source o f immediate income rather than a career. Although some transfer from another occupation, many entrants have not been working— they have been in school, unemployed, or tending to household responsibilities. Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average Annual separation rate (percent).............. »................................. 32.2 SUPPLY PROFILE Childcare workers U su al e n try a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Bartenders must be at least 21 years o f age, although some employers prefer to hire persons at least 25 years old. A lso, employers prefer those with a pleasant personality and a neat and clean appearance. Most bartenders learn the trade on the job. However, skills also may be acquired through courses at vocational schools, working with a bartender in a related occupation such as waiter or waitress, or by preparing drinks at home. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 572,030 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le.................................................................. Percent black .................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years................................................................ 25-54 years....................... 55 and older.............................................................. Percent employed part time, total.................................. Percent employed part time, voluntary........................ C h a ra cteristics o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f entrants have not been working, mostly persons who have been unemployed or tending to family responsibilities. The remainder transfer from another oc cupation, mainly a related occupation such as cook, bartender’s helper, waiter or waitress, or bartender’s assistant. Most entrants are under 35 years o f age. 97.4 9.5 21.3 63.6 15.1 40.2 29.8 Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry Chefs and cooks, except short order Child day care services.................................................. Residential c a r e .............................................................. Religious organizations.................................................. Government.......................... Individual and family social services.......................... EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................... 884,000 76 P ercent 40.5 16.6 10.6 7.2 5.5 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 596,000 4.2 M o d era te 626,000 9.5 hearing. Strength, good judgment, and the ability to think and act quickly are assets. A few jurisdictions require canidates to pass a written examination. Most correction officers receive their train ing at government-operated academies and informally on the job by working with an experienced officer. H igh 651,000 13.9 .. Slower than average Employment growth...................... Annual separation rate (percent) C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Entrants are about equally divided be tween those who transfer from another occupation and those who have not been working while awaiting appointment. Almost all en trants are high school graduates, and many have postsecondary training. Most entrants are between 20 and 34 years of age. . . . . 35.9 SUPPLY PROFILE U sual e n try a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Although no special educa tion or experience is required for most jobs, employers may prefer individuals with a high school diploma and previous experience car ing for children. Most acquire skills on the job. Cosmetologists and related workers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE C h a ra cteristics o f en tran ts. Most entrants have not been working— Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 524,000 primarily persons tending to household responsibilities. Many en trants seek flexible work schedules, and the majority take part-time jobs. Relatively few entrants have any formal training beyond high school. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total......................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary................................ Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 130,000 Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average Correction officers Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ 17.6 Percent black .......................................................................... 26.3 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 19.1 25-54 years...................................................................... 71.0 55 and older.................................................................... 9.9 Percent employed part time, total............................................... 9 Percent employed part time,voluntary........................................ 7 89.8 7.5 21.0 66.6 12.4 38.9 28.4 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In dustry P ercent Beauty sh o p s................................................................. Department stores.......................................................... Low 639,000 22.1 M o derate 674,000 28.7 89.8 5.5 H igh Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 704,000 34.4 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Employment grow th............................................ Faster than average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 10.3 In du stry P ercent State government............................................................ Local government.......................................................... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 171,000 31.4 M o d era te 175,000 34.9 61.1 35.6 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n try a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. All States and the District o f Columbia require cosmetologists to be licensed. Candidates for licensure must graduate from an approved cosmetology school, pass a physical examination, and be at least 16 years old. Some jurisdic tions will accept completion o f apprenticeship training in lieu of graduation from cosmetology school, but very few cosmetologists learn their skills that way. H igh 180,000 38.3 Employment grow th.................................. Much faster than average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 15.7 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : SUPPLY PROFILE Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Cosmetology...................................................................... 35,662 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Cosmetology..................................................................... 113,179 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Most institutions require that correction officers be at least 18 years old and have a high school diploma or its equivalent or qualifying work experience. Employers increasingly prefer applicants who have had postsecond ary training in psychology, criminology, and related fields. Entrants must be in good health; many jurisdictions require candidates to meet formal standards o f physical fitness, eyesight, and C haracteristics o f entrants. The majority of job openings are filled by persons who have not been working—either recently licensed cosmetologists or persons from the reserve pool of licensed but 77 inactive cosmetologists who have been tending to family responsibilities or not working for other reasons. The remainder transfer from another occupation. Individuals with no formal education beyond high school fill most cosmetology jobs. An unusually large proportion of entrants take a part-time position. Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le........................................................................ 0.7 Percent b la c k .......................................................................... 5.3 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 7.8 25-54 years...................................................................... 84.8 55 and older.................................................................... 7.4 Percent employed part time,total........................................ 1.6 Percent employed part time,voluntary...................................... 7 Dental assistants Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ........................................................... 169,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale......................................................................... Percent black ........................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years . . ................................................................... 25-54 years....................................................................... 55 and older..................................................................... Percent employed part time, total.......................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary................................ Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry 98.2 4.4 Low 39.1 56.8 4.1 42.8 35.6 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Annual separation rate (percent) Low P ercent Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 204,000 20.5 M o d e ra te 217,000 28.4 M o d e ra te 356,000 15.6 H igh 365,000 18.6 ................................................ *3.8 'The number of separations may be artificially high. Employment in the oc cupation declined between 1983 and 1984; some workers who left were not replaced. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Offices of dentists........................................................... 347,000 12.7 94.1 Employment growth ................................................................ Average Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average In d u stry P ercent Local government.......................................................... SUPPLY PROFILE 95.3 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Applicants must be at least 18 years old and have a high school diploma. They also may have to pass a written test, a medical examination, and tests o f strength, physical stamina, and agility. Experience as a volunteer firefighter or in the Armed Forces and completion o f community or junior college courses in fire science may improve applicants’ chances for appointment. H igh 226,000 33.6 Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 16.4 T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Fire protection.................................................................... 16,637 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Fire and fire safety technology and firefighter training. 1,870 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Fire protection.................................................................... 2,559 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . This is an entry level job with no formal academic requirements. An ability to learn the job and a congenial personality are sufficient for most jobs, because employers generally provide informal, on-the-job training. Some persons are trained in dental assisting programs offered by com munity and junior colleges, postsecondary vocational schools, or the Armed Forces. C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f entrants transfer from a job in another occupation held while waiting for an appointment. The remainder have not been working—most have been between jobs, in school, or in military service. Almost all entrants are high school graduates, and the majority have some postsecondary educa tion. Virtually all entrants are between the ages o f 20 and 34. T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Dental assisting....................................................................... 8,073 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Dental assistant ..................................................................... 7,354 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Dental assisting....................................................................... 3,274 Flight attendants EMPLOYMENT PROFILE . 65,000 Total employment, 1984 ................................ C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Entrants are about equally divided be tween those who have not been working and those who transfer from another occupation. O f those who have not been working, most have been tending to family responsibilities or were in school. Almost half o f all entrants take part-time positions. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: P ercent In du stry 95.9 Certified air transportation.................. Firefighting occupations Low H igh 77,000 20.0 81,000' 25.8 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Total employment, 1984 ..............................................*............... 308,000 Employment grow th .......... ........................... . . . Faster than average 78 74,000 15.5 M o d e ra te SUPPLY PROFILE Janitors and cleaners U sual e n try a n d tra in in g req u irem en ts. Flight attendants must have a high school diploma and complete a 4- to 6-week company training program. They must be in good physical condition. They should have an attractive appearance, be poised, and be able to deal com fortably with strangers. Some employers prefer those with college training or experience in dealing with the public. In addition, at tendants must take 12 hours o f training each year in emergency procedures and passenger relations. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ........................................................ 2,940,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. Guards 39.7 24.7 23.5 55.1 21.4 32.6 20.0 Unemployment r a te ............................................ Higher than average EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 733,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time,total........................................ Percent employed part time,voluntary.............................. Industry Percent Educational services...................................................... Services to dwellings and other buildings.................. Hotels, motels, and tourist cou rts.............................. Retail trade...................................................................... Hospitals.......................................................................... Real estate ...................................................................... 13.9 19.2 20.7 54.3 25.0 20.1 13.6 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Unemployment r a te ............................................ Higher than average 19.5 16.6 11.1 7.2 6.9 5.8 Low Moderate High 3,233,000 10.0 3,383,000 15.1 3,522,000 19.8 Employment growth ................................................................ Average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry P ercent Miscellaneous business services (includes detective agencies and protective and related services)___ Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Real estate ...................................................................... Educational services....................................................... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 879,000 19.9 Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 23.3 M o d era te 921,000 25.6 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. No special education is re quired for most jobs, but beginners should know basic arithmetic and be able to follow instructions. Most acquire skills informally on the job. 52.3 6.2 6.1 5.7 H igh C h a ra cteristics o f en tra n ts. The majority o f entrants have not been working; they have been unemployed, full-time students, homemakers, or retired. The remaining entrants transfer from another occupation. A relatively large proportion are 19 or younger and 55 or older. More than half take a part-time position^ Fewer than half are high school graduates. 958,000 30.6 Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 22.0 Medical assistants SUPPLY PROFILE EMPLOYMENT PROFILE U sual e n try a n d tra in in g req u irem en ts. Most employers prefer high Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 128,000 school graduates with military, State, or local police experience. Although there are no formal educational requirements, applicants may be tested for reading and writing ability. Some jobs require a driver’s permit. Applicants are expected to be physically fit, have good character references, and not have a police record. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Many entrants have not been working—most have been unemployed, retired, in school, or in military service. Others have transferred from another occupation—some are former police officers or other protective service workers. Because o f limited formal training requirements and flexible hours, this occupation attracts many persons seeking a second job. The majority o f entrants have a high school diploma or less education. P ercent Offices of physicians...................................................... Hospitals.......................................................................... Offices of other health practitioners (includes offices of chiropractors, podiatrists, and optometrists)....................... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 195,000 52.7 M od era te 207,000 62.0 63.0 14.4 8.8 H igh 216,000 69.1 Employment grow th ................................ .... Much faster than average 79 Police and detectives SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Many medical assistants are trained on the job. Increasingly, employers prefer applicants who have completed training programs offered by high schools, postsecondary vocational schools, community and junior colleges, and universities. A high school diploma normally is required, and applicants should have good communication skills and manual dexterity. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .................................. 520,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le........................................................................ 7.5 Percent black ........................................................................ 11.4 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 7.6 25-54 years...................................................................... 87.4 55 and older.................................................................... 5.0 Percent employed part time, total......................................... 1.1 Percent employed part time,voluntary........................................ 7 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Medical assisting ................................................................ 6,099 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Medical assisting (office) ................................................. 15,035 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Medical assisting ................................................................. 3,786 Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Nursing aides and psychiatric aides In du stry EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984........................................................ 1,268,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale......................................................................... Percent black ........................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years....................................................................... 25-54 years....................................................................... 55 and older..................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. P ercen t Local government.......................................................... State government............................................................ Federal Government...................................................... Low M o d e ra te 83.11 11.5 5.5 H igh 90.4 29.0 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 19.6 65.3 15.1 26.1 17.9 Employment growth ................................................................ Average 572,000 9.9 586,000 12.6 600,000 15.4 Annual separation rate (percent).................................................... 5.6 SUPPLY PROFILE Unemployment r a te ............................................. Higher than average U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Civil service regulations govern the appointment o f police officers and detectives in most jurisdictions. Appointment depends on performance in competitive written examinations, as well as experience and education. A p plicants must be U .S. citizens, usually at least 21 years old, and meet rigorous physical and personal qualifications. In most police departments, a high school education is required. Prospects for ap pointment are improved by related work experience or by comple tion o f an associate or bachelor’s degree program in police science or administration o f justice. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry P ercen t Nursing and personal care facilities............................ Hospitals........................................................................... Government..................................................................... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 1,567,000 23.6 M o d e ra te 1,621,000 27.8 40.3 34.0 8.8 H igh 1,693,000 33.5 T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Employment grow th............................................ Faster than average Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Criminal ju stic e .................................................................. Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Police science technology and law enforcement training Armed Forces enlisted strength, 1985: Law enforcement................................................................ Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Criminal ju stic e .................................................................. Earned degrees, baccalaureate and above, 1983: Criminal justice: Bachelor’s .................................................................... Master’s ...................................................................... Ph.D.............................................................................. Annual separation rate (percent) ................................................. *21.7 *The number of separations may be artificially high. Employment in the oc cupation declined between 1983 and 1984; some workers who left were not replaced. SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . Employers prefer to hire high school graduates, but a diploma is not always required. Previous work experience ordinarily is not needed. Many aides ac quire their skills informally on the job or through formal in-service training programs. Many jurisdictions require nursing aides to be certified. To become certified, candidates must pass an approved course o f instruction from an approved school. 1,042 45,145 12,947 12,327 1,117 38 C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f entrants transfer from another occupation—some have worked in a field related to lav/ enforcement; many others transfer from a job held temporarily while waiting to be selected from the list o f eligible candidates. The remaining entrants were between jobs, in military service, or in school. Almost all entrants are high school graduates, and many have some postsecondary training. The vast majority o f all entrants are between the ages o f 20 and 34. C h a ra cteristics o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f entrants have not been working—most have been tending to family responsibilities, unemployed, or in school. The remainder transfer from another occupation. The majority o f all entrants have a high school educa tion or less. 19,832 80 Waiters and waitresses Percent employed part time, volun tary................................ 12.3 Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984........................................................ 1,625,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent b la c k .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry 86.3 4.9 Percent Agricultural production, crop s.................................... Agricultural production, livestock.............................. Agricultural services...................................................... 48.2 46.2 5.6 55.5 38.8 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 58.1 35.3 6.3 Low Moderate High 1,315,000 - 8 .8 1,380,000 -4 .3 1,432,000 - .8 Employment grow th.................................................................. Decline Unemployment r a te ............................................ Higher than average Annual separation rate (percent) ................................................ 113.4 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Eating and drinking p la c e s.......................................... Hotels and other lodging places.................................. Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 'The number of separations may be artificially high. Employment in the oc cupation declined between 1983 and 1984; some workers who left were not replaced. Percent 78.9 10.4 Low Moderate High 1,953,000 20.2 2,049,000 26.1 2,142,000 31.8 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Although working on a family farm and participating in programs sponsored by agricultural associations have in the past been sufficient training, it is increas ingly necessary to have formal training in agricultural science. An undergraduate degree in agriculture is needed for those without farm experience. In addition, farm managers and operators must con tinue to study and train to keep abreast o f advances in farming methods. Employment grow th............................................ Faster than average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 32.5 SUPPLY PROFILE U sual e n try a n d training requ irem en ts. Many waiters and waitresses acquire their skills informally on the job, but experience is needed for jobs at restaurants and hotels that emphasize formal dining. Important personal qualities include a pleasant personality, an even disposition, a neat and clean appearance, a good memory, and physical stamina. C h a ra cte ristic s o f en tra n ts. Entrants tend to be older than entrants to other occupations—the majority are 35 years o f age or older— reflecting the need for farm or other business experience. The ma jority o f all entrants have not been working, primarily persons who have been tending to family responsibilities, retired, or in school. Most o f the remainder transfer from a farm-related occupa tion. C h a ra cteristics o f en tra n ts. The majority o f job openings are filled by persons who have not been working—students, those laid o ff from another job, and homemakers. Other entrants transfer from another occupation—some advance from a related job as a waiter’s assistant, carhop, or food counter worker. Many entrants are less than 25 years o f age, and few have more than a high school educa tion. Many entrants to these jobs seek a source o f immediate in come rather than a career; the majority take a part-time job. Mechanics and Repairers Aircraft mechanics and engine specialists EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Agricultural, Forestry, and Fishing Occupations Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 106,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ 2.4 Percent black .......................................................................... 4.3 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 7.5 25-54 years...................................................................... 81.0 55 and older.................................................................... 11.5 Percent employed part time,total................................................ 8 Percent employed part time,voluntary...................................... 4 Farm operators and managers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984........................................................ 1,442,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ 12.5 1.0 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: 6.8 57.6 35.8 14.4 Certified air transportation.......................................... Federal Government...................................................... Aircraft and parts.......................................................... Air transportation facilities and services.................... Industry 81 Percent 39.8 26.6 12.3 10.0 Low Projected 1995 employment. .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 122,000 14.3 M o d e ra te 125,000 17.3 SUPPLY PROFILE H igh 128,000 20.7 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Employers prefer entrants with mechanical aptitude and knowledge o f automotive or motor cycle technology. Skills may be acquired through work experience as a helper or lubrication worker, but completion o f a formal train ing program in automotive or motorcycle mechanics is increasingly preferred to experience alone. Such programs are offered by high school and postsecondary vocational schools and community and junior colleges. For those without experience, training acquired while helping friends or through working on automobiles or motor cycles as a hobby also can be helpful in getting a job. Employment growth ................................................................. Average SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Aircraft mechanics must be licensed. Requirements for licensure include high school gradua tion or the equivalent and the completion o f a vocational program certified by the Federal Aviation Administration, training in the Armed Forces, or appropriate work experience. Mechanical ap titude, strength, and agility are also necessary. Regardless o f background, mechanics must continue to participate in employeror manufacturer-sponsored training programs in order to stay abreast o f changes in technology. T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Automotive mechanics, automotive technology, and small engine rep air........................................................ 84,113 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Auto mechanic.................................................................... 13,862 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Automotive technology, automotive mechanics, and small engine repair ........................................................ 8,776 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Aircraft mechanics.............................................. ; ................ 3,607 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Aircraft maintenance............................................................. 1,992 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Aircraft mechanics................................................................. 2,224 C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f entrants have not been working—most have been in a formal training program, or were experienced mechanics who had been laid o ff or between jobs. The remainder have been working in another occupation, mostly as a helper or garage attendant or in a related mechanic occupation. Most entrants are high school graduates. C h a ra cteristics o f en tra n ts. Almost all entrants are recent graduates o f a formal training program or trained mechanics who have left the Armed Forces. Relatively few job openings are filled by per sons transferring from another occupation. Automotive body repairers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Automotive and motorcycle mechanics Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 183,000 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ........ Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: Percent fem a le........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 922,000 Selected characteristics o f workers, 1984: 16-24 y e a rs............................................................................ 28.0 Percent fem ale.......... .............................................. 0.8 Percent black ........................................................................... 8.1 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years....................................................................... 24.5 25-54 years................................ 67.1 55 and older..................................................................... 8.4 Percent employed part time, total........................................ 7.5 Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 3.3 Unemployment rate ................................................. 25-54 years.......................................... 63.9 55 and older.................................... 8.1 Percent employed part time, total........................................ 8.5 Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 4.2 Unemployment r a te ............................................ Higher than average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: About average In d u stry In d u stry Low P ercen t Motor vehicle dealers (new and u sed )........................ Automobile repair sh o p s.......... ............................, . . . Gasoline service stations....................... ......................... Auto and home supply stores.............. .................... Machinery, equipment, and supplies wholesalers . . . Projected 1995 employment .. 1,052,000 Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 14.2 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 27.0 15.3 10.1 k 6.0 5.9 M o d e ra te 1,107,000 20.1 204,000 11.4 M o d e ra te 215,000 17.5 54.9 34.3 H igh 224,000 22.3 Employment growth ................................................................ Average Annual separation rate (percent)............ ..................................... 13.5 H igh SUPPLY PROFILE 1,154,000 25.2 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Work experience as an automotive body repairer helper generally is required. Completion o f a formal apprenticeship or a training program offered by high schools, postsecondary vocational schools, and community or Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average Annual separation rate (percent) ........................................... P ercent Automobile repair sh o p s.............................................. Motor vehicle dealers (new and u sed )........................ Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Low 2.1 4.4 13.8 82 Communications equipment mechanics junior colleges can shorten the time spent as a helper. Training ob tained while helping friends or relatives repair automotive bodies also may be helpful. Manual dexterity and good physical condi tion are required. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 73,000 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale.................................................................... Percent b la c k ...................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.................................................................. 25-54 years.................................................................. 55 and older................................................................ Percent employed part time, total.................................... Percent employed part time, voluntary.......................... Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Automotive body repair.................................................... 22,324 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Body and fender repair...................................................... 5,330 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Automotive body repair.................................................... 1,933 C h a ra cteristics o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f job openings are filled by former helpers. The remaining entrants have recently completed a training program or have been between jobs. Most entrants have a high school diploma or less education, and more than half are between 20 and 34 years o f age. 3.1 9.4 21.2 64.6 14.2 8.2 5.2 Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry P ercent Telephone communication............................................ Railroad transportation................................................ Commercial and industrial electronic equipment repairers Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ EMPLOYMENT PROFILE 72,000 -1 .5 M o d era te 76,000 3.7 79.7 9.4 H igh 79,000 8.3 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 56,000 Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 15.7 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: SUPPLY PROFILE In du stry Federal Government...................................................... Telephone communication............................................ Air transportation.......................................................... Communication equipment manufacturing................ Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Skills acquired through previous work experience or vocational education are generally re quired. Although some mechanics are hired from outside the com pany, preference usually is given to company employees in other jobs. Physical and written examinations often are mandatory, and applicants should possess manual dexterity, physical stamina, and the ability to distinguish colors. A valid driver’s license and a good driving record also may be required. Continuous training may be needed to learn about new types o f equipment. P ercent 62,000 11.1 M o d e ra te 64,000 14.4 49.5 13.8 7.0 6.7 H igh 66,000 17.6 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Employment growth ................................................................ Average Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Communications electronics................................................ 4,755 SUPPLY PROFILE C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f all entrants transfer from another occupation, such as telephone installer-repairer or line installer-repairer. The remainder have not been working—most have been in school or between jobs. Almost half o f all entrants are between 25 and 34 years o f age. U su a l e n try a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Workers generally develop their skills informally on the job or through a formal apprenticeship program. Most employers require applicants to have completed 1 to 2 years o f postsecondary training in basic electronics. Basic elec tronics training offered by the Armed Forces also is considered ex cellent training. Repairers need good color vision, manual dexterity, and good eye-hand coordination. Computer service technicians T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Electrical and electronics equipment repair and industrial equipment maintenance and repair............ 35,571 Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 50,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale.................................................................... Percent b la c k ...................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.................................................................. 25-54 years.................................................................. 55 and older................................................................ Percent employed part time, total.................................... C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Typical entrants are recent graduates o f postsecondary programs in electronics or persons who have been trained in the Armed Forces. Others transfer from a related oc cupation such as electronic home entertainment equipment repairer, home appliance and power tool repairer, or precision instrument repairer. 83 9.4 4.7 15.2 80.6 4.2 1.8 Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................................. 1.5 Industry Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Trucking, local and long distance.............................. Machinery, equipment, and supplies wholesalers . . . Automobile repair sh o p s.............................................. Automobile rentals and leasing, without drivers__ Motor vehicles and auto parts and supplies wholesalers................................................................ Government.................................................................... Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry P ercen t Machinery, equipment, and supplies wholesalers . . . Office, computing, and accounting machine manufacturing............................................................. Computer and data processing services...................... Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 60.9 Low 17.1 8.6 Low M o d e ra te H igh 74,000 48.8 78,000 56.2 81,000 62.6 Percent Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 246,000 16.9 M o d e ra te 259,000 22.8 23.3 18.5 7.1 5.4 5.2 5.1 H igh 270,000 28.1 Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 14.4 Employment growth.................................. Much faster than average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. SUPPLY PROFILE 11.5 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Most employers seek peo ple with mechanical aptitude and knowledge o f basic diesel technology. Although skills are generally acquired through work experience, many employers prefer applicants who have completed a vocational training program or formal apprenticeship. Skills may also be obtained in the Armed Forces or by helping friends or relatives. In addition, a driver’s license is required. SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m en ts. Most employers require ap plicants to have completed 1 to 2 years o f postsecondary training in basic electronics or electrical engineering or to have comparable experience. Basic electronics training offered by the Armed Forces also is considered to be excellent training. Regardless o f back ground, technicians continue to participate in employer-sponsored training programs in order to stay abreast o f new developments in equipment and maintenance procedures. T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Diesel engine mechanics...................................................... 7,556 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Diesel m echanic.................................................................... 9,700 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Diesel engine mechanics...................................................... 2,819 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Computer electronics and electrical and electronic technologies .................................................................... 24,925 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Electronic technology........................................................ 7,533 Armed Forces enlisted strength, 1985: ADP computers.................................................................. 9,888 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Computer electronics and electrical and electronic technologies .................................................................... 31,833 C h aracteristics o f en tran ts. Most entrants are high school graduates. Although many have completed some postsecondary education, few are college graduates. The majority o f entrants have not been work ing. The remainder transfer from another occupation or enter from the Armed Forces where they developed the required skills. Most entrants are 25 years o f age or older, reflecting the importance o f work experience. C h a ra cteristics o f en tra n ts. About half o f all entrants transfer from a related occupation such as office machine repairer, television ser vice technician, or electrical or electronics technician. The remainder have not been working—most have been in a training program, the Armed Forces, or between jobs. Electronic home entertainment equipment repairers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Diesel mechanics Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 52,000 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 211,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale.................................................................. Percent b la c k .................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years................................................................. 25-54 years................................................................. 55 and older............................................................... Percent employed part time, total.................................. Percent employed part time, voluntary........................ In d u stry 0.6 5.7 P ercen t Radio, television, and music stores............................ Electrical repair shops .................................................. Household appliance stores.......................................... 15.4 74.9 9.7 3.5 2.4 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: Employment growth ...................................................................... Average 84 59,000 13.2 H igh Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average 56,000 6.9 M o d era te 47.9 30.5 6.!) 62,00(3 18.9 SUPPLY PROFILE General maintenance mechanics U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Training in electronics is required for entry level jobs. Formal training is available from postsecondary vocational schools, community colleges, the Armed Forces, or through on-the-job training in a related occupation. A few electronic home entertainment equipment repairers enter through formal apprenticeship programs. Because repairers must keep abreast o f changes in technology, they often participate in training seminars and study manufacturers’ and technical publica tions throughout their career. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 878,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Percent Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................. Wholesale and retail trade............................................ Educational services...................................................... Real estate operators and lessors................................ Local government.......................................................... Health services................................................................ T raining c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Electrical and electronic technologies and electrical and electronic equipment repair.................................. 55,606 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Radio and TV repair.......................................................... 1,707 Armed Forces enlisted strength, 1985: Radio/radar repair.............................................................. 81,806 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Electrical and electronic technologies and electrical and electronic equipment repair.................................. 36,165 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 970,000 10.5 16.0 14.3 14.9 9.3 7.6 6.0 5.1 Moderate High 1,015,000 15.6 1,057,000 20.4 Employment growth .................................................................. Average SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. General maintenance mechanics usually learn their skills on the job by working as a helper to skilled maintenance workers. Many employers prefer high school graduates. Mechanical aptitude and manual dexterity are impor tant. Farm equipment mechanics EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 18,000 Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Percent Machinery, equipment, and supplies wholesalers . . . Agricultural production, cro p s.................................... Agricultural production, livestock.............................. Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 19,000 5.3 Moderate 20,000 9.4 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE 49.4 24.8 6.3 Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 173,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale................................................................. Percent black ................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years............................................................... 25-54 years................................................................ 55 and older.............................................................. Percent employed part time, total.................................. Percent employed part time, voluntary........................ High 20,000 12.7 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average SUPPLY PROFILE 1.3 6.7 17.8 72.1 10.1 4.8 2.5 Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average U su al en try a n d train in g req u irem en ts. Employers seek people with mechanical aptitude and experience in basic farm equipment repair. In addition, related work experience in diesel or gasoline engine repair, welding, and hydraulic and electrical systems is preferred. Formal training in agricultural mechanics from a vocational school or community or junior college is a good substitute for experience. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors Fuel and ice retailers...................................................... Government.................................................................... Electrical repair shops .................................................. T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Agricultural mechanics...................................................... 23,413 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Agricultural mechanics...................................................... 718 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 194,000 11.6 Moderate 203,000 16.7 Employment growth .............................................................. C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Many entrants transfer from another occupation where they have developed the necessary skills. Others are recent graduates o f a training program in agricultural mechanics. Percent 51.2 8.0 7.3 6.7 High 210,000 21.1 Average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 85 8.8 SUPPLY PROFILE mechanical aptitude and knowledge of, or work experience in, basic electricity and electronics. Some persons prepare for this occupa tion by taking postsecondary training courses in appliance repair and electronics, and a few complete a formal apprenticeship program. U sual e n try a n d training requ irem en ts. Most persons learn this trade as a helper, working with experienced air-conditioning, heating, and refrigeration mechanics. Some develop their skills in a formal apprenticeship program. Employers generally seek high school graduates with mechanical aptitude who have had courses in shop math, mechanical drawing, electricity, and blueprint reading. Some employers prefer graduates o f programs in air-conditioning, heating, and refrigeration offered by postsecondary vocational schools and community and junior colleges. Because o f the increased use o f microelectronic technology, a basic understanding o f electronics is becoming very important. To keep up with changes in technology, mechanics may be required to participate in company-sponsored training programs throughout their career. T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Major appliance repair and small appliance repair........ 2,928 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Appliance repair.................................................................... 905 C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Many entrants transfer from another occupation—many have worked in a related repairer occupation that requires knowledge o f basic electricity and electronics. The remainder have not been working—most have been between jobs or in school. Most entrants have a high school diploma, and have some postsecondary training. T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics........................................................................ 15,235 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Air-conditioning installation and repair and refrigeration engineering................................................ 11,680 Industrial machinery repairers EMPLOYM ENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 430,000 C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f job entrants transfer from another occupation—primarily persons who have been work ing as a helper. The remaining entrants have not been w o r k in g many are experienced mechanics who have been laid o ff or between jobs, while others are recent graduates o f an apprenticeship program. Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale.................................................................. Percent black .................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years................................................................ 25-54 years................................................................ 55 and older.............................................................. Percent employed part time, total.................................. Percent employed part time, voluntary........................ Home appliance and power tool repairers Total employment, 1984 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: 83,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le.................................................................... Percent b la c k ....................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years................................................................... 25-54 years.................................................................. 55 and older................................................................ Percent employed part time,total.................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary.......................... In du stry 11.0 73.9 15.1 15.1 7.6 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry P ercen t Government........................................................ Food and kindred products manufacturing .. Transportation, communications, and utilities Textile product manufacturing........................ Services................................................................ Chemical and allied product manufacturing.. Primary metal manufacturing.......................... 2.4 1.3 Low M o d era te 464,000 7.9 11.2 7.9 7.7 7.0 6.7 5.1 5.0 H igh Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 443,000 3.0 483,000 12.5 Employment growth................ .................... Slower than average P ercent Department stores.......................................................... Household apppliance stores........................................ Gas production and distribution.................................. Fuel and ice dealers ...................................................... Electrical repair shops ................................................... Radio, television, and music sto res............................ Low 87,000 5.0 M o d e ra te 92,000 11.0 30.0 15.1 10.0 9.7 8.4 6.5 Annual separation rate (percent) 13.3 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Skills acquired through previous work experience generally are required. Most industrial machinery repairers learn the trade informally by working as helpers to experienced repairers. Some learn through formal apprenticeship or high school and postsecondary vocational programs. Graduation from high school is preferred, but not always required. Mechanical aptitude and manual dexterity are important. In order to keep up with changing technology, industrial machinery repairers must con tinually upgrade their skills by participating in employer-sponsored training programs. H igh 97,000 16.3 Employment growth ................................................................ Average SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n try a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . These workers learn their trade on the job. Employers prefer high school graduates with 10.3 74.9 14.8 2.3 1.4 Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 2.7 8.0 86 ) C h a ra cteristics o f en tra n ts. The majority o f entrants have not been working—most were unemployed. The remainder have been work ing in another occupation. Most entrants have a high school educa tion, and some have attended college. T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Industrial equipment maintenance and repair.................. 4,636 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Industrial technology............................................................ 447 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Industrial equipment maintenance and repair.................. 1,223 Millwrights EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 84,000 C h a ra cteristics o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f entrants have not been working—primarily persons on temporary layoff or between jobs. The remaining entrants transfer from a helper or other blue-collar job where they developed the required skills. Relatively few entrants have completed training beyond high school. Entrants tend to be older than entrants to other occupations, reflecting the emphasis on work experience. Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale.................................................................... Percent b la c k ...................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.................................................................. 25-54 years.................................................................. 55 and older................................................................ Percent employed part time, total.................................... Percent employed part time, voluntary.......................... Line installers and cable splicers 2.1 6.9 5.8 80.8 13.4 1.9 1.2 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Industry Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 204,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale.................................................................. Percent b la c k .................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years................................................................ 25-54 years................................................................ 55 and older.............................................................. Percent employed part time, total.................................. 2.9 5.9 7.0 90.9 2.1 7 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 217,000 6.2 Moderate 228,000 11.6 Moderate 89,000 6.6 8.7 7.9 7.1 6.9 5.4 High 95,000 13.3 SUPPLY PROFILE 30.5 26.9 U su al e n try a n d train in g requ irem en ts. Millwrights learn their trade on the job, either by working as a helper to an experienced millwright or through a formal apprenticeship program. Most employers seek high school graduates who are agile and able to perform heavy work. 11.7 8.1 7.1 6.9 5.6 C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Most entrants transfer from another occupation—primarily millwright helper or another blue-collar job—or are experienced millwrights returning to a job from which they have been temporarily laid off. Others were full-time students. Few have completed any training beyond high school. High 237,000 16.3 Employment growth ................................................................ Average Mobile heavy equipment mechanics SUPPLY PROFILE EMPLOYMENT PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . Line installers and cable splicers learn the craft by assisting experienced workers or through formal company training programs. Most employers prefer to hire high school graduates, and many test applicants for basic verbal, arithmetic, and abstract reasoning skills. In addition, applicants may be tested for physical ability and mechanical aptitude. Ap plicants should have physical stamina, the ability to distinguish col ors, and not be afraid o f heights. Because o f changing technology and the opportunity for advancement, many workers continue their training throughout their career. 85,000 1.0 15.1 11.5 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average Percent Telephone communication............................................ Electric services.............................................................. Miscellaneous communication services (includes cable television services, missile tracking stations, and stock ticker services).................... Combination electric and gas, and otherutilities . . . Heavy construction, except highway and street....... Local government.......................................................... Electrical contractors .................................................... Percent Blast furnaces and basic steel products............ Motor vehicle and equipment manufacturing .. Miscellaneous special trade contractors (includes structural steel erection and installation or erection of building equipment).................... Paper and allied products manufacturing........ Nonresidential building construction ................ Fabricated metal product manufacturing.......... Chemical and allied product manufacturing . . . Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 77,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Machinery, equipment, and supplies wholesalers . . . Federal Government...................................................... Mining.............................................................................. Highway and street construction................................ Heavy construction, except highway and street....... 87 Percent 29.5 15.8 8.1 5.6 5.2 Low 86,000 11.6 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ M o d e ra te 89,000 15.4 Office machine and cash register servicers H igh 92,000 18.9 EMPLOYM ENT PROFILE . Average Employment grow th ................ Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 53,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le.......... .............................................................. 3.(5 Percent b la c k ............ .............................................................. 13.4 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years........ .............................................................. 19.(5 25-54 years........ .............................................................. 76.2 55 and older.................................................................... 4.2 Percent employed part time, total...................................... 5.0 Percent employed parttime, voluntary................................ 4.7 SUPPLY PROFILE U su al e n try a n d tra in in g req u irem en ts. Employers prefer graduates o f formal training programs in diesel or heavy equipment mechanics that are offered at vocational schools and junior and community colleges. Skills acquired through home study coupled with work experience in related, lesser skilled occupations may be an accep table substitute for formal training. In either case, knowledge o f the repair o f diesel engines, drive trains, hydraulics, and electrical systems is required. To learn a specific type o f equipment or a par ticular component or to update their knowledge o f new tech nologies, mobile heavy equipment mechanics may participate in manufacturer-sponsored training programs. Mechanical aptitude is important. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry P ercen t Machinery, equipment,and supplies wholesalers . . . Retail trade...................................................................... Low T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Heavy equipment maintenance and repair and diesel engine mechanics........................................................ . 3,188 M o d e ra te 65,000 23.9 68,000 30.0 83.8 5.4 H igh 71,00(3 35.4 Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average SUPPLY PROFILE Musical instrument repairers and tuners U su al e n try a n d training requ irem en ts. Employers seek persons with a basic knowledge o f electricity and electronics, mechanical ap titude, good eyesight, and the ability to distinguish colors. Many employers require at least a year o f postsecondary training in basic electricity or electronics. A well-groomed appearance and a plea sant, cooperative manner are important, as well as an ability to communicate effectively. A few persons develop their skills through a formal apprenticeship program, and others learn their trade in the Armed Forces. On the job, repairers continue to develop their skills by assisting more experienced workers and by participating in manufacturer-sponsored training programs. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................... 9,200 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry P ercent Radio, television, and music sto res............................ Miscellaneous repair services (includes piano, organ, and other musical instrument repair).................... Musical instrument manufacturing.............................. Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 9,800 6.3 M o d e ra te 10,000 9.7 80.2 11.9 3.2 T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Business machine repair.......................................................... 477 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Business machine maintenance.............................................. 335 H igh 10,000 12.7 C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Many entrants transfer from another occupation—many have worked in a related occupation where they serviced mechanical and electronic equipment such as home ap pliances, automotive electrical systems, and radio and television equipment. The remaining job openings are filled by persons who have not been working—some were between jobs, some were full time students, and others were in the Armed Forces. Employment growth.............................................. Slower than average SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Most musical instrument repairers learn their trade on the job, working under the supervi sion of experienced repairers for 2 to 5 years. Most employers prefer high school graduates. Persons who have some familiarity with the trade may find it easier to get an entry level job. A relatively small number o f repairers develop their skills by taking courses offered by postsecondary vocational schools. People interested in a career as a musical instrument repairer should have good hearing, mechanical aptitude, stamina, and manual dexterity. Telephone installers and repairers EMPLOYM ENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 111,000 88 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ 8.2 Percent b la c k .......................................................................... 6.8 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 5.7 25-54 years...................................................................... 87.0 55 and older.................................................................... 7.3 Percent employed part time, total........................................ 1.2 Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 0.8 Moderate 40,000 14.9 20.2 . Average U su a l e n tr y a n d train in g req u irem en ts. Vending machine repairers generally are hired as shop helpers or route drivers, where they learn informally on the job, working under the supervision o f experienced repairers. Some employers require a high school diploma. Train ing in basic electronics also is becoming increasingly important. Employers may require applicants to demonstrate mechanical abil ity, either through their work experience or by scoring well on mechanical aptifude tests. A commercial driver’s license and a good driving record are essential for most vending machine repairer jobs. To learn about new machines and technology, repairers continue to attend manufacturer-sponsored training programs or take courses at technical schools. Percent Low High 38,000 SUPPLY PROFILE Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Telephone communication............................................ Miscellaneous communication services (includes cablevision services; telecommunications except telephone, telegraph, radio, videophone, and TV; and related services)................................ Moderate Employment growth ................ Unemployment rate.............................................. Lower than average Industry Low Projected 1995 employment. . . . . . 36,000 8.9 Percent change, 1984-95 .......... 92.2 6.1 High T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 87,000 -2 1 .6 92,000 -1 7 .4 96,000 -1 3 .8 Employment grow th.................... .. Decline Annual separation rate (percent) ........ ‘7.4 Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Vending and recreational machine repair............................ 499 Construction and Extractive Occupations *Thc number of separations may be artificially high. Employment in the oc cupation declined between 1983 and 1984; some workers who left were not replaced. Bricklayers and stonemasons EMPLOYMENT PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 140,000 U su a l e n try a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Applicants usually are selected from the ranks o f other telephone company workers— such as line installer or cable splicer. Employers require good eyesight, the ability to distinguish colors, good health, and mechanical aptitude. Many prefer applicants with a high school diploma and a basic knowledge o f electricity and electronics. This can be developed by on-the-job training, through a formal train ing program, or in the Armed Forces. Telephone craft workers con tinue to update their skills to qualify for more responsible posi tions and keep up with technological advances. Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale.................................................................. Percent black .................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years................................................................ 25-54 years................................................................ 55 and older.............................................................. Percent employed part time, total.................................. Percent employed part time, voluntary........................ Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 33,000 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Percent Masonry, stonework, tile setting, and plastering contractors................................................................ Nonresidential building construction.......................... Residential building construction................................ EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Nonstore retailers.......................................................... Miscellaneous amusement and recreation services (includes amusement parks, coin-operated amusement devices, and related services)............ Beverage manufacturing................................................ Miscellaneous business services (includes equipment rental and leasing services, photofinishing laboratories, and related services) ........................ 17.0 68.5 14.5 10.8 3.8 Unemployment ra te.................................. Much higher than average Vending machine servicers and repairers Industry 0.3 15.0 Percent 148,000 5.4 Moderate 155,000 10.6 65.5 10.6 9.2 High 161,000 14.5 Employment growth ................................................................ Average 49.4 Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 13.9 SUPPLY PROFILE 23.9 15.8 U su al e n try a n d training requ irem en ts. Bricklayers and stonemasons learn their craft on the job, either informally by helping experienced workers or through a formal apprenticeship program. Employers 6.2 89 and apprenticeship committees prefer high school graduates who are in good physical condition. Applicants for apprenticeship must be at least 17 years old. T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Carpentry............................................................ .................. 27,377 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Carpentry, construction.......................... ......................... 4,542 T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Many carpenters face periodic layoffs because o f the short-term nature o f many construction projects and the cyclical nature o f the industry. Consequently, the majority o f entrants are experienced carpenters returning to the occupation after a period o f unemployment. The remainder transfer from another occupation, frequently another construction occupation. Few en trants have any training beyond high school. Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Brick masonry, stonemasonry, and tile setting, general and brick, block, and stone m asonry............ 8,183 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Masonry.................................................................................. 1,248 C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Many workers experience periodic layoffs when construction projects end and during declines in con struction activity. Consequently, most entrants are experienced workers being recalled from layoff, between jobs&or persons who transfer from a job in another occupation they have taken on a temporary basis. Others are recent graduates o f an apprenticeship or other training program. Carpet installers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................. 71,003 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale.................................................................... Percent black ................ Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.................................................................. 25-54 years.................................................................. 55 and older................................................................ Percent employed part time, total.................................... Percent employed part time, voluntary.......................... Carpenters EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ........................................................... 944,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale................................................................... Percent black ..................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years................................................................. 25-54 years................................................................ 55 and older............................................................... Percent employed part time,total.................................. Percent employed part time,voluntary........................ 1.3 5.5 20.9 67.9 11.2 9.0 4.1 In du stry Low Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: 78,000 10.6 M o d e ra te 82,000 15.9 Employment growth .................................... 51.9 38.6 H igh 86,000 20.8 Average P ercent Residential building construction................................ Nonresidential building construction.......................... Carpentering and flooring contractors...................... Durable goods manufacturing...................................... 32.1 18.8 7.9 7.8 Low M o d e ra te H igh 998,000 5.7 1,046,000 10.7 1,085,000 14.9 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Almost all carpet installers learn the trade by working as a helper to experienced installers. A few learn through a formal apprenticeship. Employers prefer high school graduates who have manual dexterity and are mechanically inclined. Because installers often are required to drive company vehicles, employers prefer individuals who are licensed to drive and who have a good driving record. Employment growth ................................................................. Average C h a racteristics o f en tran ts. Many entrants transfer from another oc cupation—primarily a job as an installer’s helper. Others have been between jobs or are recent graduates o f an apprenticeship program. Although virtually all entrants have a high school diploma, few have any postsecondary training. Annual separation rate (percent)................................................... 18.8 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n try a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Most carpenters learn their trade informally by working under the supervision o f experienced workers. Some acquire their skills by participating in a formal ap prenticeship program or by assisting friends and relatives. Although there are no formal entry requirements, employers prefer high school graduates who are in good physical condition and who have manual dexterity, good eye-hand coordination, and good balance. P ercen t Carpentering and flooring contractors ...................... Furniture and home furnishings, except appliances . Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 23.1 72.4 4.5 13.1 5.5 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Unemployment r a te ............................................ Higher than average In d u stry 1.4 7.3 Concrete masons and terrazzo workers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................... 106,000 90 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale......................................................................... Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time,total........................................ Percent employed part time,voluntary.............................. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: 0.8 29.3 Industry 19.2 69.7 11.1 7.6 1.5 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Moderate 118,000 11.5 123,000 16.2 t 112,000 6.0 Moderate 117,000 10.6 83.8 6.3 High 121,000 14.3 Employment growth ................................................................ Average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 12.1 Percent Concrete contractors...................................................... Nonresidential building construction.......................... Residential building construction................................ Masonry, stonework, tile setting, andplastering-----Highway and street construction................................ Miscellaneous special trade contractors (includes excavating and foundation contractors, and related contracting services).................................... Heavy construction, except highway and street......... Percent Masonry, stonework, tile setting, and plastering contractors............................................ Painting, paperhanging, and decorating contractors. 31.4 15.6 11.0 9.2 7.5 SUPPLY PROFILE Usual entry and training requirements. Most drywall workers and lathers start as helpers and learn their craft on the job. Some learn through a formal apprenticeship program or by assisting friends or relatives. Employer prefer high school graduates who are in good physical condition, but frequently hire applicants with less education. 7.5 7.0 High Characteristics o f entrants. Workers may experience periodic layoffs when projects end and during declines in construction activity. Con sequently, many entrants are experienced workers who are being recalled from layoff or who have been between jobs. Others are entering their first job or transfer from another occupation they have entered on a temporary basis. Most entrants have a high school diploma or less education. 127,000 19.7 Employment growth ................................................................ Average SUPPLY PROFILE Electricians Usual entry and training requirements. Concrete masons and terrazzo workers learn their trade on the job, either informally by helping ex perienced workers or in a formal apprenticeship program. Employers and apprenticeship committees prefer high school graduates who are at least 18 years old and in good physical condition. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 545,000 C h aracteristics o f en tran ts. Workers may experience periodic layoffs Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale.................................................................. Percent black .................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years................................................................ 25-54 years................................................................ 55 and older.............................................................. Percent employed part time, total.................................. Percent employed part time, voluntary........................ when construction projects end and when the level o f nonresiden tial building falls. Consequently, the majority o f entrants are older, experienced workers being recalled from layoff or who have been between jobs. Some are recent graduates o f an apprenticeship pro gram. The remainder transfer from another occupation—in many cases, a job taken on a temporary basis. 1.2 6.1 13.9 74.8 11.3 3.5 1.5 Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average Drywall workers and lathers Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Industry Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale.................................................................. Percent black .................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years................................................................ 25-54 years................................................................ 55 and older.............................................................. Percent employed part time,total.................................. Percent employed part time,voluntary........................ Unemployment rate Percent Electrical contractors .................................................... Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Services............................................................................ Government.................................................................... Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................. Transportation, communications, and utilities.......... 106,000 1.8 9.4 31.5 64.7 3.8 9.4 3.9 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 606,000 11.2 Moderate 633,000 16.2 47.1 16.1 7.6 7.4 7.1 5.3 High 657,000 20.5 Employment growth ................................................................ Average Much higher than average Annual separation rate (percent)...................................................... 12.6 91 SUPPLY PROFILE C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Glaziers may experience periods o f unemployment between construction projects and during downturns in construction activity. Consequently, many entrants are experi enced workers who have been laid o ff or between jobs, or who transfer from another occupation entered on a temporary basis. Others have been working as a glazier’s helper or are recent graduates o f an apprenticeship program. U su al e n try a n d tra in in g req u irem en ts. Electricians learn their craft on the job, either informally by working as an electrician’s helper or through a formal apprenticeship program. Employers and ap prenticeship committees prefer graduates o f vocational programs. Applicants for apprentice positions generally need to be at least 18 years old and have a high school diploma; applicants for all jobs must be in good physical condition and have manual dexter ity and good color vision. Most local governments require a license that is obtained by passing an exam that tests knowledge o f the craft and local electrical codes. Insulation workers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Electrician............................................................................. 12,616 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Electricity, construction .................................................... 2,229 Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 52,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry C h a ra c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Many construction electricians face Percent Masonry, stonework, tile setting, and plastering contractors................................................................ Miscellaneous special tradecontractors........................ periodic layoffs because o f the cyclical nature o f the construction industry and the short-term nature o f most construction projects. Maintenance electricians working in automobile, steel, and other industries that are sensitive to the business cycle also may be laid o ff from time to time. Consequently, most entrants are experienced electricians who have been unemployed, between jobs, or working temporarily in another occupation. Other entrants have been work ing as an electrician’s helper or are recent graduates o f an appren ticeship program. Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 57,000 9.0 Moderate 59,000 13.6 57.5 13.7 High 61,000 17.2 Employment growth ................................................................ Average SUPPLY PROFILE Glaziers U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Insulation workers learn their craft on the job, either informally by working as helpers to experienced workers or through a formal apprenticeship program. Insulation contractors prefer high school graduates who are in good physical condition. High school courses in blueprint reading, shop math, sheet-metal layout, and general construction are helpful. Ap plicants for an apprenticeship position must have a high school diploma or its equivalent, and be at least 18 years old. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................. 37,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Industry Percent Miscellaneous special trade contractors (includes glass and glazing contractors and glazing of concrete surfaces contractors)............................... Paint, glass, and wallpaper sto r e s.............................. Lumber and other construction materials wholesalers................................................................. Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 43,000 15.2 Moderate 45,000 20.8 C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Insulation workers may experience periodic layoffs when construction projects end and during declines in construction activity. Consequently, the majority o f entrants are experienced workers returning to the occupation after a period o f unemployment or work in another occupation, usually taken on a temporary basis. The remaining entrants have been working as a helper or are recent graduates o f a formal apprenticeship pro gram. Very few entrants have any formal education beyond high school. 45.4 31.5 10.4 High 46,000 25.3 Employment grow th ............................................. Faster than average Painters and paperhangers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 378,000 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . Glaziers learn their trade Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le........................................................................ Percent b la c k .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part: time,total........................................ Percent employed part: time,voluntary.............................. on the job, a few formally through an apprenticeship program but most informally by helping experienced workers. Applicants must be in good physical condition; those seeking an apprenticeship posi tion must be at least 17 years o f age. T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: G lazing....................................................................................... 153 92 6.8 8.3 24.5 63.8 11.7 19.4 9.1 Unemployment r a t e ................................................ Higher than average SUPPLY PROFILE Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Plasterers learn their craft on the job, either informally by working as helpers to expeienced workers or through a formal apprenticeship program. Applicants for an apprenticeship or helper job generally must be at least 17 years old, be in good physical condition, and have manual dex terity. Employers prefer but do not require that applicants have a high school diploma. In du stry P ercent Painting, paperhanging, and decorating contractors. Services............................................................................ Government.................................................................... General contractors and operative builders.............. Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Real estate ...................................................................... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 378,000 0.0 M o d e ra te 395,000 4.5 46.1 14.4 8.6 7.1 6.6 5.8 C h aracteristics o f en tran ts. Workers may experience periodic layoffs when construction projects end and during declines in construc tion activity. Consequently, about half o f all entrants are experi enced workers returning to the occupation after a period o f unemployment. The remainder transfer from another occupation they have entered on a temporary basis. Very few entrants have any formal education beyond high school. H igh 409,000 8.3 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 22.8 Plumbers and pipefitters SUPPLY PROFILE EMPLOYMENT PROFILE U su a l e n try a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Most people learn the trade informally by helping experienced workers. Some develop their skills in a formal apprenticeship program. Applicants for an appren ticeship or helper job should be in good physical condition, have manual dexterity, be at least 16 years old, and have a good color sense. Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 395,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ 1.1 Percent black .......................................................................... 6.4 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 16.1 25-54 years...................................................................... 71.5 55 and older.................................................................... 12.4 Percent employed part time, total........................................ 5.6 Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 2.5 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Painting and decorating...................................................... Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Painting and decorating...................................................... 767 476 Unemployment r a te ............................................ Higher than average C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Many painters and paperhangers ex perience periods o f unemployment because construction projects often are short term and construction activity is cyclical. Conse quently, the majority o f entrants are experienced painters and paperhangers who have been unemployed, between jobs, or work ing temporarily in another occupation. Others have been working as a helper or are recent graduates o f an apprenticeship program. Many entrants work part time. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry Low Plasterers Total employment, 1984 ................................ High Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 12.8 . 21,000 SUPPLY PROFILE Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Plumbers and pipefitters learn their craft on the job, either informally by working for several years as a helper to experienced plumbers and pipefitters or through a formal apprenticeship program. Applicants for an apprentice or helper job generally must be at least 18 years o f age and in good physical condition. Employers and apprenticeship committees prefer high school or vocational education graduates. Most local govern ments require a license that is obtained by passing an examination that tests knowledge o f the craft and local plumbing codes. P ercent Masonry, stonework, tile setting, and plastering contractors................................................................ Low 21,000 0.3 M o d era te 22,000 3.9 88.0 H igh 22,000 6.6 Employment growth........................................ .. Slower than average Moderate 51.7 11.1 6.2 6.1 5.5 Projected 1995 employment .. 436,000 455,000 472,000 Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 10.6 15.4 19.5 Employment growth ................................................................ Average EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ P ercent Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors Durable goods manufacturing...................................... Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................. Heavy construction, except highway and street........ Federal Government...................................................... 93 Roustabouts Training completions: Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Plumbing, pipefitting, and steamfitting............ ................ 6,236 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Plumbing and pipefitting..................................................... 2,213 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 81,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: C h aracteristics o f en tran ts. Plumbers and pipefitters may experience In d u stry periodic layoffs when construction projects end and when construc tion activity declines. Consequently, most entrants are experienc ed workers who have been unemployed, between jobs, or working temporarily in another occupation. Other entrants have been work ing as a helper or are recent graduates o f an apprenticeship program. P ercen t Oil and gas field services.............................................. Crude petroleum and natural g a s................................ Low Projected 1995 employment . . Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 77,000 - 4 .8 M o d e ra te 81,000 - 0 .3 75.2 24.3 H igh 84,000 3.3 Roofers Employment grow th........................................................ Little change EMPLOYMENT PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ........................................................... 122,000 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Little or no formal train ing or work experience is required. However, with more competi tion for jobs in recent years, an increasing proportion o f entrants to this occupation have relevant work experience. Mechanical abili ty, good physical condition, and good eyesight are required. In ad dition, many employers prefer those with a high school diploma. Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale......................................................................... 0.7 Percent black ................................................ 9.1 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years....................................................................... 32.0 25-54 years....................................................................... 63.0 55 and older..................................................................... 5.0 Percent employed part time, total......................................... 15.3 Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 5.0 C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Roustabouts may experience periodic layoffs due to the cyclical nature o f oil and gas exploration and production. Consequently, many entrants are experienced workers who have been unemployed or temporarily working in another occupation. Unemployment rate.................................. Much higher than average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Sheet-metal workers In du stry P ercent Roofing and sheet-metal contractors.......................... EMPLOYMENT PROFILE 89.3 Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 100,000 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 132,000 8.4 M o d e ra te 138,000 13.4 H igh Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le........................................................................ 4.3 Percent b la c k .......................................................................... 2.8 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 15.7 25-54 years...................................................................... 71.1 55 and older.................................................................... 13.2 Percent employed part time, tottfl........................................ 2.4 Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 1.6 143,000 17.5 Employment growth ................................................................ Average Annual separation rate (percent)................................................... 25.6 SUPPLY PROFILE Unemployment r a te ............................................ Higher than average: U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Most roofers acquire their Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: skills informally by working as a helper to experienced roofers. A few learn through an apprenticeship program. Roofers need to be in good physical condition and should have good balance and agil ity. Applicants for apprenticeship must be at least 18 years old, and a high school diploma is helpful. In du stry Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ C h a ra c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Because o f the seasonal nature o f the construction industry and the short duration o f most roofing jobs, the majority o f entrants have been unemployed, between jobs, or in a temporary job in another occupation. The remaining entrants have been working as a roofer’s helper or are recent graduates o f an apprenticeship program. P ercen t Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors Roofing and sheet-metal contractors.......................... 111,000 11.1 Employment growth ....................................... M o d era te 116,000 16.1 61.3 24.4 H igh 120,000 19.9 Average Annual separation rate (percent) ................................................ *18.3 ’Separations may be artificially high. Employment in the occupation declined between 1983 and 1984; some workers who left were not replaced. 94 Tilesetters SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Most sheet-metal workers learn their trade through formal apprenticeship. A few learn in formally by working as a helper to experienced workers. Local ap prenticeship committees and employers may require a high school or vocational school education. Applicants need to be in good physical condition and have mechanical aptitude. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 25,000 Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : In du stry Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Sheet m etal............................................................................ 2,443 P ercent Masonry, stonework, tile setting, and plastering contractors................................................................ Carpentering and flooring contractors ...................... 72.6 14.2 C h aracteristics o f en tran ts. Workers may experience periodic layoffs when construction projects end and when economic conditions result in a decline in construction activity. Consequently, the ma jority o f entrants are experienced sheet-metal workers who have been unemployed or between jobs, or who are transferring from a temporary job in another occupation. Others are recent graduates o f apprenticeship or other training programs. Employment growth ................................................................ Average Structural and reinforcing metal workers SUPPLY PROFILE EMPLOYMENT PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Tilesetters learn the trade informally by working as a helper to experienced workers or through a formal apprenticeship. Employers and apprenticeship commit tees usually prefer high school graduates. Good physical condition, manual dexterity, and a good sense o f color harmony are impor tant assets. Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 86,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ 0.4 Percent b la c k .......................................................................... 5.6 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 15.0 25-54 years...................................................................... 71.1 55 and older.................................................................... 13.9 Percent employed part time, total........................................ 5.2 Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 2.1 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 27,000 8.7 M od era te 28,000 11.8 H igh 29,000 14.2 C h a ra c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Tilesetters may experience periodic layoffs when construction projects end and during declines in con struction activity. Consequently, many entrants are experienced workers returning to the occupation after working temporarily in another occupation or after a period o f unemployment. Very few have any formal education beyond high school. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry P ercent Miscellaneous special trade contractors (includes structural steel erection contractors).................... Nonresidential building construction.......................... Heavy construction, except highway and street........ Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Low 98,000 13.5 Moderate 102,000 18.5 45.7 20.4 13.3 High 106,000 22.3 Production Occupations Blue-collar worker supervisors EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984........................................................ 1,470,000 Employment growth ................................................................ Average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n try a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Ironworkers learn the trade informally by working as a helper to experienced ironworkers or through formal apprenticeship. Applicants generally must be at least 18 years old and in good physical condition. Agility and balance also are needed. Graduation from high school usually is preferred by employers, and is required by most apprenticeship committees. C h aracteristics o f en tran ts. Workers may experience periodic layoffs when construction projects end and during declines in construc tion activity. Consequently, many entrants are experienced workers returning to the occupation after a period o f unemployment. Others transfer from an occupation taken on a temporary basis. Few en trants have any formal education beyond high school. In du stry P ercent Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................. Transportation, communications, and utilities.......... Machinery manufacturing, except electrical.............. Wholesale trade.............................................................. Construction.................................................................... Electrical and electronic machinery and equipment manufacturing.......................................................... Fabricated metal product manufacturing.................. Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ Employment growth 1,481,000 0.7 M od era te 1,555,000 5.8 24.8 9.4 6.5 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.4 H igh 1,622,000 10.4 Slower than average SUPPLY PROFILE Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . Most blue-collar worker supervisors are promoted from among the workers they supervise. Leadership qualities, knowledge o f the work being done, and the ability to get along well with others are key attributes valued by employers. High school graduation often is required, and college or technical school training can be an asset. Once promoted, com panies often train employees in recordkeeping and other supervisory tasks. P ercen t Commercial printing...................................................... Blankbooks and bookbinding...................................... Books................................................................................ Mailing, reproduction and commercial a r t................ Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 91,000 13.2 M o d e ra te 95,000 17.4 45.9 22.6 5.8 5.6 H igh 99,000 22.0 Employment growth ................................................................ Average C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts . This is not usually an entry level job. Most entrants transfer from another occupation—often they are promoted from a job where they operated a machine, worked on an assembly line, or at a construction craft. The remainder have not been working; many have been laid o ff during a slowdown in construction or production activity. Supervisors in construction are more likely to experience periodic layoffs than other supervisors. Few entrants come directly from school. Most are in their prime working years, between the ages o f 25 and 54. SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Bookbinding workers learn their trade on the job. Although informal training is sufficient for production line jobs, an apprenticeship is required to become a skilled bookbinder. Apprenticeship applicants should have a high school education and be at least 18 years old. Accuracy, patience, good eyesight, and manual dexterity are needed by all bookbind ing workers. Artistic ability and imagination are necessary for bookbinders who repair or assemble valuable books by hand. Boilermakers C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts . Typical entrants are high school graduates who have not been working. Some are recent graduates o f an apprenticeship program. Relatively few transfer from another occupation. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................. 38,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Butchers and meatcutters In d u stry P ercent Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors Miscellaneous special trade contractors (includes installation of machinery and other industrial equipment contractors)............................................. Heavy construction, except highway and street........ Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................. Miscellaneous repair shops and related services (includes boiler repair services).............................. Federal Government....................................................... Nonresidential building construction.......................... Low M o d e ra te EMPLOYMENT PROFILE 11.2 Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 222,000 10.6 10.3 9.8 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le........................................................................ Percent b la c k .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 7.8 7.5 7.3 H igh 16.8 14.4 23.6 62.0 14.4 10.4 6.8 Unemployment r a te ............................................ Higher than average Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 40,000 5.6 41,000 10.4 43,000 14.8 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Employment growth............................................ Slower than average In du stry SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . Boilermakers learn their trade on the job, either informally by working for several years as a helper to experienced workers or through a formal appren ticeship program. Most employers and apprenticeship committees prefer high school graduates with mechanical aptitude who are in good physical condition. Employment grow th.................. Bookbinding workers SUPPLY PROFILE Low Projected 1995 employment . . Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 203,000 - 8 .3 M o d e ra te 213,000 - 4.0 51.2 27.4 8.8 6.8 H igh 220,000 - 0.5 Decline U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Most butchers and meatcutters acquire their skills informally on the job or through a for mal apprenticeship program. A few acquire their skills in high school and postsecondary vocational programs. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ................................................................. 81,000 P ercen t Grocery sto res................................................................ Meat products manufacturing...................................... Meat and fish markets.................................................. Groceries and related product wholesalers................ 96 Training completions: Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Dental laboratory technology.............................................. 1,182 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Dental laboratory technology.............................................. 740 Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Dental laboratory technology.............................................. 847 Training com pletion s: Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Precision food production...................................................... 952 Compositors and typesetters EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 94,000 Jewelers Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry Newspapers...................................................................... Commercial printing...................................................... Printing trade services ............................................ Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ EMPLOYMENT PROFILE P ercent 104,000 11.0 M o d era te 108,000 14.7 39.5 24.2 12.0 Total employment, 1984 ........................................................... 32,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: H igh In du stry 112,000 19.3 P ercent Miscellaneous shopping goods stores (includes jewelry, camera, and related stores)...................... Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware manufacturing Watch, clock, and jewelry repair................................ Employment growth ................................................................ Average SUPPLY PROFILE Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . Compositors and typeset ters learn their trade on the job, either through a formal appren ticeship program, informally by working as a helper to experienced compositors and typesetters, or through high school vocational pro grams that provide an introduction to the printing industry and familiarity with the computer-assisted equipment coming into widespread use. Applicants must be high school graduates, in good physical condition, and know how to type. 35,000 8.3 37,000 14.5 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Although there are no for mal educational requirements, employers prefer high school graduates. Vocational school programs are the major source of training for those who want jobs in jewelry stores or repair shops. Informal on-the-job training is necessary for all jewelers regardless o f educational background. Applicants need finger and hand dex terity, good eye-hand coordination, patience, and concentration. Artistic ability is an important asset. T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Dental laboratory technicians T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Jewelry design, fabrication, and repair................................ 589 Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 51,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry Lithographic and photoengraving workers P ercent Medical and dental laboratories.................................. Offices of dentists.......................................................... Low 57,000 11.4 M o d era te 61,000 19.4 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE 77.0 19.0 Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 75,000 H igh 64,000 25.3 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Employment growth ................................................................ Average Commercial printing...................................................... Printing trade services .................................................. Newspapers...................................................................... In du stry SUPPLY PROFILE P ercent Low U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Dental laboratory techni cians generally learn their craft on the job, either by helping ex perienced technicians or through a formal apprenticeship program. Many employers hire only high school graduates, and high school courses in art, metal shop, and science are important. Applicants who have taken formal training in community and junior colleges, postsecondary vocational schools, or the Armed Forces are pre ferred. Many employers encourage technicians to take courses throughout their career in order to keep up with advances in technology. H igh Employment growth............................................ Slower than average Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Composition, make-up, and typesetting.............................. 182 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 33,000 1.6 M o d era te 49.6 28.7 9.8 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 85,000 13.7 M o d era te 88,000 17.9 52.1 13.1 12.0 H igh 91,000 22.3 Employment growth ................................................................ Average SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d train in g req u irem en ts. Most lithographic and pho toengraving workers learn their trade informally on the job by 97 helping experienced workers. Some learn through a formal appren ticeship, although few opportunities have been available in recent years. Applicants usually must be high school graduates, at least 18 years old, in good physical condition, and possess good eyesight and artistic ability. machinists being recalled from layoffs caused by economic condi tions. Others are recent graduates o f an apprenticeship program . Metalworking and plastic-working machine operators T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Lithography, photography, and platemaking...................... 180 Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 953,003 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le........................................................................ Percent black .................................. Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. Machinists EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ........................................................... 354,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale......................................................................... 4.9 Percent black ........................................................................... 6.5 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years....................................................................... 13.8 25-54 years....................................................................... 72.3 55 and older..................................................................... 13.9 Percent employed part time, total........................................ 2.1 Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. 1.6 17.4 11.0 16.0 71.3 12.7 2.5 1.6 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry P ercen t Machinery manufacturing, except electrical.............. Fabricated metal product manufacturing.................. Transportation equipment manufacturing.................. Electrical and electronic machinery and equipment manufacturing.......................................................... 26.3 26.2 15.9 8.4 Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average Low Projected 1995 employment . . Percent change, 1984-95 ......... Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry Low 1995 employment . . Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 372,000 5.0 M o d e ra te 956,000 0.3 H igh 998,000 4.7 P ercen t Machinery manufacturing, except electrical.............. Fabricated metal product manufacturing.................. Transportation equipment manufacturing.................. Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................. Services............................................................................. Electrical and electronic machinery and equipment manufacturing........................................................... Projected 910,000 - 4 .5 M o d e ra te 391,000 10.5 Employment grow th........................................................ Little change 37.5 10.0 9.5 9.0 7.1 SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Although there are no for mal education requirements for this semiskilled occupation, com pletion o f a postsecondary vocational program can be helpful in finding a job. Most machine-tool operators learn their skills on the job. Applicants should have mechanical aptitude and be in good physical condition. 6.8 H igh 407,000 14.9 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Employment growth............................................. Slower than average Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Machine tool operation/machine shop............................ 27,303 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Machine tool operations.................................................... 4,878 Annual separation rate (percent)................................................... 14.6 SUPPLY PROFILE C h a ra cteristics o f en tra n ts. Machine tool operators face temporary layoffs when economic conditions cause demand to slacken for products that use machined metal parts. Consequently, most en trants are experienced operators who have been on temporary layoff, between jobs, or temporarily employed in another occupation. U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . Machinists develop their skills informally on the job by working as a helper to experienced machinists and through a formal apprenticeship program. Many employers prefer secondary or postsecondary vocational school graduates. Applicants for both apprenticeship and helper positions should have mechanical aptitude, the ability to work independently, and be in good physical condition. Experience working with machine tools is very important. Numerical*control machine-tool operators EMPLOYMENT PROFILE T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 57,000' Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Machine tool operation/machine shop............................ 27,303 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Machine shop occupations................................................ 1,337 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry Machinery manufacturing, except electrical.............. Aircraft and parts manufacturing .............................. Fabricated metal product manufacturing.................. Electronic component and accessories manufacturing .. C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts. The majority o f entrants transfer from another occupation, primarily machine tool operator, job and die setter, or helper. Most o f the remaining entrants are experienced 98 Percent 56.2 13.1 7.3 5.2 Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 70,000 23.9 M o d era te 74,000 30.5 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: H igh 77,000 35.4 In du stry P ercent Electronic component and accessories manufacturing ........................................................ Office, computing, and accounting machine manufacturing.......................................................... Communication equipment manufacturing................ Aircraft and parts manufacturing .............................. Measuring and controlling instrument manufacturing.......................................................... Fabricated metal product manufacturing.................. Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Most numerical-control machine-tool operators are promoted from shop helper or machinetool operator. Employers prefer those who have had courses in shop math and blueprint reading. Most entrants learn their skills on the job by helping experienced workers and in courses offered by machine-tool manufacturers. Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 399,000 13.0 M o d era te 419,000 18.6 15.8 13.4 12.1 10.1 5.2 5.2 H igh 434,000 23.1 Photographic process workers Employment growth ................................................................ Average EMPLOYMENT PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 52,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........ ................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total........................................ Percent employed part time, voluntary.............................. U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Employers seek workers who can do routine work at a fast pace. A high school diploma is helpful but is seldom required. For some types o f assembly jobs, applicants may have to meet special requirements such as mechanical aptitude, good eyesight, or absence o f color blindness. For still others, such as electronic assembly jobs, technical school or equivalent military training is required. 51.3 9.6 32.2 60.3 7.5 13.9 9.8 Printing press operators Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry P ercent Miscellaneous business services (includes photofinishing, commercial testing, and research and development laboratories and related services)........................................................ Mailing, reproduction, commercial art, and stenographic services................................................ Photographic and portrait studios.............................. Motion pictures.............................................................. Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 62,000 21.2 M o d era te 65,000 26.8 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 222,000 53.6 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................ Percent black .......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 25-54 years...................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................... Percent employed part time, total....................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary................................ 14.4 12.1 7.2 H igh 68,000 31.8 Employment grow th ............................................ Faster than average 16.9 7.6 24.0 63.4 12.6 5.0 3.5 Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average SUPPLY PROFILE Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Most photographic process workers learn their skills on the job by assisting experienced workers. Employers prefer high school graduates. In addition, graduates o f postsecondary programs in photographic technology have an advantage when looking for a job. In du stry P ercent Commercial printing...................................................... Newspapers...................................................................... Paper and allied product manufacturing.................... Business services............................................................ C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts. This is usually an entry level position. About half o f all job openings are filled by persons who have not been working—recent high school graduates and persons who have been tending to family responsibilities or unemployed. The rest transfer from another occupation. A sizable proportion o f entrants take a part-time job while still in school. Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 239,000 7.4 M o derate 248,000 11.7 46.2 13.1 10.9 5.4 H igh 257,000 15.7 Employment growth ................................................................ Average Precision assemblers Annual separation rate (percent) ................................................ 113.4 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE 'The number of separations may be artificially high. Employment in the occupa tion declined between 1983 and 1984; some workers who left were not replaced. Total employment, 1984 ............................................................... 353,000 99 SUPPLY PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g r e q u ire m e n ts . Printing press operators generally learn their trade through informal on-the-job training or, less commonly, through apprenticeship training. Mechanical ap titude is required. U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Skills are acquired through previous work experience as a helper to experienced engineers or through a formal apprenticeship. Employers and apprenticeship committees generally prefer high school or vocational school graduates. Many States and cities require stationary engineers to be licensed. To be licensed, applicants must be at least 18 years old, meet local residency and experience requirements, and pass a written examination. Mechanical aptitude, manual dexterity, and good physical condition are required. C h aracteristics o f en tran ts. Most entrants are high school graduates. Entrants are about equally divided between those who have not been working—most have been on temporary layoff or are recent graduates o f an apprenticeship program—and those who have transferred from another occupation. Tool-and-die makers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Shoe and leather workers and repairers Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................. 43,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry P ercen t Footwear manufacturing, except rubber.................... Shoe repair, shoe shine, and hat cleaning shops___ Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 34,000 -2 2 .8 M o d e ra te 35,000 -1 8 .6 S9.S 15.7 165,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le...................................................................... Percent black ........................................................................ Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.................................................................... 25-54 years.................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................. Percent employed part time,total...................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary............................ 1.8 3.8 11.3 70.8 17.9 1.5 0.8 H igh Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average 37,000 -1 5 .1 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Employment grow th................................................................... Decline In d u stry P ercen t Metalworking machinery and equipment manufacturing........................................................ Metal forgings and stampings...................................... Electrical and electronic machinery and equipment manufacturing........................................................ Motor vehicle and equipment manufacturing............ Aircraft and parts manufacturing .............................. SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. There are no formal educa tion requirements; these workers generally learn their trade on the job, either through company training programs or working as a helper to experienced workers. They must have manual dexterity and mechanical aptitude to work with various machines and handtools. In addition, they need self-discipline because they often work alone with little or no supervision. Low Projected 1995 employment . . Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 172,000 4.6 M o d era te 181,000 9.8 23.1 11.6 11.6 9.3 6.2 H igh 188,000 14.2 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average Stationary engineers Annual separation rate (percent).................................................... 6.4 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................. 54,000 U su al e n try a n d training requ irem en ts. Tool-and-die makers develop their skills informally on the job by working as a helper to experi enced toolmakers and diemakers or through a formal appprenticeship program. Many employers and apprenticeship committees prefer persons with a high school or postsecondary school educa tion. Applicants should have a working knowledge o f mathematics and physics, as well as mechanical ability, finger dexterity, and an aptitude for precise work. Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry P ercent Local government...... .................................................... Nondurable goods manufacturing.............................. Hospitals............................ Durable goods manufacturing....................................... Educational services....................................................... Federal Government....................................................... Communications and utilities...................................... Low Projected 1995 employment . . Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 56,000 2.9 M o d e ra te 58,000 7.0 16.0 13.4 12.5 10.9 8.8 7.0 6.1 T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Tool and die making.......................................................... Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Tool and die making.......................................................... H igh 61,000 11.1 443 C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts . The majority o f all openings are filled by persons who transfer from another occupation—primarily Employment grow th................................................ Slower than average 1,044 100 SUPPLY PROFILE another machining occupation or a helper position. Most of the re mainder have been on temporary layoff, between jobs, or are recent graduates of an apprenticeship program . Because of the emphasis placed on work experience, entrants tend to be considerably older than en trants to other occupations. Usual entry and training requirements. There are no formal train ing requirements for this occupation. Upholsterers generally ac quire their skills informally on the job. Nevertheless, employers prefer those who have completed technical training, in a high school, postsecondary vocational school, or community college. Manual dexterity, coordination, and an eye for detail are necessary. Transportation equipment painters Training completions: EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Leatherworking and upholstering, general; and upholstering ............................................................. 2,192 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Upholstering......................................................................... 1,104 60,000 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984 Industry Percent Automobile repair shops Motor vehicle dealers (new and used) . . Motor vehicle and equipment manufacturing Low Projected 1995 employment Percent change. 1984-95 66,000 9 7 Moderate 69,000 15,0 Employment growth Characteristics o f entrants. Most entrants have not been working— many are experienced workers returning to a job from which they had been laid off, and others have been in school. The remainder transfer from another occupation. Although most are high school graduates, few have any postsecondary training 47.1 27.0 9.6 High 72,000 19.6 Water and sewage treatment plant operators Average EMPLOYMENT PROFILE SUPPLY PROFILE Total employment, 1984 Usual entry and training requirements. Skills generally are acquired informally on the job by helping experienced workers. However, some transportation equipment painters obtain skills through employer-sponsored training programs or at community and junior colleges and postsecondary vocational schools. Good eyesight and color perception are required. Although graduation from high school is not required, it usually is an asset. Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: ............ .......... ................ 82,000 Industry Percent Local government......................................................... Utilities and sanitary services .......... Low Projected 1995 employment Percent change, 1984-95 88,000 8.3 Moderate 91,000 11.5 86.1 5.1 High 94,000 14.7 Upholsterers Employment growth EMPLOYMENT PROFILE ..............................................Average SUPPLY PROFILE Total employment, 1984 63,000 Selected characteristics of workers, )984. Percent female Percent black Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years 25-54 years 55 and older Percent employed part time, total Percent employed pan time, voluntary , Usual entry and training requirements. Water and sewage treat ment plant operators usually learn on the job under the direction o f an experienced operator. Employers generally prefer high school graduates; in some jurisdictions, this is required. Graduation from a postsecondary training program in wastewater technology is an advantage. In addition, most water pollution control agencies o f fer training courses to improve operators’ skills and knowledge. Written examinations are required for jobs covered by civil serv ice regulations. Applicants should have mechanical aptitude, basic mathematical ability, and physical agility. 23.6 8.2 21.1 . 64.3 , 14.6 . 20.0 12.8 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984 Industry Household furniture manufacturing Reupholstery and furniture repair Furniture and home furnishings stores Low Projected 1995 employment Percent change, 1984-9* Employment growth Training completions: Percent 66,000 48 52.9 22.2 5,2 Moderate 69,000 10.0 Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Water and wastewater technology .. ........................... 842 Welders and cutters High 72,000 14.3 EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Slower than average Total employment, 1984 101 ................................................. 308,000 SUPPLY PROFILE Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Pilots must be licensed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Applicants for licen sure must be at least 18 years old, have 250 hours o f flying time, have vision correctable to 20/20, pass a physical exam, and demonstrate their flying ability to an FAA examiner. Flying skills are usually obtained in military or civilian flying schools. The ability to make quick decisions and accurate judgments under pressure is essential. P ercen t Machinery manufacturing, except electrical.................................................................... Miscellaneous repair shops and related services (includes welding repair services)........................... Motor vehicle and equipment manufacturing............ Mining............................................................................... Special trade contractors.............................................. Transportation, communications, and utilities.......... Heavy construction, except highway and street........ 333,000 8.0 Moderate 349,000 13.1 9.9 8.8 6.7 6.6 6.3 S.S 5.3 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Air transportation, general; and airplane piloting and navigation................................................................ Associate degrees and other awards below baccalaureate, 1983: Air transportation, general; and airplane piloting and navigation................................................................ High 364,000 18.1 Employment growth ................................................................ Average 2,146 866 SUPPLY PROFILE Busdrivers U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Few employers have for mal educational requirements. Many welders learn their craft through informal on-the-job instruction while they work as a welder’s helper. Some new employees participate in companysponsored training programs. In addition, training is available in high schools, postsecondary vocational schools, community col leges, and the Armed Forces. Physical requirements include manual dexterity, good eyesight and eye-hand coordination, and the abili ty to bend, stoop, and work in awkward positions. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................. 459,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem a le.................................................................... Percent black ...................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.................................................................. 25-54 years.................................................................. 55 and older................................................................ Percent employed part time, total.................................... Percent employed part time, voluntary................ T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Welding, brazing, and soldering...................................... 35,249 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations 44.3 23.5 8.9 73.3 17.8 43.1 27.2 Unemployment r a te ...................................................... About average Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry Aircraft pilots EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ............................................................ 79,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale....................................................................... Percent b la c k ......................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.................................................................... 25-54 years.................................................................... 55 and older.................................................................. Percent employed part time, total...................................... Percent employed part time, voluntary............................ P ercen t Educational services...................................................... School buses.................................................................... Local government.......................................................... Local and suburban transportation............................ Low 2.1 0.2 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 4.2 84.9 10.9 15.7 11.5 522,000 13.8 M o d e ra te 536,000 16.9 53.7 15.7 12.8 5.0 H igh 552,000 20.4 Employment growth ................................................................ Average: Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 17.6 SUPPLY PROFILE Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry Certified air transportation.......................................... Noncertified air transportation.................................... Government..................................................................... Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... U su al e n try a n d training requ irem en ts. In most jurisdictions, school! busdrivers must be at least 18 years old. Local transit busdrivers must be at least 21, and most intercity buslines prefer drivers to be at least 24 years old. Good health and good vision, with or without glasses, are needed. Most jurisdictions require a chauffeur's or school bus license. Busdrivers acquire their skills through: employer-sponsored training programs or informally on the job. P ercen t 94,000 18.9 M o d e ra te 97,000 23.2 60.9 9.5 7.7 H igh 101,000 28.3 T rain in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Truck and bus driving.................. : ...................................... 3,144 Employment g r o w th ................................................ Faster than average 102 C h a ra cte ristic s o f e n tra n ts . The majority o f entrants are at least 25 years old, have no more than a high school education, and begin in a part-time job; drivers may increase their work hours and get regularly scheduled routes as they advance in senority. Most jobs for school busdrivers are filled by students or homemakers attracted by the opportunity to work part time while engaged in other ac tivities. Others transfer from another job or were between jobs. Industrial truck and tractor operators EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 389,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale.................................................................. Percent black .................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years................................................................ 25-54 years................................................................ 55 and older.............................................................. Percent employed part time, total.................................. Percent employed part time, voluntary........................ Construction machinery operators EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ..............................................................198,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale.................................................................... Percent black ...................................................................... Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.................................................................. 25-54 years.................................................................. 55 and older................................................................ Percent employed part time,total.................................... Percent employed part time,voluntary.......................... 5.3 18.1 20.9 69.5 9.6 2.8 1.3 Unemployment r a te ............................................ Higher than average 1.7 9.1 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry 11.3 75.1 13.6 2.6 1.2 P ercent Wholesale trade.............................................................. Food product manufacturing...................................... Fabricated metal product manufacturing.................. Lumber and wood product manufacturing................ Trucking and warehousing............................................ Paper and allied product manufacturing.................... Primary metal manufacturing...................................... Unemployment r a te ............................................ Higher than average 13.8 9.6 6.5 5.9 5.6 5.6 5.3 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: Low Industry Percent Heavy construction, except highway and street........ Highway and street construction ................................ Miscellaneous special trade contractors (includes structural steel, excavating and founda tion, and wrecking and demolition con tractors).............................................................. Nonresidential building construction.......................... Residential building construction................................ Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ 220,000 11.1 Moderate 230,000 16.2 Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ......... 30.2 25.8 326,000 -1 6 .2 M od era te 342,000 -1 1 .9 H igh 357,000 - 8.0 Employment grow th.................................................................. Decline SUPPLY PROFILE 21.1 7.0 6.2 U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m en ts. Most industrial truck and tractor operators learn their skills on the job. Many companies have training programs that include instruction, demonstration, and practice with the industrial truck or tractor. Good eyesight, espe cially depth perception, is essential. Strength, stamina, and general physical fitness are also necessary. High 237,000 19.9 C h a r a c te ristic s o f e n tra n ts. Few entrants have more than a high school education. Most entrants enter from another occupation or have been unemployed. The remainder primarily are young peo ple who have been in school. Employment growth ................................................................ Average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 20.3 SUPPLY PROFILE Truckdrivers U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . Most construction ma chinery operators learn the trade by working as helpers to experi enced operators. Some learn through a formal apprenticeship. Most employers prefer high school graduates who are at least 18 years old. Courses in automobile mechanics, experience in operating trac tors and other farm machinery, and Armed Forces training in heavy equipment operation can be helpful. Applicants should have a good sehse o f balance as well as good eye-hand-foot coordination and physical strength. EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 ........................................................ 2,484,000 Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale................................................................ Percent black .................................................................. Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years.............................................................. 25-54 years.............................................................. 55 and older............................................................ Percent employed part time,total................................ Percent employed part time,voluntary...................... C h a ra cteristics o f en tran ts. Construction machinery operators may experience periodic layoffs when projects end and during declines in construction activity. Consequently, many entrants are experi enced workers returning to the occupation after being unemployed or working temporarily in another occupation. Relatively few have more than a high school education. 4.2 12.9 17.2 71.2 11.6 8.7 4.9 Unemployment r a t e ............................................... Higher than average 103 Industry concentration o f wage and salary workers, 1984: In d u stry Selected characteristics of workers, 1984: Percent fem ale........................................................................... 2.7 Percent b la c k .......................................................................... 13.9 Age distribution (percent): 16-24 years...................................................................... 57.9 25-54 years...................................................................... 39.2 55 and older....................................................................... 2.9 Percent employed part time,total........................................ 16.2 Percent employed part time,voluntary................................ 7.0 P ercent Trucking, local and long distance...................... Services.................................................................... Wholesale trade, durable goods.......................... Durable goods manufacturing............................ Food product manufacturing.............................. Groceries and related product wholesalers........ Construction.......................................................... 27.7 7.6 6.9 6.6 6.3 6.2 5.0 Unemployment ra te............................ . Low Projected 1995 employment .. Percent change, 1984-95 ........ M o d e ra te 2,768,000 2,911,000 11.4 17.2 3,033,000 22.1 Industry concentration of wage and salary workers, 1984: In du stry Employment growth ................................................................ Average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. P ercen t Masonry, stonework, tilesetting, and plastering contractors.............................................. Residential building construction................................ Nonresidential building construction.......................... Plumbing, heating, and air-conditioning contractors Electrical contractors.................................................... Roofing and sheet-metal contractors.......................... 18.1 SUPPLY PROFILE U sual e n try a n d train in g req u irem en ts. By Federal law, truckdrivers engaged in interstate commerce must be at least 21 years old and pass written and physical examinations. In addition, a chauffeur’s license may be required. Employers prefer applicants with a good driving record and previous experience driving a truck. Low Projected 1995 employment . . Percent change, 1984-95 ........ T ra in in g c o m p le tio n s : Public vocational secondary and postsecondary, 1983: Truck and bus driving.......................................................... 3,144 Private noncollegiate postsecondary, 1981: Truckdriving......................................................................... 34,995 449,000 1.4 M o d e ra te 470,000 6.1 16.1 16.0 10.8 9.4 9.3 5.3 H igh 486,000 9.8 Employment growth............................................ Slower than average Annual separation rate (percent).................................................. 37.4 C h a ra cteristics o f en tra n ts. About half o f all entrants have not been working—many have been laid o ff or between jobs. Most o f the remainder transfer from another occupation. Relatively few en trants have more than a high school education or enter directly from school. SUPPLY PROFILE U su a l e n tr y a n d tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts . There are usually no for mal education requirements for this job. Applicants generally must be at least 18 years old, in good physical condition, and be willing to work hard. Handlers, Equipment Cleaners, Helpers, and Laborers C h aracteristics o f en tran ts. Workers may experience periodic layoffs when construction projects end and during declines in construc tion activity. Consequently, the majority o f entrants have not been working—most have been on temporary layoff, between jobs, or in school. The remaining entrants transfer from another occupa tion. Few entrants have any formal education beyond high school. Construction trades helpers EMPLOYMENT PROFILE Total employment, 1984 .......................................................... 443,000 Much higher than average H igh 104 Appendix A. Assumptions and Methods Used in Preparing Employment Projections cent a year between 1984 and 1990. Thereafter, growth is assumed to drop to the 1.0- to 1.5-percent range to 1995. Nondefense purchases of goods and services in real terms are expected to increase in the 1984-90 period, reaching $35.4 billion in 1990, $4.3 billion above the 1984 level. This reflects some increase in employment as well as adjustments for inflation. After 1990, nondefense pur chases are assumed to grow, in real terms, at a rate of 0.9 percent a year. A modest growth path for other Federal expenditure categories has generally been assumed. No real growth is assumed for food stamp benefits, military retirement and veterans’ benefits, Medicare payments, and Social Security payments during the 1984-90 period. Growth in these categories is a combination of inflation adjust ment and client population shifts. After 1990, some resumption of growth in all of the expenditure categories mentioned above is assumed—on the order of 1-2 percent annually. Finally, Federal subsidy programs and grants to State and local governments are as sumed to decline in real terms over the entire projection period. Projected Federal revenues reflect current personal in come tax rates and the indexation of personal taxes for the remainder of the period. The recent trend toward lower effective corporate profits tax rates is assumed to continue through 1995. The net effect of these assumptions is a Federal budget deficit (National Income Product Account basis) that declines from $118 billion in 1984 to about $91 billion by 1995. Although the deficit remains high throughout the period, this represents a drop as a percent of GNP from 5 percent in 1984 to 3 percent by 1995. The Bureau of Labor Statistics prepares projections on a 2-year cycle, using the Economic Growth Model System. This system is composed of a group of separate but related processes. Projections are produced in the following areas: (1) Labor force, (2) aggregate economic performance, (3) industry final demand and total industry production, (4) industry employment levels, and (5) oc cupational employment by industry. Each block of the projections depends upon inputs from an earlier stage and feeds logically into the next. To develop the projections, assumptions are made con cerning the population, fiscal and monetary policy, foreign economic conditions, energy, and other factors. Those variables having the largest impact on the projec tions are discussed below, first for a moderate-growth scenario and then for alternatives to moderate growth. Moderate-growth assumptions Population. The middle-growth projections of the U.S. population, developed by the Bureau of the Census in 1983, were chosen for the moderate-growth scenario. Be tween 1984 and 1995, the population age 16 and over is projected to increase 19.8 million, an average annual rate of growth of 1.0 percent. As in prior projections, the rate of population growth slows over the projection pe riod, dropping from 1.2 percent annually between 1984 and 1990 to 0.8 percent a year between 1990 and 1995. The civilian labor force is expected to grow slightly faster, reflecting generally increasing participation rates and the shift of persons into age categories With tradi tionally higher labor force participation. The civilian labor force is projected to attain a level of 129.2 million by 1995, an increase of about 15 million from 1984. This represents average annual growth of 1.3 percent for 1984-90, and 1 percent for 1990-95. Monetary policy. Monetary policy is best described as accommodative. Money supply growth (M2) has been set to parallel projected growth in nominal GNP. Thus, monetary policy does not interrupt growth by being too restrictive nor does it re-initiate the inflationary spiral of the 1970’s by being too loose. The money supply, which largely determines the level of interest rates, coupled with the decline in the Federal deficit as percent of GNP, brings both short-and-long- Fiscal policy. General fiscal restraint throughout the re mainder of this decade is the basic assumption of the moderate-growth projection for government expenditure and tax policies. Federal defense purchases of goods and services are assumed to increase at a real rate of 5.3 per 105 term interest rates down, dropping about 3-4 percentage points over the 10-year horizon of the projections. During the 1984-90 period, the high-growth alternative is characterized by a rate of real GNP growth of 4.0 per cent annually, compared to 3.0 percent in the moderategrowth version. Between 1990 and 1995, real GNP growth is projected to be at rates of 3.5 and 2.8 percent, respectively. Within GNP, the component most sensitive to the alternative assumptions is business investment, especially investment in equipment. This is largely because of a higher overall GNP, lower interest rates, and a decline in the user cost of capital relative to labor. Higher income growth in this set of projections affects several significant areas. Purchases of consumer durables are expected to be $43.1 billion higher than in the moderate-growth version. Greater income growth also leads to increased demand for imports. However, favorable world economic conditions and a stable rate of inflation will spark demand for U.S. exports, thus creating a trade surplus of $25.2 billion. Finally, higher rates of income growth mean greater government revenues, which lead to a balanced Federal budget by 1995. Although Federal expenditures are the same in all three versions, State and local government spending is pro jected to vary. Expenditures by States and localities are expected to be $357.9 billion in the high-growth alter native, compared to $345.9 billion in the moderategrowth version. Foreign a ctivity. Estimates of imports and exports are affected in the projections by both domestic and foreign economic activity. It is assumed that real economic growth for the major trading partners of the United States will more or less parallel real U.S. GNP growth. World gross domestic product (less that of the United States and centrally planned economies) is assumed to increase at an average annual rate of 3.5 percent between 1984 and 1990, and at a rate of 2.7 percent annually, 1990-95. The average gross domestic product deflator for the same economic grouping is assumed to increase at 5.6 percent annually and 5.1 percent annually for the 1984-90 and 1990-95 periods, respectively. Additionally, the weighted average exchange rate for the U.S. dollar is expected to drop vis-a-vis other currencies to approximately its 1980 level by 1995. Energy. The price (in 1984 dollars) of imported crude oil (f.o.b) is assumed to decline from $28 per barrel in 1984 to $23 in 1995. U nem ploym ent. A target path for civilian unemploy ment was also selected. A smooth decline is assumed, from 7.5 percent in 1984 to 6.3 percent in 1990 and 6.0 percent in 1995. L o w -g ro w th . In this alternative, a relatively more consumer-oriented growth path is assumed, with less relative investment growth and much lower productivity. It also assumes the labor force will expand less rapidly and the unemployment rate will not improve over cur rent levels. Real GNP is projected to be $234 billion lower than in the moderate-growth scenario. Slower economic growth has a significant effect upon purchases of con sumer durables and business investment. Consumption of consumer durables is 6.5 percent below the moderategrowth scenario. By 1995, total investment is 7.6 percent below the moderate-growth version. Dampened capital goods spending leads to lower productivity over the en tire period. Although a lower level of economic activity will reduce the demand for imports, export growth will be hampered even more. The result will be a trade deficit of $47 billion for the low-growth alternative, which is significantly greater than the $12 billion deficit projected by the moderate-growth case. With lower receipts forthcoming from a sluggish economy, the Federal deficit in nominal terms is projected to reach nearly $500 billion by 1995, versus $267.9 billion in the moderate-growth case. Like Federal receipts, those of States and localities are projected to decline. Because State and local government spending is closely tied to G eneral assum ptions. Further assumptions include smooth growth with no business cycle fluctuations or major economic upheavals—such as major wars or price shocks. Alternatives to moderate growth The high- and low-growth versions of the projections have been prepared with variations in those responses to economic policy that have the greatest impact on in dustrial employment and occupational projections. Except for Federal spending programs that are respon sive to economic stimuli, fiscal and monetary policies are the same for all three scenarios. By 1995, real GNP is expected to range between $2.2 and $3.5 trillion, accom panied by unemployment rates of 7.0 and 5.0 percent for the low and high projections, respectively. Each of the alternatives is summarized below. H igh-grow th. This alternative differs from the moderategrowth version primarily in the 1984-90 period. The assumptions underlying the high-growth scenario are that the civilian labor force will increase more rapidly than in the moderate-growth alternative, reaching 133 million by 1995, and the unemployment rate will drop to 5 per cent. Also, productivity gains will be higher than those in the moderate-growth projections. 106 revenues, spending in the low-growth scenario is projected to be $28 billion below the moderate-growth alternative. Projection methods The labor fo rc e projections are developed from Bureau of the Census population projections by age, sex, and race, based on trends in birth rates, death rates, and net migration. BLS projects labor force participation rates— the percent of each group in the population who will be working or seeking work—for 82 age, sex, and race groups. The labor force participation rate for each group is developed by: (a) Analyzing past rates of change over the 1962-84 period or for selected subperiods; (b) select ing the rate for a period deemed most appropriate for each group; and (c) modifying that rate if past trends are judged not likely to continue throughout the entire pro jection period. The levels of the anticipated labor force are then calculated by applying the projected participa tion rates to the Bureau of the Census population projections. The aggregate econom ic projections, or gross national p ro d u ct, in total and by major demand and income category, start with the BLS labor force and Census population projections as inputs. Consistent economic scenarios are developed to provide aggregate controls for the various categories of demand and employment. These scenarios are selected to encompass a likely range of economic growth in the future. Later stages of the pro jection process develop industry-level projections consis tent with these aggregate data. The model used by the Bureau to develop aggregate economic projections is selected through a competitive procurement process. The most recent award was to Wharton Econometrics. The Wharton long-term model is a system of behavioral relationships and identities based on annual data and designed to allow an analyst to ex plore the determinants of medium- to long-term growth in the U.S. economy. Made up of approximately 2,400 equations, the model is driven by a set of 900 exogenous variables. Under the terms of the agreement, the Bureau uses the Wharton long-term macroeconomic model to develop the BLS projections. However, assumptions and values for exogenous variables and equation adjustments are determined by BLS analysts in the process of delineating the alternative projections to be developed. The exogenous variables include true policy variables, such as various Federal transfer programs, the response of the monetary authority to growth in the economy, and the level of the Armed Forces. They also include variables for which other reliable and generally accepted projec tions are available, such as the population projections developed by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Finally, the exogenous variables incude those items that the model was not designed to project or that are simply too volatile for statistical methods to yield reliable results. The former group includes such items, as economic growth and in 107 flation rates in the economies of the major trading part ners of the United States and the long-term behavior of the U.S. dollar’s exchange value. The latter group in cludes items such as energy prices. For the industry o u tp ut projections, the U.S. economy is disaggregated to 156 producing sectors, an exhaustive grouping which combines both the public and private sec tors. The framework is an input-output model prepared for a base period by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the U.S. Department of Commerce. The first step at the industry level is to disaggregate the GNP estimate to a set of demands by industry which matches the industry detail in the input-output model. This projected industry demand, in conjunction with a projected input-output table, is used to calculate total industrial production. The projected changes in input-output coefficients in the input-output model capture—among other factors— expected changes in technology. Finally, the employment necessary to produce those levels of output is estimated through the use of projected industry productivity measures. Aggregate demand projections are available from the macro model for 14 categories of consumption, 4 types of investment, 15 end-use categories of foreign trade, and 6 categories of government spending. Where possible, a further disaggregation of the control values is undertaken: Purchases of producers’ durable equipment, for exam ple, are estimated for 107 consuming industries. Govern ment spending in each of the six functional areas is separated among new construction, employee compen sation, and all other expenditures. To allow for shifts in the composition of aggregate demand and in the industrial makeup of a given demand category, “bridge tables” are projected. The bridge table is a percent distribution for each given demand category, such as for a consumption category or for investment, among each of the 156 industries in the BLS input-output model. In projecting changes in these bridge tables, ex pected changes in consumer tastes or buying patterns, in the industrial pattern of exports and imports, or in the future composition of each industry’s business investment are considered. The bridge table distributions also reflect the effects of technological and other structural changes on the economy. The projection of the input-output table accounts for the changes in the input pattern for each industry. In general, two types of changes are made: (a) Those made to the inputs of a specific industry (as the changes in inputs in the aluminum industry); and, (b) those made to the inputs of all or most industries for a specific commodity or service (as for increased use of business services across a wide spectrum of industries). These changes are based on studies of specific industries con ducted internally or by other organizations both within and outside of government. Changing the projected in put patterns in the input-output table is the procedure used to accommodate the impact of expected relative price changes or changes in technology. Output re quirements by industry are the result of multiplying the projected input-output table by projected changes in the level and distribution of final demand. The projected changes in industry output are impor tant factors determining the p ro je ctio n s o f in du stry em ploym ent. However, converting output projections into employment estimates requires projections of changes in productivity and average hours for each industry. This is accomplished using a regression model with an equation for each industry that estimates worker hours as a function of the following variables: (1) The industry’s output, (2) aggregate capacity utilization, (3) the relative price of labor, and (4) a technology variable as approximated by the output/capital ratio. Worker hours are then converted into jobs by dividing by average annual hours, which are projected from past trends. The sum of employment by industry is controlled to total employment as estimated in the macro model. Several iterations are usually necessary to achieve a reasonable balance. Projections of employment for the 156 sectors in the Economic Growth Model are disaggregated to 378 in dustries corresponding to the 3-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC). This is done to match the industry mix of the industry-occupation matrix described later. The disaggregated 3-digit SIC industry employment pro jections are reviewed in light of a broad range of economic information. When the industry projections are considered final, they are used as inputs to the process of projecting occupational employment. One of the main resources in making occupational em ploym ent p ro je ctio n s is the industry-occupation matrix. This matrix is produced from data collected by State employment security agencies and brought together by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to produce national, estimates. The data are collected from employers on a 3-year cycle—manufacturing one year, some nonmanufacturing industries the next year, and the rest of nonmanufacturing the final year. The staffing patterns for each industry are benchmarked to industry employment levels for the base year of the projections. Industry data for each occupation are summed to develop national employment estimates. The matrix contains over 550 detailed occupations, although most industries do not have employment in many of these occupations. The major occupational cells of the industryoccupation matrix for the base year are reviewed and ad justments are made to the cells in the projected matrix to account for expected changes resulting from technological change, shifts in the product mix, and other factors. The changes introduced into the input-output model for expected technological change may also change the future staffing patterns in industries using the new technology. (For example, one would expect greater employment of computer specialists as computer technology spreads across industries.) The projected industry employment data are applied to the projected industry occupational-employment patterns and the results are aggregated to yield total occupational employ ment for the projected year. For a more detailed discussion of the projections pro cess, see E m p lo ym e nt P ro je ctio n s f o r 1995: D a ta and M ethods, Bulletin 2253 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1986). 108 Appendix B. Detailed Occupational Projections alternative 1995 projections (see discussion of projections in appendix A), and the 1984-95 percent change. This appendix presents 1984 employment for 500 detailed occupations with 5,000 workers or more, three Table B-1. Civilian employment in occupations with 5,000 workers or more, actual 1984 and projected 1995 Occupation Total employment (in thousands) 1995 1984 Low Moderate High trend trend trend Percent change, 1984-95 Low trend Moderate trend High trend Total, all occupations................................... Managerial and management-related occupations.......................................................... Managerial and administrative occupations .. Elementary and secondary school principals and assistant principals........ Food service and lodging managers........ Public adminstrators, chief executives, legislators, and general administrators.. All other managers and administrators . . . 106,842.9 117,268.3 122,760.5 127,718.2 9.8 14.9 19.5 11,274.3 8,832.8 13,139.3 10,247.0 13,761.5 10,739.1 14,309.5 11,176.3 16.5 16.0 22.1 21.6 26.9 26.5 124.6 656.7 133.2 711.4 137.0 745.9 141.5 777.7 6.9 8.3 10.0 13.6 13.6 18.4 141.0 7,910.5 153.6 9,248.8 157.8 9,698.3 162.1 10,095.0 9.0 16.9 12.0 22.6 15.0 27.6 Management support occupations................. Accountants and auditors ......................... Assessors ................................................... Claims examiners, property and casualty insurance................................... Compliance and enforcement inspectors, except construction................................. Construction and building inspectors . . . . Cost estimators........................................... Personnel specialists and related workers . Claims takers, unemployment benefits . Employment interviewers, private or public employment service .............. Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists ........................... Special agents, insurance ................... Purchasing agents and buyers................. Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products................... Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products..................................... Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents........................................................ Underwriters............................................... All other management support workers .. Engineers, architects, and surveyors................... Engineers.......................................................... Aeronautical and astronautical engineers . Chemical engineers............................. Civil engineers, including traffic engineers . Electrical and electronics engineers........ Industrial engineers, except safety engineers.................................................. Mechanical engineers ............................... 2,441.5 881.9 19.9 2,892.4 1,134.6 21.6 3,022.5 1,188.5 22.2 3,133.2 1,235.3 22.8 22.7 27.7 29.2 30.3 18.5 28.7 8.6 22.1 23.8 34.8 11.5 28.4 28.3 40.1 14.5 33.4 121.5 55.1 114.4 319.2 23.3 71.9 198.2 25.8 417.9 188.6 128.7 57.6 129.6 365.4 22.7 90.5 223.2 28.9 460.4 216.4 131.2 59.2 135.7 381.0 23.4 94.6 232.4 30.5 482.2 224.5 133.6 60.7 140.4 394.1 24.0 98.1 240.1 31.8 500.4 231.7 5.9 4.4 13.3 14.5 -2 .5 25.9 12.6 11.9 10.2 14.7 229.3 244.0 50.5 90.1 426.2 1,895.7 1,734.4 59.9 66.1 214.0 571.4 154.1 303.1 257.6 50.7 95.3 447.3 1,979.7 1,811.4 62.3 69.4 221.8 596.6 161.7 317:3 268.7 6.4 8.0 7.4 18.6 19.3 .1 31.7 17.3 18.3 15.4 19.1 12.4 9.9 10.0 22.7 23.5 2.8 36.6 21.2 23.3 19.8 22.9 17.2 50.9 99.5 465.2 2,050.5 1,876.7 63.9 72.3 228.7 617.2 168.2 329.5 -3 .3 15.4 18.9 29.1 30.3 24.6 18.0 22.1 46.3 23.4 28.0 -2 .8 22.1 24.8 34.8 36.1 29.5 23.9 26.5 52.8 29.4 34.0 -2 .5 27.4 29.8 39.7 41.0 32.9 29.0 30.5 58.1 34.7 39.2 52.2 78.1 358.5 1,468.3 1,331.2 48.1 56.0 175.3 390.5 124.9 236.7 See footnote at end of table. 109 Table B-1. Continued— Civilian employment in occupations with 5,000 workers or more, actual 1984 and projected 1995 Occupation Metallurgists and metallurgical, ceramic, and materials engineers......................... Mining engineers, including mine safety engineers.................................................. Nuclear engineers ..................................... Petroleum engineers ................................. Other engineers......................................... Architects, including landscape architects ... Surveyors.......................................................... Natural, computer, and mathematical scientists.............................................................. Computer systems analysts, electronic data processing.............................................. Life scientists.................................................... Agricultural and food scientists................. Biological scientists................................... Foresters and conservation scientists . . . . All other life scientists............................... Mathematical scientists................................... Actuaries...................................................... Statisticians.................................................. Mathematicians and all other mathematical scientists........................... Physical scientists............................................ Chemists...................................................... Geologists, geophysicists, and oceanographers....................................... Meteorologists.............................................. Physicists and astronomers....................... All other physical scientists....................... Social scientists...................................................... Economists........................................................ Psychologists.................................................... Sociologists ...................................................... Urban and regional planners........................... All other social scientists................................. Social, recreational, and religious w orkers........ Clergy................................................................ Directors, religious activities and education.. Recreation workers ......................................... Social workers.................................................. Lawyers and judges .............................................. Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers............................................................ Lawyers.............................................................. Teachers, librarians, and counselors................... Teachers, preschool, kindergarten, and elementary...................................................... Teachers, preschool................................... Teachers, kindergarten and elementary................................................ Teachers, secondary school........................... College and university faculty......................... Other teachers and instructors....................... Farm and home management advisors .. Graduate assistants, teaching................... Instructors, adult (nonvocational) education.................................................. Teachers and instructors, vocational education and training............................. All other teachers and instructors............ Librarians, archivists, curators, and related workers............................................................ Total employment (in thousands) 1995 1984 Low Moderate High trend trend trend Low trend Moderate trend High trend 19.1 22.3 23.4 24.6 16.7 22.8 29.2 7.2 9.7 22.3 241.4 93.0 44.1 7.3 10.2 24.8 301.2 112.8 48.5 7.6 10.5 26.1 314.7 118.1 50.2 7.8 10.8 27.2 326.4 122.0 51.8 1.6 5.1 11.3 24.8 21.3 9.9 5.5 8.7 16.9 30.4 27.0 13.9 8.9 11.5 21.9 35.2 31.2 17.5 657.7 886.3 920.9 950.9 34.8 40.0 44.6 308.1 112.8 20.2 54.2 25.3 13.1 51.0 7.7 22.7 497.8 126.0 22.4 61.9 26.8 14.8 60.6 11.0 25.5 519.8 129.1 23.0 63.6 27.0 15.4 62.7 11.6 26.5 538.7 132.1 23.5 65.2 27.3 16.0 64.5 12.1 27.3 61.5 11.7 11.1 14.3 6.0 12.9 18.7 43.6 12.5 68.7 14.5 14.0 17.4 7.0 17.4 22.9 51.5 16.6 74.8 17.1 16.6 20.4 8.1 22.1 26.5 58.0 20.2 20.6 185.7 85.5 46.2 5.5 19.5 29.0 185.9 38.2 96.9 5.6 17.1 28.1 788.9 296.4 34.2 122.9 335.5 523.5 33.1 490.4 4,509.7 24.0 202.0 90.1 51.4 6.2 20.7 33.7 211.6 44.2 113.1 5.8 18.1 30.4 878.4 303.4 35.0 143.8 396.1 674.3 39.2 635.1 4,815.0 24.6 209.3 94.0 25.1 215.6 97.3 16.3 8.8 5.4 19.2 12.7 10.0 21.6 16.1 13.9 53.1 6.4 21.2 34.6 219.2 45.5 118.0 5.9 18.7 31.1 910.4 315.0 36.3 149.1 410.1 704.7 40.2 664.5 4,965.5 54.6 6.4 21.7 35.5 225.6 46.6 122.1 6.1 19.2 31.7 946.4 328.4 37.9 154.9 425.2 731.7 41.2 690.5 5,131.2 11.1 13.5 5.8 16.1 13.8 15.8 16.7 2.8 6.1 8.1 11.3 2.4 2.4 17.1 18.1 28.8 18.5 29.5 6.8 14.8 15.6 8.7 19.4 17.9 19.2 21.8 5.8 9.1 10.5 15.4 6.3 6.1 21.3 22.2 34.6 21.4 35.5 10.1 18.0 17.4 11.1 22.5 21.4 22.2 26.0 8.8 12.1 12.5 20.0 10.8 10.8 26.1 26.8 39.8 24.3 40.8 13.8 1,659.7 278.3 1,921.9 306.8 1,981.1 319.1 2,046.7 330.2 15.8 10.3 19.4 14.7 23.3 18.7 1,381.4 1,045.3 731.3 747.1 26.7 145.4 1,615.1 1,062.2 635.7 833.2 23.4 133.5 1,662.0 1,093.0 654.1 863.7 24.1 137.4 1,716.5 1,128.7 675.5 894.5 24.9 141.9 16.9 1.6 -13.1 11.5 -12.3 -8 .2 20.3 4.6 -10.6 15.6 -9 .6 -5 .5 24.3 8.0 -7 .6 19.7 -6 .7 -2 .4 131.7 124.4 318.8 160.8 133.7 381.7 165.7 138.2 398.3 170.9 143.0 413.7 22.1 29.7 7.5 19.7 25.8 11.1 24.9 15.0 29.8 174.1 186.2 191.8 197.9 7.0 10.2 13.7 See footnote at end of table. Percent change, 1984-95 110 Table B-1. Continued— Civilian employment In occupationa with 5,000 workers or more, actual 1984 and projected 1995 Occupation Total employment (in thousands) 1995 1984 Low High Moderate trend trend trend Percent change, 1984-95 Low trend Moderate trend High trend Audio-visual specialists ............................. Curators, archivists, museum technicians, and restorers....................... Librarians .................................................... Counselors ........................................................ 7.8 8.3 8.6 8.9 7.4 10.5 13.9 11.4 154.9 152.3 12.0 165.9 175.7 12.2 171.0 181.7 12.5 176.5 188.0 4.6 7.1 15.4 6.9 10.4 19.3 Health diagnosing and treating occupations___ Chiropractors.................................................... Dentists.............................................................. Dietitians and nutritionists............................... Opticians, dispensing and measuring .......... Optometrists...................................................... Pharmacists...................................................... Podiatrists.......................................................... Physician assistants......................................... Physicians and surgeons................................. Registered nurses........................................... Therapists.......................................................... Occupational therapists............................. Physical therapists..................................... Recreational therapists............................... Respiratory therapists................................. Speech pathologists and audiologists___ All other therapists..................................... Veterinarians and veterinary inspectors........ 2,609.8 31.4 156.1 47.7 41.5 28.7 151.5 10.9 25.1 475.7 1,376.8 224.9 25.5 58.3 17.2 54.9 47.1 21.9 39.6 3,203.5 38.9 184.6 57.9 48.9 34.5 158.5 14.8 33.4 556.4 1,753.1 275.8 32.2 79.1 20.4 63.5 53.5 27.1 46.7 3,348.7 40.4 195.2 60.0 51.1 36.3 166.1 15.2 35.2 584.9 1,828.8 287.1 33.4 83.0 21.1 66.3 55.2 28.1 48.4 3.489.2 42.2 203.0 62.3 53.5 38.4 173.3 15.6 36.6 607.2 1,908.4 298.7 34.8 86.4 21.9 69.5 57.0 29.2 49.9 22.8 23.9 18.2 21.5 17.7 20.3 4.6 35.6 33.2 17.0 27.3 22.6 26.5 35.5 18.7 15.6 13.8 23.4 18.0 28.3 28.9 25.1 25.8 23.2 26.7 9.7 38.9 40.3 23.0 32.8 27.7 31.3 42.2 22.7 20.8 17.3 28.1 22.3 9.7 14.0 23.5 33.7 34.4 30.0 30.7 29.0 33.9 14.4 43.1 46.0 27.6 38.6 32.8 W #1 27.4 26.5 21.1 33.0 26.2 Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes.......... Artists and commercial artists......................... Dancers and choreographers......................... Designers, except interior designers ............ Merchandise displayers and window trimmers.......................................................... Musicians.......................................................... Photographers and camera operators.......... Producers, directors, actors, and entertainers.................................................... Public relations specialists and publicity writers.............................................................. Radio and TV announcers and newscasters . Reporters and correspondents....................... Writers and editors, including technical writers.............................................................. Technician occupations......................................... Health technicians and technologists............ Dental hygienists....................................... Dietetic technicians ................................... Electrocardiograph technicians/ technologists ........................................... Electroencephalograph technicians/ technologists ............................................ Emergency medical technicians............... Licensed practical nu rse s....................... Medical and clinical laboratory technologists and technicians................ Medical records technicians and technologists ........................................... Radiologic technologists and technicians............................................... Surgical technicians................................... 1,192.3 203.9 10.1 205.0 1,405.8 251.8 11.9 239.0 1,472.9 263.9 12.3 251.0 1,529.8 273.8 12.7 260.8 17.9 23.5 17.2 16.6 23.5 29.4 21.1 22.4 28.3 34.3 25.1 27.2 20.0 191.5 100.7 22.3 207.7 123.4 23.4 217.2 129.4 11.3 8.5 22.6 49.6 58.1 60.9 24.3 226.3 134.2 63.1 16.5 13.4 28.6 22.9 21.1 18.1 33.3 27.4 95.0 56.1 69.0 119.4 59.9 78.6 125.1 62.4 82.4 129.6 65.2 85.8 31.6 11.3 19.3 36.4 16.2 24.2 191.3 3,049.1 1,188.5 76.2 15.8 21.1 5.9 47.1 601.9 233.7 3,769.6 1,328.9 92.0 18.4 23.5 6.7 49.0 680.1 244.8 3,935.4 1,387.8 98.1 19.1 24.4 7.0 50.5 708.0 254.0 4,087.7 1,447.0 102.1 20.0 25.3 7.3 52.1 738.8 22.2 23.6 11.8 20.8 16.4 28.0 29.1 16.8 28.7 20.5 11.8 14.1 3.9 13.0 15.8 19.6 7.1 17.6 32.8 34.1 21.8 34.0 26.2 20.0 25.1 10.6 22.7 236.4 254.1 264.8 12.0 43.8 45.6 2.6 26.4 7.5 33.3 242.6 42.1 31.4 37.0 114.5 36.3 134.7 39.7 141.4 41.5 147.6 43.4 17.6 9.4 23.5 14.3 28.9 19.7 1,314.2 730.1 1,614.8 978.1 1,685.7 1,022.1 1,746.9 1,059.5 22.9 34.0 28.3 40.0 32.9 45.1 58.3 71.5 74.4 77.1 22.5 27.6 32.2 Engineering and science technicians and technologists.................................................. Engineering technicians.............................. Civil engineering technicians and technologists....................................... See footnote at end of table. Ill 17.3 25.7 6.7 13.9 Table B-1. Continued— Civilian employment in occupations with 5,000 workers or more, actual 1984 and projected 1995 Occupation Electrical and electronics technicians and technologists............................... Industrial engineering technicians and technologists............................... Mechanical engineering technicians and technologists............................... All other engineering technicians and technologists....................................... Drafters........................................................ Physical and life science technicians and technologists ............................................ Technicians, except health, engineering, and science.................................................... Air traffic controllers................................... Broadcast technicians............................... Computer programmers............................. Paralegal personnel................................... Programmers, numerical, tool, and process control.......................................... Radio operators .......................................... Technical assistants, library....................... Title examiners, searchers, and clerks . .. All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical w orkers................................................ Marketing and sales occupations......................... Cashiers ...................................................... Counter and rental clerks ......................... Insurance sales workers............................. Manufacturing sales workers..................... Real estate agents and brokers................. Brokers, real estate............................... Sales agents, real e state..................... Real estate appraisers............................... Salespersons, re ta il................................... Securities and financial services sales workers...................................................... Stock clerks, sales floor............................. Travel agents.............................................. Wholesale trade sales w orkers................. All other sales and related workers.......... Administrative support occupations, including clerical.................................................................. Adjusters and investigators............................. ‘ Adjustment clerks....................................... Bill and account collectors......................... Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators.............................................. Insurance appraisers, auto dam age........ Insurance claims and policy processing clerks..................................... License clerks.............................................. Welfare eligibility workers and interviewers .............................................. Communications equipment operators.......... Telephone operators................................... Central office operators ....................... Directory assistance operators............ Switchboard operators......................... Telegraph and teletype operators............ All other communications equipment operators.................................................... Total employment (in thousands) 1995 1984 Low Moderate High trend trend trend Low trend Moderate trend High trend 404.4 579.1 606.5 629.4 43.2 50.0 55.7 26.9 33.9 26.1 31.4 75.0 35.3 78.1 20.0 54.9 32.2 71.4 30.0 36.6 42.2 185.6 345.2 223.9 366.5 232.3 384.2 239.5 399.7 20.6 6.2 25.1 11.3 238.9 270.2 279.4 287.7 13.1 16.9 29.0 15.8 20.4 546.4 21.9 24.9 341.1 52.7 825.9 22.4 29.0 558.9 99.9 861.9 22.0 30.0 585.8 104.1 893.8 21.5 31.1 609.1 108.0 51.1 2.3 16.3 63.8 89.5 57.7 .5 20.5 71.7 97.5 63.6 -1 .5 24.9 78.5 104.9 10.6 7.1 42.2 20.5 13.4 7.6 44.8 24.1 14.0 7.8 46.0 25.3 14.6 8.1 47.3 26.6 26.0 7.3 6.2 17.7 32.2 10.7 9.0 23.6 37.4 14.2 12.2 29.6 1,050.9 1,221.0 1,308.5 16.2 20.5 24.5 11,172.7 1,902.0 96.0 371.1 1 547.0 362.5 42.7 319.8 37.5 2,732.2 12,697.5 2,343.0 93.1 383.9 569.0 395.5 47.8 347.8 42.3 2,916.1 1,266.5 13,393.0 2,468.5 97.6 405.0 598.0 414.8 49.7 365.1 44.5 3,075.2 13,989.8 2,578.7 101.3 422.0 623.0 431.6 51.6 379.9 45.7 3,212.6 81.3 574.1 71.8 1 1,248.0 4,944.0 107.0 607.2 98.1 1,536.0 5,711.2 113.1 640.8 103.3 1,617.0 6,030.2 117.6 669.9 107.7 1,688.0 6,302.8 13.6 23.2 -3 .0 3.4 4.0 9.1 11.8 8.7 12.6 6.7 31.7 5.8 36.6 23.1 15.5 19.9 29.8 1.7 9.1 9.3 14.4 16.3 14.2 18.7 12.6 39.1 11.6 43.9 29.6 22.0 25.2 35.6 5.6 13.7 13.8 19.0 20.8 18.8 21.8 17.6 44.7 16.7 50.0 35.3 27.5 18,716.4 529.8 64.5 115.2 19,572.0 603.4 73.8 136.8 20,499.3 631.6 77.8 143.7 21,332.3 655.0 81.3 149.6 4.6 13.9 14.3 18.7 9.5 19.2 20.5 24.7 14.0 23.6 26.0 29.9 133.9 7.0 158.1 7.4 165.6 7.8 171.5 8.2 18.1 6.0 23.7 11.9 28.1 16.9 124.6 13.3 131.7 15.0 138.1 15.4 143.0 15.8 5.7 12.9 10.8 16.0 14.7 19.1 59.5 472.5 456.3 76.7 32.2 347.5 7.5 8.7 67.6 534.6 519.2 64.3 28.4 426.4 6.0 9.4 69.5 561.3 545.1 67.8 30.0 447.2 6.3 9.8 71.3 585.0 568.2 70.9 31.3 465.9 6.6 10.2 13.6 13.2 13.8 -16.1 -11.6 22.7 -19.1 7.3 16.8 18.8 19.5 -11.5 -6 .8 28.7 -15.2 12.7 19.9 23.8 24.5 -7 .5 -2 .5 34.1 -11.1 17.2 See footnote at end of table. Percent change, 1984-95 112 Table B-1. Continued— Civilian employment in occupatione with 5,000 workers or more, actual 1984 and projected 1995 Occupation Computer operators and peripheral equipment operators..................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment................ ................................. Peripheral EDP equipment operators . . . . Duplicating, mail, and other office machine operators........................................................ Financial records processing occupations ... Billing, cost, and rate c le rk s ..................... Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators.................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks ........................................................ Payroll and timekeeping clerks................. Information clerks.............................................. Hotel desk clerks ....................................... New accounts clerks, banking................... Receptionists and information clerks . . . . Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel c le rk s ......................... Mail and message distribution w orkers........ Mail clerks, except mailing machine operators and postal service................... Messengers.................................................. Postal mail carriers..................................... Postal service clerks................................... Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing occupations......................... Dispatchers.................................................. Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance........................................... Dispatchers, police, fire, and ambulance........................................... Meter readers, utilities............................... Order fillers, wholesale and retail sales .. Procurement clerks............................... Production, planning, and expediting clerks ........................................................ Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse, or yard............................................................ Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks ... Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping......................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing w orkers......................... Records processing occupations, except financial.......................................................... Advertising clerks....................................... Brokerage clerks......................................... File clerks.................................................... Library assistants and bookmobile drivers . Order clerks; material, merchandise, and service................................................ Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping..................................... .. Statement clerks......................................... Secretaries, stenographers, and typists........ Secretaries .................................................. Stenographers.............................................. Typists.......................................................... Other clerical and administrative support workers............................................................ Court clerks.................................................. See footnote at end of table. Total employment (in thousands) 1995 1984 Low Moderate High trend trend trend Percent change, 1984-95 Low trend Moderate trend High trend 311.5 433.9 454.3 472.1 39.3 45.9 51.6 241.5 70.0 337.1 96.8 352.8 101.5 366.5 105.6 39.6 38.3 46.1 45.0 51.8 50.8 153.0 2,629.3 215.6 170.3 2,675.9 240.4 178.3 2,812.3 253.7 185.3 2,929.4 264.8 11.3 1.8 11.5 16.5 7.0 17.6 21.1 11.4 22.8 233.6 258.3 271.7 283.4 10.6 16.3 21.3 1,972.8 207.3 737.4 98.7 71.6 458.2 2,090.8 196.1 854.9 115.9 81.7 541.6 2,177.5 203.7 894.5 121.9 85.2 566.3 .9 -9.5 9.8 10.0 8.5 11.8 6.0 -5 .4 15.9 17.4 14.1 18.2 10.4 -1.7 21.3 23.5 19.0 23.6 108.9 801.5 1,989.7 187.5 809.9 108.6 77.7 512.3 111.4 756.6 115.7 796.3 121.0 841.8 2.3 -5 .6 6.3 -.7 11.2 5.0 136.4 67.2 281.0 317.0 134.8 74.1 273.4 274.2 139.8 77.6 289.0 289.9 144.1 80.8 308.0 308.9 -1.1 10.3 -2 .7 -13.5 0 2.5 15.6 2.8 -8 .5 5.7 20.3 9.6 -2 .5 2,416.8 203.0 2,426.4 224.7 2,545.2 234.6 2,650.4 243.4 .4 10.7 5.3 15.6 9.7 19.9 144.2 161.2 169.3 176.4 11.8 17.4 22.3 58.8 50.1 226.0 52.7 63.5 50.6 208.1 56.1 65.2 52.9 219.2 58.2 67.0 54.9 228.8 60.0 8.0 1.1 -7.9 6.5 11.0 5.6 -3.0 10.3 14.0 9.7 1.2 13.8 213.6 222.4 232.9 242.4 4.1 787.8 650.8 37.1 195.8 734.1 676.3 771.7 711.3 804.6 742.1 13.5 2.1 14.0 37.1 216.9 38.9 225.6 40.9 233.4 -6.8 3.9 .1 10.7 9.0 -2 .0 9.3 5.1 15.2 10.3 19.2 893.4 11.0 29.3 288.8 122.0 956.9 12.8 33.3 281.7 130.5 1,039.9 13.7 36.5 307.8 138.6 16.4 25.4 24.6 6.6 13.6 337.2 370.1 7.1 16.5 13.5 -2 .4 7.0 13.4 12.0 21.4 19.6 2.4 10.1 297.3 108.4 36.6 4,027.2 2,796.7 239.4 991.1 1,000.8 13.3 35.1 295.8 134.4 354.7 19.3 24.5 122.6 38.8 4,027.4 2,927.7 137.6 962.0 126.9 40.7 4,209.2 3,064.4 142.9 1,001.9 130.8 42.4 4,371.8 3,186.1 147.8 1,037.8 13.1 5.9 .0 4.7 -42.5 -2.9 17.1 11.0 4.5 9.6 -40.3 1.1 20.6 15.6 8.6 13.9 -38.3 4.7 5,743.9 33.1 6,176.7 39.5 6,455.2 40.6 6,707.1 41.7 7.5 19.3 12.4 22.5 16.8 25.8 113 Table B-1. Continued— Civilian employment In occupations with 5,000 workers or more, actual 1984 and projected 1995 Occupation Credit checkers............................................ Customer service representatives, utilities ...................................................... Data entry keyers, except composing___ Data keyers, composing............................. General office clerks ................................. Loan and credit clerks............................... Municipal clerks.......................................... Proofreaders and copy markers ............... Real estate clerks....................................... Statistical clerks......................................... Teacher aides and educational assistants.................................................. Tellers.......................................................... All other clerical and administrative support workers....................................... Service occupations.............................................. Building service occupations........................... Janitors and cleaners, including maids and housekeeping cleaners ................... Pest controllers and assistants................. Food and beverage preparers and service occupations.................................................... Bakers, bread and pastry........................... Bartenders.................................................... Cooks, except short orde r......................... Cooks, institutional or cafeteria.......... Cooks, restaurant................................... Cooks, short order and specialty fast food . Dining room and cafeteria attendants and barroom helpers............................... Food preparation and service workers, fast fo o d .................................................... Food preparation workers, except fast food............................................................ Hosts and hostesses; restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop....................................... Waiters and waitresses ............................. All other food service workers................... Health service and related occupations........ Ambulance drivers and attendants, except E M T s............................................ Dental assistants ....................................... Medical assistants ..................................... Nursing aides and psychiatric aides........ Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants.................................................... Psychiatric aides......................................... Occupational therapy assistants and aides.......................................................... Pharmacy assistants................................... Physical and correctional therapy assistants and a id e s ............................... Personal service occupations......................... Amusement and recreation attendants . .. Baggage porters and bellhops................... Barbers........................................................ Childcare workers....................................... Cosmetologists and related workers........ Flight attendants......................................... Social welfare service aides....................... Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers........................................................ Private household w orkers............................. See footnote at end of table. Total employment (in thousands) 1995 1984 Low Moderate High trend trend trend 33.8 40.7 42.6 44.2 92.0 102.6 108.2 113.2 324.3 319.2 334.2 347.2 21.5 26.9 28.0 29.0 2,397.9 2,510.6 2,628.5 2,733.6 122.7 136.7 143.8 150.0 19.0 20.4 21.0 21.6 21.5 24.6 25.7 26.7 17.2 19.4 20.1 20.7 93.1 77.8 81.3 84.4 478.6 492.6 548.2 491.7 1,608.3 Percent change, 1984-95 Low trend Moderate trend High trend 20.5 26.0 30.7 11.5 -1 .6 25.1 4.7 11.4 7.4 14.3 12.2 -16.4 17.7 3.1 30.4 9.6 17.2 10.4 19.4 16.4 -12.7 23.1 7.1 35.1 14.0 22.2 13.3 23.9 20.2 -9 .3 586.0 539.1 1,984.1 14.6 -.2 13.9 18.3 4.9 1,831.3 566.4 516.8 1,911.6 18.9 22.4 9.4 23.4 16,581.5 2,981.1 18,890.8 3,273.8 19,728.1 3,425.1 13.9 9.8 2,940.2 40.9 3,233.3 40.5 3,382.8 42.3 20,547.3 3,565.5 3,521.9 43.7 10.0 -.8 19.0 14.9 15.1 3.4 23.9 19.6 19.8 6.9 6,636.7 67.6 400.4 884.3 421.2 463.1 425.2 7,771.7 76.3 489.2 1,049.6 477.9 571.6 476.4 8,130.0 80.5 512.1 1,094.7 493.9 600.8 498.9 8,489.8 84.4 535.1 1,139.9 512.4 627.5 521.4 17.1 12.9 22.2 18.7 13.5 23.4 12.0 22.5 19.1 27.9 23.8 17.3 29.7 17.3 27.9 25.0 33.6 28.9 21.7 35.5 22.6 307.4 363.8 381.4 398.9 18.3 24.1 29.8 1,201.5 986.7 1,353.6 1,416.8 1,480.9 12.7 17.9 23.3 1,155.3 1,205.2 1,258.1 17.1 22.1 27.5 131.5 1,624.6 607.5 1,665.9 160.2 1,953.1 694.4 2,080.5 168.0 2,048.7 723.6 2,163.6 21.8 20.2 14.3 24.9 27.7 26.1 19.1 29.9 33.5 31.8 24.0 35.6 23.0 169.2 127.7 1,268.0 24.0 203.8 195.0 1,567.2 24.7 217.2 206.8 1,620.6 175.7 2,142.0 753.4 2,258.6 25.4 226.0 216.0 1,692.5 7.5 28.4 62.0 27.8 10.6 33.6 69.1 33.5 1,204.4 63.6 1,501.4 65.7 1,552.0 68.6 1,620.6 71.9 4.6 20.5 52.7 23.6 24.7 3.4 28.9 8.0 34.6 13.1 8.0 37.3 9.0 43.4 41.9 1,869.8 188.6 33.2 98.4 626.2 673.8 77.4 126.5 42.0 993.0 44.1 777.8 45.7 811.2 9.3 45.3 44.1 1,949.7 195.7 34.8 103.7 651.3 703.9 81.1 131.5 47.5 839.9 7.7 11.8 32.8 1,574.5 149.3 31.0 94.3 571.6 523.6 64.5 98.2 8.7 41.7 40.2 1,782.2 181.2 31.3 94.2 595.9 639.2 74.4 121.8 11.5 16.5 27.9 18.8 26.3 7.0 4.5 9.5 28.7 20.0 28.8 8.7 -18.3 16.1 21.5 34.6 23.8 31.1 12.3 10.0 13.9 34.4 25.8 34.0 13.1 -15.4 114 22.6 13.2 21.4 .9 -.1 4.2 22.1 15.5 24.1 5.0 -21.7 Table B-1. Continued— Civilian employment in occupations with 5,000 workers or more, actual 1984 and projected 1995 Occupation Protective service occupations....................... Correction officers and ja ile rs ................... Firefighting occupations............................. Firefighters.............................................. Firefighting and prevention supervisors . Fire inspectors....................................... Police and detectives................................. Police and detective supervisors........ Police detectives and investigators ... Police patrol officers............................. Crossing guards......................................... Guards.......................................................... All other protective service workers ........ All other service occupations ......................... Percent change, 1984-95 Total employment (in thousands) 1995 1984 Low Moderate trend trend 1,923.8 2,226.9 2,306.3 129.8 170.6 175.1 307.7 346.8 355.8 242.6 273.4 280.3 64.1 56.6 65.9 8.5 9.3 9.6 520.3 571.7 585.9 103.9 113.1 115.8 63.6 68.8 69.8 352.8 389.7 400.4 82.1 75.5 79.9 733.0 878.8 920.9 157.5 179.1 186.5 806.5 977.9 1,022.2 High trend 2,379.2 179.5 364.8 287.3 67.6 9.9 600.2 118.4 70.7 411.1 84.4 957.6 192.6 1,065.1 3,554.4 3,290.6 3,446.7 82.1 740.1 68.8 75.5 798.3 77.5 650.3 21.0 1,079.0 1,442.4 46.1 135.0 Low trend Moderate trend High trend 15.8 31.4 12.7 12.7 13.4 9.7 9.9 8.8 8.2 10.5 5.9 19.9 13.7 21.2 19.9 34.9 156 15.5 16.4 12.9 12.6 11.4 9.6 13.5 8.8 25.6 18.5 26.7 23.7 38.3 18.6 18.4 19.6 16.5 15.4 14.0 11.0 16.5 11.9 30.6 22.3 32.1 3,566.6 -7.4 -3.0 .3 78.4 830.1 80.6 80.8 857.2 82.5 -8.1 7.9 12.7 -4 .5 12.2 17.2 -1 .6 15.8 19.9 699.3 21.5 911.1 1,315.4 41.9 119.4 727.1 22.3 958.1 1,380.4 44.2 125.4 751.8 22.9 988.2 1,431.5 47.0 131.0 7.5 2.0 -15.6 -8.8 -9.1 -11.5 11.8 5.9 -11.2 -4 .3 -4 .2 -7.1 15.6 8.7 -8 .4 -.8 2.1 -3.0 29.6 29.0 30.1 30.9 -2.2 1.7 4.4 Blue-collar worker supervisors............................. 1,469.9 1,481.0 1,555.2 1,622.4 .7 5.8 10.4 Construction trades................................................ Air hammer operators..................................... Bricklayers and stone m asons....................... Carpenters........................................................ Carpet installers................................................ Ceiling tile installers and acoustical carpenters...................................................... Concrete and terrazzo finishers..................... Drywall installers and finishers....................... Drywall installers......................................... Tapers.......................................................... Lathers ........................................................ Electricians........................................................ Glaziers.............................................................. Hard tile setters............................................... Highway maintenance workers....................... Insulation workers ........................................... Painters and paperhangers............................. Pipelayers and pipelaying fitters..................... Plasterers.......................................................... Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters.......... Roofers.............................................................. Structural and reinforcing metal workers . . . . Reinforcing metal workers......................... Structural metal workers ........................... All other construction trades workers............ 3,346.8 9.8 140.3 944.2 70.8 3,583.1 10.2 147.9 997.9 78.3 3,743.1 10.6 155.2 1,045.6 82.1 3,877.2 11.0 160.7 1,084.7 85.5 7.1 3.6 5.4 5.7 10.6 11.8 8.3 10.6 10.7 15.9 15.8 11.8 14.5 14.9 20.8 24.9 105.7 105.9 61.6 30.8 13.5 544.9 37.1 25.0 142.5 52.3 378.0 48.4 20.8 394.6 121.8 86.5 34.7 51.8 93.1 27.6 117.9 112.2 65.5 33.1 13.6 606.1 42.8 27.2 146.8 57.0 378.0 53.6 20.9 436.3 132.0 98.2 39.4 58.7 92.2 28.7 122.9 117.1 68.7 34.3 14.1 633.1 44.8 28.0 150.8 59.4 395.0 55.8 21.6 455.3 138.1 102.4 41.2 61.3 96.7 29.5 126.6 121.0 71.4 35.1 14.4 656.6 46.5 28.6 154.8 61.3 409.2 57.6 22.2 471.5 143.2 105.8 42.5 63.3 101.0 10.9 11.5 6.0 6.2 7.7 .8 11.2 15.2 8.7 3.0 9.0 .0 10.7 .3 10.6 8.4 13.5 13.8 13.3 -1 .0 15.1 16.2 10.6 11.6 11.4 4.3 16.2 20.8 11.8 5.8 13.6 4.5 15.3 3.9 15.4 13.4 18.5 18.8 18.3 3.8 18.4 19.7 14.3 15.9 14.1 7.0 20.5 25.3 14.2 8.6 17.2 8.3 18.9 6.6 19.5 17.5 22.3 22.5 22.2 8.4 175.5 9.6 6.5 15.4 170.0 9.0 6.7 15.8 9.7 177.6 9.5 6.8 16.5 183.6 9.9 7.0 17.0 1.2 -.7 5.1 7.0 10.1 10.5 -3.1 -5.7 2.5 2.6 -14.4 4.6 3.5 7.4 10.3 -7 .4 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations.......................................................... Supervisors; farming, forestry, and agriculture related occupations ................... Agriculture-related occupations....................... Animal caretakers, except farm ................ Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm............................................................ Graders and sorters, agricultural products . Farm workers.................................................... Farmers and farm managers........................... Fishers, hunters, and trappers....................... Forestry and logging occupations................... All other agriculture, forestry, fishery, and related w orkers............................................. Extractive and related workers, including blasters................................................................ Blasters and explosives workers..................... Continuous mining machine operators.......... Derrick operators, oil and gas extraction . . . . Mine cutting and channeling machine operators........................................................ See footnote at end of table. 11.3 115 -10.5 Table B-1. Continued— Civilian employment in occupations with 5,000 workers or more, actual 1984 and projected 1995 Occupation Rotary drill operators, oil and gas extraction........................................................ Roustabouts...................................................... All other extractive workers, except helpers............................................................ Mechanics, installers, and repairers ................... Communications equipment mechanics, installation and repair................................... Central office and PBX installers and repairers.................................................... Frame wirers, central office....................... Radio m echanics....................................... Signal or track switch m aintainors.......... All other communication equipment mechanics, installation and re p a ir........ Electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers___ Data processing equipment repairers___ Electrical installers and repairers, transportation equipment, manufacturing .......................................... Electrical powerline installers and repairers.................................................... Electric motor, transformer, and related repairers.................................................... Electronic home entertainment equipment repairers................................. Electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment......................... Station installers and repairers, telephone . Telephone and cable TV line installers and repairers............................................ Machinery and related mechanics, installers, and repairers.................................................. Industrial machinery mechanics.............. Machinery maintenance mechanics, marine equipment............................... Machinery maintenance mechanics, sewing m achine................................. Machinery maintenance mechanics, textile machine................................... Machinery maintenance mechanics, water and power pla nt....................... Mine machinery mechanics................. All other machinery maintenance mechanics............................................ Machinery maintenance workers............... Maintenance repairers, general utility . M illwrights.............................................. Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers.................................................. Aircraft mechanics and engine specialists . Automotive body and related repairers ... Automotive and motorcycle mechanics... Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists..................................... Farm equipment mechanics....................... Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines.......................................... Rail car repairers....................................... Small engine specialists............................. Other mechanics, installers, and repairers .. Bicycle repairers.......................................... Total employment (in thousands) 1995 1984 Low Moderate High trend trend trend Low trend Moderate trend High trend 24.4 80.9 25.0 77.0 26.1 80.7 27.0 83.6 2.5 -4 .8 7.1 -.3 10.6 3.3 27.3 26.7 27.7 28.5 -2.1 1.6 4.6 4,391.1 4,805.5 5,037.7 5,246.6 9.4 14.7 19.5 72.9 39.4 14.4 8.7 6.8 71.8 42.1 11.7 9.3 5.0 75.6 44.4 12.4 9.7 5.2 79.0 48.4 12.9 10.1 5.4 -1 .5 6.7 -18.6 6.7 -26.8 3.7 12.5 -14.1 11.6 -23.7 8.3 17.6 -10.3 16.1 -19.8 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.8 10.6 15.6 503.4 49.9 530.3 74.3 556.7 77.9 579.5 81.1 5.4 48.8 10.6 56.2 15.1 62.6 5.6 6.1 6.4 6.6 8.8 14.3 18.9 21.4 24.2 25.5 26.6 12.9 19.0 24.3 24.7 28.5 29.8 30.9 15.2 20.6 25.1 52.4 56.0 59.3 62.3 6.9 13.2 18.9 55.6 110.9 61.8 86.9 63.7 91.6 65.5 95.7 11.1 -21.6 14.4 -17.4 17.6 -13.8 182.8 192.6 202.4 210.8 5.4 10.8 15.4 1,452.5 429.9 1,558.6 442.9 1,631.9 463.7 1,702.3 483.5 7.3 3.0 12.4 7.9 26.9 13.2 26.0 32.5 10.6 28.6 10.4 21.0 34.2 9.9 29.9 11.0 22.1 35.9 10.3 31.1 11.5 23.3 37.2 10.7 6.2 -21.0 -19.1 5.4 -6 .3 10.9 -16.7 -14.8 10.4 -2 .6 17.2 12.5 15.4 -12.9 -10.2 320.8 60.6 878.1 83.9 338.8 60.9 970.1 84.7 354.6 63.9 1,014.9 89.4 369.7 66.7 1,057.0 95.1 5.6 .5 10.5 1.0 10.5 5.5 15.6 6.6 15.2 10.1 20.4 13.3 1,576.8 106.4 183.1 921.8 1,785.9 121.6 204.0 1,052.5 1,874.2 124.8 215.2 1,107.3 1,950.6 128.4 224.0 1,154.0 13.3 14.3 11.4 14.2 18.9 17.3 17.5 20.1 23.7 20.7 22.3 25.2 210.7 17.9 77.2 26.9 32.7 246.3 18.8 86.1 20.1 36.5 859.0 11.5 258.9 19.5 89.1 20.9 38.4 899.3 11.9 270.0 20.1 16.9 5.3 28.1 12.7 91.8 22.0 40.3 935.2 12.3 11.6 -25.4 11.6 9.3 6.7 22.8 9.4 15.4 -22.3 17.5 14.5 10.5 785.6 10.8 See footnote at end of table. Percent change, 1984-95 116 14.5 1.7 18.9 -18.3 23.1 19.0 13.8 Table B-1. Continued— Civilian employment In occupationa with 5,000 workers or more, actual 1984 and projected 1995 Occupation Coin and vending machine servicers and repairers.................................................... Electric meter installers and repairers ... Electromedical and biomedical equipment repairers................................. Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers............ ............ Home appliance and power tool repairers . Mobile home repairers............................... Musical instrument repairers and tuners . Office machine and cash register servicers.................................................... Precision instrument repairers................... R iggers........................................................ Tire repairers and changers ..................... Watchmakers .............................................. All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.................................................... Precision production occupations......................... Precision food workers ................................... Bakers, manufacturing............................... Butchers and meatcutters......................... Food batchmakers..................................... All other precision food and related workers...................................................... Precision metal workers ................................. Boilermakers................................................ Etchers and engravers, hand or machine, precision.................................................... Hand workers, jewelry and related products, precision................................... Jewelers and silversmiths......................... Layout workers, metal, precision.............. Machinists.................................................... Pattern and model makers, m etal............ Sheet-metal workers................................... Shipfitters.................................................... Tool-and-die makers................................... All other precision metal workers ............ Precision printing workers............................... Bookbinders ................................................ Compositors, typesetters, and arrangers, precision.................................................... Lithography and photoengraving workers, precision................................... All other precision printing workers.......... Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings workers............................................................ Custom tailors and sewers......................... Patternmakers and layout workers, fabrics and apparel................................. Shoe and leather workers and repairers, precision.................................................... Upholsterers............................................... All other precision textile, apparel, and furnishings workers................................. Precision woodworkers................................... Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters ... Furniture finishers....................................... Pattern and model makers, w ood............ Wood machinists ....................................... All other precision woodworkers.............. Inspectors and related occupations.............. Inspectors, testers, and graders, precision . Other production inspectors, testers, graders, and sorters ............................... See footnote at end of table. Total employment (in thousands) 1995 1984 Low High Moderate trend trend trend Percent change, 1984-95 Low trend Moderate trend High trend 32.9 9.1 35.8 10.4 37.8 10.9 39.5 11.4 8.9 13.5 14.9 19.3 20.2 24.4 6.9 7.6 7.9 8.2 10.1 19.2 173.5 83.0 9.6 9.2 193.6 87.1 9.7 9.8 202.5 92.1 10.5 10.1 210.1 96.5 11.3 10.4 11.6 5.0 1.0 6.3 14.6 16.7 11.0 9.2 9.7 21.1 16.3 17.9 12.7 52.5 57.2 22.0 84.9 14.3 65.1 62.5 23.6 91.0 15.3 68.3 65.4 24.6 96.1 15.6 71.1 68.1 25.7 100.4 16.0 23.9 9.4 7.5 7.1 6.5 30.0 14.4 12.0 13.1 9.0 35.4 19.2 17.1 18.2 11.7 219.7 2,853.6 302.4 48.1 221.5 21.0 236.0 2,991.8 280.1 47.5 203.1 18.0 245.6 3,140.4 293.1 49.6 212.6 18.8 254.1 3,265.8 304.2 51.6 220.4 19.6 7.4 4.8 -7 .4 -1 .3 -8 .3 -14.5 11.8 10.1 -3.1 3.1 -4 .0 -10.4 15.6 14.4 .6 7.3 -.5 -6 .5 11.7 943.7 37.5 11.5 995.5 39.6 12.1 1,044.1 41.4 12.5 1,084.4 43.1 3.0 10.6 10.4 6.9 14.9 14.8 8.9 9.5 9.8 10.1 -1.9 5.5 5.6 7.3 11.0 14.0 8.8 32.4 21.0 354.2 12.7 232.4 13.9 164.8 57.2 113.0 11.3 7.4 33.0 22.4 371.7 12.4 254.4 14.6 172.3 58.0 124.7 12.1 39.4 50.8 22.4 8.3 37.1 24.4 407.1 13.6 273.6 15.6 188.2 63.2 133.9 13.0 -15.8 1.6 6.8 5.0 -1.9 9.5 5.4 4.6 1.5 10.4 7.4 42.0 54.7 24.2 6.6 12.2 14.8 -10.0 8.3 12.1 10.5 3.1 14.1 8.9 9.8 6.3 14.5 11.4 10.4 16.5 19.4 -6.1 14.5 16.5 14.9 7.4 17.8 12.5 14.2 10.5 18.5 15.3 13.8 20.8 23.9 283.8 146.0 12.5 36.8 71.6 -2.5 4.8 -19.2 2.6 10.3 -14.7 -22.8 4.8 -18.6 10.0 6.7 14.6 -11.0 -15.1 14.3 16.9 240.5 123.0 39.1 13.6 53.8 11.0 801.8 314.6 487.1 -17.2 10.1 13.4 4.0 7.8 8.9 4.6 6.3 13.6 -12.8 16.0 19.4 10.4 12.8 15.0 9.6 11.6 19.2 -9 .2 20.7 24.0 15.9 16.9 19.5 13.5 16.4 24.1 2.0 7.2 11.9 266.0 127.4 14.0 43.4 62.6 259.3 133.5 11.3 7.9 35.1 23.5 391.2 13.1 265.1 15.1 181.0 60.8 129.4 12.6 40.7 52.8 23.3 273.0 140.5 11.9 33.5 65.6 35.3 68.9 18.6 199.3 99.2 33.7 11.6 45.0 9.7 688.8 253.5 15.4 219.4 112.5 35.1 12.6 49.0 10.1 731.9 287.9 444.0 16.3 231.2 118.5 37.3 13.1 51.8 10.6 769.0 302.2 36.9 45.3 19.5 435.3 117 466.8 Table B-1. Continued— Civilian employment in occupations with 5,000 workers or more, actual 1984 and projected 1995 Occupation Other precision workers................................... Dental laboratory technicians, precision .. Foundry mold and core makers, precision . Molders and shapers, except jewelry and foundry, precision............................. Patternmakers, model makers, and related workers, precision....................... Photographic process workers, precision . All other precision workers ....................... Machine setters, set-up operators, operators, and tenders.......................................................... Numerical-control machine-tool operators and tenders, metal and plastic..................... Combination machine tool setters, set-up operators, operators, and tenders.............. Machine tool cutters and formers setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic.. Drilling machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic................... Extruding and drawing machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic........................................................ Forging machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic................... Grinding machine setters and set-up operators, mdtal and plastic................... Lathe machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic................... Machine forming operators and tenders, metal and plastic..................................... Machine tool cutter operators and tenders, metal and plastic....................... Milling machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic................... Press machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic................... Punching machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic................... Rolling machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic................... Sawing machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic................... Shear machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic................... Metal fabricating machine setters, operators, and related workers..................... Metal fabricators, structural metal products.................................................... Soldering and brazer machine operators, tenders, setters, and set-up operators .. Welding machine operators, tenders, setters, and set-up operators................. Metal and plastic process machine setters, operators, and related workers..................... Electric plating machine operators, tenders, setters, and set-up operators, metal and plastic ...................................... Foundry mold assembly and shakeout workers...................................................... Furnace operators and tenders................ Heaters, metal and plastic......................... Heating equipment setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic................... Heat treating machine operators and tenders, metal and plastic....................... See footnote at end of table. Total employment (in thousands) 1995 1984 Low Moderate High trend trend trend 340.4 380.9 400.6 417.2 51.3 57.2 61.3 64.3 21.5 20.9 21.9 22.8 10.7 9.8 10.3 11.1 Percent change, 1984-95 Low trend Moderate trend High trend 11.9 11.4 -3 .0 17.7 19.4 1.7 22.6 25.3 6.1 4.7 9.1 13.0 6.7 25.1 225.9 6.9 30.5 255.2 7.2 31.9 267.7 7.4 33.1 278.4 4.0 21.2 12.9 7.7 26.9 18.5 11.1 31.8 23.2 5,552.8 5,472.2 5,748.3 5,996.1 -1 .5 3.5 8.0 56.8 70.3 74.1 76.9 23.9 30.5 35.4 107.6 130.8 136.3 140.9 21.6 26.7 30.9 845.7 779.3 820.1 857.4 -7 .9 -3 .0 1.4 64.3 61.0 64.2 66.7 -5 .2 -.2 3.8 27.7 23.7 25.2 27.1 -14.3 -9.1 -2.1 17.8 15.6 16.4 17.1 -12.4 -8.1 -3 .9 94.5 89.4 94.0 97.8 -5 .4 -.5 3.4 97.9 92.9 97.9 101.9 -5.1 .0 4.1 171.4 156.9 164.9 172.6 -8 .5 -3 .8 .7 170.3 35.4 154.8 33.5 162.7 -9.1 -5 .2 -4 .5 -.2 -.4 3.7 48.3 44.5 35.3 46.7 169.6 36.7 58.3 12.3 17.1 19.3 61.3 13.1 18.0 20.5 -7 .8 -7 .7 -20.2 -6 .0 -9 .2 -3 .2 63.2 15.4 18.2 21.3 48.8 63.9 14.5 18.8 21.8 1.0 1.2 -5 .4 3.5 2.2 191.8 43.6 220.0 50.9 231.0 14.7 17.9 20.1 53.3 21.2 240.3 55.0 130.3 303.7 148.9 -3 .0 -14.6 -1 .0 -4 .0 25.3 16.9 20.5 22.3 26.3 22.0 12.6 18.5 23.2 156.5 163.3 14.3 20.1 25.3 342.5 362.1 382.2 12.8 19.2 25.9 48.2 6.0 22.1 5.5 7.6 54.6 5.2 21.5 5.4 60.1 5.9 24.6 6.4 13.4 -14.0 -2 .9 -2.1 8.8 21.2 21.3 22.4 23.8 4.7 .4 19.4 -8 .4 3.1 4.8 10.3 5.7 24.7 -1 .7 11.3 15.9 8.0 57.5 5.5 22.8 5.8 8.4 118 16.1 12.3 Table B-1. Continued— Civilian employment in occupationa with 5,000 workers or more, actual 1984 and projected 1995 Occupation Metal molding machine operators, tenders, setters, and set-up operators .. Nonelectric plating machine operators, tenders, setters, and set-up operators, metal and plastic..................................... Plastic molding machine operators, tenders, setters, and set-up operators .. All other metal and plastic machine setters, operators, and related workers . Printing, binding, and related workers.......... Bindery machine operators, setters, and set-up operators....................................... Printing press operations........................... Letterpress setters and set-up operators............................................. Offset lithographic press setters and set-up operators................................. Printing press machine operators and tenders......................................... All other printing press setters and set-up operators................................. Photoengraving and lithographic machine operators and tenders............ Photoengraving and lithographing photographers......................................... Screen printing machine setters and set-up operators....................................... Typesetting and composing machine operators and tenders............................. All other printing, binding, and related workers...................................................... Textile and related setters, operators, and related w orkers............................................. Extruding and forming machine operators and tenders, synthetic fiber..................... Laundry and drycieaning machine operators and tenders, except pressers .................................................... Pressing machine operators and tenders, textile, garment, and related................... Sewing machine operators, garment........ Sewing machine operators, non-garment . Shoe sewing machine operators and tenders...................................................... Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders............................. Textile draw-out machine operators and tenders...................................................... Textile machine operators, tenders, setters, and set-up operators, winding .. Woodworking machine setters, operators, and other related workers............................. Head sawyers............................................. Sawing machine operators, tenders, setters, and set-up operators ................ Woodworking machine operators tenders, setters, and set-up operators .. Other machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders.................................................... Boiler operators and tenders, low pressure Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders.............................................. Chemical equipment controllers, opera tors, and tenders..................................... Cooking machine operators and tenders, food and tobacco..................................... See footnote at end of table. Total employment (in thousands) 1995 1984 Low Moderate High trend trend trend Percent change, 1984-95 Low trend Moderate trend High trend 37.1 37.6 39.7 41.8 1.3 6.9 12.5 12.2 13.9 14.6 15.4 13.7 19.9 26.1 143.7 175.0 185.3 195.4 21.8 29.0 36.0 95.3 406.7 102.7 442.6 107.8 460.9 113.1 477.9 7.7 8.8 13.1 13.3 18.6 17.5 69.6 222.1 79.1 238.6 82.4 248.0 85.6 256.9 13.6 7.4 18.3 11.7 23.0 15.7 20.6 18.9 19.6 20.4 - 8.2 -4 .6 -1.1 69.5 75.8 78.5 81.1 9.2 13.0 16.7 112.8 122.9 128.1 8.9 19.2 21.0 21.8 133.1 22.4 9.4 13.6 13.4 17.9 16.7 9.1 10.4 11.3 14.7 20.1 24.8 20.2 23.3 10.9 24.2 25.1 15.6 20.1 24.4 14.6 35.8 15.1 16.4 3.2 5.6 35.2 38.2 40.1 40.8 41.7 8.0 9.9 12.4 37.9 15.8 39.4 8.6 13.9 18.5 1,422.1 1,189.7 1,252.7 1,309.6 -16.3 -11.9 -7 .9 18.7 16.9 17.8 18.5 -9 .4 -4 .8 -.8 125.3 116.2 675.6 135.6 32.8 23.3 134.4 140.9 7.3 12.5 18.0 106.0 563.1 135.1 22.5 19.8 -31.5 -14.9 -5.1 -13.2 4.5 -27.7 -10.4 12.8 234.7 13.5 246.7 -13.3 -20.9 -5 .4 -36.1 -19.3 -24.4 -19.9 -8 .8 -16.7 -.4 16.1 278.5 100.8 534.3 128.2 21.0 18.8 12.2 223.0 147.8 110.4 586.4 141.7 -20.3 -15.7 -16.1 -11.4 145.1 9.9 62.5 149.5 9.6 64.7 156.7 9.9 161.9 10.1 8.0 .1 67.9 70.3 3.0 -2 .7 3.4 8.6 11.6 2.2 12.4 72.6 1,978.2 44.2 75.2 81.5 2,044.9 45.4 78.8 2,146.7 47.1 44.5 42.4 77.0 14.2 75.2 12.7 119 23.8 20.9 13.8 8.5 12.2 2,236.0 48.8 3.5 3.4 2.8 8.5 6.6 13.0 10.4 44.7 46.4 -4 .7 .4 79.2 13.4 82.6 14.0 -2 .2 3.0 -5 .6 4.2 7.4 -10.3 -1 .8 Table B-1. Continued— Civilian employment in occupations with 5,000 workers or more, actual 1984 and projected 1995 Occupation Crushing and mixing machine operators and tenders.............................................. Cutting and slicing machine operators and tenders.............................................. Dairy processing equipment operators, including setters....................................... Electronic semiconductor processors___ Extruding and forming machine operators and tenders.............................................. Furnace, kiln, or kettle operators and tenders...................................................... Motion picture projectionists..................... Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders.............................................. Painting machine operators and tenders . Painters, transportation equipment.......... Paper goods machine setters and set-up operators.................................................... Photographic processing machine opera tors and tenders....................................... Roasting machine operators and tenders, food and tobacco..................................... Separating and still machine operators and tenders.............................................. Tire building machine operators.............. All other machine operators, tenders, setters, and set-up operators................ Hand working occupations, including assemblers and fabricators . . ........................... Precision assemblers....................................... Aircraft assemblers, precision................... Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers, precision............................. Electromechanical equipment assemblers, precision.................................................... Fitters, structural metal, precision............ Machine builders and other precision machine assemblers............................... Watch and clock assemblers and related workers, precision................................... All other precision assemblers, m etal___ Other hand workers, including assemblers and fabricators................................................ Cannery workers......................................... Cutters and trimmers, hand....................... Electrical and electronic assemblers........ Machine assemblers. . . ............................. Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers, hand......................................... Metal pourers and casters, basic shapes . Molders and casters, hand ....................... Painting, coating, and decorating workers, hand............................................ Portable machine cutters........................... Pressers, hand............................................ Sewers, h a n d .............................................. Welders and cutters................................... All other assemblers, fabricators, and hand workers Plant and system occupations............................. Chemical plant and system operators___ Gaugers........................................................ Petroleum refinery and control panel operators.................................................... Total employment (in thousands) 1995 1984 Low Moderate High trend trend trend Low trend Moderate trend High trend 122.3 119.1 125.2 130.9 -2 .6 2.4 7.0 61.5 59.0 61.9 64.3 -3 .9 .8 4.6 16.3 30.4 13.5 36.2 14.1 38.1 14.7 39.5 -17.2 18.9 -13.3 25.4 -9 .3 29.9 70.9 72.1 75.9 79.3 1.7 7.0 11.9 62.8 15.5 47.1 13.6 49.7 14.0 52.1 14.6 -25.0 -12.6 -20.9 -9 .8 -17.0 -5 .8 369.0 68.8 60.4 381.9 72.1 66.2 401.8 76.0 69.5 419.3 79.4 72.2 3.5 4.8 9.7 8.9 10.4 15.0 13.6 15.4 19.6 60.4 59.2 64.8 -2.1 3.5 7.3 26.4 31.9 62.5 33.4 34.8 26.8 12.1 10.6 11.1 11.5 20.9 -12.4 -8 .5 31.8 -4 .9 23.6 13.4 22.5 10.0 23.7 10.4 24.9 11.1 -4 .9 -25.8 .2 -22.7 5.2 -17.3 784.4 854.2 894.9 930.7 8.9 14.1 18.6 2,624.2 352.8 21.0 2,755.0 398.7 22.9 2,893.1 418.6 24.1 3,015.0 434.4 24.9 5.0 13.0 8.7 10.3 18.6 14.5 14.9 23.1 18.2 175.9 195.6 205.1 11.2 71.8 16.9 75.3 17.7 17.1 17.7 16.6 22.8 23.5 20.9 61.3 14.3 212.6 78.2 18.3 27.6 27.8 52.2 3.9 24.1 2,271.4 77.0 49.5 259.4 51.5 60.5 3.7 27.4 63.7 4.0 28.7 2,356.3 67.7 43.6 287.6 58.7 98.0 12.5 17.1 15.8 -3 .2 13.4 21.9 2.8 19.0 26.7 12.6 23.6 2,474.6 71.6 46.0 301.6 61.5 66.1 4.4 29.8 2,580.6 74.5 48.2 313.1 64.1 3.7 -12.1 -11.9 10.9 14.0 8.9 -7 .0 -7 .0 16.2 19.6 13.6 -3 .3 -2 .7 20.7 24.5 89.8 12.0 16.8 93.1 12.8 17.3 95.5 13.8 17.8 -8 .4 -3 .9 -1 .9 -5 .0 2.3 1.3 -2 .6 10.5 4.5 40.7 18.2 21.6 15.7 308.2 42.6 13.5 17.7 11.6 332.9 45.0 14.3 18.7 12.3 348.7 47.4 14.9 19.4 12.9 363.8 4.6 -25.5 -18.0 -26.1 8.0 10.7 -21.4 -13.6 -21.7 13.1 16.6 -17.8 -9 .9 -17.9 18.1 1,302.1 275.1 35.0 5.7 1,361.9 285.2 34.5 5.2 13.4 1,431.7 297.3 36.4 5.5 13.9 1,495.3 308.7 38.0 5.8 14.5 4.6 3.7 -1 .4 -7 .9 10.0 8.1 3.9 -4 .0 -4.1 14.8 12.2 8.6 1.4 14.5 See footnote at end of table. Percent change, 1984-95 120 -8 .0 -.5 Table B-1. Continued— Civilian employment in occupation with 5,000 workers or more, actual 1984 and projected 1995 Occupation Power distributors and dispatchers.......... Stationary engineers................................... Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators............................. All other plant and system operators . . . . Transportation and material moving machine and vehicle operators......................... Aircraft pilots and flight engineers................. Motor vehicle operators................................... Busdrivers.................................................... Busdrivers, local and intercity............ Busdrivers, school................................. Taxi drivers and chauffeurs....................... Truck drivers................................................ Rail transportation workers............................. Locomotive engineers ............................... Locomotive firers ....................................... Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators.................................................... Railroad conductors and yardmasters. . . . Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers.............................................. Subway and streetcar operators.............. Water transportation and related workers............................................................ Captains, water vessel............................... Mates and able seamen............................. Ordinary seamen and marine o ile rs ........ Ship engineers........................................... Parking lot attendants..................................... Service station attendants............................... Material moving equipment operators.......... Conveyor operators and tenders............... Hoist, winch, and crane operators .......... Industrial truck and tractor operators___ Loading machine operators, underground mining........................................................ Oil pumpers, except well h e a d ................. Operating engineers................................... Shuttle car operators................................. Well head pumpers ................................... All other transportation and material moving equipment operators........ Helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand................................................................ Helpers, construction trades........................... Helpers, extractive workers............................. Machine feeders and off bearers............... Refuse collectors.............................................. Hand packers and packagers......................... Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners ... All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand.................................................. Total employment (in thousands) 1995 1984 Low High Moderate trend trend trend 26.1 28.6 30.3 31.6 58.3 54.5 56.0 60.5 Low trend Moderate trend High trend 9.8 2.9 16.2 7.0 21.3 11.1 81.6 57.8 88.3 59.1 90.9 62.1 93.5 64.8 8.3 2.2 11.5 7.4 14.7 12.1 4,677.8 78.7 3,061.2 458.9 131.2 327.7 118.4 2,483.8 112.8 14.1 6.3 4,968.6 93.6 3,422.1 522.0 145.5 376.6 131.9 2,768.2 84.2 11.2 4.2 5,206.3 97.0 3,586.1 536.3 149.2 387.1 138.4 2,911.5 87.9 11.6 4.4 6.2 18.9 11.8 13.8 10.9 14.9 11.4 11.4 -25.4 -20.9 -34.2 11.3 23.2 17.1 16.9 13.7 18.1 16.8 17.2 -22.1 -17.5 -31.4 47.6 23.8 33.5 17.5 35.0 18.2 5,418.0 101.0 3,728.9 552.4 153.3 399.1 143.5 3,033.0 92.7 12.3 4.6 37.0 19.1 -29.7 -26.5 -26.4 -23.4 15.8 28.3 21.8 20.4 16.8 21.8 21.1 22.1 -17.8 -13.2 -27.8 -22.1 -19.5 15.2 5.8 56.4 17.6 10.8 17.9 10.2 40.4 302.8 928.5 37.9 103.5 388.6 11.5 6.4 13.0 6.7 -14.7 16.1 62.0 19.3 12.1 19.8 10.8 43.5 309.8 976.5 40.8 122.3 357.4 -24.1 10.1 1.7 2.8 2.7 1.9 -1 .6 -2 .3 -7.1 -3.5 -2 .3 5.9 -16.2 -20.1 13.1 57.4 18.1 11.1 18.3 10.0 39.5 281.4 896.2 37.0 109.6 325.7 12.1 6.5 59.7 18.7 11.6 19.0 10.4 41.7 297.1 937.9 38.9 115.4 342.3 5.8 6.4 7.3 6.2 2.4 3.1 -1 .9 1.0 2.7 11.5 -11.9 9.8 9.9 11.7 10.5 6.3 7.7 2.3 5.2 7.8 18.1 -8 .0 6.1 16.4 357.4 9.3 9.1 96.9 6.0 15.6 384.8 8.6 8.9 94.1 6.3 16.4 400.3 8.9 9.4 98.8 6.5 17.1 413.4 9.1 9.8 103.6 -2.5 -5.1 7.6 -7.4 -2.3 -2.8 1.9 .0 12.0 -4.9 2.8 6.2 4.6 15.6 -2 .7 7.2 2.0 7.0 4,166.3 442.7 29.1 277.9 98.7 324.8 143.8 4,230.6 449.1 29.9 281.2 112.3 327.4 145.3 2,885.4 4,435.7 469.7 31.2 295.9 116.1 343.6 152.9 4,614.8 485.9 32.2 308.6 120.4 357.6 159.5 1.5 1.4 2.5 1.2 13.7 .8 1.0 10.8 9.8 10.6 11.1 22.0 10.1 10.9 3,026.2 3,150.5 1.3 6.5 6.1 7.1 6.5 17.6 5.8 6.3 6.2 2,849.3 1Wage and salary workers only. Percent change, 1984-95 121 10.6 Appendix C. Detailed Data on Gross Separations and Age Distributions This appendix presents data for detailed occupa tions that supplement information presented in chapter 3. Table C-l provides gross separation rates; table C-2 contains age distribution data. The tables also identify the occupations in the Current Population Survey (CPS) that are equivalent to those in the Occupational Employ ment Statistics (OES) surveys. 122 Table C-1. Separation rates for selected occupations with 100,000 or more employees, 1983-84 (Percent) Separation rates, 1983-84’ Occupation Total Transfers to other occupations Not working Total Unemployed Not in the labor force Total employed in 1983, age 16 and over ........................................ 17.8 8.0 9.8 2.8 7.0 Executive, administrative, and managerial...................................................... 11.7 6.0 5.6 1.4 4.2 Officials and administrators, public administration....................................... Administrators and officials, public administration .................................... Executives, officials, and managers, except public administration............. Financial managers..................................................................................... Personnel and labor relations managers.................................................... Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations ............................ Administrators, education and related fields.............................................. Managers, medicine and health ................................................................. Managers and administrators, n.e.c............................................................. 14.3 14.2 11.2 8.6 7.5 11.6 10.6 15.6 11.1 6.0 6.0 5.7 3.8 4.2 7.1 6.1 13.1 5.7 8.3 8.2 5.6 4.7 3.3 4.6 4.6 2.5 5.4 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.8 .8 .0 1.5 6.6 6.4 4.1 3.3 1.7 2.8 3.8 2.5 3.9 Management-related occupations................................................................. Accountants and auditors............................................................................ Other financial officers................................................................................ Management analysts................................................................................. Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists................................... Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products2 ...................... Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c.2........................................................ Management-related occupations, n.e.c...................................................... 12.3 9.9 14.0 19.6 14.8 13.9 12.3 8.8 6.8 5.7 9.2 8.8 8.6 7.1 3.8 3.6 5.5 4.1 4.8 10.8 6.2 6.7 8.5 5.2 1.3 1.2 .9 1.0 1.5 1.5 3.6 .5 4.2 2.9 3.9 9.8 4.7 5.2 4.9 4.7 Professional specialty occupations.................................................................. 10.7 4.9 5.8 1.1 4.7 Engineers, architects, and surveyors............................................................ Architects..................................................................................................... Engineers..................................................................................................... Civil engineers2.......................................................................................... Electrical and electronics engineers2 ....................................................... Industrial engineers2 ................................................................................. Mechanical engineers2 ............................................................................. Engineers, n.e.c.......................................................................................... Mathematical and computer scientists......................................................... Computer systems analysts and scientists2 ............................................... Operations and systems researchers and analysts.................................. Natural scientists............................................................................................ Chemists, except biochemists2 ................................................................... 4.5 1.8 4.4 2.7 2.6 9.4 1.8 6.6 6.6 7.7 2.0 3.4 4.4 4.2 4.1 4.2 2.2 2.5 5.9 6.7 4.7 2.5 1.4 3.0 3.8 1.9 1.1 .4 1.2 .9 .5 1.7 1.9 1.3 1.1 .4 1.1 .9 .0 3.1 3.7 3.0 1.3 2.0 4.2 4.8 3.4 1.4 1.0 1.9 2.9 1.9 Health diagnosing occupations...................................................................... Physicians2................................................................................................... Dentists2 ....................................................................................................... Health assessment and treating occupations .............................................. Registered nurses2 ...................................................................................... Pharmacists2................................................................................................. Therapists.................................................................................................... Teachers, college and university................................................................... Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified......................................... Teachers, except college and university...................................................... Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten............................................. Teachers, elementary school...................................................................... Teachers, secondary school2...................................................................... Teachers, special education ....................................................................... Counselors, educational and vocational2 ..................................................... 8.7 6.0 8.6 5.0 5.2 3 15.4 8.5 11.3 9.1 9.1 4.9 7.2 6.3 2.7 2.7 3.8 8.9 9.0 2.9 10.2 16.9 17.2 11.6 14.9 9.2 9.1 5.9 12.1 .6 .5 1.7 2.7 2.1 .0 6.2 9.8 12.2 5.1 5.1 4.0 4.6 2.3 7.6 2.0 2.3 2.1 6.3 6.9 2.9 4.0 7.0 5.1 6.5 9.8 5.1 4.6 3.6 4.4 .1 .1 .5 1.3 1.2 .0 2.0 1.4 1.3 .7 .6 .4 .7 .4 .5 1.9 2.2 1.6 5.0 5.7 2.9 2.0 5.6 3.8 5.8 9.2 4.7 3.9 3.2 3.9 Librarians, archivists, and curators ............................................................... Librarians ..................................................................................................... Social scientists and urban planners............................................................ Economists.................................................................................................. Psychologists................................................................................................ Social, recreation, and religious workers ..................................................... Social workers.............................................................................................. Clergy ........................................................................................................... Lawyers and judges....................................................................................... Lawyers........................................................................................................ 9.4 9.3 9.7 8.1 8.5 11.5 10.6 6.3 5.7 4.9 5.0 5.2 4.8 3.9 3.7 5.0 4.5 2.4 3.0 2.4 4.4 4.2 4.8 4.2 4.8 6.5 6.0 3.9 2.6 2.5 .4 .3 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.5 1.9 .9 .2 .3 4.0 3.9 3.4 3.1 3.6 5.0 4.1 3.0 2.4 2.2 Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes.................................................... Designers..................................................................................................... Musicians and composers........................................................................... 17.9 15.4 22.0 7.9 7.8 5.8 10.0 7.6 16.2 2.8 1.2 7.5 7.2 6.4 8.7 See footnotes at end of table 123 Table C-1. Continued— Separation rates for selected occupations with 100,000 or more employees, 1983-84 (Percent) Separation rates, 1983-841 Occupation Total Transfers to other occupations Not working Total Unemployed Not in the labor force Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers................. .......... Photographers.............................................................................................. Editors and reporters .................................................................................. Public relations specialists2 ......................................................................... 15.2 14.9 11.5 18.2 7.1 7.5 3.2 8.7 8.1 7.4 8.3 9.5 1.6 3.1 1.9 1.5 6.5 4.3 6.4 8.0 Technicians and related support...................................................................... 12.6 6.1 6.5 2.2 4.3 Health technologists and technicians........................................................... Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians ..................................... Radiologic technicians................................................................................ Licensed practical nurses2........................................................................... Health technologists and technicians, n.e.c................................................ Technologists and technicians, except health ............................................. Engineering and related technologists and technicians............................ Electrical and electronics technicians2..................................................... Engineering technicians, n.e.c................................................................... Drafting occupations................................................................................. Science technicians..................................................................................... Technicians, except health, engineering, and science.............................. Computer programmers ............................................................................ Legal assistants ........................................................................................ Technicians, n.e.c....................................................................................... 10.5 8.5 8.5 12.3 11.1 13.8 13.7 7.9 3 18.0 16.0 15.6 13.6 8.9 17.6 16.4 3.3 2.4 4.6 3.8 3.3 7.7 6.2 3.3 5.9 8.7 9.6 8.9 4.8 12.2 11.5 7.2 6.1 3.9 8.5 7.7 6.1 7.5 4.6 12.1 7.3 6.0 4.7 4.1 5.4 4.9 1.8 1.6 .5 1.8 2.7 2.4 3.4 1.5 5.8 3.5 2.4 1.4 1.8 1.0 1.2 5.4 4.5 3.4 6.7 5.0 3.7 4.1 3.1 6.3 3.8 3.6 3.3 2.3 4.4 3.7 Sales occupations............................................................................................. 19.8 9.5 10.3 2.5 7.8 Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations .......................................... Sales representatives, finance and business services................................. Insurance sales occupations2 ..................................................................... Real estate sales occupations.................................................................... Securities and financial services sales occupations2................................. Advertising and related sales occupations ................................................ Sales occupations, other business services.............................................. Sales representatives, commodities except retail......................................... Sales representatives; mining, manufacturing, and wholesale................. 11.1 13.6 10.4 18.1 7.5 12.6 15.5 12.3 12.7 5.6 7.1 4.1 11.7 2.2 4.8 8.4 7.9 8.2 5.5 6.5 6.4 6.4 5.3 7.8 7.1 4.4 4.5 1.3 1.6 1.9 1.1 .7 3.4 2.3 1.5 1.5 4.2 4.9 4.5 5.3 4.6 4.4 4.8 2.9 3.0 Sales workers, retail and personal services................................................. Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats.................................................. Sales workers, apparel ................................................................................ Sales workers, shoes................................................................................... Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings......................................... Sales workers; radio, television, hi-fi, and appliances............................... Sales workers, hardware and building supplies ........................................ Sales workers, parts.................................................................................... Sales workers, other commodities............................................................. Sales counter clerks.................................................................................... Cashiers2....................................................................................................... Street and door-to-door sales workers....................................................... News vendors .............................................................................................. 28.9 17.8 32.6 23.4 19.2 25.3 19.2 19.8 27.9 26.5 30.4 39.1 45.2 12.9 10.9 14.2 5.7 10.1 18.0 9.0 14.8 13.2 13.3 13.8 9.6 8.2 16.0 6.9 18.3 17.8 9.2 7.4 10.3 5.0 14.8 13.2 16.6 29.5 37.0 3.8 3.1 4.1 3.0 2.5 3.1 5.5 1.4 3.1 2.3 4.2 5.3 7.9 12.2 3.8 14.2 14.8 6.7 4.3 4.8 3.6 11.7 10.9 12.4 24.2 29.1 Administrative support, including clerical......................................................... 19.3 9.2 10.1 2.4 7.7 Supervisors, administrative support occupations......................................... Supervisors, general office.......................................................................... Supervisors; distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks....................... Computer equipment operators..................................................................... Computer operators2 ................................................................................... Secretaries, stenographers, and typists....................................................... Secretaries.................................................................................................... Typists.......................................................................................................... Information clerks........................................................................................... Interviewers .................................................................................................. Receptionists................................................................................................ Information clerks, n.e.c............................................................................... 12.9 3 15.1 12.5 19.3 18.4 16.8 15.5 23.2 27.3 32.6 26.5 34.3 7.6 9.5 6.7 13.8 12.8 7.2 6.6 10.7 11.6 21.2 12.3 7.8 5.3 5.6 5.8 5.5 5.6 9.6 8.9 12.5 15.7 11.5 14.2 26.5 1.3 1.1 2.2 2.6 2.6 2.1 2.0 2.7 3.8 3.5 3.7 4.9 4.0 4.5 3.6 2.9 3.0 7.5 6.9 11.9 8.0 10.5 21.6 Records processing occupations, except financial...................................... Order clerks.................................................................................................. Library clerks2............................................................................................... File clerks2 .................................................................................................... Records clerks............................................................................................. Financial records processing occupations.................................................... 23.0 3 20.8 29.0 25.9 3 20.4 19.0 9.7 13.4 12.0 6.6 9.9 7.2 13.3 7.4 17.0 19.4 10.4 11.8 3.1 .5 2.7 5.7 2.1 2.2 10.2 6.9 14.3 13.7 8.3 9.6 See footnotes at end of table. 124 9.8 Table C-1. Continued— Separation rates for selected occupations with 100,000 or more employees, 1983-84 (Percent) Separation rates, 1983-841 Occupation Not working Total Transfers to other occupations Total Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks2 .......................................... Payroll and timekeeping clerks2 .................................................................. Billing clerks ................................................................................................ Communications equipment operators......................................................... Telephone operators................................................................................... Mail and message distributing occupations.................................................. Postal clerks, except mail carriers............................................................ Mail carriers, postal service ........................................................................ Mail clerks, except postal service2 ............................................................. Messengers2 ................................................................................................ 18.9 3 17.6 3 21.4 20.1 20.4 15.5 7.7 3 10.1 25.1 33.7 6.8 7.3 12.0 10.9 11.3 5.7 3.2 1.5 16.7 3.7 12.1 10.3 9.4 9.2 9.1 9.8 4.5 8.6 8.5 30.0 1.9 4.8 1.1 1.9 1.7 1.5 .2 1.3 2.3 4.2 10.2 5.5 8.3 7.3 7.4 8.3 4.3 7.3 6.2 25.8 Material recording, scheduling and distribution clerks, n.e.c........................ Dispatchers.................................................................................................. Stock and inventory clerks.......................................................................... Expediters.................................................................................................... Adjusters and investigators........................................................................... Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators................................... Investigators and adjusters, except insurance .......................................... Miscellaneous administrative support occupations...................................... General office clerks................................................................................... Bank tellers2 ................................................................................................ Data entry keyers ........................................................................................ Teacher aides .............................................................................................. Administrative support occupations, n.e.c................................................... 21.9 19.6 25.6 21.4 15.0 9.8 15.6 21.9 25.3 22.3 18.4 22.3 18.7 13.3 13.9 14.5 9.5 9.0 6.5 10.7 11.8 12.5 13.0 11.6 10.7 10.9 8.6 5.6 11.0 11.9 5.9 3.3 4.9 10.2 12.8 9.3 6.8 11.7 7.8 3.1 1.5 4.5 1.7 2.4 2.5 1.2 2.2 3.5 1.2 2.9 1.9 1.3 5.5 4.1 6.5 10.2 3.5 .8 3.7 8.0 9.3 8.1 3.9 9.8 6.5 Private household occupations ........................................................................ 39.7 5.1 34.6 6.1 28.5 Childcare workers, private household2 ......................................................... Private household cleaners and servants..................................................... 61.7 28.6 6.0 4.7 55.7 23.9 11.1 3.3 44.6 20.6 Service workers, except private household..................................................... 24.8 9.6 15.3 3.7 11.6 Protective service occupations...................................................................... Supervisors, protective service occupations.............................................. Firefighting and fire prevention occupations.............................................. Firefighting occupations2 ........................................................................... Police and detectives.................................................................................. Police and detectives, public service....................................................... Correctional institution officers2 ............................................................... Guards.......................................................................................................... Guards and police, except public service ............................................... Food preparation and service occupations .................................................. Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations........................... Bartenders2 .................................................................................................. Waiters and waitresses2 ............................................................................. Cooks, except short order........................................................................... Food counter, fountain, and related occupations ..................................... Kitchen workers, food preparation ............................................................. Waiters/waitresses assistants2 ................................................................... Miscellaneous food preparation occupations ............................................ 13.5 7.6 3.8 3.8 8.6 5.8 15.7 23.1 22.0 31.5 24.2 32.2 32.5 26.2 43.3 31.5 43.2 32.2 6.1 1.7 1.6 1.5 5.6 3.2 12.6 8.8 9.0 13.9 13.4 16.9 14.8 11.3 19.2 15.6 16.8 13.2 7.3 5.9 2.2 2.3 3.0 2.6 3.2 14.3 13.0 17.6 10.9 15.3 17.8 15.0 24.1 15.9 26.4 19.0 2.0 .4 .5 .5 .7 .9 .3 4.5 4.5 4.6 3.5 7.1 3.9 4.3 5.1 4.5 5.5 5.6 5.3 5.5 1.7 1.8 2.3 1.7 2.9 9.8 8.5 13.0 7.4 8.2 13.9 10.7 19.0 11.4 20.9 13.4 Health service occupations............................................................................ Dental assistants2 ........................................................................................ Health aides, except nursing....................................................................... Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants.................................................... Cleaning and building service occupations, except private household....... Supervisors, cleaning and building service workers ................................. Maids and housemen.................................................................................. Janitors and cleaners.................................................................................. Personal service occupations........................................................................ Hairdressers and cosmetologists ............................................................... Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities2 ..................................... Childcare workers, except private household2 ........................................... Personal service occupations, n.e.c............................................................ 20.8 16.4 19.5 21.7 22.8 17.9 22.7 23.4 25.3 10.3 41.5 35.9 31.6 7.1 3.0 7.8 7.3 7.9 11.1 8.0 7.7 6.5 1.0 16.4 7.0 10.4 13.8 13.4 11.6 14.3 14.9 6.7 14.7 15.8 18.8 9.2 25.1 28.9 21.1 3.6 2.0 3.4 3.8 4.2 1.6 4.0 4.6 2.1 1.2 5.3 1.9 3.9 10.2 11.4 8.2 10.5 10.7 5.1 10.7 11.2 16.7 8.0 19.8 27.0 17.2 Farming, forestry, and fishing........................................................................... 21.5 5.2 16.3 3.0 13.3 Farm operators and managers...................................................................... Farmers, except horticultural....................................................................... Farm occupations, except managerial.......................................................... 3 13.4 3 13.4 28.5 2.8 2.5 6.1 10.5 10.8 22.3 .5 .4 5.0 10.0 10.4 17.3 See footnotes at end of table. 125 Not in the labor force Unemployed ' Table C-1. Continued— Separation rates for selected occupations with 100,000 or more employees, 1983-84 (Percent) Separation rates, 1983-84' Occupation Not working Total Transfers to other occupations Total Farm workers............................................................................................... Related agricultural occupations................................................................... Supervisors, related agricultural occupations............................................ Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm2 .......................................... Forestry and logging occupations................................................................. 29.1 29.1 15.0 30.8 27.8 6.3 7.4 4.1 7.6 11.8 22.7 21.7 10.9 23.2 16.0 5.2 5.3 3.4 5.7 8.0 17.5 16.4 7.5 17.5 8.0 Precision production, craft, and repair............................................................ 14.9 7.0 7.9 3.4 4.5 Mechanics and repairers............................................................................... Supervisors, mechanics and repairers........................................................ Mechanics and repairers, except supervisors ........................................... Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers....................... Automobile mechanics ........................................................................... Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics2 ..................................... Automobile body and related repairers2................................................ Industrial machinery repairers.................................................................. Electrical dnd electronic equipment repairers......................................... Electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment............... Data processing equipment repairers2 .................................................. Telephone installers and repairers2 ....................................................... Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics2.......................... Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers.................................................. Specified mechanics and repairers, n.e.c.............................................. Not specified mechanics and repairers................................................. 13.2 10.4 13.4 15.0 13.8 14.4 13.5 13.3 10.6 3 15.7 11.5 3 7.4 8.8 12.9 12.6 18.6 7.2 5.9 7.3 8.5 8.6 9.7 5.1 7.8 4.6 8.7 8.2 .9 4.1 7.0 7.5 10.6 5.9 4.5 6.0 6.5 5.2 4.7 8.4 5.4 5.9 7.0 3.3 6.5 4.7 5.8 5.0 7.9 2.2 1.0 2.3 3.0 2.8 3.1 3.5 1.5 1.4 2.2 1.5 .9 3.1 2.1 1.7 2.7 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.5 2.4 1.6 4.9 3.9 4.5 4.8 1.8 5.6 1.6 3.7 3.3 5.2 Construction trades........................................................................................ Supervisors, construction occupations ....................................................... Supervisors, n.e.c...................................................................................... Construction trades, except supervisors .................................................... Brickmasons and stonemasons............................................................... Carpenters ................................................................................................. Drywall installers2 ...................................................................................... Electricians................................................................................................. Painters, construction and maintenance.................................................. Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters..................................................... Roofers2 ..................................................................................................... Construction trades, n.e.c.......................................................................... Extractive occupations................................................................................... 16.8 15.3 16.5 17.0 13.9 18.8 12.1 12.0 23.6 12.1 25.6 26.9 29.3 6.9 7.9 8.4 6.7 6.4 7.6 .5 5.1 6.3 4.3 12.3 14.3 18.6 9.9 7.3 8.0 10.3 7.5 11.3 11.7 6.9 17.4 7.8 13.2 12.6 10.6 5.1 4.1 4.4 5.3 4.4 5.7 10.6 3.0 8.1 5.0 5.5 5.6 7.4 4.8 3.2 3.6 5.0 3.1 5.6 1.1 3.9 9.3 2.8 7.7 7.0 3.2 Precision production occupations ................................................................. Supervisors, production occupations .......................................................... Precision metalworking occupations........................................................... Tool-and-die makers.................................................................................. Machinists.................................................................................................. Sheet-metal workers................................................................................. Precision woodworking occupations .......................................................... Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine workers.................... Dressmakers.............................................................................................. Precision workers, assorted materials........................................................ Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers.................................... Precision food production occupations....................................................... Bakers ....................................................................................................... Precision inspectors, testers, and related workers................................... Inspectors, testers, and graders.............................................................. Plant and system operators........................................................................ Stationary engineers................................................................................. 14.1 10.6 13.9 6.4 14.6 3 18.3 17.9 24.4 3 35.8 15.4 15.2 3 20.0 14.5 13.6 14.0 11.9 3 14.1 6.3 6.3 6.4 1.2 8.0 7.8 9.6 3.8 7.2 8.4 6.3 6.0 .0 5.9 6.3 5.0 5.9 7.8 4.2 7.5 5.1 6.6 10.5 8.4 20.7 28.6 7.0 8.9 14.0 14.6 7.6 7.7 6.9 8.3 2.7 1.8 3.2 2.6 2.2 7.0 2.8 2.1 2.2 2.6 3.3 5.6 4.5 3.2 3.0 2.0 2.9 5.1 2.4 4.3 2.5 4.4 3.5 5.6 18.6 26.4 4.4 5.6 8.4 10.1 4.4 4.7 4.9 5.4 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................................ 19.5 9.6 10.0 4.2 5.8 Machine operators and tenders, except precision....................................... Metalworking and plastic-working machine operators............................... Punching and stamping press machine operators................................. Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators .............. Metal and plastic processing machine operators ..................................... Woodworking machine operators............................................................... Printing machine operators ......................................................................... Printing machine operators....................................................................... Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators................................. Textile sewing machine operators............................................................ Pressing machine operators2.................................................................... 19.2 18.7 18.8 19.4 21.2 24.8 14.0 3 13.4 20.2 18.0 16.0 9.1 10.3 12.1 8.3 12.7 15.7 8.9 8.6 5.8 3.4 3.4 10.0 8.3 6.8 11.0 8.6 9.0 5.0 4.9 14.4 14.7 12.6 4.1 3.7 4.6 3.0 3.5 4.3 1.6 1.6 5.3 5.5 4.2 5.9 4.6 2.2 8.0 5.1 4.7 3.4 3.3 9.1 9.2 8.4 See footnotes at end of table. 126 Unemployed Not in the labor force Table C-1. Continued— Separation rates for selected occupations with 100,000 or more employees, 1983-84 (Percent) Separation rates, 1983-84' Occupation Not working Total Transfers to other occupations Total Laundering and drycleaning machine operators..................................... 25.5 10.5 14.9 3.1 11.8 Machine operators, assorted materials ..................................................... Packaging and filling machine operators................................................. Mixing and blending machine operators.................................................. Painting and paint spraying machine operators ..................................... Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food..................................... Slicing and cutting machine operators.................................................... Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c.................................................. Fabricators, assemblers, and handworking occupations............................. Welders and cutters.................................................................................... Assemblers.................................................................................................. Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers.............................. Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners...................................... 19.3 19.3 3 15.5 19.6 14.8 20.3 17.6 21.2 19.8 20.1 18.6 16.2 10.4 8.0 8.3 11.1 5.7 11.3 9.4 10.3 10.1 9.7 10.7 9.3 8.9 11.4 7.2 8.4 9.0 9.1 8.1 10.9 9.7 10.4 7.8 6.9 4.0 4.6 4.0 4.9 2.8 3.8 4.2 4.8 6.1 4.3 3.1 2.9 4.9 6.8 3.2 3.5 6.2 5.3 3.9 6.1 3.6 6.1 4.7 4.0 Transportation and material moving occupations........................................... 18.7 10.4 8.3 3.6 4.7 Motor vehicle operators................................................................................. Truckdrivers, heavy ..................................................................................... Truckdrivers, light ........................................................................................ Driver-sales workers.................................................................................... Busdrivers.................................................................................................... Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs2 ................................................................. Transportation occupations, except motor vehicle...................................... Rail transportation occupations.................................................................. Material moving equipment operators.......................................................... Operating engineers.................................................................................... Grader, dozer, and scraper operators........................................................ 18.4 16.5 26.6 12.9 17.6 26.5 13.0 14.4 20.9 18.0 14.9 9.5 8.5 15.5 7.1 9.6 7.4 7.3 9.5 13.5 9.3 5.8 8.8 8.0 11.2 5.8 8.0 19.2 5.6 5.0 7.4 8.7 9.2 3.5 4.0 3.9 1.3 2.4 4.0 2.1 2.0 4.1 6.1 5.1 5.3 4.0 7.3 4.5 5.6 15.2 3.5 3.0 3.3 2.6 4.1 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.................................... 28.2 13.3 14.9 6.6 8.3 Helpers, construction and extractive occupations....................................... Helpers, construction trades....................................................................... Construction laborers..................................................................................... Freight, stock, and material movers, hand ................................................... Stock handlers and baggers....................................................................... Freight, stock, and material movers, hand, n.e.c........................................ Garage and service station related occupations2 ........................................ Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners2 ................................................... Hand packers and packagers........................................................................ Laborers, except construction ....................................................................... 37.9 37.4 28.3 28.5 33.2 21.5 38.7 30.7 21.0 25.5 17.5 15.8 11.4 14.8 18.6 9.9 17.6 13.3 5.2 12.8 20.4 21.6 16.9 13.7 14.6 11.6 21.1 17.4 15.8 12.7 9.1 9.4 9.8 5.5 4.5 6.4 8.1 7.7 5.8 5.6 11.3 12.2 7.1 8.2 10.1 5.2 13.0 9.7 10.0 7.1 1The occupational separation rate is the percentage of in dividuals previously employed in an occupation who are not employed in that same occupation a year later. Occupational transfers occur if individuals remain employed, but in a different oc cupation. Separations exclude deaths. 2This Current Population Survey occupation is equivalent to the Occupatonal Employment Statistics survey occupation with the same title. 3 During 1983-84, employment in this occupation declined; some Unemployed Not in the labor force workers who left were not replaced. n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. NOTE: Due to rounding, individual items may not add to totals. SOURCE: Merged Current Population Survey data. The methodology used to develop the data is presented in “ New Occupa tional Data Improve Replacement Estimates,” M o n th ly La bor Review, March 1984. 127 Table C-2. Age distribution for selected occupations with 100,000 or more employees, 1984 (Percent) Percent of employees Occupation Total Age 16-24 6.2 13.5 66.7 28.8 22.4 8.1 7.3 13.6 10.9 2.7 .6 6.9 76.6 28.2 28.7 10.4 9.3 15.9 13.0 2.9 100.0 2.4 .3 2.1 75.8 20.8 31.7 11.6 11.6 21.8 18.2 3.6 100.0 2.4 .3 2.1 76.8 21.5 32.1 11.7 11.4 20.8 17.6 3.2 100.0 6.7 100.0 5.6 .7 .0 6.0 76.8 26.0 29.5 11.3 10.1 16.5 13.5 5.6 84.0 37.5 30.7 8.9 7.0 10.3 9.5 2.9 .8 100.0 4.0 .1 3.9 85.1 30.1 36.7 100.0 6.2 .3 5.9 81.8 29.9 32.2 10.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2.8 3.0 6.4 7.4 .4 .1 .2 .9 2.4 2.8 6.2 6.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10.1 13.3 7.1 2.7 Executive, administrative, and managerial 100.0 7.5 Management-related occupations.......... Accountants and auditors.................... Other financial officers......................... Management analysts.......................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists............................................ Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products'......................... Purchasing agents and buyers, n.e.c.' . Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction............................. Management-related occupations, Age 55 and older 65 Total 16-19 20-24 Total 25-34 35-44 45-49 50-54 Total 55-64 and older Total employed in 1983, age 16 and over ...................................... 100.0 19.7 Officials and administrators, public administration ....................................... Administrators and officials, public administration....................................... Executives, officials, and managers, except public administration ................. Financial managers .............................. Personnel and labor relations managers............................................. Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations.................................... Administrators, education and related fields..................................................... Managers, medicine and health .......... Managers, properties and real estate .. Managers and administrators, n.e.c..... Age 25-54 80.7 80.8 64.4 76.3 17.9 29.5 22.4 25.8 .4 9.7 76.3 34.9 .3 13.0 75.1 39.2 .3 6.8 79.7 33.4 .3 2.4 73.7 26.5 7.4 10.7 11.0 10.6 9.3 12.0 10.7 37.6 12.5 12.8 16.5 32.8 10.7 7.8 16.3 21.4 9.4 11.1 29.2 28.9 11.6 10.1 16.3 26.4 7.9 24.0 6.4 28.9 9.3 28.0 11.7 7.0 5.6 8.1 7.5 .4 1.3 14.7 1.8 12.8 3.5 17.7 11.5 13.5 2.8 13.6 10.9 11.6 9.0 13.2 10.9 23.6 15.8 2.8 2.6 2.3 7.8 100.0 6.6 .5 6.2 82.2 32.1 34.9 7.8 7.4 11.2 10.4 .8 100.0 12.4 100.0 8.2 .8 11.6 73.5 33.6 24.8 .1 8.1 75.5 33.3 24.4 9.5 8.3 5.6 14.1 10.3 9.5 16.3 13.9 3.8 2.4 100.0 5.6 .3 5.3 77.2 30.5 27.5 10.5 8.7 17.2 14.0 3.2 100.0 10.1 .3 9.8 77.7 34.7 26.2 8.1 8.7 12.2 10.5 1.7 Professional specialty occupations.......... 100.0 8.1 .8 79.0 34.0 28.7 8.7 7.6 13.0 10.2 2.7 8.8 3.7 9.2 9.4 9.8 8.6 9.1 7.7 6.2 14.5 12.2 14.8 14.4 12.8 14.0 17.2 16.2 6.7 13.0 10.1 13.4 13.2 11.2 12.3 15.5 14.5 5.8 1.5 2.1 1.5 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 .8 4.4 7.9 6.2 7.9 9.0 7.9 5.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .3 .1 .1 .2 7.3 7.7 6.1 7.8 8.9 7.8 5.3 7.6 7.6 7.4 100.0 8.1 .1 8.0 87.6 41.4 32.0 8.6 5.5 3.8 .5 100.0 5.1 100.0 6.5 100.0 7.3 .1 .2 .3 5.0 83.8 35.8 31.0 6.3 80.2 39.4 26.6 7.0 79.5 40.2 26.0 9.3 7.1 7.8 7.8 11.0 10.2 7.2 13.3 11.1 5.4 13.2 11.3 .8 2.2 1.9 100.0 1.4 100.0 1.4 100.0 1.1 .1 .0 .3 1.3 75.5 29.5 27.9 1.4 75.8 28.2 29.3 .8 71.7 26.3 24.3 9.2 8.8 23.1 16.3 9.9 8.6 22.7 16.2 9.8 11.3 27.2 18.7 6.8 6.5 8.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 .3 9.5 80.6 .1 8.5 81.4 .5 8.7 76.2 .7 13.7 82.5 .6 6.3 76.0 Engineers, architects, and surveyors..... Architects.............................................. Engineers.............................................. Civil engineers'................................... Electrical and electronics engineers' Industrial engineers’ .......................... Mechanical engineers' ...................... Engineers, n.e.c.................................. Mathematical and computer scientists ... Computer systems analysts and scientists'............................................. Operations and systems researchers and analysts........................................ Natural scientists.................................... Chemists, except biochemists' ........... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Health diagnosing occupations.............. Physicians'............................................ Dentists'................................................ Health assessment and treating occupations............................................ Registered nurses’ ............................... Pharmacists’ ......................................... Therapists............................................. Teachers, college and university........... Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified .............................................. Teachers, except college and university 9.8 8.5 9.2 14.4 6.9 100.0 11.6 100.0 7.3 77.5 81.6 77.3 76.6 79.3 80.5 75.2 76.2 85.7 33.2 37.5 32.9 29.5 33.6 37.1 31.3 32.3 39.3 25.7 7.3 26.9 8.5 25.2 5.8 21.7 3.3 29.7 11.3 7.0 9.6 8.2 7.6 10.1 9.0 6.4 14.5 10.3 4.0 3.1 2.4 9.3 17.1 14.7 1.4 1.1 4.2 .7 2.4 1.5 10.1 75.2 25.9 27.1 12.9 1.1 6.2 82.5 31.8 33.1 9.6 9.3 13.2 11.5 8.0 10.3 8.4 1.7 1.9 See footnotes at end of table. 128 40.7 38.5 38.9 53.6 25.7 26.3 9.2 34.1 6.3 25.9 9.3 25.9 11.7 27.5 8.5 26.7 8.1 25.2 9.6 26.0 10.1 31.8 8.4 Table C-2. Continued— Age distribution for selected occupations with 100,000 or more employees, 1984 (Percent) Percent of employees Occupation Total Age 16-24 Age 25-54 Age 55 and older Total 16-19 20-24 Total 25-34 35-44 45-49 50-54 Total 55-64 and older Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten ........................................ Teachers, elementary school.............. Teachers, secondary school1 .............. Teachers, special education ............... Teachers, n.e.c...................................... Counselors, educational and vocational1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 15.1 4.5 4.6 7.3 18.0 7.2 2.1 13.1 78.2 33.3 30.9 7.9 .2 4.2 85.1 30.9 34.7 10.3 .3 4.3 84.7 30.1 35.8 10.4 .5 6.8 85.5 46.5 27.2 6.2 5.8 12.3 69.3 31.5 24.2 8.0 1.0 6.2 77.9 22.6 34.1 11.5 6.2 9.2 8.4 5.6 5.7 9.7 6.6 5.3 10.4 9.1 10.7 9.0 7.2 5.9 12.6 7.4 14.9 13.5 Librarians, archivists, and curators ....... Librarians .............................................. Social scientists and urban planners..... Economists........................................... Psychologists........................................ Social, recreation, and religious workers Social workers...................................... Clergy .................................................... Lawyers and judges ............................... Lawyers................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7.0 7.1 6.5 9.9 3.6 7.7 6.7 2.3 2.6 2.7 1.0 1.0 .3 .4 .1 1.3 .4 .1 .1 .1 8.5 8.9 5.6 4.7 6.6 7.6 5.5 9.7 7.0 6.2 26.3 26.7 9.3 7.5 9.4 16.6 10.3 26.8 15.3 13.9 Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes................................................... Designers.............................................. Musicians and composers................... Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers................................ Photographers...................................... Editors and reporters ........................... Public relations specialists1 ................. 6.1 6.0 6.3 9.4 3.5 6.4 6.4 2.2 2.5 2.6 66.7 66.2 84.2 82.6 87.0 75.6 83.0 70.9 82.1 83.5 23.6 23.3 37.5 39.0 35.9 34.5 41.1 27.8 34.8 36.4 24.8 9.9 23.8 10.2 33.1 7.9 31.1 7.8 35.6 8.9 24.4 9.2 27.7 8.7 22.7 10.6 33.2 7.2 33.8 7.0 100.0 14.9 100.0 12.8 100.0 15.3 2.5 12.4 73.0 35.8 24.5 2.2 10.6 76.0 33.6 27.3 3.1 12.2 70.2 42.5 19.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.4 9.7 75.5 34.3 2.6 15.1 71.5 36.7 .8 11.6 76.4 41.5 .3 9.5 75.2 33.5 11.0 17.7 12.4 9.8 7.1 8.5 4.8 25.6 7.6 24.8 5.4 22.9 6.7 26.9 10.3 5.7 12.1 6.6 11.2 3.9 14.5 8.0 4.7 5.4 4.5 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.4 5.2 1.4 19.7 6.6 20.1 6.6 7.5 1.8 6.4 1.2 6.9 2.5 11.1 5.5 8.6 1.7 15.0 11.8 10.1 5.2 9.1 4.8 8.6 8.3 7.0 3.5 2.9 7.5 13.5 9.5 10.8 8.9 11.2 7.3 15.0 10.9 4.0 1.9 4.0 4.1 Technicians and related support.............. 100.0 16.7 1.4 15.4 75.6 40.9 22.6 7.2 4.9 7.6 6.6 1.0 100.0 15.1 1.0 14.1 76.5 41.6 23.5 6.6 4.9 8.4 7.1 1.2 100.0 17.2 100.0 20.1 100.0 7.7 1.1 16.1 77.6 41.3 27.2 .6 19.5 75.5 42.3 24.8 .4 7.3 79.3 40.5 23.2 5.7 4.6 8.6 3.4 5.2 4.4 3.7 4.4 4.1 7.0 13.1 11.1 .8 .3 1.9 100.0 22.9 2.3 20.6 70.4 40.8 20.1 5.5 4.0 6.8 5.5 1.3 100.0 17.6 1.6 16.0 75.1 40.5 22.1 7.5 5.0 7.3 6.4 .9 100.0 18.1 1.7 16.5 73.5 38.3 20.9 8.2 6.1 8.3 7.6 .8 Health technologists and technicians.... Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians .......................................... Radiologic technicians ......................... Licensed practical nurses1................... Health technologists and technicians, n.e.c...................................................... Technologists and technicians, except health..................................................... Engineering and related technologists and technicians................................... Electrical and electronics technicians1 ...................................... Engineering technicians, n.e.c........... Drafting occupations.......................... Science technicians.............................. Technicians, except health, engineering, and science ................... Computer programmers .................... Legal assistants ................................ Technicians, n.e.c............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 15.7 16.9 20.4 21.0 1.6 1.8 1.5 2.5 14.1 15.1 18.9 18.6 78.6 73.7 69.9 71.1 44.7 30.3 39.0 39.2 21.8 7.4 25.2 11.3 17.4 6.9 20.0 7.0 4.7 7.0 6.6 4.9 5.8 9.4 9.8 7.9 5.2 8.7 8.7 7.6 .5 .7 1.0 .3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 16.5 19.7 13.4 16.6 1.4 1.7 .5 1.4 15.2 18.1 12.9 15.2 77.3 77.6 77.9 74.3 42.7 47.7 38.4 41.6 23.7 22.3 27.0 22.1 7.0 5.1 8.7 6.2 3.9 2.4 3.8 4.4 6.2 2.7 8.7 9.0 5.1 2.6 6.0 7.2 1.1 .1 2.7 1.8 9.9 14.9 60.5 25.4 20.5 7.5 7.0 14.6 11.1 3.5 100.0 11.4 1.2 10.2 72.3 28.2 25.3 9.5 9.3 16.3 12.9 3.4 100.0 10.5 100.0 7.2 100.0 4.8 1.4 .4 .2 9.1 72.2 27.6 27.0 9.3 8.3 17.3 12.8 6.7 75.0 29.2 27.4 9.0 9.4 17.8 13.3 4.6 70.0 18.7 28.4 12.0 10.9 25.2 17.4 4.6 4.5 7.8 Sales occupations..................................... 100.0 24.9 Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations............................................ Sales representatives, finance and business services.................................. Insurance sales occupations1 ............. Real estate sales occupations............ Securities and financial services sales occupations1........................................ Advertising and related sales occupations......................................... Sales occupations, other business services................................................ 100.0 12.5 .4 12.1 74.6 31.9 28.2 7.7 6.9 13.0 9.9 3.1 100.0 12.9 1.3 11.6 76.4 39.2 26.2 6.9 4.0 10.7 8.2 2.5 100.0 21.0 4.9 16.1 69.2 32.3 24.2 7.3 5.4 8.3 1.6 See footnotes at end of table. 129 9.8 Table C-2. Continued— Age distribution for selected occupations with 100,000 or more employees, 1984 (Percent) Percent of employees Occupation Total Age 16-24 1.0 8.9 74.5 32.7 26.0 8.8 7.0 15.6 12.2 3.3 1.1 9.0 74.3 32.7 26.0 8.7 6.9 15.6 12.2 3.4 100.0 41.0 20.0 21.1 46.4 21.4 14.3 5.5 5.2 12.5 9.2 3.3 6.9 14.5 11.9 5.4 19.6 13.0 3.5 10.0 6.7 2.7 6.6 3.2 5.7 10.9 16.8 12.7 4.1 100.0 38.7 11.9 26.8 54.2 29.8 15.2 4.3 5.0 7.0 5.9 1.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 13.2 14.9 14.4 16.7 12.2 21.9 11.7 6.1 6.7 5.5 5.9 4.7 7.5 4.2 6.2 3.8 5.9 6.3 4.2 6.1 2.9 20.4 10.0 16.0 16.7 8.1 14.4 7.0 12.9 8.6 12.1 10.8 6.1 10.0 5.6 7.5 1.5 3.9 5.9 1.9 4.4 1.4 5.0 16.3 65.9 28.9 21.8 7.9 7.3 12.7 10.5 2.2 6.3 80.4 31.4 27.4 11.9 9.7 12.9 12.2 6.4 79.5 30.0 27.3 12.1 10.1 13.7 12.9 .7 .8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7.6 .5 7.1 78.6 29.0 27.5 11.9 10.1 13.8 13.3 27.8 4.5 23.4 66.9 35.5 20.8 5.8 4.8 5.3 4.7 27.9 4.5 23.4 66.9 35.6 20.7 5.8 4.7 5.3 4.7 21.2 4.8 16.4 66.7 28.5 23.0 8.3 6.9 12.1 10.3 19.5 3.8 15.8 68.2 28.5 24.1 8.6 7.1 12.3 10.5 29.8 10.0 19.8 59.2 28.0 18.2 7.0 6.0 11.0 8.9 31.1 9.6 21.5 55.8 25.0 18.0 6.5 6.4 13.2 9.7 26.9 6.8 20.1 60.9 29.5 18.7 6.7 6.0 12.3 10.5 32.7 10.5 22.2 54.6 24.3 16.9 6.3 7.3 12.6 9.4 29.8 12.5 17.3 53.2 22.2 18.1 7.1 5.8 17.0 11.1 .5 .5 .5 1.8 1.7 2.1 3.5 1.8 3.2 5.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 28.8 10.3 18.5 59.1 27.6 19.6 17.1 3.3 13.9 73.5 35.7 25.3 38.1 16.1 22.0 47.1 16.9 18.9 40.6 17.4 23.2 48.9 26.1 14.5 18.5 3.5 15.0 64.9 28.2 20.4 6.0 6.7 6.4 3.8 7.5 5.9 5.7 5.0 4.4 8.7 12.1 10.1 9.4 8.5 14.7 12.5 10.5 8.8 16.6 12.8 1.9 .9 2.2 1.7 3.8 2.6 12.7 68.1 26.3 23.3 8.9 9.6 16.6 13.2 3.5 2.4 1.3 4.7 5.2 5.3 100.0 13.8 2.2 11.6 71.7 31.3 22.4 11.1 100.0 43.3 20.6 22.7 37.1 14.0 12.3 5.5 100.0 57.9 28.7 29.2 32.2 18.0 6.6 4.0 100.0 17.3 25.8 28.2 38.9 32.7 51.8 18.0 60.1 Administrative support, including clerical .. 100.0 21.4 Supervisors, administrative support occupations............................................ Supervisors, general office.................. Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks............................ Computer equipment operators............. Computer operators' ............................ Secretaries, stenographers, and typists . Secretaries............................................ Typists................................................... Information clerks................................... Interviewers .......................................... Receptionists........................................ Information clerks, n.e.c........................ Records processing occupations, except financial ..................................... Order clerks.......................................... Library clerks’ ....................................... File clerks’ ............................................ Records clerks..................................... Financial records processing occupations............................................ Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks' .................................................. Payroll and timekeeping clerks'........... Billing clerks......................................... Communications equipment operators ... Telephone operators............................ Mail and message distributing occupations............................................ Postal clerks, except mail carriers..... Mail carriers, postal service ................ Mail clerks, except postal service’ ...... Messengers'......................................... Material recording, scheduling and distribution clerks, n.e.c.......................... Dispatchers........................................... Production coordinators....................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks . Stock and inventory clerks.................. Age 55 and older 65 Total 16-19 20-24 Total 25-34 35-44 45-49 50-54 Total 55-64 and older Sales representatives, commodities except retail ........................................... 100.0 9.9 Sales representatives; mining, manufacturing, and wholesale........... 100.0 10.1 Sales workers, retail and personal services .................................................. Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats.................................................... Sales workers, apparel ........................ Sales workers, shoes........................... Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings ........................................... Sales workers, radio, television, hi-fi, and appliances .................................... Sales workers, hardware and building supplies................................................ Sales workers, parts............................. Sales workers, other commodities...... Sales counter clerks............................. Cashiers’ ............................................... Street and door-to-door sales workers News vendors ...................................... Age 25-54 100.0 6.7 100.0 6.8 100.0 15.3 5.1 12.3 65.8 26.4 22.8 9.3 6.0 18.4 14.8 26.6 7.4 52.0 .4 .4 16.5 22.3 20.5 17.9 25.1 10.6 8.0 53.9 61.7 45.1 50.7 40.2 67.6 32.9 28.4 36.3 19.3 21.8 19.1 32.0 14.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 14.4 14.1 21.0 22.4 22.5 9.1 10.2 17.4 13.5 9.6 8.8 14.8 13.0 7.6 5.8 13.4 12.2 7.8 9.6 17.0 13.9 7.9 9.7 17.1 13.9 3.9 1.8 1.2 3.1 3.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 18.1 5.7 12.3 66.0 28.5 20.7 8.2 8.6 15.9 12.8 .4 4.3 79.9 32.2 27.0 9.3 11.4 15.5 13.3 4.6 3.9 .3 3.6 81.2 31.3 27.0 11.7 11.3 14.8 13.8 36.9 9.6 27.2 47.0 23.7 12.1 6.3 4.8 16.2 12.0 48.5 22.3 26.2 32.8 21.7 6.9 1.5 2.7 18.6 11.0 3.1 2.1 1.1 4.1 7.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 21.1 13.0 12.9 25.3 24.2 5.6 1.7 1.1 5.8 8.2 12.0 12.8 16.3 17.2 17.2 15.5 11.2 11.7 19.5 16.0 See footnotes at end of table. 130 68.2 71.1 65.6 60.7 60.5 66.7 75.7 76.0 64.2 62.5 25.5 27.9 30.3 23.3 23.1 32.0 35.8 33.7 32.3 29.6 23.5 24.8 21.9 20.0 19.7 20.0 24.2 26.4 19.6 17.5 7.4 8.5 8.4 6.1 7.0 7.2 7.1 7.5 6.2 8.4 12.2 11.4 11.1 10.5 13.3 10.6 10.2 10.6 9.3 11.3 1.6 1.2 .5 1.2 1.9 Table C-2. Continued— Age distribution for selected occupations with 100,000 or more employees, 1984 (Percent) Percent of employees Occupation Expediters............................................. Adjusters and investigators.................... Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators........................................ Investigators and adjusters, except insurance ............................................. Miscellaneous administrative support occupations............................................ General office clerks............................ Bank tellers' ......................................... Data entry keyers ................................ Teacher aides ...................................... Administrative support occupations, n.e.c...................................................... Total Age 25-54 Age 16-24 Age 55 and older 65 Total 16-19 20-24 Total 25-34 35-44 45-49 50-54 Total 55-64 and older 100.0 19.7 100.0 17.7 5.9 13.8 66.9 32.1 19.7 2.2 15.5 72.0 36.3 21.2 7.5 8.2 7.6 13.4 11.1 6.3 10.3 8.7 2.3 1.6 100.0 13.0 2.2 10.7 78.4 41.6 23.7 7.2 5.9 8.7 7.4 1.3 100.0 21.5 1.9 19.6 68.7 34.8 18.9 8.5 6.5 9.8 8.1 1.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5.3 7.5 8.0 3.7 3.3 6.9 11.8 9.7 7.9 15.6 12.3 4.4 5.7 4.8 5.5 7.4 6.9 8.5 12.7 11.2 2.1 3.3 1.0 .6 1.5 24.1 24.9 40.0 23.5 13.7 18.8 17.4 32.0 19.8 10.4 64.1 59.5 54.3 69.1 73.6 28.9 26.1 27.4 36.2 24.2 21.1 7.3 17.5 8.0 16.9 5.6 22.7 4.7 30.5 10.5 3.1 14.9 68.4 30.6 22.9 7.6 7.4 13.6 11.2 2.4 Private household occupations ................ 100.0 31.5 20.6 10.9 40.9 14.1 13.0 6.3 7.6 27.5 17.9 9.6 Childcare workers, private household1 ... 100.0 62.7 45.6 17.0 26.7 14.0 7.6 Private household cleaners and servants.................................................. 100.0 11.1 4.5 6.5 51.1 14.4 16.8 2.5 2.7 10.7 4.4 100.0 18.0 Service workers, except private household ................................................. 100.0 31.5 13.9 17.6 54.7 24.1 17.8 Protective service occupations.............. Supervisors, protective service occupations......................................... Firefighting and fire prevention occupations......................................... Firefighting occupations' ................... Police and detectives........................... Police and detectives, public service Correctional institution officers' ....... Guards.................................................. Guards and police, except public service............................................... Food preparation and service occupations............................................ Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations ............................ Bartenders' ........................................... Waiters and waitresses'....................... Cooks, except short order................... Food counter, fountain, and related occupations......................................... Kitchen workers, food preparation ...... Waiters/waitresses assistants’ ........... Miscellaneous food preparation occupations......................................... 100.0 15.7 Health service occupations.................... Dental assistants1 ................................ Health aides, except nursing............... Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants............................................ Cleaning and building service occupations, except private household . Supervisors, cleaning and building service workers.................................... Maids and housemen........................... Janitors and cleaners........................... Personal service occupations................ Barbers' ................................................ Hairdressers and cosmetologists ........ Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities’ ............................ Childcare workers, except private household'........................................... 100.0 2.2 8.8 11.1 37.8 25.3 12.5 6.5 6.3 13.8 10.3 3.5 7.1 6.6 14.6 10.8 3.8 2.2 83.2 19.0 38.7 13.3 12.2 14.6 13.6 .9 3.8 11.9 69.7 30.2 25.7 .1 6.3 8.9 9.4 11.8 8.7 19.1 24.2 .3 8.6 85.0 36.0 35.1 .3 9.2 85.8 36.9 36.2 .7 11.1 81.4 39.8 30.3 .4 8.3 87.0 42.2 33.5 1.6 17.4 71.0 34.6 24.8 8.5 15.7 51.2 21.4 16.1 7.6 7.3 6.5 7.1 5.5 6.2 6.4 6.0 5.6 5.4 4.8 4.8 4.8 6.8 5.5 4.3 4.3 4.0 6.1 9.9 9.1 7.5 24.7 16.9 .4 .0 1.3 .3 .9 7.8 100.0 20.7 5.3 15.4 54.3 23.0 16.6 6.5 8.1 25.0 17.8 7.2 100.0 48.4 25.5 22.8 42.6 20.6 12.3 5.0 4.7 7.3 1.8 35.7 16.8 18.9 52.0 21.8 25.3 1.9 23.4 65.1 37.7 48.2 18.1 30.2 46.2 27.1 42.1 21.1 20.9 45.5 18.1 17.2 17.2 11.5 14.3 5.7 6.0 4.1 6.6 7.2 12.3 9.5 4.3 9.6 7.4 3.4 5.6 4.7 6.5 12.4 10.3 2.9 2.2 .9 2.2 100.0 83.4 66.3 17.1 14.9 8.1 3.6 100.0 51.3 27.2 24.1 37.2 15.0 11.6 100.0 68.3 48.4 19.9 25.4 11.5 7.6 1.7 6.0 3.1 1.5 1.7 4.7 11.5 3.2 6.3 1.2 8.1 4.7 .6 3.4 1.6 100.0 46.3 29.0 17.3 40.5 16.4 13.3 5.3 5.6 13.2 10.5 2.7 100.0 23.0 100.0 39.1 100.0 27.7 5.4 17.6 64.2 27.6 21.4 8.5 30.6 56.8 35.3 16.2 7.1 20.6 63.5 29.5 22.5 7.9 3.2 5.5 7.2 12.8 10.2 2.1 4.1 3.7 6.0 8.8 6.9 2.5 .4 1.9 100.0 19.6 4.5 15.0 65.4 26.0 21.9 9.3 8.2 15.1 12.0 3.0 100.0 22.6 9.0 13.5 56.0 21.8 17.3 8.1 8.9 21.4 16.0 5.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7.0 1.0 6.0 70.3 21.7 20.0 6.6 13.5 63.0 23.5 24.5 10.4 14.1 52.9 21.0 22.6 7.4 15.1 62.5 28.2 4.5 .6 4.0 65.6 16.6 21.0 4.3 16.7 66.6 28.9 9.1 22.0 14.6 12.0 22.7 20.4 9.8 9.2 17.0 16.2 7.2 8.6 22.6 22.7 6.3 5.4 14.9 26.3 8.1 14.6 29.9 27.1 5.4 5.2 12.4 18.5 4.2 13.9 3.0 16.3 6.3 9.5 5.4 15.6 14.3 8.3 4.1 100.0 52.8 30.2 22.6 38.2 20.1 12.4 3.6 2.1 9.0 5.7 3.3 7.2 14.1 63.6 31.3 20.6 7.1 4.6 15.1 9.8 5.3 100.0 21.3 See footnotes at end of table. I3l Table C-2. Continued— Age distribution for selected occupations with 100,000 or more employees, 1984 (Percent) Percent of employees Occupation Total Age 16-24 Age 25-54 Age 55 and older 65 Total 16-19 20-24 Total 25-34 35-44 45-49 50-54 Total 55-64 and older Personal service occupations, n.e.c..... 100.0 28.8 10.4 18.5 48.4 19.7 15.5 7.3 6.0 22.7 13.4 9.4 Farming, forestry, and fishing................... 100.0 24.3 11.3 13.1 53.6 22.5 16.6 7.5 7.0 22.1 14.1 8.0 Farm operators and managers.............. Farmers, except horticultural............... Farm occupations, except managerial.... Farm workers ....................................... Related agricultural occupations........... Supervisors, related agricultural occupations......................................... Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm’ ........................................ Forestry and logging occupations.......... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 6.8 1.3 5.5 57.5 6.3 1.1 5.2 56.6 34.9 18.0 16.9 51.9 36.0 18.7 17.3 51.4 40.5 20.2 20.3 45.8 100.0 28.1 19.1 18.2 23.5 23.2 24.4 18.6 18.3 16.6 16.4 12.5 9.5 10.3 35.8 21.8 14.0 9.6 10.5 37.1 22.5 14.6 6.9 5.0 13.2 9.2 4.0 6.9 4.8 12.7 8.7 3.9 4.7 4.1 13.8 9.1 4.6 7.1 21.0 59.4 31.9 16.2 5.5 5.9 12.5 10.1 2.3 100.0 42.7 22.7 20.0 42.5 22.5 11.5 100.0 17.2 4.6 12.5 73.9 37.5 20.1 4.5 8.2 4.0 14.8 8.0 8.9 9.6 8.1 5.2 .8 3.1 12.7 71.5 32.4 22.8 8.7 7.7 12.7 10.9 1.8 Precision production, craft, and repair ..... 100.0 15.8 Mechanics and repairers........................ Supervisors, mechanics and repairers . Mechanics and repairers, except supervisors .......................................... Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers .............. Automobile mechanics ................... Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics’ .................................... Automobile body and related repairers’ ........................................ Heavy equipment mechanics......... Industrial machinery repairers .......... Electrical and electronic equipment repairers............................................ Electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment............. Data processing equipment repairers’ ........................................ Telephone installers and repairers' Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics’ .................. Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers............................................ Specified mechanics and repairers, n.e.c................................................. Not specified mechanics and repairers......................................... 100.0 15.4 100.0 2.8 2.9 12.5 72.9 32.4 23.9 8.9 7.8 11.7 10.0 .1 2.7 80.9 22.7 31.0 13.6 13.6 16.3 15.3 1.6 1.0 100.0 16.2 3.1 13.1 72.4 33.0 23.4 8.6 7.4 11.4 9.7 1.7 100.0 20.3 100.0 24.1 4.4 15.9 70.1 34.7 21.8 5.1 19.1 67.5 35.1 19.8 7.9 7.2 5.8 5.3 9.6 8.4 8.1 6.8 1.6 1.6 100.0 15.4 2.4 13.0 74.9 35.7 25.2 7.9 6.1 9.7 8.7 1.0 100.0 28.0 100.0 6.3 100.0 10.3 7.4 20.6 63.9 32.8 17.6 9.4 1.1 5.2 81.3 38.5 25.8 9.8 1.4 8.9 74.9 29.6 24.8 10.9 4.2 8.1 7.0 7.2 12.4 11.5 9.5 14.8 13.6 1.1 1.0 1.2 100.0 11.7 1.7 10.0 79.3 33.9 29.0 8.3 8.1 7.8 1.3 100.0 21.2 4.7 16.6 64.5 31.5 20.6 6.7 5.7 14.2 11.8 2.4 100.0 15.2 100.0 5.7 .6 14.6 80.6 41.5 25.2 .5 5.2 87.1 31.8 35.3 100.0 17.8 3.0 14.8 72.1 34.2 23.2 100.0 14.6 2.6 12.0 70.3 30.6 21.8 100.0 18.0 Construction trades................................. Supervisors, construction occupations Supervisors, n.e.c.............................. Construction trades, except supervisors.......................................... Brickmasons and stonemasons........ Carpenters ......................................... Drywall installers’ ............................... Electricians......................................... Electrical power installers and repairers............................................ Painters, construction and maintenance..................................... Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters....................................... Roofers’ ............................................. Construction trades, n.e.c................... Extractive occupations............................ 9.0 4.2 7.3 3.6 7.1 .6 .2 8.0 6.7 10.1 8.0 2.1 9.1 8.9 15.0 12.5 2.5 2.4 100.0 12.7 3.3 14.7 67.1 31.2 19.7 8.6 7.6 14.9 12.4 1.9 10.8 70.7 31.4 19.3 10.0 10.0 16.6 13.8 100.0 18.8 100.0 5.3 100.0 5.4 4.0 14.8 70.0 34.8 21.0 7.4 6.8 11.2 9.7 .3 5.0 78.1 30.1 26.0 10.9 11.1 16.6 15.0 .2 5.1 78.1 30.7 24.9 11.4 11.1 16.5 14.8 1.5 1.6 1.7 6.2 9.9 5.0 4.2 6.6 9.9 80.8 34.4 32.5 7.4 6.5 8.1 8.0 .1 100.0 24.9 7.8 17.1 63.3 31.9 18.2 6.6 6.5 11.9 9.3 2.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.7 7.7 9.3 2.2 7.7 4.9 5.7 8.7 7.8 12.8 11.3 5.1 5.0 4.4 7.2 8.6 8.0 7.8 8.4 7.9 1.5 .5 .6 .5 2.3 10.4 71.7 29.2 23.7 9.9 8.8 15.7 13.4 .4 5.5 78.1 26.7 28.2 12.0 11.1 16.0 14.7 2.0 11.4 71.2 33.3 21.0 9.1 7.8 15.4 13.5 2.2 1.3 1.9 4.5 4.0 4.3 7.1 1.3 100.0 11.1 1.2 14.0 32.0 29.2 17.7 Precision production occupations .......... 100.0 12.7 Supervisors, production occupations ... 100.0 5.9 Precision metalworking occupations .... 100.0 13.4 16.1 12.3 16.7 24.4 10.7 12.2 24.3 19.9 15.5 See footnotes at end of table. 132 68.9 68.9 67.9 64.7 76.2 73.2 63.0 62.2 73.9 36.2 37.9 31.6 37.5 21.5 15.1 17.8 20.0 10.5 8.9 14.7 13.5 11.1 9.1 3.8 3.2 11.8 10.5 2.8 20.3 7.0 21.4 11.0 19.1 6.5 18.6 7.4 26.3 7.9 20.6 16.4 20.9 31.5 12.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 35.4 26.7 37.3 34.5 35.3 8.3 5.7 9.1 10.9 1.5 1.2 2.1 .6 1.3 Table C-2. Continued— Age distribution for selected occupations with 100,000 or more employees, 1984 (Percent) Percent of employees Occupation Tool-and-die makers.......................... Machinists.......................................... Sheet-metal workers.......................... Precision woodworking occupations .... Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine workers ............. Dressmakers...................................... Precision workers, assorted materials . Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers ....................................... Precision food production occupations Butchers and meat cutters............... Bakers ................................................ Precision inspectors, testers, and related workers............................ Inspectors, testers, and graders....... Plant and system operators................ Stationary engineers.......................... Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Age 16-24 10.0 13.2 14.4 21.2 1.0 9.0 71.8 25.5 1.9 11.4 72.7 36.3 3.4 11.1 72.1 31.4 5.2 16.1 64.1 28.3 19.6 11.5 15.3 18.2 15.0 21.3 8.9 6.3 14.0 12.6 21.5 11.6 7.5 13.5 13.2 19.9 6.8 9.2 14.7 11.0 3.2 1.4 .3 3.7 100.0 12.7 100.0 7.4 100.0 21.1 3.6 9.2 57.5 21.2 19.2 2.2 5.2 53.6 18.4 17.8 4.5 16.7 68.5 30.7 23.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 22.8 24.3 23.6 24.9 5.2 5.6 4.1 7.9 29.4 26.7 26.2 28.5 24.4 7.8 5.2 10.3 9.8 20.2 9.0 7.2 12.7 9.8 21.6 8.4 5.9 14.4 10.9 15.9 10.6 11.0 9.2 7.8 .5 2.8 3.5 1.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10.6 11.6 5.0 4.7 1.5 9.1 71.6 30.1 1.7 10.0 71.4 28.6 .2 4.8 78.9 36.7 .3 4.4 73.2 26.8 21.2 10.2 10.1 17.8 17.5 22.3 10.5 10.0 16.9 16.7 24.5 9.1 8.6 16.2 14.9 25.9 9.5 11.0 22.1 19.5 .3 .2 1.3 2.6 17.6 18.7 19.5 17.0 66.9 63.1 62.1 65.9 9.2 8.5 8.3 7.9 29.7 19.2 10.5 8.9 39.0 27.8 11.2 6.1 10.4 9.2 1.1 4.1 14.6 68.6 30.1 22.6 8.4 7.4 12.7 11.2 1.5 100.0 19.3 4.3 15.0 67.6 29.7 22.2 8.4 7.3 13.0 11.4 1.6 100.0 16.0 3.2 12.9 71.3 30.7 23.1 9.2 8.3 12.7 11.4 1.2 100.0 18.1 2.4 15.8 70.0 31.1 21.7 7.7 9.5 11.9 11.1 .7 100.0 18.0 4.3 13.7 68.9 28.1 25.5 8.9 6.4 13.1 11.4 1.7 100.0 19.0 3.5 15.5 68.5 32.4 25.2 5.7 5.3 12.5 10.7 1.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 3.7 6.3 5.4 5.6 23.6 18.0 20.7 20.6 6.5 7.2 7.1 7.5 4.7 12.0 10.4 7.6 8.8 7.9 6.6 12.4 10.8 5.5 12.6 11.0 1.6 1.0 1.6 1.7 3.8 12.2 68.2 27.7 22.4 3.0 10.5 70.4 28.9 23.7 3.9 14.1 64.0 24.2 22.4 9.6 9.8 8.2 8.5 15.8 13.3 8.0 16.0 13.5 9.3 17.9 15.5 2.5 2.6 2.4 5.4 17.7 59.5 22.4 17.7 10.1 9.2 17.4 12.8 4.7 4.4 16.2 67.3 30.1 22.3 8.1 6.7 12.1 10.8 1.3 6.6 16.8 63.2 29.9 20.2 7.5 5.6 13.4 12.0 1.4 2.6 19.8 64.6 28.9 20.9 7.8 7.0 13.0 11.0 1.9 5.6 18.3 67.2 32.4 20.5 8.8 5.5 7.5 1.2 7.9 11.2 13.0 11.9 1.1 4.7 19.1 62.9 29.7 19.1 7.8 6.3 13.3 11.1 2.2 3.5 15.4 69.3 29.1 24.8 4.1 14.9 67.9 30.0 22.2 8.6 8.4 6.8 11.7 10.6 7.3 13.0 11.9 1.2 1.1 4.6 14.9 70.0 32.2 24.0 3.0 13.1 74.1 35.5 24.9 5.2 15.3 69.1 30.7 23.9 7.3 7.2 7.7 6.5 10.4 6.5 9.8 6.9 10.4 9.3 9.1 9.5 1.1 .7 .9 2.2 11.4 71.1 28.6 22.4 10.4 9.7 15.3 13.7 1.6 1.7 10.8 71.5 27.5 23.2 10.9 9.8 16.1 14.8 1.3 19.8 24.5 23.4 24.0 100.0 16.0 100.0 13.5 100.0 18.0 100.0 23.1 Machine operators, assorted materials 100.0 20.7 Packaging and filling machine operators........................................... 100.0 23.4 Mixing and blending machine operators........................................... 100.0 22.5 Painting and paint spraying machine operators........................................... 100.0 24.0 Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food........................................ 100.0 9.9 Slicing and cutting machine operators........................................... 100.0 23.8 Miscellaneous machine operators, n.e.c.................................................... 100.0 18.9 Machine operators, not specified ..... 100.0 19.1 Fabricators, assemblers, and handworking occupations...................... 100.0 19.5 Welders and cutters............................. 100.0 16.1 Assemblers........................................... 100.0 20.4 Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers ........................ 100.0 13.6 Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners............................................ 100.0 12.4 Graders and sorters, except agricultural........................................... 100.0 19.6 Age 55 and older 65 Total 16-19 20-24 Total 25-34 35-44 45-49 50-54 Total 55-64 and older Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors.................................................. 100.0 18.7 Machine operators and tenders, except precision................................................. Metalworking and plastic-working machine operators .............................. Punching and stamping press machine operators............................ Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators........... Metal and plastic processing machine operators ............................................. Molding and casting machine operators........................................... Woodworking machine operators........ Printing machine operators ................. Printing machine operators............... Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators............................. Textile sewing machine operators.... Pressing machine operators'............ Laundering and drycleaning machine operators........................................... Age 25-54 16.1 18.2 18.1 18.4 68.2 66.7 64.1 63.4 33.4 33.8 29.7 29.8 9.2 77.1 35.9 22.2 .6 4.8 14.8 67.9 32.4 15.7 See footnotes at end of table. 133 8.8 9.1 10.8 12.4 9.8 2.7 Table C-2. Continued—Age distribution for selected occupations with 100,000 or more employees, 1984 (Percent) Percent of employees Occupation Total Age 16-24 Age 55 and older v)J Total 16-19 20-24 Total 25-34 35-44 45-49 50-54 Total 55-64 and older Transportation and material moving occupations............................................... 100.0 15.8 Motor vehicle operators.......................... Truckdrivers, heavy .............................. Truckdrivers, light ................................ Driver-sales workers............................. Busdrivers............................................. Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs1 ......... Transportation occupations, except motor vehicle......................................... Rail transportation occupations........... Material moving equipment operators .... Operating engineers............................. Grader, dozer, and scraper operators . Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators ............................................. Miscellaneous material moving equipment operators........................... Age 25-54 3.4 12.5 70.9 30.0 23.2 9.5 8.1 13.3 11.6 1.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 16.2 4.0 12.2 70.7 29.7 12.6 1.9 10.8 75.1 30.2 36.2 12.9 23.3 53.7 29.3 13.5 3.1 10.4 78.2 37.0 8.9 2.8 6.1 73.3 24.8 14.5 3.6 10.9 63.2 27.8 23.6 9.4 25.2 10.8 15.0 4.7 25.4 8.5 29.3 10.5 19.3 7.4 8.0 8.8 4.7 7.4 8.6 8.6 13.0 12.3 10.0 8.2 17.8 22.3 11.1 11.2 7.6 7.8 15.1 15.0 1.9 1.1 2.4 .5 2.7 7.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 8.3 3.4 16.1 11.2 12.8 26.4 9.9 27.4 10.8 21.5 9.7 22.6 10.5 19.7 9.5 9.6 9.9 7.9 9.5 9.9 17.8 18.1 13.2 13.2 22.4 17.1 17.3 12.0 12.4 19.6 .7 .7 1.2 .9 2.7 9.6 .5 7.9 73.9 27.9 .1 3.3 78.5 30.4 2.0 14.1 70.6 31.5 1.2 10.0 75.6 33.0 1.5 11.3 64.9 25.8 100.0 20.9 2.8 18.1 69.4 33.0 20.8 8.2 7.4 9.1 .6 100.0 17.3 2.8 14.4 68.6 32.1 21.8 8.2 6.5 14.1 12.2 2.0 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.............................................. 100.0 43.5 19.3 24.2 48.6 24.8 13.8 5.1 4.8 7.9 6.6 1.3 100.0 56.9 23.4 33.5 40.1 26.0 8.4 100.0 57.8 24.0 33.8 39.2 26.3 7.5 100.0 36.1 12.7 23.4 55.8 28.4 15.9 2.5 2.5 6.2 3.2 2.9 5.3 3.0 2.9 8.1 2.6 2.6 6.6 .4 .3 1.4 100.0 53.9 28.3 25.5 39.8 21.4 10.6 100.0 69.1 41.9 27.2 26.5 15.1 6.7 4.4 2.6 3.4 2.1 6.3 4.4 5.1 3.3 1.2 1.1 100.0 38.4 13.0 25.4 54.2 29.4 14.4 100.0 57.0 27.8 29.2 34.7 18.4 8.9 6.1 4.4 7.4 6.2 1.2 4.1 3.3 5.6 2.7 100.0 52.1 21.8 30.3 41.9 21.3 11.2 100.0 25.8 8.9 16.9 61.5 27.8 19.0 100.0 31.3 10.2 21.1 59.0 28.6 17.9 5.9 6.5 5.8 3.5 6.0 5.3 8.3 12.6 11.6 6.7 9.7 8.2 .7 1.1 1.5 Helpers, construction and extractive occupations............................................ Helpers, construction trades............... Construction laborers.............................. Freight, stock, and material movers, hand....................................................... Stock handlers and baggers............... Freight, stock, and material movers, hand, n.e.c............................................ Garage and service station related occupations1........................................... Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners1................................................. Hand packers and packagers................ Laborers, except construction ............... 'T h is Current Population Survey occupation is equivalent to the Occupational Employment Statistics survey occupation with the same title, n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified. 8.2 NOTE: Due to rounding, individual items may not add to totals. SOURCE: Current Population Survey. 134 Appendix D. Statistics on How Workers Get Their Training, by Occupation discussion in chapter 4). Table D-l presents data on the total number of workers who needed training from any source to obtain their jobs. Tables D-2 through D-l 1 con tain information on the different sources of training. This appendix presents data by detailed occupation on workers who reported that specific skills or training were needed to obtain their current jobs, based on a supple ment to the January 1983 Current Population Survey (see Table D-1. Occupational distribution of workers who needed specific training to qualify for their Jobs, 1983 Number who needed training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Total who needed training Total, all occupations................................................................ 53,890 55.4 100.0 Professional specialty occupations .................................................... Teachers, elementary school . ................ ................................... Teachers, secondary school.......................................................... Registered nurses........................................................................... Lawyers................................. .......... Physicians ...................................................................................... Electrical and electronic engineers .............................................. Social workers................................................................................. Clergy............................................................................................... Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten............................... Designers................................... .................................................. Computer systems analysts and scientists................................. Industrial engineers........................... .......... .............................. Mechanical engineers.................................................................... Editors and reporters...................................................................... Pharmacists..................................................................................... Civil engineers................................................................................. Librarians......................................................................................... Counselors, educational and vocational....................................... Musicians and composers.............................................................. Dentists............................................................................................. Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers............ Psychologists................................................................................... Operations and systems researchers and analysts..................... Chemists, except biochemists ...................................................... Photographers Aerospace engineers...................................................................... Architects............................. Public relations specialists Inhalation therapists ............................... ............ ................... Economists........................... Geologists and geodesists ............................................................ Chemical engineers......................................................................... Speech therapists Actors and directors ...................................................................... English teachers ............................................................................. Physical therapists........................................................................... Dietitians............................... ........................... Authors................................. Biological and life scientists.......................................................... 11,797 1,554 1,280 1,262 548 482 404 316 284 281 266 243 199 198 181 180 175 169 164 126 123 121 121 117 106 99 94 91 84 76 75 70 69 65 92.6 98.1 96.7 97.9 94.8 98.4 92.4 85.7 92.6 86.0 80.4 93.9 85.4 89.3 84.4 99.2 84.7 81.1 93.4 86.6 97.4 82.9 97.8 85.5 96.2 80.5 100.0 93.9 71.5 93.6 88.0 96.9 94.7 100.0 92.7 97.7 95.8 75.8 83.2 100.0 21.9 2.9 2.4 See footnote at end of table. 135 60 57 55 55 54 51 2.3 1.0 .9 .8 .6 .5 .5 .5 .5 .4 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 (1) Table D-1. Continued— Occupational distribution of workers who needed specific training to qualify for their Jobs, 1983 Occupation Number who needed training (thousands) Forestry and conservation scientists............................................ Mathematical sciences teachers.................................................... Athletes............................................................................................. Recreation workers......................................................................... Administrative support occupations, including clerical..................... Secretaries....................................................................................... Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks............................. Typists ............................................................................................. Computer operators......................................................................... Receptionists................................................................................... General office clerks....................................................................... Bank te lle rs ..................................................................................... Supervisors, general office............................................................ Data entry keyers............................................................................. Investigators and adjusters, except insurance............................. Teacher aides ................................................................................. Stock and inventory clerks............................................................ Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators..................... Telephone operators....................................................................... Payroll and timekeeping clerks...................................................... Production coordinators ................................................................ Records clerks................................................................................. Order clerks..................................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks.......................................... Billing clerks..................................................................................... Stenographers................................................................................. File clerks......................................................................................... Postal clerks, except mail carriers................................................ Interviewers..................................................................................... Supervisors; distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks . . . . Transportation, ticket, and reservation agents ........................... Supervisors, financial records processing................................... Mail carriers, postal service.......................................................... Dispatchers ..................................................................................... Statistical clerks............................................................................... Cost and rate c le rk s ....................................................................... Bill and account collectors............................................................ Expediters ....................................................................................... Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping..................... Mail clerks, except postal service.................................................. Eligibility clerks, social welfare...................................................... Library clerks................................................................................... Weighers, measurers, and checkers............................................ Hotel clerks ..................................................................................... Messengers..................................................................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations................... Accountants and auditors.............................................................. Administrators, education and related field s............................... Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations............ Administrators and officials, public administration..................... Financial managers......................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists..................... Managers, properties and real estate ......................................... Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction.......... Management analysts..................................................................... Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products........ Managers, medicine and health.................................................... Personnel and labor relations managers..................................... Purchasing managers..................................................................... Construction inspectors.................................................................. Business and promotion agents.................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair occupations......................... Supervisors, production occupations........................................... Carpenters....................................................................................... Automobile mechanics .................................................................. 50 48 48 43 9,157 2,746 1,195 593 408 285 274 266 228 213 179 170 168 132 119 118 117 105 101 99 99 87 87 73 72 70 61 61 59 59 54 52 50 45 43 40 40 33 27 24 15 7,738 962 400 337 312 310 251 124 110 108 106 96 83 60 40 33 7,603 676 639 549 See footnote at end of table. 136 Percent of— Total Total who employment in needed training occupation 93.4 92.8 86.5 84.5 56.8 72.8 59.8 70.0 75.2 46.2 51.4 59.2 65.0 71.3 64.1 46.6 31.3 65.9 51.4 58.0 60.4 51.4 49.8 23.0 55.6 88.0 33.1 31.0 48.6 40.3 53.8 70.0 22.2 39.8 66.8 44.2 47.7 37.3 56.6 23.2 58.5 24.1 32.7 46.6 13.0 71.4 88.9 86.2 74.3 71.4 82.6 73.9 48.7 73.0 74.8 50.7 78.4 76.1 66.6 60.7 55.8 65.1 56.3 64.6 70.0 0 0 0) <1) 17.0 5.1 2.2 1.1 .8 .5 .5 .5 .4 .4 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 (1) o 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 (1) 14.4 1.8 .7 .6 .6 .6 .5 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 (1) (1) 14.1 1.3 1.2 1.0 Table D-1. Continued— Occupational distribution of workers who needed specific training to qualify for their jobs, 1983 Number who needed training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Electricians....................................................................................... Machinists ....................................................................................... Industrial machinery repairers ...................................................... Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters......................................... Supervisors, mechanics and repairers......................................... Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics............................. Painters, construction and maintenance..................................... Telephone installers and repairers................................................ Butchers and meat cutters............................................................ Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics ............ Tool and die makers...................................................................... Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipment.. Automobile body and related repairers....................................... Heavy equipment mechanics........................................................ Brickmasons and stonemasons .................................................... Inspectors, testers, and graders.................................................... Data processing equipment repairers ......................................... Sheet-metal w orkers...................................................................... Aircraft engine mechanics.............................................................. Stationary engineers...................................................................... Carpet installers............................................................................... Dressmakers ................................................................................... Office machine repairers Drywall installers............................................................................. Electrical power installers and repairers..................................... Roofers............................................................................................. Bakers ............................................................................................. Upholsterers..................................................................................... Telephone line installers and repairers....................................... Millwrights ....................................................................................... Camera, watch, and music instrument repairers......................... Supervisors, extractive occupations............................................. Structural metal workers................................................................ Dental laboratory and medical appliance technicians................ Optical goods workers.................................................................... Drillers, oil well ............................................................................... Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers......................... 465 342 308 299 202 177 161 147 144 140 138 129 118 101 94 93 89 87 79 75 75 64 62 60 57 56 55 53 51 50 50 48 41 39 35 25 17 84.8 74.4 63.3 77.5 68.1 64.7 47.5 56.8 49.7 75.2 84.5 74.9 66.3 61.6 69.5 68.9 91.7 67.4 82.1 66.7 70.0 59.4 86.8 71.5 52.9 55.4 44.9 80.2 73.7 59.7 90.7 62.2 66.5 73.8 65.4 43.3 21.2 Sales occupations................................................................................. Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations......................... Sales representatives; mining, manufacturing, and wholesale trade............................................................................................... Cashiers........................................................................................... Real estate sales occupations ...................................................... Insurance sales occupations.......................................................... Securities and financial services sales occupations................... Street and door-to-door sales workers......................................... Sales workers, apparel.................................................................. Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats ................................... Advertising and related sales occupations................................... Sales workers, p a rts ...................................................................... Sales workers; radio, TV, hi-fi, and appliances........................... Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings........................... Sales workers, hardware and building supplies ......................... Sales engineers............................................................................... Sales workers, shoes....................................................................... Sales counter c le rks...................................................................... News vendors ................................................................................. 4,867 1,392 697 544 431 421 146 108 84 64 62 58 58 57 56 42 28 27 7 43.4 50.1 53.8 27.8 89.1 76.1 77.4 28.0 20.8 37.8 49.7 36.9 41.9 36.6 28.0 77.5 22.3 23.0 4.7 Service workers, except private household....................................... Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..................................... Hairdressers and cosmetologists.................................................. Cooks, except short order.............................................................. Police and detectives, public service........................................... Waiters and waitresses.................................................................. Janitors and cleaners.................................................................... Guards and police, except public service................................... 4,397 790 570 412 303 299 237 227 35.5 63.6 96.5 29.9 80.1 23.7 12.3 37.4 See footnote at end of table. 137 Total who needed training .9 .6 .6 .6 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) <1) (1) (1) 9.0 2.6 1.3 1.0 .8 .8 .3 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 0 (1) 1 (’) 8.2 1.5 1.1 .8 .6 .6 .4 .4 Table D-1. Continued— Occupational distribution of workers who needed specific training to qualify for their jobs, 1983 Number who needed training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total Total who employment in needed training occupation Health aides, except nursing ........................................................ Childcare workers, except private household............................. Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations............ Bartenders....................................................................................... Correctional institution officers...................................................... Barbers............................................................................................. Dental assistants............................................................................. Firefighting occupations................................................................ Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers................. Maids and housemen ..................................................................... Supervisors, cleaning and building service workers................... Supervisors, police and detectives................................................ Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities......................... Waiters’ and waitresses’ assistants.............................................. Food counter, fountain, and related occupations....................... Kitchen workers, food preparation................................................ Welfare service a id e s .................................................................... Short-order cooks ........................................................................... 171 116 113 111 101 97 96 93 67 57 51 42 39 36 31 27 22 9 52.6 17.9 53.4 36.3 63.9 87.7 73.2 54.5 70.3 11.6 41.0 56.7 32.3 10.7 12.4 18.3 26.0 11.7 Machine optrators, assemblers, and inspectors............................... Weldeft and cutters ....................................................................... Textile itoMng machine operators................................................ AssemNira....................................................................................... Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners....................... Printing machine operators............................................................ Paint and spray machine operators.............................................. Photographic process machine operators................................... Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except fo o d ......................... Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators . Winding and twisting machine operators..................................... Production testers........................................................................... Typesetters and compositors........................................................ Packaging and filling machine operators..................................... Slicing and cutting machine operators......................................... Laundry and dry cleaning machine operators............................. Lathe and turning machine operators.......................................... Pressing machine operators.......................................................... Mixing and blending machine operators..................................... Punching and stamp press machine operators........................... Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine operators.............. Shoe machine operators................................................................ Molding and casting machine operators..................................... Sawing machine operators............................................................ Metal plating machine operators.................................................. Crushing and grinding machine operators................................... Graders and sorters, except agriculture ..................................... Technicians and related support occupations................................... Licensed practical nurses.............................................................. Computer programmers ................................................................ Electrical and electronic technicians............................................ Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians....................... Drafting occupations....................................................................... Radiologic technicians..................................................................... Dental hygienists............................................................................. Legal assistants............................................................................... Chemical technicians....................................................................... Biological technicians..................................................................... 2,742 355 252 229 222 187 80 74 66 56 53 53 52 51 50 45 45 33 31 27 26 23 20 15 14 13 11 37.0 67.5 33.2 23.6 38.3 61.9 43.3 69.5 52.1 36.3 51.3 70.1 71.7 14.1 24.3 24.5 59.9 25.5 22.6 25.9 42.7 27.6 23.4 18.3 25.1 25.4 12.8 2,579 419 371 260 240 218 99 96 85 53 40 1,462 574 231 105 83 60 55 55 84.6 95.3 91.1 87.7 88.2 84.7 92.4 92.7 79.4 62.9 73.1 Transportation and material moving occupations............................. Truck drivers, heavy....................................................................... Bus drivers....................................................................................... industrial truck and tractor equipment operators ....................... Truck drivers, light........................................................................... Driver-sales workers ....................................................................... Crane and tower operators............................................................ Operating engineers....................................................................... See footnote at end of table. 138 36.3 36.1 58.0 30.1 19.8 28.1 59.0 45.7 o 0 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 (') 0 (1) 0 (1) (1) 5.1 .7 .5 .4 .4 .3 .1 .1 .1 .1 0 0) o o 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0) 4.8 .8 .7 .5 .4 .4 .2 .2 .2 (1) (1) 2.7 1.1 .4 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 Table D-1. Continued— Occupational distribution of workers who needed specific training to qualify for their |obs, 1983 Number who needed training (thousands) Occupation Excavating and loading machine operators................................. Grader, dozer, and scraper operators......................................... Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs .................................................... Locomotive operating occupations................................................ 40 39 33 33 862 Percent of— Total employment in occupation 43.2 50.0 17.6 60.7 Total who needed training 0 (1) 0 (1) 164 75 59 26 25 24 17 27.9 30.5 19.0 22.5 52.3 37.6 32.2 27.1 34.4 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................... Laborers, except construction........................................................ Stock handlers and baggers.......................................................... Construction laborers .................................................................... 605 158 91 88 16.2 17.0 12.1 20.0 Hand packers and packagers Garage and service station related occupations......................... Helpers, construction trades.......................................................... Machine feeders and offbearers.................................................... Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners................................... Production helpers.......................................................................... Garbage collectors.......................................................................... 46 45 35 24 20 18 6 16.6 16.1 24.5 26.7 13.8 27.7 8.0 0) (1) 0 0 0 0 Private household occupations .......................................................... Child care workers, private household......................................... Private household cleaners and servants ................................... 81 41 28 8.3 9.7 5.7 C) Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations....................................... Farmers, except horticulture................................... ................... Farm workers................................................................................... Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm ............................. Animal caretakers, except farm .................................................... Managers, farms, except horticulture........................................... Supervisors, related agricultural occupations Timber cutting and logging occupations..................................... Fishers............................................................................................. 1 Less than 0.1 percent. 139 406 1.6 .8 .3 .1 .1 0 (1) 0 (1) 1.1 .3 .2 .2 (1) .2 (1) NOTE: Percentages are based on unrounded numbers. Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals. Table D-2. Occupational diatribution of workers who used training in 4*year or longer college programs to qualify for their Jobs, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Total who used the training Total, all occupations................................................................ 16,078 16.5 100.0 Professional specialty occupations .................................................... Teachers, elementary school........................................................ Teachers, secondary school.......................................................... Registered nurses........................................................................... Lawyers ........................................................................................... Physicians ....................................................................................... Electrical and electronic engineers .............................................. Social workers................................................................................. Clergy............................................................................................... Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten............................... Pharmacists..................................................................................... Counselors, educational and vocational....................................... Librarians......................................................................................... Civil engineers................................................................................. Computer systems analysts and scientists................................. Mechanical engineers..................................................................... Dentists............................................................................................. Editors and reporters....................................................................... Designers......................................................................................... Industrial engineers......................................................................... Psychologists................................................................................... Chemists, except biochemists ...................................................... Architects......................................................................................... Aerospace engineers....................................................................... Musicians and composers.............................................................. Geologists and geodesists............................................................ Chemical engineers......................................................................... Speech therapists........................................................................... Operations and systems researchers and analysts..................... Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers............ English teachers............................................................................. Public relations specialists............................................................ Biological and life scientists.......................................................... Physical therapists........................................................................... Mathematical sciences teachers.................................................... Economists....................................................................................... F orestry and c o n s e rv a tio n s c ie n tis ts ............................................ Authors............................................................................................. Dietitians........................................................................................... Athletes............................................................................................. Actors and directors ....................................................................... Photographers................................................................................. Recreation w orkers......................................................................... Inhalation therapists ....................................................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations................ Accountants and auditors.............................................................. Administrators, education and related field s............................... Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations............ Financial managers......................................................................... Administrators and officials, public administration ..................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists..................... Management analysts..................................................................... Managers, medicine and health.................................................... Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction.......... Personnel and labor relations managers..................................... Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products........ Managers, properties and real estate .......................................... Purchasing managers..................................................................... 8,961 1,469 1,194 585 524 454 275 240 223 219 160 148 144 141 135 129 123 119 118 116 115 88 79 69 67 65 61 60 60 53 53 49 48 48 47 45 41 34 32 29 29 26 25 13 70.4 92.7 90.2 45.4 90.6 92.8 62.9 65.2 72.6 67.1 88.5 84.5 69.0 68.4 52.3 58.3 97.0 55.4 35.7 49.9 93.0 80.1 81.4 73.2 46.2 90.1 84.4 93.0 43.7 36.5 92.1 41.3 94.2 84.0 89.9 53.1 77.0 52.3 45.0 52.6 44.8 21.4 48.8 15.8 3,638 678 343 173 164 157 103 63 57 48 38 38 37 35 33.6 62.7 73.8 38.3 43.7 36.0 30.2 43.3 46.8 32.1 34.7 17.9 14.4 38.3 55.7 9.1 7.4 3.6 3.3 2.8 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.0 .9 .9 .9 .8 .8 .8 .7 .7 .7 .7 .5 .5 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 (1) 22.6 4.2 2.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 .6 .4 .4 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 Administrative support occupations, including clerical..................... Secretaries....................................................................................... Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks............................. Investigators and adjusters, except insurance............................. Teacher aides ................................................................................. See footnote at end of table. 976 270 149 54 43 6.1 7.1 7.5 19.2 11.7 6.1 1.7 .9 .3 .3 140 Table D-2. Continued— Occupational diatribution of workers who used training in 4-year or longer college programs to qualify for their Jobs, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Supervisors, general office............................................................ Computer operators........................................................................ Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators..................... Typists............................................................................................. Supervisors, financial records processing................................... Receptionists................................................................................... General office clerks...................................................................... Records clerks................... .......................................................... Interviewers..................................................................................... Stenographers................................................................................. Stock and inventory clerks............................................................ Production coordinators ................................................................ Bank te lle rs..................................................................................... Order clerks..................................................................................... Statistical clerks............................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks......................................... Library clerks................................................................................... Supervisors; distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks . . . . Payroll and timekeeping clerks...................................................... Billing clerks..................................................................................... Eligibility clerks, social welfare...................................................... 42 40 28 28 25 24 24 20 15 14 14 12 12 10 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 12.1 7.4 14.0 3.2 29.4 3.9 4.5 9.6 10.1 14.7 2.5 6.0 2.6 4.9 9.6 1.7 5.2 3.9 3.3 3.6 8.6 Sales occupations................................................................................. Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations......................... Sales representatives; mining, manufacturing, wholesale trade Insurance sales occupations.......................................................... Real estate sales occupations ...................................................... Securities and financial services sales occupations................... Advertising and related sales occupations................................... Sales engineers............................................................................... Cashiers........................................................................................... Sales workers; radio, TV, hi-fi, and appliances........................... Sales workers, apparel.................................................................. Street and door-to-door sales workers......................................... Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings........................... Sales workers, hardware and building supplies......................... Technicians and related support occupations................................... Computer programmers ................................................................ Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians....................... Drafting occupations...................................................................... Dental hygienists.................................................... ..................... Electrical and electronic technicians........................................... Legal assistants............................................................................... Chemical technicians............................................. ........................ Biological technicians.................................................................... Licensed practical nurses.............................................................. Radiologic technicians.................................................................... Service workers, except private household....................................... Police and detectives, public service........................................... Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..................................... Health aides, except nursing ........................................................ Childcare workers, except private household............................. Guards and police, except public service................................... Correctional institution officers...................................................... Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers................. Cooks, except short order.............................................................. Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations............ Dental assistants............................................................................. Supervisors, police and detectives................................................ Supervisors, cleaning and building service workers................... Janitors and cleaners.................................................................... 941 314 226 89 82 58 17 16 15 9 7 7 7 6 744 161 109 56 50 33 32 27 21 17 11 316 63 39 34 23 16 14 13 10 9 8 7 7 6 8.4 11.3 17.4 16.1 16.9 31.0 14.0 29.2 .8 6.4 1.7 1.7 4.3 2.8 24.4 39.6 39.8 21.7 48.3 11.2 30.4 31.6 37.6 3.9 10.6 2.6 16.7 3.1 10.4 3.5 2.6 9.1 13.4 .7 4.4 6.4 10.1 5.5 .3 See footnote at end of table. 141 <• Total who used the training 0.3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 (1) (1) (1) 0 0 0 0 (1) (1) (1) 0 0 0 5.9 2.0 1.4 .6 .5 .4 .1 (1) 0 (1) 0 (1) (1) (1) 4.6 1.0 .7 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 (1) 2.0 .4 .2 .2 .1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) Table D-2. Continued-—Occupational di8tribution of workers who used training in 4-year or longer college programs to qualify for their jobs, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Precision production, craft, and repair occupations......................... Supervisors, production occupations............................................ Carpenters....................................................................................... Electricians....................................................................................... Supervisors, mechanics and repairers.......................................... Dressmakers ................................................................................... Data processing equipment repairers .......................................... Industrial machinery repairers ...................................................... 282 99 21 14 11 8 8 6 Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations....................................... Farmers, except horticulture.......................................................... Managers, farms, except horticulture............................................ Farm workers................................................................................... Animal caretakers, except fa rm .................................................... 128 80 11 7 6 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................... Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners....................... Production testers........................................................................... Photographic process machine operators................................... 69 16 14 7 Transportation and material moving occupations............................. 10 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................... 7 Private household occupations .......................................................... 4 1 Less than 0.1 percent. Percent of— Total Total who employment in used the training occupation 2.4 8.2 2.1 2.5 3.9 7.8 7.7 1.2 4.1 6.0 15.7 .8 5.3 .9 2.7 19.3 6.8 .3 .2 .4 0.8 .6 .1 0 0 0 0 (1) .8 .5 (1) (1) (1) .4 0 0 (1) (1) (1) (1) NOTE: Percentages are based on unrounded numbers. Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals. 142 Table D-3. Occupational diatribution of workera who jobs, 1983 U8ed training from junior collages or technical institutes to qualify for their Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Total who used the training Total, all occupations................................................................ 4,965 5.1 100.0 Administrative support occupations, including clerical..................... Secretaries....................................................................................... Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks............................. Computer operators......................................................................... T ypists......................... ........................................................ Receptionists................................................................................... Teacher aides ................ ........................................... General office clerks...................................................................... Data entry keyers............................................................................. Supervisors, general office........ ................................................... Payroll and timekeeping clerks...................................................... Bank te lle rs.................................................................................... Stock and inventory clerks............................................................ Investigators and adjusters, except insurance............................. Interviewers..................................................................................... Stenographers................................................................................. Eligibility clerks, social welfare...................................................... Production coordinators ................................................................ Records clerks................................................................................. File clerks......................................................................................... Supervisors; distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks___ Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators..................... Weighers, measurers, and checkers........................................... Library clerks................................................................................... Billing clerks..................................................................................... Dispatchers ..................................................................................... Statistical clerks............................................................................... Order clerks..................................................................................... Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping..................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks......................................... 1,282 530 172 80 63 48 40 29 28 25 22 17 16 16 15 14 11 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 8.0 14.1 8.6 14.8 7.4 7.8 10.9 5.4 9.3 7.2 10.6 3.7 3.0 5.7 9.9 14.6 16.2 4.2 4.0 3.0 4.3 3.7 8.3 4.6 3.5 3.6 6.5 2.5 6.5 1.1 Professional specialty occupations .................................................... Registered nurses.............................................................. ............ Teachers, elementary school........................................................ Designers........................... Inhalation therapists .......................................................... ............ Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten............................... Teachers, secondary school.......................................................... Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers............ Computer systems analysts and scientists................................. Mechanical engineers.................................................................... Electrical and electronic engineers .............................................. Operations and systems researchers and analysts..................... Clergy............................................................................................... Civil engineers.................................................................... ............ Editors and reporters...................................................................... Chemists, except biochemists ...................................................... Psychologists................................................................................... Actors and directors ....................................................................... Musicians and composers............................................................... Photographers................................................................................. Industrial engineers......................................................................... Pharmacists..................................................................................... Physical therapists........................................................................... Authors................. Architects......................................................................................... Social workers................................................................................. 906 372 42 37 37 35 29 27 24 23 19 13 12 11 10 10 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 5 5 7.1 28.9 2.6 11.3 45.7 10.8 2.2 18.2 9.2 10.2 4.4 9.3 4.1 5.2 4.7 9.0 7.1 12.4 5.2 6.0 3.0 3.9 11.5 8.9 5.2 1.3 Technicians and related support occupations................................... Licensed practical nurses Computer programmers ................................................................ Electrical and electronic technicians........................................... Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians....................... 600 148 75 75 65 19.7 33.7 18.5 25.3 23.9 25.8 10.7 3.5 1.6 1.3 1.0 .8 .6 .6 .5 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 0 (1) 18.3 7.5 .8 .8 .7 .7 .6 .5 .5 .5 .4 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 (1) 12.1 3.0 1.5 1.5 1.3 See footnote at end of table. 143 Table D-3. Continued— Occupational distribution of workers who used training from junior colleges or technical institutes to qualify for their jobs, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Total who used the training Drafting occupations....................................................................... Radiologic technicians.................................................................... Dental hygienists............................................................................. Legal assistants............................................................................... 57 42 39 9 22.0 39.0 37.7 8.0 1.1 .8 .8 .2 Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations................... Accountants and auditors.............................................................. Financial managers......................................................................... Managers, properties and real estate ......................................... Administrators and officials, public administration..................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists..................... Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations............ Administrators, education and related field s............................... Management analysts.................................................................... Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction.......... Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products........ Personnel and labor relations managers..................................... Construction inspectors.................................................................. 581 91 24 22 21 18 13 13 10 8 7 7 6 5.4 8.4 6.4 8.8 4.9 5.2 3.0 2.9 6.6 5.3 3.3 6.2 8.8 11.7 1.8 .5 .5 .4 .4 .3 .3 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 Precision production, craft, and repair occupations......................... Automobile mechanics .................................................................. Supervisors, production occupations............................................ Electricians....................................................................................... Machinists ....................................................................................... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics ............ Industrial machinery repairers ...................................................... Data processing equipment repairers .......................................... Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipment..................................................................................... Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics............................. Aircraft engine mechanics.............................................................. Carpenters....................................................................................... Office machine repairers................................................................ Stationary engineers....................................................................... Inspectors, testers, and graders.................................................... Heavy equipment mechanics........................................................ Supervisors, mechanics and repairers......................................... Automobile body and related repairers....................................... Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters......................................... Tool and die m akers....................................................................... Optical goods workers..................................................................... Telephone installers and repairers................................................ Painters, construction and maintenance..................................... Sheet-metal w orkers....................................................................... Camera, watch, and musical instrument repairers..................... Upholsterers..................................................................................... Service workers, except private household........................................ Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..................................... Hairdressers and cosmetologists.................................................. Police and detectives, public service............................................ Health aides, except nursing ........................................................ Dental assistants............................................................................. Barbers............................................................................................. Cooks, except short order.............................................................. Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers................. Guards and police, except public service................................... Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations............ Firefighting occupations................................................................ Childcare workers, except private household............................. Correctional institution officers...................................................... Welfare service a id e s ..................................................................... Supervisors, police and detectives................................................ Janitors and cleaners.................................................................. .. 568 55 49 45 34 28 25 25 4.9 7.0 4.1 8.2 7.4 15.1 5.2 25.3 11.4 1.1 1.0 .9 .7 .6 .5 .5 18 17 17 16 15 13 12 12 10 10 9 8 7 7 5 5 5 5 10.5 6.2 17.2 1.6 20.4 11.8 8.9 7.1 3.3 5.4 2.3 4.7 13.0 2.7 1.6 4.0 8.6 7.1 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 461 136 73 39 31 25 22 18 14 14 12 3.7 11.0 12.3 10.2 9.4 19.1 See footnote at end of table. 144 11 8 7 7 5 4 19.9 1.3 15.1 2.3 5.5 6.6 1.2 4.5 7.8 7.5 .2 o (1) 9.3 2.7 1.5 .8 .6 .5 .4 .4 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 (1) Table D-3. Continued— Occupational distribution of workers who used training from Junior colleges or technical institutes to qualify for their Jobs, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Total who used the training Sales occupations................................................................................. Real estate sales occupations ...................................................... Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations......................... Sales representatives; mining, manufacturing, wholesale trade . Insurance sales occupations.......................................................... Cashiers........................................................................................... Sales engineers............................................................................... Securities and financial services sales occupations.................. 356 113 89 35 28 24 11 10 3.2 23.3 3.2 2.7 5.1 1.2 19.5 5.3 7.2 2.3 1.8 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................... Welders and cutters ...................................................................... Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners....................... Printing machine operators............................................................ Photographic process machine operators................................... Lathe and turning machine operators ......................................... 115 34 12 8 6 6 1.6 6.4 2.1 2.8 6.0 7.7 2.3 .7 .2 .2 .1 .1 Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations....................................... Farmers, except horticulture.......................................................... Farm workers................................................................................... 58 21 11 1.9 1.6 1.2 1.2 .4 .2 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................... Stock handlers and baggers.......................................................... Laborers, except construction........................................................ 21 9 6 .6 1.2 .4 .2 .1 Transportation and material moving occupations............................. Truck drivers, heavy...................................................................... 18 10 .4 .7 .4 .2 Private household occupations .......................................................... - - - 1Less than 0.1 percent. .7 .7 .6 .5 .2 .2 NOTE: Percentages are based on unrounded numbers. Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals. Dash indicates that data were not reported. 145 Table D-4. Occupational distribution of workers who used high school vocational training to qualify for their jobs, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Total, all occupations................................................................ Administrative support occupations, including clerical..................... Secretaries....................................................................................... Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks............................. T ypists............................................................................................. Receptionists................................................................................... General office clerks....................................................................... Computer operators......................................................................... Billing clerks..................................................................................... Data entry keyers............................................................................. Bank te lle rs ..................................................................................... File clerks......................................................................................... Stenographers................................................................................. Teacher aides ................................................................................. Payroll and timekeeping clerks...................................................... Stock and inventory clerks............................................................ Supervisors, general office............................................................ Production coordinators ................................................................ Records clerks................................................................................. Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators..................... Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping..................... Interviewers..................................................................................... Telephone operators....................................................................... Order clerks..................................................................................... Expeditors ....................................................................................... Library clerks................................................................................... Statistical clerks............................................................................... Eligibility clerks, social welfare...................................................... Dispatchers ..................................................................................... Bill and account collectors............................................................ Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks.......................................... Precision production, craft, and repair occupations......................... Automobile mechanics .................................................................. Carpenters....................................................................................... Electricians....................................................................................... Machinists ....................................................................................... Supervisors, production occupations............................................ Industrial machinery repairers ...................................................... Tool and die m akers....................................................................... Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics............................. Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters......................................... Supervisors, mechanics and repairers.......................................... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics ............ Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipment..................................................................................... Dressmakers ................................................................................... Sheet-metal w orkers....................................................................... Data processing equipment repairers .......................................... Heavy equipment mechanics........................................................ Bakers ............................................................................................. Telephone installers and repairers................................................ Automobile body and related repairers....................................... Aircraft engine mechanics.............................................................. Butchers and meat cutters............................................................ Office machine repairers................................................................ Stationary engineers....................................................................... Brickmasons and stonemasons.................................................... Electrical power installers and repairers..................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations................... Accountants and auditors.............................................................. Administrators and officials, public administration..................... Financial managers......................................................................... Administrators, education and related field s............................... Management analysts.................................................................... See footnote at end of table. 146 Percent of— Total employment in occupation Total who used the training 4,692 2,659 1,323 341 306 84 68 62 39 37 35 29 25 23 23 20 19 17 16 15 14 8 8 7 7 7 7 7 6 5 3 606 101 52 51 44 33 30 25 14 13 11 11 11 10 10 8 8 7 4.8 16.4 35.1 17.1 36.1 13.6 12.8 11.4 21.9 12.4 7.7 11.2 25.5 6.4 11.3 3.7 5.4 8.9 8.1 7.5 18.7 5.4 3.3 3.7 6.0 5.1 8.6 9.9 4.1 5.1 .7 5.2 12.8 5.3 9.3 9.6 2.8 6.1 15.6 5.0 3.3 3.9 6.1 6.5 9.6 7.4 8.1 4.6 6.0 100.0 56.7 28.2 7.3 6.5 1.8 1.4 1.3 .8 .8 .7 .6 .5 .5 .5 .4 .4 .4 .4 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 6 6 6 6 5 5 2.5 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 4 4 333 49 13 9 8 6 3.5 6.0 2.0 7.6 4.5 3.2 3.3 3.1 4.5 3.1 2.3 1.7 4.2 (1) 12.9 2.1 1.1 1.1 .9 .7 .6 .5 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 0 (1) 7.1 1.0 .3 .2 .2 .1 Table D-4. Continued— Occupational distribution of workers who used high school vocational training to qualify for their jobs, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Managers, properties and real estate ......................................... Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products........ Business and promotion agents.................................................... 5 5 3 2.2 2.2 5.3 Professional specialty occupations .................................................... Registered nurses........................................................................... Designers......................................................................................... Computer systems analysts and scientists................................. Photographers...............................................................................•. Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers............ Teachers, elementary school ........................................................ Clergy............................................................................................... Public relations specialists............................................................ Mechanical engineers.................................................................... Civil engineers................................................................................. Social workers................................................................................. Inhalation therapists ...................................................................... Actors and directors ...................................................................... Operations and systems researchers and analysts..................... 208 19 12 11 10 8 7 7 6 6 6 5 4 4 4 1.6 1.5 3.6 4.4 8.4 5.3 .5 2.0 5.1 2.6 2.7 1.5 5.2 6.1 2.8 Service workers, except private household....................................... Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..................................... Hairdressers and cosmetologists.................................................. Janitors and cleaners.................................................................... Childcare workers, except private household............................. Cooks, except short order.............................................................. Police and detectives, public service........................................... Dental assistants............................................................................. Health aides, except nursing ........................................................ Guards and police, except public service................................... Welfare service a id e s .................................................................... Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations............ 207 50 41 19 14 12 9 8 7 6 5 5 1.7 4.1 7.0 1.0 2.1 .9 2.3 6.2 2.1 1.0 5.5 2.2 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................... Printing machine operators............................................................ Welders and cutters ...................................................................... Assemblers...................................................................................... Typesetters and compositors........................................................ Painting and paint spraying machine operators......................... Lathe and turning machine operators ......................................... Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners....................... Photographic process machine operators................................... Sawing machine operators............................................................ Sales occupations................................................................................. Cashiers........................................................................................... Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations......................... Sales representatives; mining, manufacturing, wholesale trade . Real estate sales occupations ...................................................... Insurance sales occupations.......................................................... Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings......................... Sales workers; radio, TV, hi-fi, and appliances........................... Advertising and related sales occupations................................... Sales workers, apparel.................................................................. 196 41 31 16 15 9 6 5 4 4 2.6 13.7 5.9 1.7 21.2 4.8 7.4 .9 4.2 4.5 1.6 2.4 1.5 1.3 2.4 1.8 5.1 4.1 3.9 1.0 Technicians and related support occupations................................... Drafting occupations...................................................................... Licensed practical nurses.............................................................. Electrical and electronic technicians........................................... Legal assistants............................................................................... Chemical technicians...................................................................... Computer programmers ................................................................ Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians....................... Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations....................................... Farmers, except horticulture.......................................................... 149 See footnote at end of table. 147 185 48 42 17 12 10 8 6 5 4 64 19 17 8 6 4.9 24.9 4.4 4 5.7 7.8 7.2 1.4 1.4 75 43 2.4 3.2 6 Total who used the training 0.1 (1) (1) 4.4 .4 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 <1) (1) (1) 4.4 1.1 .9 .4 .3 .3 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 (1) 4.2 .9 .7 .3 .3 .2 .1 .1 o (1) 3.9 1.0 .9 .4 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 .9 3.2 1.4 .4 .4 .2 .1 .1 (1) 1.6 .9 Table D-4. Continued— Occupational distribution of workers who used high school vocational training to qualify for their jobs, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Farm workers................................................................................... Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm ............................. 18 8 Transportation and material moving occupations............................. Bus drivers....................................................................................... Truck drivers, heavy...................................................................... Truck drivers, light........................................................................... Operating engineers....................................................................... Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs .................................................... Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................... Construction laborers .................................................................... Helpers, construction trades.......................................................... Garage and service station related occupations......................... Laborers, except construction........................................................ 34 11 6 5 4 3 30 9 7 4 4 Private household occupations .......................................................... Childcare workers, private household ......................................... 9 7 1Less than 0.1 percent. Percent of— Total employment in occupation 2.1 2.3 Total who used the training 0.4 .2 .7 .9 2.8 .4 1.2 3.3 1.7 .8 2.0 5.1 1.4 .4 1.0 1.7 .2 .1 .1 0 0 .6 .2 .2 c > (1) .2 .2 NOTE: Percentages are based on unrounded numbers. Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals. 148 Table D-5. Occupational distribution of workers who used private post-high school vocational training to qualify for their Jobs, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Total who used the training Total, all occupations................................................................ 2,098 2.2 100.0 Administrative support occupations, including clerical..................... Secretaries....................................................................................... Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks............................. Typists............................................................................... .......... Computer operators........................................................................ Data entry keyers............................................................................. General office clerks...................................................................... Stenographers................................................................................. Billing clerks..................................................................................... Receptionists................................................................................... Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping..................... Investigators and adjustors, except insurance............................. Production coordinators ................................................................ Payroll and timekeeping clerks...................................................... Bank tellers ..................................................................................... Supervisors, general office............................................................ 506 231 71 24 22 13 12 11 11 11 10 9 8 7 7 5 3.1 6.1 3.6 2.8 4.0 4.3 2.3 11.4 6.3 1.7 13.5 3.3 4.1 3.7 1.6 1.6 24.1 11.0 3.4 1.2 1.0 .6 .6 .5 .5 .5 .5 .4 .4 .4 .3 .3 Service workers, except private household....................................... Hairdressers and cosmetologists.................................................. Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..................................... Barbers . . . . . . . . . ............................... Health aides, except nursing ........................................................ Cooks, short order........................................................................... Police and detectives, public service........................................... Dental assistants............................................................................. Professional specialty occupations .................................................... Registered nurses........................................................................... Clergy............................................................................................... Electrical and electronic engineers ............................................. Physicians....................................................................................... Teachers, secondary school.......................................................... Teachers, elementary school ........................................................ Photographers................................................................................. Designers .......................................................................................... Operations and systems researchers and analysts..................... Mechanical engineers.................................................................... Architects......................................................................................... Editors and reporters...................................................................... Computer systems analysts and scientists................................. Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers............ Inhalation therapists ...................................................................... Precision production, craft, and repair occupations......................... Automobile mechanics .................................................................. Electricians....................................................................................... Carpenters....................................................................................... Supervisors, production occupations........................................... Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters......................................... Industrial machinery repairers ...................................................... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics ............ Supervisors, mechanics and repairers......................................... Sheet-metal w orkers....................................................................... Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipment .. Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations.................. Accountants and auditors.............................................................. Managers, medicine and health.................................................... Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations............ Administrators and officials, public administration ..................... Technicians and related support occupations................................... Licensed practical nurses.............................................................. Electrical and electronic technicians........................................... Radiologic technicans.................................................................... 442 266 65 34 17 13 10 7 367 180 15 14 9 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 193 24 18 16 9 7 3.6 45.0 5.2 30.8 5.2 .9 2.7 5.7 2.9 14.0 4.9 3.2 1.8 .6 .5 6.3 2.3 5.5 3.4 6.7 2.9 2.2 3.8 6.5 1.7 3.1 3.3 1.6 .8 1.8 1.3 3.2 2.0 4.4 3.2 1.6 1.9 6.0 1.5 21.1 12.7 3.1 1.6 .8 .6 .5 .4 17.5 8.6 .7 .7 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 9.2 1.2 .9 .8 .5 .3 .3 .3 .3 1.1 .2 5.5 8.0 2.6 1.2 1.0 See footnote at end of table. 149 6 6 6 6 5 169 20 7 7 5 168 55 26 20 12.5 8.7 18.6 .3 .3 8.1 1.0 .4 .3 Table D-5. Continued— Occupational distribution of workers who used private post-high school vocational training to qualify for their jobs, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Total who used the training 0.7 .6 .5 7.8 2.6 2.2 .9 .4 .4 Computer programmers ................................................................ Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians....................... Drafting occupations....................................................................... 15 12 10 3.6 4.4 3.8 Sales occupations................................................................................. Real estate sales occupations...................................................... Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations......................... Insurance sales occupations.......................................................... Cashiers........................................................................................... Sales representatives; mining, manufacturing, wholesale trade 163 54 45 19 8 8 1.5 11.1 1.6 3.5 .4 .6 Machine operators, asemblers, and inspectors ............................... Welders and cutters ....................................................................... Textile sewing machine operators................................................ .6 3.2 .7 Transportation and material moving occupations............................. Truck drivers, heavy....................................................................... 45 17 5 23 10 Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations....................................... Farmers, except horticulture.......................................................... 15 10 .5 .7 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................... 6 .2 .7 .5 .3 Private household occupations .......................................................... 2 .2 .1 NOTE: Percentages are based on unrounded numbers. Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals. 150 .6 .7 2.2 .8 .3 1.1 .5 Table D-6. Occupational distribution of workers who used public post-high school vocational training to qualify for their jobs, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Total who used the training Total, all occupations................................................................ 1,586 1.6 100.0 Administrative support occupations, including clerical..................... Secretaries....................................................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing c le rks........................... Typists............................................................................................. Data entry keyers............................................................................. Receptionists................................................................................... General office clerks....................................................................... Teacher aides ................................................................................. Computer operators......................................................................... Bank te lle rs..................................................................................... Stock and inventory clerks............................................................ File clerks.......................................................................................... 367 144 49 36 17 14 13 10 9 7 6 5 2.3 3.8 2.4 4.2 5.6 2.2 2.5 2.9 1.7 1.5 1.1 1.8 23.2 9.1 3.1 2.3 1.1 .9 .8 .7 .6 .4 .4 .3 Precision production, craft, and repair occupations......................... Automobile mechanics .................................................................. Electricians................................. ..................................................... Machinists ....................................................................................... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics ............ Carpenters....................................................................................... Supervisors, production occupations........................................... Industrial machinery repairers ...................................................... Data processing equipment repairers ......................................... Brickmasons and stonemasons.................................................... Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics............................. Tool and die m akers...................................................................... Aircraft engine mechanics.............................................................. Supervisors, mechanics and repairers......................................... Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters......................................... Millwrights ....................................................................................... Stationary engineers....................................................................... 280 33 32 22 18 16 14 13 12 9 9 2.4 4.2 5.9 4.7 9.4 1.6 1.2 2.6 12.3 17.6 2.1 2.0 1.4 1.1 1.0 .9 .8 .8 3.1 4.4 .5 .5 6.6 5 4.7 .4 .4 .4 .4 .3 Professional specialty occupations .................................................... Registered nurses........................................................................... Teachers, secondary school.......................................................... Designers......................................................................................... Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers............ Teachers, elementary school........................................................ Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten............................... Photographers................................................................................. Social workers................................................................................ Mechanical engineers.................................................................... Civil engineers................................................................................ Electrical and electronic engineers .............................................. Service workers, except private household....................................... Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..................................... Hairdressers and cosmetologists.................................................. Barbers............................................................................................. Janitors and cleaners.................................................................... Guards and police, except public service................................... Health aides, except nursing ........................................................ Police and detectives, public service........................................... Childcare workers, except private household............................. Technicians and related support occupations................................... Licensed practical nurses.............................................................. Drafting occupations...................................................................... Computer programmers ................................................................ Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians....................... Electrical and electronic technicians........................................... Chemical technicians....................................................................... 213 43 19 15 10 10 8 1.7 3.4 1.4 4.6 7.0 13.4 2.7 1.2 1.0 .5 195 67 64 17 13 7 5 3 3 2.5 5.7 1.8 3.0 3.0 1.1 1.6 5.4 10.8 15.7 .7 1.2 1.5 .8 .5 185 108 16 15 9 8 4 6.1 24.5 6.4 3.7 3.4 2.6 5.0 11.7 6.8 1.0 .9 Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations................... Accountants and auditors.............................................................. 134 23 1.2 2.1 8.5 1.4 See footnote at end of table. 151 7 7 6 6 6 7 7 7 6 5 6.6 6.7 2.1 1.6 .6 .6 .6 .6 .4 .4 .4 .4 .3 12.3 4.2 4.0 1.1 .8 .4 .3 .2 .2 .6 .5 .3 Table D-6. Continued— Occupational distribution of workers who used public post-high school vocational training to qualify for their Jobs, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Total who used the training Administrators and officials, public administration..................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists..................... Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations............ Administrators, education and related field s............................... 8 7 6 5 1.7 2.0 1.4 1.0 Sales occupations................................................................................. Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations......................... Real estate sales occupations...................................................... Sales representatives; mining, manufacturing, wholesale trade Cashiers........................................................................................... 90 26 24 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................... Welders and cutters ....................................................................... Assemblers....................................................................................... Printing machine operators............................................................ Lathe and turning machine operators......................................... 79 27 13 11 6 .8 .9 5.1 .7 .5 1.1 5.1 1.4 3.5 7.6 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................... 16 .4 1.0 Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations....................................... Farmers, except horticulture.......................................................... Supervisors, related agricultural occupations............................. 16 8 4 .5 .6 5.8 1.0 .5 .3 Transportation and material moving occupations............................. 10 .3 .6 9 9 Private household occupations .......................................................... - NOTE: Dash indicates that no data were reported. Percentages are based on unrounded numbers. Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals. 152 - 0.5 .4 .4 .3 5.7 1.6 1.5 .6 .6 5.0 1.7 .9 .7 .4 - Table D-7. Occupational diatributlon of workara who used Informal on-the-job training to qualify for their Jobe, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Total who used the training Total, all occupations.......................................................... 27,004 27.8 100.0 Administrative support occupations, including clerical..................... Secretaries....................................................................................... Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks............................. T ypists............................................................................................. Computer operators........................................................................ Bank te lle rs..................................................................................... Receptionists................................................................................... General office clerks...................................................................... Supervisors, general office............................................................ Data entry keyers............................................................................. Stock and inventory clerks............................................................ Investigators and adjusters, except insurance............................. Order clerks..................................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks......................................... Production coordinators ................................................................ Payroll and timekeeping clerks...................................................... Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators..................... Teacher aides ................................................................................. Records clerks................................................................................. Billing clerks..................................................................................... Postal clerks, except mail carriers................................................ File clerks......................................................................................... Supervisors; distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks . . . . Dispatchers ..................................................................................... 4,945 1,172 721 246 238 186 165 155 144 124 123 113 77 74 74 72 69 64 58 50 50 47 47 45 30.7 31.1 36.1 29.0 43.9 41.5 26.7 29.1 41.0 41.4 22.8 40.7 37.9 17.1 38.0 35.5 34.7 17.7 28.6 28.3 21.3 18.1 27.3 30.4 18.3 4.3 2.7 .9 .9 .7 .6 .6 .5 .5 .5 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 Precision production, craft, and repair occupations......................... Supervisors, production occupations........................................... Carpenters....................................................................................... Automobile mechanics ..................................... ......................... Electricians....................................................................................... Machinists....................................................................................... Industrial machinery repairers ...................................................... Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters......................................... Supervisors, mechanics and repairers......................................... Painters, construction and maintenance..................................... Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics............................. Butchers and meat cutters............................................................ Automobile body and related repairers....................................... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics ............ Tool and die m akers...................................................................... Telephone installers and repairers................................................ Heavy equipment mechanics........................................................ Brickmasons and stonemasons.................................................... Sheet-metal w orkers....................................................................... Inspectors, testers, and graders.................................................... Electronic repairers, communication and industrial equipment . Carpet installers............................................................................... Roofers............................................................................................. Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations................... Accountants and auditors.............................................................. Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations............ Financial managers......................................................................... Administrators and officials, public administration..................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists..................... Administrators, education and related field s............................... Managers, properties and real estate ......................................... Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products........ Management analysts.................................................................... Operations and systems researchers and analysts..................... Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction.......... Sales occupations................................................................................. Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations......................... 4,710 468 448 299 241 196 196 188 128 120 117 101 77 74 72 70 64 59 56 51 49 47 45 4,242 354 208 174 153 145 96 77 69 53 47 17.4 1.7 1.7 1.1 .9 44 40.3 39.0 45.3 38.2 43.9 42.5 40.3 48.6 43.2 35.5 42.6 34.9 43.2 39.7 43.8 27.1 38.9 43.5 43.2 37.6 28.5 44.2 44.2 30.2 32.7 45.9 46.3 35.0 42.7 20.8 30.4 33.2 36.8 34.4 28.9 3,148 957 28.1 34.5 See footnote at end of table. 153 .7 .7 .7 .5 .4 .4 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 15.7 1.3 .8 .6 .6 .5 .4 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 11.7 3.5 Table D-7. Continued— Occupational distribution of workers who used informal on-the-job training to qualify for their jobs, 19113 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Total who used the training Sales representatives; mining, manufacturing,wholesale trade. Cashiers........................................................................................... Insurance sales occupations.......................................................... Real estate sales occupations...................................................... Street and door-to-door sales workers......................................... Sales workers, apparel.................................................................. Securities and financial services sales occupations................... Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats ................................... 485 428 214 134 73 70 63 54 37.5 21.9 38.7 27.8 19.0 17.3 33.6 31.8 1.8 1.6 .8 .5 .3 .3 .2 .2 Professional specialty occupations .................................................... Registered nurses........................................................................... Electrical and electronic engineers .............................................. Designers......................................................................................... Teachers, secondary school.......................................................... Teachers, elementary school ........................................................ Social workers................................................................................. Computer systems analysts and scientists................................. Editors and reporters....................................................................... Lawyers........................................................................................... Industrial engineers........................................................................ Mechanical engineers.................................................................... Clergy............................................................................................... Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten............................... Civil engineers................................................................................. Public relations specialists............................................................ Librarians......................................................................................... Photographers................................................................................. Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers............ Musicians and composers.............................................................. Operations and systems researchers and analysts..................... Economists....................................................................................... Counselors, educational and vocational....................................... Service workers, except private household....................................... Cooks, except short order.............................................................. Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..................................... Waiters and waitresses.................................................................. Janitors and cleaners.................................................................... Guards and police, except public service................................... Police and detectives, public service............................................ Health aides, except nursing ........................................................ Bartenders....................................................................................... Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations............ Hairdressers and cosmetologists.................................................. Childcare workers, except private household............................. Dental assistants............................................................................. Maids and housemen.................................................................... Correctional institution officers...................................................... 2,767 206 139 130 127 124 120 115 113 96 96 70 65 64 61 56 54 52 48 48 47 46 45 21.7 16.0 31.8 39.2 9.6 7.8 32.4 44.5 52.6 16.6 41.0 31.8 21.3 19.4 29.5 47.6 25.7 42.1 33.0 33.2 34.4 53.3 25.9 18.0 24.1 26.1 21.0 8.3 20.5 26.9 28.3 29.6 33.3 10.8 9.4 37.7 9.7 29.2 10.2 .8 .5 .5 .5 .5 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................... Textile sewing machine operators................................................ Welders and cutters ....................................................................... Assemblers....................................................................................... Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners....................... Printing machine operators............................................................ Paint and paint spray machine operators................................... Photographic process machine operators................................... Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except fo o d ......................... Winding and twisting machine operators..................................... Packaging and filling machine operators..................................... 1,957 197 174 172 158 116 57 49 49 47 7.2 .7 .6 .6 .6 44 26.4 25.9 33.0 17.7 27.3 38.4 30.7 46.0 38.4 45.9 12.2 Transportation and material moving occupations Truck drivers, heavy...................................................................... Bus drivers....................................................................................... Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators ....................... Truck drivers, light........................................................................... 1,028 404 113 83 55 25.5 25.4 28.3 23.8 13.1 See footnote at end of table. 154 2,233 332 324 265 159 124 102 92 90 70 64 61 50 48 46 8.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 .6 .5 .4 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .4 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 3.8 1.5 .4 .3 .2 Table D-7. Continued— Occupational dietribution of workers who used Informal on-the-job training to qualify for their jobs, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Total who used the training Operating engineers...................................................................... Driver-sales workers ...................................................................... Crane and tower operators............................................................ 53 46 43 44.2 21.7 46.2 0.2 .2 .2 Technicians and related support occupations................................... Computer programmers ................................................................ Electrical and electronic technicians........................................... Drafting occupations...................................................................... Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians....................... Licensed practical nurses.............................................................. Legal assistants.............................................................................. 962 168 116 84 69 68 63 31.6 41.3 39.1 32.8 25.4 15.4 58.8 3.6 .6 .4 .3 .3 .3 .2 Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations....................................... Farmers, except horticultural ........................................................ Farm workers................................................................................... Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm ............................. 507 211 104 46 16.4 15.9 12.0 13.8 1.9 .8 .4 .2 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................... Laborers, except construction........................................................ Stock handlers and baggers.......................................................... Construction laborers .................................................................... 468 120 75 67 12.5 12.9 10.1 15.4 1.7 .4 .3 .2 Private household occupations .......................................................... 36 3.7 .1 NOTE: Percentages are based on unrounded numbers. Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals. 155 Table D-8. Occupational distribution of workers who used formal company training to qualify for their fobs, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Total who used the training Total, all occupations.......................................................... 9,418 9.7 100.0 Precision production, craft, and repair occupations......................... Electricians....................................................................................... Supervisors, production occupations........................................... Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters......................................... Automobile mechanics .................................................................. Machinists ....................................................................................... Telephone installers and repairers................................................ Industrial machinery repairers ...................................................... Carpenters....................................................................................... Supervisors, mechanics and repairers......................................... Tool and die makers....................................................................... Inspectors, testers, and graders.................................................... Butchers and meat cutters........................................... ................ Painters, construction and maintenance..................................... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics ............ Electronic repairers, communication and industrial equipment . Data processing equipment repairers ......................................... Office machine repairers................................................................ Brickmasons and stonemasons .................................................... Electrical power installers and repairers..................................... Telephone line installers and repairers....................................... Carpet installers............................................................................... Heavy equipment mechanics........................................................ Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics............................. Camera, watch, and music instrument repairers......................... Millwrights ....................................................................................... Aircraft engine mechanics.............................................................. Structural metal workers................................................................ Sheet-metal w orkers....................................................................... Stationary engineers....................................................................... Automobile body and related repairers....................................... Drywall installers............................................................................. 1,945 174 148 119 115 108 90 86 77 65 57 43 39 31 31 30 30 29 27 26 25 24 22 21 20 19 19 19 17 15 15 12 16.6 31.6 12.4 30.9 14.7 23.5 34.9 17.8 7.8 21.9 35.1 31.9 13.5 9.3 16.7 17.4 30.5 40.8 19.6 24.3 36.6 22.6 13.6 7.7 37.1 19.9 19.9 30.8 13.2 13.3 8.4 14.5 20.6 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.0 .9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 Executive, adminstrative, and managerial occupations................... Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations............ Accountants and auditors.............................................................. Administrators and officials, public administration ..................... Financial managers......................................................................... Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction.......... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists..................... Managers, medicine and health.................................................... Managers, properties and real estate ......................................... Administrators, education and related fields............................... Management analysts.................................................................... Construction inspectors.................................................................. Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products........ 1,346 96 90 63 63 37 37 21 17 16 15 14 13 12.4 21.1 8.3 14.5 16.8 24.5 10.8 17.5 6.7 3.5 10.1 20.6 6.1 14.3 1.0 1.0 .7 .7 .4 .4 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 Sales occupations................................................................................. Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations......................... Insurance sales occupations.......................................................... Real estate sales occupations...................................................... Sales representatives; mining, manufacturing, wholesale trade Cashiers........................................................................................... Securities and financial services sales occupations................... Street and door-to-door sales workers......................................... Sales workers; radio, TV, hi-fi, and appliances........................... Advertising and related sales occupations................................... Sales workers, hardware and building supplies......................... Sales engineers............................................................................... Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats ................................... 1,315 310 231 179 149 91 71 43 19 16 15 15 14 11.7 11.2 41.9 37.0 11.5 4.6 37.6 11.1 13.7 12.6 7.6 27.3 8.6 14.0 3.3 2.5 1.9 1.6 1.0 .8 .4 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 Administrative support occupations, including clerical..................... Secretaries....................................................................................... Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks............................. 1,198 151 97 7.4 4.0 4.8 12.7 1.6 1.0 See footnote at end of table. 156 Table D-8. Continued— Occupational diatributlon of workers who used formal company training to qualify for their jobs, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Total who used the training Computer operators........................................................................ Bank te lle rs..................................................................................... Supervisors, general office............................................................ Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators..................... Investigators and adjusters, except insurance............................. Telephone operators...................................................................... T ypists............................................................................................. Data-entry keyers............................................................................. Receptionists................................................................................... Transportation ticket and reservation agents............................... Order clerks..................................................................................... General office clerks...................................................................... Postal clerks, except mail carriers................................................ Teacher aides ................................................................................. Records clerks................................................................................. Stock and inventory clerks............................................................ Mail carriers, postal service.......................................................... Interviewers..................................................................................... Production coordinators ................................................................ Billing clerks..................................................................................... Supervisors; distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks . . . . Mail clerks, except postal service.................................................. 84 77 58 50 49 46 43 43 31 30 30 29 29 27 23 19 17 16 15 13 13 12 15.4 17.2 16.5 25.0 17.5 19.7 5.1 14.4 5.1 27.0 15.0 5.5 12.2 7.4 11.5 3.6 6.5 10.6 7.9 7.6 7.3 7.2 0.9 .8 .6 .5 .5 .5 .5 .5 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 Professional specialty occupations .................................................... Registered nurses.......................................................................... Electrical and electronic engineers ............................................. Computer systems analysts and scientists................................. Teachers, elementary school ........................................................ Teachers, secondary school.......................................................... Physicians ....................................................................................... Social workers................................................................................. Operations and systems researchers and analysts..................... Clergy............................................................................................... Industrial engineers........................................................................ Designers............................. Mechanical engineers.................................................................... Lawyers ........................................................................................... Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten............................... Aerospace engineers...................................................................... Photographers................................................................................. Editors and reporters...................................................................... Architects......................................................................................... 1,184 185 77 69 66 61 58 41 41 41 35 31 27 20 18 17 16 14 13 9.3 14.4 17.7 26.6 4.2 4.6 11.8 11.2 30.0 13.3 14.9 9.2 12.3 3.5 5.6 17.6 12.8 6.6 13.4 12.6 2.0 .8 .7 .7 .6 .6 .4 .4 .4 .4 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 Service occupations............................................................................. Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..................................... Police and detectives, public service........................................... Hairdressers and cosmetologists.................................................. Guards and police, except public service................................... Firefighting occupations ................................................................ Correctional institution officers...................................................... Cooks, except short order Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers................. Childcare workers, except private household............................. Janitors and cleaners.................................................................... Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations............ Waiters and waitresses.................................................................. Health aides, except nursing ........................................................ Bartenders....................................................................................... 1,104 220 183 132 73 69 60 41 36 27 27 24 24 23 12 8.9 17.7 48.3 22.3 12.1 40.7 38.3 2.9 37.5 4.2 1.4 11.3 1.9 7.0 3.9 11.7 2.3 1.9 1.4 .8 .7 .6 .4 .4 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................... Welders and cutters ...................................................................... Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners....................... Assemblers....................................................................................... Printing machine operators............................................................ Textile sewing machine operators................................................ 476 87 48 42 36 18 6.4 16.5 8.3 4.3 11.8 2.4 5.1 .9 .5 See footnote at end of table. 157 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .1 .4 .4 .2 Table D-8. Continued— Occupational distribution of workers who used formal company training to qualify for their jobs, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Total who used the training Photographic process machine operators................................... 14 13.3 0.1 Technicians and related support occupations................................... Computer programmers ................................................................ Licensed practical nurses.............................................................. Electrical and electronic technicians........................................... Radiologic technicians.................................................................... Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians....................... Drafting occupations....................................................................... 422 78 60 55 25 24 23 13.8 19.1 13.6 18.5 23.6 8.6 9.0 4.5 .8 .6 .6 .3 .2 .2 Transportation and material moving occupations............................. Bus drivers....................................................................................... Truck drivers, heavy....................................................................... Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators ....................... Locomotive operating occupations................................................ 311 124 71 20 13 7.7 31.0 4.5 5.7 23.9 3.3 1.3 .8 .2 .1 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..................... Laborers, except construction........................................................ 68 15 1.8 1.6 .7 .2 Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations....................................... 41 1.3 .4 Private household occupations .......................................................... 10 1.0 .1 NOTE: Percentages are based on unrounded numbers. Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals. 158 Table D-9. Occupational diatribution of workers who used Armed Forces training to qualify for their joba, 1983 Percent of— Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Total employment in occupation Total who used the training Total, all occupations.................................................... 1,902 2.0 100.0 Precision production, craft, and repair occupations...................... Electricians.............................................................................. Supervisors, production occupations....................................... Automobile mechanics ........................................................... Aircraft engine mechanics....................................................... Electronic repairers, communication and industrial equipment . Supervisors, mechanics and repairers..................................... Industrial machinery repairers ................................................ Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics.......................... Data processing equipment repairers ..................................... Machinists.............................................................................. Telephone installers and repairers........................................... Carpenters.............................................................................. Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics ........... Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters..................................... Sheet metal workers............................................................... Stationary engineers............................................................... Electrical power installers and repairers................................. Office machine repairers......................................................... Inspectors, testers, and graders.............................................. Telephone line installers and repairers................................... 599 66 53 47 43 37 33 27 24 21 21 18 14 14 13 10 9 8 8 7 7 5.1 12.0 4.4 5.9 44.8 21.4 11.1 5.5 8.7 22.1 4.6 6.9 1.4 7.5 3.4 7.8 7.8 7.7 11.4 5.4 10.1 31.5 3.5 2.8 2.4 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.1 .9 .7 .7 .7 .5 .5 .4 .4 .4 .4 Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations................. Accountants and auditors........................................................ Administrators and officials, public administration .................. Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.................. Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations........... Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction......... Management analysts............................................................. Construction inspectors........................................................... Personnel and labor relations managers................................. 314 22 20 16 14 13 9 8 2.9 2.0 4.6 4.8 3.1 8.5 6.3 11.5 6.4 16.5 1.1 1.1 .9 Professional specialty occupations .............................................. Electrical and electronic engineers ......................................... Teachers, secondary school.................................................... Industrial engineers................................................................. Registered nurses................................................................... Aerospace engineers............................................................... Physicians............................................................................. Editors and reporters............................................................... Computer systems analysts and scientists.............................. Operations and systems researchers and analysts.................. Mechanical engineers............................................................. Dentists................................................................................... 281 38 26 18 15 14 13 12 12 10 10 8 2.2 14.8 2.0 1.4 .9 .8 Technicians and related support occupations............................... Electrical and electronic technicians....................................... Computer programmers ......................................................... Drafting occupations............................................................... 152 51 10 Service workers, except private household................................... Guards and police, except public service............................... Police and detectives, public service....................................... Cooks, except short order........................................................ Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers............... Firefighting occupations......................................................... 141 42 25 16 9 9 9.0 5.0 Administrative support occupations, including clerical.................. Stock and inventory clerks...................................................... Secretaries.............................................................................. Investigators and adjusters, except insurance.......................... Computer operators................................................................. Supervisors, general office...................................................... Mail carriers, postal service.................................................... 136 21 15 13 .8 4.0 .4 4.5 1.6 2.5 3.2 See footnote at end of table. 159 7 7 9 9 8 8.6 2.0 7.7 1.2 14.5 2.6 5.8 4.6 7.5 .7 .7 .5 .4 .4 .7 .7 .7 4.4 .6 .5 .5 6.1 .4 5.0 17.2 2.5 2.6 8.0 2.7 .5 1.1 7.0 6.5 7.4 1.1 .4 2.2 1.3 .8 .5 .5 7.1 1.1 .8 .7 .5 .5 .4 Table D-9. Continued— Occupational distribution of workers who used Armed Forces training to qualify for their Jobs, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Total who used the training Sales occupations........................................................................ Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations...................... Sales representatives; mining, manufacturing, wholesale trade . 90 90 17 0.8 .8 1.3 4.7 4.7 .9 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................ Welders and cutters ............................................................... Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners.................... Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food...................... Assemblers.............................................................................. 81 17 15 9 7 1.1 3.3 2.5 7.3 .8 4.3 .9 .8 .5 .4 Transportation and material moving occupations.......................... Truck drivers, heavy............................................................... Bus drivers.............................................................................. Crane and tower operators...................................................... 80 41 9 7 2.0 2.6 2.4 7.3 4.2 2.2 .5 .4 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.................. Laborers, except construction.................................................. 20 7 .5 .7 1.1 Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations................................... 7 .2 .3 Private household occupations .................................................... - NOTE: Dash indicates that no data were reported. Percentages are based on unrounded numbers. Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals. 160 - .4 - Table D-10. Occupational distribution of workers who used training from correspondence courses to qualify for their jobs, 1983 Percent of— Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Total employment in occupation Total who used the training 777 0.8 100.0 Precision production, craft, and repair occupations...................... Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipment......... ................................................................. Supervisors, production occupations....................................... Supervisors, mechanics and repairers..................................... Electricians.............................................................................. Telephone installers and repairers........................................... Stationary engineers............................................................... Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters..................................... Automobile mechanics ........................................................... Supervisors, extractive occupations......................................... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics ........... Aircraft engine mechanics.................... ................................ Carpenters.............................................................................. Inspectors, testers, and graders.............................................. Machinists .............................................................................. Upholsterers............................................................................ Millwrights .............................................................................. Data processing equipment repairers ..................................... 188 1.6 24.2 21 14 13 11 9 8 8 5 5 4 3 3 3 3 12.4 1.2 4.3 2.0 3.3 7.5 2.0 .8 7.8 3.0 5.5 .5 3.3 .8 5.3 3.9 3.4 2.8 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.0 .8 .8 .7 .7 Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations................. Administrators and officials, public administration.................. Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations........... Accountants and auditors........................................................ Financial managers................................................................. 140 17 10 10 4 1.3 3.8 2.3 .9 1.1 18.0 2.1 1.3 1.3 .5 Professional specialty occupations .............................................. Electrical and electronic engineers ......................................... Teachers, secondary school.................................................... Teachers, elementary school.................................................. Industrial engineers................................................................. Clergy..................................................................................... Designers................................................................................ Mechanical engineers............................................................. Civil engineers........................................................................ Counselors, educational and vocational................................... Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers........... Photographers........................................................................ 118 19 18 .9 15.2 2.4 2.3 1.0 4 4 4 4.3 1.4 .5 3.1 2.3 2.1 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.5 2.9 Sales occupations........................................................................ Insurance sales occupations.................................................... Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations...................... Securities and financial services sales occupations................. Sales representatives; mining, manufacturing, wholesale trade Real estate sales occupations................................................ Street and door-to-door sales workers..................................... 113 33 30 14 1.0 6.0 1.1 7.4 Administrative support occupations, including clerical.................. Secretaries.............................................................................. Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks.......................... Investigators and adjusters, except insurance.......................... Stock and inventory clerks...................................................... Supervisors; general office...................................................... Typists................................... ............................................... Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks . . . . General office clerks............................................................... Postal clerks, except mail carriers........................................... 101 20 12 12 2 2.3 .6 1.0 Technicians and related support occupations............................... Electrical and electronic technicians....................................... Drafting occupations............................................................... Computer programmers ......................................................... 54 20 6.7 Total, all occupations............................................ See footnote at end of table. 161 6 6 6 8 7 7 7 6 5 9 9 3 9 5 5 4 3 8 2 .7 .7 1.8 .6 .6 .4 .4 .4 .4 .9 .9 .9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .5 14.5 4.2 3.8 1.8 1.2 1.1 .3 .6 .5 .6 4.3 1.7 1.5 13.0 2.6 1.6 1.5 1.2 .6 .6 .5 .4 1.8 3.2 .6 .7 .3 7.0 2.6 1.0 .3 Table D-10. Continued— Occupational distribution of workers who used training from correspondence courses to qualify for their Jobs, 1983 Percent of— Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Total employment in occupation Total who used the training Service workers, except private household................................... Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants................................. Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations........... Guards and police, except public service................................ Janitors and cleaners............................................................. 23 6 5 4 3 1.8 .5 2.4 .7 .2 2.9 .7 .6 .5 .4 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................ Welders and cutters ............................................................... Paint and paint spray machine operators................................ 22 6 5 .3 1.2 2.6 2.8 .8 .6 Transportation and material moving occupations.......................... Truck drivers, heavy............................................................... 7 3 .2 .2 .9 .3 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.................. Construction laborers ............................................................. Laborers, except construction.................................................. 7 2 2 .2 .5 .2 .9 .3 .3 Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations................................... Farmers, except horticuture.................................................... 5 5 .2 .4 .7 .7 Private household occupations .................................................... - NOTE: Dash indicates that no data were reported. Percentages are based on unrounded numbers. Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals. 162 - - Table D-11. Occupational distribution of workers who used training from friends or relatives or other experience unrelated to work to qualify for their jobs, 1983 Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Percent of— Total employment in occupation Total who used the training Total, all occupations.......................................................... 3,205 3.3 100.0 Precision production, craft, and repair occupations......................... Carpenters...................................................................................... Automobile mechanics .................................................................. Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics............................. Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters......................................... Dressmakers .................................................................................. Industrial machinery repairers ..................................................... Automobile body and related repairers ....................................... Electricians...................................................................................... Supervisors, production occupations........................................... Painters, construction and maintenance..................................... Machinists ....................................................................................... Heavy equipment mechanics........................................................ Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics ............ Brickmasons and stonemasons ................................................... Electronic repairers, communication and industrial equipment . Drywall installers............................................................................ Butchers and meat cutters............................................................ Carpet installers.............................................................................. Aircraft engine mechanics.............................................................. Camera, watch, and instrument repairers................................... Supervisors, mechanics and repairers......................................... Roofers............................................................................................. Bakers ............................................................................................. Upholsterers.................................................................................... Tool and die makers...................................................................... Inspectors, testers, and graders................................................... Office machine repairers................................................................ 939 174 120 36 35 34 33 30 30 25 24 20 16 15 15 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 8.0 17.6 15.3 13.2 9.0 31.6 6.9 17.0 5.4 2.1 7.0 4.3 9.6 7.9 10.8 6.3 12.8 3.5 9.3 9.9 16.5 2.9 8.3 6.2 10.7 3.4 3.6 6.1 29.3 5.4 3.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 .9 .9 .8 .7 .6 .5 .5 .5 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations.................. Managers, properties and real estate ......................................... Administrators and officials, public administration .................... Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations............ Financial managers........................................................................ Accountants and auditors.............................................................. Personnel and labor relations managers..................................... Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products........ Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction.......... Business and promotion agents................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.................... Administrators, education and related fields............................... Construction inspectors.................................................................. Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations....................................... Farmers, except horiculture .......................................................... Farm workers.................................................................................. Groundskeepers and gardeners, except farm ............................. Animal caretakers, except farm ................................................... Fishers............................................................................................. Supervisors, related agricultural occupations............................. Timber cutting and logging occupations..................................... 341 13 13 9 10.6 .4 .4 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 10.4 6.4 1.8 .9 .4 .2 .2 4 3.1 5.1 2.9 2.0 2.1 .6 5.5 2.9 2.8 6.6 1.1 .8 5.1 10.8 15.4 6.8 9.0 9.9 11.8 7.2 5.0 331 38 29 25 23 14 13 2.6 26.4 8.7 20.4 1.7 25.4 3.0 10.3 1.2 6.8 2.7 6.4 .3 .3 .2 Professional specialty occupations ................................................... Musicians and composers.............................................................. Designers........................................................................................ Photographers................................................................................ Teachers, secondary school.......................................................... Athletes............................................................................................. Electrical and electronic engineers ............................................. Teachers, elementary school ........................................................ Painters, sculptors, craft-artists, and artist printmakers............ Clergy ............................................................................................... Public relations specialists............................................................ See footnote at end of table. 163 8 8 7 6 5 4 8 7 6 6 4 4 4 4 3 335 204 59 30 11 6 6 13 10 8 8 .8 .1 .9 .8 .7 .4 .4 .4 Table D-11. Continued— Occupational distribution of workers who used training from friends or relatives or other experience unrelated to work to qualify for their jobs, 1983 Percent of— Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Total employment in occupation Total who used the training Civil engineers................................................................................. Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten.............. ............ Psychologists................................................................................... Social workers................................................................................. Computer systems analysts and scientists................................. Registered nurses.......................................................................... Counselors, education and vocational......................................... Authors............................................................................................. Aerospace engineers...................................................................... 7 7 6 6 6 5 4 4 4 3.6 2.2 5.2 1.7 2.4 2.5 6.5 4.0 0.2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 Sales occupations................................................................................. Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations......................... Sales representatives; mining, manufacturing, wholesale trade............................................................................................... Insurance sales occupations.......................................................... Sales workers; radio, TV, hi-fi, and appliances........................... Cashiers........................................................................................... Sales workers, hardware and building supplies ......................... Sales workers, p a rts ...................................................................... Street and door-to-door sales workers......................................... Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings........................... Sales workers, apparel.................................................................. Real estate sales occupations ...................................................... Securities and financial services sales occupations................... Sales workers, motor vehicles and boats ................................... 330 120 2.9 4.3 10.3 3.7 47 19 11 11 10 10 8 8 7 7 6 4 3.6 3.5 8.2 .5 5.2 6.6 2.2 5.0 1.6 1.4 3.0 2.2 1.5 .6 .4 .3 .3 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 Service workers, except private household....................................... Cooks, except short order.............................................................. Janitors and cleaners .................................................................... Child care workers, except private household............................. Waiters and waitresses.................................................................. Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities......................... Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..................................... Barbers............................................................................................. Guards and police, except public service................................... Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations............ Bartenders....................................................................................... Health aides, except nursing ........................................................ Hairdressers and cosmetologists................................................. Firefighting occupations ................................................................ Police and detectives, public service........................................... Administrative support occupations, including clerical..................... Secretaries....................................................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing c le rk s ........................... Teacher aides ................................................................................. General office clerks...................................................................... Computer operators........................................................................ Typists ............................................................................................. Supervisors, general office............................................................ Receptionists................................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks......................................... Bank tellers ..................................................................................... Investigators and adjusters, except insurance............................. Stenographers................................................................................. 216 48 31 19 18 13 11 7 7 6 6 5 4 4 4 198 55 37 12 9 7 7 6 6 4 4 4 4 1.7 3.5 1.6 2.9 1.4 11.1 .9 6.2 1.1 3.1 2.1 1.5 .8 2.4 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.9 3.3 1.7 1.4 .8 1.7 .9 1.0 .9 1.5 3.7 6.7 1.5 1.0 .6 .6 .4 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 .1 6.2 1.7 1.2 .4 .4 .2 .2 .2 .2 .1 .1 Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors............................... Textile sewing machine operators............................................... Welders and cutters ...................................................................... Paint and paint spray machine operators................................... Printing machine operators............................................................ Assemblers....................................................................................... Photographic process machine operators................................... Laundry and dry cleaning machine operators............................. 186 42 37 14 10 2.5 5.5 7.0 7.7 3.4 5.8 1.3 See footnote at end of table. 164 9 7 6 .4 .9 6.3 3.0 .1 .1 1.1 .4 .3 .3 .2 .2 Table D-11. Continued— Occupational distribution of workers who used training from friends or relatives or other experience unrelated to work to qualify for their jobs, 1983 Percent of— Number who used the training (thousands) Occupation Typesetters and compositors....................................................... Slicing and cutting machine operators......................................... Transportation and material moving occupations............................. Truck drivers, heavy...................................................................... Bus drivers...................................................................................... Truck drivers, light.......................................................................... Driver-sales workers ...................................................................... Excavating and loading machine operators................................. Operating engineers...................................................................... Crane and tower operators............................................................ Industrial truck and tractor equipment operator......................... Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs ................................................... 4 3 185 113 16 14 5 5 4 4 4 4 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.................... Construction laborers .................................................................... Laborers, except construction....................................................... Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners................................... Helpers, construction trades......................................................... 54 17 14 7 6 47 9 6 6 5 Technicians and related support occupations................................... Drafting occupations...................................................................... Computer programmers ................................................................ Biological technicians.................................................................... Electrical and electronic technicians........................................... Private household occupations .......................................................... Childcare workers, private household ......................................... Private household cleaners and servants ................................... NOTE: Percentages are based on unrounded numbers. Because of rounding, individual items may not add to totals. 165 45 33 10 Total employment in occupation Total who used the training 5.5 1.7 0.1 .1 4.6 7.1 4.0 3.4 2.6 5.0 3.3 4.0 1.1 1.9 1.4 3.8 1.5 4.8 4.0 5.8 3.5 .5 .4 .2 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 1.5 3.5 1.5 10.1 1.8 1.5 .3 .2 .2 4.6 7.6 2.1 1.4 1.0 1.7 .5 .4 .2 .2 .2 .3 Appendix E. Detailed Training Statistics to the States (for discretionary use) to administer manyof these programs. States in the past have strongly supported vocational education programs and are likely to continue this policy. This appendix presents information on one component of supply—structured training programs. It discusses the status of education and training programs and provides the latest available data on enrollments and completions. The type of data presented and the time period covered vary. Training programs discussed and available data presented include: Types o f training available. Vocational education includes programs in agriculture, distribution, health, home economics, business and office, technical, and trade and industrial education. Other programs, such as consumer and homemaking training and industrial arts, do not generally lead directly to an occupational skill. Special vocational programs for the disadvantaged and handi capped also are provided. Curriculums generally prepare trainees for specific oc cupations. Table E-l provides data on enrollments and completions in occupationally specific public vocational education programs during 1982-83. These programs, which are offered at or above grade 11, are designed to impart entry level job skills. Public vocational education (table E-l) Noncollegiate postsecondary vocational education (table E-2) Employer training Apprenticeship programs Federal employment and training programs Armed Forces training (table E-3) Home study schools Community and junior colleges (table E-4) Colleges and universities (tables E-5 and E-6) Users who wish to relate educational and occupational classifications should consult Vocational Preparation and Occupations (VPO), developed by the National Occupa tional Information Coordinating Committee (NOICC). This crosswalk is maintained in a computerized data base and updated periodically. Education programs in the VPO are coded according to the Classification o f Instruc tional Programs (CIP)1, developed by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). It replaces the two NCES classification systems that were used previously—the Standard Terminology for Curriculum and Instruction in Local and State School Systems, com monly referred to as Handbook VI, and A Taxonomy o f Instructional Programs in Higher Education, com monly known as the HEGIS Taxonomy. Information on the VPO is available from NOICC, (202) 653-5665. Enrollments. Total enrollments in public vocational education programs grew from 12.3 million in 1972-73 to 19 million in 1982-83. Occupationally specific enrollments, which totaled nearly 6 million in 1982-83, accounted for 31 percent of all public vocational educa tion enrollments. About 38 percent of the occupationally specific enrollments were in business and office programs, and 25 percent were in trade and industrial programs (table E-l). Noncollegiate postsecondary vocational education Over 1.5 million persons were enrolled in nearly 6,500 noncollegiate postsecondary schools with occupational programs during the year ended June 30, 1981, the most recent year for which data are available. The following tabulation shows the distribution of these schools by type of school: Public vocational education Vocational education programs are conducted on both the secondary and postsecondary levels. Included in the postsecondary level are adult education programs, in which persons—many already in the labor force—retrain or update and improve their job skills. Federal Govern ment funding currently takes the form of block grants School C osm etology/barber.................................................. Business/commercial.................................................. Trade.............................................................................. Hospital ....................................................................... V ocational/technical.................................................. Allied health................................................................. A rts/design................................................................... Technical....................................................................... 1The VPO includes only codes related to secondary and postsecon dary vocational education. Baccalaureate and higher level programs are not included. 166 P ercen t 34 20 12 12 10 6 4 2 ing or learning by doing often involves simple directions for performing a routine task on a machine; further skills then are acquired through work experience or developed at the employee’s initiative. Structured instruction may range from scheduled training conducted by designated instructors to periodic training from supervisors and fellow employees. In many companies, structured training usually con sists of “in-house” programs that offer courses during or after working hours. These courses normally are designed to meet specific company needs and often are offered by professional associations. In the banking in dustry, for example, the American Institute of Banking offers programs in 19 areas of banking, such as trusts, commercial lending, and bank marketing. In addition, companies may allow employees to enroll in college or university courses. For example, under tuition-aid programs, employees may be partially or fully reimbursed for job-related courses taken after working hours. Occasionally, employees are permitted to take out side courses on company time or even to arrange for extended educational leaves of absence. Studies indicate that companies use education and training programs extensively. For example, a recent study conducted by the American Society for Training and Development estimates that 13 million, or 1 of every 8, workers are receiving job-related training. Almost twothirds of these training programs are provided in house and the remainder are offered by colleges and universities, vocational schools, labor unions, government agencies, and community-based organizations.2 Of the more than 6,000 noncollegiate postsecondary schools included here, 75 percent were proprietary schools, 12 percent were independent nonprofit schools, and 13 percent were public schools. Over 70 percent of the proprietary schools were either cosmetology/barber schools or business/commercial schools. Hospital schools made up 75 percent of the independent nonprofit schools, and vocational/technical institutes accounted for over 70 percent of the public schools. Large schools typically offer a variety of programs in several vocational areas. Some business schools, for example, offer shorthand, typing, stenography, and fundamentals of accounting and computer operations, while many trade schools offer courses ranging from airconditioning installation and repair to welding and cutting operations. On the other hand, small schools generally specialize in a single type of program, such as cosmetology or radiologic technology. Some programs— flight training, for instance—require considerable in dividual attention and generally have low pupil/teacher ratios; less technically complex programs—real estate, for example—can accommodate large numbers of students. E n ro llm e n ts . Enrollments in noncollegiate post secondary schools vary considerably by program. The seven major program areas are: Agribusiness, marketing and distribution, health, home economics, technical, business and office, and trade and industrial. In 1981, 40 percent of total enrollments were in trade and in dustrial programs, 24 percent were in business/office programs, and 16 percent were in marketing and distribu tion programs (table E-2). Apprenticeship programs Training authorities generally recommend appren ticeship as the best way to acquire all-round proficiency in a craft. Apprenticeships range from 1 to 6 or more years, depending upon the trade. These programs involve planned on-the-job training in conjunction with related classroom instruction—generally 144 hours each year. Mastery of a particular trade requires: (1) Learning the skills of the trade, (2) perfecting the use of each specific skill, and (3) bringing each skill up to the level of com petency and productivity required for the occupation. Most apprentices are in programs that have commit tees of employers and local trade unions that interview applicants, review the apprentice’s progress, and deter mine when an apprenticeship has been completed satisfac torily. It has been estimated that only about one-half of all programs are registered with Federal and State appren ticeship agencies. Unfortunately, no estimate is available of the number of apprentices in programs that are not registered. C o m p le tio n s. Almost 900,000 persons completed occupational programs in noncollegiate postsecondary schools in 1981. Approximately 40 percent were in trade and industrial programs; 22 percent were in marketing/ distribution; and 20 percent were in business/office pro grams. Almost 100,000 students did not complete their training but left with a marketable job skill. Table E-2 provides complete information on enrollments, comple tions, and persons leaving with or without a marketable job skill, by detailed occupational program. Employer training Many companies in private industry have developed their own educational training programs. Generally, these programs serve three purposes: (1) To train new employees, (2) to improve the performance of employees in their present jobs, and (3) to prepare employees for new jobs and responsibilities. Training varies among occupations. Skilled and semiskilled occupations have three on-the-job training paths—apprenticeship, learning by doing, and structured on-the-job instruction. Formal apprenticeship programs are discussed in the following section. Unstructured train 2A n th o n y C arnevale an d H arold G old stein , Employee Training: Its Changing Role and An Analysis o f New Data (T h e A m erica n S o ciety fo r T rain in g an d D e v e lo p m e n t, 1983). 167 The Department of Labor’s Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training (BAT) registers, but does not finance ap prenticeship programs. BAT provides technical assistance and support to State apprenticeship agencies and to employers and unions in establishing and maintaining apprenticeship programs. Data on new registrations, completions, and cancellations of apprenticeships for each apprenticeable trade are available through the Apprenticeship Management System (AMS).3 Although apprenticeship cancellations represent a potential loss of highly trained workers, many who do not complete an apprenticeship program eventually become skilled craft workers through less structured means. When the job market is depressed, however, workers are more likely to complete their apprenticeship. In other instances, apprentices who cancel may have acquired enough experience to reenter the occupation at another time. Apprentices sometimes are dropped in voluntarily for noncompliance with the terms of the ap prenticeship agreement. In addition, the number of new apprentices often is reduced during prolonged periods of economic slowdown or high unemployment. tion; the Work Incentive (WIN) program, which helps employable recipients of Aid to Families with Dependent Children to get and keep jobs; occupational, social, and educational assistance provided to migrant and seasonal farm workers; help for workers 55 and older to get parttime jobs and social services; and a variety of training and aid programs that are designed to benefit Native Americans. Armed Forces training The Armed Forces provide training in hundreds of specialized occupational skills. Each year, thousands of military recruits complete extensive training in computer repair, medical care, food service, metalworking, and many other fields. When these persons leave military service, they often possess skills that qualify them for civilian occupations. Some military occupations are not directly comparable to civilian ones or are specific only to the needs of the Armed Forces. Individuals in these fields may need ad ditional training after they leave the service to qualify for civilian jobs that are similar to their military jobs. For example, an electrician’s mate may have many, but not all, of the skills needed to become an electronics techni cian. A few military skills, such as those learned by in fantry specialists, are unique to the Armed Forces and have limited or no application to civilian jobs. To assist military personnel in utilizing their training to qualify for civilian jobs, the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps, in concert with the Bureau of Apprenticeship and Training, have established registered apprenticeship pro grams for uniformed personnel. Only occupations that are comparable or identical to civilian occupations are registered. Individuals participating in a program record their hours of training and work assignments in a logbook that documents their service experience and which can be presented to an employer, labor union, or joint ap prenticeship committee when they apply for a job. The largest proportion of Armed Forces enlistees train in the mechanical and technical areas. The following tabulation shows the number of enlisted personnel in each of the nine major occupational groups as of June 30, 1985: Federal employment and training programs The Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) of 1982 relies on the private sector—through local Private In dustry Councils (PIC’s)—to plan, organize, dispense funds for, and evaluate the success of employment and training programs within their jurisdiction. JTPA focuses on training the economically disadvantaged as well as displaced workers—those long attached to the labor force who have been laid off permanently from their jobs and who need assistance to regain employment through train ing, job search, and job relocation. JTPA also provides for two specific youth programs: (1) The Job Corps4, with over 100 centers throughout the United States that annually assist nearly 88,000 young men and women ages 16 to 21 to learn a job skill or obtain the educational base needed to advance in society; and (2) the Summer Youth Employment Program, that an nually provides approximately 800,000 temporary sum mer jobs in city, county, and State government agencies. Other Federal programs administered by the Employ ment and Training Administration include the following: The Trade Adjustment Act program, which assists workers who have lost their jobs due to foreign competi 3Apprenticeship O c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p Registration Actions, by Region and State m ay be Infantry, guncrew, and seam anship sp ecialists.....................266 Electronic equipm ent rep airers................................................. 174 Com m unications and intelligence sp ecia lists..........................177 M edical and dental sp e c ia lists.................................................. 89 Other technical and allied sp e c ia lists.................................... 44 Functional support and a d m in istra tio n .................................. 292 Electrical and m echanical equipment repairers.....................370 Craft w o rk ers................................................................................. 77 Service and supply h an d lers...................................................... 175 o b ta in e d fro m th e B ureau o f A p p r e n tic e sh ip an d T r a in in g , E m p lo y m en t a n d T ra in in g A d m in istr a tio n , U .S . D ep a rtm e n t o f L a b or, W a sh in g to n , D .C . 2 0 2 1 3 . 4 D a ta o n th e n u m b er o f p e rso n s w h o ha v e co m p le te d a train in g p ro g ra m o r le ft w ith a m a rk eta b le sk ill— by p rogram ca teg o ry an d S tate— are availab le from the N a tio n a l O ccu p a tio n a l In fo rm ation C o o r d in a tin g C o m m itte e (N O IC C ), S u ite 156, 2 1 0 0 M S treet N W ., W a sh in g to n , D .C . 2 0 0 3 7 (2 0 2 ) 6 5 3 -5 6 6 5 . N um ber (in t h o u s a n d s ) 168 Community and junior colleges Community and junior colleges are an integral part of the American educational system. By offering a wide variety of courses and programs, these schools enable many students from diverse backgrounds to obtain oc cupational and educational training beyond high school. For students interested in transferring to a 4-year college, many programs are designed to provide a general educa tional background in arts and sciences. Students who wish to specialize in a particular field may enroll in vocational or occupational curriculums, such as dental hygiene or data processing. Some community and junior colleges have expanded their curriculums to include televised courses. More information about these programs is available in the section on home study schools above. Typically, programs in junior and community colleges last 2 years and lead to an associate degree. Some pro grams last less than 2 years and students are granted cer tificates or other formal awards upon completion. According to the NCES, enrollments in 2-year institu tions of higher education grew rapidly over the 1973-83 period—from 3.0 million to 4.7 million. NCES projects that enrollments in 2-year institutions will remain at their current level through the early 1990’s. During the 1973-83 period, awards of associate degrees increased 43 percent, according to recent surveys.5 A shift in student attitudes, placing more value on job training, was apparently a factor in the upsurge in associate degrees awarded. Associate degrees in occupa tional curriculums grew 73 percent over the 1973-83 period, while degrees in the arts and sciences increased 15 percent during the same period. In academic year 1982-83, 59 percent of all associate degrees were awarded in occupational curriculums, while 41 percent were awarded in arts and sciences and general programs. Table E-4 provides detailed data for the academic year 1982-83 on associate degrees and other formal awards below the baccalaureate. Because community and junior colleges can quickly adjust their programs to the needs of local employers as well as to student interests, radical changes in enrollments in particular curriculums can and do take place in a short time. For this reason, NCES does not project the number of enrollments in specific curriculums. Information on curriculum plans may be obtained from State and local community and junior college administrators. Table E-3 provides more detail on these occupational groups. To aid in “translating” military job titles, the Depart ment of Defense has compiled a job comparability manual. The Military-Civilian Occupational Source Book relates military jobs by service branch to their civilian counterparts as identified in the Department of Labor’s Dictionary o f Occupational Titles. Although intended for use by high school guidance counselors, the manual can also serve as a useful tool for employees and vocational counselors involved in job placement for veterans. Home study schools Home study (correspondence) schools provide an alter native means of education and training for many in dividuals who are unable to attend school. Courses of fered through home study programs vary in length, skill level, and degree of specialization, and emphasize voca tional training, academic study, or simply personal enrichment. In 1984, about 5.1 million persons were enrolled in home study courses, according to the National Home Study Council (NHSC). Enrollment in Federal Govern ment and military programs totaled 2.5 million; 1.7 million students took courses offered by private schools; and most of the remaining home study students were enrolled in programs offered by religious organizations, colleges and universities, and industry. Correspondence schools generally require students to complete a certain number of lessons within a specified length of time to obtain a certificate of completion. A rapidly expanding area of home study is electronic media courses. These are usually developed by a college or university and broadcast over a local Public Broad casting System (PBS) or cable television station. Course offerings and requirements vary, but most allow the stu dent to receive college credit after successfully completing the television course. Since 1981, approximately 900 colleges and universities and 290 stations have participated in this type of program. Because of the convenience it offers, this method of home study has attracted over 330,000 students since 1981. Dur ing the 1984-85 academic year alone, 130,000 people were enrolled. In view of the popularity of this method of instruc tion, the Adult Learning Service of PBS plans to initiate more programming aimed toward education and train ing. Proposed areas include: Computer literacy and ap plications, basic skills and personal enrichment, sales and customer service, effective communication skills, and management skills. More information regarding these programs can be obtained by contacting the Adult Learn ing Liaison at any PBS Station. Colleges and universities Colleges and universities serve many purposes, in cluding providing individuals with specific occupational 5 T h e H igh er E d u c a tio n G en eral In fo r m a tio n Su rvey (H E G IS ) o f N C E S provides annual d ata on associate degrees and other aw ards below th e b a cca la u rea te, in clu d in g th o s e gran ted by 4-year co lle g e s. 169 training. A college education provides the necessary background to enter fields such as engineering, law, business, the humanities, and the natural sciences. In recent years, colleges and universities have adopted new methods to attract more students. Expanded parttime programs, additional evening course offerings, extension programs, and “telecourses” are means by which many of these institutions are making education more accessible. For more information regarding “telecourses,” see the section of this appendix on home study schools. The length of a college education depends on the stu dent’s interests and career goals. Most students seek employment after obtaining a bachelor’s degree, which usually requires 4 years. Those who wish to qualify for a position requiring more specialized knowledge often continue their study. Master’s, doctoral, and first pro fessional degree programs require several additional years of study after the bachelor’s degree. Occasionally, these programs accept exceptional students after 2 or 3 years of undergraduate work. College and university enrollments increased steadily during the 1960’s and early 1970’s—from 4.8 million in 1964-65 to 7.2 million in 1974-75. The rate of increase slowed during the late 1970’s—to 7.7 million by 1981-82. The NCES projects that enrollments will slowly decline to 7.4 million by 1985-86 and continue downward to an expected enrollment of 7.1 million by 1992. The number of degrees conferred by colleges and universities is closely related to enrollments. During academic year 1982-83, nearly 1.4 million persons earned degrees—970,000 bachelor’s degrees, 290,000 master’s degrees, 33,000 doctoral degrees, and 73,000 first pro fessional degrees. NCES projects that the total number of degrees earned will decrease to 1.3 million in academic year 1986-87, then taper off to 1.2 million by 1992-93.6 Tables E-5 and E-6 show the number of degrees con ferred by major Held of study. Although many graduates do not pursue careers in their field of study, the propor tion of graduates of occupational curriculums who directly enter related occupations tends to be very high, particularly if training takes a number of years. For ex ample, nearly all medical school graduates enter medicine and most engineering school graduates enter engineering. However, for many liberal arts graduates, whose train ing is less occupationally oriented, entry rates into oc cupations related to a college major are substantially lower. This is especially true at the bachelor’s degree level since many graduates enter professional school, teaching, or occupations for which a college degree in any one of a number of Helds may be adequate preparation. The NCES periodically collects and publishes data on the labor force status of people who have recently received a bachelor’s degree. The Bureau of Labor Statistics has analyzed these data for all graduates and for each of 20 major Helds of study. Information on the labor force, occupational, and graduate school status of each of these groups will be presented in a forthcoming issue of the O ccupational O u tlook Q uarterly. Additional followup studies of college students and graduates are available from surveys conducted by college placement offlces, pro fessional societies, and other organizations. Most of these data are limited to graduates from a single institution or field. 6Projections, along with a discussion of the projection methodo logy, have been published by NCES in P ro jec tio n s o f E du cation S tatistics to 1992-93 (July 1985). 170 Table E-1. Enrollments and completions in occupationally specific public vocational education programs,1 1982-83 CIP code2 Title Total.............................................................................................................................. Enrollments Completions 01.00 01.01 01.02 01.03 01.04 01.05 01.06 01.99 Agribusiness and agricultural production................................................................................ Agricultural business and management.............................................................................. Agricultural mechanics......................................................................................................... Agricultural production ......................................................................................................... Agricultural products and processing.................................................................................. Agricultural services and supplies...................................................................................... Horticulture ............................................................................................................................ Agribusiness and agricultural production, o th e r................................................................ 5,853,769 317,333 13,214 60,057 143,247 4,115 15,746 64,570 16,384 02.00 02.02 02.03 02.04 02.05 02.99 Agricultural sciences................................................................................................................. Animal sciences..................................................................................................................... Food sciences....................................................................................................................... Plant sciences....................................................................................................................... Soil sciences......................................................................................................................... Agricultural sciences, other ................................................................................................. 5,259 907 3 665 20 3,664 1,852 391 1 216 7 1,237 03.00 03.01 03.02 03.03 03.04 03.06 03.99 Renewable natural resources................................................................................................... Renewable natural resources, general................................................................................ Conservation and regulation................................................................................................. Fishing and fisheries............................................................................................................. Forestry production and processing.................................................................................... Wildlife management............................................................................................................. Renewable natural resources, other .................................................................................. 19,997 6,592 2,042 230 10,130 559 444 5,991 1,740 775 76 3,085 121 194 06.00 06.04 06.07 06.14 06.1401 06.17 06.18 06.20 Business and management....................................................................................................... Business administration and management........................................................................ Institutional management..................................................................................................... Marketing management and research................................................................................ Marketing management................................................................................................... Real estate.............................................................................................................................. Small business management and ownership .................................................................... Trade and industrial supervision and management.......................................................... 135,218 58,528 8,988 23,426 23,413 29,707 6,432 8,137 24,783 5,836 2,290 4,190 4,187 10,010 1,166 1,291 07.00 Business and office................................................................................................................... Accounting, bookkeeping, and related programs.............................................................. 07.01 07.02 Banking and related financial programs ............................................................................ 07.03 Business data processing and related programs .............................................................. 07.0302 Business computer and console operation .................................................................. 07.0303 Business data entry equipment operation.................................................................... 07.0304 Business data peripheral equipment operation............................................................ 07.04 Office supervision and management.................................................................................. 07.05 Personnel and training programs........................................................................................ 07.06 Secretarial and related programs........................................................................................ 07.07 Typing, general office, and related programs.................................................................... 07.0701 Typing, general office, and related programs, general............................................... 07.0702 Clerk-typist....................................................................................................................... 07.0707 Receptionist and communication systems operation................................................... 07.99 Business and office, other ................................................................................................... 08.00 Marketing and distribution......................................................................................................... 08.01 Apparel and accessories marketing.................................................................................... 08.02 Business and personal services marketing........................................................................ Entrepreneurship................................................................................................................... 08.03 08.04 Financial services marketing ............................................................................................... 08.05 Floristry, farm and garden supplies marketing.................................................................. 08.06 Food marketing..................................................................................................................... 08.07 General marketing................................................................................................................. 08.0704 Purchasing....................................................................................................................... 08.08 Home and office products marketing.................................................................................. 08.09 Hospitality and recreation marketing.................................................................................. 08.10 Insurance marketing............................................................................................................. 08.11 Transportation and travel marketing .................................................................................. 08.1101 Transportation and travel marketing, general .............................................................. 08.1104 Tourism.............................................................................................................................. 08.1105 Travel services marketing............................................................................................... 08.12 Vehicles and petroleum marketing...................................................................................... 08.99 Marketing and distribution, other........................................................................................ See footnotes at end of table. 171 2,094,595 423,342 22,272 448,452 82,506 13,496 1,719 100,196 10,356 423,528 572,080 367,648 12,984 3,173 94,369 416,413 32,632 8,993 2,670 21,750 5,985 28,634 129,044 354 4,913 39,248 3,985 19,938 9,585 5,550 3,647 6,341 112,280 568,915 105,047 5,460 79,739 10,872 5,066 1,101 12,703 925 139,013 203,170 140,667 5,754 1,576 22,858 161,088 14,480 5,017 1,248 3,346 2,342 15,306 46,548 153 2,256 16,815 1,611 7,305 4,429 961 1,412 3,051 41,763 1,790,698 123,121 6,792 23,413 58,402 1,545 7,042 20,256 5,671 Table E-1. Continued— Enrollments and completions in occupationally specific public vocational education programs,1 1982-83 CIP code2 Title Enrollments Completions 09.00 09.02 Communications.......................................................................................................................... Advertising.............................................................................................................................. 10,605 10,605 2,475 2,475 10.00 10.0104 Communication technologies ................................................................................................... Radio and television production and broadcasting technology................................... 16,091 7,938 3,099 1,678 11.00 11.02 11.04 11.99 Computer and information sciences......................................................................................... Computer programming ....................................................................................................... Information sciences and systems....................................................................................... Computer and information sciences, o th e r........................................................................ 45,641 41,185 165 4,291 7,202 5,274 38 1,890 12.00 12.01 12.03 12.04 12.0402 12.0403 12.99 Consumer, personal, and miscellaneous services.................................................................. Drycleaning and laundering services................................................................................... Funeral services .................................................................................................................... Personal services .................................................................................................................. Barbering .......................................................................................................................... Cosmetology...................................................................................................................... Consumer, personal, and miscellaneous services, other.................................................. Engineering and engineering-related technologies................................................................ Architectural technologies..................................................................................................... Civil technologies.................................................................................................................... Surveying and mapping technology............................................................................... Electrical and electronic technologies................................................................................. Electrical technology....................................................................................................... Electronic technology....................................................................................................... Electromechanical instrumentation and maintenance technologies................................. Environmental control technologies..................................................................................... Water and wastewater technology................................................................................. Industrial production technologies....................................................................................... Quality control and safety technologies............................................................................... Mechanical and related technologies................................................................................... Automotive technology..................................................................................................... Mining and petroleum technologies..................................................................................... Engineering and engineering-related technologies, other ............................................... 110,693 1,176 1,588 94,925 2,279 91,134 13,004 44,860 514 464 37,384 751 35,662 6,498 309,292 15,210 24,422 901 135,327 13,456 112,907 13,446 11,006 2,806 26,411 1,919 36,564 13,061 6,134 38,853 358,957 28,728 17,899 7,245 3,584 50,088 950 135 10,788 10,209 4,057 20,648 15,473 33,689 18,907 3,280 5,361 45 149,803 1,610 942 7,062 51 51,856 115,629 115,629 55,866 2,621 4,526 179 24,671 3,695 18,540 2,131 2,725 842 5,345 340 5,850 1,400 932 6,725 139,775 11,800 8,073 2,545 1,182 15,770 654 71 2,671 2,985 1,532 6,360 4,300 11,648 6,099 834 1,544 40 69,373 532 247 2,194 32 17,798 29,031 29,031 307,460 97,469 37,773 103,662 28,515 11,795 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.0203 15.03 15.0302 15.0303 15.04 15.05 15.0506 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.0803 15.09 15.99 17.00 17.01 17.0101 17.0102 17.0103 17.02 17.0203 17.0204 17.0209 17.0210 17.0211 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.0503 17.0506 17.0508 17.0509 17.06 17.07 17.0701 17.08 17.0818 17.99 18.00 18.11 Allied health................................................................................................................................ Dental services ...................................................................................................................... Dental assisting................................................................................................................ Dental hygiene.................................................................................................................. Dental laboratory technology........................................................................................... Diagnostic and treatment services....................................................................................... Electrocardiograph technology....................................................................................... Electroencephalograph technology................................................................................. Radiograph medical technology..................................................................................... Respiratory therapy technology....................................................................................... Surgical technology......................................................................................................... Medical laboratory technologies........................................................................................... Mental health/human services............................................................................................. Miscellaneous allied health services................................................................................... Medical assisting.............................................................................................................. Medical records technology............................................................................................. Physician assisting-primary care..................................................................................... Physician assisting-specialty........................................................................................... Nursing-related services....................................................................................................... Ophthalmic services............................................................................................................ Ophthalmic dispensing................................................................................................. Rehabilitation services ......................................................................................................... Respiratory therapy......................................................................................................... Allied health, other ................................................................................................................ Health sciences.......................................................................................................................... Nursing.................................................................................................................................... 20.00 20.02 20.03 Vocational home economics..................................................................................................... Child care and guidance management and services........................................................ Clothing, apparel, and textiles management, production, and services......................... See footnotes at end of table. 172 Table E-1. Continued— Enrollments and completions in occupationally specific public vocational education programs,1 1982-83 CIP code2 Title Enrollments Completions 20.04 20.0403 20.05 20.06 20.0601 20.99 Food production, management, and services.................................................................... Chef/cook.......................................................................................................................... Home furnishings and equipment management, production, and services ................... Institutional, home management, and supporting services ............................................. Institutional, home management, and supporting services, general ......................... Vocational home economics, o th e r.................................................................................... 126,691 9,148 10,728 15,996 9,343 18,803 47,098 2,656 2,346 5,843 2,669 8,065 22.00 22.0103 Law .............................................................................................................................................. Legal assisting..................................................................................................................... 7,117 7,117 886 886 25.00 25.03 Library and archival sciences................................................................................................... Library assisting................................................................................................................... 449 449 105 105 31.00 31.02 Parks and recreation................................................................................................................. Outdoor recreation............................................................................................................... 1,193 1,193 41.00 41.01 41.02 41.03 41.99 Science technologies................................................................................................................. Biological technologies......................................................................................................... Nuclear technologies............................................................................................................. Physical science technologies............................................................................................. Science technologies, o th er................................................................................................. 5,688 185 666 3,876 961 290 290 1,432 32 208 992 200 43.00 43.01 43.02 43.99 Protective services..................................................................................................................... Criminal ju s tice ..................................................................................................................... Fire protection....................................................................................................................... Protective services, o th e r..................................................................................................... 143,877 92,219 37,066 14,592 39,548 19,832 16,637 3,079 46.00 46.01 46.0101 46.0102 46.0103 46.02 46.03 46.0302 46.04 46.0403 46.0405 45.0406 46.0408 46.05 46.99 Construction trades................................................................................................................... Brickmasonry, stonemasonry, and tile setting.................................................................... Brickmasonry, stonemasonry, and title setting, general............................................. Brick, block, and stonemasonry.................................................................................... Title setting....................................................................................................................... Carpentry................................................................................................................................ Electrical and power transmission installation.................................................................... Electrician.......................................................................................................................... Miscellaneous construction trades...................................................................................... Construction inspection................................................................................................... Floor covering installation............................................................................................... Glazing.............................................................................................................................. Painting and decorating................................................................................................... Plumbing, pipefitting, and steamfitting................................................................................ Construction trades, other ................................................................................................... 245,637 21,706 3,854 17,809 43 69,196 57,366 33,841 13,882 46 125 249 1,834 15,646 67,841 97,221 8,201 1,399 6,784 18 27,377 20,097 12,616 6,070 9 76 153 767 6,236 29,240 47.00 47.01 47.0101 47.0102 47.0103 47.0104 47.0105 47.0106 47.0108 47.0109 47.02 47.03 47.0302 47.04 47.0404 47.0406 47.05 47.06 47.0602 47.0603 47.0604 47.0605 47.0606 47.99 Mechanics and repairers........................................................................................................... Electrical and electronics equipment repair ...................................................................... Electrical and electronics equipment repair, general ................................................. Business machine repair................................................................................................. Communications electronics........................................................................................... Computer electronics....................................................................................................... Industrial electronics.................................................................. ................................. Major appliance repair..................................................................................................... Small appliance repair..................................................................................................... Vending and recreational machine repair .................................................................... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics ................................................... Industrial equipment maintenance and repair.................................................................... Heavy equipment maintenance and repair.................................................................... Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers............................................................................ Muscial instrument re p a ir............................................................................................... Shoe and boot repair....................................................................................................... Stationary energy sources ................................................................................................... Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers................................................. Aircraft mechanics........................................................................................................... Automotive body repair................................................................................................... Automotive mechanics..................................................................................................... Diesel engine mechanics................................................................................................. Small engine repair......................................................................................................... Mechanics and repairers, o th e r........................................................................................... 561,038 101,899 56,539 1,612 15,522 1,340 15,636 7,880 689 2,364 52,935 16,450 3,722 4,250 251 522 1,694 362,707 12,557 67,920 219,362 24,185 22,543 21,103 Precision production ............................................................................................................... 496,560 185,709 30,935 16,710 477 4,755 254 5,203 2,640 288 499 15,235 4,636 1,081 1,632 89 196 799 123,067 3,607 22,324 74,538 7,556 8,175 9,405 157,502 48.00 See footnotes at end of table. 173 Table E-1. Continued— Enrollments and completions in occupationally specific public vocational education programs,1 1982-83 CIP code2 Title Enrollments Completions 48.01 48.02 48.0205 48.0206 48.03 48.0301 48.0303 48.04 48.05 48.0503 48.0506 48.0507 48.0508 48.06 48.0602 48.07 48.99 Drafting.................................................................................................................................... Graphic and printing communications................................................................................. Composition, make-up, and typesetting........................................................................ Lithography, photography, and platemaking................................................................ Leatherworking and upholstering......................................................................................... Leatherworking and upholstering, general.................................................................... Upholstering...................................................................................................................... Precision food production..................................................................................................... Precision metal work.............................................................................................................. Machine tool operation/machine s h o p ........................................................................... Sheet metal ...................................................................................................................... Tool and die m aking....................................................................................................... Welding, brazing, and soldering..................................................................................... Precision work, assorted materials....................................................................................... Jewelry design, fabrication, and repair........................................................................... Woodworking.......................................................................................................................... Precision production, other................................................................................................... 99,325 117,368 636 744 7,222 446 6,704 2,492 213,482 77,799 7,303 3,221 109,684 3,531 1,201 27,902 25,238 28,500 35,508 182 180 2,213 337 1,855 952 72,062 27,303 2,443 1,044 35,249 1,409 589 7,970 8,888 49.00 49.01 49.0101 49.0102 49.02 49.0205 49.03 49.99 Transportation and material moving....................................................................................... Air transportation.................................................................................................................... Air transportation, general............................................................................................... Airplane piloting and navigation..................................................................................... Vehicle and equipment operation......................................................................................... Truck and bus driving..................................................................................................... Water transportation.............................................................................................................. Transportation and material moving, o th e r........................................................................ 17,909 2,311 1,323 823 5,011 3,144 2,229 8,358 50.00 50.08 Visual and performing a rts ..................................................................................................... Graphic arts technology........................................................................................................ 48,806 11,702 4,281 6,614 8,912 4,254 5,558 22,634 4,332 4,332 99.00 Other, not elsewhere classified............................................................................................... 75,889 17,120 2 CIP codes are the taxonomy used by the National Center for Education Statistics to classify instructional programs. See A Classification of Instructional Programs (U.S. Department of Educa tion, 1981). SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. 10ccupationally specific enrollments include students above grade 10 enrolled in programs which are designed to train individuals for specific occupations. Excluded are all programs in industrial arts and consumer and homemaking training as well as prevocational, counseling and guidance, and cluster programs (those programs that include 4 or more subjects that cannot be separated and identified as a complete program). 1,256 1,256 174 Table E-2. Total enrollments, total completions, total who left with or without a marketable skill, and total still enrolled, by pro gram, for noncollegiate postsecondary schools with occupational programs, 1980-811 Left with Left without Total enrollments Completions marketable skill marketable skill Still enrolled 246,614 Total, all programs............................................... 1,555,526 889,969 92,188 323,755 643 01. Agriculture, to ta l.................................................................. 8,426 3,516 1,706 2,563 1,546 171 192 674 01.0100 Agricultural production........................................... 510 1,034 102 01.0200 Agricultural supplies/services ............................... 1,679 265 278 01.0300 Agricultural mechanics........................................... 725 275 38 149 263 504 247 419 1,285 116 01.0400 Agricultural products ............................................. 977 827 2,773 186 783 01.0500 Ornamental horticulture......................................... 171 01.0600 Agricultural resources ........................................... 121 8 5 37 247 22 01.0700 Forestry.................................................................... 95 65 65 DOE instructional code and title2 04. Marketing and distribution, total......................................... 246,967 191,778 8,462 28,383 18,348 Advertising services............................................... Apparel and accessories....................................... Finance and credit................................................. Floristry.................................................................... Food distribution...................................................... Food service technology....................................... General merchandise............................................. Hardware, building materials................................. Home furnishings................................................... Hotel and lodging................................................... Insurance ................................................................ Petroleum sale s..................................................... Real estate.............................................................. Recreation and tourism ......................................... Transportation services......................................... Retail trade, other ................................................. Wholesale trade, other........................................... Other ........................................................................ 145 12,369 19,053 4,264 99 782 6,011 27 69 1,108 7,517 52 97,399 44,717 2,385 1,479 723 48,768 164,057 59 6,388 17,111 3,453 73 291 3,635 19 16 261 6,048 14 78,681 34,012 1,069 842 708 39,098 28 1,485 1,379 310 18 162 998 3 43 218 819 15 11,637 5,146 128 362 16 5,616 55 2,466 381 270 0 240 1,135 0 0 476 276 19 4,597 4,720 762 190 0 2,761 91,603 4 2,030 182 231 9 88 243 5 10 153 373 4 2,484 840 427 86 0 1,293 7,667 21,589 43,209 7,354 46 740 2,448 92 53 2,069 129 2,277 5,061 16,973 18,532 62 901 6,367 55 10 3,383 21 214 114 383 55 0 508 3,219 15,035 69 432 10 77 341 0 0 124 16 83 247 2,127 1,203 64 44 538 8 4 94 0 0 0 50 0 0 53 297 1,544 1 1,518 18 305 490 39 0 422 33 608 1,242 4,808 3,169 33 203 1,956 36 6 817 0 48 0 114 35 0 124 973 3,196 3 1,836 23 775 429 0 1 742 75 640 6,188 7,013 1,888 212 254 10,743 57 8 3,060 0 69 108 128 22 70 106 1,675 4,385 3 04.0100 04.0200 04.0400 04.0500 04.0600 04.0700 04.0800 04.0900 04.1000 04.1100 04.1300 04.1600 04.1700 04.1800 04.1900 04.2000 04.3100 04.9900 07. Health occupations, to ta l................................................... 07.0101 07.0102 07.0103 07.0199 07.0201 07.0202 07.0203 07.0204 07.0299 07.0301 07.0302 07.0303 07.0304 07.0305 07.0399 07.0401 07.0499 07.0501 07.0502 07.0503 07.0599 07.0600 07.0800 07.0901 07.0902 07.0903 07.0904 07.0906 Dental assistant...................................................... Dental hygiene (associate)..................................... Dental laboratory technology................................. Dental, other............................................................ Cytology .................................................................. Histology.................................................................. Medical laboratory assisting ................................. Hematology.............................................................. Medical laboratory technology, o th e r.................. Nursing (associate degree)................................... Practical (vocational) nursing................................. Nursing assistant (aide)......................................... Psychiatric aide ...................................................... Surgical technician................................................. Nursing, other.......................................................... Occupational therapy............................................. Rehabilitation services, other ............................... X-ray technician...................................................... Radiation therapy................................................... Nuclear medical technology ................................. Radiologic, other .................................................... Optical technology................................................. Mental health technology....................................... Electroencephalograph technology....................... Electrocardiograph technology ............................. Inhalation therapy technology............................... Medical assisting (office)....................................... Community health a id e ......................................... 11,140 97 1,897 3,708 131 54 3,356 253 3,608 12,738 30,921 24,792 370 1,401 19,604 155 28 7,353 21 331 222 675 111 70 791 6,163 24,160 75 See footnotes at end of table. 175 Table E-2. Continued— Total enrollments, total completions, total who left with or without a marketable skill, and total still enrolled, by program, for noncollegiate postsecondary schools with occupational programs, 1980-811 DOE instructional code and title2 07.0907 07.0909 07.0915 07.9900 Medical emergency technician............................. Mortuary science.................................................... Medical records technicians................................. Health occupations, o th er..................................... 09. Home economics, total........................................................ 09.0201 09.0202 09.0203 09.0204 09.0205 09.0299 Left with Left without Total enrollments Completions marketable skill marketable skill Still enrolled 1,885 1,260 36 230 360 560 296 0 165 100 958 495 82 163 218 5,283 2,533 161 610 1,980 9,005 4,702 753 1,539 2,011 Child care................................................................ Clothing management, production, and services. Food management, production, and services . .. Home furnishings.................................................... Institutional/home management ........................... Home economics, other......................................... 3,136 2,337 1,305 593 783 851 1,202 1,379 582 300 522 717 235 251 97 40 109 21 574 403 265 148 102 47 1,125 303 361 105 50 67 14. Business and office, total.................................................... 366,759 180,455 35,166 73,046 78,096 Accounting.............................................................. Computer operator.................................................. Peripheral equipment operator............................. Computer programmer........................................... System analyst........................................................ Business data processing, other........................... General office.......................................................... Information communication occupations............ Materials support occupations ............................. Personnel occupations........................................... Stenographic, secretarial, and related occupatio n s ....................................................................... Supervisory and administrative management occupations.......................................................... Typing and related occupations........................... Office occupations, other....................................... 45,630 8,949 13,670 40,246 206 45,880 26,469 3,843 136 59 19,880 3,276 7,899 22,329 99 21,580 11,497 1,559 100 23 4,130 2,867 882 2,539 10 3,147 2,533 345 0 0 9,888 2,340 2,851 7,370 36 8,658 7,172 1,063 36 12 11,732 466 2,039 8,009 61 12,496 5,268 876 0 23 117,507 11,879 21,850 11,247 31,067 62,486 10,134 7,278 12,315 1,751 669 4,416 20,535 4,988 1,644 6,453 22,608 4,977 1,659 7,882 132,997 65,534 8,597 21,650 37,218 Aeronautical technology ....................................... Agriculture technology........................................... Architectural technology ....................................... Automotive technology........................................... Chemical technology.............................................. Civil technology...................................................... Electrical technology.............................................. Electronic technology.............................................. Electromechanical technology............................... Environmental-control technology......................... 1,036 1,510 2,236 10,384 386 9,502 3,328 45,919 2,997 2,524 Industrial technology.............................................. Instrumentation technology................................... Mechanical technology......................................... Metallurgical technology....................................... Nuclear technology................................................ Petroleum technology............................................ Scientific data processing..................................... 1,298 727 1,408 435 79 241 64 510 53 748 5,085 213 3,478 1,316 18,189 1,090 1,525 447 231 473 135 28 173 64 8 42 135 391 27 695 395 2,687 166 39 160 99 136 25 0 5 0 180 99 558 2,107 72 2,067 753 7,263 812 465 321 120 268 84 13 31 0 338 1,316 797 2,800 75 3,261 863 17,421 929 495 370 278 531 191 38 33 0 Food processing technology................................. Commercial pilot training....................................... Fire and fire safety technology............................. Forestry technology................................................ Police science technology..................................... Teacher’s assistant................................................ Library assistant...................................................... Broadcast technician.............................................. Performing artists.................................................... Technology, other .................................................. 17. Trade and industrial, to ta l.................................................. 87 1291 1,265 147 889 700 4,235 17,632 18,655 5,020 87 184 1,225 35 763 238 2,886 10,057 13,960 2,341 0 4 6 8 0 50 388 1,253 1,310 568 0 8 0 80 6 195 439 2,780 1,646 923 0 95 34 24 120 217 522 3,543 1,739 1,188 627,318 352,389 30,951 101,711 142,497 17.0100 Air conditioning installation and repair..................... 22,240 8,999 1,685 4,546 7,009 14.0100 14.0201 14.0202 14.0203 14.0204 14.0299 14.0300 14.0400 14.0500 14.0600 14.0700 14.0800 14.0900 14.9900 16. Technical occupations, to ta l......................................... 16.0101 16.0102 16.0103 16.0104 16.0105 16.0106 16.0107 16.0108 16.0109 16.0110 16.0111 16.0112 16.0113 16.0114 16.0115 16.0116 16.0117 16.0203 16.0601 16.0602 16.0603 16.0605 16.0606 16.0607 16.0608 16.0695 16.0699 See footnotes at end of table. 176 Table E-2. Continued— Total enrollment8, total completions, total who left with or without a marketable skill, and total still enrolled, by program, for noncolleglate postsecondary schools with occupational programs, 1980-811 DOE instructional code and title2 Left with Left without Total enrollments Completions marketable skill marketable skill Still enrolled 2,309 905 264 482 658 13,535 5,330 1,218 2,930 4,058 40,457 13,862 4,140 8,238 14,217 5,824 8,770 335 1,335 1,276 871 57 303 327 183 7,667 1,992 373 1,966 3,335 1,043 14 322 613 94 17.0200 17.0301 17.0302 17.0303 17.0399 17.0401 17.0500 Appliance repair...................................................... Body and fender repair......................................... Auto mechanic........................................................ Auto specialization re p a ir..................................... Automotive services, o th e r................................... Aircraft maintenance.............................................. Blueprint reading.................................................... 17.0600 17.0700 17.0800 17.0900 17.1001 17.1002 17.1003 17.1004 17.1005 17.1007 17.1010 17.1099 Business machine maintenance........................... Commercial art occupations................................. Commercial fishing occupations........................... Commercial photography occupations................. Carpentry................................................................ Electricity................................................................ Heavy equipment maintenance operations........ M asonry.................................................................. Painting and decorating......................................... Plumbing and pipefitting....................................... Roofing.................................................................... Construction and maintenance trades, other___ 976 25,650 136 7,109 9,619 5,449 5,297 3,522 970 4,261 111 5,983 335 12,910 37 3,999 4,542 2,229 2,845 1,248 476 2,213 67 3,027 52 799 0 191 830 562 327 363 43 363 22 326 272 3,502 5 790 2,002 1,050 898 937 236 767 18 1,035 17.1100 17.1200 17.1300 17.1400 17.1503 17.1599 17.1600 17.1900 Custodial services.................................................. Diesel mechanic...................................................... Drafting occupations.............................................. Electrical occupations, other................................. Radio and TV repair ............................................. Electronics occupations, o th e r............................. Fabric maintenance services................................. Graphic arts occupations....................................... 3,180 19,975 21,363 6,340 4,388 12,155 380 7,876 1,234 9,700 7,962 2,641 1,707 5,503 250 3,444 153 1,348 1,647 481 406 657 58 564 555 2,957 4,696 1,401 1,074 2,624 64 1,794 317 8,439 94 2,130 2,246 1,607 1,226 975 216 918 5 1,595 1,237 5,971 7,058 1,817 1,201 3,372 8 2,073 17.2000 17.2100 17.2200 17.2302 17.2302 17.2306 17.2307 17.2399 Industrial atomic energy occupations................... Instrument maintenance and repair occupations. Maritime occupations............................................. Machine shop occupations................................... Machine tool operations ....................................... Welding and cutting................................................ Tool and die m aking............................................. Metalworking, oth er................................................ 506 2,256 11,293 2,565 14,208 64,525 920 3,274 159 1,419 8,453 1,337 4,878 35,030 443 1,566 29 120 288 115 1,252 4,563 62 332 153 324 1,513 393 3,369 12,288 84 506 165 392 1,038 721 4,710 12,645 331 869 17.2400 17.2601 17.2602 17.2699 17.2700 17.2801 17.2802 17.2899 17.2900 17.3000 17.3100 17.3200 17.3300 17.3400 17.3500 17.3600 17.4000 17.5000 17.9900 Metallurgy occupations......................................... Barbering................................................................ Cosmetology............................................................ Personal services, o th e r....................................... Plastics occupations ............................................. Firefighter training.................................................. Law enforcement training..................................... Public service occupations, other......................... Quantity food occupations..................................... Refrigeration engineering..................................... Small engine repair, internal combustion............ Stationary energy sources..................................... Textile production and fabrication......................... Leatherworking........................................................ Upholstering............................................................ Woodworking occupations..................................... Truckdriving............................................................ Dog grooming.......................................................... Trade and industrial occupations, other.............. 744 13,400 167,388 8,930 622 1,046 762 160 8,283 7,363 2,285 6,021 613 74 2,088 3,513 43,393 2,420 17,034 369 9,927 113,179 6,336 273 645 279 86 3,401 2,681 896 4,968 512 20 1,104 1,321 34,995 1,768 12,257 39 477 2,743 137 33 31 145 5 749 285 230 206 2 6 120 240 834 107 478 145 1,352 21,894 916 138 83 154 38 1,666 1,487 594 484 51 19 338 963 3,418 530 1,988 192 1,645 29,572 1,542 178 288 184 31 2,466 2,909 565 363 49 28 527 989 4,256 16 2,310 1Does not include collegiate, flight, and other schools. 2DOE Instructional codes and titles refer to the Handbook VI Vocational Programs code and titles. Data collected after 1980-81 are classified under the CIPS taxonomy. For coding information, see Handbook VI (U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics). SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. 177 Table E-3. Enlisted strength in Department of Defense occupational groups, June 30, 1985 DOD Group title and description of coverage code 0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 19 2 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 3 30 31 32 33 4 40 41 42 43 45 49 Enlisted strength INFANTRY, GUN CREWS, AND SEAMANSHIP SPECIALISTS.................................................................... Infantry - includes weapon specialists, ground reconnaissance and crew-served artillery specialists, armor and amphibious crews, and specialists in combat engineering and seamanship....................... Armor and Amphibious..................................................................................................................................... Combat Engineering - includes specialists in hasty and temporary construction of airfields, roads, and bridges and in demolition, field illumination, and chemical warfare.................................................. Artillery/Gunnery, Rockets, and Missiles - includes conventional field, anti-air and shipboard guns and artillery, and rocket and missile specialists......................................................................................... Air Crew - includes pilots and navigators, flight engineers, and other air crew ................................... Seamanship - includes boatswains, navigators, and other seamanship specialists............................. Installation Security - includes specialists who guard weapon systems, defend installations, and protect personnel, equipment, and facilities ............................................................................................... 266,283 ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS......................................................................................................... Radio/Radar - includes fixed and mobile radio, air traffic and tracking radar, communication, navigation, and electronic countermeasure gear....................................................................................... Fire Control Electronic System (Non-Missile)............................................................................................... Missile Guidance, Control and Checkout - includes specialists in guidance, control, and checkout equipment for guided and ballistic missiles ............................................................................................. Sonar Equipment - includes specialists in underwater detection and fire control systems, oceanographic equipment, and related antisubmarine gear.................................................................... Nuclear Weapons Equipment..................................................................................................................v. .. ADP Computers.............................................................................................................................................. Teletype and Cryptographic Equipment........................................................................................................ Other Electronic Equipment - includes training devices, inertial navigation systems, and electronics instruments specialists ................................................................................................................................ 174,020 COMMUNICATIONS AND INTELLIGENCE SPECIALISTS................................................................................ Radio and Radio Code - includes operators of radio, radio teletype, and visual communications equipment ........................................................................................................................................................... Sonar..................................................................................................................................................................... Radar and Air Traffic Control.............................................................................................................................. Signal Intelligence/Electronic Warfare - includes the intercept, translation, and analysis of foreign communications, and the operation of electronic countermeasures equipment ....................................... Intelligence - includes the gathering, receipt, and analysis of nonsignal intelligence data, the interrogation of prisoners, other language translators and interpreters, image interpretation, and specialists in counterintelligence and investigational activities .................................................................... Combat Operations Control - includes specialists in forward area tactical operations and intelligence and in command post control activities........................................................................................................... C o m m u n ication s C e n te r O p era tio n s - includes the receipt and distribution of messages, the operation of communications center equipment, and the operation of major field communications systems.......... 176,703 MEDICAL AND DENTAL SPECIALISTS................................................................................................................. Medical Care ....................................................................................................................................................... Technical Medical Services - includes laboratory, pharmaceutical, and X-ray services........................... Related Medical Services - includes specialists in sanitation, health preservation, and veterinary services and preventive medical services........ ............................................................................................... Dental Care - includes specialists in dental care and treatment and in related technical and laboratory services ............................................................................................................................................................... 88,725 61,587 12,014 OTHER TECHNICAL AND ALLIED SPECIALISTS................................................................................................. Photography - includes still, motion, and television camera operators, precision photographic processing, editing, and broadcasting................................................................................................................ Mapping, Surveying, Drafting, and Illustrating................................................................................................... Weather - includes specialists in the collection of weather and sea condition data and weather forecasting............................................................................................................................................................. Ordnance Disposal and Diving - includes the excavation and rendering safe of explosive ordnance and of chemical and nuclear agents, and underwater demolition and other types of diving....................... Musicians............................................................................................................................................................... Technical Specialists, N.E.C. - includes physical science laboratory analysts, specialists in memorial activities, safety, NBC warfare, and firefighting and damage control, and other technical specialists and aides such as scientific engineering assistants................................................................................................. 43,690 See note at end of table. 178 109,908 24,095 23,191 56,061 10,841 15,852 26,335 81,806 8,692 23,750 8,590 1,365 9,888 14,985 24,944 60,112 3,829 29,859 30,189 10,422 24,884 17,408 5,924 9,200 5,429 7,974 5,174 1,969 5,128 18,016 Table E-3. Continued— Enlisted strength in Department of Defense occupational groups, June 30, 1985 DOD code 5 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 6 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 69 7 70 71 72 74 75 76 79 8 80 81 82 83 84 86 Group title and description of coverage Enlisted strength FUNCTIONAL SUPPORT AND ADMINISTRATION............................................................................................. Personnel - includes specialists in personnel administration, personnel and manpower management, and recruiting and counseling............................................................................................................................ Administration - includes clerks, typists, and stenographers and legal and medical administrative specialists............................................................................................................................................................. Clerical/Personnel - includes combined personnel and administrative specialists and senior enlisted personnel whose primary responsibilities are non-technical.......................................................................... Data Processing - includes computer operators, analysts, and programmers and electric accounting machine operators.............................................................................................................................................. Accounting, Finance, Disbursing....................................................................................................................... Other Functional Support - includes specialists who provide support in the functional areas of supply accounting and procurement, transportation, flight operations, and related areas..................................... Religious, Morale, and Welfare - includes chaplains’ assistants and specialists in theater, arts, sports, and related activities.......................................................................................................................................... Information and Education - includes specialists in public affairs, radio/TV, and other types of information and education.................................................................................................................................. 292,488 ELECTRICAUMECHANICAL EQUIPMENT REPAIRERS........................................................................................ Aircraft and Related - includes aircraft engines, electrical systems, structural components and surfaces, and launch equipment............................................................................................................................ Automotive - includes construction equipment and other wheel and track vehicles ................................... Wire communications - includes specialists in the installation and maintenance of telephones, switchboards, and central office and related interior communications equipment......................................... Missile, Mechanical and Electrical - includes missiles and missile systems and related components----Armament and Munitions - includes small arms, artillery, mines, bombs and associated mountings, nuclear weapons, and ammunition renovation ................................................................................................... Shipboard Propulsion - includes marine main engines, boilers, and auxiliary equipment........................... Power Generating Equipment - includes nuclear power reactors and primary electric generating plants.. Precision Equipment - includes optical and other precision instruments and office machines.................. Other Mechanical and Electrical Equipment - includes specialists in the maintenance and repair of mechanical and electrical equipment which is not readily classifiable in another group............................... 369,713 CRAFT WORKERS.................................................................................................................................................. Metalworking - includes specialists in the machining, shaping, and forming of metal and in the fabrication of metal parts.................................................................................................................................... Construction - includes specialists in construction trades and construction equipment operation........ Utilities - includes plumbers, heating and cooling specialists, and electricians....................................... Lithography........................................................................................................................................................... Industrial Gas and Fuel Production - includes specialists in the production of liquid oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide ........................................................................................................................... Fabric, Leather, and Rubber.............................................................................................................................. Other Craft Workers, N.E.C. - includes specialists in trades such as molding, camouflage, and plastic work, which are not readily classifiable elsewhere in this section................................................................ SERVICE AND SUPPLY HANDLERS..................................................................................................................... Food Service......................................................................................................................................................... Motor Transport - includes the operation of wheel and track vehicles (except construction equipment) and railway equipment ...................................................................................................................................... Material Receipt, Storage, and Issue - includes specialists in the receipt, storage, issue, and shipment of general and specialized classes of supplies, excluding ammunition....................................................... Law Enforcement - includes military police, protective and corrections specialists, and criminal and noncriminal inspectors and investigators......................................................................................................... Personal Service - includes laundry, dry cleaning, and related services................................................... Forward Area Equipment - includes specialists in parachute packing and repair, in aerial delivery operations, and in flight equipment fitting and maintenance........................................................................ NOTE: Definitions are provided for most occupational groups. The lack of explanatory material for a few groups indicates that the title of the grouping is considered a sufficient definition. 41,319 76,470 7,056 24,329 15,019 116,402 5,940 5,953 158,899 68,874 20,536 4,620 41,559 39,601 35,776 3,133 1,715 76,888 15,029 25,922 20,401 1,933 626 2,661 10,316 175,336 49,360 34,334 36,844 45,145 2,769 6,884 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Manpower Data Center—Enlisted Master File, 179 Table E-4. Associate degrees and other formal awards below the baccalaureate level granted in 1982-83 CIP code1 Curriculums of at least 1 but less than 4 years 453,960 114,989 Associate degrees Curriculum Total..................................................................................................... Curriculums of under 1 year 28,044 Agricultural sciences ....................................................................................... Agricultural sciences, general .................................................................. Animal sciences ......................................................................................... Food sciences............................................................................................. Plant sciences............................................................................................. Agronomy............................................................................................... Range management ............................................................................ Soil sciences............................................................................................... Agricultural sciences, o th e r...................................................................... 4,732 1,092 316 695 20 424 1,177 1,008 1,459 388 785 25 196 17 4 8 57 2,366 257 362 369 1 134 1,177 66 812 39 621 29 110 52 0 0 13 437 106 40 82 0 103 101 5 16 1 2 13 0 0 0 0 0 03.00 03.01 03.02 03.03 03.04 03.05 03.06 03.99 Renewable natural resources ........................................................................ Renewable natural resources, general .................................................... Conservation and regulation...................................................................... Fishing and fisheries................................................................................... Forestry production and processing.......................................................... Forestry and related sciences .................................................................. Wildlife management ................................................................................. Renewable natural resources, o th e r........................................................ 1,454 123 102 48 458 296 364 63 189 57 3 19 51 24 32 3 51 0 1 6 21 23 0 0 04.00 04.01 04.02 04.03 04.04 04.05 04.06 Architecture and environmental design.......................................................... Architecture and environmental design, general..................................... Architecture................................................................................................. City, community, and regional planning .................................................. Environmental design................................................................................ Interior design............................................................................................. Landscape architecture............................................................................... 1,454 107 111 1 32 1,183 20 210 7 0 0 0 203 0 05.00 05.01 05.02 05.99 06.00 06.01 06.02 06.03 06.04 06.0402 06.05 06.06 06.07 06.08 06.09 06.10 06.11 06.12 06.13 06.14 06.1401 06.15 06.16 06.17 06.18 06.19 06.20 06.99 Area and ethnic studies................................................................................... Area studies................................................................................................. Ethnic studies............................................................................................. Area and ethnic studies, other.................................................................. Business and management............................................................................ Business and management, general........................................................ Accounting................................................................................................... Banking and finance................................................................................... Business administration and management............................................. Contract management and procurement/purchasing ....................... Business economics................................................................................... Human resources development................................................................ Institutional management.......................................................................... Insurance and risk management.............................................................. International business management ........................................................ Investments and securities........................................................................ Labor/industrial relations............................................................................ Management information systems............................................................ Management science................................................................................ Marketing management and research...................................................... Marketing management........................................................................ Organizational behavior............................................................................ Personnel management............................................................................ Real estate................................................................................................... Small business management and ownership......................................... Taxation....................................................................................................... Trade and industrial supervision and management............................... Business and management, other............................................................ 21 3 16 2 49,619 13,152 6,028 500 21,272 74 9 21 2,692 50 2 6 251 79 314 2,006 1,869 25 75 1,081 347 6 1,040 663 3 2 1 0 8,257 716 731 51 4,965 4 0 3 331 4 0 0 372 28 48 133 125 19 22 252 63 158 289 72 22 0 0 0 0 22 0 34 30 4 0 01.00 01.01 01.02 01.03 01.04 01.05 01.06 01.99 Agribusiness and agricultural production...................................................... Agricultural business and management .................................................. Agricultural mechanics............................................................................... Agricultural production............................................................................... Agricultural products and processing ...................................................... Agricultural services and supplies............................................................ Horticulture................................................................................................. Agribusiness and agricultural production, other..................................... 02.00 02.01 02.02 02.03 02.04 02.0402 02.0409 02.05 02.99 See footnote at end of table. 180 1,323 237 103 6 141 3 0 1 280 0 4 0 50 0 2 30 30 0 19 253 7 16 41 133 Table E-4. Continued— Associate degrees and other formal awards below the baccalaureate level granted in 1982-83 Associate degrees Curriculums of at least 1 but less than 4 years 18,227 1,598 104 3,930 871 681 91 186 45 8,719 3,055 540 1,445 65 590 Curriculums of under 1 year CIP code1 Curriculum 07.00 07.01 07.02 07.03 07.0302 07.0303 07.0304 07.04 07.05 07.06 07.07 07.0701 07.0702 07.0707 07.99 Business and office ........................................................................................ Accounting, bookkeeping, and related programs................................... Banking and related financial programs................................................. Business data processing and related programs................................... Business computer and console operation ....................................... Business data entry equipment operation......................................... Business data peripheral equipment operation................................. Office supervision and management ..................................................... Personnel and training programs ............................................................ Secretarial and related programs.............................................................. Typing, general office, and related programs......................................... Typing, general office, and related programs, general.................... Clerk-typist............................................................................................. Receptionist and communication systems operation ....................... Business and office, o th e r........................................................................ 51,353 8,347 573 16,201 229 129 79 2,755 82 19,066 1,285 770 120 51 3,044 08.00 08.01 08.02 08.03 08.04 08.05 08.06 08.07 08.0704 08.08 08.09 08.10 08.11 08.1101 08.1104 08.1105 08.12 08.99 Marketing and distribution.............................................................................. Apparel and accessories marketing.......................................................... Business and personal services marketing............................................. Entrepreneurship........................................................................................ Financial services marketing .................................................................... Floristry, farm and garden supplies marketing....................................... Food marketing........................................................................................... General marketing...................................................................................... Purchasing............................................................................................. Home and office products marketing....................................................... Hospitality and recreation marketing....................................................... Insurance marketing.................................................................................. Transportation and travel marketing....................................................... Transportation and travel marketing, general................................... Tourism................................................................................................... Travel services marketing.................................................................... Vehicles and petroleum marketing........................................................... Marketing and distribution, other.............................................................. 14,449 2,213 395 130 81 16 111 2,526 34 74 309 32 1,124 132 540 336 44 7,394 2,326 415 28 0 27 43 32 274 42 9 113 44 539 40 247 156 90 712 969 31 0 0 0 23 68 112 0 5 157 22 475 129 150 200 7 65 09.00 09.01 09.02 09.04 09.05 09.06 09.07 09.99 Communications............................................................................................... Communications, general.......................................................................... Advertising Journalism................................................................................................... Public relations........................................................................................... Radio/television news broadcast.............................................................. Radio/television, general............................................................................ Communications, other.............................................................................. 10.00 10.0104 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.99 C o m m u n ica tio n s te c h n o lo g ie s ........................................................................................... Radio and television production and broadcasting technology . . . . Computer and information sciences.............................................................. Computer and information sciences, general......................................... Computer programming............................................................................ Data processing ...................................................................................... Information sciences and systems............................................................ Systems analysis......................................................................................... Computer and information sciences, other............................................. 2,020 394 138 502 60 44 258 624 1,814 589 9,670 2,201 3,545 3,106 593 28 197 135 6 44 15 0 7 41 22 289 80 1,697 264 756 468 206 2 1 7 0 0 5 0 2 0 0 8 0 765 87 565 80 33 0 0 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.0402 12.0403 12.99 Consumer, personal, and miscellaneous services....................................... Drycleaning and laundering services....................................................... Entertainment services.............................................................................. Funeral services........................................................................................ Personal services...................................................................................... Barbering Costmetology........................................................................................ Consumer, personal, and miscellaneous services, other....................... 858 1 16 391 389 2 383 61 3,295 3 22 270 2,958 100 2,744 42 1,107 0 0 32 1,073 13 370 2 13.00 13.01 13.02 Education ......................................................................................................... Education, general .................................................................................... Bilingual/bicultural education.................................................................... 7,520 4,852 75 354 5 15 44 6 0 See footnote at end of table. 181 4,691 342 195 1,016 199 335 22 164 0 1,955 937 238 236 112 82 Table E-4. Continued— Associate degrees and other formal awards below the baccalaureate level granted in 1982-83 CIP code1 13.04 13.05 13.08 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.1202 13.1203 13.1204 13.1205 13.13 13.14 13.99 Associate degrees Curriculum Curriculums of at least 1 but less than 4 years 19 17 0 54 3 118 1 0 117 0 68 8 47 Curriculums of under 1 year Education administration .......................................................................... Educational media....................................................................................... School psychology ..................................................................................... Special education....................................................................................... Student counseling and personnel services........................................... Teacher education, general programs...................................................... Elementary education.......................................................................... Junior high education.......................................................................... Pre-elementary education.................................................................... Secondary education............................................................................ Teacher education, specific subject areas ............................................. Teaching English as a second language/foreign language................... Education, o th e r......................................................................................... 148 35 1 166 0 1,134 392 1 605 66 896 0 213 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.17 14.19 14.25 14.26 14.99 Engineering....................................................................................................... Engineering, general................................................................................... Aerospace, aeronautical, and astronautical engineering....................... Agricultural engineering............................................................................ Architectural engineering.......................................................................... Ceramic engineering................................................................................... Chemical engineering................................................................................. Civil engineering......................................................................................... Computer engineering ............................................................................... Electrical, electronics, and communications engineering....................... Engineering mechanics............................................................................... Engineering physics................................................................................... Engineering science................................................................................... Environmental health engineering............................................................ Industrial engineering................................................................................. Mechanical engineering............................................................................ Petroleum engineering.............................................................................. Surveying and mapping sciences ............................................................ Engineering, other....................................................................................... 3,207 2,433 52 0 5 20 10 40 11 276 1 4 73 10 15 72 2 2 181 85 48 0 22 4 0 0 3 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 9 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.0203 15.03 15.0302 15.0303 15.04 15.05 15.0506 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.0803 15.09 15.99 Engineering and engineering-related technologies ..................................... Architectural technologies.......................................................................... Civil technologies ....................................................................................... Surveying and mapping technology ................................................. Electrical and electronic technologies...................................................... Electrical technology............................................................................ Electronic technology .......................................................................... Electromechanical instrumentation and maintenance technologies . . . Environmental control technologies.......................................................... Water and wastewater technology...................................................... Industrial production technologies............................................................ Quality control and safety technologies.................................................... Mechanical and related technologies ...................................................... Automotive technology ........................................................................ Mining and petroleum technologies.......................................................... Engineering and engineering-related technologies, o th e r..................... 46,404 1,678 4,167 259 23,173 2,354 13,619 2,177 1,374 170 3,079 353 7,369 1,585 1,233 1,801 13,137 118 644 51 6,779 344 5,936 578 949 131 945 230 1,203 649 106 1,585 1,534 4 64 11 482 18 284 42 224 113 241 43 422 352 0 12 16.00 16.01 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.09 16.11 16.99 Foreign languages........................................................................................... Foreign languages, multiple emphasis ................................................... Asiatic languages ..................................................................................... Balto-Slavic languages.............................................................................. Germanic languages................................................................................... Italic languages........................................................................................... Semitic languages....................................................................................... Foreign languages, o th er.......................................................................... 342 154 5 2 16 127 0 38 39 0 0 0 0 0 1 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17.00 17.01 17.0101 17.0102 17.0103 17.02 17.0203 Allied health ..................................................................................................... Dental services........................................................................................... Dental assisting..................................................................................... Dental hygiene....................................................................................... Dental laboratory technology .............................................................. Diagnostic and treatment services............................................................ Electrocardiograph technology............................................................ 25,866 4,546 636 3,244 660 5,403 12 24,515 2,933 2,367 380 167 3,039 15 8,817 318 271 22 20 1,789 0 See footnote at end of table. 182 0 0 0 3 0 29 0 0 29 0 1 0 5 Table E-4. Continued— Associate degrees and other formal awards below the baccalaureate level granted in 1982-83 CIP code1 Associate degrees Curriculum Curriculums of at least 1 but less than 4 years 8 500 550 167 803 834 236 445 2,163 1,363 160 124 14,417 115 6 621 546 Curriculums of under 1 year Electroencephalograph technology..................................................... Emergency medical technology-ambulance....................................... Emergency medical technology-paramedic....................................... Radiograph medical technology.......................................................... Respiratory therapy technology ......................................................... Surgical technology.............................................................................. Medical laboratory technologies................................................................ Mental health/human services.................................................................. Miscellaneous allied health services....................................................... Medical assisting.................................................................................. Medical records technology ................................................................ Physician assisting-primary care......................................................... Nursing-related services............................................................................ Ophthalmic services.................................................................................. Ophthalmic dispensing ........................................................................ Rehabilitation services .............................................................................. Allied health, o th e r.................................................................................... 21 485 200 2,856 1,196 209 3,019 2,041 3,838 1,803 873 91 2,710 562 145 2,934 813 18.00 18.01 18.03 18.04 18.07 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.14 18.17 18.18 18.19 18.20 18.24 18.99 Health sciences ............................................................................................... Audiology and speech pathology.............................................................. Chiropractic................................................................................................. Dentistry....................................................................................................... Health sciences administration.................................................................. Medical laboratory...................................................................................... Medicine ..................................................................................................... Nursing ....................................................................................................... Optometry ................................................................................................... Pharmacy..................................................................................................... Pre-dentistry................................................................................................. Pre-medicine............................................................................................... Pre-pharmacy ............................................................................................. Pre-veterinary ............................................................................................. Veterinary medicine .................................................................................. Health sciences, o th e r.............................................................................. 39,883 9 10 1 112 18 340 38,249 7 4 20 105 46 21 0 941 669 8 0 22 12 0 25 505 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 96 262 0 0 41 0 0 104 93 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.07 19.09 19.99 20.00 20.01 20.02 20.03 20.04 20.0403 20.05 20.06 20.99 Home economics............................................................................................. Home economics, general ........................................................................ Business home economics........................................................................ Family and community services................................................................ Family/consumer resource management................................................. Food sciences and human nutrition......................................................... Individual and family development............................................................ Textiles and clothing.................................................................................. Home economics, o th e r............................................................................ Vocational home economics .......................................................................... Consumer and homemaking home economics....................................... Child care and guidance management and services............................. Clothing, apparel, and textiles management, production, and services ................................................................................................. Food production, management, and services......................................... Chef/cook............................................................................................... Home furnishings and equipment management, production, and services..................................................................................................... Institutional, home management, and supporting services.................. Vocational home economics, o th e r.......................................................... 1,045 179 2 168 23 223 90 320 40 7,999 1,114 3,084 176 3,484 892 40 46 59 302 8 0 0 1 73 39 159 22 3,452 704 1,185 1,130 1,250 221 90 76 17 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 964 126 509 3 509 109 11 32 14 22.00 22.0103 23.00 23.01 23.04 23.05 23.06 23.08 23.09 L a w ................................................................................................................... Legal assisting...................................................................................... Letters............................................................................................................... English, general ........................................................................................ Composition................................................................................................. Creative w riting........................................................................................... Linguistics (includes phonetics, semantics, and philology).................. Literature, English...................................................................................... Rhetoric....................................................................................................... 1,742 1,550 618 404 3 2 0 2 1 452 442 93 23 77 73 0 0 2 0 0 17.0204 17.0205 17.0206 17.0209 17.0210 17.0211 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.0503 17.0506 17.0508 17.06 17.07 17.0701 17.08 17.99 See footnote at end of table. 183 15 0 0 0 13 0 0 0 1,441 140 7 78 109 8 216 1,376 620 36 6 4,772 14 0 36 288 Table E-4. Continued— Associate degrees and other formal awards below the baccalaureate level granted in 1982-83 CIP code1 Curriculums of at least 1 but less than 4 years 0 0 2 675 83 11 62 7 0 3 105 1 0 0 30 0 74 0 Curriculums of under 1 year Curriculum Associate degrees 23.10 23.11 23.99 24.00 25.00 25.01 25.03 25.04 25.05 25.99 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.99 Speech, debate, and forensics.................................................................. Technical and business w ritin g................................................................ Letters, other............................................................................................... Liberal/general studies..................................................................................... Library and archival sciences........................................................................ Library and archival sciences, general.................................................... Library assisting ......................................................................................... Library science ........................................................................................... Museology................................................................................................... Library and archival sciences, o th e r........................................................ Life sciences..................................................................................................... Biology, general........................................................................................... Biochemistry and biophysics.................................................................... Botany......................................................................................................... Microbiology................................................................................................. Miscellaneous specialized areas, life sciences....................................... Zoology ....................................................................................................... Life sciences, other..................................................................................... 84 8 114 107,625 218 45 130 36 2 5 981 763 1 6 8 93 15 95 27.00 27.01 27.03 27.99 Mathematics..................................................................................................... Mathematics, general................................................................................ Applied mathematics................................................................................... Mathematics, other..................................................................................... 777 723 21 33 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 28.00 28.03 Military sciences............................................................................................... Military science (Army).............................................................................. 1 1 0 0 0 0 29.00 Military technologies......................................................................................... Multi/interdisciplinary studies.......................................................................... Biological and physical sciences.............................................................. Engineering and other disciplines............................................................ Humanities and social sciences................................................................ Women’s studies......................................................................................... Multi/interdisciplinary studies, other.......................................................... Parks and recreation ....................................................................................... Parks and recreation, general .................................................................. Outdoor recreation ..................................................................................... Parks and recreation management.......................................................... Water resources......................................................................................... Parks and recreation, o th e r...................................................................... Philosophy and religion................................................................................... Philosophy................................................................................................... Religion....................................................................................................... Philosophy and religion, o th e r.................................................................. Theology........................................... : .............................................................. Bible studies............................................................................................... Missionary studies....................................................................................... Religious education..................................................................................... Religious music........................................................................................... Theological studies..................................................................................... Theology, other........................................................................................... Physical sciences............................................................................................. Physical sciences, general........................................................................ Astronomy................................................................................................... Atmospheric sciences and meteoroloy ................................................... Chemistry..................................................................................................... Geological sciences ................................................................................... Miscellaneous physical sciences.............................................................. Physics......................................................................................................... Physical sciences, other............................................................................ 87 0 10,247 2,398 247 4,032 0 3,570 1,020 455 204 297 0 64 178 26 145 7 671 302 8 114 21 164 62 1,665 1,075 4 126 188 112 34 91 35 117 1 0 9 0 107 120 23 55 11 1 30 45 1 33 11 639 226 0 66 2 161 184 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 62 1 0 0 4 57 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 51 27 0 0 4 18 2 23 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 30.00 30.01 30.03 30.04 30.07 30.99 31.00 31.01 31.02 31.03 31.04 31.99 38.00 38.01 38.02 38.99 39.00 39.02 39.03 39.04 39.05 39.06 39.99 40.00 40.01 40.02 40.04 40.05 40.06 40.07 40.08 40.99 See footnote at end of table. 184 0 2 0 81 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table E-4. Continued— Associate degrees and other formal awards below the baccalaureate level granted in 1982-83 CIP code1 Associate degrees Curriculum Curriculums of at least 1 but less than 4 years 75 4 10 56 5 Curriculums of under 1 year 1 1 0 0 0 41.00 41.01 41.02 41.03 41.99 Science technologies...................................................................................... Biological technologies.............................................................................. Nuclear technologies ................................................................................ Physical science technologies.................................................................. Science technologies, other...................................................................... 1,438 140 396 548 354 42.00 42.01 42.02 42.06 42.16 42.99 Psychology....................................................................................................... Psychology, general.................................................................................. Clinical psychology.................................................................................... Counseling psychology.............................................................................. Social psychology...................................................................................... Psychology, o th e r...................................................................................... 973 930 0 3 22 18 10 0 6 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 43.00 43.01 43.02 43.0201 43.0203 43.99 Protective services........................................................................................... Criminal justice........................................................................................... Fire protection............................................................................................. Fire control and safety technology..................................................... Firefighting............................................................................................. Protective services, other.......................................................................... 12,989 10,733 2,139 1,409 471 117 1,674 1,419 229 147 54 26 1,018 795 191 43 146 32 44.00 44.01 44.02 44.04 44.05 44.06 44.07 44.99 Public affairs..................................................................................................... Public affairs, general................................................................................ Community services.................................................................................. Public administration.................................................................................. Public policy studies.................................................................................. Public works ............................................................................................... Social work ................................................................................................. Public affairs, other.................................................................................... 2,683 313 535 95 19 51 969 701 284 68 19 10 0 10 94 83 51 12 7 16 0 1 14 1 45.00 45.01 45.02 45.03 45.04 45.05 45.06 45.07 45.08 45.09 45.10 45.11 45.12 45.99 46.00 46.01 46.0101 46.0102 46.02 46.03 46.04 46.05 46.99 47.00 47.01 47.0101 47.0102 47.0103 47.0104 47.0105 47.0106 47.0108 47.0109 47.02 47.03 47.0302 Social sciences................................................................................................. Social sciences, general............................................................................ Anthropology............................................................................................... Archeology................................................................................................... Criminology................................................................................................. Demography ............................................................................................... Economics................................................................................................... Geography................................................................................................... H istory......................................................................................................... International relations................................................................................ Political science and government ............................................................ Sociology..................................................................................................... Urban studies ............................................................................................. Social sciences, other................................................................................ Construction trades ......................................................................................... Brickmasonry, stonemasonry, and tile setting......................................... Brickmasonry, stonemasonry, and tile setting, general .................. Brick, block, and stone masonry ........................................................ Carpentry..................................................................................................... Electrical and power transmission installation ....................................... Miscellaneous construction trades............................................................ Plumbing, pipefitting, and steamfitting ................................................... Construction trades, o th e r........................................................................ 2,755 1,701 42 2 75 4 99 43 211 3 201 284 8 82 2,382 10 2 2 428 394 302 57 1,191 8,636 2,074 555 18 415 606 362 19 1 2 729 373 100 41 1 0 18 0 0 0 2 1 16 1 1 0 1 5,305 171 42 124 1,156 2,693 293 428 564 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 599 110 76 34 133 113 37 68 138 2,380 917 92 6 184 452 57 50 0 0 182 43 12 Mechanics and repairers................................................................................ Electrical and electronics equipment re p a ir........................................... Electrical and electronics equipment, general................................... Business machine repair...................................................................... Communication electronics.................................................................. Computer electronics............................................................................ Industrial electronics............................................................................ Major appliance repair.......................................................................... Small appliance repair.......................................................................... Vending and recreational machine re p a ir......................................... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics......................... Industrial equipment maintenance and repair......................................... Heavy equipment maintenance and repair ....................................... See footnote at end of table. 185 13,805 2,740 1,203 46 498 341 303 104 13 17 2,024 809 257 Table E-4. Continued— Associate degrees and other formal awards below the baccalaureate level granted in 1982*83 Curriculums of at least 1 but less than 4 years 281 29 52 7,729 659 1,430 3,349 1,699 347 170 9,767 1,900 1,063 42 76 138 134 6,104 120 100 240 68 Curriculums of under 1 year CIP code1 Curriculum 47.04 47.0406 47.05 47.06 47.0602 47.0603 47.0604 47.0605 47.0606 47.99 48.00 48.01 48.02 48.0205 48.0206 48.03 48.04 48.05 48.06 48.0602 48.07 48.99 Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers................................................. Shoe and boot repair............................................................................ Stationary energy sources........................................................................ Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers....................... Aircraft mechanics................................................................................. Automotive body repair........................................................................ Automotive mechanics.......................................................................... Diesel engine mechanics .................................................................... Small engine repair.............................................................................. Mechanics and repairers, o th e r................................................................ Precision production......................................................................................... Drafting ....................................................................................................... Graphic and printing communications...................................................... Composition, make-up, and typesetting............................................. Lithography, photography, and platemaking..................................... Leatherworking and upholstering.............................................................. Precision food production.......................................................................... Precision metal work................................................................................... Precision work, assorted materials .......................................................... Jewelry design, fabrication, and repair ............................................. Woodworking............................................................................................... Precision production, other........................................................................ 125 4 9 5,015 1,528 331 1,875 748 34 311 8,570 3,372 3,101 19 221 -14 0 1,798 51 2 99 105 49.00 49.01 49.0101 49.0102 49.02 49.0205 49.03 49.99 Transportation and material m oving.............................................................. Air transportation......................................................................................... Air transportation, general.................................................................... Airplane piloting and navigation.......................................................... Vehicle equipment operation.................................................................... Truck and bus driving.......................................................................... Water transportation................................................................................... Transportation and material moving, other............................................. 1,600 1,245 242 395 64 63 195 96 634 291 63 148 219 112 103 21 742 18 0 18 704 602 6 14 50.00 50.01 50.02 50.03 50.04 50.05 50.06 50.0605 50.07 50.08 50.09 50.0901 50.0903 50.0904 50.99 Visual and performing arts.............................................................................. Visual and performing arts, general.......................................................... C rafts........................................................................................................... Dance........................................................................................................... D esign......................................................................................................... Dramatic arts............................................................................................... Film arts....................................................................................................... Photography........................................................................................... Fine arts....................................................................................................... Graphic arts technology............................................................................ M usic........................................................................................................... Music, general....................................................................................... Music performance.............................................................................. Music theory and composition ............................................................ Visual and performing arts, other ............................................................ 6,365 418 37 31 768 225 300 250 1,654 2,030 695 596 62 9 207 780 22 33 7 155 80 58 51 70 186 152 17 46 12 17 61 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 19 Associate degrees 1CIP codes are the taxonomy used by the National Center for Education Statistics to classify instructional programs. See A Classification of Instructional Programs (U.S. Department of Educa tion, 1981). 17 2 13 1,200 37 172 521 372 64 8 1,731 268 95 0 0 69 180 1,034 83 83 2 0 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information Survery. 186 Table E-5. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred in institutions of higher education by field of study, 1982-83 01.00 01.01 01.02 01.03 01.04 01.05 01.06 01.07 01.99 Doctor’s Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Major field of study requiring degrees (Ph.D., Ed.D., 4 or 5 years etc.) 969,504 289,921 32,775 All fields............................................................................................................. 5,757 833 196 Agribusiness and agricultural production.................................................................... 4,102 166 666 Agricultural business and management................................................................ 362 0 20 Agricultural mechanics............................................................................................. 134 39 6 Agricultural production............................................................................................. 4 7 3 Agricultural products and processing.................................................................... 20 0 0 Agricultural services and supplies.......................................................................... 23 8 308 Horticulture............................................................................................................... 16 20 0 International agriculture........................................................................................... 62 12 808 Agribusiness and agricultural production, other................................................... 02.00 02.01 02.02 02.03 02.04 02.0402 02.0409 02.05 02.99 Agricultural sciences..................................................................................................... Agricultural sciences, general................................................................................ Animal sciences....................................................................................................... Food sciences........................................................................................................... Plant sciences........................................................................................................... Agronomy............................................................................................................. Range management........................................................................................... Soil sciences............................................................................................................. Agricultural sciences, oth er.................................................................................... 10,270 1,681 4,111 637 3,197 1,020 194 264 380 2,265 297 584 276 922 386 76 144 42 745 7 195 103 347 203 19 67 26 03.00 03.01 03.02 03.03 03.04 03.05 03.06 03.99 Renewable natural resources....................................................................................... Renewable natural resources, general.................................................................. Conservation and regulation .................................................................................. Fishing and fisheries ............................................................................................... Forestry production and processing...................................................................... Forestry and related sciences................................................................................ Wildlife management............................................................................................... Renewable natural resources, o th er...................................................................... 4,882 1,361 358 189 299 1,649 794 232 1,156 295 23 88 37 535 135 43 208 37 0 26 15 95 25 10 04.00 04.01 04.02 04.03 04.04 04.05 04.06 04.07 04.99 05.00 05.01 05.02 05.99 06.00 06.01 06.02 06.03 06.04 06.0402 06.05 06.06 06.07 06.08 06.09 06.10 06.11 06.12 06.13 06.1301 06.14 04.1401 06.15 06.16 06.17 06.18 Architecture and environmental design ...................................................................... Architecture and environmental design, general................................................. Architecture............................................................................................................... City, community, and regional planning................................................................ Environmental design............................................................................................... Interior design........................................................................................................... Landscape architecture........................................................................................... Urban design ........................................................................................................... Architecture and environmental design, o th e r..................................................... Area and ethnic studies................................................................................................. Area studies............................................................................................................. Ethnic studies........................................................................................................... Area and ethnic studies, other................................................................................ Business and management........................................................................................... Business and management, general...................................................................... Accounting ............................................................................................................... Banking and finance................................................................................................. Business administration and management............................................................ Contract management and procurement/purchasing..................................... Business economics................................................................................................. Human resources development.............................................................................. Institutional management......................................................................................... Insurance and risk management............................................................................ International business management...................................................................... Investments and securities....................................................................................... Labor/industrial relations..............................................