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Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm
Technical information: (202) 691-6569 USDL 00-368
For release: 10:00 A.M. EST
Media contact: 691-5902 Wednesday, December 20, 2000
OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES IN 1999 BASED ON
THE NEW STANDARD OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor announces
the first release of national employment and wage estimates from the
Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey using the new Office of
Management and Budget (OMB) Standard Occupational Classification (SOC)
system. The OES survey is a Federal-State cooperative program between BLS
and State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs). The 1999 OES data for
States will be available on the BLS website in January, with data for
metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) available some time thereafter.
The new SOC system, which will be used by all Federal statistical
agencies for reporting occupational data, consists of 821 detailed
occupations, grouped into 449 broad occupations, 96 minor groups, and 23
major groups. The OES program provides occupational employment and wage
data at the major group and detailed occupation level. Due to the OES
survey's transition to the new SOC system, data contained in this release
are not directly comparable with previous years' OES occupational employment
and wage data, which were based on a classification system having 7 major
occupational groups and 770 detailed occupations. Approximately one-half
of the detailed occupations were unchanged under the new SOC system, with
the other half being new SOC occupations or occupations that are slightly
different from similar occupations in the old OES classification system.
The OES survey data presented in this release are benchmarked to a
fourth-quarter 1999 reference period. (Estimates for New Jersey were
adjusted to fourth quarter 1998, since data for fourth quarter 1999 were
unavailable.) Due to the shift to the new SOC system, employment estimates
are based only on the data collected in the 1999 survey. Wage estimates for
detailed occupations that changed under the SOC also are based only on data
collected in the 1999 survey, while wage estimates for detailed occupations
that were unaffected by the SOC are based on data collected in the 1997, 1998,
and 1999 surveys. The 1997 and 1998 wage data have been adjusted to the 1999
reference period by using the over-the-year wage changes in the most appli-
cable national Employment Cost Index series. For further details, see the
Technical Note beginning on page 4.
The OES survey provides estimates of employment, average (mean) and median
hourly wages, and mean annual wages. In 1999, the OES survey covered 769 of
the 821 detailed occupations in the SOC. (See table 1.) Overall, over one-
half of the occupations had mean wages in the mid-range intervals.
(See chart 1.) This result, however, was variable across the major
occupational divisions.
The 22 SOC major occupational groups covered by the OES survey are shown
below. (The OES survey does not cover military specific occupations.)
Table A displays the number and percentage of occupations within each major
occupational group, as well as the level and distribution of employment and
the mean hourly wage by major group.
- 2 -
Table A. Employment and wages by major occupational group, 1999
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Detailed | |
| occupations | Employment | Mean
Major occupational group |------------------|------------------- | hourly
| | Percent | |Percent | wage
| Number | of total| Number |of total|
-------------------------------------|---------|-----------|--------|---------
Total....................| 769 | 100.0 |127,274,000| 100.0 |
Management..................| 30 | 3.9 | 8,063,410| 6.3 | $31.13
Business and financial | | | | |
operations................| 28 | 3.6 | 4,361,980| 3.4 | 22.16
Computer and mathematical...| 16 | 2.1 | 2,620,080| 2.1 | 26.41
Architecture and | | | | |
engineering.............. | 35 | 4.6 | 2,506,380| 2.0 | 24.81
Life, physical, and social | | | | |
science...................| 39 | 5.1 | 909,530| .7 | 21.95
Community and social | | | | |
services..................| 14 | 1.8 | 1,404,540| 1.1 | 15.21
Legal.......................| 9 | 1.2 | 858,320| .7 | 32.10
Education, training, and | | | | |
library...................| 58 | 7.5 | 7,344,830| 5.8 | 17.33
Arts, design, entertainment,| | | | |
sports, and media.........| 37 | 4.8 | 1,551,600| 1.2 | 18.10
Healthcare practitioner and | | | | |
technical.................| 45 | 5.9 | 6,001,950| 4.7 | 21.76
Healthcare support..........| 15 | 2.0 | 2,970,780| 2.3 | 9.51
Protective service..........| 20 | 2.6 | 2,958,730| 2.3 | 14.26
Food preparation and serving| | | | |
related...................| 16 | 2.1 | 9,687,970| 7.6 | 7.50
Building and grounds | | | | |
cleaning and maintenance..| 9 | 1.2 | 4,274,200| 3.4 | 9.09
Personal care and service...| 33 | 4.3 | 2,556,920| 2.0 | 9.76
Sales and related...........| 21 | 2.7 | 12,938,130| 10.2 | 13.01
Office and administrative | | | | |
support...................| 56 | 7.3 | 22,562,480| 17.7 | 12.17
Farming, fishing, and | | | | |
forestry..................| 13 | 1.7 | 463,360| .4 | 8.65
Construction and extraction.| 58 | 7.5 | 5,938,860| 4.7 | 16.18
Installation, maintenance, | | | | |
and repair................| 53 | 6.9 | 5,140,210| 4.0 | 15.77
Production..................| 112 | 14.6 | 12,620,920| 9.9 | 12.21
Transportation and | | | | |
material moving...........| 52 | 6.8 | 9,538,820| 7.5 | 11.84
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
The major group with the largest employment total is office and
administrative support occupations, with almost 18 percent of total
employment. The next largest groups are sales and related occupations and
production occupations, each with about 10 percent of total employment.
The smallest occupational groups in terms of employment levels are the
farming, fishing, and forestry occupations, legal occupations, and life,
physical, and social science occupations.
The highest-paying major groups of occupations are the legal occupations
and the management occupations. The major occupational groups with the
lowest mean wages are the food preparation and serving related occupations,
the farming, fishing, and forestry occupations, and the building and grounds
cleaning and maintenance occupations. Table B shows that over half of all
workers in these latter three groups earn less than $8.50 per hour. Manage-
ment occupations, legal occupations, and healthcare practitioner and
technical occupations were the three major groups where at least 4 percent
of workers earned $55.50 or more per hour. Workers in the business and
financial operations occupations, computer and mathematical occupations, and
life, physical, and social science occupations were concentrated in the
middle wage ranges, with two-thirds of employment falling in these ranges.
- 3 -
Table B. Wage distribution by major occupational group, 1999
(Percent distribution)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Wage range
Major |-------------------------------------------------------------
occupational |Under|$8.50 |$10.75|$13.50|$17.00|$21.50|$27.25|$34.50| Over
group |$8.50| to | to | to | to | to | to | to |$43.75
| |$10.74|$13.49|$16.99|$21.49|$27.24|$34.49|$43.74|
-----------------|-----|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|------
Management.......| 2.1 | 2.7 | 5.4 | 9.2 | 13.0 | 16.5 | 16.7 | 14.4 | 19.9
Business and | | | | | | | | |
financial | | | | | | | | |
operations......| 2.8 | 4.1 | 9.7 | 18.6 | 21.6 | 20.1 | 12.8 | 6.2 | 4.2 |
Computer and | | | | | | | | |
mathematical....| .9 | 2.0 | 5.2 | 10.7 | 17.2 | 23.0 | 20.8 | 13.4 | 6.8
Architecture and | | | | | | | | |
engineering.....| 1.4 | 3.0 | 6.5 | 11.9 | 18.6 | 22.9 | 19.7 | 11.4 | 4.6
Life, physical, | | | | | | | | |
and social | | | | | | | | |
science........| 4.3 | 5.3 | 10.6 | 16.9 | 19.4 | 19.3 | 13.0 | 6.8 | 4.3
Community and | | | | | | | | |
social | | | | | | | | |
services........|11.5 | 14.8 | 20.7 | 20.9 | 16.9 | 10.4 | 3.7 | .8 | .2
Legal............| 2.5 | 3.6 | 8.2 | 13.1 | 12.7 | 11.5 | 10.0 | 10.7 | 27.7
Education, | | | | | | | | |
training, and | | | | | | | | |
library.........|16.3 | 9.0 | 11.4 | 17.7 | 19.3 | 14.4 | 7.8 | 2.9 | 1.3
Arts, design, | | | | | | | | |
entertainment, | | | | | | | | |
sports, and | | | | | | | | |
media...........|18.2 | 11.0 | 3.6 | 14.6 | 14.3 | 11.7 | 7.3 | 5.6 | 3.6
Healthcare | | | | | | | | |
practitioner | | | | | | | | |
and technical...| 5.5 | 7.1 | 11.4 | 17.6 | 21.9 | 17.3 | 8.7 | 3.8 | 6.6
Healthcare | | | | | | | | |
support.........|44.6 | 28.7 | 16.7 | 7.3 | 2.0 | .5 | .1 | - | -
Protective | | | | | | | | |
service.........|26.9 | 14.4 | 14.5 | 13.6 | 13.9 | 10.5 | 4.6 | 1.3 | .2
Food preparation | | | | | | | | |
and serving | | | | | | | | |
related.........|77.5 | 13.1 | 5.7 | 2.5 | .9 | .2 | .1 | - | -
Building and | | | | | | | | |
grounds cleaning| | | | | | | | |
and maintenance.|56.8 | 19.9 | 12.1 | 7.0 | 3.0 | .9 | .2 | .1 | -
Personal care and| | | | | | | | |
service.........|60.3 | 16.0 | 8.9 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 2.3 | 1.2 | .7 | .7
Sales and | | | | | | | | |
related.........|47.0 | 13.1 | 10.2 | 9.1 | 7.1 | 5.2 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 2.7
Office and | | | | | | | | |
administrative | | | | | | | | |
support.........|23.0 | 23.8 | 22.5 | 16.1 | 10.0 | 3.1 | .9 | .3 | .1
Farming, fishing,| | | | | | | | |
and forestry....|67.7 | 13.1 | 7.7 | 6.6 | 3.0 | 1.2 | .5 | .1 | -
Construction and | | | | | | | | |
extraction......|10.6 | 14.8 | 17.4 | 18.9 | 16.7 | 13.6 | 6.2 | 1.4 | .2
Installation, | | | | | | | | |
maintenance,and | | | | | | | | |
repair..........|10.7 | 13.4 | 17.7 | 21.2 | 19.2 | 12.9 | 3.7 | .9 | .3
Production.......|28.0 | 22.0 | 19.0 | 14.6 | 8.8 | 5.8 | 1.3 | .4 | .1
Transportation | | | | | | | | |
and material | | | | | | | | |
moving..........|35.0 | 19.9 | 16.6 | 13.3 | 9.2 | 3.9 | 1.0 | .4 | .7
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Note
Scope of the survey
The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey is an annual mail
survey measuring occupational employment and wage rates for wage and salary
workers in nonfarm establishments, by industry. The OES program samples
and contacts approximately 400,000 establishments each year and, over 3
years, contacts approximately 1.2 million establishments. The reference
period for each year's survey is the fourth quarter of that year. While
estimates can be made from a single year of data, the OES survey has been
designed to produce estimates using the full 3 years of sample. (See
Estimation methodology section.) The full sample allows the production of
estimates at fine levels of geography, industry, and occupational detail.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the Employment and Training
Administration (ETA) provide the funding for the survey. BLS provides the
procedures and technical support, while the State Employment Security
Agencies (SESAs) collect the data. The SESAs produce industry-specific
estimates for states and local areas. BLS produces cross industry and 2-
and 3-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) industry estimates for
the nation, states, and metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs).
The OES survey defines employment as the number of workers who can be
classified as full-time or part-time employees, including workers on paid
vacations or other types of leave; workers on unpaid short-term absences;
salaried officers, executives, and staff members of incorporated firms;
employees temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for whom the
reporting unit is their permanent duty station regardless of whether that
unit prepares their paycheck. The survey excludes the self-employed,
owners/partners of unincorporated firms, and unpaid family workers.
Employees are reported in the occupation in which they are working, not
necessarily for which they were trained.
The OES survey currently uses the SIC system to classify all
establishments. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that
processes goods or provides services, such as a factory, mine, or store.
The establishment is generally at a single physical location and is engaged
primarily in one type of economic activity. The scope of the survey
includes establishments in SIC codes 07, 10, 12 to 17, 20 to 42, 44 to 65,
67, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78 to 84, 86, 87, and 89. This scope covers
agricultural services; mining; construction; manufacturing; transportation
and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and
real estate; and services. Data for the Postal Service (SIC code 43) and
federal government are universe counts obtained from the Office of
Personnel Management.
States' Unemployment Insurance (UI) files provide the universe from
which the OES survey draws its sample. The employment benchmarks are
obtained from reports submitted by employers to the UI program. In some
nonmanufacturing industries, supplemental sources are used for
establishments not reporting to the UI program. The OES survey sample is
stratified by area, industry, and size class. Size classes are defined as
follows:
Size class Number of employees
-------------------------------------------
1 1 to 4
2 5 to 9
3 10 to 19
4 20 to 49
5 50 to 99
6 100 to 249
7 250 and above
-------------------------------------------
UI reporting units with 250 or more employees are sampled with certainty
across a 3-year period. Many States sample one-third of their certainty
units each year. However, there are some States that sample more than one-
third of their certainty units during one survey year.
In 1997, establishments in size classes 2 to 6 were selected based on a
probability sample. The sampling weights in size class 2 were adjusted to
account for the employment in size class 1. In 1998, the OES survey began
sampling establishments in size class 1; thus, establishments in all size
classes are now represented in the probability sample.
New Occupational Classification Standards for 1999. In 1999, the OES
survey began using the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) new
occupational classification system--the Standard Occupational Classification
System (SOC). The SOC system is the first OMB-required occupational
classification system for federal agencies. The OES survey uses 22 major
occupational groups from the SOC system to categorize workers in one of
almost 770 detailed occupations. Previous years� data were cross-walked
to the new classification system when possible and used in producing wage
estimates for these occupations. Of the 769 occupations listed in table 1,
wages for 374 of the matched occupations are estimated using data from
the 1997, 1998, and 1999 surveys. The remaining occupations are either
new SOC occupations, or are slightly different from similar occupations in
the old OES structure; wages for these occupations are estimated from a
single year of data only. In order to maintain employment addition, all
occupational employment estimates are based only on the data collected in
the 1999 survey. The major groups of the new SOC system are as follows:
Management occupations
Business and financial operations occupations
Computer and mathematical occupations
Architecture and engineering occupations
Life, physical, and social science occupations
Community and social services occupations
Legal occupations
Education, training, and library occupations
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations
Healthcare support occupations
Protective service occupations
Food preparation and serving related occupations
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
Personal care and service occupations
Sales and related occupations
Office and administrative support occupations
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
Construction and extraction occupations
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
Production occupations
Transportation and material moving occupations
Military specific occupations (not surveyed in OES)
Concepts
Employment represents the estimate of total wage and salary employment
in an occupation across the industries in which it was reported. The OES
survey form sent to an establishment contains between 50 and 225 SOC
occupations selected on the basis of the industry classification and size
class of the sampled establishments. To reduce paperwork and respondent
burden, no survey form contains every SOC occupation. Thus, data for
specific occupations are collected primarily from establishments within
industries that are the predominant employers of labor in those
occupations.
Wages for the OES survey are straight-time, gross pay, exclusive of
premium pay. Base rate, cost-of-living allowances, guaranteed pay,
hazardous-duty pay, incentive pay including commissions and production
bonuses, tips, and on-call pay are included. Excluded are back pay, jury
duty pay, overtime pay, severance pay, shift differentials, nonproduction
bonuses, and tuition reimbursements.
The OES survey collects wage data in 12 intervals. Employers report the
number of employees in an occupation per each wage range. The wage
intervals used for the 1999 survey are as follows:
----------------------------------------------------------------
| Wages
Interval |------------------------------------------------
| Hourly | Annual
----------------------------------------------------------------
Range A | Under $6.75 | Under $14,040
Range B | $6.75 to $8.49 | $14,040 to $17,679
Range C | $8.50 to $10.74 | $17,680 to $22,359
Range D | $10.75 to $13.49 | $22,360 to $28,079
Range E | $13.50 to $16.99 | $28,080 to $35,359
Range F | $17.00 to $21.49 | $35,360 to $44,719
Range G | $21.50 to $27.24 | $44,720 to $56,679
Range H | $27.25 to $34.49 | $56,680 to $71,759
Range I | $34.50 to $43.74 | $71,760 to $90,999
Range J | $43.75 to $55.49 | $91,000 to $115,439
Range K | $55.50 to $69.99 | $115,440 to $145,599
Range L | $70.00 and over | $145,600 and over
----------------------------------------------------------------
Mean wage is the estimated total wages for an occupation divided by its
weighted survey employment. With the exception of the upper open-ended
wage interval, interval L ($70.00 and over), a mean wage value is
calculated for each wage interval based on occupational wage data collected
by the BLS Office of Compensation and Working Conditions. The mean wage
value for the upper open-ended wage interval is its lower bound (Winsorized
mean). These interval mean wage values are then attributed to all workers
reported in the interval. For each occupation, total weighted wages in
each interval are summed across all intervals and divided by the
occupation's weighted survey employment.
Annual wage. Many employees are paid at an hourly rate by their
employers and may work less than or more than 40 hours per week. The
annual wage estimates in this release are calculated by multiplying the
mean hourly wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours
per year (52 weeks by 40 hours). Thus, the annual wage estimates may not
represent the actual annual pay received by the employee if they work fewer
than 2,080 hours per year. There are a small number of occupations in this
release where only an annual wage figure is provided; the workers in these
occupations are generally paid on an annual basis, and their annual wage
has been directly calculated from the reported survey data.
Hourly versus annual wage reporting. For each occupation, respondents
are asked to report the number of employees paid within specific wage
intervals. The intervals are defined both as hourly rates and the
corresponding annual rates, where the annual rates are constructed by
multiplying the hourly wage rate for the interval by the typical work year
of 2,080 hours. In reporting, the respondent can reference either the
hourly or the annual rate, but is instructed to report the hourly rate for
part-time workers.
There are workers in some occupations who are paid based on an annual
amount, but generally work less than the usual 2,080 hours per year. Since
the survey does not collect the actual hours worked, the hourly rate cannot
be calculated with a reasonable degree of confidence from the annual wages.
For this reason, only the annual salary is reported for these occupations.
Occupations that typically have a work-year of less than 2,080 hours
include musical and entertainment occupations, pilots and flight
attendants, and teachers.
Estimation methodology
The OES survey samples approximately 400,000 establishments each year
and, over a 3-year period, contacts approximately 1.2 million establish-
ments. Each single-year sample represents a one-third sample of both the
certainty and non-certainty strata for the full 3-year sample plan. While
estimates can be made from a single year of data, the OES survey has been
designed to produce estimates using the full 3 years of data. The full
3-year sample allows the production of estimates at fine levels of geography,
industry, and occupational detail, while estimates using any one year of data
would be subject to a higher sampling error (due to the smaller sample size)
and the limitations associated with having only 1/3 of the units from the
certainty strata. Producing estimates using the 3 years of sample data
provides significant sampling error reductions (particularly for small
geographic areas and occupations); however, it also has some quality limita-
tions in that it requires the adjustment of earlier years' data to the
current reference period--a procedure referred to as "wage updating."
Wage updating. As noted above, combining multiple years of data has
both statistical advantages and limitations. Significant reductions in
sampling error can be achieved by taking advantage of 3 years of data,
which covers over 70 percent of the employment in the United States. This
feature is particularly important in improving the reliability of estimates
for small domains in the population (that is, wage and employment estimates
for detailed occupations in small areas). Combining multiple years of data
also has been necessary to obtain full coverage of the certainty strata
(that is, large employers with 250 and above employment).
Starting with the 1997 estimates, the OES program has used the over-the-
year fourth-quarter wage changes from the BLS Employment Cost Index (ECI)
to adjust prior year survey data before combining it with the current year
data. The wage updating procedure assumes that each occupation's wage, as
measured in the earlier years, moves according to the average movement of
its occupational division and that there are no major geographic or
detailed occupational differences--and this may not be the case. The BLS
has conducted research over the past several years on the accuracy of the
ECI wage-updating method versus other modeling approaches. Current
research results support the continued use of the ECI wage-updating
methodology.
1999 OES survey estimates. Beginning in 1999, the OES survey began
using an occupational coding structure based on OMB's new Standard
Occupational Classification system. For 374 occupations that were one-to-
one matches or direct aggregations between the old and new coding systems,
the 1999 OES survey wage estimates are developed from the full 3 years of
OES survey data. Wages for 15 occupations that are one-to-one matches but
had significant employment in the new wage range for workers earning $70.00
per hour and above are estimated using the 1999 survey data only. The
remaining occupational wage estimates are developed from the 1999 survey
data alone, which covers approximately 400,000 establishments. The
combined 1997, 1998, and 1999 data cover approximately 1.2 million sample
units. Occupations where the wage is estimated using 3 years of data are
footnoted in table 1. The 1999 employment estimates for all occupations
were developed using the 1999 data alone.
The 1999 estimates use the wage-updating methodology introduced in 1997,
which uses the over-the-year fourth-quarter wage changes from the BLS
Employment Cost Index to adjust prior years' data before combining them
with data from the current year. In addition, the 1999 estimates use the
estimation methodology introduced in 1997, which uses a "nearest neighbor"
imputation approach for nonrespondents and applies employment benchmarks at
a detailed MSA by 3-digit industry and broad size class level.
Another challenge in combining data was the 1999 transition to a new SOC-
based OES occupational coding system. Data for 1997 and 1998 were cross-
walked to the new SOC-based classification system. Although most of the
old OES occupations can be cross-walked to a counterpart in the new system,
many of the relationships between the two coding systems are not one-to-
one. Many old OES occupations were cross-walked to residual occupations,
meaning that occupation is no longer surveyed as a detailed occupation.
Likewise, there are occupations in the new system that were not surveyed in
the old system and thus there is only one year's data for those
occupations. For more information about the SOC system, see the BLS
website at http://stats.bls.gov/soc/soc_home.htm.
Future research. The expanded OES survey is a relatively new program,
and BLS has a number of research efforts underway. Some areas of future
research are given below.
Sample design research--BLS is evaluating the feasibility of collecting
all certainty units (that is, large employers of 250 and above) every year
so that more accurate independent estimates from a single year of sample
data can be produced. These estimates will not contain possible effects
from the wage-updating procedure and can provide an independent measure of
the accuracy of the updating procedure along with the ability to use these
data directly for more aggregate levels of publication.
Collection methodology research--This includes research on alternative
electronic reporting procedures for respondents.
Estimation methodology research--An important research effort over the
next several years will be the evaluation of the current wage-updating
methodology along with the identification of alternative modeling
approaches that may produce improved overall accuracy.
Additional information
The 1999 OES national data by occupation, comparable with data in table 1,
will be available soon on the Internet (http://stats.bls.gov/oeshome.htm).
Users also may access each occupation's definition and percentile wages. The
1999 OES data for States will be available on the BLS website in January, with
data for MSAs available some time thereafter.
In addition to the data provided on the Internet, industry staffing
patterns at the 2- and 3-digit SIC levels will be available electronically
beginning in January 2001. These data will include industry-specific
occupational employment and wage data. BLS also plans to release a
bulletin displaying 1999 occupational employment and wage data for selected
industries and areas in the spring of 2001.
For additional information, contact the Office of Employment and
Unemployment Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics, Room 4840, 2
Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Washington, DC, 20212; telephone 202-691-6569
(email: oesinfo@bls.gov).
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
phone number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment Statistics survey by occupation, 1999
Occupation Employment Mean wages Median wages
Hourly Annual(1)
Management occupations
Chief executives 597,060 $48.67 $101,240 $52.08
General and operations managers 2,305,610 31.69 65,910 27.23
Legislators 49,330 11.92 24,790 6.50
Advertising and promotions managers 100,600 28.32 58,910 24.30
Marketing managers 202,710 34.14 71,010 32.18
Sales managers 367,640 33.44 69,560 30.59
Public relations managers 67,210 27.77 57,770 24.77
Administrative services managers 363,530 23.36 48,580 20.78
Computer and information systems managers 280,820 35.79 74,430 34.97
Financial managers 646,050 33.22 69,100 30.62
Human resources managers (2) 227,810 27.34 56,880 25.55
Industrial production managers (2) 213,510 29.56 61,480 28.64
Purchasing managers (2) 137,950 24.61 51,200 22.31
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 123,450 26.03 54,140 24.51
Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers 5,450 20.80 43,260 17.94
Construction managers 240,490 28.92 60,160 26.75
Education administrators, preschool and child care center/program 35,380 18.63 38,750 15.81
Education administrators, elementary and secondary school 186,220 (3) 65,480 (3)
Education administrators, postsecondary 95,690 28.93 60,170 26.52
Engineering managers 248,210 39.21 81,560 38.52
Food service managers 287,940 16.04 33,360 14.92
Funeral directors (2) 23,740 20.56 42,770 17.75
Gaming managers 4,590 26.40 54,900 22.51
Lodging managers 28,170 16.34 33,980 14.49
Medical and health services managers 230,640 27.93 58,090 25.82
Natural sciences managers 36,920 34.84 72,470 33.75
Postmasters and mail superintendents 26,930 21.78 45,300 21.16
Property, real estate, and community association managers 143,040 19.68 40,940 16.73
Social and community service managers 88,340 19.41 40,370 17.74
Business and financial operations occupations
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 7,280 33.53 69,740 25.00
Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products 21,550 21.08 43,840 16.94
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products (2) 133,070 19.12 39,770 16.52
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products (2) 224,110 20.44 42,510 19.01
Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators 154,770 20.17 41,960 18.69
Insurance appraisers, auto damage (2) 19,310 19.81 41,200 19.22
Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and
safety, and transportation 123,280 20.17 41,960 18.56
Cost estimators (2) 201,500 22.12 46,000 20.36
Emergency management specialists 11,390 19.87 41,330 17.84
Employment, recruitment, and placement specialists 181,710 18.94 39,400 16.52
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 78,310 20.09 41,800 18.98
Training and development specialists 186,940 19.96 41,510 18.54
Management analysts 300,600 28.05 58,350 25.91
Meeting and convention planners 32,820 17.27 35,930 16.24
Accountants and auditors (2) 843,160 21.31 44,320 19.16
Appraisers and assessors of real estate (2) 52,520 20.04 41,670 18.12
Budget analysts (2) 61,740 23.64 49,170 22.41
Credit analysts (2) 61,580 20.28 42,180 17.96
Financial analysts 142,820 27.09 56,340 23.65
Personal financial advisors 79,970 31.10 64,680 25.26
Insurance underwriters (2) 93,970 21.61 44,940 19.69
Financial examiners 27,630 28.01 58,270 24.63
Loan counselors 22,320 17.25 35,880 14.95
Loan officers 200,180 21.74 45,210 18.72
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents (2) 64,960 19.36 40,270 17.75
Tax preparers (2) 58,100 15.37 31,970 13.04
Computer and mathematical operations occupations
Computer and information scientists, research 26,280 32.30 67,180 31.38
Computer programmers (2) 528,600 26.42 54,960 24.55
Computer software engineers, applications 287,600 31.62 65,780 30.45
Computer software engineers, systems software 209,030 31.84 66,230 31.07
Computer support specialists 462,840 18.95 39,410 17.54
Computer systems analysts 428,210 27.85 57,920 26.91
Database administrators (2) 101,460 25.26 52,550 23.83
Network and computer systems administrators 204,680 24.08 50,090 22.98
Network systems and data communications analysts 98,330 26.78 55,710 25.24
Actuaries 12,560 34.56 71,880 31.88
Mathematicians 3,450 32.68 67,970 32.86
Operations research analysts 43,760 25.89 53,850 23.35
Statisticians (2) 14,620 24.35 50,650 22.65
Mathematical technicians (2) 1,560 21.01 43,710 17.44
Architecture and engineering occupations
Architects, except landscape and naval (2) 71,040 25.68 53,410 23.67
Landscape architects (2) 13,870 21.40 44,510 19.24
Cartographers and photogrammetrists 6,150 19.74 41,060 19.20
Surveyors 50,150 17.50 36,400 16.61
Aerospace engineers (2) 71,790 31.03 64,550 31.35
Agricultural engineers (2) 2,260 26.85 55,840 26.25
Biomedical engineers 6,450 25.21 52,430 24.36
Chemical engineers (2) 28,630 30.89 64,250 31.84
Civil engineers (2) 209,100 26.76 55,660 25.83
Computer hardware engineers 60,420 32.19 66,960 31.12
Electrical engineers 149,210 29.58 61,520 29.15
Electronics engineers, except computer 106,830 30.49 63,410 29.96
Environmental engineers 51,450 27.43 57,050 26.39
Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers
and inspectors 40,470 25.81 53,680 25.16
Industrial engineers 155,910 27.62 57,450 26.81
Marine engineers and naval architects (2) 4,450 28.16 58,580 27.89
Materials engineers (2) 21,730 28.54 59,370 28.29
Mechanical engineers (2) 202,910 27.41 57,010 26.85
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 7,160 29.76 61,900 28.03
Nuclear engineers (2) 9,580 35.04 72,870 35.87
Petroleum engineers (2) 9,640 34.99 72,780 35.71
Architectural and civil drafters 92,790 17.40 36,190 16.37
Electrical and electronics drafters 39,890 18.82 39,150 17.93
Mechanical drafters 65,960 18.57 38,620 17.37
Aerospace engineering and operations technicians 17,270 23.38 48,630 21.39
Civil engineering technicians (2) 91,040 16.95 35,270 16.35
Electrical and electronic engineering technicians 242,160 18.94 39,390 18.45
Electro-mechanical technicians 40,310 17.91 37,250 16.79
Environmental engineering technicians 18,640 16.86 35,060 15.58
Industrial engineering technicians (2) 51,690 20.83 43,320 19.41
Mechanical engineering technicians 57,560 19.50 40,560 18.41
Surveying and mapping technicians (2) 47,330 14.07 29,260 12.87
Life, physical, and social science occupations
Agricultural and food scientists (2) 9,720 21.69 45,110 20.56
Biochemists and biophysicists 11,810 27.01 56,170 25.15
Microbiologists 15,630 24.37 50,690 22.21
Zoologists and wildlife biologists 11,120 20.87 43,400 20.12
Conservation scientists 12,240 21.78 45,310 21.64
Foresters 10,090 20.34 42,300 19.73
Epidemiologists 2,270 23.57 49,020 22.03
Medical scientists, except epidemiologists 21,200 26.87 55,880 23.93
Astronomers 680 36.47 75,860 36.96
Physicists 10,290 36.61 76,140 36.63
Atmospheric and space scientists (2) 7,170 25.76 53,580 25.60
Chemists (2) 73,840 24.80 51,580 23.07
Materials scientists 8,200 28.39 59,060 27.33
Environmental scientists and specialists, including health 53,610 22.60 47,000 20.99
Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers 20,940 29.33 61,000 26.18
Hydrologists 6,890 26.26 54,620 25.53
Economists 14,490 29.59 61,550 27.92
Market research analysts 67,670 25.33 52,680 22.89
Survey researchers 21,990 10.84 22,540 8.36
Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists 92,460 23.90 49,720 22.75
Industrial-organizational psychologists 1,780 34.23 71,200 33.59
Sociologists 1,320 22.74 47,310 20.78
Urban and regional planners (2) 28,730 22.44 46,670 21.41
Anthropologists and archeologists 3,220 17.79 37,010 16.89
Geographers 720 21.37 44,450 19.98
Historians 1,510 19.88 41,350 18.35
Political scientists 4,280 35.03 72,860 35.71
Agricultural and food science technicians 15,050 14.09 29,310 12.75
Biological technicians 39,580 15.42 32,060 14.66
Chemical technicians 78,730 17.35 36,080 16.46
Geological and petroleum technicians 10,830 19.58 40,730 17.43
Nuclear technicians (2) 2,640 24.81 51,600 24.00
Environmental science and protection technicians, including health 26,240 16.47 34,270 15.63
Forensic science technicians 5,340 18.37 38,200 17.40
Forest and conservation technicians 17,140 14.11 29,340 13.20
Community and social service occupations
Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors 57,290 13.73 28,560 12.82
Educational, vocational, and school counselors (2) 190,930 19.95 41,490 19.22
Marriage and family therapists 18,530 17.14 35,660 16.14
Mental health counselors 62,910 14.15 29,430 12.80
Rehabilitation counselors 93,130 12.75 26,520 11.37
Child, family, and school social workers 262,570 15.25 31,720 14.42
Medical and public health social workers 101,680 17.02 35,400 16.16
Mental health and substance abuse social workers 72,730 14.98 31,150 14.08
Health educators 41,620 16.81 34,960 15.49
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 78,930 18.28 38,030 17.37
Social and human service assistants 242,530 10.94 22,760 10.30
Clergy (2) 26,000 15.48 32,210 14.50
Directors, religious activities and education (2) 14,960 13.73 28,550 12.77
Legal occupations
Lawyers 464,250 43.44 90,360 42.81
Administrative law judges, adjudicators, and hearing officers 27,250 24.80 51,580 21.23
Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators 6,260 33.80 70,310 25.49
Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates 23,150 32.29 67,150 32.72
Paralegals and legal assistants 175,870 17.57 36,550 16.39
Court reporters 17,460 18.29 38,040 17.78
Law clerks (2) 26,060 14.08 29,280 12.94
Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers (2) 38,730 14.84 30,880 13.38
Education, training, and library occupations
Business teachers, postsecondary (2) 63,110 (3) 53,800 (3)
Computer science teachers, postsecondary (2) 30,760 (3) 49,420 (3)
Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary (2) 38,850 (3) 49,750 (3)
Architecture teachers, postsecondary (2) 3,730 (3) 55,200 (3)
Engineering teachers, postsecondary (2) 25,960 (3) 64,510 (3)
Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary (2) 8,180 (3) 59,600 (3)
Biological science teachers, postsecondary 33,790 (3) 54,930 (3)
Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary 1,830 (3) 53,320 (3)
Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary 7,930 (3) 58,250 (3)
Chemistry teachers, postsecondary (2) 17,860 (3) 53,010 (3)
Environmental science teachers, postsecondary 3,790 (3) 54,120 (3)
Physics teachers, postsecondary (2) 11,230 (3) 59,740 (3)
Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary 3,850 (3) 56,220 (3)
Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary (2) 3,000 (3) 52,800 (3)
Economics teachers, postsecondary (2) 11,100 (3) 58,730 (3)
Geography teachers, postsecondary (2) 3,330 (3) 53,410 (3)
Political science teachers, postsecondary (2) 10,480 (3) 53,920 (3)
Psychology teachers, postsecondary (2) 24,690 (3) 53,170 (3)
Sociology teachers, postsecondary 12,490 (3) 50,090 (3)
Health specialties teachers, postsecondary (2) 72,130 (3) 66,470 (3)
Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary (2) 35,360 (3) 47,830 (3)
Education teachers, postsecondary (2) 35,030 (3) 46,200 (3)
Library science teachers, postsecondary (2) 3,870 (3) 49,860 (3)
Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary (2) 7,830 (3) 43,580 (3)
Law teachers, postsecondary 8,250 (3) 70,860 (3)
Social work teachers, postsecondary (2) 5,660 (3) 46,690 (3)
Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary (2) 51,710 (3) 46,700 (3)
Communications teachers, postsecondary (2) 15,960 (3) 46,220 (3)
English language and literature teachers, postsecondary (2) 51,030 (3) 46,260 (3)
Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary (2) 20,140 (3) 46,930 (3)
History teachers, postsecondary (2) 16,950 (3) 50,800 (3)
Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary (2) 13,380 (3) 48,700 (3)
Graduate teaching assistants 124,750 (3) 20,840 (3)
Home economics teachers, postsecondary (2) 4,970 (3) 48,580 (3)
Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary 14,970 (3) 43,590 (3)
Vocational education teachers, postsecondary 129,780 18.10 37,650 17.04
Preschool teachers, except special education (2) 339,310 9.43 19,610 8.41
Kindergarten teachers, except special education (2) 158,250 (3) 36,770 (3)
Elementary school teachers, except special education (2) 1,357,340 (3) 39,560 (3)
Middle school teachers, except special and vocational education 570,010 (3) 39,690 (3)
Vocational education teachers, middle school 17,450 (3) 41,090 (3)
Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational education 947,010 (3) 41,430 (3)
Vocational education teachers, secondary school 107,330 (3) 41,710 (3)
Special education teachers, preschool, kindergarten, and elementary
school 203,690 (3) 40,400 (3)
Special education teachers, middle school 86,850 (3) 38,600 (3)
Special education teachers, secondary school 119,870 (3) 42,070 (3)
Adult literacy, remedial education, and GED teachers and instructors 56,880 15.77 32,800 14.92
Self-enrichment education teachers 125,650 14.37 29,900 12.54
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians (2) 16,760 16.42 34,160 14.79
Librarians (2) 137,760 19.84 41,270 19.19
Library technicians 98,030 11.28 23,450 10.84
Audio-visual collections specialists 9,690 15.88 33,030 14.18
Farm and home management advisors (2) 9,530 18.74 38,980 17.24
Instructional coordinators 76,870 21.06 43,800 20.06
Teacher assistants (2) 1,115,820 (3) 17,400 (3)
Art, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
Art directors 19,190 29.65 61,680 25.81
Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators 13,240 17.00 35,370 14.51
Multi-media artists and animators 30,530 19.87 41,330 17.82
Commercial and industrial designers 38,350 23.03 47,910 22.15
Fashion designers 9,600 25.28 52,580 21.96
Floral designers 59,410 9.12 18,980 8.66
Graphic designers 119,820 17.41 36,210 15.95
Interior designers (2) 29,690 18.44 38,360 16.03
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers (2) 51,530 10.37 21,560 9.36
Set and exhibit designers 8,290 14.57 30,310 13.62
Actors 84,790 (3) 50,620 (3)
Producers and directors 39,200 (3) 47,230 (3)
Athletes and sports competitors 10,620 (3) 69,440 (3)
Coaches and scouts 65,820 (3) 32,010 (3)
Umpires, referees, and other sports officials 8,150 (3) 23,510 (3)
Dancers 14,910 11.90 24,750 9.42
Choreographers 11,170 15.56 32,370 12.95
Music directors and composers 6,310 (3) 34,750 (3)
Musicians and singers 46,440 (3) 37,510 (3)
Announcers (2) 50,410 12.33 25,640 8.95
News analysts, reporters and correspondents (2) 64,590 16.96 35,270 13.37
Public relations specialists (2) 118,280 19.61 40,780 17.63
Editors 95,210 20.20 42,030 18.01
Technical writers 46,680 22.57 46,940 21.32
Writers and authors 45,670 21.88 45,500 19.62
Interpreters and translators 13,640 14.16 29,450 12.94
Audio and video equipment technicians 39,090 16.36 34,020 13.51
Broadcast technicians 25,570 13.33 27,740 11.33
Radio operators (2) 3,290 12.48 25,950 11.20
Sound engineering technicians 9,380 16.87 35,090 13.98
Photographers (2) 66,070 12.36 25,710 10.01
Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture (2) 17,330 15.26 31,730 11.94
Film and video editors (2) 12,770 21.34 44,380 18.84
Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations
Chiropractors 11,540 34.10 70,930 27.92
Dentists 69,360 51.03 106,130 53.21
Dietitians and nutritionists (2) 41,320 17.96 37,350 17.54
Optometrists 21,400 37.38 77,750 37.10
Pharmacists (2) 226,300 30.31 63,030 32.16
Anesthesiologists 25,910 59.51 123,780 (4)
Family and general practitioners 134,490 50.04 104,090 54.34
Internists, general 48,740 59.27 123,280 (4)
Obstetricians and gynecologists 18,780 65.11 135,430 (4)
Pediatricians, general 18,940 54.21 112,760 58.65
Psychiatrists 17,870 49.84 103,660 55.69
Surgeons 48,450 65.22 135,660 (4)
Physician assistants (2) 56,750 24.35 50,650 25.54
Podiatrists 4,470 48.12 100,090 51.00
Registered nurses (2) 2,205,430 21.38 44,470 20.33
Audiologists 12,950 21.96 45,670 20.51
Occupational therapists (2) 78,950 24.96 51,910 23.73
Physical therapists (2) 131,050 28.05 58,350 27.08
Radiation therapists (2) 12,340 20.84 43,360 20.04
Recreational therapists (2) 30,190 14.08 29,280 13.47
Respiratory therapists (2) 80,230 17.72 36,860 17.38
Speech-language pathologists 85,920 22.99 47,820 22.03
Veterinarians 39,250 31.76 66,060 28.19
Medical and clinical laboratory technologists (2) 145,750 18.90 39,310 18.52
Medical and clinical laboratory technicians (2) 142,090 13.67 28,430 12.89
Dental hygienists (2) 90,050 23.15 48,150 22.69
Cardiovascular technologists and technicians (2) 41,490 16.00 33,280 15.46
Diagnostic medical sonographers 29,280 21.04 43,760 20.35
Nuclear medicine technologists (2) 17,880 20.40 42,430 19.66
Radiologic technologists and technicians 177,850 17.07 35,510 16.47
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics (2) 172,360 11.19 23,280 10.21
Dietetic technicians (2) 29,190 10.09 21,000 9.39
Pharmacy technicians (2) 196,430 9.64 20,050 9.11
Psychiatric technicians (2) 54,560 11.30 23,510 10.56
Respiratory therapy technicians 33,990 16.07 33,430 15.14
Surgical technologists (2) 64,810 13.25 27,560 12.84
Veterinary technologists and technicians 47,470 10.30 21,430 9.89
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses (2) 688,510 13.95 29,020 13.39
Medical records and health information technicians 142,720 11.13 23,150 10.37
Opticians, dispensing (2) 58,860 12.11 25,190 11.10
Orthotists and prosthetists 3,330 21.45 44,610 17.94
Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians 34,840 19.99 41,590 18.94
Athletic trainers 16,670 (3) 33,650 (3)
Healthcare support occupations
Home health aides (2) 577,530 9.04 18,810 8.21
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants (2) 1,308,740 8.59 17,860 8.29
Psychiatric aides (2) 51,100 10.76 22,390 10.32
Occupational therapist assistants 17,290 15.97 33,230 15.79
Occupational therapist aides 9,250 10.92 22,710 9.34
Physical therapist assistants 48,600 16.20 33,690 15.90
Physical therapist aides 44,340 9.69 20,160 9.05
Massage therapists 21,910 13.82 28,740 11.01
Dental assistants (2) 175,160 11.60 24,130 11.24
Medical assistants 281,480 10.89 22,650 10.48
Medical equipment preparers 29,070 10.20 21,220 9.70
Medical transcriptionists 97,260 11.86 24,660 11.67
Pharmacy aides (2) 48,270 9.14 19,010 8.76
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 53,680 8.03 16,710 7.60
Protective service occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers 28,300 20.30 42,230 18.70
First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives (2) 111,600 26.01 54,100 25.31
First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention
workers (2) 57,300 23.60 49,100 23.24
Fire fighters (2) 252,730 16.38 34,070 15.80
Fire inspectors and investigators (2) 10,050 19.98 41,550 19.26
Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists (2) 1,630 14.57 30,300 12.98
Bailiffs (2) 12,620 14.40 29,950 14.13
Correctional officers and jailers (2) 381,250 14.94 31,070 13.66
Detectives and criminal investigators (2) 83,340 22.90 47,620 22.09
Fish and game wardens (2) 8,220 20.16 41,940 18.05
Parking enforcement workers (2) 7,660 12.00 24,970 11.71
Police and sheriff's patrol officers (2) 581,860 18.61 38,710 18.06
Transit and railroad police (2) 4,590 20.32 42,260 19.72
Animal control workers 8,300 11.47 23,850 10.62
Private detectives and investigators 30,690 14.48 30,120 12.60
Gaming surveillance officers and gaming investigators 12,780 10.43 21,700 9.78
Security guards (2) 1,088,470 8.95 18,610 8.07
Crossing guards (2) 68,310 8.59 17,870 7.70
Food preparation and serving related occupations
Chefs and head cooks 118,070 13.48 28,040 11.88
First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and
serving workers 545,700 11.47 23,860 10.59
Cooks, fast food (2) 418,400 6.54 13,610 6.24
Cooks, institution and cafeteria (2) 438,660 8.38 17,420 7.89
Cooks, restaurant (2) 656,540 8.52 17,730 8.05
Cooks, short order (2) 163,160 7.48 15,560 7.14
Food preparation workers 878,650 7.57 15,740 7.23
Bartenders (2) 358,450 7.07 14,700 6.52
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food (2) 1,950,970 6.64 13,810 6.30
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop (2) 407,960 6.83 14,210 6.46
Waiters and waitresses (2) 2,039,950 6.46 13,430 6.07
Food servers, nonrestaurant (2) 192,850 7.77 16,170 7.09
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers (2) 425,600 6.70 13,940 6.33
Dishwashers 538,360 6.78 14,090 6.57
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop (2) 380,850 7.13 14,840 6.73
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers (2) 202,460 11.67 24,270 10.61
First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and
groundskeeping workers 91,330 15.87 33,000 14.31
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners (2) 2,090,560 8.76 18,220 7.90
Maids and housekeeping cleaners (2) 913,470 7.46 15,530 7.03
Pest control workers (2) 40,240 11.60 24,120 11.16
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers 739,460 9.32 19,380 8.48
Pesticide handlers, sprayers, and applicators, vegetation (2) 23,440 11.29 23,490 10.81
Tree trimmers and pruners (2) 47,890 11.43 23,770 10.73
Personal care and service occupations
Gaming supervisors 26,890 16.96 35,270 16.46
Slot key persons 13,220 11.38 23,660 10.28
First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers 84,610 14.02 29,150 12.47
Animal trainers (2) 5,900 12.39 25,770 11.09
Nonfarm animal caretakers 84,760 8.25 17,160 7.50
Gaming dealers 87,390 6.79 14,120 6.20
Gaming and sports book writers and runners 8,390 7.74 16,090 7.53
Motion picture projectionists (2) 8,610 10.28 21,390 7.33
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers (2) 88,590 6.76 14,050 6.26
Amusement and recreation attendants 190,600 7.17 14,920 6.55
Costume attendants 5,860 11.28 23,470 9.93
Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants 22,960 (5) (5) (5)
Embalmers (2) 6,670 15.05 31,300 14.09
Funeral attendants (2) 24,970 8.33 17,320 7.70
Barbers (2) 14,150 10.08 20,970 8.91
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 314,750 10.00 20,800 8.33
Makeup artists, theatrical and performance 1,170 12.11 25,180 10.60
Manicurists and pedicurists (2) 23,540 7.73 16,080 6.70
Shampooers (2) 13,580 6.72 13,970 6.29
Skin care specialists 11,910 10.16 21,130 8.87
Baggage porters and bellhops (2) 59,580 8.23 17,110 6.84
Concierges 16,440 10.78 22,420 9.44
Tour guides and escorts 35,780 9.66 20,100 8.46
Travel guides 4,180 13.07 27,190 12.00
Flight attendants (2) 123,310 (3) 47,910 (3)
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters (2) 22,780 9.89 20,570 8.13
Child care workers (2) 377,110 7.42 15,430 6.91
Personal and home care aides (2) 300,500 7.72 16,060 7.50
Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors 127,310 13.12 27,300 10.84
Recreation workers 245,180 8.89 18,500 7.90
Residential advisors 43,260 9.90 20,590 9.21
Sales and related occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers 1,237,050 15.11 31,430 12.91
First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers 302,870 25.66 53,380 21.57
Cashiers (2) 3,162,090 7.35 15,290 6.68
Gaming change persons and booth cashiers 40,390 8.88 18,470 8.60
Counter and rental clerks (2) 392,560 8.02 16,690 7.16
Parts salespersons (2) 265,380 12.22 25,410 10.92
Retail salespersons (2) 3,729,040 9.24 19,210 7.66
Advertising sales agents (2) 142,830 19.91 41,400 15.93
Insurance sales agents 241,730 22.93 47,690 18.61
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 249,660 34.44 71,640 28.63
Travel agents (2) 111,130 11.86 24,660 11.25
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and
scientific products (2) 341,930 25.07 52,140 22.09
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical
and scientific products (2) 1,315,900 20.80 43,260 17.91
Demonstrators and product promoters (2) 95,160 10.30 21,420 8.56
Models (2) 5,220 10.15 21,110 8.37
Real estate brokers 26,760 29.90 62,190 24.22
Real estate sales agents (2) 107,680 17.78 36,990 13.25
Sales engineers (2) 93,620 27.95 58,130 26.13
Telemarketers 485,650 10.15 21,100 8.91
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 36,130 13.91 28,940 11.51
Office and administrative support occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support
workers (2) 1,312,630 17.36 36,110 15.93
Switchboard operators, including answering service (2) 248,570 9.51 19,780 9.11
Telephone operators (2) 50,820 12.88 26,800 13.66
Bill and account collectors (2) 383,090 11.95 24,860 11.32
Billing and posting clerks and machine operators (2) 551,410 11.48 23,880 11.00
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks (2) 1,619,870 12.14 25,250 11.53
Gaming cage workers 20,100 9.85 20,480 9.57
Payroll and timekeeping clerks (2) 196,660 12.89 26,800 12.37
Procurement clerks (2) 76,970 12.62 26,250 12.23
Tellers (2) 453,140 8.81 18,330 8.60
Brokerage clerks (2) 72,930 14.99 31,180 13.79
Correspondence clerks 46,160 11.48 23,880 11.05
Court, municipal, and license clerks (2) 93,910 12.84 26,700 12.11
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 82,900 12.34 25,660 11.51
Customer service representatives 1,789,620 12.19 25,360 11.30
Eligibility interviewers, government programs 107,650 14.08 29,290 13.15
File clerks (2) 266,890 8.94 18,590 8.38
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks (2) 152,040 7.79 16,200 7.54
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan (2) 164,310 10.25 21,320 9.66
Library assistants, clerical 89,050 9.14 19,010 8.49
Loan interviewers and clerks 145,400 12.79 26,600 12.12
New accounts clerks (2) 69,790 10.81 22,480 10.63
Order clerks 376,430 11.51 23,950 10.78
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping (2) 174,110 13.05 27,140 12.59
Receptionists and information clerks (2) 987,680 9.55 19,870 9.26
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 222,340 12.47 25,930 10.74
Cargo and freight agents (2) 52,690 13.38 27,830 12.37
Couriers and messengers (2) 134,370 9.04 18,810 8.36
Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers (2) 79,140 12.26 25,500 11.77
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance (2) 171,560 14.14 29,420 13.00
Meter readers, utilities (2) 46,090 13.16 27,370 12.45
Postal service clerks 80,330 18.37 38,220 18.64
Postal service mail carriers 352,550 17.60 36,610 18.21
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing
machine operators 234,820 14.47 30,100 14.86
Production, planning, and expediting clerks (2) 298,770 15.24 31,700 14.47
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks (2) 886,230 10.62 22,080 9.99
Stock clerks and order fillers (2) 1,800,840 9.45 19,650 8.35
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping (2) 83,840 12.34 25,670 10.96
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants 1,316,290 14.84 30,870 14.21
Legal secretaries (2) 272,090 15.48 32,200 15.04
Medical secretaries (2) 247,950 11.51 23,940 10.95
Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive 1,582,080 11.60 24,130 11.18
Computer operators (2) 198,500 13.54 28,170 12.70
Data entry keyers (2) 520,220 10.13 21,070 9.77
Word processors and typists (2) 271,310 11.67 24,270 11.29
Desktop publishers 37,040 14.98 31,170 14.12
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 268,650 15.38 32,000 13.93
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service (2) 198,440 9.33 19,400 8.76
Office clerks, general 2,561,300 10.31 21,450 9.77
Office machine operators, except computer (2) 101,490 10.34 21,510 9.71
Proofreaders and copy markers (2) 25,970 10.46 21,750 9.37
Statistical assistants (2) 24,450 12.49 25,970 11.55
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 20,360 15.88 33,030 14.59
Farm labor contractors 11,260 8.72 18,140 6.71
Agricultural inspectors 10,520 14.46 30,080 13.89
Animal breeders 1,420 12.04 25,050 10.65
Graders and sorters, agricultural products (2) 62,380 7.46 15,520 6.76
Agricultural equipment operators (2) 17,630 8.48 17,640 7.67
Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse (2) 215,080 6.80 14,150 6.42
Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals 34,510 7.96 16,560 7.40
Forest and conservation workers (2) 11,780 9.67 20,120 8.21
Fallers 9,420 14.44 30,040 13.44
Logging equipment operators (2) 33,230 12.17 25,310 11.43
Log graders and scalers (2) 5,500 12.59 26,180 11.61
Construction and extraction occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and
extraction workers 476,770 21.98 45,720 20.71
Boilermakers (2) 29,160 18.51 38,500 18.09
Brickmasons and blockmasons 98,530 19.90 41,380 19.36
Stonemasons (2) 8,640 16.46 34,240 15.36
Carpenters 771,030 16.55 34,420 15.35
Carpet installers (2) 37,750 15.26 31,750 13.23
Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles 11,310 15.04 31,280 13.96
Floor sanders and finishers (2) 6,400 12.91 26,860 11.88
Tile and marble setters 27,330 17.84 37,100 17.08
Cement masons and concrete finishers 151,760 15.01 31,210 13.68
Terrazzo workers and finishers 4,570 15.45 32,130 15.03
Construction laborers 763,450 12.75 26,510 10.85
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators (2) 58,410 13.99 29,090 12.45
Pile-driver operators (2) 4,940 20.00 41,600 19.93
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators (2) 324,350 16.71 34,760 15.31
Drywall and ceiling tile installers 118,300 16.39 34,090 15.34
Tapers (2) 36,950 17.04 35,430 16.02
Electricians 611,920 20.28 42,180 19.13
Glaziers 49,630 14.75 30,680 13.33
Insulation workers (2) 56,850 14.02 29,170 12.52
Painters, construction and maintenance 260,880 14.08 29,280 12.86
Paperhangers 10,070 15.78 32,830 15.34
Pipelayers (2) 53,530 14.08 29,290 12.67
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters (2) 413,170 18.63 38,750 17.41
Plasterers and stucco masons (2) 50,060 15.70 32,650 14.48
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers (2) 27,760 17.79 37,000 16.03
Roofers (2) 115,280 14.36 29,870 12.94
Sheet metal workers (2) 231,690 15.92 33,110 14.09
Structural iron and steel workers (2) 85,520 18.16 37,780 17.19
Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and
marble setters (2) 56,660 12.03 25,020 10.61
Helpers--carpenters (2) 104,910 10.20 21,210 9.61
Helpers--electricians 100,460 10.41 21,650 9.89
Helpers--painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons (2) 30,790 9.73 20,230 8.95
Helpers--pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters (2) 81,410 10.25 21,320 9.62
Helpers--roofers (2) 27,340 8.80 18,310 8.41
Construction and building inspectors (2) 67,010 19.11 39,740 18.55
Elevator installers and repairers (2) 25,010 22.95 47,740 22.38
Fence erectors (2) 15,540 10.67 22,200 9.95
Hazardous materials removal workers (2) 34,750 15.22 31,650 14.05
Highway maintenance workers (2) 139,540 12.85 26,730 12.44
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators (2) 8,620 17.81 37,050 17.67
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners (2) 12,820 13.86 28,820 13.03
Segmental pavers 2,890 12.45 25,900 11.35
Derrick operators, oil and gas (2) 13,720 14.24 29,630 12.84
Rotary drill operators, oil and gas (2) 9,500 17.81 37,040 15.71
Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining (2) 11,630 12.39 25,780 11.29
Earth drillers, except oil and gas (2) 19,650 15.02 31,240 13.75
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters (2) 4,180 16.08 33,450 15.52
Continuous mining machine operators (2) 10,090 16.53 34,370 15.73
Mine cutting and channeling machine operators (2) (5) 17.15 35,680 17.57
Mining machine operators, all other (2) 5,120 16.77 34,880 16.08
Rock splitters, quarry (2) 2,140 11.49 23,900 11.12
Roof bolters, mining (2) 4,170 17.71 36,840 17.48
Roustabouts, oil and gas (2) 29,860 11.18 23,260 10.08
Helpers--extraction workers 27,730 10.62 22,090 9.83
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers 386,170 21.65 45,040 20.54
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 130,090 15.04 31,290 14.26
Radio mechanics (2) 4,570 16.33 33,960 15.49
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers 172,700 19.77 41,130 20.37
Avionics technicians 15,560 19.75 41,090 19.63
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 35,270 14.81 30,800 13.97
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 14,700 15.54 32,310 15.23
Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment 71,530 17.39 36,160 17.15
Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay 20,580 21.87 45,490 22.92
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 14,250 12.29 25,560 11.50
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers 26,090 12.99 27,020 12.03
Security and fire alarm systems installers 38,350 14.81 30,810 13.96
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 125,970 18.88 39,280 18.90
Automotive body and related repairers 179,960 16.21 33,720 15.06
Automotive glass installers and repairers 20,520 13.34 27,740 13.26
Automotive service technicians and mechanics (2) 587,320 14.49 30,130 13.62
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists (2) 273,320 15.29 31,800 14.77
Farm equipment mechanics (2) 40,490 11.91 24,770 11.42
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines (2) 113,540 16.24 33,790 15.75
Rail car repairers (2) 7,230 17.83 37,080 18.09
Motorboat mechanics 18,450 13.52 28,120 13.01
Motorcycle mechanics (2) 11,390 12.26 25,510 11.61
Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics 26,550 11.38 23,660 10.86
Bicycle repairers (2) 8,080 8.08 16,810 7.72
Recreational vehicle service technicians 13,100 12.49 25,980 11.86
Tire repairers and changers (2) 99,880 8.96 18,630 8.37
Mechanical door repairers 9,620 14.77 30,710 14.68
Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door 31,040 19.77 41,120 19.96
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers (2) 187,850 15.40 32,040 14.50
Home appliance repairers 33,050 14.43 30,020 13.95
Industrial machinery mechanics 176,070 17.41 36,210 16.56
Maintenance and repair workers, general (2) 1,201,690 12.95 26,930 11.99
Maintenance workers, machinery (2) 107,180 15.29 31,800 14.57
Millwrights (2) 80,390 18.90 39,320 18.76
Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons (2) 3,320 15.54 32,320 14.99
Electrical power-line installers and repairers (2) 99,090 20.91 43,490 20.97
Telecommunications line installers and repairers (2) 158,990 17.21 35,790 16.35
Camera and photographic equipment repairers (2) 5,330 15.20 31,630 14.27
Medical equipment repairers (2) 19,640 17.02 35,390 16.45
Musical instrument repairers and tuners (2) 4,500 12.42 25,830 11.63
Watch repairers (2) 3,870 12.65 26,320 11.79
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 35,900 12.33 25,650 11.94
Commercial divers 2,400 33.86 70,420 27.17
Fabric menders, except garment 2,980 11.62 24,180 9.53
Locksmiths and safe repairers (2) 11,300 13.47 28,020 12.66
Manufactured building and mobile home installers 13,200 10.86 22,580 10.07
Riggers (2) 15,850 15.59 32,420 15.12
Signal and track switch repairers (2) 3,720 19.90 41,400 18.91
Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers (2) 145,610 10.03 20,860 9.14
Production occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers 760,050 19.83 41,250 18.61
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers (2) 18,070 17.65 36,720 17.83
Coil winders, tapers, and finishers (2) 56,350 10.45 21,740 9.65
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers 387,430 10.50 21,840 9.84
Electromechanical equipment assemblers 69,830 11.46 23,830 10.69
Engine and other machine assemblers 85,570 13.41 27,900 13.23
Structural metal fabricators and fitters 94,390 13.21 27,470 12.62
Fiberglass laminators and fabricators 49,750 11.34 23,600 10.20
Team assemblers 1,302,820 10.67 22,200 9.95
Timing device assemblers, adjusters, and calibrators 10,270 10.67 22,190 9.90
Bakers (2) 176,080 9.61 19,990 8.82
Butchers and meat cutters 138,870 11.97 24,890 11.20
Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers (2) 159,890 8.35 17,370 8.08
Slaughterers and meat packers 116,970 9.13 18,980 9.18
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 19,830 11.58 24,080 9.83
Food batchmakers 64,760 10.22 21,260 9.64
Food cooking machine operators and tenders 44,340 10.45 21,730 9.85
Computer-controlled machine tool operators, metal and plastic 168,170 13.66 28,420 13.07
Numerical tool and process control programmers 24,180 17.45 36,300 17.27
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal
and plastic 108,570 11.65 24,220 11.25
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 60,970 12.99 27,020 11.91
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 47,580 13.49 28,060 12.95
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal
and plastic 353,300 11.37 23,640 10.67
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and
plastic 75,140 12.60 26,220 11.89
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic 127,920 12.14 25,250 11.54
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal
and plastic 83,940 14.18 29,490 13.65
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 35,830 13.44 27,960 12.70
Machinists 419,800 14.69 30,540 14.30
Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders (2) 19,350 13.75 28,590 12.94
Pourers and casters, metal (2) 15,600 12.94 26,920 12.34
Model makers, metal and plastic 12,520 16.89 35,130 16.15
Patternmakers, metal and plastic 8,340 14.53 30,230 13.45
Foundry mold and coremakers 34,840 11.99 24,950 11.39
Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic 179,640 10.81 22,480 9.81
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic (2) 103,620 12.89 26,820 12.00
Tool and die makers (2) 132,350 19.12 39,770 18.60
Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers (2) 410,040 13.40 27,870 12.58
Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders (2) 68,680 13.17 27,400 12.29
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic (2) 36,300 13.00 27,030 12.13
Lay-out workers, metal and plastic 17,990 14.65 30,470 13.90
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and
plastic (2) 58,350 11.45 23,810 10.76
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners (2) 28,150 13.97 29,060 13.19
Bindery workers 106,560 10.90 22,660 9.74
Bookbinders (2) 10,010 11.59 24,110 10.36
Job printers (2) 45,850 13.17 27,390 12.55
Prepress technicians and workers 109,350 14.90 30,990 13.90
Printing machine operators (2) 208,980 13.86 28,830 12.94
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 217,350 7.58 15,760 7.25
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials (2) 93,320 7.77 16,170 7.49
Sewing machine operators (2) 403,770 8.05 16,750 7.57
Shoe and leather workers and repairers 15,610 8.67 18,040 8.04
Shoe machine operators and tenders 11,450 8.62 17,920 8.63
Sewers, hand 23,910 9.48 19,720 8.06
Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers (2) 32,310 10.22 21,260 9.29
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders 44,450 9.14 19,020 9.09
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 39,870 9.45 19,650 8.98
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders 79,440 10.17 21,150 10.00
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators,
and tenders 83,360 10.25 21,320 9.91
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and
glass fibers 35,810 11.94 24,840 11.97
Fabric and apparel patternmakers (2) 16,920 13.52 28,120 10.63
Upholsterers (2) 45,380 11.58 24,090 10.98
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 136,910 11.20 23,300 10.46
Furniture finishers (2) 38,040 10.41 21,650 9.86
Model makers, wood 4,910 13.14 27,330 11.84
Patternmakers, wood 5,820 14.77 30,710 14.48
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood (2) 54,760 10.22 21,250 9.71
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 103,650 10.02 20,840 9.65
Nuclear power reactor operators (2) 3,240 27.19 56,550 26.73
Power distributors and dispatchers (2) 14,080 22.89 47,600 22.60
Power plant operators 34,310 20.73 43,110 21.30
Stationary engineers and boiler operators 56,350 18.78 39,070 18.54
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators (2) 81,830 15.07 31,350 14.46
Chemical plant and system operators (2) 64,320 18.91 39,330 18.88
Gas plant operators (2) 16,740 20.71 43,080 20.89
Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers (2) 34,370 20.58 42,810 21.55
Chemical equipment operators and tenders (2) 51,080 16.61 34,560 16.58
Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine
setters, operators, and tenders (2) 33,470 13.61 28,310 13.23
Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders 49,690 12.31 25,600 11.71
Grinding and polishing workers, hand (2) 49,510 11.18 23,260 10.15
Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders 114,540 12.67 26,360 12.26
Cutters and trimmers, hand 33,590 10.94 22,750 9.78
Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders (2) 85,060 11.44 23,800 10.87
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators,
and tenders (2) 74,100 12.01 24,990 11.44
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders (2) 29,640 13.42 27,910 12.52
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers (2) 577,650 13.05 27,140 11.68
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers (2) 28,690 12.67 26,360 11.19
Dental laboratory technicians (2) 42,940 14.06 29,240 12.46
Medical appliance technicians (2) 13,610 13.02 27,080 10.97
Ophthalmic laboratory technicians (2) 34,590 10.42 21,680 9.49
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 379,760 9.99 20,790 9.01
Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders (2) 101,610 11.46 23,840 10.86
Painters, transportation equipment (2) 45,920 15.36 31,940 14.13
Painting, coating, and decorating workers (2) 34,780 10.43 21,700 9.56
Photographic process workers (2) 26,170 11.11 23,110 9.92
Photographic processing machine operators (2) 50,270 9.58 19,920 8.59
Semiconductor processors (2) 42,110 13.24 27,540 12.45
Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders (2) 32,440 10.69 22,240 10.23
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders 18,850 10.38 21,590 9.41
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders (2) 6,200 10.35 21,520 9.36
Etchers and engravers (2) 9,420 10.76 22,380 9.50
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 34,310 11.04 22,960 10.47
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders (2) 118,830 13.24 27,540 12.82
Tire builders (2) 16,680 17.30 35,980 17.93
Helpers--production workers 584,060 8.98 18,680 8.37
Transportation and material moving occupations
Aircraft cargo handling supervisors 8,090 18.55 38,590 17.02
First-line supervisors/managers of helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand 138,210 16.86 35,080 15.88
First-line supervisors/managers of transportation and material-moving machine
and vehicle operators 175,260 20.02 41,650 18.80
Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers 88,040 (3) 98,280 (3)
Commercial pilots 18,780 (3) 56,240 (3)
Air traffic controllers 22,620 35.19 73,190 35.61
Airfield operations specialists 4,510 14.27 29,670 13.15
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians (2) 13,520 9.63 20,030 8.40
Bus drivers, transit and intercity (2) 160,210 12.72 26,450 11.67
Bus drivers, school (2) 463,860 9.83 20,460 9.57
Driver/sales workers (2) 385,210 10.83 22,520 9.71
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer 1,558,400 15.34 31,900 14.74
Truck drivers, light or delivery services 1,085,050 11.31 23,530 10.33
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs (2) 119,630 8.75 18,200 7.89
Locomotive engineers (2) 19,940 23.10 48,050 21.19
Locomotive firers (2) 890 24.32 50,570 22.35
Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers (2) 5,070 17.43 36,260 17.44
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators (2) 14,500 19.21 39,950 18.47
Railroad conductors and yardmasters (2) 36,680 21.24 44,180 19.44
Sailors and marine oilers (2) 27,200 12.41 25,820 11.97
Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels (2) 20,660 19.93 41,460 19.00
Motorboat operators (2) 4,000 13.42 27,910 12.74
Ship engineers (2) 6,800 22.02 45,800 21.31
Bridge and lock tenders (2) 6,970 13.46 28,000 14.30
Parking lot attendants (2) 109,340 7.38 15,350 6.89
Service station attendants (2) 109,050 7.58 15,770 7.11
Traffic technicians 5,000 15.70 32,650 14.56
Transportation inspectors (2) 22,440 20.66 42,980 20.29
Conveyor operators and tenders (2) 57,180 11.67 24,280 11.08
Crane and tower operators (2) 53,830 16.21 33,710 15.29
Dredge operators (2) 1,910 13.73 28,550 12.96
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators (2) 62,360 15.13 31,460 13.73
Loading machine operators, underground mining (2) 2,930 14.66 30,500 14.59
Hoist and winch operators (2) 7,900 15.03 31,260 14.18
Industrial truck and tractor operators (2) 590,710 12.33 25,650 11.49
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment (2) 302,380 8.00 16,650 7.26
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 2,035,640 9.50 19,750 8.75
Machine feeders and offbearers (2) 176,400 10.04 20,890 9.40
Packers and packagers, hand (2) 1,114,330 7.83 16,280 7.20
Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators (2) 6,940 17.26 35,900 17.87
Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers (2) 13,480 16.95 35,250 15.70
Wellhead pumpers (2) 14,710 16.09 33,460 16.19
Refuse and recyclable material collectors (2) 135,320 12.03 25,020 11.19
Shuttle car operators (2) 2,830 16.33 33,960 17.00
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 20,830 14.09 29,310 12.43
(1) Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080
hours; for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated
from the reported survey data.
(2) Wage rates are calculated using three years of data: 1997, 1998, and 1999.
(3) Hourly wage rates for occupations where workers typically work fewer than 2,080 hours per year are not available.
(4) Represents a wage above $70.01 per hour.
(5) Data not released due to high relative standard error.