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Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: (202) 691-6569 USDL 00-368 Media contact: 691-5902 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Wednesday, December 20, 2000 OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES IN 1999 BASED ON THE NEW STANDARD OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor announces the first release of national employment and wage estimates from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey using the new Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. The OES survey is a Federal-State cooperative program between BLS and State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs). The 1999 OES data for States will be available on the BLS website in January, with data for metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) available some time thereafter. The new SOC system, which will be used by all Federal statistical agencies for reporting occupational data, consists of 821 detailed occupations, grouped into 449 broad occupations, 96 minor groups, and 23 major groups. The OES program provides occupational employment and wage data at the major group and detailed occupation level. Due to the OES survey's transition to the new SOC system, data contained in this release are not directly comparable with previous years' OES occupational employment and wage data, which were based on a classification system having 7 major occupational groups and 770 detailed occupations. Approximately one-half of the detailed occupations were unchanged under the new SOC system, with the other half being new SOC occupations or occupations that are slightly different from similar occupations in the old OES classification system. The OES survey data presented in this release are benchmarked to a fourth-quarter 1999 reference period. (Estimates for New Jersey were adjusted to fourth quarter 1998, since data for fourth quarter 1999 were unavailable.) Due to the shift to the new SOC system, employment estimates are based only on the data collected in the 1999 survey. Wage estimates for detailed occupations that changed under the SOC also are based only on data collected in the 1999 survey, while wage estimates for detailed occupations that were unaffected by the SOC are based on data collected in the 1997, 1998, and 1999 surveys. The 1997 and 1998 wage data have been adjusted to the 1999 reference period by using the over-the-year wage changes in the most applicable national Employment Cost Index series. For further details, see the Technical Note beginning on page 4. The OES survey provides estimates of employment, average (mean) and median hourly wages, and mean annual wages. In 1999, the OES survey covered 769 of the 821 detailed occupations in the SOC. (See table 1.) Overall, over onehalf of the occupations had mean wages in the mid-range intervals. (See chart 1.) This result, however, was variable across the major occupational divisions. The 22 SOC major occupational groups covered by the OES survey are shown below. (The OES survey does not cover military specific occupations.) Table A displays the number and percentage of occupations within each major occupational group, as well as the level and distribution of employment and the mean hourly wage by major group. - 2 Table A. Employment and wages by major occupational group, 1999 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------| Detailed | | | occupations | Employment | Mean Major occupational group |------------------|------------------- | hourly | | Percent | |Percent | wage | Number | of total| Number |of total| -------------------------------------|---------|-----------|--------|--------Total....................| 769 | 100.0 |127,274,000| 100.0 | Management..................| 30 | 3.9 | 8,063,410| 6.3 | $31.13 Business and financial | | | | | operations................| 28 | 3.6 | 4,361,980| 3.4 | 22.16 Computer and mathematical...| 16 | 2.1 | 2,620,080| 2.1 | 26.41 Architecture and | | | | | engineering.............. | 35 | 4.6 | 2,506,380| 2.0 | 24.81 Life, physical, and social | | | | | science...................| 39 | 5.1 | 909,530| .7 | 21.95 Community and social | | | | | services..................| 14 | 1.8 | 1,404,540| 1.1 | 15.21 Legal.......................| 9 | 1.2 | 858,320| .7 | 32.10 Education, training, and | | | | | library...................| 58 | 7.5 | 7,344,830| 5.8 | 17.33 Arts, design, entertainment,| | | | | sports, and media.........| 37 | 4.8 | 1,551,600| 1.2 | 18.10 Healthcare practitioner and | | | | | technical.................| 45 | 5.9 | 6,001,950| 4.7 | 21.76 Healthcare support..........| 15 | 2.0 | 2,970,780| 2.3 | 9.51 Protective service..........| 20 | 2.6 | 2,958,730| 2.3 | 14.26 Food preparation and serving| | | | | related...................| 16 | 2.1 | 9,687,970| 7.6 | 7.50 Building and grounds | | | | | cleaning and maintenance..| 9 | 1.2 | 4,274,200| 3.4 | 9.09 Personal care and service...| 33 | 4.3 | 2,556,920| 2.0 | 9.76 Sales and related...........| 21 | 2.7 | 12,938,130| 10.2 | 13.01 Office and administrative | | | | | support...................| 56 | 7.3 | 22,562,480| 17.7 | 12.17 Farming, fishing, and | | | | | forestry..................| 13 | 1.7 | 463,360| .4 | 8.65 Construction and extraction.| 58 | 7.5 | 5,938,860| 4.7 | 16.18 Installation, maintenance, | | | | | and repair................| 53 | 6.9 | 5,140,210| 4.0 | 15.77 Production..................| 112 | 14.6 | 12,620,920| 9.9 | 12.21 Transportation and | | | | | material moving...........| 52 | 6.8 | 9,538,820| 7.5 | 11.84 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------The major group with the largest employment total is office and administrative support occupations, with almost 18 percent of total employment. The next largest groups are sales and related occupations and production occupations, each with about 10 percent of total employment. The smallest occupational groups in terms of employment levels are the farming, fishing, and forestry occupations, legal occupations, and life, physical, and social science occupations. The highest-paying major groups of occupations are the legal occupations and the management occupations. The major occupational groups with the lowest mean wages are the food preparation and serving related occupations, the farming, fishing, and forestry occupations, and the building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations. Table B shows that over half of all workers in these latter three groups earn less than $8.50 per hour. Management occupations, legal occupations, and healthcare practitioner and technical occupations were the three major groups where at least 4 percent of workers earned $55.50 or more per hour. Workers in the business and financial operations occupations, computer and mathematical occupations, and life, physical, and social science occupations were concentrated in the middle wage ranges, with two-thirds of employment falling in these ranges. - 3 Table B. Wage distribution by major occupational group, 1999 (Percent distribution) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------| Wage range Major |------------------------------------------------------------occupational |Under|$8.50 |$10.75|$13.50|$17.00|$21.50|$27.25|$34.50| Over group |$8.50| to | to | to | to | to | to | to |$43.75 | |$10.74|$13.49|$16.99|$21.49|$27.24|$34.49|$43.74| -----------------|-----|------|------|------|------|------|------|------|-----Management.......| 2.1 | 2.7 | 5.4 | 9.2 | 13.0 | 16.5 | 16.7 | 14.4 | 19.9 Business and | | | | | | | | | financial | | | | | | | | | operations......| 2.8 | 4.1 | 9.7 | 18.6 | 21.6 | 20.1 | 12.8 | 6.2 | 4.2 Computer and | | | | | | | | | mathematical....| .9 | 2.0 | 5.2 | 10.7 | 17.2 | 23.0 | 20.8 | 13.4 | 6.8 Architecture and | | | | | | | | | engineering.....| 1.4 | 3.0 | 6.5 | 11.9 | 18.6 | 22.9 | 19.7 | 11.4 | 4.6 Life, physical, | | | | | | | | | and social | | | | | | | | | science........| 4.3 | 5.3 | 10.6 | 16.9 | 19.4 | 19.3 | 13.0 | 6.8 | 4.3 Community and | | | | | | | | | social | | | | | | | | | services........|11.5 | 14.8 | 20.7 | 20.9 | 16.9 | 10.4 | 3.7 | .8 | .2 Legal............| 2.5 | 3.6 | 8.2 | 13.1 | 12.7 | 11.5 | 10.0 | 10.7 | 27.7 Education, | | | | | | | | | training, and | | | | | | | | | library.........|16.3 | 9.0 | 11.4 | 17.7 | 19.3 | 14.4 | 7.8 | 2.9 | 1.3 Arts, design, | | | | | | | | | entertainment, | | | | | | | | | sports, and | | | | | | | | | media...........|18.2 | 11.0 | 3.6 | 14.6 | 14.3 | 11.7 | 7.3 | 5.6 | 3.6 Healthcare | | | | | | | | | practitioner | | | | | | | | | and technical...| 5.5 | 7.1 | 11.4 | 17.6 | 21.9 | 17.3 | 8.7 | 3.8 | 6.6 Healthcare | | | | | | | | | support.........|44.6 | 28.7 | 16.7 | 7.3 | 2.0 | .5 | .1 | - | Protective | | | | | | | | | service.........|26.9 | 14.4 | 14.5 | 13.6 | 13.9 | 10.5 | 4.6 | 1.3 | .2 Food preparation | | | | | | | | | and serving | | | | | | | | | related.........|77.5 | 13.1 | 5.7 | 2.5 | .9 | .2 | .1 | - | Building and | | | | | | | | | grounds cleaning| | | | | | | | | and maintenance.|56.8 | 19.9 | 12.1 | 7.0 | 3.0 | .9 | .2 | .1 | Personal care and| | | | | | | | | service.........|60.3 | 16.0 | 8.9 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 2.3 | 1.2 | .7 | .7 Sales and | | | | | | | | | related.........|47.0 | 13.1 | 10.2 | 9.1 | 7.1 | 5.2 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 2.7 Office and | | | | | | | | | administrative | | | | | | | | | support.........|23.0 | 23.8 | 22.5 | 16.1 | 10.0 | 3.1 | .9 | .3 | .1 Farming, fishing,| | | | | | | | | and forestry....|67.7 | 13.1 | 7.7 | 6.6 | 3.0 | 1.2 | .5 | .1 | - | Construction and | | | | | | | | | extraction......|10.6 | 14.8 | 17.4 | 18.9 | 16.7 | 13.6 | 6.2 | 1.4 | .2 Installation, | | | | | | | | | maintenance,and | | | | | | | | | repair..........|10.7 | 13.4 | 17.7 | 21.2 | 19.2 | 12.9 | 3.7 | .9 | .3 Production.......|28.0 | 22.0 | 19.0 | 14.6 | 8.8 | 5.8 | 1.3 | .4 | .1 Transportation | | | | | | | | | and material | | | | | | | | | moving..........|35.0 | 19.9 | 16.6 | 13.3 | 9.2 | 3.9 | 1.0 | .4 | .7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Technical Note Scope of the survey The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey is an annual mail survey measuring occupational employment and wage rates for wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments, by industry. The OES program samples and contacts approximately 400,000 establishments each year and, over 3 years, contacts approximately 1.2 million establishments. The reference period for each year's survey is the fourth quarter of that year. While estimates can be made from a single year of data, the OES survey has been designed to produce estimates using the full 3 years of sample. (See Estimation methodology section.) The full sample allows the production of estimates at fine levels of geography, industry, and occupational detail. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the Employment and Training Administration (ETA) provide the funding for the survey. BLS provides the procedures and technical support, while the State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs) collect the data. The SESAs produce industry-specific estimates for states and local areas. BLS produces cross industry and 2and 3-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) industry estimates for the nation, states, and metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). The OES survey defines employment as the number of workers who can be classified as full-time or part-time employees, including workers on paid vacations or other types of leave; workers on unpaid short-term absences; salaried officers, executives, and staff members of incorporated firms; employees temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for whom the reporting unit is their permanent duty station regardless of whether that unit prepares their paycheck. The survey excludes the self-employed, owners/partners of unincorporated firms, and unpaid family workers. Employees are reported in the occupation in which they are working, not necessarily for which they were trained. The OES survey currently uses the SIC system to classify all establishments. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that processes goods or provides services, such as a factory, mine, or store. The establishment is generally at a single physical location and is engaged primarily in one type of economic activity. The scope of the survey includes establishments in SIC codes 07, 10, 12 to 17, 20 to 42, 44 to 65, 67, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78 to 84, 86, 87, and 89. This scope covers agricultural services; mining; construction; manufacturing; transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. Data for the Postal Service (SIC code 43) and federal government are universe counts obtained from the Office of Personnel Management. States' Unemployment Insurance (UI) files provide the universe from which the OES survey draws its sample. The employment benchmarks are obtained from reports submitted by employers to the UI program. In some nonmanufacturing industries, supplemental sources are used for establishments not reporting to the UI program. The OES survey sample is stratified by area, industry, and size class. Size classes are defined as follows: Size class Number of employees ------------------------------------------1 1 to 4 2 5 to 9 3 10 to 19 4 20 to 49 5 50 to 99 6 100 to 249 7 250 and above ------------------------------------------UI reporting units with 250 or more across a 3-year period. Many States units each year. However, there are third of their certainty units during employees are sampled with certainty sample one-third of their certainty some States that sample more than oneone survey year. In 1997, establishments in size classes 2 to 6 were selected based on a probability sample. The sampling weights in size class 2 were adjusted to account for the employment in size class 1. In 1998, the OES survey began sampling establishments in size class 1; thus, establishments in all size classes are now represented in the probability sample. New Occupational Classification Standards for 1999. In 1999, the OES survey began using the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) new occupational classification system--the Standard Occupational Classification System (SOC). The SOC system is the first OMB-required occupational classification system for federal agencies. The OES survey uses 22 major occupational groups from the SOC system to categorize workers in one of almost 770 detailed occupations. Previous years’ data were cross-walked to the new classification system when possible and used in producing wage estimates for these occupations. Of the 769 occupations listed in table 1, wages for 374 of the matched occupations are estimated using data from the 1997, 1998, and 1999 surveys. The remaining occupations are either new SOC occupations, or are slightly different from similar occupations in the old OES structure; wages for these occupations are estimated from a single year of data only. In order to maintain employment addition, all occupational employment estimates are based only on the data collected in the 1999 survey. The major groups of the new SOC system are as follows: Management occupations Business and financial operations occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Architecture and engineering occupations Life, physical, and social science occupations Community and social services occupations Legal occupations Education, training, and library occupations Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations Healthcare support occupations Protective service occupations Food preparation and serving related occupations Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations Personal care and service occupations Sales and related occupations Office and administrative support occupations Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations Construction and extraction occupations Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations Production occupations Transportation and material moving occupations Military specific occupations (not surveyed in OES) Concepts Employment represents the estimate of total wage and salary employment in an occupation across the industries in which it was reported. The OES survey form sent to an establishment contains between 50 and 225 SOC occupations selected on the basis of the industry classification and size class of the sampled establishments. To reduce paperwork and respondent burden, no survey form contains every SOC occupation. Thus, data for specific occupations are collected primarily from establishments within industries that are the predominant employers of labor in those occupations. Wages for the OES survey are straight-time, gross pay, exclusive of premium pay. Base rate, cost-of-living allowances, guaranteed pay, hazardous-duty pay, incentive pay including commissions and production bonuses, tips, and on-call pay are included. Excluded are back pay, jury duty pay, overtime pay, severance pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and tuition reimbursements. The OES survey collects wage data in 12 intervals. Employers report the number of employees in an occupation per each wage range. The wage intervals used for the 1999 survey are as follows: ---------------------------------------------------------------| Wages Interval |-----------------------------------------------| Hourly | Annual ---------------------------------------------------------------Range A | Under $6.75 | Under $14,040 Range B | $6.75 to $8.49 | $14,040 to $17,679 Range C | $8.50 to $10.74 | $17,680 to $22,359 Range D | $10.75 to $13.49 | $22,360 to $28,079 Range E | $13.50 to $16.99 | $28,080 to $35,359 Range F | $17.00 to $21.49 | $35,360 to $44,719 Range G | $21.50 to $27.24 | $44,720 to $56,679 Range H | $27.25 to $34.49 | $56,680 to $71,759 Range I | $34.50 to $43.74 | $71,760 to $90,999 Range J | $43.75 to $55.49 | $91,000 to $115,439 Range K | $55.50 to $69.99 | $115,440 to $145,599 Range L | $70.00 and over | $145,600 and over ---------------------------------------------------------------Mean wage is the estimated total wages for an occupation divided by its weighted survey employment. With the exception of the upper open-ended wage interval, interval L ($70.00 and over), a mean wage value is calculated for each wage interval based on occupational wage data collected by the BLS Office of Compensation and Working Conditions. The mean wage value for the upper open-ended wage interval is its lower bound (Winsorized mean). These interval mean wage values are then attributed to all workers reported in the interval. For each occupation, total weighted wages in each interval are summed across all intervals and divided by the occupation's weighted survey employment. Annual wage. Many employees are paid at an hourly rate by their employers and may work less than or more than 40 hours per week. The annual wage estimates in this release are calculated by multiplying the mean hourly wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours per year (52 weeks by 40 hours). Thus, the annual wage estimates may not represent the actual annual pay received by the employee if they work fewer than 2,080 hours per year. There are a small number of occupations in this release where only an annual wage figure is provided; the workers in these occupations are generally paid on an annual basis, and their annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. Hourly versus annual wage reporting. For each occupation, respondents are asked to report the number of employees paid within specific wage intervals. The intervals are defined both as hourly rates and the corresponding annual rates, where the annual rates are constructed by multiplying the hourly wage rate for the interval by the typical work year of 2,080 hours. In reporting, the respondent can reference either the hourly or the annual rate, but is instructed to report the hourly rate for part-time workers. There are workers in some occupations who are paid based on an annual amount, but generally work less than the usual 2,080 hours per year. Since the survey does not collect the actual hours worked, the hourly rate cannot be calculated with a reasonable degree of confidence from the annual wages. For this reason, only the annual salary is reported for these occupations. Occupations that typically have a work-year of less than 2,080 hours include musical and entertainment occupations, pilots and flight attendants, and teachers. Estimation methodology The OES survey samples approximately 400,000 establishments each year and, over a 3-year period, contacts approximately 1.2 million establishments. Each single-year sample represents a one-third sample of both the certainty and non-certainty strata for the full 3-year sample plan. While estimates can be made from a single year of data, the OES survey has been designed to produce estimates using the full 3 years of data. The full 3-year sample allows the production of estimates at fine levels of geography, industry, and occupational detail, while estimates using any one year of data would be subject to a higher sampling error (due to the smaller sample size) and the limitations associated with having only 1/3 of the units from the certainty strata. Producing estimates using the 3 years of sample data provides significant sampling error reductions (particularly for small geographic areas and occupations); however, it also has some quality limitations in that it requires the adjustment of earlier years' data to the current reference period--a procedure referred to as "wage updating." Wage updating. As noted above, combining multiple years of data has both statistical advantages and limitations. Significant reductions in sampling error can be achieved by taking advantage of 3 years of data, which covers over 70 percent of the employment in the United States. This feature is particularly important in improving the reliability of estimates for small domains in the population (that is, wage and employment estimates for detailed occupations in small areas). Combining multiple years of data also has been necessary to obtain full coverage of the certainty strata (that is, large employers with 250 and above employment). Starting with the 1997 estimates, the OES program has used the over-theyear fourth-quarter wage changes from the BLS Employment Cost Index (ECI) to adjust prior year survey data before combining it with the current year data. The wage updating procedure assumes that each occupation's wage, as measured in the earlier years, moves according to the average movement of its occupational division and that there are no major geographic or detailed occupational differences--and this may not be the case. The BLS has conducted research over the past several years on the accuracy of the ECI wage-updating method versus other modeling approaches. Current research results support the continued use of the ECI wage-updating methodology. 1999 OES survey estimates. Beginning in 1999, the OES survey began using an occupational coding structure based on OMB's new Standard Occupational Classification system. For 374 occupations that were one-toone matches or direct aggregations between the old and new coding systems, the 1999 OES survey wage estimates are developed from the full 3 years of OES survey data. Wages for 15 occupations that are one-to-one matches but had significant employment in the new wage range for workers earning $70.00 per hour and above are estimated using the 1999 survey data only. The remaining occupational wage estimates are developed from the 1999 survey data alone, which covers approximately 400,000 establishments. The combined 1997, 1998, and 1999 data cover approximately 1.2 million sample units. Occupations where the wage is estimated using 3 years of data are footnoted in table 1. The 1999 employment estimates for all occupations were developed using the 1999 data alone. The 1999 estimates use the wage-updating methodology introduced in 1997, which uses the over-the-year fourth-quarter wage changes from the BLS Employment Cost Index to adjust prior years' data before combining them with data from the current year. In addition, the 1999 estimates use the estimation methodology introduced in 1997, which uses a "nearest neighbor" imputation approach for nonrespondents and applies employment benchmarks at a detailed MSA by 3-digit industry and broad size class level. Another challenge in combining data was the 1999 transition to a new SOCbased OES occupational coding system. Data for 1997 and 1998 were crosswalked to the new SOC-based classification system. Although most of the old OES occupations can be cross-walked to a counterpart in the new system, many of the relationships between the two coding systems are not one-toone. Many old OES occupations were cross-walked to residual occupations, meaning that occupation is no longer surveyed as a detailed occupation. Likewise, there are occupations in the new system that were not surveyed in the old system and thus there is only one year's data for those occupations. For more information about the SOC system, see the BLS website at http://stats.bls.gov/soc/soc_home.htm. Future research. The expanded OES survey is a relatively new program, and BLS has a number of research efforts underway. Some areas of future research are given below. Sample design research--BLS is evaluating the feasibility of collecting all certainty units (that is, large employers of 250 and above) every year so that more accurate independent estimates from a single year of sample data can be produced. These estimates will not contain possible effects from the wage-updating procedure and can provide an independent measure of the accuracy of the updating procedure along with the ability to use these data directly for more aggregate levels of publication. Collection methodology research--This includes research on alternative electronic reporting procedures for respondents. Estimation methodology research--An important research effort over the next several years will be the evaluation of the current wage-updating methodology along with the identification of alternative modeling approaches that may produce improved overall accuracy. Additional information The 1999 OES national data by occupation, comparable with data in table 1, will be available soon on the Internet (http://stats.bls.gov/oeshome.htm). Users also may access each occupation's definition and percentile wages. The 1999 OES data for States will be available on the BLS website in January, with data for MSAs available some time thereafter. In addition to the data provided on the Internet, industry staffing patterns at the 2- and 3-digit SIC levels will be available electronically beginning in January 2001. These data will include industry-specific occupational employment and wage data. BLS also plans to release a bulletin displaying 1999 occupational employment and wage data for selected industries and areas in the spring of 2001. For additional information, contact the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics, Room 4840, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Washington, DC, 20212; telephone 202-691-6569 (email: oesinfo@bls.gov). Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment Statistics survey by occupation, 1999 Occupation Management occupations Chief executives General and operations managers Legislators Advertising and promotions managers Marketing managers Sales managers Public relations managers Employment Mean wages Hourly Annual(1) Median wages 597,060 2,305,610 49,330 100,600 202,710 367,640 67,210 $48.67 31.69 11.92 28.32 34.14 33.44 27.77 $101,240 65,910 24,790 58,910 71,010 69,560 57,770 $52.08 27.23 6.50 24.30 32.18 30.59 24.77 Administrative services managers Computer and information systems managers Financial managers Human resources managers (2) Industrial production managers (2) Purchasing managers (2) Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 363,530 280,820 646,050 227,810 213,510 137,950 123,450 23.36 35.79 33.22 27.34 29.56 24.61 26.03 48,580 74,430 69,100 56,880 61,480 51,200 54,140 20.78 34.97 30.62 25.55 28.64 22.31 24.51 Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers Construction managers Education administrators, preschool and child care center/program Education administrators, elementary and secondary school Education administrators, postsecondary Engineering managers Food service managers Funeral directors (2) Gaming managers Lodging managers Medical and health services managers Natural sciences managers 5,450 240,490 35,380 186,220 95,690 248,210 287,940 23,740 4,590 28,170 230,640 36,920 20.80 28.92 18.63 (3) 28.93 39.21 16.04 20.56 26.40 16.34 27.93 34.84 43,260 60,160 38,750 65,480 60,170 81,560 33,360 42,770 54,900 33,980 58,090 72,470 17.94 26.75 15.81 (3) 26.52 38.52 14.92 17.75 22.51 14.49 25.82 33.75 Postmasters and mail superintendents Property, real estate, and community association managers Social and community service managers Business and financial operations occupations Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products (2) Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products (2) Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators Insurance appraisers, auto damage (2) Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation Cost estimators (2) Emergency management specialists Employment, recruitment, and placement specialists Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists Training and development specialists Management analysts Meeting and convention planners Accountants and auditors (2) Appraisers and assessors of real estate (2) Budget analysts (2) Credit analysts (2) Financial analysts Personal financial advisors Insurance underwriters (2) Financial examiners Loan counselors Loan officers Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents (2) Tax preparers (2) Computer and mathematical operations occupations Computer and information scientists, research Computer programmers (2) Computer software engineers, applications Computer software engineers, systems software Computer support specialists Computer systems analysts Database administrators (2) Network and computer systems administrators Network systems and data communications analysts Actuaries 26,930 143,040 88,340 21.78 19.68 19.41 45,300 40,940 40,370 21.16 16.73 17.74 7,280 21,550 133,070 224,110 154,770 19,310 33.53 21.08 19.12 20.44 20.17 19.81 69,740 43,840 39,770 42,510 41,960 41,200 25.00 16.94 16.52 19.01 18.69 19.22 123,280 201,500 11,390 181,710 78,310 186,940 300,600 32,820 20.17 22.12 19.87 18.94 20.09 19.96 28.05 17.27 41,960 46,000 41,330 39,400 41,800 41,510 58,350 35,930 18.56 20.36 17.84 16.52 18.98 18.54 25.91 16.24 843,160 52,520 61,740 61,580 142,820 79,970 93,970 27,630 22,320 200,180 64,960 58,100 21.31 20.04 23.64 20.28 27.09 31.10 21.61 28.01 17.25 21.74 19.36 15.37 44,320 41,670 49,170 42,180 56,340 64,680 44,940 58,270 35,880 45,210 40,270 31,970 19.16 18.12 22.41 17.96 23.65 25.26 19.69 24.63 14.95 18.72 17.75 13.04 26,280 528,600 287,600 209,030 462,840 428,210 101,460 204,680 98,330 32.30 26.42 31.62 31.84 18.95 27.85 25.26 24.08 26.78 67,180 54,960 65,780 66,230 39,410 57,920 52,550 50,090 55,710 31.38 24.55 30.45 31.07 17.54 26.91 23.83 22.98 25.24 12,560 34.56 71,880 31.88 Mathematicians Operations research analysts Statisticians (2) Mathematical technicians (2) 3,450 43,760 14,620 1,560 32.68 25.89 24.35 21.01 67,970 53,850 50,650 43,710 32.86 23.35 22.65 17.44 71,040 13,870 6,150 50,150 25.68 21.40 19.74 17.50 53,410 44,510 41,060 36,400 23.67 19.24 19.20 16.61 Aerospace engineers (2) Agricultural engineers (2) Biomedical engineers Chemical engineers (2) Civil engineers (2) Computer hardware engineers Electrical engineers Electronics engineers, except computer Environmental engineers Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors Industrial engineers Marine engineers and naval architects (2) Materials engineers (2) Mechanical engineers (2) Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers Nuclear engineers (2) Petroleum engineers (2) 71,790 2,260 6,450 28,630 209,100 60,420 149,210 106,830 51,450 31.03 26.85 25.21 30.89 26.76 32.19 29.58 30.49 27.43 64,550 55,840 52,430 64,250 55,660 66,960 61,520 63,410 57,050 31.35 26.25 24.36 31.84 25.83 31.12 29.15 29.96 26.39 40,470 155,910 4,450 21,730 202,910 7,160 9,580 9,640 25.81 27.62 28.16 28.54 27.41 29.76 35.04 34.99 53,680 57,450 58,580 59,370 57,010 61,900 72,870 72,780 25.16 26.81 27.89 28.29 26.85 28.03 35.87 35.71 Architectural and civil drafters Electrical and electronics drafters Mechanical drafters Aerospace engineering and operations technicians Civil engineering technicians (2) Electrical and electronic engineering technicians Electro-mechanical technicians Environmental engineering technicians Industrial engineering technicians (2) Mechanical engineering technicians Surveying and mapping technicians (2) 92,790 39,890 65,960 17,270 91,040 242,160 40,310 18,640 51,690 57,560 47,330 17.40 18.82 18.57 23.38 16.95 18.94 17.91 16.86 20.83 19.50 14.07 36,190 39,150 38,620 48,630 35,270 39,390 37,250 35,060 43,320 40,560 29,260 16.37 17.93 17.37 21.39 16.35 18.45 16.79 15.58 19.41 18.41 12.87 9,720 11,810 15,630 21.69 27.01 24.37 45,110 56,170 50,690 20.56 25.15 22.21 Architecture and engineering occupations Architects, except landscape and naval (2) Landscape architects (2) Cartographers and photogrammetrists Surveyors Life, physical, and social science occupations Agricultural and food scientists (2) Biochemists and biophysicists Microbiologists Zoologists and wildlife biologists Conservation scientists Foresters Epidemiologists Medical scientists, except epidemiologists 11,120 12,240 10,090 2,270 21,200 20.87 21.78 20.34 23.57 26.87 43,400 45,310 42,300 49,020 55,880 20.12 21.64 19.73 22.03 23.93 Astronomers Physicists Atmospheric and space scientists (2) Chemists (2) Materials scientists Environmental scientists and specialists, including health Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers Hydrologists 680 10,290 7,170 73,840 8,200 53,610 20,940 6,890 36.47 36.61 25.76 24.80 28.39 22.60 29.33 26.26 75,860 76,140 53,580 51,580 59,060 47,000 61,000 54,620 36.96 36.63 25.60 23.07 27.33 20.99 26.18 25.53 Economists Market research analysts Survey researchers Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists Industrial-organizational psychologists Sociologists Urban and regional planners (2) Anthropologists and archeologists Geographers Historians Political scientists 14,490 67,670 21,990 92,460 1,780 1,320 28,730 3,220 720 1,510 4,280 29.59 25.33 10.84 23.90 34.23 22.74 22.44 17.79 21.37 19.88 35.03 61,550 52,680 22,540 49,720 71,200 47,310 46,670 37,010 44,450 41,350 72,860 27.92 22.89 8.36 22.75 33.59 20.78 21.41 16.89 19.98 18.35 35.71 Agricultural and food science technicians Biological technicians Chemical technicians Geological and petroleum technicians Nuclear technicians (2) Environmental science and protection technicians, including health Forensic science technicians Forest and conservation technicians 15,050 39,580 78,730 10,830 2,640 26,240 5,340 17,140 14.09 15.42 17.35 19.58 24.81 16.47 18.37 14.11 29,310 32,060 36,080 40,730 51,600 34,270 38,200 29,340 12.75 14.66 16.46 17.43 24.00 15.63 17.40 13.20 57,290 190,930 18,530 62,910 93,130 262,570 101,680 72,730 41,620 13.73 19.95 17.14 14.15 12.75 15.25 17.02 14.98 16.81 28,560 41,490 35,660 29,430 26,520 31,720 35,400 31,150 34,960 12.82 19.22 16.14 12.80 11.37 14.42 16.16 14.08 15.49 Community and social service occupations Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors Educational, vocational, and school counselors (2) Marriage and family therapists Mental health counselors Rehabilitation counselors Child, family, and school social workers Medical and public health social workers Mental health and substance abuse social workers Health educators Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists Social and human service assistants Clergy (2) Directors, religious activities and education (2) 78,930 242,530 26,000 14,960 18.28 10.94 15.48 13.73 38,030 22,760 32,210 28,550 17.37 10.30 14.50 12.77 464,250 27,250 6,260 23,150 175,870 17,460 26,060 38,730 43.44 24.80 33.80 32.29 17.57 18.29 14.08 14.84 90,360 51,580 70,310 67,150 36,550 38,040 29,280 30,880 42.81 21.23 25.49 32.72 16.39 17.78 12.94 13.38 63,110 30,760 38,850 3,730 25,960 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 53,800 49,420 49,750 55,200 64,510 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary (2) Biological science teachers, postsecondary Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary Chemistry teachers, postsecondary (2) Environmental science teachers, postsecondary Physics teachers, postsecondary (2) 8,180 33,790 1,830 7,930 17,860 3,790 11,230 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 59,600 54,930 53,320 58,250 53,010 54,120 59,740 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary (2) Economics teachers, postsecondary (2) Geography teachers, postsecondary (2) Political science teachers, postsecondary (2) Psychology teachers, postsecondary (2) Sociology teachers, postsecondary Health specialties teachers, postsecondary (2) Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary (2) Education teachers, postsecondary (2) Library science teachers, postsecondary (2) 3,850 3,000 11,100 3,330 10,480 24,690 12,490 72,130 35,360 35,030 3,870 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 56,220 52,800 58,730 53,410 53,920 53,170 50,090 66,470 47,830 46,200 49,860 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary (2) Law teachers, postsecondary Social work teachers, postsecondary (2) Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary (2) 7,830 8,250 5,660 51,710 (3) (3) (3) (3) 43,580 70,860 46,690 46,700 (3) (3) (3) (3) Legal occupations Lawyers Administrative law judges, adjudicators, and hearing officers Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates Paralegals and legal assistants Court reporters Law clerks (2) Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers (2) Education, training, and library occupations Business teachers, postsecondary (2) Computer science teachers, postsecondary (2) Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary (2) Architecture teachers, postsecondary (2) Engineering teachers, postsecondary (2) Communications teachers, postsecondary (2) English language and literature teachers, postsecondary (2) Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary (2) History teachers, postsecondary (2) Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary (2) Graduate teaching assistants Home economics teachers, postsecondary (2) Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary Vocational education teachers, postsecondary 15,960 51,030 20,140 16,950 13,380 124,750 4,970 14,970 129,780 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 18.10 46,220 46,260 46,930 50,800 48,700 20,840 48,580 43,590 37,650 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 17.04 Preschool teachers, except special education (2) Kindergarten teachers, except special education (2) Elementary school teachers, except special education (2) Middle school teachers, except special and vocational education Vocational education teachers, middle school Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational education Vocational education teachers, secondary school Special education teachers, preschool, kindergarten, and elementary school Special education teachers, middle school Special education teachers, secondary school Adult literacy, remedial education, and GED teachers and instructors Self-enrichment education teachers 339,310 158,250 1,357,340 570,010 17,450 947,010 107,330 9.43 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 19,610 36,770 39,560 39,690 41,090 41,430 41,710 8.41 (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) 203,690 86,850 119,870 56,880 125,650 (3) (3) (3) 15.77 14.37 40,400 38,600 42,070 32,800 29,900 (3) (3) (3) 14.92 12.54 Archivists, curators, and museum technicians (2) Librarians (2) Library technicians Audio-visual collections specialists Farm and home management advisors (2) Instructional coordinators Teacher assistants (2) 16,760 137,760 98,030 9,690 9,530 76,870 1,115,820 16.42 19.84 11.28 15.88 18.74 21.06 (3) 34,160 41,270 23,450 33,030 38,980 43,800 17,400 14.79 19.19 10.84 14.18 17.24 20.06 (3) 19,190 13,240 30,530 29.65 17.00 19.87 61,680 35,370 41,330 25.81 14.51 17.82 38,350 9,600 59,410 119,820 29,690 51,530 8,290 23.03 25.28 9.12 17.41 18.44 10.37 14.57 47,910 52,580 18,980 36,210 38,360 21,560 30,310 22.15 21.96 8.66 15.95 16.03 9.36 13.62 84,790 (3) 50,620 (3) Art, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Art directors Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators Multi-media artists and animators Commercial and industrial designers Fashion designers Floral designers Graphic designers Interior designers (2) Merchandise displayers and window trimmers (2) Set and exhibit designers Actors Producers and directors Athletes and sports competitors Coaches and scouts Umpires, referees, and other sports officials Dancers Choreographers Music directors and composers Musicians and singers Announcers (2) News analysts, reporters and correspondents (2) Public relations specialists (2) Editors Technical writers Writers and authors Interpreters and translators Audio and video equipment technicians Broadcast technicians Radio operators (2) Sound engineering technicians Photographers (2) Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture (2) Film and video editors (2) Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations Chiropractors Dentists Dietitians and nutritionists (2) Optometrists Pharmacists (2) Anesthesiologists Family and general practitioners Internists, general Obstetricians and gynecologists Pediatricians, general Psychiatrists Surgeons Physician assistants (2) Podiatrists Registered nurses (2) Audiologists Occupational therapists (2) Physical therapists (2) 39,200 10,620 65,820 8,150 14,910 11,170 6,310 46,440 (3) (3) (3) (3) 11.90 15.56 (3) (3) 47,230 69,440 32,010 23,510 24,750 32,370 34,750 37,510 (3) (3) (3) (3) 9.42 12.95 (3) (3) 50,410 64,590 118,280 95,210 46,680 45,670 13,640 12.33 16.96 19.61 20.20 22.57 21.88 14.16 25,640 35,270 40,780 42,030 46,940 45,500 29,450 8.95 13.37 17.63 18.01 21.32 19.62 12.94 39,090 25,570 3,290 9,380 66,070 17,330 12,770 16.36 13.33 12.48 16.87 12.36 15.26 21.34 34,020 27,740 25,950 35,090 25,710 31,730 44,380 13.51 11.33 11.20 13.98 10.01 11.94 18.84 11,540 69,360 41,320 21,400 226,300 34.10 51.03 17.96 37.38 30.31 70,930 106,130 37,350 77,750 63,030 27.92 53.21 17.54 37.10 32.16 25,910 134,490 48,740 18,780 18,940 17,870 48,450 59.51 50.04 59.27 65.11 54.21 49.84 65.22 123,780 104,090 123,280 135,430 112,760 103,660 135,660 (4) 54.34 (4) (4) 58.65 55.69 (4) 56,750 4,470 2,205,430 12,950 78,950 131,050 24.35 48.12 21.38 21.96 24.96 28.05 50,650 100,090 44,470 45,670 51,910 58,350 25.54 51.00 20.33 20.51 23.73 27.08 Radiation therapists (2) Recreational therapists (2) Respiratory therapists (2) Speech-language pathologists Veterinarians 12,340 30,190 80,230 85,920 39,250 20.84 14.08 17.72 22.99 31.76 43,360 29,280 36,860 47,820 66,060 20.04 13.47 17.38 22.03 28.19 Medical and clinical laboratory technologists (2) Medical and clinical laboratory technicians (2) Dental hygienists (2) Cardiovascular technologists and technicians (2) Diagnostic medical sonographers Nuclear medicine technologists (2) Radiologic technologists and technicians Emergency medical technicians and paramedics (2) 145,750 142,090 90,050 41,490 29,280 17,880 177,850 172,360 18.90 13.67 23.15 16.00 21.04 20.40 17.07 11.19 39,310 28,430 48,150 33,280 43,760 42,430 35,510 23,280 18.52 12.89 22.69 15.46 20.35 19.66 16.47 10.21 Dietetic technicians (2) Pharmacy technicians (2) Psychiatric technicians (2) Respiratory therapy technicians Surgical technologists (2) Veterinary technologists and technicians Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses (2) Medical records and health information technicians Opticians, dispensing (2) Orthotists and prosthetists Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians Athletic trainers 29,190 196,430 54,560 33,990 64,810 47,470 688,510 142,720 58,860 3,330 34,840 16,670 10.09 9.64 11.30 16.07 13.25 10.30 13.95 11.13 12.11 21.45 19.99 (3) 21,000 20,050 23,510 33,430 27,560 21,430 29,020 23,150 25,190 44,610 41,590 33,650 9.39 9.11 10.56 15.14 12.84 9.89 13.39 10.37 11.10 17.94 18.94 (3) 577,530 1,308,740 51,100 17,290 9,250 48,600 44,340 21,910 175,160 281,480 29,070 97,260 48,270 53,680 9.04 8.59 10.76 15.97 10.92 16.20 9.69 13.82 11.60 10.89 10.20 11.86 9.14 8.03 18,810 17,860 22,390 33,230 22,710 33,690 20,160 28,740 24,130 22,650 21,220 24,660 19,010 16,710 8.21 8.29 10.32 15.79 9.34 15.90 9.05 11.01 11.24 10.48 9.70 11.67 8.76 7.60 28,300 20.30 42,230 18.70 Healthcare support occupations Home health aides (2) Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants (2) Psychiatric aides (2) Occupational therapist assistants Occupational therapist aides Physical therapist assistants Physical therapist aides Massage therapists Dental assistants (2) Medical assistants Medical equipment preparers Medical transcriptionists Pharmacy aides (2) Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers Protective service occupations First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives (2) First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers (2) 111,600 26.01 54,100 25.31 57,300 23.60 49,100 23.24 Fire fighters (2) Fire inspectors and investigators (2) Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists (2) 252,730 10,050 1,630 16.38 19.98 14.57 34,070 41,550 30,300 15.80 19.26 12.98 Bailiffs (2) Correctional officers and jailers (2) Detectives and criminal investigators (2) Fish and game wardens (2) Parking enforcement workers (2) Police and sheriff's patrol officers (2) Transit and railroad police (2) 12,620 381,250 83,340 8,220 7,660 581,860 4,590 14.40 14.94 22.90 20.16 12.00 18.61 20.32 29,950 31,070 47,620 41,940 24,970 38,710 42,260 14.13 13.66 22.09 18.05 11.71 18.06 19.72 8,300 30,690 12,780 1,088,470 68,310 11.47 14.48 10.43 8.95 8.59 23,850 30,120 21,700 18,610 17,870 10.62 12.60 9.78 8.07 7.70 118,070 13.48 28,040 11.88 545,700 418,400 438,660 656,540 163,160 878,650 358,450 1,950,970 407,960 2,039,950 192,850 425,600 538,360 380,850 11.47 6.54 8.38 8.52 7.48 7.57 7.07 6.64 6.83 6.46 7.77 6.70 6.78 7.13 23,860 13,610 17,420 17,730 15,560 15,740 14,700 13,810 14,210 13,430 16,170 13,940 14,090 14,840 10.59 6.24 7.89 8.05 7.14 7.23 6.52 6.30 6.46 6.07 7.09 6.33 6.57 6.73 202,460 11.67 24,270 10.61 91,330 2,090,560 913,470 15.87 8.76 7.46 33,000 18,220 15,530 14.31 7.90 7.03 Animal control workers Private detectives and investigators Gaming surveillance officers and gaming investigators Security guards (2) Crossing guards (2) Food preparation and serving related occupations Chefs and head cooks First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers Cooks, fast food (2) Cooks, institution and cafeteria (2) Cooks, restaurant (2) Cooks, short order (2) Food preparation workers Bartenders (2) Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food (2) Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop (2) Waiters and waitresses (2) Food servers, nonrestaurant (2) Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers (2) Dishwashers Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop (2) Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers (2) First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners (2) Maids and housekeeping cleaners (2) Pest control workers (2) Landscaping and groundskeeping workers Pesticide handlers, sprayers, and applicators, vegetation (2) Tree trimmers and pruners (2) 40,240 739,460 23,440 47,890 11.60 9.32 11.29 11.43 24,120 19,380 23,490 23,770 11.16 8.48 10.81 10.73 26,890 13,220 84,610 5,900 84,760 87,390 8,390 8,610 88,590 190,600 5,860 22,960 16.96 11.38 14.02 12.39 8.25 6.79 7.74 10.28 6.76 7.17 11.28 (5) 35,270 23,660 29,150 25,770 17,160 14,120 16,090 21,390 14,050 14,920 23,470 (5) 16.46 10.28 12.47 11.09 7.50 6.20 7.53 7.33 6.26 6.55 9.93 (5) Embalmers (2) Funeral attendants (2) Barbers (2) Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists Makeup artists, theatrical and performance Manicurists and pedicurists (2) Shampooers (2) Skin care specialists 6,670 24,970 14,150 314,750 1,170 23,540 13,580 11,910 15.05 8.33 10.08 10.00 12.11 7.73 6.72 10.16 31,300 17,320 20,970 20,800 25,180 16,080 13,970 21,130 14.09 7.70 8.91 8.33 10.60 6.70 6.29 8.87 Baggage porters and bellhops (2) Concierges Tour guides and escorts Travel guides Flight attendants (2) Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters (2) 59,580 16,440 35,780 4,180 123,310 22,780 8.23 10.78 9.66 13.07 (3) 9.89 17,110 22,420 20,100 27,190 47,910 20,570 6.84 9.44 8.46 12.00 (3) 8.13 Child care workers (2) Personal and home care aides (2) Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors Recreation workers Residential advisors 377,110 300,500 127,310 245,180 43,260 7.42 7.72 13.12 8.89 9.90 15,430 16,060 27,300 18,500 20,590 6.91 7.50 10.84 7.90 9.21 1,237,050 302,870 3,162,090 40,390 15.11 25.66 7.35 8.88 31,430 53,380 15,290 18,470 12.91 21.57 6.68 8.60 Personal care and service occupations Gaming supervisors Slot key persons First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers Animal trainers (2) Nonfarm animal caretakers Gaming dealers Gaming and sports book writers and runners Motion picture projectionists (2) Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers (2) Amusement and recreation attendants Costume attendants Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants Sales and related occupations First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers Cashiers (2) Gaming change persons and booth cashiers Counter and rental clerks (2) Parts salespersons (2) Retail salespersons (2) 392,560 265,380 3,729,040 8.02 12.22 9.24 16,690 25,410 19,210 7.16 10.92 7.66 142,830 241,730 249,660 111,130 19.91 22.93 34.44 11.86 41,400 47,690 71,640 24,660 15.93 18.61 28.63 11.25 341,930 25.07 52,140 22.09 1,315,900 20.80 43,260 17.91 95,160 5,220 26,760 107,680 93,620 485,650 36,130 10.30 10.15 29.90 17.78 27.95 10.15 13.91 21,420 21,110 62,190 36,990 58,130 21,100 28,940 8.56 8.37 24.22 13.25 26.13 8.91 11.51 1,312,630 248,570 50,820 17.36 9.51 12.88 36,110 19,780 26,800 15.93 9.11 13.66 Bill and account collectors (2) Billing and posting clerks and machine operators (2) Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks (2) Gaming cage workers Payroll and timekeeping clerks (2) Procurement clerks (2) Tellers (2) 383,090 551,410 1,619,870 20,100 196,660 76,970 453,140 11.95 11.48 12.14 9.85 12.89 12.62 8.81 24,860 23,880 25,250 20,480 26,800 26,250 18,330 11.32 11.00 11.53 9.57 12.37 12.23 8.60 Brokerage clerks (2) Correspondence clerks Court, municipal, and license clerks (2) Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks Customer service representatives Eligibility interviewers, government programs File clerks (2) Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks (2) 72,930 46,160 93,910 82,900 1,789,620 107,650 266,890 152,040 14.99 11.48 12.84 12.34 12.19 14.08 8.94 7.79 31,180 23,880 26,700 25,660 25,360 29,290 18,590 16,200 13.79 11.05 12.11 11.51 11.30 13.15 8.38 7.54 Interviewers, except eligibility and loan (2) 164,310 10.25 21,320 9.66 Advertising sales agents (2) Insurance sales agents Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents Travel agents (2) Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific products (2) Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and scientific products (2) Demonstrators and product promoters (2) Models (2) Real estate brokers Real estate sales agents (2) Sales engineers (2) Telemarketers Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers Office and administrative support occupations First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers (2) Switchboard operators, including answering service (2) Telephone operators (2) Library assistants, clerical Loan interviewers and clerks New accounts clerks (2) Order clerks Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping (2) Receptionists and information clerks (2) Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 89,050 145,400 69,790 376,430 174,110 987,680 222,340 9.14 12.79 10.81 11.51 13.05 9.55 12.47 19,010 26,600 22,480 23,950 27,140 19,870 25,930 8.49 12.12 10.63 10.78 12.59 9.26 10.74 Cargo and freight agents (2) Couriers and messengers (2) Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers (2) Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance (2) Meter readers, utilities (2) Postal service clerks Postal service mail carriers Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators Production, planning, and expediting clerks (2) Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks (2) Stock clerks and order fillers (2) Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping (2) 52,690 134,370 79,140 171,560 46,090 80,330 352,550 13.38 9.04 12.26 14.14 13.16 18.37 17.60 27,830 18,810 25,500 29,420 27,370 38,220 36,610 12.37 8.36 11.77 13.00 12.45 18.64 18.21 234,820 298,770 886,230 1,800,840 83,840 14.47 15.24 10.62 9.45 12.34 30,100 31,700 22,080 19,650 25,670 14.86 14.47 9.99 8.35 10.96 Executive secretaries and administrative assistants Legal secretaries (2) Medical secretaries (2) Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive 1,316,290 272,090 247,950 1,582,080 14.84 15.48 11.51 11.60 30,870 32,200 23,940 24,130 14.21 15.04 10.95 11.18 Computer operators (2) Data entry keyers (2) Word processors and typists (2) Desktop publishers Insurance claims and policy processing clerks Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service (2) Office clerks, general Office machine operators, except computer (2) Proofreaders and copy markers (2) Statistical assistants (2) 198,500 520,220 271,310 37,040 268,650 198,440 2,561,300 101,490 25,970 24,450 13.54 10.13 11.67 14.98 15.38 9.33 10.31 10.34 10.46 12.49 28,170 21,070 24,270 31,170 32,000 19,400 21,450 21,510 21,750 25,970 12.70 9.77 11.29 14.12 13.93 8.76 9.77 9.71 9.37 11.55 20,360 11,260 10,520 1,420 62,380 17,630 215,080 15.88 8.72 14.46 12.04 7.46 8.48 6.80 33,030 18,140 30,080 25,050 15,520 17,640 14,150 14.59 6.71 13.89 10.65 6.76 7.67 6.42 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers Farm labor contractors Agricultural inspectors Animal breeders Graders and sorters, agricultural products (2) Agricultural equipment operators (2) Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse (2) Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals Forest and conservation workers (2) Fallers Logging equipment operators (2) Log graders and scalers (2) 34,510 11,780 9,420 33,230 5,500 7.96 9.67 14.44 12.17 12.59 16,560 20,120 30,040 25,310 26,180 7.40 8.21 13.44 11.43 11.61 476,770 29,160 98,530 8,640 771,030 37,750 11,310 6,400 27,330 151,760 4,570 763,450 58,410 4,940 324,350 118,300 36,950 21.98 18.51 19.90 16.46 16.55 15.26 15.04 12.91 17.84 15.01 15.45 12.75 13.99 20.00 16.71 16.39 17.04 45,720 38,500 41,380 34,240 34,420 31,750 31,280 26,860 37,100 31,210 32,130 26,510 29,090 41,600 34,760 34,090 35,430 20.71 18.09 19.36 15.36 15.35 13.23 13.96 11.88 17.08 13.68 15.03 10.85 12.45 19.93 15.31 15.34 16.02 Electricians Glaziers Insulation workers (2) Painters, construction and maintenance Paperhangers Pipelayers (2) Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters (2) Plasterers and stucco masons (2) Reinforcing iron and rebar workers (2) Roofers (2) Sheet metal workers (2) Structural iron and steel workers (2) 611,920 49,630 56,850 260,880 10,070 53,530 413,170 50,060 27,760 115,280 231,690 85,520 20.28 14.75 14.02 14.08 15.78 14.08 18.63 15.70 17.79 14.36 15.92 18.16 42,180 30,680 29,170 29,280 32,830 29,290 38,750 32,650 37,000 29,870 33,110 37,780 19.13 13.33 12.52 12.86 15.34 12.67 17.41 14.48 16.03 12.94 14.09 17.19 Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters (2) Helpers--carpenters (2) Helpers--electricians Helpers--painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons (2) Helpers--pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters (2) Helpers--roofers (2) 56,660 104,910 100,460 30,790 81,410 27,340 12.03 10.20 10.41 9.73 10.25 8.80 25,020 21,210 21,650 20,230 21,320 18,310 10.61 9.61 9.89 8.95 9.62 8.41 Construction and extraction occupations First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers Boilermakers (2) Brickmasons and blockmasons Stonemasons (2) Carpenters Carpet installers (2) Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles Floor sanders and finishers (2) Tile and marble setters Cement masons and concrete finishers Terrazzo workers and finishers Construction laborers Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators (2) Pile-driver operators (2) Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators (2) Drywall and ceiling tile installers Tapers (2) Construction and building inspectors (2) Elevator installers and repairers (2) Fence erectors (2) Hazardous materials removal workers (2) Highway maintenance workers (2) Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators (2) Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners (2) Segmental pavers Derrick operators, oil and gas (2) Rotary drill operators, oil and gas (2) Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining (2) Earth drillers, except oil and gas (2) Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters (2) Continuous mining machine operators (2) Mine cutting and channeling machine operators (2) Mining machine operators, all other (2) Rock splitters, quarry (2) Roof bolters, mining (2) Roustabouts, oil and gas (2) Helpers--extraction workers Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers Radio mechanics (2) Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers Avionics technicians Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers Security and fire alarm systems installers Aircraft mechanics and service technicians Automotive body and related repairers Automotive glass installers and repairers Automotive service technicians and mechanics (2) Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists (2) Farm equipment mechanics (2) Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines (2) Rail car repairers (2) Motorboat mechanics 67,010 25,010 15,540 34,750 139,540 8,620 12,820 2,890 19.11 22.95 10.67 15.22 12.85 17.81 13.86 12.45 39,740 47,740 22,200 31,650 26,730 37,050 28,820 25,900 18.55 22.38 9.95 14.05 12.44 17.67 13.03 11.35 13,720 9,500 11,630 19,650 4,180 10,090 (5) 5,120 2,140 4,170 29,860 27,730 14.24 17.81 12.39 15.02 16.08 16.53 17.15 16.77 11.49 17.71 11.18 10.62 29,630 37,040 25,780 31,240 33,450 34,370 35,680 34,880 23,900 36,840 23,260 22,090 12.84 15.71 11.29 13.75 15.52 15.73 17.57 16.08 11.12 17.48 10.08 9.83 386,170 130,090 4,570 172,700 15,560 35,270 14,700 71,530 20,580 14,250 26,090 38,350 21.65 15.04 16.33 19.77 19.75 14.81 15.54 17.39 21.87 12.29 12.99 14.81 45,040 31,290 33,960 41,130 41,090 30,800 32,310 36,160 45,490 25,560 27,020 30,810 20.54 14.26 15.49 20.37 19.63 13.97 15.23 17.15 22.92 11.50 12.03 13.96 125,970 179,960 20,520 587,320 273,320 40,490 113,540 7,230 18,450 18.88 16.21 13.34 14.49 15.29 11.91 16.24 17.83 13.52 39,280 33,720 27,740 30,130 31,800 24,770 33,790 37,080 28,120 18.90 15.06 13.26 13.62 14.77 11.42 15.75 18.09 13.01 Motorcycle mechanics (2) Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics Bicycle repairers (2) Recreational vehicle service technicians Tire repairers and changers (2) Mechanical door repairers Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers (2) Home appliance repairers Industrial machinery mechanics Maintenance and repair workers, general (2) Maintenance workers, machinery (2) Millwrights (2) Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons (2) Electrical power-line installers and repairers (2) Telecommunications line installers and repairers (2) Camera and photographic equipment repairers (2) Medical equipment repairers (2) Musical instrument repairers and tuners (2) Watch repairers (2) Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers Commercial divers Fabric menders, except garment Locksmiths and safe repairers (2) Manufactured building and mobile home installers Riggers (2) Signal and track switch repairers (2) Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers (2) Production occupations First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers (2) Coil winders, tapers, and finishers (2) Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers Electromechanical equipment assemblers Engine and other machine assemblers Structural metal fabricators and fitters Fiberglass laminators and fabricators Team assemblers Timing device assemblers, adjusters, and calibrators Bakers (2) Butchers and meat cutters Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers (2) 11,390 26,550 8,080 13,100 99,880 12.26 11.38 8.08 12.49 8.96 25,510 23,660 16,810 25,980 18,630 11.61 10.86 7.72 11.86 8.37 9,620 31,040 187,850 33,050 176,070 1,201,690 107,180 80,390 3,320 99,090 158,990 5,330 19,640 4,500 3,870 14.77 19.77 15.40 14.43 17.41 12.95 15.29 18.90 15.54 20.91 17.21 15.20 17.02 12.42 12.65 30,710 41,120 32,040 30,020 36,210 26,930 31,800 39,320 32,320 43,490 35,790 31,630 35,390 25,830 26,320 14.68 19.96 14.50 13.95 16.56 11.99 14.57 18.76 14.99 20.97 16.35 14.27 16.45 11.63 11.79 35,900 2,400 2,980 11,300 13,200 15,850 3,720 145,610 12.33 33.86 11.62 13.47 10.86 15.59 19.90 10.03 25,650 70,420 24,180 28,020 22,580 32,420 41,400 20,860 11.94 27.17 9.53 12.66 10.07 15.12 18.91 9.14 760,050 18,070 56,350 387,430 69,830 85,570 94,390 49,750 1,302,820 10,270 19.83 17.65 10.45 10.50 11.46 13.41 13.21 11.34 10.67 10.67 41,250 36,720 21,740 21,840 23,830 27,900 27,470 23,600 22,200 22,190 18.61 17.83 9.65 9.84 10.69 13.23 12.62 10.20 9.95 9.90 176,080 138,870 159,890 9.61 11.97 8.35 19,990 24,890 17,370 8.82 11.20 8.08 Slaughterers and meat packers Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders Food batchmakers Food cooking machine operators and tenders 116,970 19,830 64,760 44,340 9.13 11.58 10.22 10.45 18,980 24,080 21,260 21,730 9.18 9.83 9.64 9.85 Computer-controlled machine tool operators, metal and plastic Numerical tool and process control programmers Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Machinists Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders (2) Pourers and casters, metal (2) Model makers, metal and plastic Patternmakers, metal and plastic Foundry mold and coremakers Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic (2) 168,170 24,180 13.66 17.45 28,420 36,300 13.07 17.27 108,570 60,970 47,580 11.65 12.99 13.49 24,220 27,020 28,060 11.25 11.91 12.95 353,300 11.37 23,640 10.67 75,140 12.60 26,220 11.89 127,920 12.14 25,250 11.54 83,940 35,830 419,800 19,350 15,600 12,520 8,340 34,840 14.18 13.44 14.69 13.75 12.94 16.89 14.53 11.99 29,490 27,960 30,540 28,590 26,920 35,130 30,230 24,950 13.65 12.70 14.30 12.94 12.34 16.15 13.45 11.39 179,640 103,620 10.81 12.89 22,480 26,820 9.81 12.00 Tool and die makers (2) Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers (2) Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders (2) Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic (2) Lay-out workers, metal and plastic Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic (2) Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners (2) 132,350 410,040 68,680 36,300 17,990 19.12 13.40 13.17 13.00 14.65 39,770 27,870 27,400 27,030 30,470 18.60 12.58 12.29 12.13 13.90 58,350 28,150 11.45 13.97 23,810 29,060 10.76 13.19 Bindery workers Bookbinders (2) Job printers (2) Prepress technicians and workers Printing machine operators (2) 106,560 10,010 45,850 109,350 208,980 10.90 11.59 13.17 14.90 13.86 22,660 24,110 27,390 30,990 28,830 9.74 10.36 12.55 13.90 12.94 Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 217,350 7.58 15,760 7.25 Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials (2) Sewing machine operators (2) Shoe and leather workers and repairers Shoe machine operators and tenders Sewers, hand Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers (2) Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers Fabric and apparel patternmakers (2) Upholsterers (2) 93,320 403,770 15,610 11,450 23,910 32,310 44,450 39,870 79,440 7.77 8.05 8.67 8.62 9.48 10.22 9.14 9.45 10.17 16,170 16,750 18,040 17,920 19,720 21,260 19,020 19,650 21,150 7.49 7.57 8.04 8.63 8.06 9.29 9.09 8.98 10.00 83,360 10.25 21,320 9.91 35,810 16,920 45,380 11.94 13.52 11.58 24,840 28,120 24,090 11.97 10.63 10.98 Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters Furniture finishers (2) Model makers, wood Patternmakers, wood Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood (2) Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 136,910 38,040 4,910 5,820 54,760 103,650 11.20 10.41 13.14 14.77 10.22 10.02 23,300 21,650 27,330 30,710 21,250 20,840 10.46 9.86 11.84 14.48 9.71 9.65 Nuclear power reactor operators (2) Power distributors and dispatchers (2) Power plant operators Stationary engineers and boiler operators Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators (2) Chemical plant and system operators (2) Gas plant operators (2) Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers (2) 3,240 14,080 34,310 56,350 81,830 64,320 16,740 34,370 27.19 22.89 20.73 18.78 15.07 18.91 20.71 20.58 56,550 47,600 43,110 39,070 31,350 39,330 43,080 42,810 26.73 22.60 21.30 18.54 14.46 18.88 20.89 21.55 Chemical equipment operators and tenders (2) Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders (2) Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders Grinding and polishing workers, hand (2) Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders Cutters and trimmers, hand Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders (2) Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders (2) Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders (2) Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers (2) Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers (2) Dental laboratory technicians (2) 51,080 16.61 34,560 16.58 33,470 49,690 49,510 114,540 33,590 85,060 13.61 12.31 11.18 12.67 10.94 11.44 28,310 25,600 23,260 26,360 22,750 23,800 13.23 11.71 10.15 12.26 9.78 10.87 74,100 29,640 577,650 28,690 42,940 12.01 13.42 13.05 12.67 14.06 24,990 27,910 27,140 26,360 29,240 11.44 12.52 11.68 11.19 12.46 Medical appliance technicians (2) Ophthalmic laboratory technicians (2) 13,610 34,590 13.02 10.42 27,080 21,680 10.97 9.49 379,760 101,610 45,920 34,780 26,170 50,270 42,110 32,440 18,850 6,200 9,420 34,310 118,830 16,680 584,060 9.99 11.46 15.36 10.43 11.11 9.58 13.24 10.69 10.38 10.35 10.76 11.04 13.24 17.30 8.98 20,790 23,840 31,940 21,700 23,110 19,920 27,540 22,240 21,590 21,520 22,380 22,960 27,540 35,980 18,680 9.01 10.86 14.13 9.56 9.92 8.59 12.45 10.23 9.41 9.36 9.50 10.47 12.82 17.93 8.37 8,090 138,210 18.55 16.86 38,590 35,080 17.02 15.88 175,260 88,040 18,780 22,620 4,510 20.02 (3) (3) 35.19 14.27 41,650 98,280 56,240 73,190 29,670 18.80 (3) (3) 35.61 13.15 13,520 160,210 463,860 385,210 1,558,400 1,085,050 119,630 9.63 12.72 9.83 10.83 15.34 11.31 8.75 20,030 26,450 20,460 22,520 31,900 23,530 18,200 8.40 11.67 9.57 9.71 14.74 10.33 7.89 Locomotive engineers (2) Locomotive firers (2) Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers (2) Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators (2) Railroad conductors and yardmasters (2) 19,940 890 5,070 14,500 36,680 23.10 24.32 17.43 19.21 21.24 48,050 50,570 36,260 39,950 44,180 21.19 22.35 17.44 18.47 19.44 Sailors and marine oilers (2) Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels (2) Motorboat operators (2) 27,200 20,660 4,000 12.41 19.93 13.42 25,820 41,460 27,910 11.97 19.00 12.74 Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders (2) Painters, transportation equipment (2) Painting, coating, and decorating workers (2) Photographic process workers (2) Photographic processing machine operators (2) Semiconductor processors (2) Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders (2) Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders (2) Etchers and engravers (2) Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders (2) Tire builders (2) Helpers--production workers Transportation and material moving occupations Aircraft cargo handling supervisors First-line supervisors/managers of helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand First-line supervisors/managers of transportation and material-moving machine and vehicle operators Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers Commercial pilots Air traffic controllers Airfield operations specialists Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians (2) Bus drivers, transit and intercity (2) Bus drivers, school (2) Driver/sales workers (2) Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer Truck drivers, light or delivery services Taxi drivers and chauffeurs (2) Ship engineers (2) Bridge and lock tenders (2) Parking lot attendants (2) Service station attendants (2) Traffic technicians Transportation inspectors (2) Conveyor operators and tenders (2) Crane and tower operators (2) Dredge operators (2) Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators (2) Loading machine operators, underground mining (2) Hoist and winch operators (2) Industrial truck and tractor operators (2) Cleaners of vehicles and equipment (2) Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand Machine feeders and offbearers (2) Packers and packagers, hand (2) Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators (2) Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers (2) Wellhead pumpers (2) Refuse and recyclable material collectors (2) Shuttle car operators (2) Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 6,800 22.02 45,800 21.31 6,970 109,340 109,050 5,000 22,440 13.46 7.38 7.58 15.70 20.66 28,000 15,350 15,770 32,650 42,980 14.30 6.89 7.11 14.56 20.29 57,180 53,830 1,910 62,360 2,930 7,900 590,710 302,380 2,035,640 176,400 1,114,330 6,940 13,480 14,710 135,320 2,830 20,830 11.67 16.21 13.73 15.13 14.66 15.03 12.33 8.00 9.50 10.04 7.83 17.26 16.95 16.09 12.03 16.33 14.09 24,280 33,710 28,550 31,460 30,500 31,260 25,650 16,650 19,750 20,890 16,280 35,900 35,250 33,460 25,020 33,960 29,310 11.08 15.29 12.96 13.73 14.59 14.18 11.49 7.26 8.75 9.40 7.20 17.87 15.70 16.19 11.19 17.00 12.43 (1) Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. (2) Wage rates are calculated using three years of data: 1997, 1998, and 1999. (3) Hourly wage rates for occupations where workers typically work fewer than 2,080 hours per year are not available. (4) Represents a wage above $70.01 per hour. (5) Data not released due to high relative standard error.