Full text of May 2003 : Text File, USDL 04-752
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Technical information: (202) 691-6569 USDL 04-752
http://www.bls.gov/oes/
For release: 10:00 A.M. EDT
Media contact: 691-5902 Friday, April 30, 2004
OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES, MAY 2003
Health care-related occupations, including specialist physicians and
dentists, accounted for 8 of the 10 highest-paying occupations in May 2003,
according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor.
The average hourly wages for these health-related occupations ranged from
$91.48 for surgeons to $63.08 for dentists. The lowest-paying occupations
included fast-food cooks who earned $7.23 per hour and hair shampooers who
earned $7.27 per hour. Five of the six lowest-paying occupations were re-
lated to food preparation and serving.
Retail salespersons and cashiers were the largest occupations in the
United States, with about 4 million and 3.5 million employees, respectively.
Occupations with more than 2 million workers included general office clerks;
hand laborers and material movers; registered nurses; waiters and waitresses;
janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners; and combined
food preparation and serving workers, including fast food. (See table 1.)
These statistics for wage and salary workers are from the Occupational
Employment Statistics (OES) survey, a federal-state cooperative program
between BLS and State Workforce Agencies. The OES survey provides estimates
of employment and hourly and annual wages for wage and salary workers in
22 major occupational groups and in 770 detailed occupations.
Management and legal occupational groups were the highest paying of the
22 major occupational groups. About 30 percent of the workers in these two
occupational groups earned more than $43.74 per hour. (See table A.) The
occupational group with the highest employment level in May 2003 was office
and administrative support workers, followed by sales and related workers,
production workers, and food preparation and serving workers.
The occupational groups with the lowest average wages were food
preparation and serving related; farming, fishing, and forestry; building
and grounds cleaning and maintenance; and personal care and service. At
least 40 percent of all workers in each of these groups earned less than
$8.50 per hour.
Major groups whose wages were concentrated in the middle included
business and financial operations occupations; life, physical, and social
science occupations; community and social services occupations; education,
training, and library occupations; healthcare practitioner and technical
occupations; construction and extraction occupations; and installation,
maintenance, and repair occupations.
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Table A. Wage distribution by major occupational group, May 2003
(Percent distribution)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Wage range
Major |--------------------------------------------------------------
occupational |Under|$8.50 |$10.75|$13.50|$17.00|$21.50|$27.25|$34.50|$43.75
group |$8.50| to | to | to | to | to | to | to | and |Over
| |$10.74|$13.49|$16.99|$21.49|$27.24|$34.49|$43.74| over
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Management.......| 1.3| 1.3| 3.0| 5.9 | 9.6| 13.7| 16.0| 16.6| 32.4
Business and | | | | | | | | |
financial | | | | | | | | |
operations.....| 1.7| 2.1| 5.7| 12.5 | 19.1| 21.4| 17.5| 10.9| 9.1
Computer and | | | | | | | | |
mathematical | | | | | | | | |
science........| .9| 1.5| 3.4| 7.3 | 12.9| 18.8| 21.7| 19.5| 14.0
Architecture and | | | | | | | | |
engineering....| .6| 1.9| 4.4| 8.7 | 14.8| 20.9| 21.0| 17.0| 10.7
Life, physical, | | | | | | | | |
and social | | | | | | | | |
science .......| 2.2| 4.3| 8.5| 13.7 | 17.4| 18.4| 15.3| 10.8| 9.2
Community and | | | | | | | | |
social | | | | | | | | |
services.......| 7.2| 11.3| 18.5| 21.5 | 18.5| 13.3| 6.8| 2.2| .8
Legal............| 1.5| 2.5| 5.9| 10.7 | 14.0| 13.3| 11.4| 10.7| 30.1
Education, | | | | | | | | |
training, and | | | | | | | | |
library........| 11.9| 8.7| 10.0| 15.0 | 18.7| 16.8| 10.8| 5.0| 3.1
Arts, design, | | | | | | | | |
entertainment, | | | | | | | | |
sports, and | | | | | | | | |
media..........| 13.3| 10.1| 12.2| 14.9 | 15.2| 13.5| 9.3| 5.7| 5.8
Healthcare | | | | | | | | |
practitioner | | | | | | | | |
and technical..| 2.8| 5.1| 8.3| 13.2 | 20.0| 20.7| 13.0| 6.9| 10.0
Healthcare | | | | | | | | |
support........| 25.5| 31.2| 23.2| 13.4 | 5.1| 1.2| .3| .1| -
Protective | | | | | | | | |
service........| 17.1| 14.5| 15.0| 14.5 | 13.8| 13.2| 7.8| 3.2| .9
Food preparation | | | | | | | | |
and serving | | | | | | | | |
related........| 67.4| 17.4| 8.6| 4.0 | 1.8| .6| .2| .1| -
Building and | | | | | | | | |
grounds clean- | | | | | | | | |
ing and | | | | | | | | |
maintenance....| 42.8| 24.6| 16.0| 9.5 | 5.0| 1.6| .4| .1| -
Personal care | | | | | | | | |
and service....| 50.3| 21.4| 11.5| 7.1 | 4.7| 2.6| 1.2| .6| .6
Sales and | | | | | | | | |
related .......| 36.9| 16.6| 11.3| 9.4 | 8.1| 6.3| 4.4| 3.0| 4.0
Office and | | | | | | | | |
administrative | | | | | | | | |
support........| 15.2| 19.8| 22.6| 19.5 | 14.4| 5.7| 1.9| .6| .3
Farming, fishing,| | | | | | | | |
and forestry...| 56.8| 17.3| 11.2| 7.2 | 4.4| 2.0| .7| .3| .1
Construction and | | | | | | | | |
extraction.....| 7.3| 12.2| 16.6| 18.8 | 17.6| 14.4| 9.0| 3.2| .8
Installation, | | | | | | | | |
maintenance, | | | | | | | | |
and repair.....| 7.5| 10.6| 15.3| 19.4 | 20.7| 16.6| 7.3| 2.0| .5
Production.......| 18.0| 19.9| 20.3| 17.4 | 12.2| 8.1| 3.1| .8| .2
Transportation | | | | | | | | |
and material | | | | | | | | |
moving.........| 26.3| 19.3| 18.0| 15.0 | 11.3| 6.2| 2.2| .7| 1.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Table 1 shows employment and wage estimates for detailed occupations
within each group. The OES program also provides national occupational
employment and wage data by industry, and cross-industry estimates for
all states and 334 metropolitan areas. May 2003 OES data for states and
metropolitan areas and the national employment and wage data by industry
will be available on the BLS Web site in early May.
The OES survey is designed to estimate employment and wages at detailed
industry and area levels with a desired level of reliability based on a
sample of 1.2 million establishments, collected in six semiannual panels
over a 3-year period.
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Technical Note
Scope of the survey
The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey is a semiannual mail
survey measuring occupational employment and wage rates for wage and salary
workers in nonfarm establishments, by industry, in the United States. (Guam,
Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands also are surveyed, but their data are not
included in this release.) In 2002, the OES survey switched from industry
coding based on the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to that
based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). The
nationwide response rate for the May 2003 survey was 79 percent for estab-
lishments, covering 72 percent of weighted employment.
In November 2002, the OES survey changed from an annual survey of 400,000
establishments to a semiannual survey of 200,000 establishments. The OES
survey samples and contacts establishments in May and November of each year
and, over 3 years, contacts approximately 1.2 million establishments. The
full 3-year sample allows the production of estimates at fine levels of
geographic, industrial, and occupational detail.
In order to maintain adequate geographic, industrial, and occupational
coverage through the implementation of NAICS and semiannual sampling, May
2003 data were combined with samples from November 2002, 2001, 2000, and
a subset of certainty units collected in 1999. Note that May 2003 and
November 2002 are semiannual samples while 2001 and 2000 are annual
samples. Data from 1999 were added to provide complete coverage of the
certainty strata. The total sample size is 1.2 million establishments.
Estimates from the OES survey are based on data collected using the
Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. A brief description
of this classification system is provided below.
The Standard Occupational Classification system
In 1999, the OES survey began using the Office of Management and Budget's
(OMB) occupational classification system, the Standard Occupational Classifi-
cation (SOC) system. The SOC system is the first OMB-required occupational
classification system for federal agencies. The OES survey categorizes workers
in 1 of the 770 detailed occupations. Together, these detailed occupations
comprise 23 major occupational groups. The major groups are as follows:
Management occupations
Business and financial operations occupations
Computer and mathematical science occupations
Architecture and engineering occupations
Life, physical, and social science occupations
Community and social services occupations
Legal occupations
Education, training, and library occupations
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations
Healthcare support occupations
Protective service occupations
Food preparation and serving related occupations
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
Personal care and service occupations
Sales and related occupations
Office and administrative support occupations
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
Construction and extraction occupations
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
Production occupations
Transportation and material moving occupations
Military specific occupations (not surveyed in OES)
For more information about the SOC system, please see the Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS) Web site at http://www.bls.gov/soc.
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The industry coding system
As noted earlier, in 2002, the OES survey switched from using the Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC) system to using the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS). For more information about NAICS, see the
BLS Web site at http://www.bls.gov/bls/naics.htm.
The OES survey includes establishments in NAICS sectors 11 (logging and
agricultural support activities only), 21, 22, 23, 31-33, 42, 44-45, 48-49,
51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 62, 71, 72, 81 (except private households),
state government, and local government. Data for the U.S. Postal Service
and the federal government are universe counts obtained from the Postal
Service and the Office of Personnel Management, respectively. An estab-
lishment is defined as an economic unit that processes goods or provides
services, such as a factory, mine, or store. The establishment is gener-
ally at a single physical location and is engaged primarily in one type of
economic activity.
The OES survey covers all full- and part-time wage and salary workers in
nonfarm industries. The survey does not include the self-employed owners
and partners in unincorporated firms, household workers, or unpaid family
workers.
Survey coverage
BLS funds the survey and provides the procedures and technical support,
while the State Workforce Agencies (SWAs) collect the data. BLS produces
cross-industry NAICS estimates for the nation, states, and metropolitan
statistical areas (MSAs). NAICS estimates are produced for 3-digit,
4-digit, and selected 5-digit industry levels. BLS releases all cross-
industry and national estimates, and the SWAs release industry estimates
at the state and MSA levels.
State Unemployment Insurance (UI) files provide the universe from which
the OES survey draws its sample. The employment benchmarks are obtained
from reports submitted by employers to the UI program. Supplemental sources
are used for rail transportation (NAICS 4821) and Guam because they do not
report to the UI program. The OES survey sample is stratified by area,
industry, and size class. Size classes are defined as follows:
Size class Number of employees
____________________________________
1 1 to 4
2 5 to 9
3 10 to 19
4 20 to 49
5 50 to 99
6 100 to 249
7 250 and above
_____________________________________
UI reporting units with 250 or more employees are sampled with virtual
certainty across a 3-year period. Generally, one-sixth of the certainty
units are sampled in each panel in each state. Some states, however,
sampled more than one-sixth of their certainty units in the May 2003
survey to make up for a shortfall in a previous sample.
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Concepts
Occupational employment is the estimate of total wage and salary
employment in an occupation across the industries in which that occupation
was reported. The OES survey defines employment as the number of workers
who can be classified as full-time or part-time employees, including workers
on paid vacations or other types of leave; workers on unpaid short-term
absences; salaried officers, executives, and staff members of incorporated
firms; employees temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for whom
the reporting unit is their permanent duty station regardless of whether that
unit prepares their paycheck.
The OES survey form sent to an establishment contains between 50 and 225
SOC occupations selected on the basis of the sampled establishment's industry
classification and size class. To reduce paperwork and respondent burden, no
survey form contains every SOC occupation. Thus, data for specific occupa-
tions are collected primarily from establishments in industries that are the
predominant employers of workers in those occupations. Each survey form is
structured, however, to allow a respondent to provide detailed occupational
information for each worker at the establishment; that is, unlisted occupa-
tions can be added to the survey form.
Wages for the OES survey are straight-time, gross pay, exclusive of
premium pay. Base rate, cost-of-living allowances, guaranteed pay,
hazardous-duty pay, incentive pay including commissions and production
bonuses, tips, and on-call pay are included. Excluded are back pay, jury
duty pay, overtime pay, severance pay, shift differentials, non-production
bonuses, employer cost for supplementary benefits, and tuition reimbursements.
The OES survey collects wage data in 12 intervals. Employers report the
number of employees in an occupation for each wage range. The wage intervals
used for the May 2003 survey are as follows:
--------------------------------------------------------
|
| Wages
Interval |-------------------------------------------
| Hourly | Annual
------------|-------------------|-----------------------
Range A | Under $6.75 | Under $14,040
Range B | $6.75 to $8.49 | $14,040 to $17,679
Range C | $8.50 to $10.74 | $17,680 to $22,359
Range D | $10.75 to $13.49 | $22,360 to $28,079
Range E | $13.50 to $16.99 | $28,080 to $35,359
Range F | $17.00 to $21.49 | $35,360 to $44,719
Range G | $21.50 to $27.24 | $44,720 to $56,679
Range H | $27.25 to $34.49 | $56,680 to $71,759
Range I | $34.50 to $43.74 | $71,760 to $90,999
Range J | $43.75 to $55.49 | $91,000 to $115,439
Range K | $55.50 to $69.99 | $115,440 to $145,599
Range L | $70.00 and over | $145,600 and over
--------------------------------------------------------
Mean Hourly Wage. The mean hourly wage rate for an occupation is the
total wages that all workers in the occupation earn in an hour divided by
the total employment of the occupation. To calculate the mean hourly wage
of each occupation, total weighted hourly wages are summed across all in-
tervals and divided by the occupation's weighted survey employment. The
mean wage for each interval is based on occupational wage data collected
by the BLS Office of Compensation and Working Conditions for the National
Compensation Survey (NCS).
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The mean hourly wage value for the highest wage interval, $70.00 and
over, is calculated after excluding data for pilots. Pilots comprise a
large portion of the employment from the NCS that falls into the highest
interval, and about one percent of the workers reported for the OES
survey makes $70.00 and over. Since pilots work fewer hours than workers
in other occupations, their hourly wage rates are much higher than other
occupations. After excluding pilots from the calculation, the mean wage
rate for the highest interval was computed separately for May 2003,
November 2002, 2001, 2000, and 1999. Then the average of these five mean
wage rates was derived and used for all of the $70.00 and over data in the
May 2003 survey. The wage rates for this interval do not go through any
wage updating procedures.
Percentile Wage. The p-th percentile wage range for an occupation is
the wage where p percent of all workers earn that amount or less and where
(100-p) percent of all workers earn that amount or more. This statistic is
calculated by uniformly distributing the workers inside each wage interval,
ranking the workers from lowest paid to highest paid, and calculating the
product of the total employment for the occupation and the desired per-
centile to determine the worker that earns the p-th percentile wage rate.
Annual Wage. Many employees are paid at an hourly rate by their em-
ployers and may work more than or less than 40 hours per week. Annual
wage estimates in this release are calculated by multiplying the mean
hourly wage by a "year-round, full-time" figure of 2,080 hours (52 weeks by
40 hours). Thus, annual wage estimates may not represent the actual annual
pay received by the employee if they work more or less than 2,080 hours per
year. Alternatively, some workers are paid based on an annual amount, but
they generally do not work the usual 2,080 hours per year. Since the OES
survey does not collect the actual number of hours worked, hourly rates
cannot be calculated with a reasonable degree of confidence from annual
rates. For this reason, the annual salary is directly calculated from
reported survey data, and only annual wages are estimated for these
occupations. Occupations that typically have a work year of less than
2,080 hours include musical and entertainment occupations, pilots and
flight attendants, and teachers.
Hourly versus annual wage reporting. For each occupation, respondents
are asked to report the number of employees paid within specific wage
intervals. The intervals are defined both as hourly rates and the cor-
responding annual rates, where the annual rate for an occupation is cal-
culated by multiplying the hourly wage rate by a typical work year of
2,080 hours. The responding establishment can reference either the hourly
or the annual rate, but they are instructed to report the hourly rate for
part-time workers.
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Estimation methodology
Beginning in the November 2002, the OES survey samples approximately
200,000 establishments semiannually in November and May of each year, for a
combined sample of 1.2 million different establishments over six semiannual
panels. Until 2002, the survey sampled approximately 400,000 establishments
in the fourth quarter of each year, for a 3-year combined sample size of
1.2 million. While estimates can be made from a single year or 2 years of
data, the OES survey has been designed to produce estimates at a desired
level of precision using the full 3 years, or 6 panels, of data. The 3-year
sample allows the production of estimates at fine levels of geographic,
industrial, and occupational detail.
Producing estimates using the 3 years of sample data provides significant
sampling error reductions (particularly for small geographic areas and occu-
pations); however, it also has some quality limitations in that it requires
the adjustment of earlier year's data to the current reference period, a
procedure referred to as "wage updating."
Wage updating. As noted above, combining multiple years of data has
both statistical advantages and limitations. Significant reductions in
sampling error can be achieved by taking advantage of 3 years of data,
which covers over 70 percent of the employment in the United States. This
feature is particularly important in improving the reliability of estimates
for small domains in the population (that is, wage and employment estimates
for detailed occupations in small areas). Combining multiple years of data
also has been necessary to obtain full coverage of establishments with 250
or more workers that are sampled with certainty.
Starting with the 1997 estimates, the OES program has used the BLS
Employment Cost Index (ECI) to adjust survey data from prior years or
panels before combining them with the current panel's data. The wage
updating procedure assumes that each occupation's wage rate, as measured
in the earlier year or panel, moves according to the average movement of
the broader occupational division that encompasses it and that there are
no major geographic, industrial, or detailed occupational differences.
May 2003 OES survey estimates. The May 2003 OES survey estimates are
based on data collected from establishments in the November 2002, 2001,
and 2000 samples plus a subset of certainty units collected in 1999. The
May 2003 estimates used the wage-updating methodology introduced in 1997.
In addition, a "nearest neighbor" hot deck imputation procedure was used
to impute occupational employment totals for establishments that reported
no employment data. For establishments that reported (or imputed) occupa-
tional employment totals but did not report an employment distribution across
the wage intervals, a variation of mean imputation was used to impute the
distribution. During estimates processing, OES employment data were bench-
marked to the average employment for May 2003 and November 2002 from the
BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages.
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Reliability of the estimates. Estimates calculated from a sample survey
are subject to two types of error: sampling and nonsampling. Sampling error
occurs when estimates are calculated from a subset (i.e., sample) of the
population instead of the full population. When a sample of thepopulation
is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimate of the characteristic
of interest may differ from the population value of that characteristic.
Differences between the sample estimate and the population value will vary
depending on the sample selected. This variability can be estimated by
calculating the standard error (SE) of the sample estimate. If we were to
repeat the sampling and estimation process countless times using the same
survey design, approximately 90 percent of the intervals created by adding
and subtracting 1.645 SEs from the sample estimate would include the popu-
lation value. These intervals are called 90-percent confidence intervals.
The OES survey, however, usually uses the relative standard error (RSE) of
a sample estimate instead of its SE to measure sampling error. RSE is de-
fined as the SE of a sample estimate divided by the sample estimate itself.
This statistic provides the user with a measure of the relative precision of
the sample estimate. RSEs are calculated for both occupational employment
and mean wage rate estimates. Occupational employment RSEs are calculated
using a subsample, random group replication technique called the Jackknife.
Mean wage rate RSEs are calculated using a variance components model that
accounts for both the observed and unobserved components of the wage data.
The variances of the unobserved components are estimated using wage data from
the BLS National Compensation Survey. In general, estimates based on many
establishments have lower RSEs than estimates based on few establishments. If
the distributional assumptions of the models are violated, the resulting con-
fidence intervals may not reflect the prescribed level of confidence.
Nonsampling error occurs for a variety of reasons, none of which are
directly connected to sampling. Examples of nonsampling error include:
nonresponse, data incorrectly reported by the respondent, mistakes made
in entering collected data into the database, and mistakes made in editing
and processing the collected data.
Additional information
The May 2003 OES national data by occupation, comparable to data in
table 1, will be available soon on the Internet (http://www.bls.gov/oes).
Users also may access each occupation's definition and percentile wages.
The May 2003 cross-industry data for states and metropolitan areas will be
available on the BLS Web site in early May. Industry staffing patterns at
the 3-, 4-, and selected 5-digit NAICS levels also will be available from
the Internet beginning in early May. These data will include industry-
specific occupational employment and wage data.
For additional information, contact the Office of Employment and
Unemployment Statistics, Division of Occupational Employment Statistics,
Room 2135, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Washington, DC, 20212; telephone
202-691-6569 (e-mail: oesinfo@bls.gov).
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral
phone number: 1-800-877-8339.
Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment Statistics survey by occupation, May 2003
Occupation Employment Mean wages Median hourly
Hourly Annual(1) wages
Management occupations
Chief executives 389,880 $67.58 $140,580 $64.78
General and operations managers 1,892,060 42.64 88,700 35.00
Legislators 65,280 15.14 31,490 7.90
Advertising and promotions managers 71,100 35.18 73,170 29.01
Marketing managers 182,600 44.32 92,190 40.01
Sales managers 314,180 44.15 91,840 38.69
Public relations managers 58,490 35.94 74,750 31.16
Administrative services managers 278,300 30.67 63,780 27.37
Computer and information systems managers 266,020 45.78 95,230 43.15
Financial managers 521,750 41.92 87,190 37.16
Human resources managers 171,530 36.15 75,190 33.08
Industrial production managers 166,350 36.88 76,710 33.90
Purchasing managers 91,060 34.17 71,080 31.22
Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 97,450 33.50 69,670 30.57
Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers 5,420 25.04 52,080 22.83
Construction managers 196,110 35.96 74,790 31.96
Education administrators, preschool and child care center/program 56,030 19.37 40,290 16.59
Education administrators, elementary and secondary school 206,310 (2) 76,210 (2)
Education administrators, postsecondary 98,160 35.60 74,040 32.04
Engineering managers 194,940 47.94 99,710 45.42
Food service managers 229,960 20.20 42,010 17.91
Funeral directors 23,080 25.82 53,710 21.48
Gaming managers 3,560 30.91 64,300 27.46
Lodging managers 30,760 19.70 40,980 17.16
Medical and health services managers 226,160 34.92 72,630 31.04
Natural sciences managers 41,810 45.19 93,990 41.28
Postmasters and mail superintendents 26,060 24.51 50,980 24.10
Property, real estate, and community association managers 156,120 22.86 47,550 18.46
Social and community service managers 116,020 23.77 49,440 21.85
Business and financial operations occupations
Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes 12,380 31.81 66,160 26.27
Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products 15,550 22.86 47,550 20.60
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 138,630 23.72 49,350 20.28
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products 237,210 24.07 50,060 22.43
Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators 234,190 22.58 46,960 21.18
Insurance appraisers, auto damage 11,450 21.14 43,960 20.99
Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety,
and transportation 154,600 24.23 50,390 22.49
Cost estimators 184,620 25.03 52,050 23.22
Emergency management specialists 9,760 23.41 48,680 21.68
Employment, recruitment, and placement specialists 164,020 22.95 47,730 19.60
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists 86,450 23.86 49,620 22.53
Training and development specialists 199,460 22.83 47,490 21.23
Management analysts 423,880 35.19 73,190 30.09
Meeting and convention planners 32,980 20.47 42,570 18.78
Accountants and auditors 924,640 26.65 55,430 23.59
Appraisers and assessors of real estate 61,070 23.99 49,900 20.97
Budget analysts 55,560 27.56 57,330 26.21
Credit analysts 68,910 25.25 52,530 21.65
Financial analysts 165,420 33.67 70,040 28.87
Personal financial advisors 85,670 38.12 79,290 28.22
Insurance underwriters 96,890 25.56 53,170 22.75
Financial examiners 22,720 30.66 63,770 28.36
Loan counselors 30,810 18.12 37,700 16.09
Loan officers 237,150 26.73 55,590 22.43
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents 71,060 22.62 47,060 20.57
Tax preparers 50,410 15.69 32,630 12.76
Computer and mathematical science occupations
Computer and information scientists, research 23,210 40.64 84,530 39.23
Computer programmers 431,640 31.01 64,510 29.49
Computer software engineers, applications 392,140 36.42 75,750 34.87
Computer software engineers, systems software 285,760 37.69 78,400 36.65
Computer support specialists 482,990 20.50 42,640 18.96
Computer systems analysts 474,780 31.82 66,180 30.85
Database administrators 100,890 29.54 61,440 27.98
Network and computer systems administrators 237,980 28.43 59,140 26.95
Network systems and data communications analysts 148,030 29.84 62,060 28.42
Actuaries 14,680 41.22 85,730 34.86
Mathematicians 2,470 37.00 76,960 37.64
Operations research analysts 58,080 29.66 61,700 28.03
Statisticians 18,370 29.79 61,970 28.64
Mathematical technicians 2,180 19.87 41,320 17.57
Architecture and engineering occupations
Architects, except landscape and naval 91,010 31.18 64,850 27.86
Landscape architects 18,910 26.39 54,900 24.27
Cartographers and photogrammetrists 8,940 22.37 46,520 21.24
Surveyors 51,490 21.06 43,810 19.64
Aerospace engineers 70,740 36.54 76,000 35.83
Agricultural engineers 2,270 27.11 56,380 24.51
Biomedical engineers 6,980 32.20 66,980 30.61
Chemical engineers 32,490 36.66 76,250 35.46
Civil engineers 206,350 31.07 64,620 29.73
Computer hardware engineers 72,550 38.15 79,350 36.53
Electrical engineers 146,150 34.66 72,090 33.48
Electronics engineers, except computer 137,320 35.16 73,140 34.31
Environmental engineers 45,480 31.16 64,820 30.19
Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors 29,920 30.01 62,420 28.68
Industrial engineers 156,780 30.91 64,290 30.23
Marine engineers and naval architects 4,960 34.52 71,800 33.89
Materials engineers 23,120 31.19 64,870 30.25
Mechanical engineers 207,810 31.75 66,040 30.72
Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers 4,730 31.78 66,090 30.06
Nuclear engineers 16,010 41.12 85,520 40.18
Petroleum engineers 11,630 41.86 87,070 40.34
Architectural and civil drafters 97,800 18.84 39,190 18.12
Electrical and electronics drafters 33,720 21.56 44,840 20.06
Mechanical drafters 74,010 20.88 43,430 19.96
Aerospace engineering and operations technicians 13,900 25.91 53,890 25.33
Civil engineering technicians 90,060 18.89 39,290 18.30
Electrical and electronic engineering technicians 177,940 21.70 45,150 20.98
Electro-mechanical technicians 25,820 19.68 40,930 18.88
Environmental engineering technicians 17,630 19.01 39,530 17.88
Industrial engineering technicians 64,260 21.68 45,090 20.13
Mechanical engineering technicians 50,510 20.84 43,340 20.14
Surveying and mapping technicians 57,740 15.39 32,000 14.19
Life, physical, and social science occupations
Agricultural and food scientists 16,200 25.77 53,600 23.80
Biochemists and biophysicists 14,430 32.27 67,120 29.95
Microbiologists 14,110 27.49 57,190 25.21
Zoologists and wildlife biologists 12,880 24.57 51,100 23.72
Conservation scientists 13,780 25.08 52,160 24.63
Foresters 9,840 23.44 48,760 22.75
Epidemiologists 3,770 28.30 58,860 26.22
Medical scientists, except epidemiologists 60,830 32.38 67,360 28.47
Astronomers 770 40.90 85,070 42.45
Physicists 12,390 42.48 88,350 41.17
Atmospheric and space scientists 6,490 31.65 65,830 31.57
Chemists 82,600 28.11 58,460 25.79
Materials scientists 7,410 34.09 70,900 33.15
Environmental scientists and specialists, including health 61,660 25.23 52,490 23.46
Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers 26,090 37.73 78,480 32.91
Hydrologists 7,060 28.60 59,490 27.43
Economists 12,300 37.41 77,810 33.78
Market research analysts 142,190 29.65 61,670 26.28
Survey researchers 16,850 15.76 32,770 11.83
Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists 100,180 27.80 57,820 25.10
Industrial-organizational psychologists 1,330 34.26 71,260 30.98
Sociologists 3,060 28.16 58,570 26.16
Urban and regional planners 30,770 25.58 53,210 24.73
Anthropologists and archeologists 4,550 21.28 44,270 19.54
Geographers 700 27.26 56,690 27.33
Historians 2,350 21.78 45,310 20.14
Political scientists 4,840 38.93 80,980 39.12
Agricultural and food science technicians 15,990 14.87 30,920 13.81
Biological technicians 49,550 16.62 34,570 15.69
Chemical technicians 64,020 18.51 38,500 17.82
Geological and petroleum technicians 10,150 20.21 42,040 19.58
Nuclear technicians 6,970 28.64 59,570 28.47
Environmental science and protection technicians, including health 27,800 17.97 37,380 16.97
Forensic science technicians 8,830 21.43 44,580 20.18
Forest and conservation technicians 30,140 14.29 29,730 12.93
Community and social services occupations
Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors 65,170 15.95 33,170 14.99
Educational, vocational, and school counselors 214,360 22.59 46,990 21.46
Marriage and family therapists 22,150 19.33 40,210 17.71
Mental health counselors 83,450 16.48 34,280 15.05
Rehabilitation counselors 115,690 14.06 29,240 12.79
Child, family, and school social workers 256,160 17.64 36,700 16.25
Medical and public health social workers 103,270 19.10 39,730 18.48
Mental health and substance abuse social workers 96,990 16.88 35,120 15.88
Health educators 42,780 19.47 40,490 18.00
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists 86,810 20.00 41,600 18.64
Social and human service assistants 300,310 12.24 25,450 11.47
Clergy 38,170 17.76 36,950 16.25
Directors, religious activities and education 11,840 15.60 32,460 13.45
Legal occupations
Lawyers 516,220 51.83 107,800 43.98
Administrative law judges, adjudicators, and hearing officers 16,850 33.46 69,590 31.81
Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators 4,640 26.06 54,210 22.77
Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates 24,640 42.09 87,540 46.31
Paralegals and legal assistants 206,700 19.57 40,710 18.23
Court reporters 15,370 22.26 46,310 20.31
Law clerks 41,550 15.88 33,030 15.27
Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers 47,840 18.69 38,880 16.39
Education, training, and library occupations
Business teachers, postsecondary 68,260 (2) 62,450 (2)
Computer science teachers, postsecondary 34,470 (2) 56,210 (2)
Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary 41,880 (2) 55,510 (2)
Architecture teachers, postsecondary 5,270 (2) 64,300 (2)
Engineering teachers, postsecondary 28,990 (2) 74,630 (2)
Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary 11,260 (2) 66,780 (2)
Biological science teachers, postsecondary 51,780 (2) 68,880 (2)
Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary 2,660 (2) 66,740 (2)
Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary 8,420 (2) 68,370 (2)
Chemistry teachers, postsecondary 17,100 (2) 61,820 (2)
Environmental science teachers, postsecondary 3,620 (2) 62,960 (2)
Physics teachers, postsecondary 11,870 (2) 67,430 (2)
Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary 4,690 (2) 64,320 (2)
Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary 7,490 (2) 60,520 (2)
Economics teachers, postsecondary 11,420 (2) 70,590 (2)
Geography teachers, postsecondary 3,910 (2) 59,200 (2)
Political science teachers, postsecondary 12,320 (2) 62,880 (2)
Psychology teachers, postsecondary 27,250 (2) 59,180 (2)
Sociology teachers, postsecondary 13,990 (2) 56,830 (2)
Health specialties teachers, postsecondary 88,130 (2) 73,660 (2)
Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary 36,330 (2) 53,480 (2)
Education teachers, postsecondary 44,880 (2) 51,830 (2)
Library science teachers, postsecondary 4,110 (2) 53,660 (2)
Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary 9,610 (2) 49,180 (2)
Law teachers, postsecondary 11,470 (2) 91,420 (2)
Social work teachers, postsecondary 6,470 (2) 55,830 (2)
Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary 60,120 (2) 52,770 (2)
Communications teachers, postsecondary 20,420 (2) 52,400 (2)
English language and literature teachers, postsecondary 56,540 (2) 51,780 (2)
Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary 19,710 (2) 50,920 (2)
History teachers, postsecondary 18,110 (2) 56,550 (2)
Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary 15,890 (2) 53,600 (2)
Graduate teaching assistants 121,760 (2) 26,440 (2)
Home economics teachers, postsecondary 4,500 (2) 52,600 (2)
Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary 14,780 (2) 47,050 (2)
Vocational education teachers, postsecondary 121,090 20.80 43,270 19.10
Preschool teachers, except special education 368,870 10.67 22,190 9.53
Kindergarten teachers, except special education 162,660 (2) 42,380 (2)
Elementary school teachers, except special education 1,432,800 (2) 44,350 (2)
Middle school teachers, except special and vocational education 604,370 (2) 44,830 (2)
Vocational education teachers, middle school 17,430 (2) 44,930 (2)
Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational education 1,011,240 (2) 46,790 (2)
Vocational education teachers, secondary school 101,190 (2) 46,100 (2)
Special education teachers, preschool, kindergarten, and elementary school 207,530 (2) 45,920 (2)
Special education teachers, middle school 93,790 (2) 44,920 (2)
Special education teachers, secondary school 131,190 (2) 47,530 (2)
Adult literacy, remedial education, and GED teachers and instructors 62,510 20.47 42,570 18.10
Self-enrichment education teachers 136,680 16.15 33,590 14.34
Archivists, curators, and museum technicians 21,030 19.21 39,960 17.14
Librarians 153,330 21.89 45,520 21.22
Library technicians 108,940 12.29 25,570 11.65
Audio-visual collections specialists 8,970 16.80 34,940 15.67
Farm and home management advisors 12,010 20.10 41,800 19.20
Instructional coordinators 96,690 24.09 50,100 22.82
Teacher assistants 1,234,030 (2) 20,220 (2)
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations
Art directors 24,000 33.70 70,100 29.93
Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators 9,690 20.97 43,610 17.03
Multi-media artists and animators 32,910 25.42 52,880 22.08
Commercial and industrial designers 33,390 26.41 54,920 25.16
Fashion designers 11,270 30.12 62,650 25.42
Floral designers 69,730 10.00 20,810 9.45
Graphic designers 151,950 19.85 41,300 17.61
Interior designers 46,240 21.39 44,480 19.29
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers 59,150 11.99 24,940 10.59
Set and exhibit designers 8,060 18.78 39,070 16.90
Actors 51,840 (2) 48,940 (2)
Producers and directors 54,370 (2) 64,550 (2)
Athletes and sports competitors 11,840 (2) 90,410 (2)
Coaches and scouts 105,070 (2) 33,570 (2)
Umpires, referees, and other sports officials 8,790 (2) 27,820 (2)
Dancers 15,390 12.76 26,540 9.45
Choreographers 14,810 17.16 35,700 14.92
Music directors and composers 9,000 (2) 41,450 (2)
Musicians and singers 50,600 (2) 51,580 (2)
Announcers 49,370 14.25 29,640 10.07
News analysts, reporters and correspondents 60,230 19.27 40,090 15.02
Public relations specialists 147,970 23.19 48,230 20.48
Editors 108,990 22.83 47,490 19.93
Technical writers 44,690 26.15 54,390 24.80
Writers and authors 43,740 24.26 50,460 20.35
Interpreters and translators 21,910 17.22 35,820 16.10
Audio and video equipment technicians 37,370 16.88 35,110 14.81
Broadcast technicians 32,750 16.62 34,560 13.51
Radio operators 2,060 15.80 32,870 14.57
Sound engineering technicians 11,840 22.49 46,780 18.41
Photographers 57,740 14.23 29,590 12.04
Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture 21,430 18.34 38,140 16.51
Film and video editors 15,100 22.32 46,420 19.52
Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations
Chiropractors 20,210 39.72 82,630 31.72
Dentists 97,090 63.08 131,210 57.85
Dietitians and nutritionists 46,190 20.68 43,020 20.21
Optometrists 22,740 45.70 95,060 41.07
Pharmacists 215,030 37.80 78,620 38.72
Anesthesiologists 23,790 88.89 184,880 (3)
Family and general practitioners 111,990 67.13 139,640 64.11
Internists, general 50,140 76.99 160,130 (3)
Obstetricians and gynecologists 19,180 86.86 180,660 (3)
Pediatricians, general 26,910 68.90 143,300 64.50
Psychiatrists 19,530 66.97 139,300 64.41
Surgeons 49,730 91.48 190,280 (3)
Physician assistants 60,030 31.15 64,790 31.57
Podiatrists 7,800 51.17 106,430 45.22
Registered nurses 2,246,430 24.63 51,230 23.82
Audiologists 10,030 25.23 52,490 23.93
Occupational therapists 81,380 25.87 53,810 25.27
Physical therapists 134,970 29.02 60,350 27.75
Radiation therapists 13,990 30.83 64,130 26.06
Recreational therapists 22,860 15.82 32,920 15.32
Respiratory therapists 87,180 20.07 41,750 19.79
Speech-language pathologists 86,640 25.10 52,210 24.06
Veterinarians 43,890 36.00 74,880 31.13
Medical and clinical laboratory technologists 146,900 21.38 44,480 20.98
Medical and clinical laboratory technicians 146,160 14.88 30,940 14.24
Dental hygienists 146,360 28.13 58,520 27.10
Cardiovascular technologists and technicians 43,300 18.44 38,350 17.99
Diagnostic medical sonographers 37,240 24.39 50,740 24.02
Nuclear medicine technologists 17,550 26.57 55,260 24.79
Radiologic technologists and technicians 173,030 20.03 41,660 19.53
Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 181,750 12.95 26,930 11.75
Dietetic technicians 26,870 11.64 24,210 10.78
Pharmacy technicians 211,270 11.47 23,860 10.94
Psychiatric technicians 56,000 13.60 28,290 12.39
Respiratory therapy technicians 25,470 17.11 35,590 16.75
Surgical technologists 73,250 15.74 32,740 15.45
Veterinary technologists and technicians 53,730 11.76 24,470 11.22
Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses 682,590 15.97 33,210 15.57
Medical records and health information technicians 148,380 12.77 26,550 11.79
Opticians, dispensing 63,780 13.74 28,570 12.67
Orthotists and prosthetists 4,880 27.38 56,950 23.90
Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians 42,580 23.57 49,020 22.88
Athletic trainers 11,750 (2) 34,860 (2)
Healthcare support occupations
Home health aides 583,880 9.22 19,180 8.77
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants 1,341,650 10.12 21,050 9.85
Psychiatric aides 57,770 11.48 23,880 11.01
Occupational therapist assistants 18,940 18.04 37,530 17.98
Occupational therapist aides 6,060 12.21 25,390 10.95
Physical therapist assistants 52,440 17.67 36,750 17.60
Physical therapist aides 36,870 10.71 22,270 10.08
Massage therapists 29,940 16.49 34,310 13.78
Dental assistants 272,030 13.57 28,230 13.32
Medical assistants 362,670 11.99 24,940 11.62
Medical equipment preparers 37,140 11.66 24,260 11.23
Medical transcriptionists 97,810 13.59 28,270 13.26
Pharmacy aides 61,170 9.42 19,600 8.84
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers 64,490 9.28 19,310 8.66
Protective service occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers 33,760 23.00 47,850 21.88
First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives 101,740 30.39 63,200 29.98
First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers 59,000 28.24 58,750 27.40
Fire fighters 273,120 18.41 38,280 17.82
Fire inspectors and investigators 12,320 22.76 47,340 21.99
Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists 1,460 19.72 41,010 18.31
Bailiffs 16,760 16.81 34,970 16.57
Correctional officers and jailers 417,420 16.87 35,090 15.94
Detectives and criminal investigators 87,480 26.17 54,440 25.19
Fish and game wardens 6,850 21.41 44,540 19.90
Parking enforcement workers 9,870 14.22 29,570 13.55
Police and sheriff's patrol officers 609,960 21.62 44,960 21.16
Transit and railroad police 5,470 22.09 45,940 21.23
Animal control workers 12,290 12.93 26,900 12.38
Private detectives and investigators 30,460 16.87 35,080 14.62
Gaming surveillance officers and gaming investigators 7,560 12.51 26,030 11.86
Security guards 964,260 10.34 21,520 9.45
Crossing guards 70,820 9.86 20,510 9.07
Food preparation and serving related occupations
Chefs and head cooks 118,870 15.68 32,620 13.82
First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers 694,040 12.90 26,840 11.88
Cooks, fast food 612,960 7.23 15,030 6.95
Cooks, institution and cafeteria 406,010 9.31 19,350 8.80
Cooks, restaurant 734,870 9.62 20,020 9.26
Cooks, short order 227,360 8.30 17,260 7.90
Food preparation workers 852,890 8.34 17,340 7.92
Bartenders 470,020 8.14 16,930 7.23
Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food 2047,100 7.34 15,260 7.00
Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop 461,700 7.76 16,140 7.38
Waiters and waitresses 2,125,100 7.58 15,780 6.78
Food servers, nonrestaurant 194,260 8.28 17,220 7.65
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 393,500 7.38 15,350 7.01
Dishwashers 492,620 7.45 15,490 7.21
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop 294,300 7.77 16,170 7.40
Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of housekeeping and janitorial workers 203,770 14.90 31,000 13.78
First-line supervisors/managers of landscaping, lawn service, and
groundskeeping workers 95,450 17.71 36,840 16.23
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners 2,064,350 9.77 20,320 8.85
Maids and housekeeping cleaners 896,370 8.42 17,520 7.98
Pest control workers 58,500 12.75 26,510 12.01
Landscaping and groundskeeping workers 819,780 10.39 21,610 9.59
Pesticide handlers, sprayers, and applicators, vegetation 23,450 12.60 26,210 12.25
Tree trimmers and pruners 40,710 13.11 27,270 12.32
Personal care and service occupations
Gaming supervisors 26,280 19.64 40,860 19.31
Slot key persons 15,000 11.98 24,930 11.13
First-line supervisors/managers of personal service workers 110,630 15.67 32,590 14.18
Animal trainers 6,990 12.65 26,310 10.75
Nonfarm animal caretakers 85,440 9.08 18,890 8.26
Gaming dealers 76,120 7.86 16,350 6.83
Gaming and sports book writers and runners 15,820 10.04 20,880 9.05
Motion picture projectionists 10,450 9.98 20,750 8.24
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 109,290 7.94 16,520 7.07
Amusement and recreation attendants 236,070 7.89 16,400 7.23
Costume attendants 3,400 13.80 28,700 12.22
Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants 21,420 8.60 17,890 8.25
Embalmers 7,630 17.48 36,360 16.51
Funeral attendants 28,120 9.66 20,090 8.91
Barbers 17,570 11.16 23,210 9.73
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 335,860 10.49 21,810 8.99
Makeup artists, theatrical and performance 720 16.68 34,700 14.09
Manicurists and pedicurists 32,670 9.21 19,150 8.52
Shampooers 15,300 7.27 15,120 6.90
Skin care specialists 16,820 12.65 26,310 11.08
Baggage porters and bellhops 55,880 10.53 21,900 8.51
Concierges 16,710 11.31 23,520 10.48
Tour guides and escorts 27,390 9.71 20,190 9.04
Travel guides 5,450 15.17 31,540 13.24
Flight attendants 107,100 (2) 47,670 (2)
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters 28,580 9.99 20,770 9.05
Child care workers 469,150 8.37 17,400 7.90
Personal and home care aides 487,200 8.18 17,020 7.91
Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors 177,790 14.71 30,590 11.78
Recreation workers 265,640 10.12 21,040 8.94
Residential advisors 49,650 10.89 22,650 10.06
Sales and related occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers 1,175,310 17.10 35,560 14.75
First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers 327,180 32.46 67,520 26.78
Cashiers 3,462,010 8.14 16,940 7.58
Gaming change persons and booth cashiers 30,760 9.84 20,470 9.63
Counter and rental clerks 442,310 9.95 20,690 8.48
Parts salespersons 236,090 13.04 27,120 11.78
Retail salespersons 3,992,930 10.70 22,260 8.70
Advertising sales agents 141,340 23.26 48,390 18.58
Insurance sales agents 277,120 25.85 53,770 19.25
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents 245,280 40.94 85,150 29.10
Travel agents 103,840 14.00 29,110 13.05
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific
products 390,080 31.42 65,360 27.46
Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical
and scientific products 1,421,660 25.23 52,480 21.09
Demonstrators and product promoters 95,300 12.07 25,110 9.74
Models 1,560 14.89 30,980 11.67
Real estate brokers 40,590 33.62 69,920 23.91
Real estate sales agents 123,490 21.61 44,950 15.68
Sales engineers 73,200 34.85 72,490 32.59
Telemarketers 404,150 10.86 22,590 9.55
Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers 21,600 13.97 29,050 11.67
Office and administrative support occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers 1,412,470 20.46 42,550 18.99
Switchboard operators, including answering service 217,700 10.69 22,230 10.27
Telephone operators 45,310 14.31 29,770 13.48
Bill and account collectors 417,100 13.74 28,580 12.98
Billing and posting clerks and machine operators 487,420 13.13 27,310 12.64
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,750,680 13.93 28,980 13.35
Gaming cage workers 18,370 10.94 22,760 10.61
Payroll and timekeeping clerks 194,330 14.75 30,670 14.22
Procurement clerks 72,820 14.79 30,770 14.49
Tellers 538,890 10.07 20,940 9.94
Brokerage clerks 75,380 17.46 36,310 16.39
Correspondence clerks 27,460 13.49 28,050 12.88
Court, municipal, and license clerks 100,310 14.15 29,430 13.20
Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks 73,860 14.22 29,580 13.08
Customer service representatives 1,902,850 13.73 28,560 12.74
Eligibility interviewers, government programs 89,410 16.23 33,750 15.87
File clerks 249,270 10.43 21,690 9.84
Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 180,410 8.77 18,240 8.39
Interviewers, except eligibility and loan 190,160 11.44 23,790 10.86
Library assistants, clerical 109,900 10.23 21,280 9.58
Loan interviewers and clerks 179,080 14.34 29,830 13.62
New accounts clerks 105,300 13.17 27,400 12.47
Order clerks 303,320 12.77 26,560 12.05
Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping 165,760 15.44 32,120 14.93
Receptionists and information clerks 1,058,790 10.65 22,150 10.25
Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 165,990 14.00 29,130 12.60
Cargo and freight agents 61,770 16.29 33,880 15.38
Couriers and messengers 118,210 10.00 20,790 9.39
Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers 89,620 14.27 29,690 13.60
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance 161,790 15.80 32,870 14.61
Meter readers, utilities 51,790 14.67 30,510 13.80
Postal service clerks 78,520 18.83 39,170 19.13
Postal service mail carriers 344,580 18.87 39,240 19.05
Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators 224,250 17.79 37,010 18.78
Production, planning, and expediting clerks 277,030 17.32 36,030 16.74
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 767,470 12.11 25,200 11.38
Stock clerks and order fillers 1,576,620 10.33 21,490 9.38
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 77,770 13.07 27,180 11.80
Executive secretaries and administrative assistants 1,418,640 17.22 35,810 16.39
Legal secretaries 264,080 17.87 37,170 17.15
Medical secretaries 349,370 13.08 27,210 12.50
Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive 1,845,860 12.76 26,540 12.22
Computer operators 160,170 15.32 31,870 14.41
Data entry keyers 339,010 11.34 23,590 10.86
Word processors and typists 191,180 13.65 28,400 13.05
Desktop publishers 33,590 16.15 33,590 15.19
Insurance claims and policy processing clerks 239,580 14.33 29,800 13.71
Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service 152,360 10.91 22,700 10.47
Office clerks, general 2,926,160 11.43 23,780 10.80
Office machine operators, except computer 90,470 11.42 23,760 10.68
Proofreaders and copy markers 24,700 12.76 26,550 11.77
Statistical assistants 20,970 15.11 31,430 14.37
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers 20,620 18.14 37,730 16.76
Farm labor contractors 3,340 10.29 21,390 7.79
Agricultural inspectors 13,670 15.09 31,390 13.83
Animal breeders 1,750 14.25 29,640 12.02
Graders and sorters, agricultural products 51,210 8.53 17,740 7.78
Agricultural equipment operators 21,330 9.47 19,690 8.59
Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse 233,450 8.02 16,670 7.43
Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals 42,890 8.84 18,390 8.12
Forest and conservation workers 9,170 11.24 23,380 9.58
Fallers 9,620 15.31 31,850 13.46
Logging equipment operators 28,190 13.52 28,130 13.00
Log graders and scalers 4,900 13.94 28,990 13.01
Construction and extraction occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers 516,540 25.06 52,130 23.43
Boilermakers 20,270 20.92 43,510 20.79
Brickmasons and blockmasons 107,900 20.36 42,350 19.98
Stonemasons 13,710 17.36 36,110 16.35
Carpenters 852,080 17.75 36,920 16.47
Carpet installers 37,720 17.00 35,360 15.82
Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles 15,070 17.19 35,760 16.75
Floor sanders and finishers 6,700 14.14 29,420 13.08
Tile and marble setters 36,900 17.95 37,340 17.12
Cement masons and concrete finishers 180,540 16.23 33,760 14.80
Terrazzo workers and finishers 6,140 14.64 30,460 13.32
Construction laborers 837,650 13.64 28,380 11.86
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 57,980 15.86 32,980 14.06
Pile-driver operators 4,390 22.72 47,260 23.16
Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators 343,640 18.39 38,260 16.84
Drywall and ceiling tile installers 111,970 17.56 36,530 16.19
Tapers 33,540 19.33 40,200 18.81
Electricians 584,010 21.20 44,090 20.04
Glaziers 46,230 17.16 35,690 15.53
Insulation workers 52,170 15.83 32,940 14.04
Painters, construction and maintenance 247,880 15.36 31,960 14.12
Paperhangers 8,910 16.45 34,220 15.40
Pipelayers 51,940 15.38 32,000 13.73
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 433,600 20.89 43,450 19.69
Plasterers and stucco masons 53,530 17.17 35,720 15.90
Reinforcing iron and rebar workers 30,250 18.91 39,330 16.80
Roofers 118,390 15.78 32,820 14.43
Sheet metal workers 189,590 18.16 37,780 16.83
Structural iron and steel workers 70,420 20.49 42,610 19.58
Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters 59,890 12.99 27,010 11.64
Helpers--carpenters 98,180 10.93 22,740 10.37
Helpers--electricians 93,520 12.01 24,980 11.27
Helpers--painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons 29,130 10.97 22,820 9.81
Helpers--pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 77,580 11.50 23,920 10.77
Helpers--roofers 21,490 10.64 22,140 9.96
Construction and building inspectors 79,720 21.36 44,430 20.50
Elevator installers and repairers 21,470 26.86 55,860 26.90
Fence erectors 22,550 12.18 25,340 10.85
Hazardous materials removal workers 36,590 17.30 35,970 15.72
Highway maintenance workers 140,450 14.21 29,550 13.77
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 11,170 16.91 35,170 17.29
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 16,310 14.26 29,670 13.45
Segmental pavers 1,710 14.30 29,740 12.76
Derrick operators, oil and gas 15,080 15.58 32,400 14.69
Rotary drill operators, oil and gas 14,830 17.99 37,420 16.78
Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining 12,640 15.93 33,140 14.41
Earth drillers, except oil and gas 19,970 16.46 34,230 15.65
Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters 5,140 17.52 36,450 16.97
Continuous mining machine operators 7,610 17.18 35,730 17.17
Mine cutting and channeling machine operators 4,460 17.49 36,370 17.56
Rock splitters, quarry 3,240 13.76 28,620 12.88
Roof bolters, mining 3,980 18.49 38,460 18.54
Roustabouts, oil and gas 32,720 11.84 24,640 10.70
Helpers--extraction workers 28,860 13.21 27,480 12.63
Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers 445,520 24.53 51,020 23.37
Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers 144,370 16.98 35,310 16.24
Radio mechanics 6,890 18.80 39,100 17.82
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers 195,500 22.31 46,400 23.19
Avionics technicians 21,420 20.98 43,630 20.73
Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers 26,070 16.19 33,660 15.53
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment 17,370 18.91 39,330 18.89
Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment 83,820 19.96 41,520 20.29
Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay 20,700 24.28 50,500 25.02
Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles 14,590 13.64 28,360 12.64
Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers 33,340 14.10 29,330 13.14
Security and fire alarm systems installers 46,850 16.81 34,960 16.00
Aircraft mechanics and service technicians 117,180 21.37 44,460 20.94
Automotive body and related repairers 173,590 17.19 35,760 15.93
Automotive glass installers and repairers 18,550 13.61 28,320 13.06
Automotive service technicians and mechanics 690,780 16.02 33,320 14.97
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 248,450 17.27 35,930 16.81
Farm equipment mechanics 33,310 13.58 28,240 13.21
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines 115,090 18.07 37,590 17.69
Rail car repairers 15,810 18.52 38,530 19.04
Motorboat mechanics 18,890 14.63 30,420 14.02
Motorcycle mechanics 13,690 14.06 29,250 13.29
Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics 24,740 12.46 25,920 11.93
Bicycle repairers 6,870 9.99 20,780 9.63
Recreational vehicle service technicians 12,520 13.83 28,770 13.11
Tire repairers and changers 82,340 10.72 22,300 10.02
Mechanical door repairers 10,860 15.75 32,760 14.24
Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door 37,840 20.34 42,310 20.45
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers 212,200 17.69 36,790 16.90
Home appliance repairers 37,510 15.17 31,550 14.37
Industrial machinery mechanics 192,300 19.06 39,640 18.48
Maintenance and repair workers, general 1,230,880 15.05 31,300 14.33
Maintenance workers, machinery 89,160 16.41 34,130 15.86
Millwrights 64,910 20.74 43,150 20.38
Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons 3,390 18.29 38,030 17.74
Electrical power-line installers and repairers 95,190 22.82 47,460 23.54
Telecommunications line installers and repairers 148,060 19.02 39,560 19.01
Camera and photographic equipment repairers 4,640 15.81 32,890 15.01
Medical equipment repairers 23,500 18.91 39,330 18.25
Musical instrument repairers and tuners 5,550 16.10 33,490 13.89
Watch repairers 3,700 14.68 30,540 13.16
Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers 35,370 13.77 28,650 13.36
Commercial divers 2,690 18.27 38,000 16.48
Fabric menders, except garment 1,720 14.14 29,410 12.70
Locksmiths and safe repairers 19,340 14.68 30,540 13.83
Manufactured building and mobile home installers 13,160 11.65 24,230 11.23
Riggers 12,550 17.07 35,510 16.25
Signal and track switch repairers 8,680 21.32 44,350 21.01
Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers 148,890 11.25 23,400 10.21
Production occupations
First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers 705,270 22.45 46,690 21.02
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers 26,150 18.23 37,920 18.60
Coil winders, tapers, and finishers 33,590 12.17 25,320 11.48
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers 245,700 12.20 25,380 11.28
Electromechanical equipment assemblers 54,690 13.09 27,230 12.52
Engine and other machine assemblers 50,410 16.31 33,920 15.58
Structural metal fabricators and fitters 85,330 14.60 30,380 13.94
Fiberglass laminators and fabricators 31,820 12.30 25,580 11.87
Team assemblers 1,138,100 12.10 25,160 11.14
Timing device assemblers, adjusters, and calibrators 5,280 13.55 28,180 12.79
Bakers 157,110 10.86 22,600 10.09
Butchers and meat cutters 132,370 13.07 27,180 12.30
Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers 150,440 9.17 19,060 8.69
Slaughterers and meat packers 122,490 9.94 20,680 9.82
Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders 17,800 12.79 26,600 11.89
Food batchmakers 74,650 11.24 23,390 10.53
Food cooking machine operators and tenders 34,480 10.99 22,860 10.31
Computer-controlled machine tool operators, metal and plastic 126,150 14.74 30,650 14.14
Numerical tool and process control programmers 17,820 19.24 40,020 18.43
Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 93,600 13.08 27,210 12.72
Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 41,230 14.28 29,700 13.10
Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 42,090 14.44 30,040 13.88
Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic 260,560 12.70 26,410 12.12
Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plast 48,730 14.22 29,570 13.29
Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic 97,660 13.83 28,770 12.80
Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 70,300 15.04 31,290 14.57
Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 28,580 14.91 31,020 14.48
Machinists 368,740 16.30 33,900 15.91
Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders 17,810 15.65 32,550 15.24
Pourers and casters, metal 12,770 14.33 29,810 13.64
Model makers, metal and plastic 7,900 20.98 43,630 20.90
Patternmakers, metal and plastic 6,090 18.19 37,830 17.45
Foundry mold and coremakers 20,770 14.01 29,130 13.05
Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic 144,140 12.36 25,720 11.51
Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 100,320 15.20 31,620 13.97
Tool and die makers 104,210 21.10 43,900 20.67
Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers 354,300 15.06 31,330 14.25
Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders 53,750 15.18 31,580 13.99
Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 27,290 14.39 29,930 13.63
Lay-out workers, metal and plastic 12,540 16.08 33,450 15.37
Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 40,800 13.00 27,030 12.34
Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 22,320 15.02 31,250 14.22
Bindery workers 81,840 11.81 24,570 10.82
Bookbinders 6,550 14.74 30,660 13.87
Job printers 54,790 15.65 32,560 14.83
Prepress technicians and workers 82,970 15.95 33,170 15.22
Printing machine operators 189,900 14.93 31,050 14.11
Laundry and dry-cleaning workers 217,820 8.64 17,960 8.14
Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials 87,500 8.61 17,900 8.27
Sewing machine operators 265,200 9.12 18,960 8.51
Shoe and leather workers and repairers 8,090 9.98 20,750 9.40
Shoe machine operators and tenders 6,020 10.24 21,300 9.89
Sewers, hand 18,790 9.57 19,900 8.65
Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers 32,150 11.62 24,170 10.51
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders 24,280 10.56 21,960 10.30
Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders 32,170 10.47 21,770 9.87
Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders 47,720 11.42 23,740 11.37
Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tender 60,550 11.08 23,040 10.62
Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, syntheti
and glass fibers 26,700 13.68 28,460 13.55
Fabric and apparel patternmakers 10,310 16.30 33,910 13.72
Upholsterers 39,660 12.97 26,980 12.18
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 126,350 12.56 26,120 11.81
Furniture finishers 28,770 11.82 24,590 11.13
Model makers, wood 3,820 14.19 29,520 12.24
Patternmakers, wood 3,470 14.93 31,060 14.25
Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood 55,130 11.12 23,130 10.65
Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing 89,410 11.28 23,470 10.76
Nuclear power reactor operators 3,710 29.99 62,380 29.72
Power distributors and dispatchers 10,270 26.73 55,590 26.45
Power plant operators 33,250 24.15 50,220 24.45
Stationary engineers and boiler operators 48,880 21.32 44,340 20.87
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators 95,870 16.89 35,130 16.30
Chemical plant and system operators 56,270 21.10 43,880 21.18
Gas plant operators 11,180 23.53 48,940 23.45
Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers 40,980 22.97 47,780 24.02
Chemical equipment operators and tenders 59,720 18.75 39,000 18.62
Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators,
and tenders 37,360 15.99 33,260 15.25
Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders 43,320 13.57 28,230 12.96
Grinding and polishing workers, hand 43,910 12.03 25,030 11.10
Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders 106,610 13.94 28,990 13.43
Cutters and trimmers, hand 30,110 12.01 24,980 10.79
Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders 70,960 13.06 27,170 12.53
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tend 73,990 13.84 28,780 13.05
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders 30,320 14.63 30,430 13.95
Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers 497,300 14.65 30,470 13.34
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers 30,360 14.48 30,120 13.06
Dental laboratory technicians 45,480 15.40 32,030 14.10
Medical appliance technicians 11,270 14.82 30,820 13.41
Ophthalmic laboratory technicians 30,300 11.42 23,760 10.67
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 400,680 11.40 23,700 10.45
Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders 93,110 13.06 27,160 12.37
Painters, transportation equipment 46,600 17.56 36,520 16.39
Painting, coating, and decorating workers 29,590 11.36 23,640 10.41
Photographic process workers 27,170 11.19 23,280 9.79
Photographic processing machine operators 54,750 10.14 21,100 9.11
Semiconductor processors 50,160 14.14 29,410 13.29
Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders 25,390 11.98 24,920 11.24
Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders 17,590 11.99 24,950 11.07
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 7,920 11.46 23,830 10.31
Etchers and engravers 8,800 11.94 24,840 10.69
Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic 37,600 12.70 26,420 11.91
Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders 109,600 14.29 29,720 13.91
Tire builders 14,830 17.59 36,590 19.01
Helpers--production workers 452,700 10.09 20,980 9.42
Transportation and material moving occupations
Aircraft cargo handling supervisors 9,440 19.63 40,830 17.64
First-line supervisors/managers of helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand 154,750 19.19 39,920 18.16
First-line supervisors/managers of transportation and material-moving machine
and vehicle operators 214,030 22.58 46,960 21.08
Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers 79,770 (2) 129,880 (2)
Commercial pilots 19,980 (2) 57,950 (2)
Air traffic controllers 23,040 44.83 93,240 46.28
Airfield operations specialists 5,660 20.85 43,380 18.79
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 17,650 9.73 20,230 9.14
Bus drivers, transit and intercity 194,400 14.98 31,160 14.29
Bus drivers, school 467,840 11.05 22,990 10.86
Driver/sales workers 380,120 11.38 23,660 9.79
Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer 1,528,630 16.51 34,330 16.01
Truck drivers, light or delivery services 943,840 12.76 26,530 11.58
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 131,570 10.22 21,260 9.14
Locomotive engineers 30,450 24.60 51,160 22.11
Locomotive firers 680 21.67 45,080 22.75
Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers 5,680 19.30 40,140 18.01
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 13,850 23.10 48,040 21.59
Railroad conductors and yardmasters 34,720 24.36 50,670 21.31
Subway and streetcar operators 9,880 22.13 46,020 22.97
Sailors and marine oilers 27,570 15.36 31,950 14.44
Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels 24,040 25.50 53,050 24.51
Motorboat operators 3,680 14.71 30,590 12.51
Ship engineers 8,900 26.39 54,900 26.01
Bridge and lock tenders 3,270 16.93 35,220 17.97
Parking lot attendants 113,490 8.50 17,670 8.00
Service station attendants 96,250 8.71 18,110 8.11
Traffic technicians 6,460 16.85 35,040 16.15
Transportation inspectors 27,890 23.67 49,240 23.84
Conveyor operators and tenders 58,780 12.56 26,120 11.87
Crane and tower operators 47,420 18.73 38,950 17.86
Dredge operators 3,030 14.17 29,470 13.37
Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators 68,740 16.59 34,520 15.46
Loading machine operators, underground mining 3,560 15.64 32,530 15.46
Hoist and winch operators 8,560 17.78 36,990 15.40
Industrial truck and tractor operators 604,350 13.46 27,990 12.68
Cleaners of vehicles and equipment 320,840 9.15 19,030 8.27
Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand 2,255,780 10.41 21,650 9.58
Machine feeders and offbearers 159,160 11.27 23,430 10.57
Packers and packagers, hand 901,890 8.85 18,410 8.14
Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators 6,190 21.20 44,100 20.97
Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers 12,260 18.60 38,680 18.00
Wellhead pumpers 8,560 15.73 32,720 14.89
Refuse and recyclable material collectors 138,480 12.51 26,030 11.56
Shuttle car operators 3,040 18.17 37,800 18.79
Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 16,210 17.13 35,630 15.90
(1) Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours;
for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the
reported survey data.
(2) Hourly wage rates for occupations where workers typically work fewer than 2,080 hours per year are not available.
(3) Represents a wage above $70.00 per hour.