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Technical information: (202) 691-6569 http://www.bls.gov/oes/ Media contact: 691-5902 USDL 01-415 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Wednesday, November 14, 2001 OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES, 2000 The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor announces the release of national employment and wage estimates for wage and salary workers from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey. Legal, management, and computer and mathematical occupations are the highest paying occupations. The OES survey is a federal-state cooperative program between BLS and State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs). The OES survey provides estimates of employment, average (mean) and median hourly wages, and mean annual wages for over 750 detailed occupations and for 22 major occupational groups, as defined by the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system. (See Technical Note.) Table A displays the number and percentage of detailed occupations within each major occupational group, as well as the level and distribution of employment and the mean hourly wage for each occupational group. The major group with the largest employment is office and administrative support occupations, with almost 18 percent of total employment. The next largest groups are sales and related occupations and production occupations, each with about 10 percent of total employment. The smallest occupational groups in terms of employment are the farming, fishing, and forestry occupations, legal occupations, and life, physical, and social science occupations. The highest paying major groups of occupations are the legal occupations group and the management occupations group. The occupational groups with the lowest mean wages are the food preparation and serving related occupations, farming, fishing, and forestry occupations, building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations, and personal care and service occupations. Table B shows that over half of all workers in these latter four groups earn less than $8.50 per hour. Management occupations and legal occupations were the two major groups where at least 20 percent of workers earned more than $43.75 per hour. Workers in the business and financial operations occupations, architecture and engineering occupations, life, physical, and social science occupations, community and social services occupations, education, training, and library occupations, healthcare practitioner and technical occupations, and installation, maintenance, and repair occupations groups were concentrated in the middle wage ranges, with over half of employment falling in these ranges. The OES survey estimates for 2000 are based on responses from establishments collected for 1999 and 2000, the first two years of SOC-based data collected in this 3-year survey. Employment estimates for 1999 were based on establishment responses for 1999 only and therefore aren't directly comparable with the 2000 survey estimates. - 2 Table A. Employment and wages by major occupational group, 2000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------| | | | Occupations | Employment | Mean Major occupational group |---------------------------------------|hourly | | Percent | |Percent | wage | Number | of total| Number |of total| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------Total..................| 770 | 100.0 |129,738,980| 100.0 | Management..................| 30 | 3.9 | 7,782,680| 6.0 |$32.78 Business and financial | | | | | operations................| 28 | 3.6 | 4,619,270| 3.6 | 23.30 Computer and mathematical...| 16 | 2.1 | 2,932,810| 2.3 | 27.91 Architecture and | | | | | engineering...............| 35 | 4.5 | 2,575,620| 2.0 | 25.99 Life, physical, and social | | | | | science...................| 39 | 5.1 | 1,038,670| .8 | 22.97 Community and social | | | | | services..................| 14 | 1.8 | 1,469,000| 1.1 | 15.82 Legal ......................| 9 | 1.2 | 890,910| .7 | 33.14 Education, training, and | | | | | library...................| 58 | 7.5 | 7,450,860| 5.7 | 18.22 Arts, design, entertainment,| | | | | sports, and media.........| 37 | 4.8 | 1,513,420| 1.2 | 18.58 Healthcare practitioner and | | | | | technical.................| 46 | 6.0 | 6,041,210| 4.7 | 23.07 Healthcare support..........| 15 | 1.9 | 3,039,430| 2.3 | 10.11 Protective service .........| 20 | 2.6 | 3,009,070| 2.3 | 14.80 Food preparation and serving| | | | | related...................| 16 | 2.1 | 9,955,060| 7.7 | 7.72 Building and grounds | | | | | cleaning and maintenance..| 9 | 1.2 | 4,318,070| 3.3 | 9.41 Personal care and service...| 33 | 4.3 | 2,700,510| 2.1 | 9.86 Sales and related...........| 21 | 2.7 | 13,506,880| 10.4 | 13.46 Office and administrative | | | | | support...................| 56 | 7.3 | 22,936,140| 17.7 | 12.64 Farming, fishing, and | | | | | forestry..................| 13 | 1.7 | 460,700| .4 | 9.07 Construction and extraction.| 58 | 7.5 | 6,187,360| 4.8 | 16.56 Installation, maintenance, | | | | | and repair................| 53 | 6.9 | 5,318,490| 4.1 | 16.23 Production..................| 112 | 14.5 | 12,400,080| 9.6 | 12.72 Transportation and | | | | | material moving ..........| 52 | 6.8 | 9,592,740| 7.4 | 12.32 --------------------------------------------------------------------------The OES survey estimates presented in this release are benchmarked to a fourth-quarter 2000 reference period. The 1999 wage data have been adjusted to the 2000 reference period by using the over-the-year wage changes in the most applicable national Employment Cost Index series. For further details, see the Technical Note beginning on page 4. The 2000 OES data for states and metropolitan areas will be available on the BLS Web site in late November. The national employment and wage data by industry also will be available on the Web site in late November. - 3 Table B. Wage distribution by major occupational group, 2000 (Percent distribution) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------| Wage range Major |-----------------------------------------------------------occupational |Under|$8.50 |$10.75|$13.50|$17.00|$21.50|$27.25|$34.50| Over group |$8.50| to | to | to | to | to | to | to |$43.75 Over | |$10.74|$13.49|$16.99|$21.49|$27.24|$34.49|$43.74| ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Management.......| 1.8| 2.4| 4.7| 8.4 | 12.0| 15.6| 16.5| 15.3| 23.5 Business and | | | | | | | | | financial | | | | | | | | | operations.....| 2.5| 3.4| 8.3| 16.5 | 21.3| 20.7| 14.4| 7.6| 5.4 Computer and | | | | | | | | | mathematical...| 1.0| 2.1| 4.4| 9.2 | 15.1| 20.9| 21.3| 16.1| 9.9 Architecture and | | | | | | | | | engineering....| 1.1| 2.5| 5.7| 11.0 | 17.0| 22.3| 20.4| 13.3| 6.7 Life, physical, | | | | | | | | | and social | | | | | | | | | science........| 3.7| 5.2| 9.5| 16.0 | 18.9| 18.8| 13.7| 8.0| 6.3 Community and | | | | | | | | | social | | | | | | | | | services.......| 9.9| 13.6| 20.0| 21.0 | 17.6| 11.5| 4.5| 1.3| .5 | Legal............| 1.9| 3.4| 7.0| 12.0 | 13.3| 12.2| 10.9| 10.6| 28.7 Education, | | | | | | | | | training, and | | | | | | | | | library........| 14.6| 9.1| 10.7| 16.7 | 18.6| 15.3| 9.0| 3.9| 2.3 Arts, design, | | | | | | | | | entertainment, | | | | | | | | | sports, and | | | | | | | | | media..........| 16.2| 11.4| 12.7| 15.0 | 14.6| 12.6| 8.3| 4.9| 4.3 Healthcare | | | | | | | | | practitioner | | | | | | | | | and technical..| 4.2| 6.4| 10.2| 16.0 | 21.6| 18.9| 9.9| 4.6| 8.3 Healthcare | | | | | | | | | support | 36.1| 30.2| 19.2| 10.2 | 3.2| .7| .2| -| Protective | | | | | | | | | service........| 24.7| 15.1| 13.5| 13.5 | 14.0| 11.2| 5.7| 1.8| .5 Food preparation | | | | | | | | | and serving | | | | | | | | | related........| 75.2| 13.8| 6.5| 2.9 | 1.1| .3| .1| -| Building and | | | | | | | | | grounds clean- | | | | | | | | | ing and | | | | | | | | | maintenance....| 52.4| 21.6| 13.3| 7.8 | 3.4| 1.1| .3| .1| Personal care | | | | | | | | | and service....| 56.9| 18.2| 9.3| 6.6 | 4.3| 2.4| 1.1| .7| .5 Sales and | | | | | | | | | related .......| 44.1| 14.4| 10.4| 9.1 | 7.4| 5.4| 3.7| 2.4| 3.0 Office and | | | | | | | | | administrative | | | | | | | | | support........| 20.2| 22.4| 22.7| 17.4 | 11.6| 3.9| 1.2| .4| .1 Farming, fishing,| | | | | | | | | and forestry...| 63.4| 14.5| 9.2| 6.9 | 3.7| 1.5| .6| .2| Construction and | | | | | | | | | extraction.....| 9.5| 14.1| 17.5| 18.7 | 17.1| 13.7| 7.1| 1.8| .6 Installation, | | | | | | | | | maintenance, | | | | | | | | | and repair.....| 9.8| 12.8| 16.6| 20.3 | 20.2| 14.0| 4.8| 1.1| .4 Production.......| 24.3| 21.7| 19.7| 15.4 | 9.9| 6.6| 1.9| .5| .1 Transportation | | | | | | | | | and material | | | | | | | | | moving.........| 31.8| 20.0| 16.9| 13.8 | 9.9| 4.8| 1.4| .5| .9 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - 4 - Technical Note Scope of the survey The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey is an annual mail survey measuring occupational employment and wage rates for wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments, by industry. The OES survey samples and contacts approximately 400,000 establishments each year and, over 3 years, contacts approximately 1.2 million establishments. The reference period for each year's survey is the fourth quarter of that year. The nationwide response rate for the 2000 survey was 78 percent for establishment units and 70 percent for employment. While estimates can be made from a single year or two years of data, the OES survey has been designed to produce estimates using the full 3 years of sample. (See Estimation Methodology section.) The full sample allows the production of estimates at fine levels of geographical, industrial, and occupational detail. Estimates from the 2000 survey, however, are based only on 2 years of data because of the conversion to the Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system in 1999. A brief description of this new classification system is provided below. The Occupational Classification System for 2000. In 1999, the OES survey began using the Office of Management and Budget's occupational classification system--the Standard Occupational Classification System (SOC). The SOC system is the first OMB-required occupational classification system for Federal agencies. The OES survey categorizes workers in one of about 770 detailed occupations. Together, these detailed occupations comprise 22 major occupational groups. The major groups of the SOC system are as follows: Management occupations Business and financial operations occupations Computer and mathematical occupations Architecture and engineering occupations Life, physical, and social science occupations Community and social services occupations Legal occupations Education, training, and library occupations Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Healthcare practitioner and technical occupations Healthcare support occupations Protective service occupations Food preparation and serving related occupations Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations Personal care and service occupations Sales and related occupations Office and administrative support occupations Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations Construction and extraction occupations Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations Production occupations Transportation and material moving occupations Military specific occupations (not surveyed in OES). For more information about the SOC, please see the BLS Web site at http://www.bls.gov/soc/soc_home.htm. - 5 BLS funds the survey and provides the procedures and technical support, while the State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs) collect the data. BLS produces cross industry and 2- and 3-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) industry estimates for the nation, states, and metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). BLS releases all cross industry and national estimates, and the SESAs release industry estimates at the state and MSA levels. The OES survey defines employment as the number of workers who can be classified as full-time or part-time employees, including workers on paid vacations or other types of leave; workers on unpaid short-term absences; salaried officers, executives, and staff members of incorporated firms; employees temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for whom the reporting unit is their permanent duty station regardless of whether that unit prepares their paycheck. The survey excludes the self employed, owners/partners of unincorporated firms, and unpaid family workers. Employees are reported in the occupation in which they are working, not necessarily for which they were trained. The OES survey currently uses the Standard Industrial Classification system to classify all establishments. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that processes goods or provides services, such as a factory, mine, or store. The establishment is generally at a single physical location and is engaged primarily in one type of economic activity. The scope of the survey includes establishments in SIC codes 07, 10, 12 to 17, 20 to 42, 44 to 65, 67, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78 to 84, 86, 87, and 89 and state and local government. This scope covers agricultural services; mining; construction; manufacturing; transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; services; and government workers. Data for the Postal Service (SIC code 43) and federal government are universe counts obtained from the Postal Service and the Office of Personnel Management, respectively. States' Unemployment Insurance (UI) files provide the universe from which the OES survey draws its sample. The employment benchmarks are obtained from reports submitted by employers to the UI program. In some nonmanufacturing industries, supplemental sources are used for establishments not reporting to the UI program. The OES survey sample is stratified by area, industry, and size class. Size classes are defined as follows: Size class Number of employees __________________________________ 1 1 to 4 2 5 to 9 3 10 to 19 4 20 to 49 5 50 to 99 6 100 to 249 7 250 and above __________________________________ UI reporting units with 250 or more employees are sampled with certainty across a 3-year period. Generally, one-third of the certainty units are sampled each year in each state. There are some states that sample more than one-third of their certainty units during one survey year. - 6 Concepts Employment is the estimate of total wage and salary employment in an occupation across the industries in which it was reported. The OES survey form sent to an establishment contains between 50 and 225 SOC occupations selected on the basis of the industry classification and size class of the sampled establishments. To reduce paperwork and respondent burden, no survey form contains every SOC occupation. Thus, data for specific occupations are collected primarily from establishments within industries that are the predominant employers of labor in these occupations. Each survey form is structured, however, to allow a respondent to provide information for each detailed occupation employed at the establishment; that is, unlisted occupations can be added to the survey form. Wages for the OES survey are straight-time, gross pay, exclusive of premium pay. Base rate, cost-of-living allowances, guaranteed pay, hazardous-duty pay, incentive pay including commissions and production bonuses, tips, and on-call pay are included. Excluded are back pay, jury duty pay, overtime pay, severance pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, employer cost of supplementary benefits, and tuition reimbursements. The OES survey collects wage data in 12 intervals. Employers report the number of employees in an occupation per each wage range. The wage intervals used for the 2000 survey are as follows: -------------------------------------------------------| | Wages Interval |------------------------------------------| Hourly | Annual ------------|-------------------|----------------------Range A | Under $6.75 | Under $14,040 Range B | $6.75 to $8.49 | $14,040 to $17,679 Range C | $8.50 to $10.74 | $17,680 to $22,359 Range D | $10.75 to $13.49 | $22,360 to $28,079 Range E | $13.50 to $16.99 | $28,080 to $35,359 Range F | $17.00 to $21.49 | $35,360 to $44,719 Range G | $21.50 to $27.24 | $44,720 to $56,679 Range H | $27.25 to $34.49 | $56,680 to $71,759 Range I | $34.50 to $43.74 | $71,760 to $90,999 Range J | $43.75 to $55.49 | $91,000 to $115,439 Range K | $55.50 to $69.99 | $115,440 to $145,599 Range L | $70.00 and over | $145,600 and over -------------------------------------------------------Mean wage is the estimated total wages for an occupation divided by its weighted survey employment. With the exception of the upper open-ended wage interval, interval L ($70.00 an hour and over), a mean wage value is calculated for each wage interval based on occupational wage data collected by the BLS Office of Compensation and Working Conditions. The mean wage value for the upper open-ended wage interval is its lower bound (Winsorized mean). These interval mean wage values are then attributed to all workers reported in the interval. For each occupation, total weighted wages in each interval are summed across all intervals and divided by the occupation's weighted survey employment. - 7 Annual wage. Many employees are paid at an hourly rate by their employers and may work less than or more than 40 hours per week. The annual wage estimates in this release are calculated by multiplying the mean hourly wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours per year (52 weeks by 40 hours). Thus, the annual wage estimates may not represent the actual annual pay received by the employee if they work more or less than 2,080 hours per year. There are workers in some occupations who are paid based on an annual amount, but generally do not work the usual 2,080 hours per year. Since the survey does not collect the actual hours worked, the hourly rate cannot be calculated with a reasonable degree of confidence from the annual wages. For this reason, the annual salary is directly calculated from reported survey data and only annual wage estimates are reported for these occupations. Occupations that typically have a work year of less than 2,080 hours include musical and entertainment occupations, pilots and flight attendants, and teachers. Hourly versus annual wage reporting. For each occupation, respondents are asked to report the number of employees paid within specific wage intervals. The intervals are defined both as hourly rates and the corresponding annual rates, where the annual rates are constructed by multiplying the hourly wage rate for the interval by the typical work year of 2,080 hours. In reporting, the respondent can reference either the hourly or the annual rate, but is instructed to report the hourly rate for part-time workers. Estimation methodology The OES survey samples approximately 400,000 establishments each year and, over a 3-year period, contacts approximately 1.2 million establishments. Each single-year sample represents a one-third sample of both the certainty and non-certainty strata for the full 3-year sample plan. While estimates can be made from a single year or for 2 years of data, as was done for the 2000 data released here, the OES survey has been designed to produce estimates using the full 3 years of data. The full 3-year sample allows the production of estimates at fine levels of geographical, industrial, and occupational detail, while estimates using any one year of data would be subject to a higher sampling error (due to the smaller sample size) and the limitations associated with having only 1/3 of the units from the certainty strata. Producing estimates using the 3 years of sample data provides significant sampling error reductions (particularly for small geographic areas and occupations); however, it also has some quality limitations in that it requires the adjustment of earlier years' data to the current reference period--a procedure referred to as "wage updating." Wage Updating. As noted above, combining multiple years of data has both statistical advantages and limitations. Significant reductions in sampling error can be achieved by taking advantage of 3 years of data, which covers over 70 percent of the employment in the United States. This feature is particularly important in improving the reliability of estimates for small domains in the population (that is, wage and employment estimates for detailed occupations in small areas). Combining multiple years of data also has been necessary to obtain full coverage of the certainty strata (that is, large employers with 250 or more employment). - 8 Starting with the 1997 estimates, the OES program has used the over-theyear fourth-quarter wage changes from the Bureau's Employment Cost Index (ECI) to adjust prior year survey data before combining it with the current year data. The wage updating procedure assumes that each occupation's wage, as measured in the earlier years, moves according to the average movement of its occupational division and that there are no major geographic or detailed occupational differences--and this may not be the case. The Bureau has conducted research over the past several years on the accuracy of the ECI wage-updating method versus other modeling approaches. Current research results support the continued use of the ECI wage-updating methodology. 2000 OES survey estimates. In 1999, the OES survey began using an occupational coding structure based on OMB's Standard Occupational Classification System. Therefore, 2000 OES survey estimates are based only on 2 years of data collected in the 1999 and 2000 survey. The 2000 estimates use the wage-updating methodology introduced in 1997, which uses the over-the-year fourth-quarter wage changes from the Employment Cost Index to adjust prior years' data before combining them with data from the current year. In addition, the 2000 estimates use the estimation methodology introduced in 1997, which uses a "nearest neighbor" imputation approach for nonrespondents and applies employment benchmarks at a detailed MSA by 3-digit industry and broad size class level. Reliability of the estimates. Statistics based on establishment surveys are subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. When a sample of the population is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimate of a characteristic may differ from the population value of that characteristic. The difference between the sample estimate and the population value will vary depending on the particular sample selected. This variability is measured by the sampling error (SE). If we were to repeat the sampling and estimation process using the same survey design, 90 percent of the intervals from the sample estimate minus 1.6 SE to the sample estimate plus 1.6 SE would include the population value. This interval is called a 90-percent confidence interval. The OES survey produces estimates of the relative standard error (RSE). The RSE is defined as the SE divided by the estimated value as computed from the sample. This statistic provides the user with a measure of the relative precision of the sample estimates. The SE may be obtained by multiplying the RSE by the sample estimate. RSE estimates are produced for both occupational employment and mean wage estimates. The employment RSE values are estimated using a subsample replication technique known as the Jackknife (random group) variance estimation method. The mean wage RSE values are estimated using a variance components model that accounts for both the observed and unobserved components of the wage data. In general, estimates involving many establishments have lower relative standard errors than estimates involving few establishments. If the distributional assumptions of the models are violated, the resulting confidence interval may not reflect the prescribed level of confidence. - 9 Future research. The expanded OES survey is a relatively new program, and BLS has a number of research efforts underway. Some areas of future research are given below. Collection methodology research--This includes research on electronic collection of data from employers as an alternative to the mail questionnaire. Estimation methodology research--An important research effort over the next several years will be the evaluation of the mean wage methodology for the upper open-ended interval. The identification of alternative modeling approaches may produce improved overall accuracy. Additional information The 2000 OES national data by occupation, comparable to data in table 1, will be available soon on the Internet (http://www.bls.gov/oes/). Users also may access each occupation's definition and percentile wages. The 2000 cross industry data for states and metropolitan areas will be available on the BLS Web site in late November. Industry staffing patterns at the 2- and 3-digit SIC levels also will be available from the Internet beginning in late November. These data will include industry-specific occupational employment and wage data. BLS also plans to release a bulletin displaying 2000 occupational employment and wage data for selected industries and areas in the spring of 2002. For additional information, contact the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics, Room 4840, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Washington, DC, 20212; telephone 202-691-6569 (e-mail: oesinfo@bls.gov). Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-691-5200; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Table 1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment Statistics survey by occupation, 2000 Occupation Employment Mean wages Hourly Annual(1) Median hourly wages Management occupations Chief executives General and operations managers Legislators Advertising and promotions managers Marketing managers Sales managers Public relations managers 519,890 2,221,590 52,750 93,420 202,100 344,180 68,000 $50.30 33.76 13.29 29.93 36.23 35.69 29.54 $104,630 70,220 27,650 62,260 75,360 74,230 61,430 $54.72 29.41 6.78 25.66 34.25 32.94 26.22 Administrative services managers Computer and information systems managers Financial managers Human resources managers Industrial production managers Purchasing managers Transportation, storage, and distribution managers 344,440 283,480 622,890 224,970 205,370 126,030 116,680 25.31 38.58 34.89 30.49 31.55 27.64 27.98 52,650 80,250 72,570 63,420 65,620 57,500 58,200 22.63 37.90 32.22 28.36 29.64 25.50 26.07 Farm, ranch, and other agricultural managers Construction managers Education administrators, preschool and child care center/program Education administrators, elementary and secondary school Education administrators, postsecondary Engineering managers Food service managers Funeral directors Gaming managers Lodging managers Medical and health services managers Natural sciences managers Postmasters and mail superintendents Property, real estate, and community association managers Social and community service managers 5,370 229,200 49,460 196,390 92,280 242,280 282,290 26,110 3,720 31,890 230,410 38,870 26,850 145,340 93,460 21.07 30.43 17.47 (2) 31.14 41.08 16.51 23.40 27.99 16.73 29.63 37.91 22.24 20.74 20.46 43,820 63,290 36,330 68,940 64,770 85,450 34,350 48,680 58,220 34,800 61,640 78,850 46,260 43,130 42,550 18.46 28.00 14.62 (2) 28.60 40.42 15.25 19.76 25.66 14.79 27.10 36.48 21.28 17.32 18.81 Business and financial operations occupations Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 6,600 17,910 137,040 30.81 21.49 20.48 64,080 44,690 42,590 27.42 18.06 17.89 Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators Insurance appraisers, auto damage Compliance officers, except agriculture, construction, health and safety, and transportation Cost estimators Emergency management specialists Employment, recruitment, and placement specialists Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists Training and development specialists Management analysts Meeting and convention planners 228,940 189,700 12,320 21.23 21.15 19.49 44,160 44,000 40,540 19.89 19.75 19.23 126,840 196,420 10,730 188,060 84,040 197,610 357,610 32,000 21.22 23.59 20.73 20.67 21.37 20.95 29.01 18.49 44,140 49,070 43,120 43,000 44,450 43,580 60,350 38,450 19.67 22.02 18.85 17.54 20.03 19.63 26.46 17.09 Accountants and auditors Appraisers and assessors of real estate Budget analysts Credit analysts Financial analysts Personal financial advisors Insurance underwriters Financial examiners Loan counselors Loan officers Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents Tax preparers 863,320 53,560 63,160 63,420 159,490 77,420 96,070 23,560 25,500 203,530 67,720 65,280 23.12 20.05 24.56 21.87 28.73 32.42 22.83 28.12 17.73 22.96 20.47 14.77 48,090 41,700 51,080 45,490 59,760 67,430 47,490 58,480 36,870 47,760 42,580 30,720 20.91 18.41 23.25 19.32 25.20 26.60 20.74 25.51 15.46 19.92 19.32 12.30 Computer and mathematical operations occupations Computer and information scientists, research Computer programmers Computer software engineers, applications Computer software engineers, systems software Computer support specialists Computer systems analysts Database administrators Network and computer systems administrators Network systems and data communications analysts 25,800 530,730 374,640 264,610 522,570 463,300 108,000 234,040 119,220 35.30 29.31 33.80 34.08 19.08 29.43 26.83 25.81 27.83 73,430 60,970 70,300 70,890 39,680 61,210 55,810 53,690 57,890 33.94 27.69 32.53 33.43 17.53 28.53 24.99 24.65 26.20 12,890 3,140 59,820 17,520 1,540 34.84 32.58 27.74 26.26 20.10 72,470 67,770 57,700 54,630 41,800 32.02 33.00 25.69 25.00 16.73 74,390 17,130 26.93 23.61 56,020 49,120 25.24 20.93 Actuaries Mathematicians Operations research analysts Statisticians Mathematical technicians Architecture and engineering occupations Architects, except landscape and naval Landscape architects Cartographers and photogrammetrists Surveyors 7,360 52,750 19.98 18.78 41,560 39,060 18.95 17.64 Aerospace engineers Agricultural engineers Biomedical engineers Chemical engineers Civil engineers Computer hardware engineers Electrical engineers Electronics engineers, except computer Environmental engineers Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors Industrial engineers Marine engineers and naval architects Materials engineers Mechanical engineers Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers Nuclear engineers Petroleum engineers 71,550 2,170 6,600 31,530 207,080 63,680 162,400 123,690 48,270 42,800 171,810 4,680 24,430 207,300 6,690 12,610 10,250 33.19 28.29 29.36 32.29 28.07 33.70 31.89 31.97 28.70 27.08 28.80 29.57 29.05 29.26 30.96 37.87 38.42 69,040 58,840 61,060 67,160 58,380 70,100 66,320 66,490 59,710 56,340 59,900 61,500 60,420 60,860 64,390 78,770 79,910 32.66 26.85 27.63 31.71 26.80 32.36 31.21 31.17 27.78 26.26 28.16 29.27 28.41 28.23 29.24 38.15 37.94 Architectural and civil drafters Electrical and electronics drafters Mechanical drafters Aerospace engineering and operations technicians Civil engineering technicians Electrical and electronic engineering technicians Electro-mechanical technicians Environmental engineering technicians Industrial engineering technicians Mechanical engineering technicians Surveying and mapping technicians 92,610 38,470 69,620 19,850 89,200 244,570 40,770 17,530 65,220 58,490 51,640 17.84 19.43 19.39 24.00 17.84 19.81 18.57 17.55 21.31 19.93 14.61 37,100 40,420 40,330 49,920 37,110 41,210 38,630 36,500 44,330 41,460 30,380 16.93 18.37 18.19 23.37 17.30 19.24 17.38 16.35 19.67 19.03 13.48 21,050 13,440 15,880 11,710 12,980 9,890 2,480 35,570 26.29 28.40 25.50 21.94 22.99 21.62 24.82 30.49 54,680 59,070 53,040 45,630 47,820 44,970 51,630 63,430 25.08 26.07 23.51 21.15 22.67 20.98 23.27 27.79 910 8,990 7,290 35.37 39.90 28.01 73,580 82,990 58,270 35.82 40.06 28.13 Life, physical, and social science occupations Agricultural and food scientists Biochemists and biophysicists Microbiologists Zoologists and wildlife biologists Conservation scientists Foresters Epidemiologists Medical scientists, except epidemiologists Astronomers Physicists Atmospheric and space scientists Chemists Materials scientists Environmental scientists and specialists, including health Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers Hydrologists 82,320 8,660 54,860 21,810 7,240 26.10 30.28 23.12 30.01 27.64 54,280 62,980 48,090 62,420 57,490 24.07 29.14 21.24 27.04 26.64 13,680 99,030 25,210 103,120 1,280 1,360 28,850 4,140 660 1,880 4,250 33.56 27.21 16.44 24.28 33.22 24.16 23.36 18.87 23.48 20.25 37.92 69,800 56,600 34,180 50,510 69,090 50,250 48,590 39,250 48,840 42,120 78,870 31.17 24.61 12.60 23.23 32.15 21.96 22.36 17.33 22.45 19.16 38.96 15,260 41,660 74,240 11,120 4,110 24,630 6,150 15,510 14.34 15.85 17.83 19.11 29.79 17.23 18.95 15.01 29,820 32,970 37,080 39,760 61,970 35,830 39,410 31,210 13.02 15.16 17.05 17.55 28.44 16.26 18.04 14.22 Community and social service occupations Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors Educational, vocational, and school counselors Marriage and family therapists Mental health counselors Rehabilitation counselors Child, family, and school social workers Medical and public health social workers Mental health and substance abuse social workers Health educators Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists Social and human service assistants Clergy Directors, religious activities and education 56,080 188,000 19,420 65,780 104,850 266,570 103,390 79,740 43,670 80,500 260,910 30,980 13,610 14.47 21.08 17.66 14.61 13.06 16.12 17.50 15.50 17.61 19.35 11.46 16.23 14.38 30,100 43,850 36,730 30,390 27,170 33,530 36,400 32,240 36,640 40,240 23,840 33,760 29,900 13.71 20.24 16.66 13.25 11.75 15.13 16.73 14.50 16.28 18.34 10.74 15.27 12.98 Legal occupations Lawyers Administrative law judges, adjudicators, and hearing officers Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators 489,530 12,560 4,850 43.90 31.32 24.68 91,320 65,150 51,330 42.44 29.44 20.70 Economists Market research analysts Survey researchers Clinical, counseling, and school psychologists Industrial-organizational psychologists Sociologists Urban and regional planners Anthropologists and archeologists Geographers Historians Political scientists Agricultural and food science technicians Biological technicians Chemical technicians Geological and petroleum technicians Nuclear technicians Environmental science and protection technicians, including health Forensic science technicians Forest and conservation technicians Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates Paralegals and legal assistants Court reporters Law clerks Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers 25,190 179,330 15,810 29,190 40,000 37.85 18.65 20.06 15.17 16.32 78,720 38,790 41,730 31,550 33,940 41.71 17.00 19.07 13.71 14.40 Education, training, and library occupations Business teachers, postsecondary Computer science teachers, postsecondary Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary Architecture teachers, postsecondary Engineering teachers, postsecondary 61,860 27,770 37,660 4,620 26,940 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 58,160 51,260 51,410 52,680 67,540 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary Biological science teachers, postsecondary Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary Chemistry teachers, postsecondary Environmental science teachers, postsecondary Physics teachers, postsecondary 10,720 36,910 1,980 8,000 16,020 3,530 11,880 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 62,540 61,460 60,950 60,080 56,550 58,180 62,740 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary Economics teachers, postsecondary Geography teachers, postsecondary Political science teachers, postsecondary Psychology teachers, postsecondary Sociology teachers, postsecondary Health specialties teachers, postsecondary Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary Education teachers, postsecondary Library science teachers, postsecondary 4,400 4,070 11,530 3,570 10,820 24,000 13,760 78,680 35,870 41,180 4,160 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 58,620 56,990 63,860 56,670 56,920 55,170 50,890 67,140 49,130 48,310 52,140 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 8,480 9,500 6,570 55,160 18,450 50,560 18,380 16,630 14,000 129,270 4,380 14,050 115,080 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 19.61 44,760 75,530 50,970 49,170 48,900 47,790 48,150 52,280 50,070 24,170 50,350 43,810 40,790 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 18.35 Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary Law teachers, postsecondary Social work teachers, postsecondary Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary Communications teachers, postsecondary English language and literature teachers, postsecondary Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary History teachers, postsecondary Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary Graduate teaching assistants Home economics teachers, postsecondary Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary Vocational education teachers, postsecondary Preschool teachers, except special education Kindergarten teachers, except special education Elementary school teachers, except special education Middle school teachers, except special and vocational education Vocational education teachers, middle school Secondary school teachers, except special and vocational education Vocational education teachers, secondary school Special education teachers, preschool, kindergarten, and elementary school Special education teachers, middle school Special education teachers, secondary school Adult literacy, remedial education, and GED teachers and instructors Self-enrichment education teachers 357,220 155,530 1,409,140 561,200 19,010 933,800 103,200 208,970 87,790 116,760 53,250 125,960 9.66 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 17.45 14.94 20,100 40,230 41,980 41,890 40,810 43,030 43,240 43,700 41,730 44,100 36,300 31,070 8.56 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 16.12 13.44 Archivists, curators, and museum technicians Librarians Library technicians Audio-visual collections specialists Farm and home management advisors Instructional coordinators Teacher assistants 18,100 139,460 100,690 8,740 10,290 77,100 1,159,110 17.88 20.54 11.65 17.11 18.45 22.27 (2) 37,190 42,730 24,230 35,590 38,370 46,320 18,770 15.90 20.05 11.14 16.00 17.45 21.27 (2) 20,560 11,930 31,120 30.30 17.20 21.47 63,020 35,770 44,650 27.35 15.00 19.77 33,910 10,460 71,280 133,630 30,680 51,240 8,470 24.55 27.04 9.29 18.25 19.55 11.19 16.26 51,060 56,240 19,330 37,970 40,670 23,280 33,810 23.45 23.33 8.83 16.62 17.57 10.06 15.11 Actors Producers and directors Athletes and sports competitors Coaches and scouts Umpires, referees, and other sports officials Dancers Choreographers Music directors and composers Musicians and singers 63,500 46,750 9,920 68,220 7,820 20,900 10,860 6,660 52,180 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 13.44 15.42 (2) (2) 41,570 48,740 62,960 33,470 23,280 27,950 32,080 36,900 44,520 (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 10.80 12.99 (2) (2) Announcers 49,770 13.13 27,320 9.52 Art, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations Art directors Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators Multi-media artists and animators Commercial and industrial designers Fashion designers Floral designers Graphic designers Interior designers Merchandise displayers and window trimmers Set and exhibit designers News analysts, reporters and correspondents Public relations specialists Editors Technical writers Writers and authors Interpreters and translators Audio and video equipment technicians Broadcast technicians Radio operators Sound engineering technicians Photographers Camera operators, television, video, and motion picture Film and video editors Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations Chiropractors Dentists Dietitians and nutritionists Optometrists Pharmacists Anesthesiologists Family and general practitioners Internists, general Obstetricians and gynecologists Pediatricians, general Psychiatrists Surgeons Physician assistants Podiatrists Registered nurses Audiologists Occupational therapists Physical therapists Radiation therapists Recreational therapists Respiratory therapists Speech-language pathologists Veterinarians Medical and clinical laboratory technologists Medical and clinical laboratory technicians Dental hygienists Cardiovascular technologists and technicians 65,930 128,570 104,210 50,700 41,410 16,780 18.04 21.01 21.32 24.07 22.81 16.13 37,510 43,700 44,350 50,060 47,440 33,550 14.00 19.03 18.93 22.98 20.32 14.95 34,110 33,560 3,060 10,380 65,360 20,970 10,990 17.72 15.89 15.89 25.56 13.18 16.28 19.81 36,860 33,060 33,050 53,170 27,420 33,860 41,200 14.57 12.96 14.07 18.98 10.72 13.40 16.42 16,740 90,090 43,030 23,880 212,660 35.96 54.24 18.76 40.86 33.39 74,790 112,820 39,020 84,980 69,440 32.23 62.04 18.48 39.84 34.11 24,350 132,620 50,450 18,240 25,580 21,280 48,770 62.35 51.82 59.22 64.16 56.26 51.95 66.06 129,680 107,780 123,180 133,450 117,020 108,060 137,400 (3) 54.89 68.46 (3) 60.56 57.04 (3) 55,490 7,870 2,189,670 11,530 75,150 120,410 13,100 26,940 82,670 82,850 40,270 29.17 48.59 22.31 22.92 24.10 27.62 25.59 14.23 18.37 23.31 32.99 60,680 101,070 46,410 47,670 50,140 57,450 53,230 29,590 38,220 48,480 68,620 29.76 51.71 21.56 21.56 23.77 26.35 22.82 13.77 18.11 22.42 29.28 144,530 146,060 148,460 40,080 19.84 13.93 24.99 16.81 41,260 28,970 51,980 34,960 19.48 13.24 24.68 16.03 Diagnostic medical sonographers Nuclear medicine technologists Radiologic technologists and technicians Emergency medical technicians and paramedics 31,760 18,030 172,080 165,530 22.03 21.56 17.93 11.89 45,820 44,850 37,290 24,740 21.55 21.22 17.31 10.80 Dietetic technicians Pharmacy technicians Psychiatric technicians Respiratory therapy technicians Surgical technologists Veterinary technologists and technicians Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses Medical records and health information technicians Opticians, dispensing Orthotists and prosthetists Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians Athletic trainers 28,010 190,940 53,350 28,230 68,590 50,370 679,470 143,870 66,580 4,750 32,390 13,820 10.98 10.38 12.53 16.46 14.26 10.93 14.65 11.74 12.67 24.32 21.34 (2) 22,830 21,600 26,060 34,230 29,660 22,730 30,470 24,430 26,360 50,590 44,380 33,650 10.26 9.93 11.74 15.80 13.95 10.41 14.15 10.94 11.75 21.99 20.55 (2) 561,120 1,273,460 57,680 15,910 8,890 44,120 34,620 24,620 250,870 330,830 32,760 97,330 59,890 55,210 8.71 9.18 10.79 16.76 11.21 16.52 10.06 15.51 12.86 11.46 10.68 12.37 9.10 8.55 18,110 19,100 22,440 34,860 23,330 34,370 20,930 32,270 26,740 23,840 22,200 25,720 18,930 17,790 8.23 8.89 10.45 16.51 9.96 16.29 9.46 13.07 12.49 11.06 10.16 12.15 8.52 8.00 29,380 113,740 59,500 21.33 27.84 25.47 44,370 57,900 52,990 20.14 27.50 24.99 Fire fighters Fire inspectors and investigators Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists 251,060 11,900 1,040 16.95 20.58 15.82 35,260 42,800 32,910 16.43 20.01 15.45 Bailiffs Correctional officers and jailers Detectives and criminal investigators 14,000 405,360 87,090 15.85 15.71 23.96 32,960 32,680 49,830 14.99 14.99 23.50 Healthcare support occupations Home health aides Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants Psychiatric aides Occupational therapist assistants Occupational therapist aides Physical therapist assistants Physical therapist aides Massage therapists Dental assistants Medical assistants Medical equipment preparers Medical transcriptionists Pharmacy aides Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers Protective service occupations First-line supervisors/managers of correctional officers First-line supervisors/managers of police and detectives First-line supervisors/managers of fire fighting and prevention workers Fish and game wardens Parking enforcement workers Police and sheriff's patrol officers Transit and railroad police 7,730 8,040 571,210 5,760 21.14 12.67 19.52 19.98 43,970 26,360 40,590 41,560 19.20 12.37 19.13 19.41 8,060 28,700 11,550 1,104,400 72,830 11.76 14.74 10.82 9.36 9.19 24,450 30,650 22,510 19,470 19,110 11.06 12.86 10.20 8.45 8.37 Food preparation and serving related occupations Chefs and head cooks First-line supervisors/managers of food preparation and serving workers Cooks, fast food Cooks, institution and cafeteria Cooks, restaurant Cooks, short order Food preparation workers Bartenders Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop Waiters and waitresses Food servers, nonrestaurant Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers Shampooers Skin care specialists 122,860 624,180 527,500 414,100 642,060 192,030 847,810 379,990 2,159,940 445,480 2,008,760 199,600 435,500 13,140 13,420 13.73 11.83 6.78 8.68 9.08 7.92 7.78 7.77 6.84 7.23 7.09 7.77 6.95 6.97 11.26 28,550 24,600 14,100 18,060 18,880 16,480 16,180 16,150 14,240 15,030 14,750 16,170 14,460 14,490 23,420 12.07 10.91 6.53 8.22 8.72 7.55 7.38 6.86 6.52 6.72 6.42 7.07 6.53 6.58 9.65 Baggage porters and bellhops Concierges Tour guides and escorts Travel guides Flight attendants Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters 55,450 17,960 30,480 5,200 126,380 23,550 9.78 10.78 9.59 14.90 (2) 9.46 20,350 22,420 19,940 30,990 45,220 19,680 7.80 9.72 8.50 12.12 (2) 8.48 Child care workers Personal and home care aides Fitness trainers and aerobics instructors Recreation workers Residential advisors 398,090 371,280 157,230 245,720 42,630 7.86 7.67 13.82 9.32 10.38 16,350 15,960 28,750 19,380 21,600 7.43 7.50 10.96 8.24 9.65 1,269,870 322,560 3,338,840 38,770 15.47 27.33 7.56 9.06 32,170 56,850 15,730 18,850 13.23 23.54 6.95 8.79 Animal control workers Private detectives and investigators Gaming surveillance officers and gaming investigators Security guards Crossing guards Sales and related occupations First-line supervisors/managers of retail sales workers First-line supervisors/managers of non-retail sales workers Cashiers Gaming change persons and booth cashiers Counter and rental clerks Parts salespersons Retail salespersons 420,510 255,300 3,964,680 8.98 12.12 9.74 18,670 25,210 20,260 7.87 10.85 8.02 151,140 240,830 269,310 124,030 21.62 23.13 33.85 12.79 44,960 48,100 70,410 26,600 17.24 18.63 26.96 12.09 373,630 28.19 58,630 25.30 1,379,860 22.49 46,770 19.40 102,650 3,590 31,120 108,880 88,240 461,890 33,830 11.76 11.05 28.89 18.25 29.54 10.32 14.05 24,460 22,990 60,080 37,950 61,450 21,460 29,220 9.51 9.17 22.93 13.29 27.17 9.06 11.56 1,394,640 243,100 52,150 18.95 10.05 13.32 39,410 20,900 27,710 17.51 9.71 13.46 Bill and account collectors Billing and posting clerks and machine operators Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks Gaming cage workers Payroll and timekeeping clerks Procurement clerks Tellers 387,870 492,040 1,663,530 21,070 191,310 75,960 492,950 12.82 12.25 12.96 10.40 13.57 13.64 9.40 26,670 25,480 26,950 21,620 28,220 28,380 19,540 12.17 11.81 12.34 9.99 13.07 13.33 9.21 Brokerage clerks Correspondence clerks Court, municipal, and license clerks Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks Customer service representatives Eligibility interviewers, government programs File clerks Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks 80,150 38,560 97,630 82,980 1,907,890 106,570 264,720 175,150 16.19 12.09 13.36 12.70 12.75 14.54 9.49 8.22 33,680 25,150 27,780 26,420 26,530 30,230 19,730 17,100 14.93 11.61 12.57 11.81 11.83 13.65 8.99 7.87 156,340 95,100 10.75 9.32 22,360 19,380 10.02 8.65 Advertising sales agents Insurance sales agents Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents Travel agents Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific products Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and scientific products Demonstrators and product promoters Models Real estate brokers Real estate sales agents Sales engineers Telemarketers Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers Office and administrative support occupations First-line supervisors/managers of office and administrative support workers Switchboard operators, including answering service Telephone operators Interviewers, except eligibility and loan Library assistants, clerical Loan interviewers and clerks New accounts clerks Order clerks Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping Receptionists and information clerks Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks 140,040 88,390 351,580 172,070 1,054,300 199,700 13.40 11.71 12.08 14.13 9.99 12.57 27,870 24,370 25,130 29,400 20,780 26,140 12.70 11.10 11.35 13.63 9.63 10.87 Cargo and freight agents Couriers and messengers Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance Meter readers, utilities Postal service clerks Postal service mail carriers Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators Production, planning, and expediting clerks Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks Stock clerks and order fillers Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 64,320 130,210 82,050 167,180 48,950 80,730 354,980 231,770 330,120 864,530 1,771,780 79,480 14.63 9.63 12.83 14.62 14.02 18.31 17.71 14.81 15.64 11.22 9.93 12.62 30,440 20,030 26,680 30,410 29,150 38,080 36,830 30,810 32,520 23,340 20,650 26,250 13.73 8.96 12.38 13.66 13.32 18.75 18.47 15.42 14.71 10.52 8.75 11.36 Executive secretaries and administrative assistants Legal secretaries Medical secretaries Secretaries, except legal, medical, and executive 1,369,960 270,670 283,150 1,698,080 15.63 17.00 11.76 11.98 32,520 35,370 24,460 24,910 14.95 16.70 11.26 11.47 Computer operators Data entry keyers Word processors and typists Desktop publishers Insurance claims and policy processing clerks Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service Office clerks, general Office machine operators, except computer Proofreaders and copy markers Statistical assistants 186,460 458,720 257,020 35,460 266,650 182,460 2,674,710 86,380 27,800 22,050 14.15 10.66 12.22 15.72 14.72 9.96 10.72 10.77 11.89 14.22 29,430 22,170 25,420 32,700 30,620 20,710 22,290 22,400 24,730 29,570 13.30 10.24 11.88 14.71 13.47 9.54 10.16 10.00 10.76 13.40 21,350 8,290 12,210 1,680 56,210 23,230 215,150 36,270 9,990 16.72 8.95 14.72 12.11 8.00 8.66 7.21 8.18 10.45 34,780 18,620 30,620 25,200 16,640 18,020 15,000 17,010 21,730 15.43 6.82 13.75 10.28 7.11 7.68 6.64 7.61 8.97 Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations First-line supervisors/managers of farming, fishing, and forestry workers Farm labor contractors Agricultural inspectors Animal breeders Graders and sorters, agricultural products Agricultural equipment operators Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals Forest and conservation workers Fallers Logging equipment operators Log graders and scalers 9,910 34,180 5,470 14.59 12.47 13.81 30,350 25,930 28,730 12.33 12.07 13.07 502,010 25,280 108,590 10,100 858,890 38,010 12,300 7,610 27,870 169,550 4,510 821,210 56,330 4,320 333,200 118,280 35,440 22.95 18.26 19.78 15.57 16.88 15.88 15.90 14.95 17.58 14.92 15.76 12.95 14.47 19.99 17.39 17.11 18.60 47,740 37,980 41,140 32,380 35,100 33,030 33,070 31,100 36,580 31,020 32,790 26,940 30,090 41,570 36,170 35,580 38,680 21.53 17.80 19.37 14.98 15.69 14.46 14.81 13.17 16.49 13.50 15.06 11.15 12.88 19.85 15.99 15.80 17.81 Electricians Glaziers Insulation workers Painters, construction and maintenance Paperhangers Pipelayers Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters Plasterers and stucco masons Reinforcing iron and rebar workers Roofers Sheet metal workers Structural iron and steel workers 640,260 46,160 54,710 261,040 10,690 59,560 437,140 45,150 27,010 114,410 218,020 81,710 20.29 15.56 14.86 14.24 15.62 14.53 19.31 16.91 18.17 15.22 16.85 18.82 42,210 32,360 30,910 29,610 32,490 30,220 40,170 35,170 37,800 31,670 35,050 39,140 19.29 14.32 13.05 13.10 15.33 13.20 18.19 16.00 16.78 13.95 15.31 17.92 Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters Helpers--carpenters Helpers--electricians Helpers--painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons Helpers--pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters Helpers--roofers 58,090 99,170 112,820 26,910 85,320 24,160 12.39 10.37 10.93 10.28 10.79 9.77 25,780 21,570 22,740 21,380 22,450 20,320 10.95 9.91 10.27 9.28 10.21 9.35 68,690 25,100 18,370 19.10 22.23 12.02 39,730 46,240 25,010 18.63 22.78 10.53 Construction and extraction occupations First-line supervisors/managers of construction trades and extraction workers Boilermakers Brickmasons and blockmasons Stonemasons Carpenters Carpet installers Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles Floor sanders and finishers Tile and marble setters Cement masons and concrete finishers Terrazzo workers and finishers Construction laborers Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators Pile-driver operators Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators Drywall and ceiling tile installers Tapers Construction and building inspectors Elevator installers and repairers Fence erectors Hazardous materials removal workers Highway maintenance workers Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners Segmental pavers Derrick operators, oil and gas Rotary drill operators, oil and gas Service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining Earth drillers, except oil and gas Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters Continuous mining machine operators Mine cutting and channeling machine operators Rock splitters, quarry Roof bolters, mining Roustabouts, oil and gas Helpers--extraction workers Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations First-line supervisors/managers of mechanics, installers, and repairers Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers Radio mechanics Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers Avionics technicians Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers Security and fire alarm systems installers Aircraft mechanics and service technicians Automotive body and related repairers Automotive glass installers and repairers Automotive service technicians and mechanics Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists Farm equipment mechanics Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines Rail car repairers Motorboat mechanics Motorcycle mechanics Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics Bicycle repairers Recreational vehicle service technicians Tire repairers and changers 34,070 145,790 9,940 15,040 2,680 15.21 13.21 14.84 13.91 13.48 31,630 27,480 30,870 28,930 28,050 13.71 12.82 14.93 13.02 12.46 15,540 15,500 11,020 19,860 4,680 9,480 6,710 2,600 3,460 38,590 30,760 13.42 15.99 13.34 15.39 16.15 16.05 16.68 13.10 17.19 10.88 11.72 27,910 33,270 27,750 32,010 33,590 33,380 34,690 27,250 35,760 22,640 24,380 12.41 14.83 12.12 14.68 15.84 15.64 16.65 12.43 17.21 9.83 10.99 421,740 142,390 7,110 192,470 15,360 36,620 15,930 81,760 19,300 12,480 29,550 38,810 22.39 15.80 16.73 20.44 20.00 16.38 17.16 17.88 22.35 12.71 13.55 15.92 46,560 32,860 34,800 42,520 41,600 34,070 35,690 37,190 46,490 26,440 28,190 33,100 21.27 15.08 15.86 21.17 19.86 15.80 16.93 17.75 23.34 12.06 12.72 14.66 135,730 168,170 21,240 692,570 258,800 37,010 118,300 10,620 19,040 11,720 25,760 7,940 12,200 88,530 19.49 16.21 13.03 14.80 15.97 12.83 16.73 15.85 13.49 12.90 11.86 9.04 12.79 9.66 40,550 33,710 27,090 30,780 33,210 26,690 34,790 32,960 28,060 26,820 24,670 18,810 26,610 20,100 19.50 15.00 12.46 13.70 15.55 12.38 16.32 16.19 12.82 12.07 11.43 8.67 12.20 9.02 Mechanical door repairers Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers Home appliance repairers Industrial machinery mechanics Maintenance and repair workers, general Maintenance workers, machinery Millwrights Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons Electrical power-line installers and repairers Telecommunications line installers and repairers Camera and photographic equipment repairers Medical equipment repairers Musical instrument repairers and tuners Watch repairers Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers Commercial divers Fabric menders, except garment Locksmiths and safe repairers Manufactured building and mobile home installers Riggers Signal and track switch repairers Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers Production occupations First-line supervisors/managers of production and operating workers Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers Coil winders, tapers, and finishers Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers Electromechanical equipment assemblers Engine and other machine assemblers Structural metal fabricators and fitters Fiberglass laminators and fabricators Team assemblers Timing device assemblers, adjusters, and calibrators Bakers Butchers and meat cutters Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers Slaughterers and meat packers Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders Food batchmakers Food cooking machine operators and tenders 10,460 34,910 197,930 33,910 192,180 1,216,250 107,500 75,940 3,640 96,200 168,480 5,080 22,020 5,620 4,000 14.41 19.66 16.43 14.80 18.02 14.14 15.47 19.42 16.64 21.39 18.29 14.53 18.02 17.26 13.12 29,980 40,890 34,180 30,790 37,490 29,420 32,170 40,400 34,620 44,490 38,050 30,230 37,470 35,900 27,290 13.77 19.87 15.76 13.87 17.30 13.39 14.89 19.33 16.82 22.01 18.32 13.94 16.99 15.10 12.08 35,480 2,920 2,390 13,150 13,410 14,640 5,540 146,870 12.74 21.13 12.75 14.29 11.06 15.90 18.94 10.88 26,510 43,940 26,530 29,720 23,010 33,060 39,400 22,620 12.33 15.47 10.85 13.22 10.43 15.42 19.25 9.98 769,540 32,680 53,050 367,150 72,550 66,090 101,490 46,700 1,306,430 11,020 20.68 18.34 10.55 11.03 11.81 14.09 13.70 11.75 11.29 11.66 43,020 38,150 21,940 22,950 24,560 29,320 28,490 24,430 23,490 24,250 19.39 19.64 9.77 10.31 11.16 13.47 13.11 10.82 10.32 10.78 156,100 134,250 148,100 118,900 19,140 67,320 36,020 10.12 12.35 8.51 9.29 12.10 10.71 10.49 21,050 25,690 17,710 19,330 25,170 22,280 21,830 9.48 11.60 8.06 9.33 10.91 10.09 9.92 Computer-controlled machine tool operators, metal and plastic Numerical tool and process control programmers Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Machinists Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders Pourers and casters, metal Model makers, metal and plastic Patternmakers, metal and plastic Foundry mold and coremakers Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic 162,360 22,460 114,210 53,950 49,710 13.84 18.12 12.03 13.30 13.39 28,780 37,690 25,030 27,660 27,850 13.17 17.70 11.66 12.11 12.85 351,050 71,490 11.67 12.97 24,280 26,990 11.03 12.25 124,080 84,020 35,610 420,320 19,770 15,660 10,540 8,290 34,130 12.42 14.27 14.00 15.20 14.12 13.38 17.10 15.88 12.45 25,820 29,680 29,130 31,610 29,370 27,840 35,570 33,040 25,900 11.71 13.77 13.25 14.78 13.47 12.67 16.07 14.83 11.88 158,280 109,950 11.36 14.11 23,630 29,350 10.40 12.96 Tool and die makers Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Lay-out workers, metal and plastic Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners 131,080 413,720 69,670 35,840 16,770 54,760 28,360 20.07 13.98 14.30 13.47 15.22 11.82 14.22 41,740 29,080 29,730 28,020 31,650 24,580 29,580 19.76 13.13 13.09 12.64 14.27 11.23 13.22 Bindery workers Bookbinders Job printers Prepress technicians and workers Printing machine operators 102,020 9,080 50,070 104,920 214,880 11.14 12.89 14.37 15.31 14.47 23,180 26,810 29,880 31,840 30,090 10.05 11.42 13.61 14.57 13.57 Laundry and dry-cleaning workers Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials Sewing machine operators Shoe and leather workers and repairers Shoe machine operators and tenders Sewers, hand Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders 216,630 100,190 362,010 12,210 8,070 24,240 32,840 38,350 39,730 69,110 7.99 8.14 8.39 9.07 9.17 9.09 11.20 9.49 9.74 10.45 16,630 16,940 17,450 18,860 19,060 18,900 23,300 19,750 20,260 21,730 7.59 7.77 7.80 8.32 8.89 8.09 10.14 9.42 9.23 10.32 Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers Fabric and apparel patternmakers Upholsterers 82,320 10.12 21,040 9.89 36,350 14,890 42,410 12.68 14.32 12.30 26,380 29,790 25,580 12.66 11.57 11.42 132,630 36,870 4,900 5,420 54,330 99,410 11.60 10.95 13.31 14.50 10.71 10.44 24,140 22,770 27,680 30,160 22,290 21,710 10.83 10.34 11.70 13.59 10.23 10.00 Nuclear power reactor operators Power distributors and dispatchers Power plant operators Stationary engineers and boiler operators Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators Chemical plant and system operators Gas plant operators Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers 2,550 15,050 34,720 56,330 87,760 62,450 12,890 31,230 28.41 23.65 21.79 19.94 15.60 19.31 21.47 21.15 59,100 49,190 45,330 41,470 32,450 40,160 44,660 43,980 27.51 23.35 22.16 19.43 15.09 19.59 21.50 21.72 Chemical equipment operators and tenders Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders Grinding and polishing workers, hand Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders Cutters and trimmers, hand Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers Dental laboratory technicians Medical appliance technicians Ophthalmic laboratory technicians 60,380 17.46 36,310 17.21 36,110 45,010 48,610 111,480 34,340 82,450 76,370 31,800 571,220 31,030 40,580 11,480 36,980 13.77 12.60 11.53 13.05 11.07 11.98 12.57 13.60 13.47 13.91 14.04 13.44 10.45 28,650 26,200 23,990 27,150 23,030 24,920 26,150 28,300 28,010 28,930 29,200 27,950 21,740 13.09 11.99 10.48 12.58 9.78 11.48 11.94 13.13 12.22 12.66 12.94 11.97 9.88 Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders Painters, transportation equipment Painting, coating, and decorating workers Photographic process workers Photographic processing machine operators Semiconductor processors Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders 370,080 103,650 43,270 33,940 26,650 51,950 67,000 34,220 10.43 12.09 15.82 10.48 10.65 9.39 13.06 11.14 21,700 25,140 32,910 21,810 22,140 19,540 27,170 23,170 9.45 11.37 14.64 9.55 9.44 8.39 12.23 10.49 Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters Furniture finishers Model makers, wood Patternmakers, wood Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders Etchers and engravers Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders Tire builders Helpers--production workers 18,440 7,410 11,060 40,260 121,300 15,790 533,720 11.10 10.58 11.42 11.83 13.32 16.30 9.30 23,100 22,010 23,740 24,620 27,700 33,910 19,350 10.17 9.70 10.12 11.24 12.75 17.56 8.66 9,960 146,790 19.57 17.75 40,710 36,910 18.19 16.73 186,710 94,820 18,040 23,350 4,580 20.73 (2) (2) 38.20 17.31 43,120 99,770 51,370 79,460 36,000 19.37 (2) (2) 39.67 15.42 15,700 175,470 457,050 373,660 1,577,070 1,033,220 130,200 9.46 13.10 10.31 11.08 15.78 11.84 9.10 19,680 27,250 21,430 23,060 32,810 24,620 18,920 8.57 12.36 10.05 9.79 15.25 10.74 8.19 Locomotive engineers Locomotive firers Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators Railroad conductors and yardmasters Subway and street car operators 29,390 1,040 4,020 16,830 40,380 3,190 21.20 20.93 19.22 20.16 20.11 19.74 44,090 43,540 39,980 41,930 41,840 41,060 21.26 23.02 17.69 18.82 18.86 20.10 Sailors and marine oilers Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels Motorboat operators Ship engineers 30,090 21,080 3,540 7,370 13.94 23.30 14.61 23.12 29,000 48,450 30,400 48,100 13.52 22.84 13.83 22.85 4,790 116,930 106,010 4,590 26,520 14.60 7.69 7.87 16.19 21.25 30,370 15,990 16,370 33,670 44,200 15.59 7.15 7.35 14.82 21.68 62,250 55,770 11.50 16.99 23,920 35,340 10.70 15.89 Transportation and material moving occupations Aircraft cargo handling supervisors First-line supervisors/managers of helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand First-line supervisors/managers of transportation and material-moving machine and vehicle operators Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers Commercial pilots Air traffic controllers Airfield operations specialists Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians Bus drivers, transit and intercity Bus drivers, school Driver/sales workers Truck drivers, heavy and tractor-trailer Truck drivers, light or delivery services Taxi drivers and chauffeurs Bridge and lock tenders Parking lot attendants Service station attendants Traffic technicians Transportation inspectors Conveyor operators and tenders Crane and tower operators Dredge operators Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators Loading machine operators, underground mining Hoist and winch operators Industrial truck and tractor operators Cleaners of vehicles and equipment Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand Machine feeders and offbearers Packers and packagers, hand Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers Wellhead pumpers Refuse and recyclable material collectors Shuttle car operators Tank car, truck, and ship loaders 3,100 70,080 2,680 9,280 615,390 301,330 2,120,640 213,950 1,020,640 6,510 13,730 9,790 118,910 3,060 17,480 14.32 16.10 14.22 16.02 12.54 8.36 9.84 10.43 8.19 20.05 18.00 16.04 12.51 17.30 15.62 29,790 33,480 29,570 33,320 26,090 17,380 20,460 21,690 17,030 41,700 37,440 33,360 26,020 35,980 32,490 (1) Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. (2) Hourly wage rates for occupations where workers typically work fewer than 2,080 hours per year are not available. (3) Represents a wage above $70.01 per hour. 13.38 14.94 13.87 14.40 11.74 7.55 9.04 9.69 7.53 20.32 17.16 16.35 11.83 17.97 13.78