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Internet address: http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: (202) 691-6569 USDL 99-364 Media contact: 691-5902 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Wednesday, December 22, 1999 OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES, 1998 The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor announces the release of national employment and wage estimates for a comprehensive set of over 770 occupations from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey. The OES survey is a Federal-State cooperative program between BLS and State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs). The 1998 OES data for States will be available on the BLS website in mid-January, with data for metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) available some time thereafter. The OES survey data presented in this release have a fourth-quarter 1998 reference period and are based on information from the 1996, 1997, and 1998 surveys. The 3 years of survey responses for employment and wage data have been combined to produce this year's results. The 1996 and 1997 wage data have both been adjusted to the 1998 reference period by using the over-theyear wage changes in the most applicable national Employment Cost Index series. The employment estimates from 1996, 1997, and 1998 have been adjusted to the full universe counts for the 1998 survey reference period based on the Covered Employment and Wages program. (Estimates for New Jersey were adjusted to second-quarter 1998, since data for fourth-quarter 1998 were unavailable.) For further details, see Technical Note beginning on page 4. The OES survey provides estimates of employment, average (mean) and median hourly wages, and mean annual wages for over 770 detailed occupations. (See table A-1.) Overall, almost one-half of the occupations had mean wages in the mid-range intervals; this result, however, was variable across the major occupational divisions. The OES classification system has seven major occupational divisions, as shown below. Table A displays the number and percentage of occupations within each division, as well as the distribution of employment by occupational division. The managerial, sales, and agricultural divisions include the fewest number of occupations and the smallest employment coverage. The professional and production divisions include the largest number of occupations, while also accounting for the largest share of employment. The majority of occupations in the managerial and professional divisions have average (mean) wage rates in the upper wage ranges, while the majority of occupations in the clerical, service, and agricultural divisions have average hourly wages in the lower wage ranges. Table B shows the distribution of the mean wage of the occupations within each occupational division. For example, 75 percent of managerial occupations have a mean occupational wage above $19.24 per hour, while more than 55 percent of service occupations have a mean occupational wage below $10.00 per hour. Occupations in the production division are paid hourly wages dispersed across the middle wage ranges. Table A. Distribution of occupations and employment by occupational division, 1998 --------------------------------------------------------------------| Occupation | Employment |----------------------|-------------------------Occupational | | Percent | | Percent division | Number | of | Number | of | | total | | total -------------------|----------|-----------|---------------|----------Total...........| 777 | 100.0 | 124,704,630 | 100.0 | | | | Managerial........ | 20 | 2.6 | 8,320,910 | 6.7 Professional...... | 214 | 27.5 | 26,427,600 | 21.2 Sales............. | 22 | 2.8 | 14,814,380 | 11.9 Clerical.......... | 77 | 9.9 | 21,665,320 | 17.4 Service........... | 64 | 8.2 | 19,942,840 | 16.0 Agricultural...... | 20 | 2.6 | 1,566,630 | 1.3 Production........ | 360 | 46.3 | 31,966,950 | 25.6 --------------------------------------------------------------------- Table B. Wage ranges of average (mean) wages by occupation, 1998 (Percentage distribution) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------| Wage range |-------------------------------------------------------------Occupational | |$8.50 |$10.00|$11.25|$13.25|$15.75|$19.25|$24.25|$43.25 division | Under| to | to | to | to | to | to | to | to | $8.50|$9.99 |$11.24|$13.24|$15.74|$19.24|$24.24|$43.24|$60.00 ---------------|------|----- |------|------|------|------|------|------|-----Managerial.....| | | | | 20.0 | 5.0 | 15.0 | 60.0 | Professional...| 0.5 | 2.8 | 4.2 | 4.7 | 10.3 | 18.7 | 31.3 | 26.6 | 0.9 Sale...........| 13.6 | 13.6 | 4.5 | 13.6 | | 18.2 | 18.2 | 18.2 | Clerical.......| 5.2 | 19.5 | 15.6 | 44.2 | 7.8 | 5.2 | 2.6 | | Service........| 43.8 | 12.5 | 10.9 | 9.4 | 7.8 | 4.7 | 9.4 | 1.6 | Agricultural...| 30.0 | 5.0 | 15.0 | 40.0 | 10.0 | | | | Production.....| 4.7 | 8.9 | 15.0 | 23.3 | 23.6 | 16.9 | 6.9 | 0.6 | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------Technical Note Scope of the survey The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey is an annual mail survey measuring occupational employment and wage rates for wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments, by industry. The OES survey samples and contacts approximately 400,000 establishments each year and, over 3 years, contacts approximately 1.2 million establishments. The reference period for each year's survey is the fourth quarter of that year. While estimates can be made from a single year of data, the OES survey has been designed to produce estimates using the full 3 years of sample. (See Estimation methodology section.) The full sample allows the production of estimates at fine levels of geography, industry, and occupational detail. BLS and the Employment and Training Administration (ETA) provide the funding for the survey. BLS provides the procedures and technical support, while the State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs) collect the data. The SESAs produce industry-specific estimates for states and local areas. BLS produces industry estimates for the nation, and cross-industry estimates for the nation, states, and metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). The OES survey defines employment as the number of workers who can be classified as full-time or part-time employees, including workers on paid vacations or other types of leave; workers on unpaid short-term absences; salaried officers, executives, and staff members of incorporated firms; employees temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for whom the reporting unit is their permanent duty station regardless of whether that unit prepares their paycheck. The survey excludes the self-employed, owners/partners of unincorporated firms, and unpaid family workers. Employees are reported in the occupation in which they are working, not necessarily for which they were trained. The OES survey currently uses the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to classify all establishments. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that processes goods or provides services, such as a factory, mine, or store. The establishment is generally at a single physical location and is engaged primarily in one type of economic activity. The scope of the survey includes establishments in SIC codes 07, 10, 12 to 17, 20 to 42, 44 to 65, 67, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78 to 84, 86, 87, and 89. This scope covers agricultural services; mining; construction; manufacturing; transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. Data for the postal service (SIC code 43) and federal government are universe counts obtained from the Office of Personnel Management. States' Unemployment Insurance (UI) files provide the universe from which the OES survey draws its sample. The employment benchmarks are obtained from reports submitted by employers to the UI program. In some nonmanufacturing industries, supplemental sources are used for establishments not reporting to the UI program. The OES survey sample is stratified by area, industry, and size class. Size classes are defined as follows: Size class Number of employees --------------------------------1 1 to 4 2 5 to 9 3 10 to 19 4 20 to 49 5 50 to 99 6 100 to 249 7 250 to 499 8 500 to 999 9 1,000 or more --------------------------------- 2 UI reporting units with 250 or more employees are sampled with certainty across a 3-year period; however, during any one survey year, only one-third of the certainty units are in the sample. In 1996 and 1997, establishments in size classes 2 to 6 were selected based on a probability sample. The sampling weights in size class 2 were adjusted to account for the employment in size class 1. In 1998, the OES Survey began sampling establishments in size class 1; thus, establishments in all size classes are now represented in the probability sample. The OES classification system uses seven occupational divisions to categorize workers in one of over 770 detailed occupations. The seven divisions are as follows: 1. 2. 3. Managerial and administrative occupations Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations Sales and related occupations 4. 5. 6. 7. Clerical and administrative support occupations Service occupations Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations. Concepts Employment represents the estimate of total wage and salary employment in an occupation across the industries in which it was reported. The OES survey form sent to an establishment contains between 50 and 225 OES occupations selected on the basis of the industry classification and size class of the sampled establishments. To reduce paperwork and respondent burden, no survey form contains every OES occupation. Thus, data for specific occupations are collected primarily from establishments within industries that are the predominant employers of labor in those occupations. Wages for the OES survey are straight-time, gross pay, exclusive of premium pay. Base rate, cost-of-living allowances, guaranteed pay, hazardous-duty pay, incentive pay including commissions and production bonuses, and on-call pay are included. Excluded are back pay, jury duty pay, overtime pay, severance pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and tuition reimbursements. The OES survey collects wage data in 11 intervals. Employers report the number of employees in an occupation per each wage range. The wage intervals used for the 1998 survey are as follows: -------------------------------------------------| Wages |--------------------------------------| | Interval | Hourly | Annual ----------|----------------- |-------------------Range A | Under $6.75 | Under $14,040 Range B | $6.75 to $8.49 | $14,040 to $17,659 Range C | $8.50 to $9.99 | $17,660 to $20,779 Range D | $10.00 to $11.24 | $20,780 to $23,399 Range E | $11.25 to $13.24 | $23,400 to $27,559 Range F | $13.25 to $15.74 | $27,560 to $32,759 Range G | $15.75 to $19.24 | $32,760 to $40,039 Range H | $19.25 to $24.24 | $40,040 to $50,439 Range I | $24.25 to $43.24 | $50,440 to $89,959 Range J | $43.25 to $60.00 | $89,960 to $124,820 Range K | $60.01 and over | $124,821 and over -------------------------------------------------- - 3 Mean wage is the estimated total wages for an occupation divided by its weighted survey employment. With the exception of the upper open-ended wage interval, interval K ($60.01 and over), a mean wage value is calculated for each wage interval based on occupational wage data collected by the Office of Compensation and Working Conditions. The mean wage value for the upper open-ended wage interval is its lower bound (Winsorized mean). These interval mean wage values are then attributed to all workers reported in the interval. For each occupation, total weighted wages in each interval are summed across all intervals and divided by the occupation's weighted survey employment. Annual wage: Many employees are paid at an hourly rate by their employers and may work less than or more than 40 hours per week. The annual wage estimates in this release are calculated by multiplying the mean hourly wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours per year (52 weeks by 40 hours). Thus, the annual wage estimates may not represent the actual annual pay received by the employee if they work fewer than 2,080 hours per year. There are a small number of occupations in this release where only an annual wage figure is provided; the workers in these occupations are generally paid on an annual basis, and their annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. Hourly versus annual wage reporting: For each occupation, respondents are asked to report the number of employees paid within specific wage intervals. The intervals are defined both as hourly rates and the corresponding annual rates, where the annual rates are constructed by multiplying the hourly wage rate for the interval by the typical work year of 2,080 hours. In reporting, the respondent can reference either the hourly or the annual rate, but is instructed to report the hourly rate for part-time workers. There are workers in some occupations who are paid based on an annual amount, but generally work less than the usual 2,080 hours per year. Since the survey does not collect the actual hours worked, the hourly rate cannot be calculated with a reasonable degree of confidence from the annual wages. For this reason, only the annual salary is reported for these occupations. Occupations that typically have a work-year of less than 2,080 hours include musical and entertainment occupations, pilots and flight attendants, and teachers. Estimation methodology The OES survey samples approximately 400,000 establishments each year and, over a 3-year period, contacts approximately 1.2 million establishments. Each single-year sample represents a one-third sample of both the certainty and non-certainty strata for the full 3-year sample plan. While estimates can be made from a single year of data, the OES survey has been designed to produce estimates using the full 3 years of data. The full 3-year sample allows the production of estimates at fine levels of geography, industry, and occupational detail, while estimates using any one year of data would be subject to a higher sampling error (due to the smaller sample size) and the limitations associated with having only 1/3 of the units from the certainty strata. Producing estimates using the 3 years of sample data provides significant sampling error reductions (particularly for small geographic areas and occupations); however, it also has some quality limitations in that it requires the adjustment of earlier years' data to the current reference period--a procedure referred to as "wage updating." - 4 1996 OES survey estimates: The 1996 OES survey estimates, which were published in December 1997, were from the first year of the new OES wage survey and were developed using only a single year (that is, 400,000 sample units) of data. The initial estimation methodology used a weighting-class adjustment procedure for nonrespondents and an employment benchmark at the state/industry level. Since 1996 estimates were based on only one year of data, the estimation procedure did not involve "wage updating." 1997 OES survey estimates: The 1997 OES survey estimates, published in December 1998, represented the second year of OES estimates and were developed using both 1996 and 1997 survey data that, when combined, cover approximately 800,000 sample units. The 1997 estimates also represented the first year of using a wage-updating methodology in developing the OES survey estimates. For the 1997 estimates, the OES program used the overthe-year fourth-quarter wage changes from the Bureau's Employment Cost Index to adjust the 1996 survey data before combining it with the fourthquarter 1997 data. In addition to the wage-updating procedure, the 1997 estimates used an improved estimation methodology, which uses a "nearest neighbor" imputation approach for nonrespondents and applies employment benchmarks at a detailed MSA by 3-digit industry and broad size class level. Note: Because of the difference in estimation methods for these first 2 years of OES estimates, the data from 1997 are not strictly comparable with those published from 1996. 1998 OES survey estimates: The 1998 OES survey estimates are developed from the full three years of the OES sample. The combined 1996, 1997, and 1998 data cover approximately 1.2 million sample units. The 1998 estimates use the wage-updating methodology introduced in 1997, which uses the over- the-year fourth-quarter wage changes from the Bureau's Employment Cost Index to adjust prior years' data before combining them with data from the current year. In addition, the 1998 estimates use the estimation methodology introduced in 1997, which uses a "nearest neighbor" imputation approach for nonrespondents and applies employment benchmarks at a detailed MSA by 3-digit industry and broad size class level. Combining multiple years of data: As noted above, combining multiple years of data has both statistical advantages and limitations. Significant reductions in sampling error can be achieved by taking advantage of 3 years of data, which covers over 70 percent of the employment in the United States. This feature is particularly important in improving the reliability of estimates for small domains in the population (that is, wage and employment estimates for detailed occupations in small areas). Combining multiple years of data also has been necessary to obtain full coverage of the certainty strata (that is, large employers with 250+ employment); the current OES collection cycle samples these units only once every 3 years. - 5 While there are significant advantages, there are also limitations associated with this estimation procedure in that it requires "wage updating" for the earlier years of data. For "wage updating" purposes, the Bureau has used the national over-the-year wage changes from the fourth quarter of 1996 to the fourth quarter of 1997 and from the fourth quarter of 1997 to the fourth quarter of 1998 for the nine occupational divisions for which ECI estimates are available. These factors are applied to both the 1996 and 1997 survey data to update them to the fourth-quarter 1998 level before combining them with the 1998 survey data. Such a procedure assumes that each occupation's wage, as measured in the earlier years, moves according to the average movement of its occupational division and that there are no major geographic or detailed occupational differences-and this may not be the case. As noted below, the Bureau will be conducting research over the next several years on the accuracy of this approach and also on other modeling approaches that may produce more accurate results. Future research: The expanded OES survey is a relatively new program, and BLS has a number of research efforts underway. Some areas of future research are given below. Sample design research--BLS is evaluating the feasibility of collecting all certainty units (that is, large employers of 250+) every year so that more accurate independent estimates from a single year of sample data can be produced. These estimates will not contain possible effects from the wage-updating procedure and can provide an independent measure of the accuracy of the updating procedure along with the ability to use these data directly for more aggregate levels of publication. Collection methodology research--This includes research on alternative electronic collection reporting procedures for respondents. Estimation methodology research--An important research effort over the next several years will be the evaluation of the current wage-updating methodology along with the identification of alternative modeling approaches that may produce improved overall accuracy. Additional information The 1998 OES national data by occupation, comparable to data in table A-1, will be available soon on the Internet (http://stats.bls.gov/oeshome.htm), along with additional technical information. Users also may access each occupation's definition and percentile wages. The 1998 OES data for States will be available on the BLS website in mid-January, with data for metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) available some time thereafter. In addition to the data provided on the Internet, industry staffing patterns at the 2- and 3-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) levels will be available electronically beginning in January 2000. These data will include industry-specific occupational employment and wage data. BLS also plans to release a bulletin displaying 1998 occupational employment and wage data for selected industries in the spring of 2000. For additional information, contact the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics, Room 4840, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Washington, DC, 20212; telephone 202-691-6569 (e-mail: oesinfo@bls.gov). Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-5886; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-877-8339. Table A-1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment Statistics survey by occupation, 1998 Occupation Managerial and administrative occupations Financial managers Personnel, training, and labor relations managers Purchasing managers Employment 674,040 228,250 164,830 Mean Wages Median Wages Hourly Annual /1 $28.56 25.10 22.39 $59,400 52,210 46,560 $26.48 23.56 20.11 Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers Administrative services managers Engineering, mathematical, and natural sciences managers Postmasters and mail superintendents Education administrators Medicine and health services managers 477,540 357,720 345,790 27,230 369,100 213,040 28.85 23.70 34.54 22.28 27.77 25.17 60,020 49,290 71,850 46,350 57,770 52,340 27.55 21.33 36.22 21.51 29.04 23.49 Property and real estate managers and administrators Industrial production managers Construction managers Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas well drilling managers Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers Food service and lodging managers Nursery and greenhouse managers Lawn service managers Public administration chief executives, legislators, and general administrators General managers and top executives 147,340 210,730 238,780 8,770 195,580 355,880 2,510 17,770 17.32 27.79 24.97 30.30 26.11 14.12 14.49 13.56 36,020 57,800 51,930 63,020 54,310 29,370 30,140 28,210 14.39 27.08 22.89 30.50 25.39 12.84 12.19 12.22 78,140 3,261,680 15.54 30.08 32,320 62,570 9.20 26.87 90,750 41,230 235,360 55,400 878,920 59,600 20.42 19.19 20.05 15.55 20.13 22.94 42,480 39,920 41,700 32,350 41,880 47,710 18.61 17.11 16.99 13.44 18.20 21.61 100,460 24,160 215,600 10,500 26,220 68,350 371,900 150,600 146,830 64,340 173,680 58,320 22,020 47,940 17.31 17.54 19.87 15.57 21.43 17.63 19.47 21.11 25.95 18.69 19.18 19.92 15.43 20.79 36,010 36,490 41,320 32,390 44,570 36,660 40,500 43,910 53,970 38,870 39,880 41,440 32,090 43,240 15.17 15.42 18.29 14.96 17.69 14.33 18.13 19.52 23.78 18.05 17.70 19.01 14.34 19.28 54,670 15,850 3,240 10,230 30.26 27.40 26.43 33.70 62,950 57,000 54,970 70,090 32.19 27.87 26.97 35.70 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations Insurance underwriters Credit analysts Loan officers and counselors Tax preparers Accountants and auditors Budget analysts Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products Claims takers, unemployment benefits Special agents, insurance Employment interviewers, private or public employment service Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists Cost estimators Management analysts Construction and building inspectors Compliance officers and enforcement inspectors, except construction Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents Assessors Claims examiners, property and casualty insurance Aeronautical and astronautical engineers Metallurgists and metallurgical, ceramic, and materials engineers Mining engineers, including mine safety Petroleum engineers Chemical engineers Nuclear engineers Civil engineers, including traffic Agricultural engineers Electrical and electronic engineers 41,420 10,260 171,580 3,190 328,410 29.44 32.70 26.28 25.82 28.69 61,240 68,020 54,660 53,710 59,670 31.13 34.28 25.70 25.25 29.93 Computer engineers Industrial engineers, except safety Safety engineers, except mining Mechanical engineers Marine engineers Architects, except landscape and marine Marine architects Landscape architects Surveyors and mapping scientists 300,830 113,480 21,940 216,100 3,890 72,480 1,230 14,150 38,850 $28.77 26.18 25.56 26.23 25.40 24.85 29.89 20.37 19.77 $59,850 54,450 53,170 54,550 52,830 51,680 62,170 42,370 41,120 $29.77 25.30 24.52 25.62 23.10 22.94 32.27 18.23 18.10 Civil engineering technicians and technologists Electrical and electronic engineering technicians and technologists Industrial engineering technicians and technologists Mechanical engineering technicians and technologists Drafters Estimators and drafters, utilities Surveying and mapping technicians 72,480 299,020 31,260 87,450 263,770 5,270 59,550 17.34 18.32 19.84 19.84 16.60 22.76 13.68 36,060 38,110 41,270 41,280 34,540 47,340 28,450 16.55 17.30 18.42 18.83 15.47 22.12 12.47 Physicists and astronomers Chemists, except biochemists Atmospheric and space scientists Geologists, geophysicists, and oceanographers 8,380 80,420 6,460 32,890 33.23 23.80 25.71 27.50 69,120 49,510 53,480 57,210 35.21 22.22 26.17 25.91 Foresters and conservation scientists Agricultural and food scientists Biological scientists Medical scientists 24,780 9,410 72,960 16,760 21.21 21.53 24.04 27.44 44,110 44,780 49,990 57,060 20.56 20.36 22.18 24.23 Biological, agricultural, and food technicians and technologists, except health Chemical technicians and technologists, except health Nuclear technicians and technologists Petroleum technicians and technologists 40,480 76,210 3,550 8,020 14.51 15.85 23.21 20.13 30,190 32,980 48,280 41,860 13.19 15.12 22.10 19.29 552,530 89,680 455,950 573,850 65,620 8,980 26.02 24.28 19.52 25.67 15.35 20.66 54,110 50,490 40,590 53,400 31,930 42,970 25.09 23.07 17.85 23.83 14.20 19.47 Systems analysts, electronic data processing Data base administrators Computer support specialists Computer programmers Computer programmer aides Programmers, numerical tool and process control Operations and systems researchers and analysts, except computer Mathematical scientists Statisticians Actuaries Financial analysts, statistical Mathematical technicians 76,820 7,270 15,750 12,470 44,720 2,530 24.93 20.12 24.62 31.86 26.07 17.12 51,860 41,840 51,210 66,270 54,230 35,620 23.59 17.58 23.34 31.52 22.45 14.64 Economists, including market research analysts Urban and regional planners Psychologists Social workers, medical and psychiatric Social workers, except medical and psychiatric Residential counselors 54,590 32,730 84,380 218,170 365,600 175,310 25.58 21.68 24.81 16.39 15.52 9.86 53,200 45,100 51,610 34,090 32,280 20,510 23.24 20.61 23.10 15.20 14.41 9.06 Human services workers Recreation workers Clergy Directors, religious activities and education 270,380 235,170 29,250 10,850 $10.93 9.15 15.04 12.99 $22,740 19,030 31,280 27,020 $10.27 7.93 13.89 12.04 Judges and magistrates Adjudicators, hearings officers, and judicial reviewers Lawyers Law clerks Paralegal personnel Title searchers Title examiners and abstractors 24,850 57,990 428,340 43,770 128,810 11,000 16,820 29.85 17.43 36.49 13.88 16.79 12.49 15.31 62,080 36,260 75,890 28,880 34,920 25,980 31,850 32.16 16.29 37.58 13.19 15.75 11.51 13.99 Lecturers Nursing instructors, postsecondary Graduate assistants, teaching Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary Life sciences teachers, postsecondary Chemistry teachers, postsecondary Physics teachers, postsecondary 14,340 38,660 106,410 10,900 36,580 14,890 9,580 14.31 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 29,760 46,810 21,180 58,430 53,550 50,290 54,960 11.46 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 Health diagnostics teachers, postsecondary Health assessment and treatment teachers, postsecondary 36,990 21,460 /2 /2 72,320 52,990 /2 /2 Communications teachers, postsecondary English language and literature teachers, postsecondary Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary Engineering teachers, postsecondary Architecture teachers, postsecondary 14,470 52,440 19,360 48,430 25,230 5,060 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 43,610 44,990 44,780 45,000 61,560 52,980 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 Mathematical sciences teachers, postsecondary Computer science teachers, postsecondary Anthropology and sociology teachers, postsecondary Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary Economics teachers, postsecondary Geography teachers, postsecondary History teachers, postsecondary Political science teachers, postsecondary Psychology teachers, postsecondary 39,820 24,470 13,350 3,830 10,310 3,460 16,070 10,270 22,400 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 46,750 46,880 49,300 49,990 55,740 51,860 48,660 51,020 49,800 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 Business teachers, postsecondary Law teachers, postsecondary Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary Social work teachers, postsecondary Education teachers, postsecondary Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary Library science teachers, postsecondary Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies teachers postsecondary Home economics teachers, postsecondary 51,840 8,860 7,660 4,790 34,380 13,720 2,980 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 50,530 66,670 42,860 43,420 43,430 46,090 46,420 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 7,900 3,440 /2 /2 44,040 45,740 /2 /2 289,290 156,110 1,577,030 1,326,580 390,250 9.39 /2 /2 /2 /2 19,530 35,450 38,600 40,350 40,580 8.32 /2 /2 /2 /2 Teachers and instructors, vocational education and training Instructors, nonvocational education Instructors and coaches, sports and physical training Farm and home management advisors 312,520 123,970 301,710 11,100 $17.62 13.60 12.68 19.01 $36,660 28,280 26,360 39,540 $16.55 11.92 10.69 17.88 Librarians, professional Technical assistants, library Audio-visual specialists Curators, archivists, museum technicians, and conservators Vocational and educational counselors Instructional coordinators Teacher aides, paraprofessional 143,270 70,030 14,010 12,150 171,780 87,730 655,030 19.24 10.91 16.81 16.80 19.51 19.86 8.21 40,020 22,680 34,970 34,950 40,580 41,300 17,080 18.49 10.45 15.85 15.26 18.58 18.69 7.83 Physicians and surgeons Dentists Optometrists Podiatrists Chiropractors Veterinarians and veterinary inspectors 497,470 81,510 23,500 7,510 17,630 37,150 49.05 44.40 31.48 36.15 32.41 27.47 102,020 92,350 65,490 75,200 67,420 57,140 /3 52.96 32.93 38.23 30.74 24.50 Teachers, Teachers, Teachers, Teachers, Teachers, preschool kindergarten elementary school secondary school special education Respiratory therapists Occupational therapists Physical therapists Corrective and manual arts therapists Speech-language pathologists and audiologists Recreational therapists 84,730 64,730 111,480 2,240 88,390 23,300 17.14 24.65 27.49 16.66 22.12 13.98 35,660 51,260 57,190 34,660 46,010 29,080 16.75 23.19 27.21 16.63 20.71 13.35 Registered nurses Licensed practical nurses Emergency medical technicians Physician assistants Opticians, dispensing and measuring Pharmacists Pharmacy technicians and aides Dietitians and nutritionists Dietetic technicians Medical and clinical laboratory technologists Medical and clinical laboratory technicians 2,027,830 673,790 145,520 62,000 63,720 178,110 174,970 44,840 23,950 151,100 133,810 20.71 13.48 10.75 22.48 11.78 28.89 9.12 17.37 10.18 18.36 13.38 43,070 28,040 22,360 46,760 24,510 60,090 18,970 36,120 21,180 38,190 27,840 19.56 12.95 9.75 22.64 10.79 31.84 8.65 16.85 9.39 17.92 12.64 Dental hygienists Medical records technicians Radiation therapists Nuclear medicine technologists Radiologic technologists Electroneurodiagnostic technologists Cardiology technologists Electrocardiograph technicians Surgical technologists and technicians Psychiatric technicians Veterinary technicians and technologists 140,750 89,570 12,610 13,360 157,480 6,390 19,630 13,480 53,230 65,120 33,600 22.39 10.57 19.88 19.81 16.51 16.02 17.44 12.67 12.76 10.81 9.87 46,570 21,990 41,360 41,210 34,340 33,310 36,270 26,350 26,540 22,490 20,520 22.06 9.90 19.06 19.05 15.81 15.42 17.20 11.71 12.39 10.04 9.56 Writers and editors Technical writers and editors Public relations specialists and publicity writers Reporters and correspondents 133,260 49,180 98,240 52,380 18.91 21.24 18.65 15.59 39,340 44,190 38,790 32,430 16.62 19.75 16.61 12.52 6,130 49,130 1,410 62,990 11,650 37,240 10,240 $21.53 11.77 10.57 12.25 13.36 15.29 21.26 $44,790 24,470 21,990 25,480 27,790 31,790 44,220 $15.19 8.63 8.22 10.07 10.35 12.15 18.64 136,620 17.21 35,790 15.24 Broadcast news analysts Announcers, radio and television Announcers, except radio and television Photographers Camera operators, television and motion picture Broadcast technicians Film editors Artists and related workers Designers, except interior designers Interior designers Merchandise displayers and window trimmers Music directors, singers, composers, and related workers Musicians, instrumental Dancers and choreographers Producers, directors, actors, and other entertainers Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers Airplane dispatchers and air traffic controllers Traffic technicians Radio operators Funeral directors and morticians Embalmers Sales and related occupations First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors Sales agents and placers, insurance Brokers, real estate Sales agents, real estate Appraisers, real estate Sales agents, securities, commodities, and financial services Sales agents, selected business services Travel agents Sales agents, advertising Sales engineers Sales representatives, scientific and related products and services, except retail Sales representatives, except retail and scientific and related products and services Salespersons, retail Salespersons, parts Counter and rental clerks Stock clerks, sales floor Cashiers Telemarketers, door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and other related workers Demonstrators and promoters Models Clerical and administrative support occupations First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors Tellers New accounts clerks Transit clerks 196,400 34,050 35,310 13,530 43,980 18,630 108,800 28,100 16.24 17.34 9.61 /2 /2 12.17 /2 /2 33,790 36,070 19,990 30,610 41,800 25,320 36,660 35,700 14.04 15.27 8.74 /2 /2 10.30 /2 /2 28,600 6,790 6,260 26,780 5,840 28.51 17.54 11.05 19.26 14.76 59,290 36,480 22,980 40,070 30,700 31.19 16.48 10.27 16.85 13.55 1,708,700 254,870 27,900 79,970 32,440 237,430 285,510 120,850 128,360 17.30 20.61 26.06 17.91 21.32 29.70 19.35 11.53 18.85 35,990 42,880 54,210 37,260 44,340 61,780 40,250 23,990 39,200 14.22 16.53 21.94 13.47 19.37 23.12 16.78 11.07 15.31 80,530 27.51 57,210 26.25 441,570 24.28 50,500 21.49 1,137,880 3,923,110 291,320 458,910 1,297,270 3,156,260 20.23 9.12 12.14 7.76 8.00 7.31 42,080 18,970 25,240 16,140 16,640 15,210 17.57 7.61 10.93 6.97 7.31 6.58 450,430 80,430 1,290 9.39 9.34 11.01 19,540 19,420 22,900 8.21 8.14 8.32 1,514,200 565,440 108,520 12,640 16.34 8.49 10.46 9.03 33,990 17,650 21,750 18,790 14.95 8.27 10.26 8.48 Loan interviewers Credit authorizers 16,380 14,730 11.98 12.23 24,920 25,430 11.15 11.05 Credit checkers Loan and credit clerks Adjustment clerks Statement clerks Brokerage clerks 38,460 189,300 536,610 16,180 76,900 $11.29 11.45 11.17 9.37 14.45 $23,480 23,810 23,240 19,490 30,050 $10.36 10.86 10.59 8.96 13.42 Insurance Insurance Insurance Insurance Insurance 156,950 10,570 11,440 155,510 156,580 19.54 19.85 12.08 11.95 12.02 40,640 41,280 25,130 24,860 25,010 18.41 19.23 11.42 11.54 11.52 Welfare eligibility workers and interviewers Investigators, clerical Bill and account collectors Court clerks Municipal clerks License clerks Travel clerks Reservation and transportation ticket agents Hotel desk clerks 82,270 14,100 288,190 45,130 24,810 23,020 18,360 202,930 163,590 16.83 12.23 11.32 11.67 12.15 11.39 9.51 12.26 7.53 35,010 25,440 23,550 24,280 25,270 23,690 19,780 25,490 15,660 15.91 11.17 10.84 11.04 10.97 11.01 8.70 10.95 7.29 Library assistants and bookmobile drivers Teacher aides and educational assistants, clerical Advertising clerks Proofreaders and copy markers Real estate clerks 126,730 471,340 14,700 33,830 28,290 8.81 7.80 10.36 10.12 9.57 18,320 16,220 21,550 21,060 19,900 8.17 7.36 9.88 8.95 9.07 298,930 224,240 2,440,280 79,450 1,251,450 381,040 141,180 24,590 259,300 14.90 11.26 11.86 13.10 9.26 11.23 12.25 11.16 8.63 30,990 23,430 24,670 27,240 19,260 23,350 25,480 23,210 17,950 14.45 10.77 11.32 12.22 8.95 10.86 11.71 10.71 8.09 365,990 59,880 55,040 137,610 201,350 10.99 11.52 12.02 9.37 14.16 22,850 23,970 24,990 19,490 29,450 10.36 10.88 11.24 8.91 13.48 adjusters, examiners, and investigators appraisers, auto damage examining clerks claims clerks policy processing clerks Legal secretaries Medical secretaries Secretaries, except legal and medical Stenographers and/or court reporters Receptionists and information clerks Typists, including word processing Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping Correspondence clerks File clerks Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and service Procurement clerks Statistical clerks Interviewing clerks, except personnel and social welfare Customer service representatives, utilities Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks Payroll and timekeeping clerks Billing, cost, and rate clerks General office clerks 1,740,470 165,650 333,970 2,956,920 11.71 12.31 11.36 10.06 24,350 25,610 23,620 20,920 11.15 11.81 10.90 9.41 Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators Duplicating machine operators Mail machine operators, preparation and handling Computer operators, except peripheral equipment Peripheral EDP equipment operators Data entry keyers, except composing Data keyers, composing 88,600 53,510 57,450 198,920 25,130 399,000 17,520 10.22 9.77 9.10 12.92 11.89 9.64 10.21 21,260 20,320 18,930 26,860 24,730 20,040 21,250 9.88 9.39 8.30 12.03 10.99 9.22 9.39 Switchboard operators Directory assistance operators Central office operators Telegraph and teletype operators 203,110 26,170 19,960 5,270 $9.19 13.63 12.60 12.18 $19,110 28,350 26,210 25,330 $8.76 14.68 12.61 12.63 Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and postal service Postal mail carriers Postal service clerks Messengers Dispatchers, police, fire, and ambulance Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance 117,210 351,760 78,350 95,000 81,940 166,220 9.02 16.39 16.22 8.59 11.97 13.79 18,760 34,090 33,740 17,860 24,900 28,690 8.49 16.75 16.88 8.02 11.38 12.68 Production, planning, and expediting clerks Transportation agents Meter readers, utilities Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping Marking clerks Stock clerks - stockroom, warehouse or storage yard Order fillers, wholesale and retail sales Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 257,640 26,980 51,260 44,820 24,530 812,730 239,700 994,290 14.78 12.39 12.96 12.03 8.22 10.03 9.73 11.65 30,740 25,770 26,950 25,020 17,100 20,860 20,240 24,230 14.07 11.08 12.20 10.72 7.90 9.19 9.15 10.82 54,590 109,330 87,440 8,980 3,190 226,290 53,360 425,870 387,930 10,100 21.94 24.08 10.20 20.56 17.87 15.63 21.20 18.78 14.69 12.19 45,630 50,080 21,220 42,770 37,160 32,500 44,100 39,060 30,550 25,350 21.55 23.41 9.42 19.76 18.00 14.99 20.82 18.13 13.72 11.95 Service occupations Fire fighting and prevention supervisors Police and detective supervisors Housekeeping supervisors Fire inspectors Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists Fire fighters Police detectives Police patrol officers Correction officers and jailers Parking enforcement officers Bailiffs Criminal investigators, public service Sheriffs and deputy sheriffs Detectives and investigators, except public Railroad and transit police and special agents Fish and game wardens Crossing guards Guards and watch guards 8,870 21,330 87,170 45,450 5,140 7,080 55,070 942,140 12.38 26.48 14.64 12.16 19.49 17.28 8.20 8.60 25,750 55,080 30,460 25,300 40,540 35,940 17,050 17,890 11.17 28.78 13.59 10.11 19.40 16.85 7.18 7.81 256,650 436,820 1,992,130 63,170 387,970 346,040 6.88 6.82 6.11 7.50 6.44 6.57 14,310 14,190 12,700 15,600 13,390 13,670 6.45 6.25 5.85 6.88 6.03 6.15 161,840 142,730 749,380 375,370 491,660 8.84 11.48 8.30 8.22 6.29 18,380 23,870 17,270 17,100 13,090 8.17 10.95 7.81 7.74 5.99 Cooks, short order Food preparation workers Combined food preparation and service workers 163,580 1,238,830 1,620,430 $7.28 7.09 6.39 $15,150 14,740 13,290 $6.92 6.59 6.02 Dental assistants Medical assistants Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants Home health aides Psychiatric aides Physical and corrective therapy assistants and aides Occupational therapy assistants and aides Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians 231,380 271,540 1,258,130 430,440 78,450 76,590 20,350 11.22 10.18 8.31 8.17 10.94 12.02 14.28 23,330 21,160 17,290 16,990 22,760 24,990 29,710 10.88 9.94 7.99 7.81 10.66 10.51 13.80 17,030 9.00 18,730 8.16 Maids and housekeeping cleaners Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners Pest controllers and assistants Elevator operators 889,700 1,966,150 48,750 2,740 7.28 8.44 11.11 14.77 15,140 17,570 23,100 30,730 6.85 7.66 10.81 15.52 12,450 329,640 32,080 14,250 10.05 8.55 7.60 6.46 20,900 17,790 15,800 13,440 8.88 7.28 6.49 6.04 Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, or coffee shop Bartenders Waiters and waitresses Food servers, outside Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers Counter attendants - lunchroom, coffee shop, or cafeteria Bakers, bread and pastry Butchers and meat cutters Cooks, restaurant Cooks, institution or cafeteria Cooks, fast food Barbers Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists Manicurists Shampooers Amusement and recreation attendants Guides Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers Baggage porters and bellhops Flight attendants 317,880 26,270 72,780 37,630 111,170 6.84 8.26 6.43 7.13 /2 14,220 17,180 13,380 14,820 42,690 6.18 7.46 6.00 6.41 /2 Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters Wardrobe, and locker and dressing room attendants Personal and home care aides Child care workers Funeral attendants 21,110 7,600 255,960 379,920 22,520 10.67 8.36 7.51 7.13 7.98 22,190 17,390 15,620 14,820 16,600 8.47 7.37 7.17 6.61 7.34 51,350 11,040 2,600 19,770 17,350 21,650 4,270 70,300 1,450 4,120 91,580 14.49 13.85 13.10 12.06 11.46 11.98 11.65 7.05 12.23 11.25 7.82 30,150 28,800 27,250 25,090 23,830 24,910 24,230 14,660 25,440 23,400 16,260 13.18 11.30 13.01 11.38 10.94 11.13 11.04 6.45 10.79 10.17 7.12 20,310 29,670 18,180 872,860 46,260 178,710 11,060 8.21 11.00 10.65 9.22 8.10 6.27 7.89 17,070 22,890 22,160 19,170 16,850 13,040 16,410 7.57 10.61 10.41 8.24 7.79 6.02 7.39 431,090 355,180 615,170 $20.28 20.34 18.71 $42,190 42,310 38,910 $19.04 18.98 17.46 147,510 148,990 18.49 15.52 38,460 32,280 17.66 14.58 153,900 14.44 30,040 13.30 453,750 19,930 11.71 18.74 24,360 38,980 10.62 19.02 Agricultural, forestry, fishing, and related occupations First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors Fallers and buckers Choke setters Log-handling equipment operators Logging tractor operators Forest and conservation workers Log graders and scalers Graders and sorters, agricultural products Animal breeders Animal trainers Animal caretakers, except farm Farm equipment operators Pruners Sprayers/applicators Laborers, landscaping and groundskeeping Veterinary assistants Farmworkers, food and fiber crops Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors: Mechanics, installers, and repairers Construction trades and extractive workers Production and operating workers Transportation and material-moving machine and vehicle operators Helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand Precision inspectors, testers, and graders Production inspectors, testers, graders, sorters, samplers, and weighers Transportation inspectors Machinery Machinery Machinery Machinery maintenance maintenance maintenance maintenance mechanics mechanics, textile machines mechanics, sewing machines mechanics, marine equipment 277,910 28,540 8,860 12,110 15.69 12.13 11.44 15.05 32,630 25,230 23,800 31,310 15.21 11.97 11.13 14.19 5,800 58,920 79,930 2,040 86,590 1,116,920 18.44 18.76 17.97 14.63 14.93 12.11 38,340 39,020 37,390 30,430 31,060 25,200 18.00 18.57 17.76 14.23 14.54 11.20 631,280 184,260 10,460 237,140 100,190 13,270 34,140 112,100 15,660 28,430 13.97 14.34 11.90 14.66 15.71 17.47 11.31 18.34 19.22 10.82 29,060 29,820 24,760 30,490 32,670 36,330 23,530 38,150 39,980 22,500 13.16 13.18 11.27 14.11 15.16 17.47 10.94 18.09 20.03 10.38 41,950 14,500 1,030 4,810 7,350 20.63 22.21 19.31 19.50 15.46 42,910 46,200 40,170 40,550 32,150 21.00 22.17 21.43 18.48 14.71 Telephone and cable television line installers and repairers Data processing equipment repairers Electronic home entertainment equipment repairers Electric home appliance and power tool repairers Electric motor, transformer, and related repairers Electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment Powerhouse, substation, and relay electricians Electrical power-line installers and repairers Station installers and repairers, telephone Electrical installers and repairers, transportation equipment 193,850 61,680 27,990 30,220 17,230 66,360 9,040 97,000 23,660 21,310 16.56 15.15 12.18 12.47 13.94 17.21 23.17 20.46 18.44 16.20 34,450 31,520 25,340 25,930 28,990 35,800 48,200 42,550 38,360 33,690 15.75 14.11 11.32 11.62 13.33 17.11 22.64 20.48 19.06 16.28 Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics Precision instrument repairers Electromedical and biomedical equipment repairers 246,730 31,050 12,540 14.88 18.81 16.54 30,960 39,120 34,410 14.02 19.03 16.44 12,450 $19.22 $39,970 $19.64 Underground mine machinery mechanics Machinery maintenance mechanics, water or power generation plant Millwrights Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons Machinery maintenance workers Maintenance repairers, general utility Automotive mechanics Automotive body and related repairers Motorcycle repairers Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines Rail car repairers Farm equipment mechanics Aircraft mechanics Aircraft engine specialists Small engine specialists Central office and pbx installers and repairers Frame wirers, central office Telegraph and teletype installers and maintainers Signal or track switch maintainers Radio mechanics Electric meter installers and repairers Camera and photographic equipment repairers Watchmakers Musical instrument repairers and tuners Locksmiths and safe repairers Office machine and cash register servicers 3,660 3,090 4,760 13,650 53,710 14.92 13.17 11.99 12.81 14.34 31,030 27,390 24,940 26,640 29,830 13.62 11.82 11.06 11.97 13.38 Mechanical control and valve installers and repairers Elevator installers and repairers Riggers Installers and repairers, manufactured buildings, mobile homes, and travel trailers Gas appliance repairers Coin and vending machine servicers and repairers Bicycle repairers Tire repairers and changers Menders, garments, linens, and related 20,640 21,360 12,850 16.92 24.00 15.75 35,190 49,910 32,750 17.14 23.01 15.27 37,330 11,440 28,600 8,260 80,700 8,510 10.81 15.93 11.57 7.91 8.58 7.99 22,490 33,130 24,070 16,460 17,850 16,610 10.30 15.93 11.18 7.55 8.08 7.69 Carpenters Ceiling tile installers and acoustical carpenters Drywall installers Tapers Lathers Brattice builders 761,920 16,430 85,910 34,910 13,570 440 15.20 16.92 15.50 16.56 16.16 15.90 31,610 35,190 32,240 34,440 33,600 33,070 13.82 15.27 14.02 15.41 14.41 16.30 Electricians Brickmasons Stonemasons Hard tile setters Concrete and terrazzo finishers 601,250 101,840 15,630 17,630 141,480 18.05 17.81 16.44 16.93 13.82 37,530 37,040 34,190 35,220 28,740 16.98 17.10 15.49 16.26 12.39 Reinforcing metal workers Plasterers and stucco masons Painters and paperhangers, construction and maintenance Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters Pipelaying fitters Pipelayers Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 21,770 36,910 277,240 362,550 5,690 47,650 10,450 17.36 15.34 13.45 18.00 16.50 13.61 13.36 36,120 31,910 27,980 37,430 34,310 28,310 27,790 15.79 14.13 12.07 16.67 16.49 11.96 12.22 Carpet installers Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles Floor sanding machine operators 31,630 13,310 4,200 14.81 15.04 12.00 30,800 31,280 24,970 12.73 12.93 11.23 Air hammer operators Pile-driver operators Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators Highway maintenance workers 2,260 2,280 76,140 160,140 15.19 20.54 13.14 12.40 31,600 42,720 27,340 25,780 13.41 20.61 11.78 11.77 Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 15,670 16.82 34,990 16.50 58,830 35,340 48,780 105,900 39,240 59,060 18,300 13.82 14.60 15.63 13.63 13.95 17.09 10.33 28,750 30,370 32,520 28,340 29,020 35,550 21,490 12.25 13.28 13.48 12.18 12.70 15.81 9.53 16,510 4,420 2,530 9,160 13,110 13,190 26,310 3,890 5,770 2,680 $14.54 15.40 10.87 17.58 13.81 11.94 10.40 17.90 17.10 16.52 $30,240 32,020 22,600 36,560 28,720 24,840 21,630 37,240 35,580 34,360 $13.41 14.86 10.59 15.36 12.53 10.76 9.51 17.51 16.70 15.83 Tool and die makers Precision instrument makers Machinists Tool grinders, filers, sharpeners, and other precision grinders Pattern and model makers, metal Precision lay-out workers, metal Shipfitters Jewelers and silversmiths Precision hand workers, jewelry and related products Precision etchers and engravers, hand or machine Sheet metal workers Boilermakers 136,420 4,840 410,640 36,820 4,160 13,850 10,330 24,080 11,530 3,290 182,770 14,930 18.16 14.79 14.35 13.45 16.53 15.40 13.91 12.90 10.17 11.76 15.22 18.82 37,780 30,760 29,860 27,980 34,380 32,030 28,930 26,820 21,150 24,460 31,670 39,150 17.91 12.89 13.87 12.82 15.19 14.33 13.87 11.60 9.16 10.67 13.47 18.45 Pattern and model makers, wood Pattern markers, wood Wood machinists Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters Furniture finishers 9,420 1,740 41,010 101,390 27,910 16.25 10.77 9.98 11.49 10.03 33,810 22,400 20,770 23,900 20,860 14.66 10.80 9.61 10.76 9.56 15,750 32,010 42,780 17,180 9,150 24,580 13.04 9.76 11.09 8.41 8.73 7.76 27,110 20,300 23,070 17,500 18,160 16,140 10.38 8.96 10.60 7.99 8.08 7.43 Insulation workers Hazardous materials removal workers Sheet metal duct installers Roofers Glaziers Structural metal workers Fence erectors Earth drillers, except oil and gas Blasters and explosives workers Rock splitters, quarry Rotary drill operators, oil and gas extraction Derrick operators, oil and gas extraction Service unit operators Roustabouts Roof bolters Continuous mining machine operators Mine cutting and channeling machine operators Fabric and apparel patternmakers and lay-out workers Custom tailors and sewers Upholsterers Shoe and leather workers and repairers, precision Spotters, dry-cleaning Pressers, delicate fabrics Precision dyers 4,140 10.37 21,580 9.43 Hand compositors and typesetters Job printers Paste-up workers Electronic pagination system operators Photoengravers Camera operators Scanner operators Strippers Platemakers Bookbinders 8,570 18,040 7,360 26,140 3,920 7,380 6,880 21,640 14,430 7,040 11.68 12.59 10.73 14.86 13.38 12.64 16.75 15.83 14.46 11.29 24,290 26,180 22,330 30,910 27,840 26,290 34,850 32,930 30,070 23,470 10.85 11.58 9.53 14.00 13.67 11.72 16.14 15.53 13.75 9.95 Slaughterers and butchers Bakers, manufacturing Food batchmakers 65,600 40,970 31,920 8.94 11.11 11.64 18,600 23,120 24,200 9.03 10.59 11.09 Precision foundry mold and coremakers Precision molders, shapers, casters, and carvers, except jewelry and foundry Precision patternmakers, model makers, lay-out workers, and cutters Precision detail design decorators and painters Precision photographic process workers Precision optical goods workers Precision dental laboratory technicians Medical appliance makers Gem and diamond workers 11,950 $12.55 $26,110 $11.84 13,420 4,100 4,700 10,200 21,940 34,390 7,130 1,100 11.12 14.91 10.25 11.48 10.33 14.04 13.73 9.87 23,130 31,010 21,330 23,880 21,480 29,200 28,550 20,520 10.22 14.40 9.40 10.39 9.39 12.34 11.18 9.04 Sawing machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Lathe and turning machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Drilling and boring machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Milling and planing machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Grinding, lapping, and buffing machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Machine tool cutting operators and tenders, metal and plastic Punching machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Press and press-brake machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Shear and slitter machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Extruding and drawing machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Rolling machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic 21,320 11.81 24,570 11.36 73,100 13.99 29,100 13.58 40,050 13.21 27,480 12.32 24,400 14.56 30,280 13.90 63,380 106,040 45,810 12.63 13.10 11.54 26,280 27,250 24,000 11.89 11.78 11.19 71,700 12.02 25,010 11.61 21,920 12.00 24,960 11.68 45,010 18,770 11.80 13.56 24,530 28,210 11.59 12.98 Forging machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Machine forming operators and tenders, metal and plastic 15,540 173,920 16.84 10.59 35,040 22,020 17.26 9.70 89,340 13.52 28,130 13.04 53,000 50,620 13.45 11.08 27,980 23,050 12.66 10.45 32,060 78,320 6,920 7,720 39,910 36,170 140,340 13.65 12.51 10.79 10.13 12.45 11.16 8.99 28,390 26,020 22,440 21,080 25,890 23,210 18,690 12.73 11.73 10.35 9.85 11.57 10.54 8.58 19,420 36,390 10,200 12.86 12.86 11.05 26,760 26,740 22,980 12.13 11.85 10.54 13,770 11.15 23,200 10.36 29,370 10.67 22,200 10.13 3,330 11.07 23,020 10.24 4,860 5,100 10.85 12.73 22,570 26,480 10.34 11.70 23,170 22,650 3,090 12.88 13.28 12.37 26,790 27,620 25,740 12.10 12.44 11.79 Sawing machine setters and set-up operators Head sawyers Sawing machine operators and tenders Woodworking machine setters and set-up operators, except sawing Woodworking machine operators and tenders, except sawing 7,210 6,300 49,520 21,280 51,450 10.53 12.22 9.50 10.07 9.30 21,900 25,420 19,750 20,950 19,350 9.73 11.56 9.11 9.76 9.03 Printing press machine setters and set-up operators Offset lithographic press setters and set-up operators Letterpress setters and set-up operators Specialty materials printing machine setters and set-up operators Screen printing machine setters and set-up operators 12,820 57,330 11,130 11,980 31,040 $13.08 15.56 14.63 12.44 9.48 $27,210 32,370 30,430 25,880 19,720 $12.53 14.91 13.76 12.12 9.08 Numerical control machine tool operators and tenders, metal and plastic Combination machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Combination machine tool operators and tenders, metal and plastic Welding machine setters and set-up operators Welding machine operators and tenders Soldering and brazing machine setters and set-up operators Soldering and brazing machine operators and tenders Metal fabricators, structural metal products Plastic molding and casting machine setters and set-up operators Plastic molding and casting machine operators and tenders Metal molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters and set-up operators Metal molding, coremaking, and casting machine operators and tenders Foundry mold assembly and shake-out workers Electrolytic plating and coating machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Electrolytic plating and coating machine operators and tenders, metal and plastic Nonelectrolytic plating and coating machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Nonelectrolytic plating and coating machine operators and tenders, metal and plastic Heating equipment setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Heat treating, annealing, and tempering machine operators and tenders, metal and plastic Furnace operators and tenders Heaters, metal and plastic Bindery machine setters and set-up operators 25,740 12.39 25,760 11.70 12,410 125,910 5,910 65,490 12.18 13.34 12.65 10.22 25,330 27,760 26,300 21,270 11.08 12.51 11.52 9.27 26,860 10.61 22,060 10.40 174,090 9.38 19,510 9.34 27,690 8,580 23,860 13.05 10.06 9.25 27,140 20,930 19,240 13.43 9.73 9.31 326,350 131,230 7,030 7.42 8.53 8.07 15,420 17,740 16,790 7.09 8.17 7.80 147,470 7.45 15,490 7.05 65,290 63,110 8,130 52,120 18,270 60,550 7.51 12.53 10.27 9.58 16.54 12.71 15,620 26,070 21,370 19,930 34,410 26,430 7.28 11.93 7.41 8.56 17.51 12.50 Cooking machine operators and tenders, food and tobacco Roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders, food and tobacco Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, or kettle operators and tenders Boiler operators and tenders, low pressure Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders Dairy processing equipment operators, including setters 19,690 11.29 23,480 10.26 13,640 27,260 15,840 6,140 16,800 10.83 13.03 14.93 10.31 12.39 22,520 27,100 31,060 21,440 25,780 10.63 12.07 14.57 9.33 12.40 Chemical equipment controllers and operators Chemical equipment tenders Cutting and slicing machine setters and set-up operators Cutting and slicing machine operators and tenders 74,430 13,570 28,090 67,700 15.97 14.14 11.28 10.79 33,210 29,400 23,450 22,450 15.74 13.60 10.75 10.30 Painters, transportation equipment Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters and set-up operators Coating, painting, and spraying machine operators and tenders Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders Cleaning, washing, and pickling equipment operators and tenders 35,210 38,630 81,320 24,370 24,970 15.17 11.46 10.74 10.31 10.89 31,560 23,840 22,330 21,450 22,660 14.00 10.94 10.27 9.96 10.05 Typesetting and composing machine operators and tenders Printing press machine operators and tenders Photoengraving and lithographing machine operators and tenders Bindery machine operators and tenders Textile machine setters and set-up operators Textile machine operators and tenders, winding, twisting, knitting, weaving, and cutting Extruding and forming machine operators and tenders, synthetic or glass fibers Textile draw-out machine operators and tenders Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders Sewing machine operators, garment Sewing machine operators, nongarment Shoe sewing machine operators and tenders Laundry and dry-cleaning machine operators and tenders, except pressing Pressing machine operators and tenders, textile, garment, and related materials Electronic semiconductor processors Motion picture projectionists Photographic processing machine operators and tenders Tire building machine operators Paper goods machine setters and set-up operators Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine operators and tenders Crushing, grinding, mixing, and blending machine operators and tenders Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters and set-up operators Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine operators and tenders Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers, precision Machine builders and other precision machine assemblers Fitters, structural metal, precision Electromechanical equipment assemblers, precision Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers, precision Watch, clock, and chronometer assemblers, adjusters, calibraters, precision Machine assemblers Electrical and electronic assemblers Coil winders, tapers, and finishers Glaziers, manufacturing Welders and cutters Solderers and brazers Pressers, hand Sewers, hand Cutters and trimmers, hand Portable machine cutters Carpet cutters, diagrammers, and seamers Cannery workers Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers, hand Metal pourers and casters, basic shapes Molders and casters, hand Painting, coating, and decorating workers, hand Engraving and printing workers, hand Grinding and polishing workers, hand Assemblers and fabricators, except machine, electrical, electronic, and precision Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators Gas plant operators Chemical plant and system operators Petroleum pump system operators 27,280 14.87 30,930 14.23 137,990 11.92 24,780 11.23 31,440 12.21 25,400 11.70 86,090 389,050 11.41 10.43 23,730 21,700 10.94 9.64 16,800 73,630 20,590 55,370 188,700 $17.83 14.52 13.41 11.66 11.25 $37,090 30,210 27,890 24,240 23,400 $18.46 14.06 12.59 11.18 10.45 2,180 8.87 18,460 8.44 67,700 232,430 21,170 6,140 351,190 31,800 11.36 9.54 9.80 10.31 13.18 9.03 23,630 19,850 20,380 21,440 27,420 18,770 10.89 9.04 8.97 9.86 12.41 8.46 12,190 9,500 44,250 9,100 1,260 7.30 8.14 8.89 9.18 9.97 15,180 16,920 18,490 19,100 20,730 7.09 7.46 8.23 8.79 9.25 47,240 149,650 9,100 20,450 32,040 7,810 80,420 8.03 7.99 12.39 9.84 9.84 8.79 10.69 16,710 16,610 25,770 20,470 20,460 18,270 22,240 7.56 7.82 11.71 9.10 9.16 7.91 9.83 1,308,670 10.53 21,910 9.50 100,000 8,240 40,670 5,100 14.76 19.31 18.75 21.60 30,690 40,160 39,010 44,930 14.26 19.79 18.77 21.51 Petroleum refinery and control panel operators Gaugers 18,150 6,360 20.91 17.40 43,490 36,190 21.86 18.41 Power-generating plant operators, except auxiliary equipment Auxiliary equipment operators, power Power reactor operators Power distributors and dispatchers Stationary engineers 22,640 8,080 3,860 14,420 28,350 21.18 20.75 26.38 22.38 18.93 44,060 43,150 54,880 46,540 39,360 21.17 20.98 25.57 21.97 18.40 1,480,780 1,204,220 213,120 423,920 88,260 280,990 14.08 10.58 12.50 9.34 8.29 10.33 29,290 22,010 26,000 19,420 17,250 21,490 13.45 9.61 11.72 9.05 7.48 9.29 Railroad conductors and yardmasters Locomotive engineers Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers Locomotive firers Subway and streetcar operators Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 24,510 30,250 3,110 3,700 7,380 16,330 20.36 20.53 17.26 19.77 19.83 18.16 42,350 42,690 35,910 41,110 41,250 37,780 18.51 19.14 17.17 17.93 20.83 17.57 Captains, water vessel Mates, ship, boat, and barge Pilots, ship Motorboat operators Able seamen Ordinary seamen and marine oilers Ship engineers 15,240 9,720 3,160 1,220 8,060 12,850 6,400 20.68 15.44 21.90 12.85 13.01 11.29 20.23 43,010 32,120 45,550 26,730 27,050 23,480 42,090 19.91 14.09 20.03 11.90 12.88 10.66 19.31 96,890 3,810 131,190 78,350 /2 13.94 7.34 7.22 80,700 29,000 15,270 15,030 /2 14.57 6.90 6.69 7,210 3,980 4,920 7,040 700 1,340 3,080 99,890 2,610 1,740 22.06 15.05 15.47 15.81 21.00 14.00 17.91 14.44 14.52 14.27 45,880 31,310 32,170 32,880 43,690 29,110 37,250 30,020 30,190 29,670 22.03 14.99 12.85 16.16 21.37 13.06 18.57 13.02 13.44 13.14 Truck drivers, heavy or tractor-trailer Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers Bus drivers Bus drivers, school Taxi drivers and chauffeurs Driver/sales workers Aircraft pilots and flight engineers Bridge, lock, and lighthouse tenders Service station attendants Parking lot attendants Longshore equipment operators Tank car and truck loaders Oil pumpers, except wellhead Wellhead pumpers Main-line station engineers Gas pumping station operators Gas compressor operators Excavating and loading machine operators Dragline operators Dredge operators Loading machine operators, underground mining Shuttle car operators Grader, bulldozer, and scraper operators Hoist and winch operators Crane and tower operators Industrial truck and tractor operators Conveyor operators and tenders Pump operators Operating engineers 3,210 2,880 99,490 12,440 45,700 438,500 35,320 8,610 116,230 14.59 16.50 14.32 14.28 15.46 12.08 11.04 15.78 18.07 30,360 34,320 29,780 29,700 32,150 25,130 22,950 32,820 37,590 14.42 16.87 12.94 13.48 14.67 11.23 10.48 15.56 16.95 Helpers, Helpers, Helpers, Helpers, Helpers, Helpers, Helpers, Helpers, 228,570 69,670 189,280 84,040 35,920 85,560 29,820 13,770 9.72 11.67 10.08 10.09 9.73 10.11 8.53 10.45 20,220 24,280 20,960 21,000 20,250 21,020 17,740 21,740 8.76 10.31 9.40 9.35 8.78 9.39 8.13 9.93 217,550 26,540 90,300 999,080 253,220 9.61 19.15 11.28 7.58 7.70 19,990 39,840 23,460 15,770 16,020 9.04 19.91 10.51 6.99 6.99 mechanics and repairers brick and stonemasons and hard tile setters carpenters and related workers electricians and power-line transmission installers painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters roofers extractive workers Machine feeders and offbearers Stevedores, except equipment operators Refuse and recyclable material collectors Hand packers and packagers Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners /1 Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. /2 Hourly wage rates for occupations where workers typically work fewer than 2,080 hours per year are not available. /3 Represents a percentile wage above $60.01 per hour.