Full text of 1997 : Text File, USDL 98-502
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Internet address:http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm
Technical information: (202) 606-6569 USDL 98-502
For release: 10:00 A.M. EST
Media contact: 606-5902 Tuesday, December 22, 1998
OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES, 1997
The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S.Department of Labor announces
the release of national employment and wage data for a comprehensive set of
over 770 occupations from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES)
survey. The OES survey is a Federal-State cooperative program between BLS
and State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs).
The OES survey data presented in this release have a fourth-quarter 1997
reference period and are based on information collected during a 1997
survey and a 1996 survey. The 2 years of sample responses for employment
and wage data have been combined to produce this year's results. The 1996
wage data have been adjusted to the 1997 reference period by using the over-
the-year wage change in the most applicable Employment Cost Index series.
The employment estimates from 1996 and 1997 have been adjusted to the full
universe counts for the 1997 survey reference period based on the Covered
Employment and Wages program. The estimation methodology has been improved
since the 1996 estimates were prepared, so that data from 1997 are not
strictly comparable with data from 1996 issued in December1997. (For
further details, see Technical Note beginning on page 4.)
The data provide employment, average (mean) hourly wages, and mean
annual wages for over 770 detailed occupations. (See table A-1.) Overall,
almost one-half of the occupations had mean wages in the mid-range
intervals; this result, however, was variable across the major occupational
divisions.
The OES classification system has seven major occupational divisions, as
shown below. Table A displays the number and percentage of occupations
within each division, as well as the distribution of employment by
occupational division. The managerial, sales, and agricultural divisions
include the fewest number of occupations and the smallest employment
coverage. The professional and production divisions include the largest
number of occupations, while also accounting for the largest share of
employment.
The majority of occupations in the managerial and professional divisions
have average (mean) wage rates in the upper wage ranges, while the majority
of occupations in the clerical, service, and agricultural divisions have
average hourly wages in the lower wage ranges. (See table B.) For
example, table B shows that 75 percent of managerial occupations have a
mean occupational wage above $19.24 an hour, while 61 percent of service
occupations have a mean occupational wage below $10.00 an hour.
Occupations in the production division are paid average hourly wages
dispersed across the middle wage ranges.
- 2 -
Table A. Distribution of occupations and employment by occupational
division, 1997
-------------------------------------------------------------------
| Occupation | Employment
|--------------------|----------------------------
Occupational | | Percent | | Percent
division | Number | of | Number | of
| | total | | total
-----------------|--------------------|--------------|-------------
| | | |
Total..........| 777 | 100.0 | 121,592,210 | 100.0
| | | |
Managerial.......| 20 | 2.6 | 8,192,170 | 6.7
Professional.....| 214 | 27.5 | 25,594,320 | 21.0
Sales............| 22 | 2.8 | 14,319,050 | 11.8
Clerical.........| 77 | 9.9 | 21,251,910 | 17.5
Service..........| 64 | 8.2 | 19,610,730 | 16.1
Agricultural.....| 20 | 2.6 | 1,515,370 | 1.2
Production.......| 360 | 46.3 | 31,108,660 | 25.6
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Table B. Wage ranges of average (mean) wages by occupation, 1997
(Percentage distribution)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Wage range
|
Occupational |-------------------------------------------------------------
division |$5.57|$8.50|$10.00|$11.25|$13.25|$15.75|$19.25|$24.25| $43.25
| to | to | to | to | to | to | to | to | to
|$8.49|$9.99|$11.24|$13.24|$15.74|$19.24|$24.24|$43.24| $60.00
--------------|-----|-----|------|------|------|------|------|----- |-------
Managerial....| | | | 5.0 | 15.0 | 5.0 | 30.0 | 45.0 |
Professional..| 0.5 | 3.7| 3.7 | 6.5 | 9.8 | 23.4 | 17.8 | 33.6 | 0.9
Sales.........|13.6 | 13.6| 9.1 | 9.1 | 4.5 | 22.7 | 13.6 | 13.6 |
Clerical......| 7.8 | 24.7| 19.5 | 33.8 | 7.8 | 5.2 | 1.3 | |
Service.......|46.9 | 14.1| 7.8 | 6.3 | 9.4 | 7.8 | 6.3 | 1.6 |
Agricultural..|30.0 | 10.0| 20.0 | 35.0 | 5.0 | | | |
Production....| 5.8 | 11.7| 16.1 | 21.9 | 21.1 | 16.7 | 6.1 | 0.6 |
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technical Note
Scope of the survey
The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey is an annual mail
survey measuring occupational employment and wage rates for wage and salary
workers in nonfarm establishments, by industry. The OES survey samples and
contacts approximately 400,000 establishments each year and, over 3 years,
contacts approximately 1.2 million establishments. The reference period
for each year's survey is the fourth quarter of that year. While estimates
can be made from a single year of data, the OES survey has been designed to
produce estimates using the full 3 years of sample. (See Estimation
Methodology section.) The full sample allows the production of estimates
at fine levels of geography, industry, and occupational detail.
BLS and the Employment and Training Administration (ETA) provide the
funding for the survey. BLS provides the procedures and technical support,
while the State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs) collect the data. The
SESAs produce industry-specific estimates for states and local areas. BLS
produces industry estimates for the nation, and cross-industry estimates
for the nation, states, and metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs).
The OES survey defines employment as the number of workers who can be
classified as full-time or part-time employees; workers on paid vacations
or other types of leave; workers on unpaid short-term absences; salaried
officers, executives, and staff members of incorporated firms; employees
temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for whom the reporting
unit is their permanent duty station regardless of whether that unit
prepares their paycheck. The survey excludes the self-employed,
owners/partners of unincorporated firms, and unpaid family workers.
Employees are reported in the occupation in which they are working, not
necessarily for which they were trained.
The OES survey currently uses the Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) system to classify all establishments. An establishment is defined
as an economic unit that processes goods or provides services, such as a
factory, mine, or store. The establishment is generally at a single
physical location and is engaged primarily in one type of economic
activity. The scope of the survey includes establishments in SIC codes 07,
10, 12 to 17, 20 to 42, 44 to 65, 67, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78 to 84, 86, 87,
and 89 covering agricultural services; mining; construction; manufacturing;
transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance,
insurance, and real estate; services; and also includes the postal service
(SIC code 43) and other government.
States' Unemployment Insurance (UI) files provide the universe from
which the OES survey draws its sample. The employment benchmarks are
obtained from reports submitted by employers to the UI program. In some
nonmanufacturing industries, supplemental sources are used for
establishments not reporting to the UI program.
The OES survey sample is stratified by area, industry, and size class.
Size classes are defined as follows:
Size class Number of employees
1 1 to 4
2 5 to 9
3 10 to 19
4 20 to 49
5 50 to 99
6 100 to 249
7 250 to 499
8 500 to 999
9 1,000 or more
UI reporting units with 250 or more employees are sampled with certainty
across a 3-year period; however, during any one survey year, only one-third
of the certainty units are in the sample. In 1996 and 1997, establishments
in size classes 2 to 6 were selected based on a probability sample. The
sampling weights in size class 2 were adjusted to account for the
employment in size class 1. In 1998, the OES Survey began sampling
establishments in size class 1; thus, establishments in all size classes
are now represented in the probability sample.
The OES classification system uses seven occupational divisions to
categorize workers in one of over 770 detailed occupations. The seven
divisions are as follows:
1. Managerial and administrative occupations
2. Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations
3. Sales and related occupations
4. Clerical and administrative support occupations
5. Service occupations
6. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations
7. Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material
handling occupations.
Concepts
Employment represents the estimate of total wage and salary employment
in an occupation across the industries in which it was surveyed. The OES
survey form sent to an establishment contains between 50 and 225 OES
occupations selected on the basis of the industry classification and size
class of the sampled establishments. To reduce paperwork and respondent
burden, no survey form contains every OES occupation. Thus, data for
specific occupations are collected from establishments within industries
that are the predominant employers of labor in those occupations.
Wages for the OES survey are straight-time, gross pay, exclusive of
premium pay. Base rate, cost-of-living allowances, guaranteed pay,
hazardous-duty pay, incentive pay including commissions and production
bonuses, and on-call pay are included. Excluded are back pay, jury duty
pay, overtime pay, severance pay, shift differentials, nonproduction
bonuses, and tuition reimbursements.
The OES survey collects wage data in 11 intervals. Employers report
the number of employees in an occupation per each wage range. The wage
intervals are as follows:
-------------------------------------------------------
| Wages
Interval |-------------------------------------------
| Hourly | Annual
-------------------------------------------------------
Range A | Under $5.75 | Under $11,960
Range B | $5.75 to $8.49 | $11,960 to $17,659
Range C | $8.50 to $9.99 | $17,660 to $20,779
Range D | $10.00 to $11.24 | $20,780 to $23,399
Range E | $11.25 to $13.24 | $23,400 to $27,559
Range F | $13.25 to $15.74 | $27,560 to $32,759
Range G | $15.75 to $19.24 | $32,760 to $40,039
Range H | $19.25 to $24.24 | $40,040 to $50,439
Range I | $24.25 to $43.24 | $50,440 to $89,959
Range J | $43.25 to $60.00 | $89,960 to $124,820
Range K | $60.01 and over | $124,821 and over
-------------------------------------------------------
A mean wage is calculated using wage data from establishments in the
industries that are the predominant employers for an occupation.
Industries that do not typically employ workers in a given occupation are
not included in the calculation of the wage rates.
Mean wage is the estimated total wages for an occupation divided by its
weighted survey employment. With the exception of the upper open-ended wage
interval, interval K ($60.01 and over), a mean wage value is calculated for
each wage interval based on occupational wage data collected by the Office
of Compensation and Working Conditions. The mean wage value for the upper
open-ended wage interval is its lower bound (Winsorized mean). These
interval mean wage values are then attributed to all workers reported in
the interval. For each occupation, total weighted wages in each interval
are summed across all intervals and divided by the occupation's weighted
survey employment.
Annual wage: Most employees are paid at an hourly rate by their
employers and may work less than or more than 40 hours per week. The
annual wage estimates in this release are calculated by multiplying the
mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours per year
(52 weeks by 40 hours). Thus, the annual wage estimates may not represent
the actual annual pay received by the employee. There are a small number
of occupations in this release where only an annual wage figure is
provided; the workers in these occupations are generally paid on an annual
basis, and their annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported
survey data.
Hourly versus annual wage reporting: For each occupation, respondents
are asked to report the number of employees paid within specific wage
intervals. The intervals are defined both as hourly rates and the
corresponding annual rates, where the annual rates are constructed by
multiplying the hourly wage rate for the interval by the typical work year
of 2,080 hours. In reporting, the respondent can reference either the
hourly or the annual rate, but is instructed to report the hourly rate for
part-time workers.
There are workers in some occupations who are paid based on an annual
amount, but generally work less than the usual 2,080 hours per year. Since
the survey does not collect the actual hours worked, the hourly rate cannot
be calculated with a reasonable degree of confidence from the annual wages.
For this reason, only the annual salary is reported for these occupations.
Occupations that typically have a work-year of less than 2,080 hours
include musical and entertainment occupations, flight pilots and
attendants, and teachers.
Estimation Methodology
The OES survey samples approximately 400,000 establishments each year
and, over a 3-year period, contacts approximately 1.2 million
establishments. Each single-year sample represents a one-third sample of
both the certainty and non-certainty strata for the full 3-year sample
plan. While estimates can be made from a single year of data, the OES
survey has been designed to produce estimates using the full
3 years of data. The full 3-year sample allows the production of estimates
at fine levels of geography, industry, and occupational detail, while
estimates using any one year of data would be subject to a higher sampling
error (due to the smaller sample size) and the limitations associated with
having only 1/3 of the units from the certainty strata. Producing
estimates using the 3 years of sample data provides significant sampling
error reductions (particularly for small geographic areas and occupations);
however, it also has some quality limitations in that it requires the
adjustment of earlier years' data to the current reference period--a
procedure referred to as "wage updating."
1996 OES Survey Estimates: The 1996 OES survey estimates, which were
published in December 1997, were from the first year of the new OES wage
survey and were developed using only a single year (i.e., 400,000 sample
units) of data. The initial estimation methodology used a weighting-class
adjustment procedure for nonrespondents and an employment benchmark at the
state/industry level. Since multiple years were not available for the 1996
data, the estimation procedure did not involve "wage updating."
1997 OES Survey Estimates: The 1997 OES survey estimates represent the
second year of OES estimates and have been developed using both 1996 and
1997 survey data that, when combined, cover approximately 800,000 sample
units. The 1997 estimates also represent the first year of using a "wage-
updating" methodology in developing the OES survey estimates. For the 1997
estimates, the OES program has used the over-the-year fourth quarter wage
changes from the Bureau's Employment Cost Index to adjust the 1996 survey
data before combining it with this year's fourth quarter 1997 data. In
addition to the wage-updating procedure, the 1997 estimates use an improved
estimation methodology, which uses a "nearest neighbor" imputation approach
for nonrespondents and applies employment benchmarks at a detailed MSA by
3-digit industry and broad size class level. Note: Because of the
difference in estimation methods for these first 2 years of OES estimates,
the data from 1997 are not strictly comparable with those published from
1996.
Combining Multiple Years of Data: As noted above, combining multiple
years of data has both statistical advantages and limitations. Significant
reductions in sampling error can be achieved by taking advantage of a full
3 years of data, which covers 1.2 million establishments and over 70
percent of the employment in the United States. This feature is
particularly important in improving the reliability of estimates for small
domains in the population (i.e., wage and employment estimates for
detailed occupations in small areas). Combining multiple years of data
also has been necessary to obtain full coverage of the certainty strata
(i.e., large employers with 250+ employment); the current OES collection
cycle samples these units only once every 3 years.
While there are significant advantages, there are also limitations
associated with this estimation procedure in that it requires "wage
updating" for the earlier years of data. For "wage-updating" purposes,the
Bureau has used the national over-the-year wage changes from the fourth
quarter of 1996 to the fourth quarter of 1997 for the nine occupational
divisions for which ECI estimates are available. Such a procedure assumes
that each occupation's wage, as measured in the earlier years, moves
according to the average movement of its occupational division and that
there are no major geographic differences--and this may not be the case.
As noted below, the Bureau will be conducting research over the next
several years on the accuracy of this approach and also on other modeling
approaches that may produce more accurate results.
Future Research: The expanded OES survey is a relatively new program,
and the Bureau has a number of research efforts underway. Some areas of
future research are given below.
Sample Design Research--The Bureau is evaluating the feasibility of
collecting all certainty units (i.e., large employers of 250+) every year
so that more accurate independent estimates from a single year of sample
data can be produced. These estimates will not contain possible effects
from the "wage-updating" procedure and can provide an independent measure
of the accuracy of the updating procedure along with the ability to use
this data directly for more aggregate levels of publication. Inclusion of
certainty units in each year's sample also will enable the Bureau to
explore alternative "wage-updating" procedures using the new OES data
itself in the updating process.
Collection Methodology Research--This includes cognitive research on
improvements to form design and alternative electronic collection reporting
procedures for respondents.
Estimation Methodology Research--An important research effort over the
next several years will be the evaluation of the current "wage-updating"
methodology along with the identification of alternative modeling
approaches may produce improved overall accuracy. An additional area of
research will be to extend the Bureau's earlier 1992 and 1996 research on
estimation methods for workers who fall in the upper-end wage interval,
$60.01 and above.
Additional Information
The 1997 OES national data by occupation, comparable to data in table
A-1, will be available on the Internet (http://stats.bls.gov/oeshome.htm),
along with additional technical information. Users also may access each
occupation's definition and wage distribution (similar to the division data
shown in table B). 1997 OES data for States will be available on the BLS
website in January, with data for metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs)
available some time thereafter.
In addition to the data provided on the Internet, industry staffing
patterns at the 2- and 3-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
levels will be available on diskette beginning in January 1999. These data
will include industry-specific occupational employment and wage data. BLS
also plans to release a bulletin displaying 1997 employment and wage data
for selected occupations in the spring of 1999.
For additional information, contact the Office of Employment and
Unemployment Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics, Room 4840, 2
Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Washington DC, 20212, telephone 202-606-6569
(e-mail: oesinfo@bls.gov).
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone:
202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-326-2577.
Table A-1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational
Employment Statistics survey by occupation, 1997
Mean Wages
Occupation Employ-
ment Hourly Annual /1
Managerial and administrative occupations
Financial managers 655,680 $27.43 $57,060
Personnel, training, and labor relations managers 221,370 24.08 50,080
Purchasing managers 172,980 21.35 44,400
Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers 453,920 27.45 57,100
Administrative services managers 346,600 22.61 47,030
Engineering, mathematical, and natural sciences managers 316,110 32.99 68,620
Postmasters and mail superintendents 27,090 22.26 46,300
Education administrators 375,170 26.87 55,900
Medicine and health services managers 203,420 24.02 49,960
Property and real estate managers and administrators 135,570 16.67 34,680
Industrial production managers 208,000 26.38 54,860
Construction managers 220,560 23.69 49,280
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas well drilling managers 8,670 29.18 60,700
Communications, transportation, and utilities operations
managers 192,250 24.90 51,790
Food service and lodging managers 377,000 13.47 28,020
Nursery and greenhouse managers 2,980 13.87 28,850
Lawn service managers 17,450 12.91 26,850
Public administration chief executives, legislators,
and general administrators 77,450 14.77 30,710
General managers and top executives 3,259,730 29.31 60,960
Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations
Insurance underwriters 88,530 19.45 40,460
Credit analysts 39,740 18.73 38,960
Loan officers and counselors 213,250 18.96 39,430
Tax preparers 48,080 16.12 33,530
Accountants and auditors 885,360 19.49 40,550
Budget analysts 56,660 22.29 46,350
Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products 99,820 16.72 34,780
Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products 25,200 17.08 35,530
Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail,
and farm products 213,930 19.25 40,030
Claims takers, unemployment benefits 11,760 14.82 30,820
Special agents, insurance 23,050 21.97 45,690
Employment interviewers, private or public employment
service 62,390 16.63 34,590
Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists 340,970 19.03 39,570
Cost estimators 150,360 20.20 42,020
Management analysts 126,790 25.05 52,110
Construction and building inspectors 60,640 18.11 37,660
Compliance officers and enforcement inspectors,
except construction 164,820 18.43 38,340
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents 61,210 19.01 39,540
Assessors 21,530 14.86 30,900
Claims examiners, property and casualty insurance 45,870 20.34 42,310
Aeronautical and astronautical engineers 46,060 30.35 63,130
Metallurgists and metallurgical, ceramic, and materials
engineers 15,640 26.41 54,930
Mining engineers, including mine safety 3,440 25.80 53,650
Petroleum engineers 8,770 32.84 68,300
Chemical engineers 43,270 28.08 58,400
Nuclear engineers 8,030 30.95 64,380
Civil engineers, including traffic 173,690 25.36 52,750
Agricultural engineers 2,900 25.30 52,620
Electrical and electronic engineers 329,070 27.32 56,820
Computer engineers 252,230 $27.21 $56,590
Industrial engineers, except safety 112,400 25.17 52,350
Safety engineers, except mining 19,400 24.41 50,760
Mechanical engineers 209,490 25.10 52,210
Marine engineers 3,300 22.97 47,770
Architects, except landscape and marine 67,790 24.12 50,170
Marine architects 1,070 28.52 59,320
Landscape architects 12,920 19.22 39,970
Surveyors and mapping scientists 37,880 19.17 39,880
Civil engineering technicians and technologists 72,560 16.69 34,710
Electrical and electronic engineering technicians
and technologists 308,910 17.37 36,120
Industrial engineering technicians and technologists 27,510 18.44 38,360
Mechanical engineering technicians and technologists 87,340 19.07 39,660
Drafters 253,790 16.01 33,300
Estimators and drafters, utilities 5,290 22.01 45,790
Surveying and mapping technicians 61,910 13.40 27,860
Physicists and astronomers 8,020 32.72 68,060
Chemists, except biochemists 80,010 22.69 47,200
Atmospheric and space scientists 6,900 24.87 51,730
Geologists, geophysicists, and oceanographers 32,130 26.73 55,600
Foresters and conservation scientists 26,090 20.30 42,230
Agricultural and food scientists 9,090 20.77 43,200
Biological scientists 66,940 22.86 47,550
Medical scientists 14,620 27.13 56,430
Biological, agricultural, and food technicians
and technologists, except health 37,750 13.84 28,790
Chemical technicians and technologists, except health 73,480 15.46 32,160
Nuclear technicians and technologists 2,430 20.91 43,480
Petroleum technicians and technologists 8,160 18.56 38,590
Systems analysts, electronic data processing 530,420 24.69 51,360
Data base administrators 82,600 23.06 47,960
Computer support specialists 406,230 18.71 38,920
Computer programmers 501,390 24.27 50,490
Computer programmer aides 63,240 14.83 30,840
Programmers, numerical tool and process control 8,500 19.82 41,230
Operations and systems researchers and analysts,
except computer 71,530 24.40 50,740
Mathematical scientists 8,280 20.26 42,150
Statisticians 15,090 23.96 49,830
Actuaries 11,770 30.85 64,160
Financial analysts, statistical 43,930 24.68 51,330
Mathematical technicians 1,590 14.73 30,630
Economists, including market research analysts 46,480 25.18 52,370
Urban and regional planners 33,380 21.00 43,670
Psychologists 79,170 23.78 49,460
Social workers, medical and psychiatric 219,740 15.82 32,910
Social workers, except medical and psychiatric 350,170 15.23 31,680
Residential counselors 175,770 9.57 19,910
Human services workers 252,340 $10.63 $22,110
Recreation workers 227,570 8.93 18,570
Clergy 25,740 14.65 30,480
Directors, religious activities and education 11,810 12.33 25,650
Judges and magistrates 23,760 29.88 62,160
Adjudicators, hearings officers, and judicial reviewers 44,900 18.22 37,890
Lawyers 425,170 35.02 72,840
Law clerks 43,080 13.64 28,360
Paralegal personnel 129,400 16.01 33,300
Title searchers 9,410 11.59 24,100
Title examiners and abstractors 14,150 14.38 29,900
Lecturers 10,750 12.93 26,890
Nursing instructors, postsecondary 41,030 27.57 45,400
Graduate assistants, teaching 92,480 /2 21,290
Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary 8,600 /2 57,950
Life sciences teachers, postsecondary 36,970 /2 53,360
Chemistry teachers, postsecondary 13,470 /2 48,460
Physics teachers, postsecondary 8,720 /2 53,200
Health diagnostics teachers, postsecondary 31,810 /2 68,360
Health assessment and treatment teachers, postsecondary 24,350 /2 56,840
Communications teachers, postsecondary 14,110 /2 41,830
English language and literature teachers, postsecondary 52,480 /2 43,840
Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary 18,150 /2 43,590
Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary 48,590 /2 43,190
Engineering teachers, postsecondary 23,180 /2 60,040
Architecture teachers, postsecondary 4,070 /2 52,480
Mathematical sciences teachers, postsecondary 37,450 /2 45,260
Computer science teachers, postsecondary 21,260 /2 45,530
Anthropology and sociology teachers, postsecondary 12,260 /2 47,250
Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary 2,930 /2 44,980
Economics teachers, postsecondary 9,190 /2 54,430
Geography teachers, postsecondary 3,250 /2 51,090
History teachers, postsecondary 15,090 /2 46,460
Political science teachers, postsecondary 9,380 /2 50,040
Psychology teachers, postsecondary 21,400 /2 47,710
Business teachers, postsecondary 53,340 /2 49,670
Law teachers, postsecondary 8,430 /2 65,240
Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary 7,260 /2 41,250
Social work teachers, postsecondary 4,990 /2 42,480
Education teachers, postsecondary 33,780 /2 43,260
Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary 13,160 /2 44,130
Library science teachers, postsecondary 2,330 /2 46,050
Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies teachers,
postsecondary 7,540 /2 43,230
Home economics teachers, postsecondary 2,930 /2 45,080
Teachers, preschool 284,100 9.09 18,900
Teachers, kindergarten 164,090 /2 34,150
Teachers, elementary school 1,560,380 /2 $37,310
Teachers, secondary school 1,319,250 /2 39,010
Teachers, special education 376,360 /2 39,200
Teachers and instructors, vocational education and training 296,930 17.00 35,350
Instructors, nonvocational education 114,320 13.04 27,110
Instructors and coaches, sports and physical training 284,610 12.14 25,250
Farm and home management advisors 9,180 17.95 37,350
Librarians, professional 141,360 18.46 38,400
Technical assistants, library 66,850 10.58 22,000
Audio-visual specialists 11,610 15.87 33,010
Curators, archivists, museum technicians, and conservators 11,960 15.93 33,130
Vocational and educational counselors 165,960 18.78 39,060
Instructional coordinators 84,460 19.09 39,720
Teacher aides, paraprofessional 608,750 7.96 16,550
Physicians and surgeons 463,870 48.52 100,920
Dentists 81,160 43.89 91,280
Optometrists 24,380 31.33 65,170
Podiatrists 7,190 39.92 83,040
Chiropractors 16,170 32.69 68,000
Veterinarians and veterinary inspectors 34,910 26.65 55,430
Respiratory therapists 83,440 16.40 34,110
Occupational therapists 62,560 24.33 50,610
Physical therapists 112,060 26.95 56,060
Corrective and manual arts therapists 2,200 16.33 33,970
Speech-language pathologists and audiologists 88,650 21.33 44,370
Recreational therapists 24,140 13.42 27,920
Registered nurses 2,007,030 19.91 41,400
Licensed practical nurses 667,650 12.94 26,910
Emergency medical technicians 140,140 10.21 21,230
Physician assistants 61,800 21.63 44,980
Opticians, dispensing and measuring 64,500 11.15 23,180
Pharmacists 174,540 27.88 57,990
Pharmacy technicians and aides 165,430 8.82 18,350
Dietitians and nutritionists 45,300 16.41 34,120
Dietetic technicians 24,990 9.97 20,730
Medical and clinical laboratory technologists 157,530 18.44 38,350
Medical and clinical laboratory technicians 136,380 12.93 26,900
Dental hygienists 139,700 21.56 44,840
Medical records technicians 87,040 10.20 21,220
Radiation therapists 12,110 19.05 39,630
Nuclear medicine technologists 13,700 19.07 39,670
Radiologic technologists 157,640 15.79 32,837
Electroneurodiagnostic technologists 5,320 15.66 32,570
Cardiology technologists 20,580 16.21 33,720
Electrocardiograph technicians 12,190 12.34 25,660
Surgical technologists and technicians 52,650 12.30 25,580
Psychiatric technicians 62,120 10.59 22,020
Veterinary technicians and technologists 30,160 9.58 19,930
Writers and editors 125,220 $17.76 $36,940
Technical writers and editors 49,430 20.07 41,740
Public relations specialists and publicity writers 91,870 17.43 36,260
Reporters and correspondents 55,840 14.26 29,660
Broadcast news analysts 7,490 20.38 42,400
Announcers, radio and television 51,450 11.38 23,680
Announcers, except radio and television 1,240 11.02 22,930
Photographers 63,280 11.74 24,420
Camera operators, television and motion picture 10,760 12.19 25,360
Broadcast technicians 35,960 14.12 29,380
Film editors 9,320 19.58 40,740
Artists and related workers 126,930 16.52 34,360
Designers, except interior designers 184,120 15.62 32,480
Interior designers 28,760 15.44 32,120
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers 33,570 9.15 19,030
Music directors, singers, composers, and related workers 12,030 /2 31,560
Musicians, instrumental 42,390 /2 36,190
Dancers and choreographers 16,980 11.52 23,960
Producers, directors, actors, and other entertainers 113,500 /2 35,420
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers 25,700 /2 33,950
Airplane dispatchers and air traffic controllers 28,470 27.41 57,020
Traffic technicians 7,370 16.75 34,850
Radio operators 6,640 10.79 22,440
Funeral directors and morticians 24,880 18.72 38,940
Embalmers 5,890 14.75 30,680
Sales and related occupations
First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors 1,672,080 16.32 33,950
Sales agents and placers, insurance 248,130 19.64 40,850
Brokers, real estate 21,020 26.50 55,120
Sales agents, real estate 78,270 16.73 34,790
Appraisers, real estate 33,570 19.29 40,130
Sales agents, securities, commodities,
and financial services 213,240 28.34 58,950
Sales agents, selected business services 247,920 18.24 37,940
Travel agents 117,000 10.99 22,850
Sales agents, advertising 126,020 17.48 36,360
Sales engineers 77,330 25.98 54,040
Sales representatives, scientific and related products
and services, except retail 391,610 22.64 47,090
Sales representatives, except retail and scientific
and related products and services 1,032,880 18.99 39,510
Salespersons, retail 3,842,730 8.64 17,970
Salespersons, parts 293,940 11.51 23,930
Counter and rental clerks 444,220 7.37 15,330
Stock clerks, sales floor 1,264,970 7.64 15,900
Cashiers 3,122,490 6.96 14,480
Telemarketers, door-to-door sales workers, news
and street vendors, and other related workers 407,850 9.19 19,120
Demonstrators and promoters 81,310 8.73 18,160
Models 970 10.70 22,250
Clerical and administrative support occupations
First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors 1,544,540 $15.62 $32,490
Tellers 544,670 8.24 17,140
New accounts clerks 109,290 10.00 20,800
Transit clerks 13,750 8.51 17,700
Loan interviewers 15,310 11.59 24,100
Credit authorizers 16,410 11.68 24,300
Credit checkers 39,310 10.88 22,630
Loan and credit clerks 167,790 10.89 22,650
Adjustment clerks 467,480 11.07 23,020
Statement clerks 13,190 8.75 18,190
Brokerage clerks 72,530 13.85 28,800
Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators 161,830 19.04 39,610
Insurance appraisers, auto damage 10,160 19.27 40,080
Insurance examining clerks 8,830 11.14 23,180
Insurance claims clerks 150,410 11.69 24,310
Insurance policy processing clerks 157,410 11.75 24,450
Welfare eligibility workers and interviewers 88,060 16.17 33,630
Investigators, clerical 12,260 11.79 24,530
Bill and account collectors 279,360 10.99 22,850
Court clerks 50,890 12.16 25,300
Municipal clerks 22,910 11.90 24,750
License clerks 24,000 10.99 22,870
Travel clerks 20,240 9.21 19,160
Reservation and transportation ticket agents 196,670 11.66 24,250
Hotel desk clerks 154,560 7.32 15,230
Library assistants and bookmobile drivers 120,220 8.68 18,050
Teacher aides and educational assistants, clerical 474,890 7.59 15,790
Advertising clerks 13,280 9.93 20,650
Proofreaders and copy markers 36,350 9.74 20,260
Real estate clerks 23,870 9.74 20,250
Legal secretaries 277,290 14.60 30,370
Medical secretaries 210,230 10.71 22,270
Secretaries, except legal and medical 2,397,710 11.52 23,970
Stenographers and/or court reporters 73,630 13.34 27,740
Receptionists and information clerks 1,212,340 9.00 18,710
Typists, including word processing 404,570 10.88 22,640
Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping 137,070 11.80 24,540
Correspondence clerks 22,660 11.15 23,200
File clerks 259,130 8.34 17,350
Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and service 357,040 10.60 22,040
Procurement clerks 57,420 11.11 23,120
Statistical clerks 49,930 11.73 24,400
Interviewing clerks, except personnel and social welfare 123,990 8.97 18,650
Customer service representatives, utilities 187,770 13.24 27,540
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks 1,746,630 11.34 23,580
Payroll and timekeeping clerks 163,410 11.84 24,620
Billing, cost, and rate clerks 328,740 10.91 22,690
General office clerks 2,869,990 9.74 20,250
Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators 101,390 $9.79 $20,350
Duplicating machine operators 48,620 9.46 19,670
Mail machine operators, preparation and handling 59,140 8.75 18,200
Computer operators, except peripheral equipment 208,680 12.55 26,090
Peripheral EDP equipment operators 25,930 11.33 23,560
Data entry keyers, except composing 389,050 9.33 19,410
Data keyers, composing 16,810 9.83 20,450
Switchboard operators 205,670 8.88 18,470
Directory assistance operators 22,640 13.30 27,660
Central office operators 22,100 12.21 25,400
Telegraph and teletype operators 6,250 11.78 24,510
Mail clerks, except mail machine operators
and postal service 114,390 8.76 18,230
Postal mail carriers 341,210 16.42 34,160
Postal service clerks 74,760 16.22 33,740
Messengers 97,200 8.46 17,590
Dispatchers, police, fire, and ambulance 83,830 11.31 23,530
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance 148,950 13.20 27,460
Production, planning, and expediting clerks 242,960 14.35 29,850
Transportation agents 28,340 11.63 24,180
Meter readers, utilities 50,090 12.77 26,570
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping 41,390 11.59 24,100
Marking clerks 24,890 7.96 16,560
Stock clerks - stockroom, warehouse or storage yard 803,560 9.66 20,090
Order fillers, wholesale and retail sales 235,720 9.40 19,560
Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 993,450 11.30 23,510
Service occupations
Fire fighting and prevention supervisors 56,630 $21.54 $44,810
Police and detective supervisors 105,970 23.33 48,530
Housekeeping supervisors 83,010 9.81 20,400
Fire inspectors 8,300 20.36 42,340
Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists 3,820 17.39 36,180
Fire fighters 226,450 15.18 31,570
Police detectives 55,490 21.00 43,690
Police patrol officers 420,750 18.17 37,800
Correction officers and jailers 382,150 14.59 30,340
Parking enforcement officers 11,530 11.84 24,620
Bailiffs 12,640 14.42 29,980
Criminal investigators, public service 21,030 25.80 53,660
Sheriffs and deputy sheriffs 89,250 14.13 29,390
Detectives and investigators, except public 39,040 12.46 25,910
Railroad and transit police and special agents 4,500 18.18 37,820
Fish and game wardens 7,480 16.33 33,960
Crossing guards 52,560 7.84 16,310
Guards and watch guards 974,690 8.34 17,350
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, or coffee shop 251,420 6.69 13,910
Bartenders 392,480 6.70 13,940
Waiters and waitresses 1,981,130 5.87 12,200
Service occupations
Food servers, outside 60,730 $7.43 $15,450
Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers 388,620 6.26 13,020
Counter attendants - lunchroom, coffee shop, or cafeteria 332,920 6.42 13,360
Bakers, bread and pastry 159,760 8.63 17,940
Butchers and meat cutters 145,930 11.24 23,370
Cooks, restaurant 728,060 8.06 16,770
Cooks, institution or cafeteria 375,530 8.02 16,670
Cooks, fast food 502,400 6.11 12,700
Cooks, short order 154,590 7.16 14,900
Food preparation workers 1,210,580 6.95 14,450
Combined food preparation and service workers 1,586,250 6.21 12,920
Dental assistants 222,410 10.89 22,650
Medical assistants 248,080 10.00 20,810
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants 1,255,210 8.12 16,890
Home health aides 482,080 8.31 17,290
Psychiatric aides 92,280 10.35 21,530
Physical and corrective therapy assistants and aides 80,770 11.57 24,070
Occupational therapy assistants and aides 18,280 14.31 29,760
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency 17,260 8.57 17,820
Maids and housekeeping cleaners 873,040 7.14 14,850
Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping
cleaners 1,938,270 8.21 17,070
Pest controllers and assistants 43,900 10.85 22,570
Elevator operators 3,140 14.53 30,220
Barbers 11,780 9.63 20,030
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists 327,260 8.34 17,350
Manicurists 27,810 7.77 16,170
Shampooers 14,680 6.33 13,160
Amusement and recreation attendants 319,670 6.73 14,000
Guides 27,300 7.99 16,610
Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers 70,890 6.26 13,020
Baggage porters and bellhops 35,640 6.92 14,400
Flight attendants 99,430 /2 38,780
Transportation attendants, except flight attendants
and baggage porters 21,160 8.95 18,610
Wardrobe, and locker and dressing room attendants 6,680 8.45 17,580
Personal and home care aides 237,390 7.28 15,140
Child care workers 353,250 7.03 14,630
Funeral attendants 22,410 7.76 16,140
Agricultural, Forestry, Fishing, and Related Occupations
First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors 46,720 14.22 29,580
Fallers and buckers 11,480 13.08 27,200
Choke setters 2,960 13.00 27,040
Log-handling equipment operators 18,120 11.75 24,430
Logging tractor operators 17,150 11.45 23,810
Forest and conservation workers 20,330 11.86 24,670
Log graders and scalers 3,790 11.18 23,250
Graders and sorters, agricultural products 67,790 $6.89 $14,340
Animal breeders 1,670 12.98 27,000
Animal trainers 3,590 10.69 22,240
Animal caretakers, except farm 88,780 7.67 15,950
Farm equipment operators 21,670 7.81 16,240
Pruners 24,170 10.86 22,600
Sprayers/applicators 17,900 10.42 21,680
Laborers, landscaping and groundskeeping 859,170 9.09 18,910
Veterinary assistants 41,850 7.92 16,480
Farmworkers, food and fiber crops 159,450 6.00 12,470
Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals 8,600 7.59 15,780
Production, construction, operating, maintenance,
and material handling occupations
First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors:
Mechanics, installers, and repairers 431,310 19.33 40,200
Construction trades and extractive workers 339,110 19.58 40,730
Production and operating workers 619,430 17.76 36,940
Transportation and material-moving machine
and vehicle operators 139,860 17.87 37,170
Helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand 146,560 14.77 30,730
Precision inspectors, testers, and graders 149,910 13.74 28,580
Production inspectors, testers, graders, sorters, samplers,
and weighers 434,080 11.27 23,440
Transportation inspectors 14,690 18.10 37,650
Machinery maintenance mechanics 271,550 15.22 31,660
Machinery maintenance mechanics, textile machines 28,410 11.61 24,140
Machinery maintenance mechanics, sewing machines 10,140 11.21 23,310
Machinery maintenance mechanics, marine equipment 12,370 14.74 30,650
Underground mine machinery mechanics 6,850 17.50 36,390
Machinery maintenance mechanics, water or power
generation plant 57,330 17.66 36,720
Millwrights 78,580 17.18 35,720
Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons 1,780 14.66 30,500
Machinery maintenance workers 83,940 14.48 30,120
Maintenance repairers, general utility 1,110,340 11.73 24,400
Automotive mechanics 604,400 13.63 28,340
Automotive body and related repairers 186,340 13.97 29,050
Motorcycle repairers 9,210 11.67 24,260
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists 233,770 14.15 29,440
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines 98,490 15.06 31,320
Rail car repairers 14,010 16.75 34,840
Farm equipment mechanics 36,120 10.81 22,480
Aircraft mechanics 111,180 17.65 36,710
Aircraft engine specialists 14,640 18.16 37,770
Small engine specialists 26,010 10.60 22,040
Central office and pbx installers and repairers 41,370 19.31 40,170
Frame wirers, central office 12,070 21.83 45,400
Telegraph and teletype installers and maintainers 1,160 21.32 44,350
Signal or track switch maintainers 4,550 19.70 40,980
Radio mechanics 6,940 14.14 29,410
Telephone and cable television line installers and repairers 172,960 $15.70 $32,650
Data processing equipment repairers 59,000 14.64 30,450
Electronic home entertainment equipment repairers 27,840 12.04 25,040
Electric home appliance and power tool repairers 29,850 12.00 24,960
Electric motor, transformer, and related repairers 18,130 13.61 28,310
Electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment 62,470 16.52 34,350
Powerhouse, substation, and relay electricians 8,540 22.36 46,520
Electrical power-line installers and repairers 97,310 19.75 41,090
Station installers and repairers, telephone 23,480 18.06 37,560
Electrical installers and repairers, transportation
equipment 18,690 15.39 32,010
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics 238,220 14.48 30,120
Precision instrument repairers 30,520 18.00 37,430
Electromedical and biomedical equipment repairers 10,470 15.99 33,250
Electric meter installers and repairers 12,050 18.71 38,920
Camera and photographic equipment repairers 3,170 14.07 29,260
Watchmakers 3,010 12.84 26,700
Musical instrument repairers and tuners 4,410 11.57 24,070
Locksmiths and safe repairers 12,370 12.67 26,350
Office machine and cash register servicers 53,010 13.32 27,700
Mechanical control and valve installers and repairers 20,180 16.26 33,820
Elevator installers and repairers 21,000 22.42 46,640
Riggers 10,960 15.95 33,180
Installers and repairers, manufactured buildings,
mobile homes, and travel trailers 34,800 10.77 22,410
Gas appliance repairers 13,430 15.80 32,870
Coin and vending machine servicers and repairers 27,240 11.23 23,360
Bicycle repairers 8,150 7.80 16,210
Tire repairers and changers 80,280 8.28 17,210
Menders, garments, linens, and related 8,150 7.77 16,170
Carpenters 714,430 14.81 30,800
Ceiling tile installers and acoustical carpenters 15,040 16.27 33,830
Drywall installers 72,700 15.47 32,180
Tapers 31,520 16.30 33,900
Lathers 11,460 16.17 33,640
Brattice builders 450 15.92 33,120
Electricians 570,030 17.50 36,390
Brickmasons 95,430 17.26 35,900
Stonemasons 13,280 16.44 34,190
Hard tile setters 16,940 16.36 34,040
Concrete and terrazzo finishers 128,510 13.35 27,770
Reinforcing metal workers 21,990 16.81 34,960
Plasterers and stucco masons 31,350 14.92 31,030
Painters and paperhangers, construction and maintenance 265,610 12.99 27,020
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 336,810 17.46 36,310
Pipelaying fitters 5,780 16.00 33,280
Pipelayers 45,660 12.65 26,320
Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 8,870 12.88 26,780
Carpet installers 29,860 $14.46 $30,080
Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles 11,310 13.72 28,550
Floor sanding machine operators 5,090 11.88 24,710
Air hammer operators 2,430 15.06 31,330
Pile-driver operators 2,140 19.77 41,110
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators 72,330 12.89 26,810
Highway maintenance workers 154,110 11.79 24,520
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 17,100 15.84 32,940
Insulation workers 61,650 13.57 28,230
Hazardous materials removal workers 37,410 14.01 29,140
Sheet metal duct installers 45,520 14.82 30,820
Roofers 104,340 13.38 27,840
Glaziers 38,450 13.40 27,870
Structural metal workers 55,610 16.30 33,890
Fence erectors 18,490 10.24 21,310
Earth drillers, except oil and gas 15,630 14.26 29,650
Blasters and explosives workers 4,360 14.63 30,430
Rock splitters, quarry 2,180 10.93 22,730
Rotary drill operators, oil and gas extraction 10,110 16.35 34,010
Derrick operators, oil and gas extraction 12,640 13.24 27,530
Service unit operators 17,700 11.54 24,010
Roustabouts 30,170 9.85 20,480
Roof bolters 4,460 17.18 35,730
Continuous mining machine operators 5,810 16.55 34,420
Mine cutting and channeling machine operators 2,380 17.77 36,960
Tool and die makers 137,080 17.36 36,110
Precision instrument makers 3,580 14.08 29,290
Machinists 415,010 13.84 28,780
Tool grinders, filers, sharpeners, and other precision
grinders 34,360 12.90 26,840
Pattern and model makers, metal 3,530 14.95 31,100
Precision lay-out workers, metal 13,340 13.95 29,020
Shipfitters 8,060 13.50 28,080
Jewelers and silversmiths 19,330 11.95 24,850
Precision hand workers, jewelry and related products 9,060 10.34 21,500
Precision etchers and engravers, hand or machine 2,670 10.90 22,660
Sheet metal workers 176,220 14.55 30,260
Boilermakers 17,110 18.25 37,970
Pattern and model makers, wood 9,270 16.30 33,910
Pattern markers, wood 1,410 10.11 21,020
Wood machinists 39,130 9.62 20,010
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters 97,100 11.07 23,030
Furniture finishers 26,260 9.82 20,430
Fabric and apparel patternmakers and lay-out workers 16,640 12.21 25,400
Custom tailors and sewers 31,840 9.53 19,820
Upholsterers 40,380 10.81 22,490
Shoe and leather workers and repairers, precision 18,870 8.32 17,310
Spotters, dry-cleaning 10,390 $8.59 $17,870
Pressers, delicate fabrics 26,350 7.57 15,740
Precision dyers 4,930 9.58 19,920
Hand compositors and typesetters 8,340 10.88 22,630
Job printers 16,880 12.95 26,940
Paste-up workers 8,920 10.43 21,680
Electronic pagination system operators 25,510 14.32 29,780
Photoengravers 2,740 14.10 29,320
Camera operators 9,170 11.66 24,250
Scanner operators 6,900 16.34 33,990
Strippers 22,520 15.26 31,750
Platemakers 14,410 13.99 29,110
Bookbinders 6,250 11.88 24,710
Slaughterers and butchers 57,420 8.64 17,980
Bakers, manufacturing 40,000 10.79 22,440
Food batchmakers 32,280 11.25 23,400
Precision foundry mold and coremakers 12,020 11.91 24,770
Precision molders, shapers, casters, and carvers,
except jewelry and foundry 12,940 10.67 22,200
Precision patternmakers, model makers, lay-out workers,
and cutters 3,680 14.17 29,470
Precision detail design decorators and painters 4,800 9.97 20,740
Precision photographic process workers 9,130 10.51 21,860
Precision optical goods workers 22,690 9.80 20,370
Precision dental laboratory technicians 35,050 13.31 27,680
Medical appliance makers 6,300 12.52 26,030
Gem and diamond workers 560 12.16 25,290
Sawing machine tool setters and set-up operators,
metal and plastic 19,860 11.33 23,570
Lathe and turning machine tool setters and set-up
operators, metal and plastic 72,400 13.57 28,230
Drilling and boring machine tool setters and set-up
operators, metal and plastic 41,160 12.19 25,360
Milling and planing machine setters and set-up operators,
metal and plastic 24,120 13.69 28,480
Grinding, lapping, and buffing machine tool setters
and set-up operators, metal and plastic 65,390 12.24 25,470
Machine tool cutting operators and tenders,
metal and plastic 108,770 12.62 26,250
Punching machine setters and set-up operators,
metal and plastic 47,240 11.14 23,180
Press and press-brake machine setters and set-up operators,
metal and plastic 71,680 11.46 23,840
Shear and slitter machine setters and set-up operators,
metal and plastic 21,360 11.57 24,070
Extruding and drawing machine setters and set-up operators,
metal and plastic 40,990 11.54 24,000
Rolling machine setters and set-up operators,
metal and plastic 22,040 13.14 27,320
Forging machine setters and set-up operators,
metal and plastic 15,190 16.53 34,380
Machine forming operators and tenders, metal and plastic 163,720 10.38 21,580
Numerical control machine tool operators and tenders,
metal and plastic 87,940 13.29 27,640
Combination machine tool setters and set-up operators,
metal and plastic 55,640 13.45 27,990
Combination machine tool operators and tenders,
metal and plastic 51,540 10.63 22,100
Welding machine setters and set-up operators 32,700 13.19 27,440
Welding machine operators and tenders 75,830 12.06 25,090
Soldering and brazing machine setters and set-up operators 5,110 10.51 21,860
Soldering and brazing machine operators and tenders 7,080 9.88 20,540
Metal fabricators, structural metal products 36,040 12.08 25,130
Plastic molding and casting machine setters
and set-up operators 35,680 $10.79 $22,440
Plastic molding and casting machine operators and tenders 134,770 8.78 18,270
Metal molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters
and set-up operators 23,720 12.29 25,560
Metal molding, coremaking, and casting machine operators
and tenders 33,990 12.31 25,610
Foundry mold assembly and shake-out workers 9,450 10.34 21,510
Electrolytic plating and coating machine setters
and set-up operators, metal and plastic 14,470 10.86 22,590
Electrolytic plating and coating machine operators
and tenders, metal and plastic 30,420 10.07 20,950
Nonelectrolytic plating and coating machine setters
and set-up operators, metal and plastic 3,240 10.73 22,320
Nonelectrolytic plating and coating machine operators
and tenders, metal and plastic 4,600 10.09 20,990
Heating equipment setters and set-up operators,
metal and plastic 5,580 12.27 25,530
Heat treating, annealing, and tempering machine operators
and tenders, metal and plastic 23,570 12.34 25,670
Furnace operators and tenders 23,220 12.84 26,700
Heaters, metal and plastic 2,790 12.49 25,980
Sawing machine setters and set-up operators 7,270 10.41 21,660
Head sawyers 6,600 12.08 25,130
Sawing machine operators and tenders 48,880 9.31 19,370
Woodworking machine setters and set-up operators,
except sawing 22,150 9.72 20,220
Woodworking machine operators and tenders, except sawing 48,460 9.09 18,910
Printing press machine setters and set-up operators 12,910 12.88 26,790
Offset lithographic press setters and set-up operators 59,470 15.01 31,230
Letterpress setters and set-up operators 10,090 13.29 27,640
Specialty materials printing machine setters
and set-up operators 12,420 12.28 25,550
Screen printing machine setters and set-up operators 28,690 9.29 19,320
Bindery machine setters and set-up operators 25,410 12.21 25,400
Typesetting and composing machine operators and tenders 13,290 11.74 24,410
Printing press machine operators and tenders 123,260 12.94 26,910
Photoengraving and lithographing machine operators
and tenders 6,650 12.38 25,750
Bindery machine operators and tenders 63,360 9.97 20,740
Textile machine setters and set-up operators 28,720 10.17 21,150
Textile machine operators and tenders, winding, twisting,
knitting, weaving, and cutting 181,980 9.04 18,800
Extruding and forming machine operators and tenders,
synthetic or glass fibers 32,900 12.67 26,350
Textile draw-out machine operators and tenders 9,260 10.02 20,840
Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders 24,490 9.03 18,790
Sewing machine operators, garment 369,810 7.22 15,020
Sewing machine operators, nongarment 131,280 8.31 17,290
Shoe sewing machine operators and tenders 6,990 7.85 16,320
Laundry and dry-cleaning machine operators and tenders,
except pressing 140,990 7.32 15,220
Pressing machine operators and tenders, textile, garment,
and related materials 69,870 7.32 15,220
Electronic semiconductor processors 64,650 12.35 25,680
Motion picture projectionists 7,970 10.10 21,010
Photographic processing machine operators and tenders 46,450 9.62 20,010
Tire building machine operators 16,710 16.09 33,460
Paper goods machine setters and set-up operators 61,490 12.48 25,950
Cooking machine operators and tenders, food and tobacco 18,200 10.76 22,380
Roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders,
food and tobacco 11,810 10.48 21,790
Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, or kettle operators and tenders 24,780 $11.94 24,830
Boiler operators and tenders, low pressure 15,840 14.26 29,670
Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders 6,450 10.10 21,020
Dairy processing equipment operators, including setters 14,080 11.68 24,290
Chemical equipment controllers and operators 87,450 15.47 32,170
Chemical equipment tenders 13,360 13.33 27,730
Cutting and slicing machine setters and set-up operators 26,590 10.59 22,020
Cutting and slicing machine operators and tenders 66,360 10.38 21,580
Painters, transportation equipment 34,900 14.54 30,240
Coating, painting & spraying machine setters
and set-up operators 40,700 11.09 23,075
Coating, painting, and spraying machine operators
and tenders 85,290 10.40 21,630
Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders 22,180 9.72 20,220
Cleaning, washing, and pickling equipment operators
and tenders 24,960 10.41 21,650
Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating,
and still machine operators and tenders 28,460 14.50 30,160
Crushing, grinding, mixing, and blending machine operators
and tenders 136,760 11.51 23,930
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters
and set-up operators 30,120 11.52 23,960
Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine
operators and tenders 83,830 10.79 22,430
Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 370,830 10.08 20,970
Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems
assemblers, precision 16,640 18.54 38,560
Machine builders and other precision machine assemblers 73,910 13.96 29,040
Fitters, structural metal, precision 16,910 13.10 27,240
Electromechanical equipment assemblers, precision 50,090 11.24 23,390
Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers, precision 196,010 10.70 22,260
Watch, clock, and chronometer assemblers, adjusters,
calibrators, precision 2,760 9.03 18,780
Machine assemblers 67,450 11.06 23,000
Electrical and electronic assemblers 242,350 9.26 19,260
Coil winders, tapers, and finishers 22,260 9.64 20,040
Glaziers, manufacturing 7,310 10.16 21,130
Welders and cutters 343,580 12.68 26,380
Solderers and brazers 35,190 8.66 18,010
Pressers, hand 13,880 7.05 14,660
Sewers, hand 10,320 7.80 16,220
Cutters and trimmers, hand 42,200 8.70 18,090
Portable machine cutters 10,230 8.58 17,840
Carpet cutters, diagrammers, and seamers 670 11.03 22,940
Cannery workers 47,350 7.92 16,470
Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers, hand 140,530 7.77 16,160
Metal pourers and casters, basic shapes 10,220 11.86 24,680
Molders and casters, hand 17,910 9.35 19,440
Painting, coating, and decorating workers, hand 31,790 9.63 20,030
Engraving and printing workers, hand 7,830 8.38 17,430
Grinding and polishing workers, hand 80,560 10.28 21,370
Assemblers and fabricators, except machine, electrical,
electronic, and precision 1,271,810 10.30 21,430
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators 93,090 14.20 29,540
Gas plant operators 7,600 19.00 39,510
Chemical plant and system operators 42,410 17.96 37,360
Petroleum pump system operators 5,430 $20.06 $41,730
Petroleum refinery and control panel operators 17,620 20.05 41,710
Gaugers 6,880 16.83 35,000
Power-generating plant operators, except auxiliary
equipment 20,160 20.45 42,540
Auxiliary equipment operators, power 7,420 19.57 40,710
Power reactor operators 4,010 25.70 53,450
Power distributors and dispatchers 13,540 21.87 45,490
Stationary engineers 29,410 18.00 37,440
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor-trailer 1,435,510 13.74 28,580
Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers 1,207,070 10.33 21,480
Bus drivers 187,630 11.55 24,020
Bus drivers, school 418,550 9.12 18,970
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs 76,030 8.29 17,250
Driver/sales workers 288,380 9.92 20,630
Railroad conductors and yardmasters 26,780 20.31 42,250
Locomotive engineers 34,970 20.26 42,140
Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers 2,310 16.68 34,700
Locomotive firers 4,710 19.85 41,290
Subway and streetcar operators 3,280 16.74 34,810
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 14,900 18.10 37,640
Captains, water vessel 12,620 20.36 42,350
Mates, ship, boat, and barge 7,700 15.00 31,200
Pilots, ship 2,340 20.27 42,170
Motorboat operators 890 14.41 29,960
Able seamen 8,850 12.69 26,400
Ordinary seamen and marine oilers 13,040 11.45 23,810
Ship engineers 6,310 19.12 39,770
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers 89,560 /2 73,950
Bridge, lock, and lighthouse tenders 4,280 13.32 27,710
Service station attendants 130,740 7.06 14,690
Parking lot attendants 73,830 7.06 14,680
Longshore equipment operators 7,600 22.44 46,670
Tank car and truck loaders 3,390 15.35 31,930
Oil pumpers, except wellhead 3,980 13.08 27,200
Wellhead pumpers 7,690 15.75 32,770
Main-line station engineers 430 19.79 41,170
Gas pumping station operators 680 13.92 28,950
Gas compressor operators 3,040 17.81 37,030
Excavating and loading machine operators 91,250 14.13 29,390
Dragline operators 2,480 15.35 31,920
Dredge operators 1,600 13.35 27,770
Loading machine operators, underground mining 3,430 14.61 30,380
Shuttle car operators 2,860 16.93 35,210
Grader, bulldozer, and scraper operators 98,590 13.92 28,960
Hoist and winch operators 8,810 13.18 27,410
Crane and tower operators 44,470 $14.89 $30,980
Industrial truck and tractor operators 407,980 11.84 24,620
Conveyor operators and tenders 34,940 10.93 22,740
Pump operators 8,160 16.42 34,160
Operating engineers 114,780 17.58 36,570
Helpers, mechanics and repairers 221,820 9.58 19,930
Helpers, brick and stonemasons and hard tile setters 63,110 11.45 23,820
Helpers, carpenters and related workers 178,320 9.89 20,560
Helpers, electricians and power-line transmission installers 76,920 9.71 20,190
Helpers, painters, paperhangers, plasterers,
and stucco masons 32,050 9.33 19,410
Helpers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 81,420 9.94 20,670
Helpers, roofers 28,760 8.43 17,530
Helpers, extractive workers 12,750 9.78 20,350
Machine feeders and offbearers 205,890 9.24 19,210
Stevedores, except equipment operators 23,360 16.22 33,740
Refuse and recyclable material collectors 90,760 10.92 22,720
Hand packers and packagers 962,770 7.46 15,510
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners 249,240 7.46 15,520
1/ Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round,
full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where there is not an hourly
mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the
reported survey data.
2/ Hourly wage rates for occupation where workers typically work fewer than 2,080
hours per year are not available.