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Internet address:http://stats.bls.gov/newsrels.htm Technical information: (202) 606-6569 USDL 98-502 For release: 10:00 A.M. EST Media contact: 606-5902 Tuesday, December 22, 1998 OCCUPATIONAL EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES, 1997 The Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S.Department of Labor announces the release of national employment and wage data for a comprehensive set of over 770 occupations from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey. The OES survey is a Federal-State cooperative program between BLS and State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs). The OES survey data presented in this release have a fourth-quarter 1997 reference period and are based on information collected during a 1997 survey and a 1996 survey. The 2 years of sample responses for employment and wage data have been combined to produce this year's results. The 1996 wage data have been adjusted to the 1997 reference period by using the overthe-year wage change in the most applicable Employment Cost Index series. The employment estimates from 1996 and 1997 have been adjusted to the full universe counts for the 1997 survey reference period based on the Covered Employment and Wages program. The estimation methodology has been improved since the 1996 estimates were prepared, so that data from 1997 are not strictly comparable with data from 1996 issued in December1997. (For further details, see Technical Note beginning on page 4.) The data provide employment, average (mean) hourly wages, and mean annual wages for over 770 detailed occupations. (See table A-1.) Overall, almost one-half of the occupations had mean wages in the mid-range intervals; this result, however, was variable across the major occupational divisions. The OES classification system has seven major occupational divisions, as shown below. Table A displays the number and percentage of occupations within each division, as well as the distribution of employment by occupational division. The managerial, sales, and agricultural divisions include the fewest number of occupations and the smallest employment coverage. The professional and production divisions include the largest number of occupations, while also accounting for the largest share of employment. The majority of occupations in the managerial and professional divisions have average (mean) wage rates in the upper wage ranges, while the majority of occupations in the clerical, service, and agricultural divisions have average hourly wages in the lower wage ranges. (See table B.) For example, table B shows that 75 percent of managerial occupations have a mean occupational wage above $19.24 an hour, while 61 percent of service occupations have a mean occupational wage below $10.00 an hour. Occupations in the production division are paid average hourly wages dispersed across the middle wage ranges. - 2 Table A. Distribution of occupations and employment by occupational division, 1997 ------------------------------------------------------------------| Occupation | Employment |--------------------|---------------------------Occupational | | Percent | | Percent division | Number | of | Number | of | | total | | total -----------------|--------------------|--------------|------------| | | | Total..........| 777 | 100.0 | 121,592,210 | 100.0 | | | | Managerial.......| 20 | 2.6 | 8,192,170 | 6.7 Professional.....| 214 | 27.5 | 25,594,320 | 21.0 Sales............| 22 | 2.8 | 14,319,050 | 11.8 Clerical.........| 77 | 9.9 | 21,251,910 | 17.5 Service..........| 64 | 8.2 | 19,610,730 | 16.1 Agricultural.....| 20 | 2.6 | 1,515,370 | 1.2 Production.......| 360 | 46.3 | 31,108,660 | 25.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Table B. Wage ranges of average (mean) wages by occupation, 1997 (Percentage distribution) -------------------------------------------------------------------------| Wage range | Occupational |------------------------------------------------------------division |$5.57|$8.50|$10.00|$11.25|$13.25|$15.75|$19.25|$24.25| $43.25 | to | to | to | to | to | to | to | to | to |$8.49|$9.99|$11.24|$13.24|$15.74|$19.24|$24.24|$43.24| $60.00 --------------|-----|-----|------|------|------|------|------|----- |------Managerial....| | | | 5.0 | 15.0 | 5.0 | 30.0 | 45.0 | Professional..| 0.5 | 3.7| 3.7 | 6.5 | 9.8 | 23.4 | 17.8 | 33.6 | 0.9 Sales.........|13.6 | 13.6| 9.1 | 9.1 | 4.5 | 22.7 | 13.6 | 13.6 | Clerical......| 7.8 | 24.7| 19.5 | 33.8 | 7.8 | 5.2 | 1.3 | | Service.......|46.9 | 14.1| 7.8 | 6.3 | 9.4 | 7.8 | 6.3 | 1.6 | Agricultural..|30.0 | 10.0| 20.0 | 35.0 | 5.0 | | | | Production....| 5.8 | 11.7| 16.1 | 21.9 | 21.1 | 16.7 | 6.1 | 0.6 | --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Technical Note Scope of the survey The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey is an annual mail survey measuring occupational employment and wage rates for wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments, by industry. The OES survey samples and contacts approximately 400,000 establishments each year and, over 3 years, contacts approximately 1.2 million establishments. The reference period for each year's survey is the fourth quarter of that year. While estimates can be made from a single year of data, the OES survey has been designed to produce estimates using the full 3 years of sample. (See Estimation Methodology section.) The full sample allows the production of estimates at fine levels of geography, industry, and occupational detail. BLS and the Employment and Training Administration (ETA) provide the funding for the survey. BLS provides the procedures and technical support, while the State Employment Security Agencies (SESAs) collect the data. The SESAs produce industry-specific estimates for states and local areas. BLS produces industry estimates for the nation, and cross-industry estimates for the nation, states, and metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). The OES survey defines employment as the number of workers who can be classified as full-time or part-time employees; workers on paid vacations or other types of leave; workers on unpaid short-term absences; salaried officers, executives, and staff members of incorporated firms; employees temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for whom the reporting unit is their permanent duty station regardless of whether that unit prepares their paycheck. The survey excludes the self-employed, owners/partners of unincorporated firms, and unpaid family workers. Employees are reported in the occupation in which they are working, not necessarily for which they were trained. The OES survey currently uses the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system to classify all establishments. An establishment is defined as an economic unit that processes goods or provides services, such as a factory, mine, or store. The establishment is generally at a single physical location and is engaged primarily in one type of economic activity. The scope of the survey includes establishments in SIC codes 07, 10, 12 to 17, 20 to 42, 44 to 65, 67, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78 to 84, 86, 87, and 89 covering agricultural services; mining; construction; manufacturing; transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; services; and also includes the postal service (SIC code 43) and other government. States' Unemployment Insurance (UI) files provide the universe from which the OES survey draws its sample. The employment benchmarks are obtained from reports submitted by employers to the UI program. In some nonmanufacturing industries, supplemental sources are used for establishments not reporting to the UI program. The OES survey sample is stratified by area, industry, and size class. Size classes are defined as follows: Size class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Number of employees 1 to 4 5 to 9 10 to 19 20 to 49 50 to 99 100 to 249 250 to 499 500 to 999 1,000 or more UI reporting units with 250 or more employees are sampled with certainty across a 3-year period; however, during any one survey year, only one-third of the certainty units are in the sample. In 1996 and 1997, establishments in size classes 2 to 6 were selected based on a probability sample. The sampling weights in size class 2 were adjusted to account for the employment in size class 1. In 1998, the OES Survey began sampling establishments in size class 1; thus, establishments in all size classes are now represented in the probability sample. The OES classification system uses seven occupational divisions to categorize workers in one of over 770 detailed occupations. The seven divisions are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Managerial and administrative occupations Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations Sales and related occupations Clerical and administrative support occupations Service occupations Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations. Concepts Employment represents the estimate of total wage and salary employment in an occupation across the industries in which it was surveyed. The OES survey form sent to an establishment contains between 50 and 225 OES occupations selected on the basis of the industry classification and size class of the sampled establishments. To reduce paperwork and respondent burden, no survey form contains every OES occupation. Thus, data for specific occupations are collected from establishments within industries that are the predominant employers of labor in those occupations. Wages for the OES survey are straight-time, gross pay, exclusive of premium pay. Base rate, cost-of-living allowances, guaranteed pay, hazardous-duty pay, incentive pay including commissions and production bonuses, and on-call pay are included. Excluded are back pay, jury duty pay, overtime pay, severance pay, shift differentials, nonproduction bonuses, and tuition reimbursements. The OES survey collects wage data in 11 intervals. Employers report the number of employees in an occupation per each wage range. The wage intervals are as follows: ------------------------------------------------------| Wages Interval |------------------------------------------| Hourly | Annual ------------------------------------------------------Range A | Under $5.75 | Under $11,960 Range B | $5.75 to $8.49 | $11,960 to $17,659 Range C | $8.50 to $9.99 | $17,660 to $20,779 Range D | $10.00 to $11.24 | $20,780 to $23,399 Range E | $11.25 to $13.24 | $23,400 to $27,559 Range F | $13.25 to $15.74 | $27,560 to $32,759 Range G | $15.75 to $19.24 | $32,760 to $40,039 Range H | $19.25 to $24.24 | $40,040 to $50,439 Range I | $24.25 to $43.24 | $50,440 to $89,959 Range J | $43.25 to $60.00 | $89,960 to $124,820 Range K | $60.01 and over | $124,821 and over ------------------------------------------------------- A mean wage is calculated using wage data from establishments in the industries that are the predominant employers for an occupation. Industries that do not typically employ workers in a given occupation are not included in the calculation of the wage rates. Mean wage is the estimated total wages for an occupation divided by its weighted survey employment. With the exception of the upper open-ended wage interval, interval K ($60.01 and over), a mean wage value is calculated for each wage interval based on occupational wage data collected by the Office of Compensation and Working Conditions. The mean wage value for the upper open-ended wage interval is its lower bound (Winsorized mean). These interval mean wage values are then attributed to all workers reported in the interval. For each occupation, total weighted wages in each interval are summed across all intervals and divided by the occupation's weighted survey employment. Annual wage: Most employees are paid at an hourly rate by their employers and may work less than or more than 40 hours per week. The annual wage estimates in this release are calculated by multiplying the mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours per year (52 weeks by 40 hours). Thus, the annual wage estimates may not represent the actual annual pay received by the employee. There are a small number of occupations in this release where only an annual wage figure is provided; the workers in these occupations are generally paid on an annual basis, and their annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. Hourly versus annual wage reporting: For each occupation, respondents are asked to report the number of employees paid within specific wage intervals. The intervals are defined both as hourly rates and the corresponding annual rates, where the annual rates are constructed by multiplying the hourly wage rate for the interval by the typical work year of 2,080 hours. In reporting, the respondent can reference either the hourly or the annual rate, but is instructed to report the hourly rate for part-time workers. There are workers in some occupations who are paid based on an annual amount, but generally work less than the usual 2,080 hours per year. Since the survey does not collect the actual hours worked, the hourly rate cannot be calculated with a reasonable degree of confidence from the annual wages. For this reason, only the annual salary is reported for these occupations. Occupations that typically have a work-year of less than 2,080 hours include musical and entertainment occupations, flight pilots and attendants, and teachers. Estimation Methodology The OES survey samples approximately 400,000 establishments each year and, over a 3-year period, contacts approximately 1.2 million establishments. Each single-year sample represents a one-third sample of both the certainty and non-certainty strata for the full 3-year sample plan. While estimates can be made from a single year of data, the OES survey has been designed to produce estimates using the full 3 years of data. The full 3-year sample allows the production of estimates at fine levels of geography, industry, and occupational detail, while estimates using any one year of data would be subject to a higher sampling error (due to the smaller sample size) and the limitations associated with having only 1/3 of the units from the certainty strata. Producing estimates using the 3 years of sample data provides significant sampling error reductions (particularly for small geographic areas and occupations); however, it also has some quality limitations in that it requires the adjustment of earlier years' data to the current reference period--a procedure referred to as "wage updating." 1996 OES Survey Estimates: The 1996 OES survey estimates, which were published in December 1997, were from the first year of the new OES wage survey and were developed using only a single year (i.e., 400,000 sample units) of data. The initial estimation methodology used a weighting-class adjustment procedure for nonrespondents and an employment benchmark at the state/industry level. Since multiple years were not available for the 1996 data, the estimation procedure did not involve "wage updating." 1997 OES Survey Estimates: The 1997 OES survey estimates represent the second year of OES estimates and have been developed using both 1996 and 1997 survey data that, when combined, cover approximately 800,000 sample units. The 1997 estimates also represent the first year of using a "wageupdating" methodology in developing the OES survey estimates. For the 1997 estimates, the OES program has used the over-the-year fourth quarter wage changes from the Bureau's Employment Cost Index to adjust the 1996 survey data before combining it with this year's fourth quarter 1997 data. In addition to the wage-updating procedure, the 1997 estimates use an improved estimation methodology, which uses a "nearest neighbor" imputation approach for nonrespondents and applies employment benchmarks at a detailed MSA by 3-digit industry and broad size class level. Note: Because of the difference in estimation methods for these first 2 years of OES estimates, the data from 1997 are not strictly comparable with those published from 1996. Combining Multiple Years of Data: As noted above, combining multiple years of data has both statistical advantages and limitations. Significant reductions in sampling error can be achieved by taking advantage of a full 3 years of data, which covers 1.2 million establishments and over 70 percent of the employment in the United States. This feature is particularly important in improving the reliability of estimates for small domains in the population (i.e., wage and employment estimates for detailed occupations in small areas). Combining multiple years of data also has been necessary to obtain full coverage of the certainty strata (i.e., large employers with 250+ employment); the current OES collection cycle samples these units only once every 3 years. While there are significant advantages, there are also limitations associated with this estimation procedure in that it requires "wage updating" for the earlier years of data. For "wage-updating" purposes,the Bureau has used the national over-the-year wage changes from the fourth quarter of 1996 to the fourth quarter of 1997 for the nine occupational divisions for which ECI estimates are available. Such a procedure assumes that each occupation's wage, as measured in the earlier years, moves according to the average movement of its occupational division and that there are no major geographic differences--and this may not be the case. As noted below, the Bureau will be conducting research over the next several years on the accuracy of this approach and also on other modeling approaches that may produce more accurate results. Future Research: The expanded OES survey is a relatively new program, and the Bureau has a number of research efforts underway. Some areas of future research are given below. Sample Design Research--The Bureau is evaluating the feasibility of collecting all certainty units (i.e., large employers of 250+) every year so that more accurate independent estimates from a single year of sample data can be produced. These estimates will not contain possible effects from the "wage-updating" procedure and can provide an independent measure of the accuracy of the updating procedure along with the ability to use this data directly for more aggregate levels of publication. Inclusion of certainty units in each year's sample also will enable the Bureau to explore alternative "wage-updating" procedures using the new OES data itself in the updating process. Collection Methodology Research--This includes cognitive research on improvements to form design and alternative electronic collection reporting procedures for respondents. Estimation Methodology Research--An important research effort over the next several years will be the evaluation of the current "wage-updating" methodology along with the identification of alternative modeling approaches may produce improved overall accuracy. An additional area of research will be to extend the Bureau's earlier 1992 and 1996 research on estimation methods for workers who fall in the upper-end wage interval, $60.01 and above. Additional Information The 1997 OES national data by occupation, comparable to data in table A-1, will be available on the Internet (http://stats.bls.gov/oeshome.htm), along with additional technical information. Users also may access each occupation's definition and wage distribution (similar to the division data shown in table B). 1997 OES data for States will be available on the BLS website in January, with data for metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) available some time thereafter. In addition to the data provided on the Internet, industry staffing patterns at the 2- and 3-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) levels will be available on diskette beginning in January 1999. These data will include industry-specific occupational employment and wage data. BLS also plans to release a bulletin displaying 1997 employment and wage data for selected occupations in the spring of 1999. For additional information, contact the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics, Room 4840, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE, Washington DC, 20212, telephone 202-606-6569 (e-mail: oesinfo@bls.gov). Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 202-606-STAT; TDD phone: 202-606-5897; TDD message referral phone number: 1-800-326-2577. Table A-1. National employment and wage data from the Occupational Employment Statistics survey by occupation, 1997 Mean Occupation Employment Hourly Wages Annual /1 Managerial and administrative occupations Financial managers Personnel, training, and labor relations managers Purchasing managers Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers Administrative services managers Engineering, mathematical, and natural sciences managers Postmasters and mail superintendents Education administrators Medicine and health services managers 655,680 221,370 172,980 453,920 346,600 316,110 27,090 375,170 203,420 $27.43 24.08 21.35 27.45 22.61 32.99 22.26 26.87 24.02 $57,060 50,080 44,400 57,100 47,030 68,620 46,300 55,900 49,960 Property and real estate managers and administrators Industrial production managers 135,570 208,000 16.67 26.38 34,680 54,860 Construction managers Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas well drilling managers Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers Food service and lodging managers Nursery and greenhouse managers Lawn service managers Public administration chief executives, legislators, and general administrators General managers and top executives Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations Insurance underwriters Credit analysts Loan officers and counselors Tax preparers Accountants and auditors Budget analysts Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products Claims takers, unemployment benefits Special agents, insurance Employment interviewers, private or public employment service Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists Cost estimators Management analysts Construction and building inspectors Compliance officers and enforcement inspectors, except construction Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents Assessors Claims examiners, property and casualty insurance Aeronautical and astronautical engineers Metallurgists and metallurgical, ceramic, and materials engineers Mining engineers, including mine safety Petroleum engineers Chemical engineers Nuclear engineers Civil engineers, including traffic Agricultural engineers 220,560 8,670 23.69 29.18 49,280 60,700 192,250 377,000 2,980 17,450 24.90 13.47 13.87 12.91 51,790 28,020 28,850 26,850 77,450 3,259,730 14.77 29.31 30,710 60,960 88,530 39,740 213,250 48,080 885,360 56,660 19.45 18.73 18.96 16.12 19.49 22.29 40,460 38,960 39,430 33,530 40,550 46,350 99,820 25,200 16.72 17.08 34,780 35,530 213,930 11,760 23,050 19.25 14.82 21.97 40,030 30,820 45,690 62,390 340,970 150,360 126,790 60,640 16.63 19.03 20.20 25.05 18.11 34,590 39,570 42,020 52,110 37,660 164,820 61,210 21,530 45,870 18.43 19.01 14.86 20.34 38,340 39,540 30,900 42,310 46,060 30.35 63,130 15,640 3,440 8,770 43,270 8,030 173,690 2,900 26.41 25.80 32.84 28.08 30.95 25.36 25.30 54,930 53,650 68,300 58,400 64,380 52,750 52,620 Electrical and electronic engineers 329,070 27.32 56,820 Computer engineers Industrial engineers, except safety Safety engineers, except mining Mechanical engineers Marine engineers Architects, except landscape and marine Marine architects Landscape architects Surveyors and mapping scientists 252,230 112,400 19,400 209,490 3,300 67,790 1,070 12,920 37,880 $27.21 25.17 24.41 25.10 22.97 24.12 28.52 19.22 19.17 $56,590 52,350 50,760 52,210 47,770 50,170 59,320 39,970 39,880 72,560 16.69 34,710 308,910 27,510 87,340 253,790 5,290 61,910 17.37 18.44 19.07 16.01 22.01 13.40 36,120 38,360 39,660 33,300 45,790 27,860 Physicists and astronomers Chemists, except biochemists Atmospheric and space scientists Geologists, geophysicists, and oceanographers 8,020 80,010 6,900 32,130 32.72 22.69 24.87 26.73 68,060 47,200 51,730 55,600 Foresters and conservation scientists Agricultural and food scientists Biological scientists Medical scientists 26,090 9,090 66,940 14,620 20.30 20.77 22.86 27.13 42,230 43,200 47,550 56,430 Biological, agricultural, and food technicians and technologists, except health Chemical technicians and technologists, except health Nuclear technicians and technologists Petroleum technicians and technologists 37,750 73,480 2,430 8,160 13.84 15.46 20.91 18.56 28,790 32,160 43,480 38,590 Systems analysts, electronic data processing Data base administrators Computer support specialists Computer programmers Computer programmer aides Programmers, numerical tool and process control 530,420 82,600 406,230 501,390 63,240 8,500 24.69 23.06 18.71 24.27 14.83 19.82 51,360 47,960 38,920 50,490 30,840 41,230 Operations and systems researchers and analysts, except computer 71,530 24.40 50,740 Civil engineering technicians and technologists Electrical and electronic engineering technicians and technologists Industrial engineering technicians and technologists Mechanical engineering technicians and technologists Drafters Estimators and drafters, utilities Surveying and mapping technicians Mathematical scientists Statisticians Actuaries Financial analysts, statistical Mathematical technicians 8,280 15,090 11,770 43,930 1,590 20.26 23.96 30.85 24.68 14.73 42,150 49,830 64,160 51,330 30,630 Economists, including market research analysts Urban and regional planners Psychologists Social workers, medical and psychiatric Social workers, except medical and psychiatric Residential counselors 46,480 33,380 79,170 219,740 350,170 175,770 25.18 21.00 23.78 15.82 15.23 9.57 52,370 43,670 49,460 32,910 31,680 19,910 Human services workers Recreation workers Clergy Directors, religious activities and education 252,340 227,570 25,740 11,810 $10.63 8.93 14.65 12.33 $22,110 18,570 30,480 25,650 Judges and magistrates Adjudicators, hearings officers, and judicial reviewers Lawyers Law clerks Paralegal personnel Title searchers Title examiners and abstractors 23,760 44,900 425,170 43,080 129,400 9,410 14,150 29.88 18.22 35.02 13.64 16.01 11.59 14.38 62,160 37,890 72,840 28,360 33,300 24,100 29,900 Lecturers Nursing instructors, postsecondary Graduate assistants, teaching Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary Life sciences teachers, postsecondary Chemistry teachers, postsecondary Physics teachers, postsecondary 10,750 41,030 92,480 8,600 36,970 13,470 8,720 12.93 27.57 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 26,890 45,400 21,290 57,950 53,360 48,460 53,200 Health diagnostics teachers, postsecondary Health assessment and treatment teachers, postsecondary 31,810 24,350 /2 /2 68,360 56,840 Communications teachers, postsecondary English language and literature teachers, postsecondary Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary Engineering teachers, postsecondary Architecture teachers, postsecondary 14,110 52,480 18,150 48,590 23,180 4,070 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 41,830 43,840 43,590 43,190 60,040 52,480 Mathematical sciences teachers, postsecondary Computer science teachers, postsecondary 37,450 21,260 /2 /2 45,260 45,530 Anthropology and sociology teachers, postsecondary Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary Economics teachers, postsecondary Geography teachers, postsecondary History teachers, postsecondary Political science teachers, postsecondary Psychology teachers, postsecondary 12,260 2,930 9,190 3,250 15,090 9,380 21,400 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 47,250 44,980 54,430 51,090 46,460 50,040 47,710 Business teachers, postsecondary Law teachers, postsecondary Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary Social work teachers, postsecondary Education teachers, postsecondary Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary Library science teachers, postsecondary Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary Home economics teachers, postsecondary 53,340 8,430 7,260 4,990 33,780 13,160 2,330 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 /2 49,670 65,240 41,250 42,480 43,260 44,130 46,050 7,540 2,930 /2 /2 43,230 45,080 284,100 164,090 1,560,380 1,319,250 376,360 296,930 114,320 284,610 9,180 9.09 /2 /2 /2 /2 17.00 13.04 12.14 17.95 18,900 34,150 $37,310 39,010 39,200 35,350 27,110 25,250 37,350 Librarians, professional Technical assistants, library Audio-visual specialists Curators, archivists, museum technicians, and conservators Vocational and educational counselors Instructional coordinators Teacher aides, paraprofessional 141,360 66,850 11,610 11,960 165,960 84,460 608,750 18.46 10.58 15.87 15.93 18.78 19.09 7.96 38,400 22,000 33,010 33,130 39,060 39,720 16,550 Physicians and surgeons Dentists Optometrists Podiatrists Chiropractors Veterinarians and veterinary inspectors 463,870 81,160 24,380 7,190 16,170 34,910 48.52 43.89 31.33 39.92 32.69 26.65 100,920 91,280 65,170 83,040 68,000 55,430 83,440 62,560 16.40 24.33 34,110 50,610 Teachers, preschool Teachers, kindergarten Teachers, elementary school Teachers, secondary school Teachers, special education Teachers and instructors, vocational education and training Instructors, nonvocational education Instructors and coaches, sports and physical training Farm and home management advisors Respiratory therapists Occupational therapists Physical therapists Corrective and manual arts therapists Speech-language pathologists and audiologists Recreational therapists 112,060 2,200 88,650 24,140 26.95 16.33 21.33 13.42 56,060 33,970 44,370 27,920 Registered nurses Licensed practical nurses Emergency medical technicians Physician assistants Opticians, dispensing and measuring Pharmacists Pharmacy technicians and aides Dietitians and nutritionists Dietetic technicians Medical and clinical laboratory technologists Medical and clinical laboratory technicians 2,007,030 667,650 140,140 61,800 64,500 174,540 165,430 45,300 24,990 157,530 136,380 19.91 12.94 10.21 21.63 11.15 27.88 8.82 16.41 9.97 18.44 12.93 41,400 26,910 21,230 44,980 23,180 57,990 18,350 34,120 20,730 38,350 26,900 Dental hygienists Medical records technicians Radiation therapists Nuclear medicine technologists Radiologic technologists Electroneurodiagnostic technologists Cardiology technologists Electrocardiograph technicians Surgical technologists and technicians Psychiatric technicians Veterinary technicians and technologists 139,700 87,040 12,110 13,700 157,640 5,320 20,580 12,190 52,650 62,120 30,160 21.56 10.20 19.05 19.07 15.79 15.66 16.21 12.34 12.30 10.59 9.58 44,840 21,220 39,630 39,670 32,837 32,570 33,720 25,660 25,580 22,020 19,930 Writers and editors Technical writers and editors Public relations specialists and publicity writers Reporters and correspondents Broadcast news analysts Announcers, radio and television Announcers, except radio and television Photographers Camera operators, television and motion picture Broadcast technicians Film editors 125,220 49,430 91,870 55,840 7,490 51,450 1,240 63,280 10,760 35,960 9,320 $17.76 20.07 17.43 14.26 20.38 11.38 11.02 11.74 12.19 14.12 19.58 $36,940 41,740 36,260 29,660 42,400 23,680 22,930 24,420 25,360 29,380 40,740 Artists and related workers Designers, except interior designers Interior designers Merchandise displayers and window trimmers Music directors, singers, composers, and related workers 126,930 184,120 28,760 33,570 12,030 16.52 15.62 15.44 9.15 /2 34,360 32,480 32,120 19,030 31,560 Musicians, instrumental Dancers and choreographers Producers, directors, actors, and other entertainers Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers Airplane dispatchers and air traffic controllers Traffic technicians Radio operators Funeral directors and morticians Embalmers Sales and related occupations First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors Sales agents and placers, insurance Brokers, real estate Sales agents, real estate Appraisers, real estate Sales agents, securities, commodities, and financial services Sales agents, selected business services Travel agents Sales agents, advertising Sales engineers Sales representatives, scientific and related products and services, except retail Sales representatives, except retail and scientific and related products and services Salespersons, retail Salespersons, parts Counter and rental clerks Stock clerks, sales floor Cashiers Telemarketers, door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and other related workers Demonstrators and promoters Models Clerical and administrative support occupations First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors Tellers New accounts clerks Transit clerks Loan interviewers Credit authorizers Credit checkers 42,390 16,980 113,500 25,700 /2 11.52 /2 /2 36,190 23,960 35,420 33,950 28,470 7,370 6,640 24,880 5,890 27.41 16.75 10.79 18.72 14.75 57,020 34,850 22,440 38,940 30,680 1,672,080 248,130 21,020 78,270 33,570 16.32 19.64 26.50 16.73 19.29 33,950 40,850 55,120 34,790 40,130 213,240 247,920 117,000 126,020 28.34 18.24 10.99 17.48 58,950 37,940 22,850 36,360 77,330 25.98 54,040 391,610 22.64 47,090 1,032,880 3,842,730 293,940 444,220 1,264,970 3,122,490 18.99 8.64 11.51 7.37 7.64 6.96 39,510 17,970 23,930 15,330 15,900 14,480 407,850 81,310 970 9.19 8.73 10.70 19,120 18,160 22,250 1,544,540 544,670 109,290 13,750 15,310 16,410 39,310 $15.62 8.24 10.00 8.51 11.59 11.68 10.88 $32,490 17,140 20,800 17,700 24,100 24,300 22,630 Loan and credit clerks Adjustment clerks Statement clerks Brokerage clerks 167,790 467,480 13,190 72,530 10.89 11.07 8.75 13.85 22,650 23,020 18,190 28,800 Insurance Insurance Insurance Insurance Insurance 161,830 10,160 8,830 150,410 157,410 19.04 19.27 11.14 11.69 11.75 39,610 40,080 23,180 24,310 24,450 Welfare eligibility workers and interviewers Investigators, clerical Bill and account collectors Court clerks Municipal clerks License clerks Travel clerks Reservation and transportation ticket agents Hotel desk clerks 88,060 12,260 279,360 50,890 22,910 24,000 20,240 196,670 154,560 16.17 11.79 10.99 12.16 11.90 10.99 9.21 11.66 7.32 33,630 24,530 22,850 25,300 24,750 22,870 19,160 24,250 15,230 Library assistants and bookmobile drivers Teacher aides and educational assistants, clerical Advertising clerks Proofreaders and copy markers Real estate clerks 120,220 474,890 13,280 36,350 23,870 8.68 7.59 9.93 9.74 9.74 18,050 15,790 20,650 20,260 20,250 Legal secretaries Medical secretaries Secretaries, except legal and medical Stenographers and/or court reporters Receptionists and information clerks Typists, including word processing Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping Correspondence clerks File clerks 277,290 210,230 2,397,710 73,630 1,212,340 404,570 137,070 22,660 259,130 14.60 10.71 11.52 13.34 9.00 10.88 11.80 11.15 8.34 30,370 22,270 23,970 27,740 18,710 22,640 24,540 23,200 17,350 Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and service Procurement clerks Statistical clerks Interviewing clerks, except personnel and social welfare Customer service representatives, utilities Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks Payroll and timekeeping clerks Billing, cost, and rate clerks General office clerks 357,040 57,420 49,930 123,990 187,770 1,746,630 163,410 328,740 2,869,990 10.60 11.11 11.73 8.97 13.24 11.34 11.84 10.91 9.74 22,040 23,120 24,400 18,650 27,540 23,580 24,620 22,690 20,250 adjusters, examiners, and investigators appraisers, auto damage examining clerks claims clerks policy processing clerks Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators Duplicating machine operators Mail machine operators, preparation and handling Computer operators, except peripheral equipment Peripheral EDP equipment operators Data entry keyers, except composing Data keyers, composing 101,390 48,620 59,140 208,680 25,930 389,050 16,810 $9.79 9.46 8.75 12.55 11.33 9.33 9.83 $20,350 19,670 18,200 26,090 23,560 19,410 20,450 Switchboard operators Directory assistance operators Central office operators Telegraph and teletype operators 205,670 22,640 22,100 6,250 8.88 13.30 12.21 11.78 18,470 27,660 25,400 24,510 Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and postal service Postal mail carriers Postal service clerks Messengers Dispatchers, police, fire, and ambulance Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance 114,390 341,210 74,760 97,200 83,830 148,950 8.76 16.42 16.22 8.46 11.31 13.20 18,230 34,160 33,740 17,590 23,530 27,460 Production, planning, and expediting clerks Transportation agents Meter readers, utilities Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping Marking clerks Stock clerks - stockroom, warehouse or storage yard Order fillers, wholesale and retail sales Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks 242,960 28,340 50,090 41,390 24,890 803,560 235,720 993,450 14.35 11.63 12.77 11.59 7.96 9.66 9.40 11.30 29,850 24,180 26,570 24,100 16,560 20,090 19,560 23,510 Service occupations Fire fighting and prevention supervisors Police and detective supervisors Housekeeping supervisors Fire inspectors Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists Fire fighters Police detectives Police patrol officers Correction officers and jailers Parking enforcement officers 56,630 105,970 83,010 8,300 3,820 226,450 55,490 420,750 382,150 11,530 $21.54 23.33 9.81 20.36 17.39 15.18 21.00 18.17 14.59 11.84 $44,810 48,530 20,400 42,340 36,180 31,570 43,690 37,800 30,340 24,620 12,640 21,030 89,250 14.42 25.80 14.13 29,980 53,660 29,390 Bailiffs Criminal investigators, public service Sheriffs and deputy sheriffs Detectives and investigators, except public Railroad and transit police and special agents Fish and game wardens Crossing guards Guards and watch guards 39,040 4,500 7,480 52,560 974,690 12.46 18.18 16.33 7.84 8.34 25,910 37,820 33,960 16,310 17,350 251,420 392,480 1,981,130 6.69 6.70 5.87 13,910 13,940 12,200 60,730 388,620 332,920 $7.43 6.26 6.42 $15,450 13,020 13,360 Bakers, bread and pastry Butchers and meat cutters Cooks, restaurant Cooks, institution or cafeteria Cooks, fast food Cooks, short order Food preparation workers Combined food preparation and service workers 159,760 145,930 728,060 375,530 502,400 154,590 1,210,580 1,586,250 8.63 11.24 8.06 8.02 6.11 7.16 6.95 6.21 17,940 23,370 16,770 16,670 12,700 14,900 14,450 12,920 Dental assistants Medical assistants Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants Home health aides Psychiatric aides Physical and corrective therapy assistants and aides Occupational therapy assistants and aides Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency 222,410 248,080 1,255,210 482,080 92,280 80,770 18,280 17,260 10.89 10.00 8.12 8.31 10.35 11.57 14.31 8.57 22,650 20,810 16,890 17,290 21,530 24,070 29,760 17,820 Maids and housekeeping cleaners Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners Pest controllers and assistants Elevator operators 873,040 7.14 14,850 1,938,270 43,900 3,140 8.21 10.85 14.53 17,070 22,570 30,220 Barbers Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists Manicurists Shampooers 11,780 327,260 27,810 14,680 9.63 8.34 7.77 6.33 20,030 17,350 16,170 13,160 Amusement and recreation attendants Guides 319,670 27,300 6.73 7.99 14,000 16,610 Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, or coffee shop Bartenders Waiters and waitresses Service occupations Food servers, outside Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers Counter attendants - lunchroom, coffee shop, or cafeteria Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers Baggage porters and bellhops Flight attendants 70,890 35,640 99,430 6.26 6.92 /2 13,020 14,400 38,780 21,160 6,680 237,390 353,250 22,410 8.95 8.45 7.28 7.03 7.76 18,610 17,580 15,140 14,630 16,140 Agricultural, Forestry, Fishing, and Related Occupations First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors Fallers and buckers Choke setters Log-handling equipment operators Logging tractor operators Forest and conservation workers Log graders and scalers 46,720 11,480 2,960 18,120 17,150 20,330 3,790 14.22 13.08 13.00 11.75 11.45 11.86 11.18 29,580 27,200 27,040 24,430 23,810 24,670 23,250 Graders and sorters, agricultural products Animal breeders Animal trainers Animal caretakers, except farm 67,790 1,670 3,590 88,780 $6.89 12.98 10.69 7.67 $14,340 27,000 22,240 15,950 Farm equipment operators Pruners Sprayers/applicators Laborers, landscaping and groundskeeping Veterinary assistants Farmworkers, food and fiber crops Farmworkers, farm and ranch animals 21,670 24,170 17,900 859,170 41,850 159,450 8,600 7.81 10.86 10.42 9.09 7.92 6.00 7.59 16,240 22,600 21,680 18,910 16,480 12,470 15,780 Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations First-line supervisors and managers/supervisors: Mechanics, installers, and repairers Construction trades and extractive workers Production and operating workers Transportation and material-moving machine and vehicle operators Helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand 431,310 339,110 619,430 19.33 19.58 17.76 40,200 40,730 36,940 139,860 146,560 17.87 14.77 37,170 30,730 149,910 13.74 28,580 434,080 11.27 23,440 Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters Wardrobe, and locker and dressing room attendants Personal and home care aides Child care workers Funeral attendants Precision inspectors, testers, and graders Production inspectors, testers, graders, sorters, samplers, and weighers Transportation inspectors 14,690 18.10 37,650 271,550 28,410 10,140 12,370 15.22 11.61 11.21 14.74 31,660 24,140 23,310 30,650 6,850 17.50 36,390 57,330 78,580 1,780 83,940 1,110,340 17.66 17.18 14.66 14.48 11.73 36,720 35,720 30,500 30,120 24,400 604,400 186,340 9,210 233,770 98,490 14,010 36,120 111,180 14,640 26,010 13.63 13.97 11.67 14.15 15.06 16.75 10.81 17.65 18.16 10.60 28,340 29,050 24,260 29,440 31,320 34,840 22,480 36,710 37,770 22,040 41,370 12,070 1,160 4,550 6,940 19.31 21.83 21.32 19.70 14.14 40,170 45,400 44,350 40,980 29,410 Telephone and cable television line installers and repairers Data processing equipment repairers Electronic home entertainment equipment repairers Electric home appliance and power tool repairers Electric motor, transformer, and related repairers Electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment Powerhouse, substation, and relay electricians Electrical power-line installers and repairers Station installers and repairers, telephone Electrical installers and repairers, transportation equipment 172,960 59,000 27,840 29,850 18,130 62,470 8,540 97,310 23,480 $15.70 14.64 12.04 12.00 13.61 16.52 22.36 19.75 18.06 $32,650 30,450 25,040 24,960 28,310 34,350 46,520 41,090 37,560 18,690 15.39 32,010 Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics Precision instrument repairers 238,220 30,520 14.48 18.00 30,120 37,430 Machinery Machinery Machinery Machinery maintenance maintenance maintenance maintenance mechanics mechanics, textile machines mechanics, sewing machines mechanics, marine equipment Underground mine machinery mechanics Machinery maintenance mechanics, water or power generation plant Millwrights Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons Machinery maintenance workers Maintenance repairers, general utility Automotive mechanics Automotive body and related repairers Motorcycle repairers Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines Rail car repairers Farm equipment mechanics Aircraft mechanics Aircraft engine specialists Small engine specialists Central office and pbx installers and repairers Frame wirers, central office Telegraph and teletype installers and maintainers Signal or track switch maintainers Radio mechanics Electromedical and biomedical equipment repairers Electric meter installers and repairers Camera and photographic equipment repairers Watchmakers Musical instrument repairers and tuners Locksmiths and safe repairers Office machine and cash register servicers 10,470 12,050 3,170 3,010 4,410 12,370 53,010 15.99 18.71 14.07 12.84 11.57 12.67 13.32 33,250 38,920 29,260 26,700 24,070 26,350 27,700 Mechanical control and valve installers and repairers Elevator installers and repairers Riggers Installers and repairers, manufactured buildings, mobile homes, and travel trailers Gas appliance repairers Coin and vending machine servicers and repairers Bicycle repairers Tire repairers and changers Menders, garments, linens, and related 20,180 21,000 10,960 16.26 22.42 15.95 33,820 46,640 33,180 34,800 13,430 27,240 8,150 80,280 8,150 10.77 15.80 11.23 7.80 8.28 7.77 22,410 32,870 23,360 16,210 17,210 16,170 Carpenters Ceiling tile installers and acoustical carpenters Drywall installers Tapers Lathers Brattice builders 714,430 15,040 72,700 31,520 11,460 450 14.81 16.27 15.47 16.30 16.17 15.92 30,800 33,830 32,180 33,900 33,640 33,120 Electricians Brickmasons Stonemasons Hard tile setters Concrete and terrazzo finishers 570,030 95,430 13,280 16,940 128,510 17.50 17.26 16.44 16.36 13.35 36,390 35,900 34,190 34,040 27,770 Reinforcing metal workers Plasterers and stucco masons Painters and paperhangers, construction and maintenance Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters Pipelaying fitters Pipelayers Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners 21,990 31,350 265,610 336,810 5,780 45,660 8,870 16.81 14.92 12.99 17.46 16.00 12.65 12.88 34,960 31,030 27,020 36,310 33,280 26,320 26,780 29,860 11,310 5,090 $14.46 13.72 11.88 $30,080 28,550 24,710 2,430 2,140 15.06 19.77 31,330 41,110 Carpet installers Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles Floor sanding machine operators Air hammer operators Pile-driver operators Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators Highway maintenance workers Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators 72,330 154,110 17,100 12.89 11.79 15.84 26,810 24,520 32,940 Insulation workers Hazardous materials removal workers Sheet metal duct installers Roofers Glaziers Structural metal workers Fence erectors 61,650 37,410 45,520 104,340 38,450 55,610 18,490 13.57 14.01 14.82 13.38 13.40 16.30 10.24 28,230 29,140 30,820 27,840 27,870 33,890 21,310 15,630 4,360 2,180 10,110 12,640 17,700 30,170 4,460 5,810 2,380 14.26 14.63 10.93 16.35 13.24 11.54 9.85 17.18 16.55 17.77 29,650 30,430 22,730 34,010 27,530 24,010 20,480 35,730 34,420 36,960 137,080 3,580 415,010 17.36 14.08 13.84 36,110 29,290 28,780 34,360 3,530 13,340 8,060 19,330 9,060 2,670 176,220 17,110 12.90 14.95 13.95 13.50 11.95 10.34 10.90 14.55 18.25 26,840 31,100 29,020 28,080 24,850 21,500 22,660 30,260 37,970 Pattern and model makers, wood Pattern markers, wood Wood machinists Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters Furniture finishers 9,270 1,410 39,130 97,100 26,260 16.30 10.11 9.62 11.07 9.82 33,910 21,020 20,010 23,030 20,430 Fabric and apparel patternmakers and lay-out workers Custom tailors and sewers Upholsterers 16,640 31,840 40,380 12.21 9.53 10.81 25,400 19,820 22,490 Earth drillers, except oil and gas Blasters and explosives workers Rock splitters, quarry Rotary drill operators, oil and gas extraction Derrick operators, oil and gas extraction Service unit operators Roustabouts Roof bolters Continuous mining machine operators Mine cutting and channeling machine operators Tool and die makers Precision instrument makers Machinists Tool grinders, filers, sharpeners, and other precision grinders Pattern and model makers, metal Precision lay-out workers, metal Shipfitters Jewelers and silversmiths Precision hand workers, jewelry and related products Precision etchers and engravers, hand or machine Sheet metal workers Boilermakers Shoe and leather workers and repairers, precision 18,870 8.32 17,310 Spotters, dry-cleaning Pressers, delicate fabrics Precision dyers 10,390 26,350 4,930 $8.59 7.57 9.58 $17,870 15,740 19,920 Hand compositors and typesetters Job printers Paste-up workers Electronic pagination system operators Photoengravers 8,340 16,880 8,920 25,510 2,740 10.88 12.95 10.43 14.32 14.10 22,630 26,940 21,680 29,780 29,320 Camera operators Scanner operators Strippers Platemakers Bookbinders 9,170 6,900 22,520 14,410 6,250 11.66 16.34 15.26 13.99 11.88 24,250 33,990 31,750 29,110 24,710 Slaughterers and butchers Bakers, manufacturing Food batchmakers 57,420 40,000 32,280 8.64 10.79 11.25 17,980 22,440 23,400 Precision foundry mold and coremakers Precision molders, shapers, casters, and carvers, except jewelry and foundry Precision patternmakers, model makers, lay-out workers, and cutters Precision detail design decorators and painters Precision photographic process workers Precision optical goods workers Precision dental laboratory technicians Medical appliance makers Gem and diamond workers 12,020 11.91 24,770 12,940 10.67 22,200 3,680 4,800 9,130 22,690 35,050 6,300 560 14.17 9.97 10.51 9.80 13.31 12.52 12.16 29,470 20,740 21,860 20,370 27,680 26,030 25,290 19,860 11.33 23,570 72,400 13.57 28,230 41,160 12.19 25,360 24,120 13.69 28,480 65,390 12.24 25,470 108,770 12.62 26,250 Sawing machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Lathe and turning machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Drilling and boring machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Milling and planing machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Grinding, lapping, and buffing machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Machine tool cutting operators and tenders, metal and plastic Punching machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Press and press-brake machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Shear and slitter machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Extruding and drawing machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Rolling machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Forging machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Machine forming operators and tenders, metal and plastic Numerical control machine tool operators and tenders, metal and plastic Combination machine tool setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Combination machine tool operators and tenders, metal and plastic Welding machine setters and set-up operators Welding machine operators and tenders Soldering and brazing machine setters and set-up operators Soldering and brazing machine operators and tenders Metal fabricators, structural metal products Plastic molding and casting machine setters and set-up operators Plastic molding and casting machine operators and tenders Metal molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters and set-up operators Metal molding, coremaking, and casting machine operators and tenders Foundry mold assembly and shake-out workers Electrolytic plating and coating machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Electrolytic plating and coating machine operators and tenders, metal and plastic Nonelectrolytic plating and coating machine setters and set-up operators, metal and plastic Nonelectrolytic plating and coating machine operators and tenders, metal and plastic Heating equipment setters and set-up operators, 47,240 11.14 23,180 71,680 11.46 23,840 21,360 11.57 24,070 40,990 11.54 24,000 22,040 13.14 27,320 15,190 163,720 16.53 10.38 34,380 21,580 87,940 13.29 27,640 55,640 13.45 27,990 51,540 10.63 22,100 32,700 75,830 5,110 7,080 36,040 13.19 12.06 10.51 9.88 12.08 27,440 25,090 21,860 20,540 25,130 35,680 134,770 $10.79 8.78 $22,440 18,270 23,720 12.29 25,560 33,990 9,450 12.31 10.34 25,610 21,510 14,470 10.86 22,590 30,420 10.07 20,950 3,240 10.73 22,320 4,600 10.09 20,990 metal and plastic Heat treating, annealing, and tempering machine operators and tenders, metal and plastic Furnace operators and tenders Heaters, metal and plastic 5,580 12.27 25,530 23,570 23,220 2,790 12.34 12.84 12.49 25,670 26,700 25,980 Sawing machine setters and set-up operators Head sawyers Sawing machine operators and tenders Woodworking machine setters and set-up operators, except sawing Woodworking machine operators and tenders, except sawing 7,270 6,600 48,880 10.41 12.08 9.31 21,660 25,130 19,370 22,150 48,460 9.72 9.09 20,220 18,910 Printing press machine setters and set-up operators Offset lithographic press setters and set-up operators Letterpress setters and set-up operators Specialty materials printing machine setters and set-up operators Screen printing machine setters and set-up operators Bindery machine setters and set-up operators 12,910 59,470 10,090 12.88 15.01 13.29 26,790 31,230 27,640 12,420 28,690 25,410 12.28 9.29 12.21 25,550 19,320 25,400 Typesetting and composing machine operators and tenders Printing press machine operators and tenders Photoengraving and lithographing machine operators and tenders Bindery machine operators and tenders 13,290 123,260 11.74 12.94 24,410 26,910 6,650 63,360 12.38 9.97 25,750 20,740 28,720 10.17 21,150 181,980 9.04 18,800 32,900 9,260 24,490 12.67 10.02 9.03 26,350 20,840 18,790 369,810 131,280 6,990 7.22 8.31 7.85 15,020 17,290 16,320 140,990 7.32 15,220 69,870 64,650 7,970 46,450 16,710 7.32 12.35 10.10 9.62 16.09 15,220 25,680 21,010 20,010 33,460 Textile machine setters and set-up operators Textile machine operators and tenders, winding, twisting, knitting, weaving, and cutting Extruding and forming machine operators and tenders, synthetic or glass fibers Textile draw-out machine operators and tenders Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders Sewing machine operators, garment Sewing machine operators, nongarment Shoe sewing machine operators and tenders Laundry and dry-cleaning machine operators and tenders, except pressing Pressing machine operators and tenders, textile, garment, and related materials Electronic semiconductor processors Motion picture projectionists Photographic processing machine operators and tenders Tire building machine operators Paper goods machine setters and set-up operators 61,490 12.48 25,950 Cooking machine operators and tenders, food and tobacco Roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders, food and tobacco 18,200 10.76 22,380 11,810 10.48 21,790 Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, or kettle operators and tenders Boiler operators and tenders, low pressure Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders Dairy processing equipment operators, including setters 24,780 15,840 6,450 14,080 $11.94 14.26 10.10 11.68 24,830 29,670 21,020 24,290 Chemical equipment controllers and operators Chemical equipment tenders Cutting and slicing machine setters and set-up operators Cutting and slicing machine operators and tenders 87,450 13,360 26,590 66,360 15.47 13.33 10.59 10.38 32,170 27,730 22,020 21,580 Painters, transportation equipment Coating, painting & spraying machine setters and set-up operators Coating, painting, and spraying machine operators and tenders Cementing and gluing machine operators and tenders Cleaning, washing, and pickling equipment operators and tenders Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine operators and tenders Crushing, grinding, mixing, and blending machine operators and tenders Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters and set-up operators Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine operators and tenders Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders 34,900 14.54 30,240 40,700 11.09 23,075 85,290 22,180 10.40 9.72 21,630 20,220 24,960 10.41 21,650 28,460 14.50 30,160 136,760 11.51 23,930 30,120 11.52 23,960 83,830 370,830 10.79 10.08 22,430 20,970 16,640 73,910 16,910 50,090 196,010 18.54 13.96 13.10 11.24 10.70 38,560 29,040 27,240 23,390 22,260 2,760 9.03 18,780 67,450 242,350 22,260 11.06 9.26 9.64 23,000 19,260 20,040 Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers, precision Machine builders and other precision machine assemblers Fitters, structural metal, precision Electromechanical equipment assemblers, precision Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers, precision Watch, clock, and chronometer assemblers, adjusters, calibrators, precision Machine assemblers Electrical and electronic assemblers Coil winders, tapers, and finishers Glaziers, manufacturing Welders and cutters Solderers and brazers 7,310 343,580 35,190 10.16 12.68 8.66 21,130 26,380 18,010 13,880 10,320 42,200 10,230 670 7.05 7.80 8.70 8.58 11.03 14,660 16,220 18,090 17,840 22,940 47,350 140,530 10,220 17,910 31,790 7,830 80,560 7.92 7.77 11.86 9.35 9.63 8.38 10.28 16,470 16,160 24,680 19,440 20,030 17,430 21,370 1,271,810 10.30 21,430 Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators Gas plant operators Chemical plant and system operators 93,090 7,600 42,410 14.20 19.00 17.96 29,540 39,510 37,360 Petroleum pump system operators Petroleum refinery and control panel operators Gaugers 5,430 17,620 6,880 $20.06 20.05 16.83 $41,730 41,710 35,000 Power-generating plant operators, except auxiliary equipment Auxiliary equipment operators, power Power reactor operators Power distributors and dispatchers Stationary engineers 20,160 7,420 4,010 13,540 29,410 20.45 19.57 25.70 21.87 18.00 42,540 40,710 53,450 45,490 37,440 1,435,510 1,207,070 187,630 418,550 76,030 288,380 13.74 10.33 11.55 9.12 8.29 9.92 28,580 21,480 24,020 18,970 17,250 20,630 26,780 34,970 2,310 4,710 20.31 20.26 16.68 19.85 42,250 42,140 34,700 41,290 Pressers, hand Sewers, hand Cutters and trimmers, hand Portable machine cutters Carpet cutters, diagrammers, and seamers Cannery workers Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers, hand Metal pourers and casters, basic shapes Molders and casters, hand Painting, coating, and decorating workers, hand Engraving and printing workers, hand Grinding and polishing workers, hand Assemblers and fabricators, except machine, electrical, electronic, and precision Truck drivers, heavy or tractor-trailer Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers Bus drivers Bus drivers, school Taxi drivers and chauffeurs Driver/sales workers Railroad conductors and yardmasters Locomotive engineers Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers Locomotive firers Subway and streetcar operators Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators 3,280 14,900 16.74 18.10 34,810 37,640 Captains, water vessel Mates, ship, boat, and barge Pilots, ship Motorboat operators Able seamen Ordinary seamen and marine oilers Ship engineers 12,620 7,700 2,340 890 8,850 13,040 6,310 20.36 15.00 20.27 14.41 12.69 11.45 19.12 42,350 31,200 42,170 29,960 26,400 23,810 39,770 89,560 4,280 130,740 73,830 /2 13.32 7.06 7.06 73,950 27,710 14,690 14,680 Longshore equipment operators Tank car and truck loaders Oil pumpers, except wellhead Wellhead pumpers Main-line station engineers Gas pumping station operators Gas compressor operators Excavating and loading machine operators Dragline operators Dredge operators 7,600 3,390 3,980 7,690 430 680 3,040 91,250 2,480 1,600 22.44 15.35 13.08 15.75 19.79 13.92 17.81 14.13 15.35 13.35 46,670 31,930 27,200 32,770 41,170 28,950 37,030 29,390 31,920 27,770 Loading machine operators, underground mining Shuttle car operators Grader, bulldozer, and scraper operators Hoist and winch operators 3,430 2,860 98,590 8,810 14.61 16.93 13.92 13.18 30,380 35,210 28,960 27,410 Crane and tower operators Industrial truck and tractor operators Conveyor operators and tenders Pump operators Operating engineers 44,470 407,980 34,940 8,160 114,780 $14.89 11.84 10.93 16.42 17.58 $30,980 24,620 22,740 34,160 36,570 Helpers, mechanics and repairers Helpers, brick and stonemasons and hard tile setters Helpers, carpenters and related workers Helpers, electricians and power-line transmission installers Helpers, painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons Helpers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters Helpers, roofers 221,820 63,110 178,320 76,920 9.58 11.45 9.89 9.71 19,930 23,820 20,560 20,190 32,050 81,420 28,760 9.33 9.94 8.43 19,410 20,670 17,530 Aircraft pilots and flight engineers Bridge, lock, and lighthouse tenders Service station attendants Parking lot attendants Helpers, extractive workers Machine feeders and offbearers Stevedores, except equipment operators Refuse and recyclable material collectors Hand packers and packagers Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners 12,750 9.78 20,350 205,890 23,360 90,760 962,770 249,240 9.24 16.22 10.92 7.46 7.46 19,210 33,740 22,720 15,510 15,520 1/ Annual wages have been calculated by multiplying the hourly mean wage by a "year-round, full-time" hours figure of 2,080 hours; for those occupations where there is not an hourly mean wage published, the annual wage has been directly calculated from the reported survey data. 2/ Hourly wage rates for occupation where workers typically work fewer than 2,080 hours per year are not available.